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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1789, "culture": " French\n", "content": "L'ORGANISATION DES POSTES ET MESSAGERIES, PR\u00c9SENT\u00c9ES AU CORPS\nL\u00c9GISLATIF ***\n  Au lecteur\n  Cette version num\u00e9ris\u00e9e reproduit dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 la version\n  originale.\n  CORPS L\u00c9GISLATIF.\n  OBSERVATIONS\n  _Sur l'organisation des Postes et Messageries_,\n  PR\u00c9SENT\u00c9ES\n  AU CORPS L\u00c9GISLATIF,\n  Par JOACHIM PEREZ (du Gers), Membre\n  du Conseil des Cinq-Cents.\n  REPR\u00c9SENTANS DU PEUPLE,\nVous avez \u00e0 prononcer sur une question d'un int\u00e9r\u00eat majeur, vu qu'il\ns'agit d'adopter un mode qui rende profitable pour le tr\u00e9sor national\nune partie importante de l'administration publique, dont la gestion\nexige depuis quelque temps des sacrifices tr\u00e8s on\u00e9reux pour nos\nfinances.\nPour atteindre ce but, \u00e9galement utile & n\u00e9cessaire, deux moyens vous\nsont offerts. Le premier, vous le trouvez dans la motion d'ordre\nde notre coll\u00e8gue Delaunay (d'Angers), qui vous invite \u00e0 supprimer\nl'organisation actuelle des postes & messageries, & \u00e0 consentir un bail\n\u00e0 ferme pour ces deux genres d'administration.\nLe second vous est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 dans le rapport de votre commission,\nqui vous propose de confier cette gestion \u00e0 une r\u00e9gie int\u00e9ress\u00e9e, \u00e0\nlaquelle vous accorderez une prime d\u00e9termin\u00e9e sur le produit des\nrentr\u00e9es qui exc\u00e9deront une somme qui sera stipul\u00e9e par le gouvernement.\nMais, avant d'asseoir votre d\u00e9cision en faveur de l'un des projets que\nvous allez discuter, il est essentiel que l'on vous mette \u00e0 port\u00e9e\nde conno\u00eetre les avantages ou les inconv\u00e9niens que chacun d'eux peut\npr\u00e9senter dans son ex\u00e9cution: c'est-l\u00e0 l'objet que je t\u00e2cherai de\nremplir dans les d\u00e9veloppemens pr\u00e9cis que je vais vous soumettre.\nJ'entre en mati\u00e8re.\nOn vous dit d'abord, \u00e0 l'appui du syst\u00eame de ceux qui demandent que la\ndirection des postes & messageries soit confi\u00e9e \u00e0 des entrepreneurs,\nou fermiers g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, que la premi\u00e8re & la principale cause de\nd\u00e9p\u00e9rissement de cette partie d'administration publique se trouve dans\nson organisation actuelle; que l'exp\u00e9rience a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que le syst\u00eame\nfinancier le plus on\u00e9reux \u00e0 un \u00c9tat est celui qui confie les parties\ndes finances \u00e0 des r\u00e9gies ou administrations nationales; que cela est\nin\u00e9vitable, par la raison que, dans une r\u00e9gie, les frais ins\u00e9parables\nde la comptabilit\u00e9 absorbent les produits, & que d'ailleurs la\nmultiplicit\u00e9 des agens qu'on cr\u00e9e sans n\u00e9cessit\u00e9, ne sert qu'\u00e0 entraver\nles rouages de la machine, qui est toujours tr\u00e8s-simplifi\u00e9e en ferme, &\nsurcharge, en pure perte, le tr\u00e9sor national du paiement de traitemens\ninouis qu'il faut distribuer \u00e0 une nu\u00e9e d'oisifs.\nLes d\u00e9fenseurs du syst\u00eame de l'entreprise g\u00e9n\u00e9rale doivent \u00eatre\nd'assez bonne foi pour avouer que la d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation du signe mon\u00e9taire,\n& l'amovibilit\u00e9 des administrans, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 chang\u00e9s cinq fois depuis\nle premier mai 1792, sont la cause radicale du d\u00e9p\u00e9rissement de la\npartie des postes & messageries; que ce double inconv\u00e9nient disparo\u00eetra\nau moyen de l'ex\u00e9cution du tarif nouvellement d\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9, qui fournira\nau gouvernement le moyen de faire correspondre les recettes avec les\nd\u00e9penses.\nEt en maintenant dans leurs fonctions ceux des administrateurs que\nl'on jugera aptes & n\u00e9cessaires pour g\u00e9rer, en qualit\u00e9 de r\u00e9gisseurs\nint\u00e9ress\u00e9s, cette partie d'administration publique, il sera tr\u00e8s\nfacile d'obtenir que les frais de comptabilit\u00e9 soient r\u00e9gl\u00e9s avec\nla m\u00eame exactitude qu'ils pourroient l'\u00eatre si elle \u00e9toit livr\u00e9e \u00e0\nl'entreprise, parce que, dans l'esp\u00e8ce propos\u00e9e, les r\u00e9gisseurs, qui\nseront de vrais actionnaires, seront respectivement int\u00e9ress\u00e9s \u00e0 ce que\nla machine soit dirig\u00e9e de la mani\u00e8re la plus sage, la plus \u00e9conomique,\n& cons\u00e9quemment la plus profitable \u00e0 leurs int\u00e9r\u00eats, qui seront li\u00e9s \u00e0\nceux de la R\u00e9publique.\nOn dit ensuite que le syst\u00eame de r\u00e9gie qui \u00e9toit admis sous la\nConvention nationale, a d\u00e9sorganis\u00e9 les finances de la R\u00e9publique dans\nun grand nombre de ces parties; que le Directoire, instruit par les\nle\u00e7ons d'une fatale exp\u00e9rience, vient de donner \u00e0 l'entreprise les\nfournitures des arm\u00e9es, qui auparavant \u00e9toient en administration; que\nle Corps l\u00e9gislatif ne sauroit trop se presser d'adopter cette mesure\npour les postes & messageries; que d'ailleurs, lorsque cette partie\n\u00e9toit, avant la r\u00e9volution, livr\u00e9e \u00e0 l'entreprise, un seul individu\nla surveilloit, & chacune des parties de cette administration \u00e9toit\nbien remplie, tandis qu'aujourd'hui, avec douze administrateurs, qui\nsont environn\u00e9s d'une arm\u00e9e d'employ\u00e9s & de principaux commis, aussi\nmultipli\u00e9s qu'ils sont oisifs, on n'a pu obtenir depuis deux ans le\ncompte de la gestion des deniers publics qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engloutis dans ce\ngouffre sans fond.\nJe r\u00e9ponds que c'est \u00e0 tort que l'on voudroit, \u00e0 l'appui du syst\u00eame\npropos\u00e9, inf\u00e9rer que, vu que le Directoire ex\u00e9cutif a donn\u00e9 \u00e0\nl'entreprise les fournitures des arm\u00e9es, qui auparavant \u00e9toient\nen administration, vous devez en faire de m\u00eame pour les postes &\nmessageries.\nOn doit mettre une tr\u00e8s-grande diff\u00e9rence entre une gestion qui\nembrasse une perception de deniers pour le compte de la R\u00e9publique, &\ncelle qui a trait \u00e0 des objets d'approvisionnement, tels que vivres,\nfourrages, habillemens. Ces fournitures ne peuvent, d'apr\u00e8s nos lois\nconstitutionnelles, \u00eatre en r\u00e9gie; elles sont du ressort du commerce.\nIl faut que les corps administratifs, charg\u00e9s de pourvoir aux quantit\u00e9s\nn\u00e9cessaires pour les besoins du service public, se procurent des\nfournisseurs avec lesquels ils traitent \u00e0 des prix d\u00e9battus au rabais.\nMais, pour les parties de perception susceptibles de variations,\nsuivant les circonstances, & celles d'exploitation intimement\nli\u00e9es avec les relations politiques du gouvernement, il seroit\ntr\u00e8s-inconvenant de ne pas les faire r\u00e9gir pour son compte; car, d'une\npart, si on afferme les perceptions, le gouvernement ne pourra faire\nles r\u00e9ductions que l'int\u00e9r\u00eat public pourra exiger, sans se mettre dans\nl'obligation d'indemniser les fermiers. S'il veut tenter des moyens\nd'am\u00e9lioration, les fermiers ne prendront pas des pr\u00e9somptions pour\ndes r\u00e9alit\u00e9s, & n'augmenteront pas les prix de leur bail. D'ailleurs,\nil est des circonstances, comme dans l'esp\u00e8ce qui nous occupe, o\u00f9\nl'autorit\u00e9 seule du gouvernement peut effectuer ce que des fermiers ne\npourroient ni ne voudroient tenter. La partie des postes & messageries\nexigeant de grandes avances pour des objets qui servent de levier \u00e0 la\nrecette, il est n\u00e9cessaire que le gouvernement les r\u00e9gisse pour son\ncompte, parce qu'au moyen de ces avances il donnera de l'extension aux\nproduits qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficieront pour la R\u00e9publique; tandis que des fermiers,\nse bornant \u00e0 celles strictement n\u00e9cessaires pour soutenir seulement le\nservice, feroient leur profit des avances d'un capital de deux millions\nnum\u00e9raire que le gouvernement leur feroit, en leur c\u00e9dant le mobilier\nrelatif \u00e0 cette administration.\nJ'observe ensuite que les d\u00e9fenseurs du syst\u00eame de l'entreprise se\nsont tromp\u00e9s, ou \u00e9toient mal instruits, lorsqu'ils ont avanc\u00e9 qu'\u00e0\nl'\u00e9poque o\u00f9 les postes & messageries ont \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9es \u00e0 l'entreprise,\nun seul individu \u00e9toit charg\u00e9 de leur surveillance. Il est de fait\nqu'\u00e0 l'\u00e9poque qu'ils citent, il existoit un surintendant g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des\npostes, qui travailloit directement avec le ci-devant roi, & dont la\nsurveillance suppos\u00e9e planoit sur douze administrateurs ou fermiers\nsecondaires qui faisoient aller la machine, avec cette diff\u00e9rence\nqu'il existoit alors, dans les messageries seulement, dix bureaux\nd'exp\u00e9dition, tandis qu'aujourd'hui il n'y en a que sept qui vont\nencore \u00eatre r\u00e9duits, & que la correspondance, qui formoit quatre\ndivisions, ne forme aujourd'hui qu'un bureau.\nJe dois relever ici une assertion calomnieuse qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e \u00e0 cette\ntribune, lorsqu'on vous a dit que, depuis deux ans, des commissaires\nliquidateurs, charg\u00e9s de v\u00e9rifier les comptes \u00e0 rendre par la r\u00e9gie des\npostes & messageries, n'avoient pu encore les obtenir, tandis qu'il est\nconstant que l'administration actuelle, qui est la cinqui\u00e8me depuis le\npremier mai 1793, & qui n'est entr\u00e9e en fonctions que le 22 thermidor\nan 3, a rendu, le 27 messidor dernier, son compte g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, qui\nremontoit au premier messidor an 3, parce qu'elle s'\u00e9toit charg\u00e9e de la\ncomptabilit\u00e9 de celle qui l'avoit pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e, & qui avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 install\u00e9e\ncinq d\u00e9cades avant elle. Le fait que j'avance, & qui peut \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9\nchez le ministre des finances, chez qui le compte pr\u00e9cit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9\nd\u00e9pos\u00e9, prouvera au citoyen Delaunay qu'il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9trangement tromp\u00e9\npar les renseignements qui lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fournis, \u00e0 moins qu'il n'ait\nentendu parler de la morosit\u00e9 des trois administrations successives\nr\u00e9volutionnairement constitu\u00e9es, & dont l'installation a \u00e9t\u00e9 ant\u00e9rieure\nau premier messidor an 3. Dans ce dernier cas, je d\u00e9clare que je\nn'entends pas \u00eatre ici leur d\u00e9fenseur officieux.\nIl a ajout\u00e9 ensuite qu'avant la r\u00e9volution les postes & messageries\nversoient douze millions num\u00e9raire dans les caisses publiques; que la\npartie des messageries produisoit seule, en 1793 (v. st.), 600,000\nliv. \u00e9cus; que ces produits auroient \u00e9t\u00e9 bien plus consid\u00e9rables, si,\nainsi que cela peut se pratiquer actuellement, les messageries avoient\n\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablies dans la Belgique, dans le pays de Li\u00e9ge & le ci-devant\nduch\u00e9 de Luxembourg; mais que, par le vice de l'organisation actuelle,\nle gouvernement a sacrifi\u00e9 en pure perte, pour la partie seule des\nmessageries, 185 millions assignats, jusqu'au mois de flor\u00e9al an 4,\n& deux millions mandats jusqu'\u00e0 ce jour; qu'en 1793 les messageries,\nqui \u00e9toient afferm\u00e9es, avoient un service qui \u00e9toit dans la plus\ngrande activit\u00e9, & sur toutes les routes de la R\u00e9publique, tandis\nqu'aujourd'hui il n'existe qu'un service r\u00e9duit au moins des trois\nquarts, & de beaucoup insuffisant pour les besoins du gouvernement, des\nparticuliers, & des arm\u00e9es qui sont aux fronti\u00e8res.\nQu'en 1775 les messageries, qui produisoient, en prix de ferme,\n900,000 liv., co\u00fbt\u00e8rent plusieurs millions de perte \u00e0 la France, parce\nque le ministre Turgot cassa le bail & les mit en r\u00e9gie; que, le\npremier septembre 1776, les messageries, remises en ferme moyennant\nun million, reprirent leur activit\u00e9; mais qu'en 1778 le ministre\nNecker les mit successivement en r\u00e9gie simple & en r\u00e9gie int\u00e9ress\u00e9e,\n& que ces administrations ne purent soutenir le service. D'apr\u00e8s ces\nconsid\u00e9rations, il a propos\u00e9 de supprimer l'administration actuelle, &\nde substituer \u00e0 la r\u00e9gie le syst\u00eame de l'entreprise.\nJe veux, avec Delaunay, que les postes & messageries produisissent,\navant la r\u00e9volution, douze millions num\u00e9raire au tr\u00e9sor national; mais\nil auroit d\u00fb vous dire aussi qu'\u00e0 cette \u00e9poque la nation ne payoit\n\u00e0 chaque ma\u00eetre de poste que trois sous par cheval pour la conduite\ndes malles, tandis qu'aujourd'hui, d'apr\u00e8s une loi rendue par le\nCorps l\u00e9gislatif le 6 niv\u00f4se dernier, on leur paie trente sous en\nnum\u00e9raire, & que m\u00eame avant cette derni\u00e8re \u00e9poque on leur payoit, vu la\nd\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation du signe mon\u00e9taire, des sommes qui exc\u00e9doient la recette\ndu gouvernement en raison de trois cents capitaux pour un. Il auroit d\u00fb\nvous dire qu'on avoit circonscrit l'administration dans les bornes d'un\ntarif qui l'obligeoit de prendre en recette, valeur nominale, & ensuite\nau cours de 75 pour un, un papier monnoie qu'elle n'a pu employer dans\nles d\u00e9penses qu'en \u00e9prouvant une perte successive de 150, 200 \u00e0 300 &\nplus pour un. D'apr\u00e8s ces donn\u00e9es qu'il ne sauroit contester, a-t-il\npu raisonnablement attribuer aux individus charg\u00e9s de l'ex\u00e9cution de\nvos lois les pertes \u00e9normes qui ont grev\u00e9 le tr\u00e9sor national? Je lui\ndemanderai si des fermiers ou entrepreneurs, avec toute l'industrie et\nl'\u00e9conomie qu'il voudra leur supposer, auraient pu emp\u00eacher l'effet\nd\u00e9sastreux qui devoit n\u00e9cessairement r\u00e9sulter de toutes les mauvaises\nmesures qu'on vous a fait adopter sur cette partie essentielle de vos\nfinances.\nJe lui demanderai enfin si c'est par la faute des r\u00e9gisseurs, qui n'ont\ncess\u00e9 de faire solliciter le Corps l\u00e9gislatif de d\u00e9cr\u00e9ter des tarifs\nqui pussent balancer les recettes avec les d\u00e9penses, qu'on vous a\nconstamment emp\u00each\u00e9s d'adopter cette sage mesure.\nCes explications, j'esp\u00e8re, r\u00e9pondent p\u00e9remptoirement \u00e0 l'observation\nqu'il nous a faite dans sa motion d'ordre, lorsqu'il nous a dit que\nvous verrez dans les registres des ordonnances du ministre des finances\nque le gouvernement a sacrifi\u00e9 pour la partie seule des messageries\n185 millions assignats jusqu'au mois de flor\u00e9al an 4, & deux millions\nmandats jusqu'\u00e0 ce jour. Tous les gens de bonne foi reconno\u00eetront que\nces pertes proviennent, non pas de ce que les messageries \u00e9toient en\nr\u00e9gie, mais bien de ce qu'il \u00e9toit d\u00e9fendu aux administrateurs de\nrecevoir des valeurs r\u00e9elles: ils jugeront \u00e9galement du m\u00e9rite des\ndiatribes, _gratuitement calomnieuses_, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 dirig\u00e9es contre ces\nderniers par nos coll\u00e8gues _Defrance & Dubouloz_ dans l'opinion qu'ils\nont \u00e9mise \u00e0 la tribune du Conseil des Cinq-Cents.\nCette v\u00e9rit\u00e9 sera bien mieux sentie si l'on consulte le compte rendu\npar l'administration le 19 messidor dernier, o\u00f9 l'on verra que si la\nrecette e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 faite au m\u00eame cours que la d\u00e9pense, il y auroit eu un\nb\u00e9n\u00e9fice de plus de huit millions, qui, r\u00e9duit en valeurs r\u00e9elles,\nn'eut pas \u00e9t\u00e9 bien consid\u00e9rable, parce que tous les services \u00e9toient\nd\u00e9sorganis\u00e9s.\nJ'accorde \u00e0 Delaunay qu'en 1793 les messageries, qui \u00e9toient afferm\u00e9es,\navoient un service tr\u00e8s actif sur toutes les routes de la R\u00e9publique;\nmais il ne me contestera pas, j'esp\u00e8re, que ce m\u00eame service, qui fut\nmis en r\u00e9gie le premier mai de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, soutint son activit\u00e9 tant\nque le papier-monnoie conserva son cr\u00e9dit, & jusqu'au moment auquel\nla faction anarchique du 31 mai secoua ses brandons destructeurs sur\ntoutes les parties de l'administration publique. Celle des messageries\nne tarda pas \u00e0 se ressentir des effets de sa fatale influence; bient\u00f4t\ntous les ressorts furent rompus, l'insubordination fut port\u00e9e \u00e0 son\ncomble; on bouleversa la machine, parce qu'on voulut multiplier les\nplaces, dans un temps o\u00f9 le patriotisme \u00e9toit aux ench\u00e8res, & o\u00f9 les\nmembres du gouvernement, p\u00e9riodiquement renouvel\u00e9s, distribuoient \u00e0\nleur av\u00e8nement, dans toutes les places administratives, des hommes,\nleurs cr\u00e9atures, qui n'ont eu d'autre m\u00e9rite pour la plupart que celui\nde r\u00e9volutionner les finances de la R\u00e9publique.\nJe demanderai \u00e0 Delaunay s'il croit que des entrepreneurs ou fermiers\neussent voulu soutenir le choc de toutes les convulsions ruineuses\nauxquelles la partie des messageries a \u00e9t\u00e9 livr\u00e9e en proie: \u00e0 coup s\u00fbr\nils l'eussent abandonn\u00e9e; ou s'ils n'eussent os\u00e9 le faire de crainte\nd'\u00eatre envoy\u00e9s aux boucheries de Fouquier-Tinville & compagnie, le\nservice e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 bient\u00f4t d\u00e9truit, parce que leurs facult\u00e9s, quelque\nconsid\u00e9rables qu'elles eussent \u00e9t\u00e9, n'auroient pu y suffire. La\nr\u00e9gie, contre laquelle on crie tant aujourd'hui, a n\u00e9anmoins r\u00e9sist\u00e9\n\u00e0 tous ces contre-temps & \u00e0 tous ces revers r\u00e9volutionnaires, \u00e0\nforce de soins, d'efforts & de sacrifices; elle a su conserver les\ncommunications les plus importantes, m\u00eame en les r\u00e9duisant \u00e0 journ\u00e9es\nr\u00e9gl\u00e9es; & si, comme on l'a dit, le service se tra\u00eene dans cet \u00e9tat\nde langueur qui afflige tous les vrais amis de la patrie, on doit\nattribuer ce mal in\u00e9vitable \u00e0 l'absence des fonds en valeurs r\u00e9elles,\nqui pouvoient seuls maintenir son activit\u00e9. Depuis les nouveaux tarifs\nque vous avez adopt\u00e9s, plusieurs routes sont remises en activit\u00e9,\nles autres suivront successivement. Ce n'est pas d'ailleurs dans un\nespace de temps aussi court que vous pouvez juger de l'avantage d'une\nam\u00e9lioration dans une entreprise; les vrais financiers savent qu'elle\ndoit durer plusieurs ann\u00e9es pour \u00eatre utile: les premi\u00e8res sont\nco\u00fbteuses, parce qu'il faut la monter; les suivantes, les recettes &\nles d\u00e9penses se balancent; les derni\u00e8res seules am\u00e8nent le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice.\nCes d\u00e9veloppemens expliquent les motifs ou les causes de cette perte\nde plusieurs millions qu'\u00e9prouva le gouvernement sous le minist\u00e8re de\nTurgot, qui avoit mis les postes & messageries en r\u00e9gie, parce que\nl'on vous pr\u00e9sente comme une perte support\u00e9e par le tr\u00e9sor public,\nce qui n'\u00e9toit que la repr\u00e9sentation d'un grand nombre d'effets\nconstitutifs du nouveau genre d'organisation que ce ministre voulut\n\u00e9tablir sur cette partie, & dont les heureux effets devoient ressortir\ndans l'espace de plusieurs ann\u00e9es, ainsi qu'il l'avoit d\u00e9termin\u00e9, au\nlieu que son plan fut d\u00e9truit avant que de recevoir son ex\u00e9cution. Ce\nraisonnement s'applique \u00e0 toutes les r\u00e9gies qui ont suivi; & il n'est\npas surprenant que, sous le minist\u00e8re de Necker, le service en r\u00e9gie ne\np\u00fbt le soutenir, attendu que ce dernier eut la gaucherie de prendre ses\nr\u00e9gisseurs parmi les ci-devant fermiers, qui \u00e9toient int\u00e9ress\u00e9s \u00e0 ne\npas faire prosp\u00e9rer la r\u00e9gie, pour prouver au gouvernement la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9\nde les indemniser, comme fermiers qui n'avoient pu acquitter leur bail.\nIci vient naturellement se placer la r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 l'assertion de Delaunay,\nqui vous dit qu'en 1776 les messageries furent afferm\u00e9es \u00e0 un million.\nSi la cupidit\u00e9 porta certains jongleurs \u00e0 offrir cette somme au\ngouvernement, il est aussi constant qu'elle ne lui a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9e,\n& que dans toutes les fermes qui ont eu lieu, depuis cette \u00e9poque\njusqu'au premier avril 1791, le gouvernement a \u00e9t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9 de faire\naux uns remise du prix de leur bail, & qu'il a fallu accorder aux\nautres des indemnit\u00e9s tr\u00e8s consid\u00e9rables; en sorte que le tr\u00e9sor public\nn'a jamais rien b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9, au contraire; que si le bail _Dequeux_ a\neu quelque b\u00e9n\u00e9fice diss\u00e9min\u00e9 entre quatre cents associ\u00e9s, c'est que\nles frais de transport des fonds publics, voitur\u00e9s pour le compte du\ngouvernement, commen\u00e7oient \u00e0 \u00eatre tr\u00e8s consid\u00e9rables. Aussi est-ce le\nmotif qui a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 la mise en r\u00e9gie, au premier mai 1793.\nCombien le gouvernement n'a-t-il pas \u00e9conomis\u00e9 depuis, tant pour ce\ntransport, que pour celui du salp\u00eatre, des cloches, de l'argenterie des\n\u00e9glises, puisqu'il n'a rien pay\u00e9, & que, malgr\u00e9 la loi du 6 niv\u00f4se,\nqui obligeoit toutes les administrations \u00e0 payer le prix de port, la\ntr\u00e9sorerie n'a encore rien pay\u00e9? Combien l'\u00e9conomie sur les fonds\npublics e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 plus consid\u00e9rable, si vous aviez d\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9 plut\u00f4t un\ntarif proportionn\u00e9 comme vous l'avez fait le 26 thermidor?\nC'est au moment o\u00f9 le gouvernement peut amplement se d\u00e9dommager des\npertes \u00e9normes qu'il a essuy\u00e9es par l'\u00e9ruption du volcan du 31 mai,\nque l'on vient vous proposer de lui en \u00f4ter le moyen. Voudrez-vous\nsans cesse vous livrer en butte aux convulsions de cette amovibilit\u00e9\ndestructive de tout syst\u00eame administratif & financier? Pourriez-vous\nvous roidir ainsi de sang froid contre les pr\u00e9judiciables effets qui\ndevront n\u00e9cessairement ressortir de l'adoption d'une telle mesure?\nNe sait-on pas que c'est \u00e0 cette instabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9sastreuse qu'est due,\nen grande partie, cette affligeante d\u00e9tresse que vous \u00e9prouvez sur\nvos finances? Abjurons, citoyens coll\u00e8gues, abjurons pour toujours\nces erreurs que, jusqu'\u00e0 ce moment, on nous a fait consacrer comme\ndes principes; songeons aux grands int\u00e9r\u00eats dont la surveillance\nnous est confi\u00e9e; rappelons-nous que nous devons les g\u00e9rer en bons\np\u00e8res de famille; cons\u00e9quemment ne livrons point avec l\u00e9g\u00e9ret\u00e9 \u00e0 la\nmerci de sp\u00e9culateurs avides une partie essentielle des receveurs\npublics; & puisque nous sommes parvenus, en asseyant un gouvernement\nconstitutionnel, \u00e0 r\u00e9tablir ce juste \u00e9quilibre qui auroit toujours\nd\u00fb balancer nos op\u00e9rations politiques, occupons-nous d'y mettre la\nderni\u00e8re main, en donnant la meilleure constitution possible \u00e0 toutes\nses parties.\nIl est temps que le gouvernement songe \u00e0 se faire des revenus, \u00e0\nmultiplier les canaux qui les am\u00e9neront au tr\u00e9sor national; mais il\nseroit impolitique & tr\u00e8s-dangereux de confier cette r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration\n\u00e0 l'impuissance, \u00e0 l'incapacit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 l'arbitraire de certains\nparticuliers, dans un moment surtout o\u00f9 deux factions coalis\u00e9es\ncombinent tous leurs moyens & tous leurs efforts pour op\u00e9rer le\nrenversement de la Constitution r\u00e9publicaine de l'an 3.\nC'est donc le gouvernement lui-m\u00eame qui, comme je vous l'ai dit tout \u00e0\nl'heure, doit \u00e9tablir & faire r\u00e9gir, en bon p\u00e8re de famille, pour le\ncompte de la nation, les parties qui doivent devenir productives.\nA cet effet, il doit s'occuper \u00e0 extirper tous les abus qui se\nsont gliss\u00e9s jusqu'\u00e0 ce jour dans les administrations; il faut lui\nimposer l'obligation de faire, dans celle dont nous discutons la\nr\u00e9organisation, toutes les r\u00e9ductions qu'il croira n\u00e9cessaires sans\nnuire au bien du service; il faut qu'il choisisse des hommes pour les\nplaces, au lieu de cr\u00e9er des places pour les hommes; il est instant,\nenfin, de s\u00e9parer l'ivraie du bon grain. En adoptant cette sage mesure,\n& second\u00e9s dans l'ex\u00e9cution par l'active surveillance du ministre des\nfinances, qui sera le premier r\u00e9gisseur responsable, vous devez vous\npromettre de faire verser dans le tr\u00e9sor national, des produits r\u00e9els,\ntandis que, dans le syst\u00eame propos\u00e9 de l'entreprise, qui ne seroit\nque la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition de celui qui a exist\u00e9 depuis 1776 jusqu'au premier\navril 1791, vous vous exposeriez \u00e0 grever vos finances de pertes\ntr\u00e8s-consid\u00e9rables, apr\u00e8s avoir d\u00e9pouill\u00e9 la nation d'un mobilier que\nvous ne pourriez peut-\u00eatre point recouvrer, & qui est \u00e9valu\u00e9 \u00e0 deux\nmillions num\u00e9raire.\nD'apr\u00e8s ces consid\u00e9rations, je vote pour la priorit\u00e9 \u00e0 accorder au\nprojet pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par la commission, en faisant dans la r\u00e9organisation\nqu'on propose, toutes les r\u00e9ductions qui pourront \u00eatre op\u00e9r\u00e9es sans\nnuire au bien du service.\nA PARIS, de l'Imprimerie de BAUDOUIN, Imprimeur du Corps l\u00e9gislatif,\nplace du Carrousel, n\u00ba. 662.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Observations sur l'organisation des postes et messageries,\n"},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0001-0001", "content": "Title: [Notes of Debates in the United States Senate] July 15. 1789.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Power of Removal.\n       Mr. Carrol. The Executive Power is commensurate with the Legislative and Judicial Powers.\n       The Rule of Construction of Treaties, Statutes and deeds.\n       The same Power which creates must annihilate.\u2014This is true where the Power is simple, but when compound not.\n       If a Minister is suspected to betray Secrets to an Ennemy, the Senate not sitting, cannot the President displace, nor suspend.\n       The States General of France, demanded that offices should be during good behaviour.\n       It is improbable that a bad President should be chosen\u2014but may not bad Senators be chosen.\n       Is there a due ballance of Power between the Executive and Legislative, either in the General Government or State Governments.\n       Montesquieu. English Liberty will be lost, when the Legislative shall be more corrupt, than the Executive.\u2014Have We not been witnesses of corrupt Acts of Legislatures, making depredations? Rhode Island yet perseveres.\n       Mr. Elsworth. We are sworn to support the Constitution.\n       There is an explicit grant of Power to the President, which contains the Powers of Removal.\n       The Executive Power is granted\u2014not the Executive Powers hereinafter enumerated and explained.\n       The President\u2014not the Senate appoint. They only Consent, and Advise.\n       The Senate is not an Executive Council\u2014has no Executive Power.\n       The Grant to the President express, not by Implication.\n       Mr. Butler. This Power of Removal would be unhinging the equilibrium of Power in the Constitution.\n       The Statholder witheld the fleet from going out, to the Anoyance of the Ennemies of the nation.\n       In Treaties, all Powers not expressly given are reserved.\n       Treaties to be gone over, Clause by Clause, by the President and Senate together, and modelled.\n       The other Branches are imbecil.\n       Disgust and alarm.\n       The President not sovereign. The U.S. sovereign, or People, or Congress sovereign.\n       The House of Representatives would not be induced to depart, so well satisfied of the Grounds.\n       Elsworth. The Powers of this Constitution are all vested\u2014parted from the People, from the States, and vested not in Congress but in the President.\n       The Word Sovereignty is introduced without determinate Ideas.\u2014 Power in the last Resort. In this sense the Sovereign Executive is in the president.\n       The U.S. will be Parties to 1000 Suits. Shall Proscess issue in their Name vs. or for themselves.\n       The President it is said, may be put to Goal for Debt.\n       Lee. U.S. merely figurative meaning the People.\n       Grayson. The President is not above the Law. An Absurdity to admit this Idea into our Government. Not improbable that the President may be sued. Christina Q. of Sweeden committed Murder. France excused her. The Jurors of our Lord the President, present that the President committed Murder.\n       A Monarchy by a Sidewind. You make him Vindex Injuriarum. The People will not like The Jurors of our Lord the President\u2014nor the Peace of our Lord the President, nor his Dignity. His Crown will be  left out. Do not wish to make the Constitution a more unnatural monstrous Production than it is.\u2014The British Constitution a three legged Stool. If one legg is longer than another, the Stool will not stand.\n       Unpallatable. The removal of Officers not palatable. We should not risk any Thing for nothing. Come forward like Men, and reason openly, and the People will hear more quietly than if you attempt side Winds. This Measure will do no good and will disgust.\n       Mr. Lee. The Danger to liberty greater from the disunited Opinions and jarring Plans of many, than from the energetic operations of one. Marius, Sylla, Caesar, Cromwell trampled on Liberty with Armies.\n       The Power of Pardon\u2014of adjourning the Legislature.\n       Power of Revision, sufficient to defend himself. He would be supported by the People.\n       Patronage. Gives great Influence. The Interference more nominal than real.\n       The greater Part of Power of making Treaties in the President.\n       The greatest Power is in the President, the less in the Senate.\n       Cannot see Responsibility, in the President or the great Officers of State.\n       A masqued Battery of constructive Powers would compleat the destruction of Liberty.\n       Can the Executive lay Embargoes, establish Fairs, Tolls &c.?\n       The foederal Government is limited, the Legislative Power of it is limited, and therefore the Executive and judicial must be limited.\n       The Executive not punishable but by universal Convulsion, as Charles 1st.\n       The Legislative in England not so corrupt as the Executive.\n       There is no Responsibility, in the President, or Ministry.\n       Blackstone. The Liberties of England owing to Juries. The greatness of England owing to the Genius of that People.\n       The Crown of England can do what it pleases, nearly.\n       There is no ballance in America, to such an Executive as that in England.\n       Does the Executive Arm, mean a standing Army?\n       Willing to make a Law, that the President, if he sees gross misconduct may suspend pro tempore.\n       Mr. Patterson. Laments that We are obliged to discuss this question. Of great Importance and much difficulty.\n       The Executive co extensive with the Legislative. Had the Clause stood alone, would not there have been a devolution of all Executive Power?\n       Exceptions are to be construed strictly. This is an invariable Rule.\n       Mr. Grayson. The President has not a continental Interest, but is a Citizen of a particular State. A King of England otherwise. K. of E. counteracted by a large, powerful, rich and hereditary aristocracy.\u2014Hyperion to a Satyr.\n       Where there are not intermediate Powers, an alteration of the Government must be to despotism.\n       Powers ought not to be inconsiderately given to the Executive, without proper ballances.\n       Triennial and septenial Parliaments made by Corruption of the Executive.\n       Bowstring. General Lally. Brutus\u2019s Power to put his Sons to death.\n       The Power creating shall have that of uncreating. The Minister is to hold at Pleasure of the Appointor.\n       If it is in the Constitution, why insert it, in the Law? Brought in by a Sidewind, inferentially.\n       There will be every endeavour to increase the consolidatory Powers, to weaken the Senate, and strengthen the President.\n       No Evil in the Senates participating with the P. in Removal.\n       Mr. Reed. P. is to take care that the Laws be faithfully executed. He is responsible. How can he do his duty or be responsible, if he cannot remove his Instruments.\n       It is not an equal sharing of the Power of Appointment between the President and senate. The Senate are only a Check to prevent Impositions of the President.\n       The Minister, an Agent a Deputy to the great Executive.\n       Difficult to bring great Characters to Punishment or Tryal.\n       Power of Suspension.\n       Mr. Johnson. Gentlemen convince themselves that it is best the President should have the Power, and then study for Arguments.\n       Exceptions.\n       Not a Grant. Vested in the President, would be void for Uncertainty. Executive Power is uncertain. Powers are moral, mechanical, natural. Which of these Powers\u2014what Executive Power? The Land. The Money. Conveys nothing. What Land? What Money.\n       Unumquodque dissolvitur, eodem modo, quo ligatur.\n       Meddles not with the question of Expediency.\n       The Executive wants Power, by its duration and its want of a Negative, and Power to ballance. Foederalist.\n       Mr. Elsworth. What is the difference between a Grant and a Partition.\n       Mr. Izard. Cujus est instituere ejus est abrogare.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0001", "content": "Title: [John Adams\u2019 Diary resumes.]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n      Notes of Debates in the United States Senate July 15. 1789.\n       Power of Removal.\n       Mr. Carrol. The Executive Power is commensurate with the Legislative and Judicial Powers.\n       The Rule of Construction of Treaties, Statutes and deeds.\n       The same Power which creates must annihilate.\u2014This is true where the Power is simple, but when compound not.\n       If a Minister is suspected to betray Secrets to an Ennemy, the Senate not sitting, cannot the President displace, nor suspend.\n       The States General of France, demanded that offices should be during good behaviour.\n       It is improbable that a bad President should be chosen\u2014but may not bad Senators be chosen.\n       Is there a due ballance of Power between the Executive and Legislative, either in the General Government or State Governments.\n       Montesquieu. English Liberty will be lost, when the Legislative shall be more corrupt, than the Executive.\u2014Have We not been witnesses of corrupt Acts of Legislatures, making depredations? Rhode Island yet perseveres.\n       Mr. Elsworth. We are sworn to support the Constitution.\n       There is an explicit grant of Power to the President, which contains the Powers of Removal.\n       The Executive Power is granted\u2014not the Executive Powers hereinafter enumerated and explained.\n       The President\u2014not the Senate appoint. They only Consent, and Advise.\n       The Senate is not an Executive Council\u2014has no Executive Power.\n       The Grant to the President express, not by Implication.\n       Mr. Butler. This Power of Removal would be unhinging the equilibrium of Power in the Constitution.\n       The Statholder witheld the fleet from going out, to the Anoyance of the Ennemies of the nation.\n       In Treaties, all Powers not expressly given are reserved.\n       Treaties to be gone over, Clause by Clause, by the President and Senate together, and modelled.\n       The other Branches are imbecil.\n       Disgust and alarm.\n       The President not sovereign. The U.S. sovereign, or People, or Congress sovereign.\n       The House of Representatives would not be induced to depart, so well satisfied of the Grounds.\n       Elsworth. The Powers of this Constitution are all vested\u2014parted from the People, from the States, and vested not in Congress but in the President.\n       The Word Sovereignty is introduced without determinate Ideas.\u2014 Power in the last Resort. In this sense the Sovereign Executive is in the president.\n       The U.S. will be Parties to 1000 Suits. Shall Proscess issue in their Name vs. or for themselves.\n       The President it is said, may be put to Goal for Debt.\n       Lee. U.S. merely figurative meaning the People.\n       Grayson. The President is not above the Law. An Absurdity to admit this Idea into our Government. Not improbable that the President may be sued. Christina Q. of Sweeden committed Murder. France excused her. The Jurors of our Lord the President, present that the President committed Murder.\n       A Monarchy by a Sidewind. You make him Vindex Injuriarum. The People will not like The Jurors of our Lord the President\u2014nor the Peace of our Lord the President, nor his Dignity. His Crown will be  left out. Do not wish to make the Constitution a more unnatural monstrous Production than it is.\u2014The British Constitution a three legged Stool. If one legg is longer than another, the Stool will not stand.\n       Unpallatable. The removal of Officers not palatable. We should not risk any Thing for nothing. Come forward like Men, and reason openly, and the People will hear more quietly than if you attempt side Winds. This Measure will do no good and will disgust.\n       Mr. Lee. The Danger to liberty greater from the disunited Opinions and jarring Plans of many, than from the energetic operations of one. Marius, Sylla, Caesar, Cromwell trampled on Liberty with Armies.\n       The Power of Pardon\u2014of adjourning the Legislature.\n       Power of Revision, sufficient to defend himself. He would be supported by the People.\n       Patronage. Gives great Influence. The Interference more nominal than real.\n       The greater Part of Power of making Treaties in the President.\n       The greatest Power is in the President, the less in the Senate.\n       Cannot see Responsibility, in the President or the great Officers of State.\n       A masqued Battery of constructive Powers would compleat the destruction of Liberty.\n       Can the Executive lay Embargoes, establish Fairs, Tolls &c.?\n       The foederal Government is limited, the Legislative Power of it is limited, and therefore the Executive and judicial must be limited.\n       The Executive not punishable but by universal Convulsion, as Charles 1st.\n       The Legislative in England not so corrupt as the Executive.\n       There is no Responsibility, in the President, or Ministry.\n       Blackstone. The Liberties of England owing to Juries. The greatness of England owing to the Genius of that People.\n       The Crown of England can do what it pleases, nearly.\n       There is no ballance in America, to such an Executive as that in England.\n       Does the Executive Arm, mean a standing Army?\n       Willing to make a Law, that the President, if he sees gross misconduct may suspend pro tempore.\n       Mr. Patterson. Laments that We are obliged to discuss this question. Of great Importance and much difficulty.\n       The Executive co extensive with the Legislative. Had the Clause stood alone, would not there have been a devolution of all Executive Power?\n       Exceptions are to be construed strictly. This is an invariable Rule.\n       Mr. Grayson. The President has not a continental Interest, but is a Citizen of a particular State. A King of England otherwise. K. of E. counteracted by a large, powerful, rich and hereditary aristocracy.\u2014Hyperion to a Satyr.\n       Where there are not intermediate Powers, an alteration of the Government must be to despotism.\n       Powers ought not to be inconsiderately given to the Executive, without proper ballances.\n       Triennial and septenial Parliaments made by Corruption of the Executive.\n       Bowstring. General Lally. Brutus\u2019s Power to put his Sons to death.\n       The Power creating shall have that of uncreating. The Minister is to hold at Pleasure of the Appointor.\n       If it is in the Constitution, why insert it, in the Law? Brought in by a Sidewind, inferentially.\n       There will be every endeavour to increase the consolidatory Powers, to weaken the Senate, and strengthen the President.\n       No Evil in the Senates participating with the P. in Removal.\n       Mr. Reed. P. is to take care that the Laws be faithfully executed. He is responsible. How can he do his duty or be responsible, if he cannot remove his Instruments.\n       It is not an equal sharing of the Power of Appointment between the President and senate. The Senate are only a Check to prevent Impositions of the President.\n       The Minister, an Agent a Deputy to the great Executive.\n       Difficult to bring great Characters to Punishment or Tryal.\n       Power of Suspension.\n       Mr. Johnson. Gentlemen convince themselves that it is best the President should have the Power, and then study for Arguments.\n       Exceptions.\n       Not a Grant. Vested in the President, would be void for Uncertainty. Executive Power is uncertain. Powers are moral, mechanical, natural. Which of these Powers\u2014what Executive Power? The Land. The Money. Conveys nothing. What Land? What Money.\n       Unumquodque dissolvitur, eodem modo, quo ligatur.\n       Meddles not with the question of Expediency.\n       The Executive wants Power, by its duration and its want of a Negative, and Power to ballance. Foederalist.\n       Mr. Elsworth. What is the difference between a Grant and a Partition.\n       Mr. Izard. Cujus est instituere ejus est abrogare.\n   First entry by JA in his Diary since his return from Europe; written, like those that follow, in a small, detached gathering of leaves that the diarist seized for his immediate purpose and that constitutes one of the numerous segments of D/JA/46. Since the story of the first national election in 1788\u20131789, of JA\u2019s own election as Vice-President, and of the first steps in organizing the new government in New York would require a very long summary, and since JA\u2019s Diary from this point on is a mere collection of fragments, the editors have made no attempt to fill in this or later gaps in the Diary record. The reader may be referred, however, to the Chronology of JA\u2019s life preceding the index in vol. 4, below.\n   The debate here recorded was upon the House bill organizing a department of foreign affairs. This bill was sent to the Senate on 24 June, and the point at issue in the Senate was whether the President possessed, or should possess, the exclusive power to remove officers whom he had appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. In a long note on the history of the bill CFA pointed out that JA probably took these minutes \u201cfor the sake of guiding his judgment in the contingency which happened of his being called to decide the disputed question by his casting vote\u201d (JA, WorksThe Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with a Life of the Author, ed. Charles Francis Adams, Boston, 1850\u20131856; 10 vols., 3:408). According to Senator William Maclay, who was as usual in the minority and who left a characteristically lively and acidulous record of this debate, JA twice cast tie-breaking votes which reserved to the President the unqualified power of removing his appointees from office, as has ever since been the practice (Maclay, JournalJournal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789\u20131791, ed. Edgar S. Maclay, New York, 1890., 1890, p. 109\u2013121, especially p. 116, 119; see also U.S. Senate, Jour., 1st Cong., 1st sess., under dates of 24\u201325 June, 14\u201318 July 1789).\n   A comparison of JA\u2019s notes with Maclay\u2019s shows that the former pertain to speeches delivered on more than one day, but systematic assignment of dates to all the speeches is not now possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0002-0001", "content": "Title: 1789 Septr. 16. Wednesday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Mr. Elsworth informed me That Governor Randolph of Virginia, opened the Convention at Philadelphia, and offered a Project of a Constitution. After him several other Members proposed Plans, some in Writing, others verbally. A Committee was at length appointed to take them all into Consideration, the Virginia Scheme being the Ground Work. This Committee consisted of Governor Rutledge of S.C., Mr. Wilson of Philadelphia, Mr. Gorham of Massachusetts, and Mr. Elsworth of Connecticut. When the Report of this Committee, had been considered and discussed, in the Convention it was recommitted to Governeur Morris, Mr. Maddison and some others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0002-0002", "content": "Title: [Notes of Debates in the Senate on the Residence Bill] Sept. 22. 1789.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Permanent Seat.\n       Mr. Grayson. No Census yet taken, by which the Center of Population\u2014\n       We have Markets, Archives, Houses, Lodgings.\u2014Extreamly hurt at what has passed in the House of Representatives. The Money. Is your Army paid? Virginia offered \u00a3100,000. towards the federal Buildings. The Buildings may be erected without Expence to the Union. Lands may be granted\u2014these Lands laid out in Lots and sold to Adventurers.\n       Mr. Butler. . . . The recent Instance in France shews that an Attempt to establish a Government vs. Justice and the Will of the People is vain, idle, and chimerical.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0002-0003", "content": "Title: [Notes of Debates on the Residence Bill, continued] Sept. 23. Wednesday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Mr. Lee. Navigation of the Susquehannah.\n       Mr. Grayson. Antwerp and the Scheld. Reasons of State have influenced the Pensilvanians to prevent the navigation from being opened. The limiting the Seat of Empire to the State of Pen. on the Delaware is a characteristic Mark of Partiality. The Union will think that Pen. governs the Union, and that the general Interest is sacrificed to that of one State.\n       The Czar Peter took time to enquire and deliberate before he fixed a Place to found his City.\n       We are about founding a City which will be one of the first in the World, and We are governed by local and partial Motives.\n       Mr. Morris moves to expunge the Proviso.\n       Mr. Carrol. Against the Motion to expunge the Proviso. Considers the Western Country of great Importance. Some Gentlemen in both houses seem to undervalue the Western Country or despair of commanding it. Government on the Potowmack would secure it.\n       Mr. Butler. The question is not whether Pensilvania or Maryland shall be benefited\u2014but how are the United States benefited or injured.\n       Mr. Macclay. Pensilvania has altered the Law this month respecting the navigation of the Susquehannah.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0002-0004", "content": "Title: [Notes of Debates on the Residence Bill, continued] Sept. 24. Thursday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Mr. Grayson. moves to strike out the Words, \u201cin the State of Pensilvania.\u201d\n       Mr. Butler. The Center of Population the best Criterion. The Center of Wealth and the Center of Territory.\n       Mr. Lee. The Center of Territory is the only permanent Center. Mr. Macclay. See his minutes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0008-0002", "content": "Title: [September 1789]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n      1789 Septr. 16. Wednesday.\n       Mr. Elsworth informed me That Governor Randolph of Virginia, opened the Convention at Philadelphia, and offered a Project of a Constitution. After him several other Members proposed Plans, some in Writing, others verbally. A Committee was at length appointed to take them all into Consideration, the Virginia Scheme being the Ground Work. This Committee consisted of Governor Rutledge of S.C., Mr. Wilson of Philadelphia, Mr. Gorham of Massachusetts, and Mr. Elsworth of Connecticut. When the Report of this Committee, had been considered and discussed, in the Convention it was recommitted to Governeur Morris, Mr. Maddison and some others.\n   Ellsworth\u2019s information was substantially correct though incomplete, at least as JA recorded it. Edmund Randolph introduced \u201cthe Virginia plan\u201d on 29 May 1787. The Committee of Detail was appointed on 24 July, and besides the four members mentioned here, Randolph was also a member (Farrand, Records of the Federal ConventionMax Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, New Haven, 1911\u20131937; 4 vols., 2:97). The members of the Committee of Style, appointed 8 Sept., were William Samuel Johnson, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, James Madison, and Rufus King (sameMax Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, New Haven, 1911\u20131937; 4 vols., p. 547).\n      Notes of Debates in the Senate on the Residence Bill Sept. 22. 1789.\n       Permanent Seat.\n       Mr. Grayson. No Census yet taken, by which the Center of Population\u2014\n       We have Markets, Archives, Houses, Lodgings.\u2014Extreamly hurt at what has passed in the House of Representatives. The Money. Is your Army paid? Virginia offered \u00a3100,000. towards the federal Buildings. The Buildings may be erected without Expence to the Union. Lands may be granted\u2014these Lands laid out in Lots and sold to Adventurers.\n       Mr. Butler. . . . The recent Instance in France shews that an Attempt to establish a Government vs. Justice and the Will of the People is vain, idle, and chimerical.\n   After warm debates the House of Representatives sent to the Senate this day a bill to establish the seat of national government at a site ten miles square, to be chosen by commissioners who were to be appointed by the President, \u201cat some convenient place on the banks of the river Susquehannah, in the state of Pennsylvania\u201d ( Penna. Packet, 28 Sept. 1789). The Pennsylvania delegation in the House, which had carried its objective against a strong Southern bloc that favored a site on the Potomac, had in mind the area surrounding the village of Wright\u2019s Ferry, now Columbia, Penna. Thanks to the determination and skill of Senator Robert Morris, the proposed Susquehanna site and an amendment substituting a site on the Potomac were both defeated, and the new site agreed on by the Senate was Germantown and the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia, Vice-President Adams casting the deciding vote. The fullest record of the debate in the Senate, including the bargaining maneuvers that accompanied it and incorporating the usual severities on JA\u2019s conduct as presiding officer, is in William Maclay\u2019s JournalJournal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789\u20131791, ed. Edgar S. Maclay, New York, 1890., 1890, p. 158\u2013165; see also Rufus King\u2019s notes in King, Life and Corr., 1:370\u2013375; U.S. Senate, Jour., 1st Cong., 1st sess., under 22\u201324 Sept.; Bryan,Hist, of the National Capital, 1:27\u201335; McMaster, History, 1:555\u2013563. Congress adjourned before agreement could be reached between the two houses, and the Residence Act that eventually passed in July 1790 placed the capital at Philadelphia for ten years and then permanently on the Potomac.\n   Suspension points in MS.\n      Notes of Debates on the Residence Bill, continued Sept. 23. Wednesday.\n       Mr. Lee. Navigation of the Susquehannah.\n       Mr. Grayson. Antwerp and the Scheld. Reasons of State have influenced the Pensilvanians to prevent the navigation from being opened. The limiting the Seat of Empire to the State of Pen. on the Delaware is a characteristic Mark of Partiality. The Union will think that Pen. governs the Union, and that the general Interest is sacrificed to that of one State.\n       The Czar Peter took time to enquire and deliberate before he fixed a Place to found his City.\n       We are about founding a City which will be one of the first in the World, and We are governed by local and partial Motives.\n       Mr. Morris moves to expunge the Proviso.\n       Mr. Carrol. Against the Motion to expunge the Proviso. Considers the Western Country of great Importance. Some Gentlemen in both houses seem to undervalue the Western Country or despair of commanding it. Government on the Potowmack would secure it.\n       Mr. Butler. The question is not whether Pensilvania or Maryland shall be benefited\u2014but how are the United States benefited or injured.\n       Mr. Macclay. Pensilvania has altered the Law this month respecting the navigation of the Susquehannah.\n   A proviso in the House bill required Pennsylvania and Maryland to consent to improving the navigation of the Susquehanna. Morris opposed this proviso on the ground that it would give commercial advantages to Baltimore over Philadelphia; see his speech and Carroll\u2019s and Maclay\u2019s replies as reported in King, Life and Corr., 1:371\u2013372, and in Maclay, JournalJournal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789\u20131791, ed. Edgar S. Maclay, New York, 1890., 1890, p. 159\u2013161.\n      Notes of Debates on the Residence Bill, continued Sept. 24. Thursday.\n       Mr. Grayson. moves to strike out the Words, \u201cin the State of Pensilvania.\u201d\n       Mr. Butler. The Center of Population the best Criterion. The Center of Wealth and the Center of Territory.\n       Mr. Lee. The Center of Territory is the only permanent Center. Mr. Macclay. See his minutes.\n   That is, following the words \u201criver Susquehannah\u201d in the House bill, and thus assigning the federal capital to Maryland; all the senators present from the South voted for this amendment, but it lost by ten votes to eight.\n   Maclay\u2019s \u201cminutes\u201d of this day\u2019s debate are very full, but it would have been remarkable if he had offered to let JA see them, since they accuse him of grossly unfair conduct in the chair (JournalJournal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789\u20131791, ed. Edgar S. Maclay, New York, 1890., 1890, p. 162\u2013165).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0166", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 12 January 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          my dearest Friend\n        I last wednesday received yours of Decbr 28 and should have answerd by the post of thursday but that the mail for thursday closes on wednesday Evening and does not give time for any replie to Letters which come by that post. I wrote you from this place on sunday last. at that time I was in hopes I should have been on my journey home before this, as we have every thing in readiness to set out the day that we can get a sufficient quantity of snow. Col Smith will bring me home at all events, even tho I should finally be obliged to come in a carriage which we should be glad to avoid at this Season as the Roads are bad, and the Ferries worse for crossing the stages change at the Ferries, & do not cross at this season\n        Mrs Smith would even now venture to providance by water rather than be dissapointed of her visit but with a young Baby and at this dangerous Season of the year Her Friends all disswade her. tho I am sometimes more than half a mind to try it, the expence of taking a coach & sending for me at this uncertain period when it might be detain\u2019d by Snow before it reach\u2019d half way, would be really too great and I had rather suffer many inconveniencies than you should attempt it. half a foot of snow or less would answer very well, & we have daily reason to look for it. we have however concluded not to bring william with us, as we imagine he will be much more troublesome than the Baby. this is the Time that I hoped to have been at Home. I know you must be Lonesome\u2014and my Boys want looking after or rather their things.\n        I am glad to find that Massachusetts behave so well. in this state the Legislature & senate are at such varience that it is not expected that there will be any choice at all, and should that be the case, they have little hopes of keeping Congress here. you judged right with respect to the sitting of Congress. there is not the least probability of there meeting, nor is there any occasion for it, on account of ushering in the New one. for when the New Senate & House come together they chuse a pressident to receive and count the votes from the different States, & declare the choice this is said to be the mode pointed out by the constitution. the next post will bring us the choice of conneticut.\n        Since my arrival in Town I have received every mark of politeness and attention from this people which I could have desired. Sir John & Lady Temple were among the first to visit me. I have been to Count montier to a Ball given by him; and to the Assembly. I have dinned at one place & supped at an. or nether Sat at table (for suppers I discard), untill I am fully satisfied with dissipating. we have however kept very good Hours, as mrs Jay is like to have an addition to her Family she is obliged to be circumspect. my own Heaeth is much better this winter than it has been for several years. I attribute it much to my Journey. I want to know how you bear the cold. last Evening we had a light fall of snow just sufficient to cover the Grund but it will all run to day. the clouds are however gathering for more. I hope I shall not have occasion to write again before I see you. my Love to the children & to Brother & Sister Cranch with whom I sympathize under their late affliction. I would write to sister\u2014but hope soon to see her. be so good as to tell Brisler that he must keep some of the pears untill we come mr & mrs Jay desire their affectionate Regards to you. he is a plain as a Quaker, and as mild as New milk, but under all this, an abundance of Rogury in his Eye\u2019s. I need to say to you who so well know him, that he possesse\u2019 an excellent Heart. mrs Jay has all the vivacity of a French woman blended with the modesty & Softness of an American Lady.\n        adieu visiters call upon me. I have received & returnd more than forty visits already\u2014\n        Yours affectionatly\n        Abigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0167", "content": "Title: Mercy Otis Warren to Abigail Adams, 3 February 1789\nFrom: Warren, Mercy Otis\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Plimouth feb 3d1789\n        How dos my dear Mrs Adams like the City of New york: its manners & amusements as it may probably be her future residence I hope she found every thing prefectly agreable\u2014 shall I hope before you fix in that distant abode that you will make us an Visit at Plimouth: to such a traveler the journey can be nothing. and since that Mrs Adams, friendship is unimpaired: I should think (judging from my own feelings) that no stimulous would be necessary but the recollection of former mutual Confidence & affection. such a Visit would give particular pleasure to me not apt to change her attachments either from time place absence or other accidents\u2014\n        I hope you left Mrs smith & her little ones well & happy I should be pleased to see the Attention of the young Mother at the head of her Family where I dare say she acquits herself to the approbation of her Friends. her maternal tenderness she has from instinct. her domestic avocations she has been taught by early Example, & her own Good sense will ever make her respectable. you know my partiallity towards her. I loved her from a Child nor has absence made any abatement. therefore you will mention me with affection when you Write again.\u2014\n        Is my Friend Mrs Montgomery yet sailed for Ireland.\u2014 I will not ask any more questions least the number of your replys should preclude some sentiment of your own when I am again Gratifiied with a letter.\n        My pen has lain Comparitively still this winter, I have been sick: very sick and very long, nor have yet been out since the middle of october. but hope as the spring approaches to revive with the summer insect: & if able to take wing shall probably alight among those whose converse both improves & enlivens the social hour.\n        If the Coll & Mrs smith should Visit the Massachusets in the spring: before you leave it: I hope they will extend their Journey to Plimouth. & I am sure they have no friends who will recieve them with more sincere Cordiallity than this & your affectionate Friend\n        M Warren", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0169", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Sarah Livingston Jay, 20 February 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Jay, Sarah Livingston\n          Braintree Febry 20th 1789\n          my dear madam\n        When I left your Hospitable mansion, I did not design so many days should have elapsed, before I had express\u2019d to you the pleasing sense I entertaind of your kindness and Friendship. they have left a durable impression upon my mind, and an ardent desire to cultivate them in future.\n        I reachd Home Ten days after I left Newyork. we had an agreeable journey, good Roads fine weather and tolerable accommodations. our Musk and Lemon Brandy were of great service to us, and we never faild to Toast the donor, Whilst our Hearts were warmed by the Recollection. I hope my dear madam that your Health is better than when I left you, and this not for your own sake only, but for that of your worthy partner, who I am sure sympathized so much with you, that he never really Breakfasted the whole time I was with you; my best Regards attend him. I hope both he and you will one day do me the Honour of visiting Braintree, where I would do all within my power to Render the fireside as social and as pleasing as I found Broad Way.\n        If Miss Levingston is still with you pray present my Regards to her. my Love to Master Peter, the Grave Maria & the sprightly little French Girl. Compliments to Mrs Knox to Lady Kitty, and to all the other Ladies from whom I received particular attentions whilst at Newyork, and do me the Favour to let me hear from you by the first opportunity\u2014 This Letter will be deliverd to you by mr Ames, the Suffolk Representitive, a Young Gentlemen of an amiable Character and very good abilities, he was so good as to offer to take Charge of any letters I might have for Newyork. I have embraced this opportunity to present my little Friend Maria with a Book which I hope may be pleasing & usefull to her\n        mr Adams joins me in affectionate Regards to mr Jay, & best wishes for your Health and happiness\u2014 be assured I am my dear Madam with sentiments / of Esteem and Regard Your / Friend & Humble Servant\n        Abigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0170", "content": "Title: William Stephens Smith to John Adams, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Adams, John\n          Newyork april 6th. 1789\u2014\n        Mr: Bourne has this moment waited upon me and informs, that he has been honoured by the senate with the appointment of being the Bearer of their Dispatches to you, relative to your election as Vice President of the Western Empire, upon which please to accept of my affectionate congratulations and of my sincere prayers that Heaven may guide and protect you in this great Career\u2014 The Virtuous members of this Government are very anxious to see you here, they promise themselves great aid in their pursuits from your Council and influence, and I am sure you will not fail in being here as soon as possible, your Country expects that your motions will be rapid after you recieve the official information, and when you consider that during the interregnum, the United states loose one thousand pr. Diem, I am sure you will haste to shelter them all in your power from greater loss\u2014\n        My Calculation is that if this Gentleman travels by Land this will be presented to you on saturday next but If with a fair Wind he attempts the Water Communication, it may possibly reach you before\u2014 but Calculating on the former, I take the liberty of supposing that you will finish the Governors Ceremony on monday and rest, tranquilly at Watertown the same Evening, so that agreable to Contract you will arrive here on the Monday following, in which case I will meet you 15 or 20 miles out of town and inform you of the opinions at present Circulating here\u2014 I think it will be of service that Mrs: Adams should accompany you, for various reasons, both public & private, which it may be as well not to commit to paper\u2014 should you not leave Braintree before Monday, will you be so good as to write me by sunday\u2019s post informing me of your arrangements, and intentions, this Letter will reach me the saturday night before you, and give me some hours to arrange my movements and to meet you prepared to relieve Mrs: Adams from the hurry and Ceremony which will accompany your reception\n        for further particulars I refer you to the Letter from Mrs:Smith to her Mama and am / Dr. Sir, Yours affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0171", "content": "Title: James Lovell to Abigail Adams, 12 April 1789\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n        Mr. Duerr, as you pronounce it, and my Wife seem to think alike as to the Powers of an Ambassadress when placed as an Helpmate to the Ambassador. Mr D. had an Idea of an handsome Face Mrs. L thought only of the Good Sense of the Lady. If this is ambiguous, yr. best Friend can make it plain so far as relates to Duerr.\n        As to Mrs. L I will show her to you in a Minute, just as She appeared the first Instant her Eyes were opened this Morning \u201cWell Mr: Lovell I think as others do, you are too confident about your office;\u2014 you ought to go to New York;\u2014 One of your main Expectations has failed you already;\u2014 your Friend Portia is not going on to Congress.\u201d Good Morning Ma\u2019am, replied I, \u201cI am sorry for that.\u201d\u2014a Pause\u2014\n        Indeed, Portia, there was not so much Compliment in my Reply as a Stranger would guess there was. \u201cI am sorry,\u201d because I could say twenty Things to you which I would not dare to trouble your Husband with. I could talk to you about Insurgents, and the Tools of the Tools of Insurgents, down to the Successor of the Successor of your humble Servant late a Naval officer, for the Port of Boston. But really I should not have thought of this Subject if I had not heard it said Yesterday by one of the veriest of that Tribe \u201cmy Friends have spooken to Mr. Adams about me.\u201d Curses on their Impudence! it makes no Odds to them whether Virtue or Vice is in Rule; they hope with good Grounds under the latter and they dare to ask Patronage of the former. In this Commonwealth, I have seen them have every Advantage. Vice triumphant, they have turned out of Place whom they would; and upon a Change in Government they held their Offices because the virtuous would not take the vicious Mode of turning any Man out who did his Duty let him have gotten into office how he might. By being the accidental but Kidney,\u2014 Deputy of Nat. Barber for 3 Months only, the present Naval Officer was preferred before John Rice who had served 3 years, with me faithfully scientifically & amiably. But I would only be understood here as remarking who ought not to have the Naval office of this Port. leaving it totally with my Betters to say who shall have it. The present Incumbent may have one advocate at Head Quarters if Mr. O should be chosen Clerk of the Senate.\n        \u201cScratch now for me and I will always scratch for you,\u201d has been the perpetual Rule of that republican Electioneering Set, to which the Two in Question belonged\u2014 A caucasing-Town-Meeting Bulldog like Barber or one of a more sly least like his Successor, must have had many Promises of future Friendship from would-be Representatives Senators & Governors in this Town, who thought that the Road of Promises was the broad one to Preferment.\n        I am Madam, yours respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0172", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Havilands at Rye. April 19. 1789\n        I have been so diligent on the Road and so much interrupted by Company at the Taverns that this is the first time I have been able to get an opportunity to write to you. We arrived at this house last night (Saturday) Shall rest here to day and go into N. York tomorrow.\u2014 at Hartford, the Manufacturers presented me with a Piece of Broadcloth, for a Suit of Cloaths. at N. Haven the Corporation presented me with the Freedom of their City.\u2014 at both these Towns the Gentlemen came out to meet us, and went out with us.\u2014 at Horseneck, we were met by Major Pintard, & Captain Mandeville with a Party of Horse from the State of New York, and there is to be much Parade on Monday.\u2014 Before this I presume, the Printers in Boston, have inserted in their Gazettes, the Debates of the House of Representatives, which are conducted with open Galleries.\n        This Measure, by making the Debates public will establish the national Government, or break the Confederation. I can conceive of no medium between these Extremes.\u2014 By the Specimens that I have seen, they go on with great Spirit, in preparing the Impost, which is a favourable omen.\u2014 My Love to the Children and Duty to my Mother, &c.\n        John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0173", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          Braintree April 22d 1789\n          my dearest Friend\n        I received mr Bourn\u2019s Letter to day, dated this day week, and I was very happy to Learn by it that you had made so Rapid a progress. I hope you stoped at my old acquaintance Avery\u2019s, and that you met with as good entertainment as I had led you to expect. all your Friends rejoiced in the fine weather which attended you, and conceive it, a propitious omen. I enjoyed, the Triumph tho I did not partake the \u2019Gale, and perhaps my mind might have been a little Elated upon the Late occasion if I had not have lived Long enough in the world to have seen the fickleness of it, yet to give it, its due, it blew from the right point on that day.\n        Mr Allen was so polite as to come out to Braintree to day to know if I had any Letters or package that I wish\u2019d to send forward to you, & that he would take them. I pomis\u2019d to forward a Letter & News papers. mr A. I presume has buisness of importance by his return so soon. I hope it is not an office that a Friend of yours now hold\u2019s, and who is in some little anxiety about his own Fate. I received a Letter from him this Evening. I will inclose it by an other opportunity, yet I promisd to mention to you what I conceived almost, or quite needless, because I knew your sentiments with respect to him so well, that I was sure you would interest yourself for his continuance in office whatever the System might be. if I have written a little ambiguously you may the more easily guess at the person meant.\n        The Children are now at home. Charles tells me that the Class which take their degree leave colledge the 21 of June and that if you have occasion for him he can come on as soon after that day as you wish, that he can have his degree as well as if he was present. he seems to be fond of the thought of getting rid of the parade of commencment. if it would be no injury to him, I should be equally fond of getting rid of a trouble in which there is very little Satisfaction, a good deal of expence & generally many affronts given by omissions\n        I mentiond it to the dr & he approves it. I wrote thus early that I might know your mind upon the subject. you will give me the earliest information respecting prospects I hope you will be carefull of your Health, and be enabled to go through the arduous task in which you are engaged. I wish to hear from you as often as possible. my Love to mrs Smith & childr[en.] Let Brisler know that his wife & child are very cleverly, that she is able to Nurse it, & much better than she was before she was confin\u2019d mr Bass moves tomorrow into our House. I have reserved a part of it for Esther if Brisler should continue at Newyork, and that will obviate the difficuly of being alone in a House. I had the misfortune of loosing one of the Young creatures a day or two after you left me by the Horn sickness it faild of eating in the morning & before I could get any body to it, it was dead\u2014 the Horns were hollow upon inspection but I suppose your Farm is quite out of your head by this Time & you will only think of it as a departed Friend, & without the consolation of thinking its situation better\u2019d, the 20 Trees are all set out, & came in good order.\n        I am my dearearst Friend / most affectionatly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0174", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to James Lovell, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Lovell, James\n          Braintree April 22. 1789\n          My Dear Sir\n        I this evening received your letter of April 12th. tho\u2019 you love a labyrinth you always give a clue. Mr & Mrs L may be assured that an old friend so well qualified for the office he holds will not be forgotten, and that it would be of little consequence whether P: is at Braintree or N York. Mr L is surely sufficiently acquainted with my friend to know that he may be sure of his interest. I presume the enquiry will be in the appointment of offices, Who now holds them? Are they qualified? Have they discharged the office with fidelity? Why displace a man worthy of his trust? I know Mr A is sufficiently sensible of the importance of having the naval office filled by a gentleman of firmness and integrity, and I can scarcely think there can be any occasion of calling to his mind the man who in former times has fought by his side and of whose indefatigable industry and perseverance in the cause of his country he is so perfectly acquainted, and whose sufferings he has felt! Yet that P\u2014\u2014a may have the merit of a mite She has this evening in a letter to her best friend reminded him that there are persons upon the spot and going there who think to carry their point by solicitation and unwearied application the method by which the Clerkship to the Senate was carried\n        My best regards attend Mrs Lovell who has really flattered me by hinting that it was in my power to serve her or her family, of this I am sure I cannot fail if my power be half equal to my inclination", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0175", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        This is the first Moment I have been able to Seize, in order to acquaint you of my Arrival and Situation. Governor Clinton The Mayor of New York, all the old officers of the Continental Government, and the Clergy, Magistrates and People, have Seemed to emulate the two houses of Congress, in shewing every respect to me and to my office.\u2014 For Particulars I must refer you to the public Papers. Yesterday for the first time I attended the Senate. Tomorrow or next day, The President is expected.\u2014 Mr Jay with his usual Friendship, has insisted on my taking Apartments in his noble house. No Provision No Arrangement, has been made for the President or Vice P.\u2014and I See, clearly enough, that Minds are not conformed to the Constitution, enough, as yet, to do any Thing, which will Support the Government in the Eyes of the People or of Foreigners. our Country mens Idea of the \u201cL\u2019Air imposant\u201d is yet confined to volunteer Escorts, verbal Compliments &c.\n        You and I however, are the two People in the World the best qualified for this Situation. We can conform to our Circumstances.\u2014 And if They determine that We must live on little, We will not Spend much.\u2014 every Body enquires respectfully / for Mrs A. of her affectionate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0176", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 26 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          Braintree April 26. 1789\n          my dearest Friend\n        Major Gibbs Captain Beals & mr Woodard all are going to New-york, and all have desired Letters, but as they all go at the same Time one Letter must answer. I wrote you this week by mr Allen, since which nothing has transpired in our little village worth communicating. the Newspapers I inclose to you all that I get in the course of a week, but the printers or the persons to whom they are committed, think as you are absent, it is of little concequence whether I get them or not. the Torrent has subsided & a calm has ensued. Laco I see has advertized his Works to be sold in a pamphlet\n        I wish to know where & How you are accommodated, and what ever else you may think proper to communicate. I have heard only once from you at Hartford & fear I must wait a week longer, before any intelligence reaches me. pray is it prudent discreet or wise, that the debates of the House should be publish\u2019d in the crude indigisted manner in which they appear to be given to the publick?\u2014\n        Have you seen your little Grandsons yet? how is mrs Smith I hope she will write me I shall be very lonesome when our sons are gone to colledg Next week, only I am buissy about the Garden, tho I have had Time to get very little done. I have been obliged to have all the wall of the great pasture poled the sheep became so troublesome & wandered every where, & to day have been building the wall against Mr Bass\u2014\n        The Family are well. Esther is tolerable the Baby has a bad soar mouth\u2014 pray burn all these Scribles for fear you should leave or drop any of them\u2014any where\n        Let me know how you do\u2014 I cannot Say I am very well, tho better for this fortnight than I was before you went away. I hope your journey will be of service to you but I fear too much perplexity in Buisness for you.\n        adieu & believe me most affectionatly / Yours\u2014\n        Abigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0177", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams, 27 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Newbury-Port April 27th: 1789.\n        I expected to have received ere this some Letters either from Braintree or Boston; But excepting what I have collected from the Newspapers I have heard neither directly nor indirectly from either. Had any good opportunity for sending, presented itself I should have written, although the only topic of information, would have been concerning myself.\u2014 The sum total of my news is that since I return\u2019d to this place, my health has been better than at any time since last September; and that scarcely any thing of my complaints remains, except the spasms, which are not frequent, nor very troublesome.\n        I hope you have not given up the thoughts of making a tour to Haverhill, and shall be ready to meet you there, upon the shortest notice.\u2014 I should wish to know, when you expect to set out for New-York, and whether you depend upon my attendance.\u2014 It is possible that circumstances may be so situated, as to render it inconvenient for me to leave this place, in the course of the ensuing summer.\u2014 If you should not go, till the latter end of June, and my Father should be willing that Charles should be absent from Commencement, I imagine there would be no great difficulty in obtaining leave from the College government, and he might attend you.\u2014 However; if Circumstances should not be very untoward, I shall be able to go; and my own inclinations, induce me to wish much to go; as it will probably be the only opportunity I shall have to see my Sister, and perhaps my other friends, for several years to come.\n        Mrs: Hay is going away this morning, and I fear I shall lose the opportunity unless I come speedily close.\n        Your dutiful Son\u2014\n        P. S. There are in a draw of one of the desks or tables in the chamber where I lodg\u2019d a pair of old silver buckles. I wish to have them sent to me. If you will please to give them to W. Cranch, he will transmit them\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0179", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 1 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        It has been impossible to get time to write you.\u2014 Morning, Noon, and Night, has been taken up with Business, or Visits.\u2014 Yesterday the President was Sworn, amidst the Acclamations of the People.\u2014 But I must refer you to Gazettes & Spectators.\u2014 I write this abed.\u2014 Mr Allen deld. me, Yesterday your Letter.\u2014 I like very much your Plan of coming on, with Charles and Thomas, before Commencement. But as yet I have no House, nor Furniture.\u2014 When you come you must bring, Table & Chamber Linnen and the Plate, and I expect, some beds.\u2014 But all is uncertain as yet.\u2014 You may send by a Stage, or a Cart to Providence and there embark, many necessary Things in the Packett.\u2014 The House of Representatives will I hope, soon determine some thing.\u2014 But my Expectations are not raised.\u2014 I fear We shall be Straightened, and put to difficulty to live decently.\u2014 We must however live in Proportion to our means.\n        The President has received me with great Cordiality, of affection and Confidence, and eve[ry] Thing has gone very agreably. His Lady is expected this Month.\n        My Duty to my Mother, Love to Brothers Adams Cranch &c & sisters and every friendly, grateful sentiment to our Honourable Dr. our Guardian Protector & Friend, and to Mr Quincy, whom I had not opportunity to see, before I came away, and to all other friends & Acquaintance &c.\n        I ought to thank Captn. Beal, Mr Allen Mr Black &c for their obliging Attention in accompanying me, on my Journey.\n        You will receive by Barnard, some more fruit Trees. The Ladies universally enquire very respectfully after Mrs Adams, when she will arrive &c.\n        The last Sunday, I Spent very agreably at Col Smiths.\u2014 Nabby and the Children very well. William, had no Knowledge of me, but John knew me at first glance.\n        I long to take a Glance at my [farm?] but this cannot be.\u2014 write me as often as you can.\u2014 Yours with the tenderest Affection.\n        John Adams.\n          I have Sent the Horse. You may sell him or give him to my worthy son John, for his Health, if you think it possible to pay for his Keeping.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0181", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dear Portia\n        I must finally conclude to request of you to come on to New York as soon as possible and bring Charles and Thomas both with you if you can\u2014 if they cannot come at present let them follow as soon as they can be permitted.\u2014 I design they shall both Spend the Vacation here at least.\u2014 I want your Advice about furniture and House. bring Polly Taylor with you.\u2014 You had better land on Long Island and go directly to Jamaica to Mrs Smiths. The Journey to Providence is not much and the Passage from thence pleasant, at this season. My Love to all\n        John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0182", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          Braintree May 5th 1789\n          My dearest Friend\n        Mr Dawes sent me word that he was going to Newyork this week. I would not omit any opportunity of writing to you, tho I know I must sometimes perplex you with domestick matters I would not do it, but that I wish your advise and direction.\n        I wrote you in my last that the wall was compleated between mr Bass & you, and Barley has been sown. the Hill before the window, your Brother has had cleard of stones, & gatherd up the overpluss manure and laid where directed. I requested him to dispose of the young stock if he could, but he has not been able to. I procured a load of Salt Hay for the stock since you went away pay\u2019d Thayer 6\u00a3. 12s 11d for the Hay I had of him, & this day am obliged to purchase more English Hay. the wall upon the Hill was poled agreeable to your direction & the sheep put there & Hay given them, but the season is so backward & the flock so large that they are pinch\u2019d. the dr has agreed to take off this week 3 Heffers & the 10 weathers & pay the childrens Quarter Bills which amounts to Sixteen pounds. thus two anxieties I am relieved from But your Brother upon clearing this Hill insists upon it, that it is trod down so hard by the cattle that it will produce no grass this year and the best thing which can be done with it, is to plow it up. to this I could give no consent, knowing how averse you were to any such thing, but yesterday hearing that a Tax Bill was comeing out this month, he got quite discouraged & came to tell me that he would not have any thing to do with the place for that he should never get sufficent of from it, to pay the Taxes\u2014 I offered him a part of the sheep, that he should take 20 & leave half the profits of them, Lambs & wool this year, or I would do any thing reasonable that he should desire. as I had not been abl to part with the oxen, French should help cart out the manure but he was sure that you would think he might make so much more than it was possible for him to, that you certainly set him down for Knave or fool\u2014& he would hade no further concern with it, unless it was to render me any assistance\u2014 I hope however he will consider further about it, in the mean Time I wish you would write to him, or me; the manner in which Glover has Beals\u2019s place is I suppose a reason with him for thinking that he cannot make this answer. I have got Finil to work with French & must get the manure upon the Grass as soon as possible\u2014 I will exert myself to the best of my ability, but it really worried me so much that I could not sleep last Night\u2014 the Cows have not calf\u2019d yet, & really every thing seem\u2019s to have gone wrong, veal has got to two pence pr pound. Spear brought me a Parish Rate this week of three pounds 16 shilling & Eleven pence and yesterday col Thayer sent a deed of the woodland.\n        As you were always Remarkable at a difficult case, I wish you would direct me what to do with those which at present surround me\n        pray burn all my Letters I suppose you are perplexd with National difficulties which will puzzel you as much as my domestick affairs do me. it is hard to have both I have not heard from you since the 22d of April\u2014 we are well as usual. yours affectionately\n        Abigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0184", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 6 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n        Brisler arrived last Evening and brought yours of May the 1st I have not time to notice all I want to in it, I wish to know whether you would like that I should engage Daniel as coachman who drove you to Newyork when you get to House keeping, and what are the wages given. Tom we can never keep if we wish fer peace\u2014 would not the House out of Town be most agreeable to you and most for your Health?\n        you mistook me if you thought I meant to bring Charles Tommy. he will [stay?] at colledge till the middle of july, tis only the class who [take?] their degree that can leave college in june, & the President must be written to for the purpose. you did not write me as if you had thought maturely upon it, I would not wish to do any thing without your free consent and advise\n        my Letter is waited for.\n        A Adams\n          compliments to mr Jay who with your permission is a great favorite of mine to Mrs Levinstong", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0185", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 7 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          Braintree May 7th Fast day [1789]\n          my dearest Friend\n        our parson has been praying for you to day that you may be enabled to discharge the high and important Trust committed to you with equal integrity and abilitis as you have heretofore excercised in Negotiations at Foreign courts & embassies abroad, and with equal Benifit & satisfaction to your Country. I have been reading with attention the various addresses to the Pressident & his replies. they are all pathetick but none more so than that to the citizens of Alexandera. throughout all of them he appears to be most sensibly affected with the supreme and over Ruling providence which has calld him to Rule over this great people rather to feel Humble than Elated, & to be overpowerd with the weight & Magnitude of his Trust, who that reflected, who that weigh\u2019d & considerd but must lay his Hand upon his Breast, & say what am I? that this great Trust is committed to me? your Legislature are promulgating a perfectly New doctrine. I had always supposed that in point of Rank the Senate were superiour to the Representitives. this perfect equality brought to my mind a story told of Johnson, that dining one day with mrs Macauley She was conversing upon her favorite topick of the Natural equality of Man\u2014 Johnson heard her very gravely, after some time he rose from table & bowing very respectfully to the servant who waited behind his chair, pray mr John, take my place & let me wait in my Turn. you hear what your mistress Says; that we are all equal\u2014 there debates as given to the publick do not prove them all solomans, forgive me if I am too sausy\u2014tis only to you that I think thus freely.\n        I shall not forward the papers of this week they contain nothing more than what you have already had\u2014 I hope it will not be long before you will be able to take a House. living upon a Friend cannot be long agreeable to you I know and now John is away I fear you will suffer some inconvenience I cannot prepare my things for Removal untill I hear further from you, but I should suppose it would be best to get mr Tufts vessel to take them either here or at weymouth. If there are any Number of Books that you would wish for I will have them pack\u2019d & ready if you can point them out; with regard to the Horse I should be very glad that our son might have him, but upon maxims of prudence will it do at this time? I need not give my reasons for the Question. French must be paid before I leave home. there are six months wages due to Brisler on the first of May, which he will have occasion to leave with his wife, & to purchase some articles of furniture. I shall be obliged to pay for what work has been done by your Brothers hands upon the place\u2014an expence I would not have incured if I had supposed he would not have kept the place\u2014 you wish to give a look at your Farm, the Hills begin to look Green, but the season is so backward that scarcly a Tree has leaved Lilack excepted. 3 hands with a Team were all yesterday employ\u2019d in picking up the stones, thrown out of the ditches & carried upon Quincy medow in the manure. I could have wished more manure might have been put there, attempted it but found it would cut the ground to pieces\u2014 tomorrow will be employd in carrying on the manure behind the House, & clearing the Ground of stones\u2014 the sheep have gone very quiet since the wall was poled the Weathers excepted whom no fence would hold but they are parted with.\u2014 shall I do all the work necessary upon the place for the present, and at my leaving it request your Brother to take it, he paying one third of the taxes upon it, or shall I leave it to him to say upon what terms he will look after it. mr Baxter very kindly sent me word yesterday that he would hire it for four years but I asked no Questions, presuming you had rather it should lie unimproved. Your son Tom says if he was out of colledge he would come & live with Pheby & Abdee & improve it himself before it should go a beging thus\u2014one of your Townsmen told me the other day that he was very sorry you was gone away, for there was nobody left in Town to buy Land. all your Friends desire to be affectionatly rememberd to you, but none more tenderly than your ever / affectionate\n        A Adams\n          compliment to miss Levingstone, and all the Ladies who so kindly inquire after your Friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0186", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        I have taken an House, and now wish you to come on, as soon as possible.\u2014 It will be necessary to send by Water all the Carpets that are not in Use, and several Beds, Bedsteads, Bedding Bed and Table Linnen,\u2014Plate, China &c if you can convey it to Providence would come better that Way. The House is on the North River about a mile out of the City, in a fine situation, a good Stable, Coach House, Garden, about 30 Acres of Land. it goes by the name of Mr Montiers House.\u2014 We may keep, two Cows, on the Pasture. The Rent is 50 or an 100\u00a3 less, than for a poorer House in the City.\n        Charles and Thomas had better come on with you, at least the former.\u2014 Brisler and Polly Taylor, at least must come.\u2014 I inclose a Letter to President Willard & am / yours most tenderly\n        John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0188", "content": "Title: William Stephens Smith to Abigail Adams, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dear Madam\n        I have the happiness of informing you that Mrs: Smith and the Boys are in high health and that your presence here as soon as you can possibly make it convenient will be very agreable and is in a great degree necessary\u2014 Mr. A has taken a House about one mile from the City as he has informed you, and in his Letters has said something about the removal of furniture\u2014 on this subject permit me to say that you cannot bring too much\u2014for if the future arrangement of Congress should extend to the furnishing of your House the articles which you have, at a first estimate will me more advantageously employed than if you were to permit them to remain unused during the period which you will be absent from Braintee and if no provision of that kind should be made, you will save at least 2 or 300\u00a3 by bringing on what furniture you have for at present it is a very expensive article in this place\u2014 therefore I would advise that you should hire a good Sloop, let her be brought to the nearest landing place and well packed, and after she is loaded and ready to sail let Dr. Tufts insure her Cargo to this port valued sufficiently to cover the property & let her be ordered to proceed about one mile up the north river where we being informed of her arrival will pay the necessary attention to what she convey\u2019s\u2014 she can then proceed to within 100 yards of the House & the expence & risk of land Carriage be avoided\u2014 in this way if Briessler Comes he can with convenience bring his family &c\u2014 you will notice I am in haste & remain / Sincerely yours &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0189", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 16 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          My dearest Friend\n        I yesterday received yours of May the 3d by Captain Beal\u2019s in which you request that I would come on imediatly Yours of May the first mentions several articles which you suppose it will be necessary for me to send forward, but add all is as yet uncertain, so that I am in doubt what to do, particularly as I have laid before you Since, a state of my difficulties to which I could have wish\u2019t some replie, that I might have known how to proceed agreeable to your wishes; I cannot get your Brother to say upon what Terms he will take the place. he insists upon it that all that can be got from it this year will not more than pay the Taxes, and as a proof he brought me this afternoon a Tax for the high way of Two pounds Nine shillings this added to the parish Tax makes five pounds Eighteen shillings, this added to the Tax we have already paid makes Sixty dollors, but I know very well that if he improved it, they would not tax it so high & then a part of this is for woodland mr Black complains most bitterly, his Taxes are just double. I have not contracted any debts to the amount of a dollor since you left me, two articles only I have been able to part with (, excepting what the Dr took,) a Hog & a Calf, the proceeds of which I was obliged to lay out in Hay for the stock & to send to a distant part of Weymouth for it. they ask 3 shillings pr Hundred Captain Beals is obliged to go to Boston to Buy Hay. there has not been such a Demand for these Several years. mr Black is obliged to Buy, the pastures are quite Bare, & the vegetation very slow & the weather very cold. I do not think I shall be able to get to you in less than three weeks from this Time, & how I shall then be able to leave our affairs is uncertain, no offer of any sort has been made for the oxen. your Brother thinks they had better be sent upon an Island to fat, the scow must lie where it is, for I cannot get any Sale for it. the Horse, I have put upon sale at 80 dollors, but your Brother says I may think myself very well of, to get 70. if I understood Brisler right, you said he should be given to J Q A rather then parted with at less\u2014 Barnard arrived this week, and I sent Brisler to Town immediatly for the Trees, they are much smaller than the Rhoad Island Greenings, all of which appear to have taken & are very fine Trees. I have got them all set & properly Guarded so that I hope we shall have an additional quantity of good Fruit I have yet got some Russets as fair as when they came from the Trees. Your Mother is as well as usual & yesterday with our Horse & chaise undertook a ride to Abington where she proposes to spend a fortnight. I have not been from Home but one half day since you left me. Esther was confined & I have had nobody but Polly with me, and I have had my Hands full of spring work for my children, untill Louissa came about a week ago to make me a visit I find her so helpfull to me that I shall keep her till, I come on. I do not like to sleep alone I am so subject to those Nervious affections, that I am some times allarmed with them. with respect to a House, I rather wish you to take one before I come on. Mrs Smith can judge as well as I can, but whether you do or no, I will endeavour to be with you in the course of three weeks from this Time. if you can possibly get time I wish you would say whether I must bring Linnen China Glass kitchen furniture Plate, looking glasses I would not remove and Beds if I leave any in the House I can take only three, or rather I should have said, if I left enough to accommodate us when we come home to see how our Trees grow &C the Hill begins to look finely and & Garden much better for New setting what Box I have had taken up, but it is like diging up so many Trees with large Roots, & I believe to speak within moderate Bounds, it would take a Gardner a Month to do it properly\u2014 Thayer is chosen Rep, again. the Shaiseites were very low. Vinton had only one vote, General Lincoln is chosen for Hingham.\n        judge Sergant & Lady kept sabbeth with me on their way to Barnstable Court, and desired to be affectionally rememberd to you. judge Cushing has visited me twice. Your Book is his Travelling Companion he says, but he could not possibly part with it yet. I have requested him to deliver it to mr Cranch if I should be absent when he comes again. is mrs Washington arrived yet? I wish she would get there before me\u2014 I dont very well like all I see in the papers\u2014. pray write to me by the next post after you receive this Letter. the Printers have sent the papers to you they say, so that I have lost sight of several of them this week all Friends desire to be rememberd to you\u2014 most affectionatly / yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0190", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        I am in such a situation that I cannot see the way clear for you to come on, till some resolution is passed in the House.\u2014 You will be as ready as you can, and I will write you the Moment to come on. any Thing is done.\u2014 I will resign my office rather than bring you here to be miserable.\n        Yours eternally\n        John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0192", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 24 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        I have received your Letter of the 16th.\u2014 I have taken a large and handsome house, in a beautiful Situation, about two miles out of the City, upon the North River. The Rent is less, than I must have given for a much meaner house in Town, without any such accommodations of Stable Garden, Pasture &c\n        I now desire you to come on, as soon as possible, and to Send by Tirrell, or some other Vessel, Beds, & Bedding\u2014all the Linnen for Beds & Table, Knives & Forks, China, Glass, Kitchen Furniture\u2014in short all the [fur]niture of the House in a manner. Some of the smaller looking Glasses\u2014but the large ones, not yet.\u2014 Yet I dont know but it would be best to bring even them.\u2014 Furniture here is monstrously dear. Ask the Dr. if it is adviseable to insure? My Books some of them may come too\u2014 The Books I wish for, are hume, Johnson Priestley, Ainsworths Dictionary, and Such other Books as may be most amusing and useful\u2014 The great Works and Collections I would not bring on. But Blackstone and De Lolme on the English Constitution and the Collection of American Constitutions I would have Sent on.\u2014 I am encouraged to expect that the House will do something that will enable Us to live, tho perhaps not very affluently.\n        The Place must be left, as you can.\u2014 I can form no Judgment about it.\u2014 Charles must come with you.\u2014 And Polly\u2014and Elijah, if his Parents are willing.\n        Mrs Washington, will be here before you, without doubt\u2014she is expected daily.\u2014 My Garden is preparing for your Reception, and I wish you were here.\n        my dearest friend Adieu\n          Livy and Tacitus & Cicero I would have sent, and a Plutarch in french or English &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0193", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 26 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          my dearest Friend\n        I hope Barnard has arrived with the things which I sent by him. if there is any person in the House they had better be sent immediatly to it there to lie untill I arrive on the Recept of your Letter May 3\u2019d I sent directly to Town and finding Barnard almost ready to sail I got him to take as many things as I could get ready, they are carpets linnen &c. after I had done this I sat out to visit my sister at Haverhill, leaving word that I would have any letter which should come in my absence sent to me. two days after I left Home I received yours of may 13 & 14th. if I had been at Home I should immediatly have gone about packing some part of my furniture, but to day mr Ward deliverd me your Letter of May 18th I am glad you have determined to proceed no further then taking a House, untill you know upon what terms we are to put our selves in motion. tho I was only absent one week from home I was so uneasy after I received your Letters in which you desired me to come on (directly, least you should think I made an unnecessary delay) that the pleasure of my visit was much diminished. yet I knew mr Tufts vessel was not returnd and that I must wait the return of Barnard before I a could possibly send any thing further. it is a very unpleasent Idea to me, to be obliged to pull down & pack furniture which has already sufferd so much by Removal just as I have got it well arranged. it is no trifling affair & will require no very short time to accomplish. if you please & it must be done; I will only take such things as will enable us to keep House for the present. if our Masters will please to furnish us two Rooms in a proper manner I can put up sufficient for the remainder of the House, but as I know not how to take any steps at present I shall let every thing remain in quiet. but for me to come to N York with Charles and one or two domesticks, before I can go to House keeping would only tend to embarrass us all, & tho I know your situation must be painfull & dissagreable to you, I fear I should only increase rather then lessen your difficulties. I would wish to know if I do not ask an improper thing, whether you would be willing I should bring Louissa with me. I find her so usefull with her needle, at any House work at the Ironing Board, that I think she would be to me a very great assistance, but at the same time if you are not intirely willing, or have the least objection, I shall not repeat my request\u2014 she has two qualities which you value\u2014silence & modesty\n        Mr Allen brought your Letter of May 19th. I found it this Evening upon my return. Captain Brown is the Captain with whom Brisler came home, & with him he has desired me to go, as he has a great opinion of his civility. Daniel I found was married and in a pretty way of Buisness, so I have not said any thing to him. I shall be obliged to send the Horse to J Q: A. I cannot get any offer for him, tho I have sent to Ballard & to Bracket, several Gentleman have lookd at him, but he is known in Town to have broken a chaise for woodard all to peices, a circumstance I never knew untill I offerd him for sale. I could have disposed of him but for that circumstance & his being too Headstrong for Ladies to manage our son says it will cost him this summer as much to hire Horses to attend court as the keeping that horse will amount to, but I tell him he must sell him if he can. The president has received both your Letters and will ask consent of the Corperation for charles. he has a French oration given him for his part at commencement. The president & Lady have sent me word that they design to visit me on Saturday next & dine with me. our good Friends judge Dana & Lady kept Sabbeth with me on their way to Plimouth court. it grieved me to see him in such ill Health I found him better on my return from Haverhill. I lodged at his House. I came through Town & dined at Dr Welchs, where I met with mr Pearson, who was very full with his remarks upon the answer of the House to the President. he was much disgusted with the manner & stile of it. \u201cThis is what we have Thought fit to address to you\u201d was the Language of superiours to an inferiour. Stiling him fellow citizen, was in his opinion very improper, he was no more their fellow citizen whilst he was President of the united states, than the King of G. B was fellow Subject to his people\u2014 I read the debates of the House and I have watch\u2019d a certain character much celebrated, & from the whole I have drawn up this conclusion, that he either does not possess so great talants as he has been said too, or he is aiming at Popularity, at the expence of his judgment & understanding Honestus, pronounces mr Madison the wisest & best man in the House, but time will unvail Characters. I do not like his Politicks, nor the Narrow jealousy he has discoverd.\n        I have an opportunity of sending this Letter written in great haste as you will perceive\u2014\n        Yours most tenderly and / affectionatly\n        A Adams\n          inclosed is Barnards Receit", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0195", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 30 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n          Braintree May 30th 1789\n          my dear son\n        I have sent you the Cloth the coat & Boots. the Glass I have not yet been able to find. inclosed is an other article the amount of what I engaged to you. The Horse I had engaged to keep for a Gentleman till Monday next, so that I could not without forfeiting my word let him go till twesday provided I should not sell him to him. I am sorry, for if I should not part with him then: I should not make any further trial and should be glad to get him to you as soon as possible\u2014 when I got home on twesday Evening, I received a Letter from your Father in which he says after many deliberations he has concluded that I shall not come on, untill the House pass some resolution respecting him. this I think the most prudent desicion, for to be there with a thousand wants & demands & no resources is much worse than being here at any rate. it has given me a little farther respit. I must request you in my absence to attend to your Brother Tom, to watch over his conduct & prevent by your advice & kind admonitions, his falling a prey to vicious Company. at present he seems desirious of persueing his studies preserving a character and avoiding dissipation, but no youth is secure whilst temptations surround him, and no age of Life but is influenced by habits & example, even when they think their Characters formed. I have many anxious hours for Charles, and not the fewer, for the new scene of life into which he is going, tho I think it will be of great service to have him with his Father, & more to take him intirely away from his acquaintance. I have written to him upon some late reports which have been circulated concerning him. I hope they are without foundation, but such is the company in which he is seen that he cannot fail to bear a part of the reproach even if he is innocent. if you should be able to send again, next week let me know one day before hand, & the Name of the person by whom you send, for if I had sent the Horse to Brackets I should not have known whom to have inquired for\u2014 I have not heard from your uncle since we left him, I hope he is better\u2014\n        The Bundle I shall send this day to mr Smiths\u2014 pray write me and let me know how you do from time to Time. Yours most affectionatly\n        A Adams\n          PS I received a line from W C. that the Gentleman by whom you sent for the Horse was gone to Pownalborough it was well I did not send him to Town. I do not know how you will get him unless you come to Boston for him in the course of the week. Brislers Note is inclosed", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0196", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 30 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        Your old Acquaintance Mr Harrison of Cadiz will deliver you this, if you should not, as I hope you will, be Sett off for this place before he can reach Braintree.\u2014\n        I expect you, here indeed in a Week or ten days at farthest, from this date. Mrs Washington is arrived. My House and Garden want us very much. We Shall be obliged to bring all our Furniture and most of our Books, except the Law books and the great Collections, such as the Byzantine History, Muratory, the Encyclop\u00e6dia &c But I hope you will come on, and send Beds and necessaries as soon as possible. Barnard has delivered here, some Trunks & Cases but no Keys nor Letter informing what is in them.\u2014 We must make this place our home, and think no more of Braintree, for four years, not forgetting however our Friends there. and what is the most disagreable of all: We must live, as I apprehend, in a Style much below our Rank and station.\u2014 I Said four Years, upon the supposition that the Government should support itself so long: but it must be supported by Providence if at all, against the usual Course of Things, if the human Means of supporting it, should not be soon better understood. You and I can live however as plainly as any of them,\n        yours most tenderly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0197", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          my dearest Friend\n        I received yesterday your Letter of May the 24th and shall begin tomorrow to get such things in readiness as will enable us to keep House. I feel a reluctance at striping this wholy at present, because I am well persuaded that we shall in some future period if our lives are prolonged return to it, and even supposing a summer recess, we might wish to come & spend a few months here. an other reason is, that I do not wish to bring all our own furniture, because congress are not, or do not possess sufficient stability to be sure of continuing long in any one state,\u2014 I am fully satisfied with the House you have taken & glad that it is a little removed from the city. the advantages will overbalance the inconvenience I doubt not. I suppose Barnard has arrived before this. would it not be best to let him know that he will have a full freight ready, returns as soon as he will, and that I must look out for some other vessel if he delay\u2019s, tho I have not the least prospect of getting one, for mr Tufts\u2019s is yet at Newyork Barnard\u2019s is calculated for the Buisness, & I could get a small vessel to come here to mr Blacks & take in my things & carry them along side of Barnard, which will be less expence, & damage than carting them to Boston. in the mean time I will get the Dr to look out, & see if any other vessel can be hired for the purpose provided Barnard should delay at Newyork. this you can advise me of by the next post. with the greatest expedition I do not think I can get them ready under a week\u2014 I must leave Brisler to come by water with them, if you think it best for me to come before my furniture is ship\u2019d, but I do not see what advantage I can be of, to you situated as you are. an additional incunberence to mr Jays family would be still more indelicet than imposing the vice Pressident upon him for several months, and rendering his situation so delicate that he could neither leave him with decency, or stay with decorum, and to be at Jamaica I could do no more than if I was at Braintree to assist in any thing the Trunks which I sent contain Bed & table Linnen some Cloths & the cases contain carpets. I will however be directed wholy by your wishes & come next week if you think it best, and you have any place to put me. you must be sensible from the tenor of Your Letters that I have not known hitherto what to do, any more than you have from your situation, What to direct. you will be as patient as possible & rest assured that I will do my utmost with the means I have, to expidite every thing. as to insurence there will be no occasion for it by Barnard who is so well acquainted with the coast, & at this season of the Year\n        The Pressident & Lady dinned with me yesterday. he has got permission for Charles\u2019s absence\u2014 Polly Tailor would cry a week if I did not bring her, for a House maid I know not where I could get her equal. Elijahs mother thinks it is too far for her son to go, but if they consent mr Brisler can take him on Board Barnard when he comes, but I shall not press it. Poor daniel has been sick with a soar which gatherd in his Throat & which nearly proved fatal to him. he expected from you some gratuity for himself, oweing to the multiplicity of cares which on all sides surrounded you, at that time, it was omitted. as it was Customary & daniels expectations were dissapointed, he mentiond it to one or two persons, amongst whom woodard was one, who having just returnd from Newyork, clapt his hands into his pocket & taking out two crowns, gave them to him, telling him that you was so much engaged at the time, that it had slipt your mind but that he saw you at Newyork & that he had brought them for him. this came to my knowledge by the way of mr Wibird who insisted upon letting me know it. I immediatly repaid mr woodard & thank\u2019d him for his kindness\u2014\n        your Brother I believe will take care of the place when I leave it. the leave for Breaking up the Hill came too late for this season, the weather is remarkably cold & Backward, the pastures bare & vegetation very slow there is a fine blow upon the place, & if the frost last week which killd Beans, has not injured the Blossom, we shall have a large crop of fruit. I had yesterday a fine plate of fair Russets upon the table, sound as when they were taken from the Trees my Garden looks charmingly, but it wants warmth\u2014 I have got some Large asparagrass Beds made, & my little grass plots before the door, pay well for the manure which I had put on in short I regreet leaving it. your Mother is well as usual. her Eyes are very troublesome to her. you will let me hear from you by the next post. I hope to be able to relieve you soon from [all?] domestick, cares & anxieties. at least my best endeavours sh[all] not be wanting. I know you want your own Bed & pillows, your Hot coffe & your full portion of kian where habit has become Natural. how many of these little matters, make up a large portion of our happiness & content, and the more of publick cares & perplexities that you are surrounded with, the more necessary these alleviations our blessings are sometimes enhanced to us, by feeling the want of them. as one of that Number it is my highest ambition to be estimated, & shall be my constant endeavour to / prove in all situations & circumstances / affectionatly yours\n        A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0198", "content": "Title: Lucy Ludwell Paradise to Abigail Adams, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Wednesday June the 3d. 1789\n          My Dear Madam\u2014\n        Since my return to England, I have been told of the great Civilities you were pleased to Shew to My Dear Deceased Child. I return you a thousand thanks for it and I wish it may ever be in my power to shew you what I feel upon the occasion. As it was not the fault of any Person, but the Will of God, I endeavour to receive it with all the resignation I am able\u2014 I hope that you, and all your amiable family, enjoy the Blessings of health, happiness, and prosperity, in as high a degree, as I know they Merit. I beg you will have the goodness to present my best Compliments to them.\n        I have the honour to Congratulate you and your Family upon the appointment of Mr. Adams to be our Vice President to our Newly Established Federal Constitution. God Grant that it may be productive of every good to our Country: and I make not be least doubt of it, since we are happy to have the Wisest and best of Gentlemen to Govern Us. We are a Great Nation and with good Laws to make People Industrious and oblige them to pay their debts; We shall be the First Country in the World. Our Friend Mr. Jefferson talks of returning to America soon, pray My Dear Madam send him back to Paris as soon as you can. He is a Most excellent Man. I am under the Greatest of obligations to him, and My Dear Friend Dr. Bancroft. Indeed, I do not know what I should have done in my afflictions since My return to Europe, had not Providence been graciously pleased to raise up these two excellent Gentlemen to assist Me.\n        Mr. Trumbulle has just finished a Picture that does him great Credit. I always rejoice when our Country Men excels the Europeans. Mr. Freine often talks to me about the Civilities he received from his Excellency Mr. Adams he desired Me to present his Compliments to you Mr. Adams and all your amiable family. He is a most excellent good Man, and I wish if his Court sent a Minister to America they would send him, you know him so well, I need to say No more about him. Be pleased to make my best Compliments to his Excellency General and Mrs. Washington to General and Mrs. Knox\u2014and family, to Sr. John and Lady Temple, to Mr and Mrs. Jay, Mr and Mrs Kemble Cyrus Griffin, and the Foreign Ministers and their Families, and to My Dear and old Friend Dr Franklin and his truly good Daughter and all her family. I hope to be honoured by the return of the packet with a Letter from you\u2014\n        Dear Madam / I have the Honour to be / Your Most Obliged / Humble Servt.\n        Lucy Paradise\n        P. S It is reported the Dauphen of Fren\u00e7e is Dead\n          I am fixed in London until May Next In Margaret Street No. 45 Cavendish Square London", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0199", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 6 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        I must now most Seriously request you to come on to me as soon as conveniently you can. never did I want your assistance more than at present, as my Physician and my Nurse. my disorder of Eight years standing has encreased to such a degree as to be very troublesome and not a little alarming.\u2014\n        I have agreed to take Col Smith and his Family and Furniture into the House with us and they will be removed into it by next Wednesday.\u2014 If Charles has a Mind to stay and deliver his French oration at Commencement, I am willing, and I think it will be greatly for his Reputation and Advantage. in that Case Charles and Tommy may both come to gether to New York after Commencement by the Way of Rhode Island, or by the Stage.\n        As to Louisa, our Family will be very great, and vastly expensive and House very full. if you think however you can find room and Beds &C I will not say any Thing against your bringing her.\n        You must leave the Furniture to be packed by others and sent after you\u2014 We must have it all removed and Sent here, as well as all the Liquers in the Cellar, and many of the Books, for here We must live, and I am determined not to be running backward and forward, till the 4 years are out, unless my Health should oblige me to resign my office of which at present there is some danger.\n        It has been a great dammage that you did not come on with me yours affectionately\n        John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0201", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 14 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          Sunday Braintree june 14. 1789\n          my dearest Friend\n        I last Evening received your Letter of june 7th I will set of on Wednesday for Providence and embark in the first packet for New-york. pray get an oz of glober salts and half oz manna & take immediately, an oz of antimonial wine & take 30 drops three time a day. I will be with you however as soon as possible. Barnard got in on fryday. we had two days of voilent and incessant Rain, which tho much wanted, prevented him from unloading his Grain. he has promised me that he will be ready to take my things on Board by wednesday. they are now nearly all ready, and I shall leave Brisler to finish and get them on Board. I and my Neice have gone through the package of every Brittle article, and I think have made them secure I presume there will be more than an hundred packages\n        When I think of the expence we have formerly been at in casing & packing these same articles I find it now a very triffel in comparison, tho be sure I have not taken near all my things, and a small part only of the Books, but we have gone through it all with our own hands. we have orderd it thus. we have launchd the Scow, & mean to put all the things into it at different Time\u2019s & Barnard is to come up to the mouth of the creek by mr Blacks & take them on Board. I have done the best in my power with every thing here, but that best is not so much to my satisfaction as I could wish.\n        we will endeavour to do every thing that falls to our share with as much calmness & composure as possible, & where they do not go according to our minds, we will bring our minds to go according to them if possible. let sail over the Rocks & Shoals with as much safety as we can, happy if we split neither upon the one, or founder upon the other. Charles has been at home with me for a week and I think it best as he has taken leave, to bring him on. if he stays a commencment some entertainment will be expected, and I shall not be here to attend at all to it. I thank you for your permission to bring Louissa. she will save me very soon the hire of one person. she has been leaning to dress Hair of Mrs Brisler and she will take a great deal of care of, of me buy her needle work, and indeed every kind of attention that she can pay either to you or to me. her temper is perfectly mild, and I think her every Way a good child\u2014 adieu my dearest Friend pray take care of your Health. I shall consult dr Tufts & take his advice\u2014 my Head and Hands are so full of Buisness that I Scarcly know what I have written\u2014 Love to mrs smith & Regards to mr & Mrs Jay\u2014 from your ever / affectionate\n        A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0202", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n        Not being able to dispose of my oxen as I expected, & to have taken half the money for them, I do not find myself able to pay French without taking less than 50 Dollors with me, 46 of which it will take for my conveyence to Providence & passage on Board the packet.\n        I must therefore request the favour of you sir to pay him for seven months wages at 50 dollers pr year. you will see by the papers that I have settled an account with my Brother & pay\u2019d Spear a Parish Rate I have an account with vezey, it cannot be large as he was pay\u2019d last fall, a small accompt with mr Marsh & something to be setled with deacon Webb. I do not recollect any thing Else. I have left the Horse with my Brother for sale out of which he is to pay 20 dollors to col Thayer for the wood Land. my oxen I wish to have sold as soon as possible, by note if a responsible person can be found who wants them. Thomas spoke to me for a Hat a round one is all he wants. I fear sir that we shall fall in your debt, and wish you would let me have given you a Note for the thirty pounds I had of you I have paid Brisler half a years wages 10.\u00a3 6.s d out of the Thirty & sent my son 20 dollers, Boards Nails and other expences attendant upon getting my furniture on Board, and some small articles of cloathing for Tom & Charles, has taken away all that I sold my stears & wool for. at present I fear we shall not be able to remitt any thing to you, but when I get to House keeping I shall be better able to judge\u2014 I cannot but repeat my sincere acknowledgments to you for all your kind and Friendly attentions, and believe me Dear Sir your / ever affectionate\n        Abigail Adams\n        P S I have given French an order which he will present to you with my papers you will find an account vs John Newcombs he has one against me which will nearly balance, not quite I believe because I cannot get him to settle I inclose you a Note for the money due to French\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0203", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams\u2019 Directions Concerning Their Massachusetts Houses and Farms, [ca. 17 June 1789]\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: \n        Mr Bass is to pay 20 Dollors pr Year and the Taxes for one half the House and the whole, of the small garden this Rent is to be paid this Year in work to me or my order Pheby is to pay four dollors a year the year to commence from July 1.st 1789 Seven months she has lived in the House to be given to her\u2014 Mrs Palmer is to pay 15 dollors pr year She is to have what is now upon the Garden, the fruit excepted which is Leased to Brother Adams. Mrs Palmer is to have the potatoes planted behind the House. she is to have what wood remains in the Yard after mrs Brisler moves: during her stay the wood to be in common, 2 small plumb Trees near the House to go with the house The Horse Cart sadle Bridle\u2014Farming utensals sledge to be deliverd to the dr\n        memorandum\n        Deacon Webb had two ox hides one cow one stear & two calf skins[.] of Him received one Side of Leather[.] mr marsh may have taken some uncertain", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0204", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n          providence june 19. 1789\n          my Dear sister\n        This day is the Aniversary of my Landing in Boston and Tomorrow that of my departure from it. many are the mercies I have to be thankfull for through all my Perigranations, all the painfull scenes I have past through, has been the temporary seperation from my Friends, fatigue either of Body or Mind I scarcly name amongst them for I have my pleasures and gratifications which I set down as a balance to them. cousin Lucy has told you that I left Home about 8 oclock we proceeded to Man\u2019s Inn in Wrentham before we stop\u2019d 27 miles where we dinned upon Roast veal roast chickings sallad &c, west India sweet meats I ought not to forget in the desert, it is really a very good Inn. we sat off at three oclock and reachd Attlebouroug about five where we Bated & Met with mr & mrs Mason & miss Powel going to Newport. we past an agreeable Hour to gether at Six we renewed, our journey and reach\u2019d Providence at half after Seven. we put up at daggets Inn just at the entrance of the Town Situated upon a Hill opposite the State House commanding a fine view of the River & the whole Town. we are tolerably well accommodated, but should have been much better if the Governour had not taken the best Chamber before I came, (the court being now in Session) and he has not had the politeness either to offer to give it up or to make me a visit, tho he has had much conversation with Polly and now & then takes a Peap at me from entry. my first inquiry was after a packet. I found only Browns here, he came & I like him he has a very good packet & Bears a good character himself, but Says he cannot be ready to Sail till saturday morning, the wind to day is directly against us.\n        In about an hour after my arrival I received the visits of the following persons\u2014 mr & mrs Arnold, the Gentleman was one of the Committe who came to mr Adams\u2014from the Towns of Newport & Providence mr & mrs Francis. this Lady is the daughter of mr John Brown of this Town, so celebrated for his Wealth\u2014miss Bowen the sister to the late Governour, Col Peck, mr Robins Tuter to the Colledge & mr Shrimpton Hutchinson and Mrs Nightingale, all of whom in the Name of many other gentlemen & Ladies regreeted that I had dissapointed them in not letting it be known when I should be here as they had agreed to meet me several miles out of Town. mr & mrs Francis invited me to take up my abode with them. I excused myself, but have promised to take Tea & spend the Evening if I do not go out of Town. this morning I am to take a ride with them to see the Town & to return my visits, if I am not prevented by company but my wish is not to be detained a moment. pray write me & let me know by the next post whether my furniture is all on Board Barnard & when he will Sail\u2014 I should be glad to hear how mrs Brisler is. I left her in great affliction.\n        I feel the want of mrs Brisler as a Hair dresser, on other accounts Polly does very well Matilda is well, & her finger much better. let mrs Storer know if you please\u2014 my best Regards to all my dear Friends. it grieved me to see you so dull, you used to keep up your Spirits better do not let them flagg. a merry Heart does good like a medicine we shall hear often from one an other, and the Seperation be renderd less painfull by that means\u2014\n        This moment a Card is brought me from mr Brown & Lady with an invitation to dine with them to day & that they will visit me at ten\u2014I accept it, as Brown cannot go till tomorrow. adieu my dear sister most / affectionatly Yours.\n        Abigail Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0205", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 21 June 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree June 21d 1789\n          My dear Sister\n        I last evening receiv\u2019d your kind Letter from Providence but shall not be able to get one to you by tomorrows Post\u2014but shall write by the next I have not seen mr Brisler since you went away but heard that your Goods were puting on Board the vessel yesterday\n        This day Twelves months I accompany\u2019d my dear Brother & Sister to the House of God to offer with grateful hearts I hope our acknowledgments ffor the favours we had receiv\u2019d during our long Separation from each other Providence has again call\u2019d you from me & tho it is what I ought to have wish\u2019d as a Lover of my country, I must mourn as an affectionate Sister, I do not know why I have found it so much harder parting now than before, but it really is so. I have more difficultis to incounter now than then. & my prospects are gloomy. this is one reason I believe\u2014 I feel as if I should want the kind Soothings of my Sisters I wish & try to be chearful I know it is my duty to be so. but I cannot always succeed\u2014 Patience & resignation are the great dutys I have to exerccesse Hope & Trust must be their attendants or the Heart would faint my wishes are not large. there is therefore the greater probability that they may be gratified\u2014 Honour without profit we have had enough of\u2014 To pay our debts, to live decently & to see our Friends in the way we have been use\u2019d to is not an unreasonable wish? is it my Sister?\u2014 but however providence may See fit to dispose of us I hope to be resign\u2019d\u2014 I will rejoice in the prosperity of my Friends & endeavour to find my Happinss in doing what I can to make others so\u2014\n        Before this reaches you I hope you will have arriv\u2019d safe & made your Friends happy by your presence, I will rejoice in their joy. I will think of you as a happy circle, & place myself among you. I will repair to the nursery & play with the sweet little Boys, William do not break your little Horse & go tell mama who sent it to you\u2014\n        Pray tell me what kind of a Being they have fore a Governor in Rhode Island\u2014 I hope Polly told him whose Grandaughter she was\u2014I was once in company with the Browns at major Fullers. There were a number of the Family din\u2019d there Louisia must be much gratified by the new Scene which has open\u2019d upon her\u2014 Her modest mild manners will gain her many admires. She will be flutter\u2019d round. your watchful eye will ever be upon her I know\u2014 my dear charles will I hope guard against every temptation to evil\u2014 tell him that I love him with an affection little short of what I feel for my own son\u2014 tell him also if you please that as he has his companions now to chuse anew that I conjure him by all that is sacred as he values his reputation among the virtuous & worthy of mankind\u2014 as he would not imbitter the declining years of his Parents & wound the hearts of his Friends to be careful who he admits to call him thier Friend & associate He will write to his cousins I hope I wanted to say a great deal to him before he went away but I could not\u2014\n        I thank you my dear Sister for every expression of your affection in whatever way discover\u2019d\u2014 The suit of velvet will be very useful the contents of the Bottles will be keept to ristore the languid spirit\u2014\n        I shall expect to hear as much Politick from you as you can with safety convey. I shall feel importan then among your Friends\u2014 I am so pleas\u2019d with Judge Dana & Lady that if I should go to cambridge I shall make them another visit, & must have a little politicks to talk of you know if I should\u2014\n        remember me affectionately to mr Adams to mr & mrs Smith & all my Friends & accept / the warmest affection of your / grateful Sister\n        Mary Cranch\n        you cannot think how I am worried with my Girl She is not worth a copper I am in chase of another [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] could not come", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0206", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 28 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n          Richmond Hill june 28th 1789\n          My dear sister\n        I wrote you from Providence some account of my polite reception there & closed my Letter just as I had accepted an invitation to dine with mr Brown & Lady. the forenoon was pass\u2019t in receiving visits from all the principal gentlemen and Ladies of the Town, who seemed to vie with each other, to convince me that tho they were inhabitants of an Antifederal state. they were themselves totally against the measures persued by it, and that they entertaind the highest Regard and Respect for the Character with which I was so intimately connected, altho to their great mortification they had been prevented the Honour of having any share in placing him in his respected station\n        Mr Brown sent his Carriage & Son to conduct me his House which is one of the Grandest I have seen in this Country. every thing in and about it, wore the marks of magnificence & taste. mrs Brown met me at the door & with the most obliging Smile accosted me with\u2014[\u201c]Friend I am glad to see the here\u201d the simplicity of her manners & dress with the openness of her countanance & the friendlyness of her behaviour charmed me beyond all the studied politeness of European manners\u2014 they had colleted between 22 persons to dine with me tho the notice was so short, & gave an Elegant entertainment upon a service of Plate. towards Evening I made a Tour round the Town, & drank Tea & spent the Evening with mr & Mrs Francis whom I mentiond to you before. here the company was much enlarged, & many persons introduced to me who had no opportunity before of visiting me, amongst those Ladies, with whom I was most pleased was the Lady & two sisters of Governour Bowen. about Eleven I returnd To my lodgings and the next morning went on Board the Handcock packet we had contrary wind all Day, by which means we did not reach Newport untill Seven oclock. I had been only a few moments arrived when mr Merchant came on Board and insisted that I with my whole Family should go on shore & Lodge at his House. he would take no refusal. he sent his daughter down to receive & accompany my Neice, & came himself in a few moments with a carriage to attend me. at his House I was kindly & Hospitably Treated by his Lady & daughters. we slept there & the next morning were early summond on Board the packet. Captain Brown had very civily taken his wife to attend upon me, & accomodate me during my passage I found her a very well Bred Geenteel woman, but neither civility attention or politeness could remedy the sea sickness or give me a fair wind or dispell the Thunder Gusts which attended us both night & day. in short I resolved upon what I have frequently before, that I would never again embark upon the water, but this resolution I presume will be kept as my former ones have been. we were five days upon the water. Heat want of rest, sea sickness & terror for I had my share of that, all contributed to fatigue me and I felt upon my arrival quite tame & spiritless Louissa was very sick, but behaved like a Heroine Matilda had her share but when she was a little recoverd she was the life of us all Polly was half dead all the Passage & sufferd more from sea sickness than any of us. Charls eat & slept without any inconvenience. when we came to the wharff, I desired the Captain to go to our Friend mr MacCormick and inform him of my arrival, if he was not to be found to go to the Senate Chamber & inform mr A. who from the hour of the day I knew must be there. mr otis the secretary came to me with a Carriage & I reach\u2019d Richmond Hill on Thursday one oclock to my no small joy I found mr Adams in better Health than I feard mr & mrs Smith quite well & every thing so well arranged that Beds & a few other articles seem only necessary towards keeping House with comfort, and I begin to think, that my furniture will be troublesome to me, some part of it I mean whilst mrs Smith remains with me. master John was grown out of my knowledge, william is still at Jamaica. our House has been a mere Levee ever since I arrived morning & Evening. I took the earliest opportunity (the morning after my arrival) to go & pay my respects to mrs Washington mrs Smith accompanied me. She received me with great ease & politeness, she is plain in her dress, but that plainness is the best of every article. she is in mourning, her Hair is white, her Teeth Beautifull, her person rather short than otherways, hardly so large as my Ladyship, and if I was to speak sincerly, I think she is a much better figure, her manners are modest and unassuming, dignified and femenine, not the Tincture of ha\u2019ture about her. his majesty was ill & confined to his Room. I had not the pleasure of a presentation to him, but the satisfaction of hearing that he regreeted it equally with myself. col Humphries who had paid his compliments to me in the morning & Breakfasted with me, attended mrs washington & mr Lear the Private Secretary, was the introducter\u2014 thus you have an account of my first appearence\u2014 the Principal Ladies who have visited me are the Lady & daughter of the Governour Lady Temple the Countess de Brehim, Mrs Knox & 25 other Ladies many of the Senators, all their Ladies all the Foreign ministers & some of the Reps.\n        We are most delightfully situated, the prospect all around is Beautifull in the highest degree, it is a mixture of the sublime & Beautifull\u2014 amidst it all I sigh for many of my dear Friends and connections. I can make no domestick arrangment till Brisler arrives\u2014 remember me affectionatly to all my Friends particularly my aged parent, to my children to whom I cannot write as yet to my dear Lucy & worthy dr Tufts in short to all whom I love yours most tenderly\n        A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0207", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 28 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n          Newbury-Port June 28th: 1789\n        It has not been altogether from a neglect of my duties that I have hitherto omitted writing you; from situation as well as from inclination, I have been in a great measure secluded from such political information, as might afford you any entertainment, and from a proper modesty, I thought it best to forbear transmitting, any insignificant details concerning my own person.\u2014 Even now the same motives which have hitherto deterred me from writing, are not without their influence: but perhaps a moment\u2019s relaxation from the affairs of a Nation, to attend to those of a private and domestic nature, may not be disagreeable; and if my Letter should be impertinent, I shall at least solace myself with the reflection that it can probably only add one, more to an innumerable quantity of a similar nature.\n        Three months have elapsed, since my return to this Town. My Health has been restored beyond my expectations, and I have been able without injuring it, to devote a larger portion of my Time to study, than I hoped to when I left Braintree.\u2014 Lord Coke, Saunders, Hale and Blackstone have contributed to add to my small stock of professional knowledge; and I have made some researches into the doctrine of pleading. My greatest apprehensions at present, are with respect to the practical part of the profession. The skill to apply general knowledge to particular cases, is no less important than the knowledge itself; and a new piece of mechanism, will often perform its operations with great irregularity, however well it may be constructed. I remain still in a state of irresolution and suspense with respect to the place of my future residence. I have consulted Mr: Parsons upon the Subject: he said he could not advise me so  well at present, as he might after the federal judiciary System shall be established; because he knew not what vacancies might be created by that circumstance. He however hinted that if either himself or Mr: Bradbury should be removed he should recommend this place to me.\u2014 I know not what his own expectations are; but I have some reason to suppose he has his eye upon two offices; those of the district Judge, and Attorney general; either of which I believe would suit him well.\u2014 And by his putting the supposition of his being taken off from the practice I have conjectured that there was in his own mind, an idea of the probability of his appointment.\u2014 As I believe his talents are much better calculated to administer laws than to make them, I wish he may succeed. Perhaps even an involuntary consideration of my own interest, has some effect to give a bias to my opinion. I am the more free to make this confession, because I suppose the appointments are all adjusted ere this, and I shall not therefore appear in the humiliating light of a solicitor; which I wish ever to avoid; and in which I am well perswaded I should be unsuccessful were I now to assume it.\n        As our Newspapers are probably transmitted to you with regularity, I can give you very little news in the public Line. The very great majority of votes by which Mr: H. was reelected, and the influence which was successfully exerted for Mr: A. appeared somewhat singular, after the event of all the contests relating to the federal elections; There have been a variety of subordinate political manoeuvres in the choice of representatives of the different towns. Those in Boston, you have undoubtedly been informed of. There was in this town a faint struggle for a change in the representation; but the old members came in with a respectable majority.\n        Our general Court, after sitting, about a month, and busying themselves upon the subject of Finance just sufficient to refer it over to the next Session, have adjourned to some time in January; when it will be too late in the political year, to adopt any decisive measures. There has been a scheme on foot for sinking our State debt by means of a Lottery. From Mr: Parsons\u2019s conversation I have supposed that the plan originated with him; and in his speculative principles he thinks it would reconcile the claims of public Justice, with the interests of an impotent debtor. The proposal was to redeem \u00a340,000 of the debt, by refunding only \u00a310,000 in Specie to the adventurers.\u2014 Besides the impropriety of encouraging a gambling disposition among the people, I confess the plan appears to me equally inconsistent with the dignity of a sovereignstate and with the integrity of an honest debtor. For whatever expedients may be used to conceal or disguise the iniquity of the transaction, nothing can be more clear than that where a debt of \u00a340,000, is paid with 10,000 the creditor must be defrauded. The bill pass\u2019d in the House by a majority of 73 to 52, but was non-concurred by the Senate.\n        The High Sheriff of this County, M. Farley, died about a week since. The place has been offered to Mr: Jackson, who has declined accepting it: and Mr: B. Bartlet of Haverhill is named as the person who will probably be appointed. My Mother and Brother I suppose have arrived at New York before this. They left Boston ten days ago. If it should be convenient and agreeable, I shall ask permission to pay you a visit about the beginning of October. I mentioned September to my Mamma; but I did not then recollect that our Court of Common Pleas sits in this town in that Month; when my attendance at the office will probably be required.\n        Col1: Smith and My Sister, with their children I hope are well. I know not what apology I shall make to them for not having written to them; I intend however soon in some measure to repair my fault.\u2014 I shall hope at least to hear often from my brother Charles; he is still more averse than I am to epistolary exertions; but it is an aversion which I hope he will make a point of overcoming.\n        The proceedings of Congress have almost entirely superseded all other subjects of political speculation. The revenue bill has hitherto chiefly engaged the public attention. The original duty upon molasses, exceedingly alarmed many of our West India merchants, and whatever may be said of discarding all local & personal considerations, they have not I believe, been so much pleased with any Act of the President of the Senate, as his turning the vote for reducing the duty to 3 cents. This observation however only applies to a few; for I do not know that the circumstance is generally known.\u2014 The Judiciary bill has not yet been published here: I had a transient sight of a copy, which I believe Mr: Dalton sent. Mr: Parsons thinks 6 Judges will not be enough; and objects to the joining the district Judge to the other two in the circuits. Because it gives him a casting voice in affirming his own decisions.\n        I am, Dear Sir, your dutiful Son.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0208", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 5\u20136 July 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree July 5th 1789\n          My dear Sister\n        I promiss\u2019d to write you by the Post when your Furniture Sail\u2019d but Doctor Tufts Said he had done it\u2014 I hope you have it safe & that it has been more fortunate than in its last voyage\u2014 I heard you did not leave Providence till the monday after you left us. I want to hear of your arrival reception &c\u2014how you found mr Adams mrs Smith & her little ones\u2014whether she will continue in the House with you & whether you have not all been made Sick with the continue\u2019d heat of the last fortnight. we have not had such for several years. it has fallen hard upon me because I have had such poor help. Ester Baxter has been with me for the last week or I believe I should have been quite sick. I have now got a Girl from milton who appears as if she would do after I have taught her to cook & do twenty other things which she knows nothing of at present\u2014 It is very unreasonable that such an one should demand the same wages that a Girl, has who does not want such teaching but so it is\u2014\n        mrs Palmer has mov\u2019d into your house I have been their but a few moments since They appear to be much gratified with their situation mrs Brisler has been very well for her has been threaten\u2019d once or twice with one of her ill turns but they went of. her eldest child will soon run alone she leads about prittily\n        I heard last week from both your sons they were well\u2014 uncle Quincy was at meeting last Sabbath\u2014 what a life he leads without a creature about him in whos Society he can take any pleasure\u2014 I could not live so\n        I saw your mother Hall today she was as well as usual. every thing in Braintree remains as when you left it excepting that old Benjamin cleaverly dy\u2019d last week & that Becca Field made young\u2014Ben\u2014pay her four dollars for attempting to get into her Lodging room window in the night she came with a complant to mr Cranch & he write him a Letter which frightned him heartlly\n        Mr Guild I hear is gone to New york by him I hope you will write me. you are in the midst of the busy world I almost out of it. I have very little variety in my circle & what I tell you in one Letter I must repeat in another. I should write oftener if my stock of inteligence was greater or more important.\u2014\n        I have just been gratified with a Letter from my dear sister, mr woodward took it out of the Post office this morning I am indeed rejoic\u2019d to hear of your safe arrival after so painful & dangerous a voyage. Hear I was pleasing my self that you had fine weather & a good wind for such we had hear\u2014 I should have been distress\u2019d indeed if I had known your situation\u2014 I have an oppertunity to send this immediately\n        adieu yours most affectionatly\n        Mary Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0209", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 9 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n          Richmond Hill New York July 9. 1789\n        I thank you my dear Son, for your dutiful Letter of the 28th. of June, and rejoice, with exceeding Joy, in the recovery of your health\n        My Advice is, to give yourself very little Thought about the Place of your future Residence. a few Months will produce changes that will easily Settle that Question for you. Mr Parsons\u2019s great Law Abilities make me wish that the Public may be availed of them, in one of the most respectable Situations, and I doubt not that he will be promoted either on the State Bench or an higher.\n        I Shall be very happy, my Son, to See you here, whenever the Journey may be most convenient to you and to Mr Parsons: but I should wish you to be here when the House is Sitting, that you may hear the Debates, and know the Members. Charles has been very industrious and useful to me, Since his Arrival. He is gone with his Brother and Sister, on a visit to Jamaica. I will enjoin upon him a constant Correspondence with you.\n        I am of Mr Parsons\u2019s opinion that Six Judges are not enough. his objection to joining the district Judge to the other two in the Circuits, has been obviated, by excluding him from a Voice in any Cause, which he may have adjudged before.\n        Your Letter my Son is full of matter, and has given me great pleasure. I wish you to write me, once a Week.\u2014 I am at a loss to guess, how you came by the Anecdote, that I turned the Vote for 3 Cents on Molasses. one Penny a gallon, would go so far towards paying my Salary that I think the Molasses Eaters ought not to be so stingy as they are to me. but neither Molasses, nor fish nor millions upon millions of Acres of Land, will ever be of any Service to you, or even make me comfortable. I must be pinched and Streightened till I die, and you must have to toil and drudge as I have done. do it, my dear son with out murmuring. This is entre nous.\u2014 Independence, my Boy and freedom from humiliating obligations, are greater Sources of happiness, than Riches.\n        My office requires, rather Severe duty, and it is a kind of Duty, which if I do not flatter myself too much, is not quite adapted to my Character.\u2014 I mean it is too inactive, and mechanical.\u2014 The Chancellor sometimes wishes to leave the Woolsack, and engage in debate. but as it cannot be done, I am content, tho it sometimes happens that I am much enclined to think I could throw a little light upon a subject.\u2014 if my health and Patience should hold out my four Years, I can retire and make Way for some of you younger folk, for one Vacancy makes many Promotions.\n        if you have turned Quaker, with our H. of Reps, as from the outside of your Letter one would suspect, I think you ought to have Thee\u2019d and Thou\u2019d your Correspondent in the Inside.\u2014 if not, you ought to have given him the Title of Goodman, or Something, according to the Doctrine in Shenestones School Mistress.\n          Albeit ne flatt\u2019ry did corrupt her Truth\n          Ne pompous Title did debauch her Ear\n          Goody, Goodwoman, Gossip, N\u2019aunt, forsooth,\n          or Dame, the Sole Additions, She did hear;\n          Yet these She challeng\u2019d; these She held right dear;\n          Ne would esteem him Act, as mought behove\n          Who Should not honour\u2019d eld, with these revere;\n          For never Title yet so mean could prove,\n          But there was eke a mind, which did that title love.\n        I am my dear Child, with the tenderest / Affection your Father\n        John Adams.\n        P. S. There was a public Character among the Romans, who was called Prince of the Senate, Princeps Senatus, I believe. as you may have leisure I wish you would look in Livy, Tacitus Cicero and all the rest, and write me what you find concerning him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0210", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 12 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n          Richmond Hill july 12th 1789\n          my dear sister\n        I received your kind Letter by mr Brisler who reachd here on the 4th of july, Since which you will easily suppose I have been very buisily engaged in arraneging my Family affairs. this added to the intence heat of the season Some company (tho for three days I was fashionably not at Home,) and some visiting which was indispensable, having more than fifty upon my list, my Time has been so wholy occupied that I have not taken a pen, yet my Thoughts have not been so occupied, but that they have frequently visited you, and my other Friends in the Neighbourhood, and tho I have here, as to situation one of the most delightfull spots I have seen in this Country, yet I find the want of some of my particular connection\u2019s but an all wise Providence has seen fit to curtail our wishes and to limit our enjoyments, that we may not be unmindfull of our dependance or forget the Hand from whence they flow. I have a favour to request of all my near and intimate Friend\u2019s it is to desire them to watch over my conduct and if at any time they perceive any alteration in me with respect to them, arising as they may suppose from my situation in Life, I beg they would with the utmost freedom acquaint me with it. I do not feel within myself the least disposition of the kind, but I know Mankind are prone to deceive themselves, and Some are disposed to misconstrue the conduct of those whom they conceive placed above them.\n        our August Pressident is a singular example of modesty and diffidence. he has a dignity which forbids Familiarity mixed with an easy affibility which creates Love and Reverence. the Fever which he had terminated in an absess, so that he cannot sit up. upon my second visit to mrs Washington he sent for me into his Chamber. he was laying upon a settee and half raising himself up, beggd me to excuse his receiving me in that posture, congratulated me upon my arrival in New york and askd me how I could realish the simple manners of America after having been accustomed to those of Europe. I replied to him that where I fund simple manners I esteemed them, but that I thought we approachd much nearer to the Luxery and manners of Europe according to our ability, than most persons were sensible of, and that we had our full share of taste and fondness for them. The Pressident has a Bed put into his Carriage and rides out in that way, allways with six Horses in his Carriage & four attendants mrs Washington accompanies him. I requested him to make Richmond Hill his resting place, and the next day he did so, but he found walking up stairs so difficult, that he has done it but once. Mrs Washington is one of those unassuming Characters which Creat Love & Esteem, a most becomeing plasentness sits upon her countanance, & an unaffected deportment which renders her the object of veneration and Respect, with all these feelings and Sensations I found myself much more deeply impressd than I ever did before their Majesties of Britain.\n        You ask me concerning politicks, upon my word I hear less of them here, than I did in Massa\u2019ts the two Houses are very buisy upon very important Bill\u2019s the judiciary, and the Collecting Bills. the Senate is composed of many men of great abilities, who appear to be liberal in their sentiments and candid towards each other. the House is composed of some men of equal talants, others\u2014the debates will give you the best Idea of them, but there is not a member whose sentiment clash more with my Ideas of things than mr. G\u2014\u2014y he certainly does not comprehend the Great National System which must render us Respectable abroad & energetick at Home and will assuredly find himself lost amidst Rocks & Sands\u2014\n        My dear sister some parts of your Letter made me melancholy. are you in any difficulties unknown to me I know very well that a small Farm must afford you a scanty support and that you are a sufferer from being obliged to receive pay in paper but I know your Prudence & oeconomy has carried you along, tho not in affluence, yet with decency & comfort, and I hope you will still be able to live so. you have one daughter comfortably situated, your son will from his merit & abilities soon get into some buisness your other daughter, you have every reason to be satisfied with do not look upon the gloomy side only. how easily might your situation be changed for the worse. even if you were in possession of Riches yet there is a competancy which is so desirable that one cannot avoid an anxiety for it. I have a request to make you, desire mr Cranch to make out his account which he has against mr A. I gave cousin Lucy a memmorandum\u2014let the balance be drawn and inclose to me, and I will send you a Receit in full This I consider myself at full liberty to do, because the little sum Lent you was my own pocket money. put the Letter under cover to mrs Smith, it will then fall into no hands but my own but cover the whole for a frank to mr A.\u2014 do not talk of oblagations. reverse the matter & then ask yourself, if you would not do as much for me?\n        I wish it was in mr A\u2019s power to help mr Cranch to some office at Home which would assist him. mr A exprest the same wish to me, but at present he does not see any, tho a certain Lady in the full assurence of hope, wrote him that he now had it in his power to establish his own Family & Successfully help his Friends and that she is sure of his Patronage\u2014for certain purposes\u2014to which mr A. replied, [\u201c]that he has no patronage but if he had, neither her children or his own could be sure of it beyond his own clear conviction of the publick good, that he should bely the whole course of his publick and private conduct, and all the maxims of his Life, if he should ever consider publick Authority entrusted to him, to be made subservient to his private views, or those of his Family and Friends.\u201d you cannot mistake who the Lady was, I know no other equally ambitious, but I presume her pretentions & those of her Family will fail, as I think they ought to if one Quarter part is true which has been reported of them. I fancy a constant correspondence is kept up between mr W\u2014\u2014n & mr G\u2014\u2014y and like enough with several other jealous Partizans, but I hope they will never have sufficient interest to disturb the Government. I really believe mr G\u2014\u2014y to be an honest man. the other has been grosely misled, and I do soberly think by the unbridled ambition of one She told me upon her last visit, that she did not perceive any alteration in mr A\u2019s conduct towards them. I am sure she must have told what was not true if she had said there was none in mine, for I feel it, and I cannot deceive. with regard to mr A he has dealt by them like a sincere Friend, and an honest Man and their own Hearts must approve his conduct, however grateing to their feelings. I am most sincerely sorry for the cause. they were my old and dear Friend\u2019s for whom I once entertaind the highest respect\n        Col mrs Smith Charles & little Jack are gone this week to Jamaica to get out of the Bustle at home and are not yet returnd. C. will not go into any company but such as his Father or col Smith introduces him to. he appears steady and sedate & I hope will continue so\u2014Time and example will prevail over youthfull folly I trust. my Love to mrs Norten, how does she do? Louissa appears very happy, but I am obliged to keep her a mere prisoner on account of the small Pox of which there is always danger in N York as soon as the weather will permit shall have her innoculated. I find as many servants necessary here as in England, but not half as well calculated for their buisness. the distance from Town requires one or two extra as they are obliged to go & come always four, & frequently six times a day. we have to send constantly to market in addition, but not withstanding all this I would not change this situation for any I know of in Town. Richmond Hill is situated upon the North River which communicates with Albany. Pauls hook as it is calld is in full sight, & the Jersy shore. vessels are constantly passing up & down. the House is situated upon a high Hill which commands a most extensive prospect, on one side we have a view of the city & of Long Island, the River in Front, Jersy and the adjasant Country on the other side, you Turn a litle from the Road and enter a Gate a winding Road with trees in clumps leads you to the House, and all round the House, it looks wild and Rural as uncultivated Nature. the House is convenient for one family, but much too small for more, you enter under a Piazza into a Hall & turning to the right Hand assend a stair case which lands you in an other of equal dimensions of which I make a drawing Room. it has a Glass door which opens into a gallery the whole Front of the house which is exceeding pleasant. the Chambers are on each side. the House is not in good repair, wants much done to it, and if we continue here I hope it will be done. there is upon the back of the House a Garden of much greater extent than our Braintree Garden, but it is wholy for a walk & flowers. it has a Hawthorn hedge & Rows of Trees with a Broad Gravel Walk.\n        how happy would it make me to see here my dears Brothers Sister Nephew Neices, and to delight them with the prospect. mr Guile & dr Craigy dinned with us yesterday. I find I have local attachments, and am more rejoiced to see a citizen of my own state than any other. Remember me affectionatly to my worthy Mother & Family to mrs Palmer & family who I hope are comfortably situated, to mrs Brisler too. I hope she will be able to come this way before long\n        my Letter is written in haste the weather very hot and I too laizy to Coppy\n        most affectionatly yours\n        A Adams\n        Tell Lucy she must write to me", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0212", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 30 July 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree July 30th 1789\n          My dear Sister\n        I can never Sufficiently express my thanks or my gratitude for your last kind & affectionate Letter & you must not laugh at me nor chide me when I tell you that I sat & weept over it as if it had brought me some evil tydings I felt the full force of that maxim of Solomons \u201cIt is more blessed to give than to receive\u201d But my dear Sister you must forgive me if I tell you I cannot accept your generous proposal\u2014for tho I have not been able to return the Loan so soon as I expected I shall be in a capasity to do it some time or other\u2014 I hope soon\u2014but I have met with so many dissapointments that I am affrai\u2019d to promise any thing. I depended upon my dairy to discharge some small debts I was oblig\u2019d to make in order to furnish Betsy we have lost four of our best cows in about a year & we are now oblig\u2019d to turn off the best in our yard for a strange swelling she has under her throat which will kill her if it cannot be remov\u2019d & so my prospect of a good dairy this summer is again blasted\u2014but this is from the hand of a good providence & I must not complain I am sorry I have ever let any thing slip from my pen to give my Sister pain but my spirits are at times so low that I cannot always mantain that fortitude of mind which enables its posseser to behave with propriety under the various trials they may be call\u2019d to sustain\n        I often feel myself surrounded with difficulties which I cannot remove\u2014 The necessary wants of a Family & of children are more known & more felt by the mistress than any one else & they are not a burthen where they can be easily supply\u2019d\u2014 our Farm is too small to give us a living & pay the Labour & the Taxes notwithstanding mr Cranch Labours very hard upon it himself His Watch business which is very small here & the courts is all the ways he has to raise cash\u2014 The education of a Son & the Settleing of a Daughter are heavey matters where the income is so small. We have purchas\u2019d nothing for cloathing but bare necessarys for several years I have exerted all my strength & all my abilities to manage with prudence & [economy?] whatever came under my department but what is this towards the support of a Family\u2014 I am mortified I am greiv\u2019d that I cannot do more to assist my Friend. His not receiving his money for his publick Services oblig\u2019d him to borrow While our son was at college & there has never yet been a time that he could get his debt but at such a loss as we could not think of but this we should not mind if he could get into any business I say any for there is nothing which is lawful that he would not do\u2014which would inable him to work himself out of his difficulties\u2014 His abilities & his integrity may yet procure him a living not too labourous for his health & age this is the height of his wishes & of his ambition & I will hope that something may yet turn up to his advantage we do not look up to mr A as the Lady did you mention If he should ever be able to help him to any thing It will not be because he is his Brother or his Friend only we are greatly oblig\u2019d to him for his good wishes\n        I have now my Sister laid before you some of the causes of my anxeitys\u2014& if you can place yourself for one moment in my situation you will not say that I have no reason for my dejection\u2014but I hope it does not arise to a sinful anxiety & discontent this is what I am constantly striving against I am naturally very chearful & having open\u2019d my heart to you\u2014I know I shall feel better\u2014 I have been oblig\u2019d to wear a countinance which badly indicated the feelings of this heart least I should give pain to my Family\u2014\n        The weather has been so very hot that I have been almost wore out with that & having so much work to do I have only a little girl of sixteen years old with me She is sprightly but ignorant\u2014\n        I shall finish this sheet that it may have no connection with another which I shall write, but not to night for tis Twelve a clock now. & I cannot see streight\u2014\n        so good night my dear dear Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0215", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to William Smith, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, William\n          Richmond Hill 10 August 1789\n          my Dear Sir\n        Give me leave to congratulate you & mrs Smith upon the Birth of a Daughter. I hope both the Mamma and Infant are in good Health, as well as master William my Grandchildren are much afflicted with the Hooping cough we have had a succession of extreem Hot weather, and tho we have one of the most airy situations near the city, I have sufferd much from the Heat. It would make us very happy to see you here, and if mrs Smith should not Nurse her little one, a journey would serve her Health as soon as the weather grows cooler. mr Guild gave us the slip, quit unexpectedly. I expected to have seen him before he left New-York. tho I find many good things here, there are some, which either from local attachment, or real superiority I prefer from my own state, in concequence of which I must trouble you with a commission. it is to procure me a keg of Tongues & 2 doz Hams of mr Baldwin & forward them by Barnard or any other opportunity, together with the account which shall be paid to Barnard. the Hams here are misirable so is the Butter I propose getting mine all from Massachusets as soon as the weather will permitt. present me affectionatly to all my Friends and / be assured of the sincere Regard / of your affectionate Friend\n        A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0218", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 2 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\n          Richmond Hill Septr 2 1789\n          My dear Son\n        I have this morning received your manly letter of 25th Ult.\u2014 I had long intended to write you but as you observe avocations have always intervened. Public business my son, must always be done by somebody.\u2014 it will be done by somebody or other\u2014 If wise men decline it others will not: if honest men refuse it, others will not. A young man should well weigh his plans. Integrity should be preserved in all events, as essential to his happiness, thro every stage of his existence. His first maxim then, should be to place his honor out of the reach of all men: In order to this he must make it a rule never to become dependant on public employments for subsistence. Let him have a trade a profession a farm a shop, something where by he can honestly live, and then he may engage in public affairs, if invited, upon independant principles. My advice to my children, is to maintain an independant character, tho\u2019 in poverty and obscurity: neither riches nor illustration will console a man under the reflection that he has acted a mean a mercenary part, much less a dishonest one\u2014 Your handwriting and your style are in my eye and judgment, beautiful\u2014 go on my son pursue your mathematics and your morals. Come with your brother, and be here at the meeting of Congress on the first of December. Then we will converse upon these and other subjects, mean time write me, if it is but a line every week.\n        Your father\n        J Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0219", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree September 8th 1789\n          My dear Sister\n        I am quite discourag\u2019d writing by the Post I know not if you have ever receiv\u2019d one Letter Which I have sent by them I have sent two long ones the Last I put into the office a month ago last Saturday. I should have written oftener if I had not suspected that Letters directed to Mr Adams where taken out by somebody who had no right to them\u2014 I hope I am mistaken\u2014but I cannot conceive why you have not got many Letters which have been sent you; Doctor Tufts thinks his have met with the same fate as he has receiv\u2019d no answers to many which he has sent you. Mr Cranch wrote to Mr Adams in July & inclos\u2019d a Letter to Mr Bond giving him an account of his sister Ebbits sudden Death. mr Bond wrote a Letter to Mr Foster a fortnight after this & had not then heard of it. I inclos\u2019d a letter in my last to you for Mrs Brisler to her Husband she has just receiv\u2019d a Letter from him dated the 30th of August & she says it does not appear that he had receiv\u2019d it which makes me think mine has not reach\u2019d you. I shall be very sorry indeed if it has not as I had written things which I should be unwitting any body should see but you\u2014 I wish you would number your Letters for the future I will mine\u2014& I shall write by private hands as much as I can. Mr Charles Ward Althorp will return to new york soon I sha[ll wr]ite by him\u2014. we are all well I have heard fr[om] Haverhill Newbury & Cambridg our connexions there were also in health\n        old Deacon Webb has left us. he dy\u2019d last week. Mrs Hall was at meeting a Sabbath day but complain\u2019d much of her Eyes\n        The last Letter I receiv\u2019d from you was dated the 9th of August & gave me an account of the sick state of your Family I have been waiting impatiently to hear further I hope Mrs Smiths children will not have the cough bad. poor little creatures I feel anxious for them\u2014 I do not wonder you were all sick\u2014 The weather was so very hot here that I some times thought we should be made sick too but a finer season for every kind of produce I never saw\u2014 the air has been remarkably clear tho so very hot\u2014owing I suppose to the thunder so frequent at the south ward\n        I have seen the Fragment\u2014\n          \u201cHer end when, Emulation misses\n          She turns to envy\u2014stings & hisses[\u201d]\n        Pray write as often as you can\u2014 It is one of the greatest comforts I have\u2014to receive such proofs of the affection of my Sister\u2014\n        remember me kindly to all my Freinds and accept the warmest affection of your Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0222", "content": "Title: William Cranch to John Quincy Adams, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Cranch, William\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n          Boston Oct. 1. 1789. thursday.\n          My Good friend\u2014\n        Altho I have written you before, I know you have no objection to recieving another letter before you answer my last\u2014 My greatest motive for writing now is to know the truth of a Report which has been industriously spread here within this week past, \u201cthat there is so great a Coolness between the P\u2014\u2014t & V-P\u2014\u2014t that they do not speak to each other.\u201d I know that there are some people, (I hope but few) who wish to cherish a jealously in the minds of the good people of Massachusetts, towards the Vice President\u2014 I have some reason to think that Dr. Demigog is one\u2014 And I doubt a little whether your father\u2019s quondam pupil, (with a flat nose) may not be another. He seems to be crazy after the phantom popularity. The aforesaid Dr. and he are very intimate, of late\u2014 It is said too that the Vice President\u2019s influence is much diminished. And as a proof, it is said that judge Tudor has lost the Office of Attorney to this district in the federal Court\u2014 All these things are said by a certain set of people in this town, with a view to detract from the Character of a man who has done more for his Country than any other man, now in it\u2014 I have attended but very little to politics lately\u2014but this has caught my Ear as I passed\u2014 I know not but that the distinction of Southern & Northern may have an Influence even upon the greatest Man, But I cannot believe it. The people of the new England States are crazy. They are divided among themselves. They can not see their own Interest\u2014blind as Beetles\u2014\n        I was at Exhibition Tuesday last\u2014 Your Brother was well\u2014 Dr Tufts was in town to day\u2014[.\u00a0.\u00a0.] [.\u00a0.\u00a0.]erting\u2014\n        I wish you would give the [enclosed?] letter, to Charles\u2014 He will be so kind as to deliver it\u2014 [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] you have recd your Coat\u2014 Our friends at Braintree were well this Morning\u2014\n        Your sincere friend\n        Wm. Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0225", "content": "Title: Susanna Clarke Copley to Abigail Adams, 6 October 1789\nFrom: Copley, Susanna Clarke\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Dear Madam\n        Your Favor of July 14th: I duely received, and feel myself not a little flattered by your kind remembrance, and shall be ever highly gratified in retaining the friendship which flows from so good and benvolent an heart as you possess: as in this state we have very often occation to lament the seperation from those we esteem: so we have had much reason to regret the loss of yourself, and worthy Family from our society: but shall all ways take great delight in hearing of yours, and their prosperity\n        Indeed my dear Madam shining abilities: (as well as virtues) are so necessary for the Public Welfare; that they will be drawn forth from the private shade of domestic Felicity, and happy is it for the world when they are; as they cannot fail of stimulateing to Virtue, and all will admire, even where they may fail of invitation\u2014 The Friends of America here, are felicitateing them selves uppon the wisdom which their Country have shone in choice of their Senators, and which we sincerely hope, will be productive of its prosperity: as well as of that, of those individuals who are acting for them. Mr: Copley desires to join me in respectful Compliments to your self, Mr: Adams, Colonel, and Mrs. Smith; it gives me pleasure to hear of the increase of Mrs: Smiths happiness; (as I look uppon every addition to her Family in that light) and most sincerely hope that they will be renderd lasting comforts to her, and hers.\u2014\n        By Captain Scoot I had the pleasure to send the Silk according to your direction, and hope I have not exceeded the price that might have been expected, I found it difficult to get a lutestring with any kind of Figure as that kind of Silk is too thin to admit of it, and the Stripes for Mourning are of so little variety and rather common; so that I have sent a gray Silk of a little better quality with a Spot, which is suitable, either for Spring, or Autumn, as well as for winter, and Shall be very happy if it Should prove to be what might be Wished for. the silk was 6s. 6d pr: Yrd: and as it was not quit so wide as a lutestring have sent 20 Yrd. instead of 18\n        I should have done myself the pleasure of writing sooner had not my absence from Town prevented my knowing when the Vessels have sailed for New York: My dear Betsys health has required my spending the chief of the summer with her in the Country, and I am very sensiable that you my dear Madam; will rejoice with me in the present prospect which I have of her perfect resotration. I left her a short time since with my Father at Tunbridge Wells, as I wish her have all the benefit she can from the country before the winter takes place\u2014\n        Prehaps this may find the Docr., and Mrs Jefferies in New York as they where uncertain in what part of America they should fix when they left us, but I hope where ever it may be that Success may accompany them, we are now about parting with another Friend, this is indeed not plasant; I had much rather this pleaseing commodity Should be brought to us\u2014 by Mr Trumbull you will be informed of every particular with regard to this place as well as of your Friends in it, and therefore I will not intrude farther uppon you at this time, than to beg your acceptance of my best wishes for your / health and happiness / and beleive me to be / Madam, with great estee / Your Friend, / and, Humble Servant\n        S: Copley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0227", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          My dearest Friend\n        Mr Dalton, Mr Jenkes and myself are at Penfields in good health and Spirits.\u2014 My Horses perform very well and my Servant tolerably.\n        We have met with nothing but Rocks in the Road to molest us. These have jolted us very rudely but Salubriously. I shall keep Mr Dalton company to Boston at least to Cambridge.\n        according to present Conjectures We shall Spend the Sabbath at Springfield. My Love to my Young Lawyer, and all the rest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0228", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, October 1[5?]-25 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree october 1[5?]th 1789\n          My dear Sister\n        I have at last receiv\u2019d your Letter but never was poor creature more dissapointed I thought to be sure that it contain\u2019d orders for me to get your house in order for your reception cousin John had not a doubt but you would come. Lucy was going to spend a week at Lincoln but as aunt adams was so soon to be here she desir\u2019d to be sent for home Sister Shaw was comeing in expectation of seeing our dear Freinds & in short we were all on Tip-Toe with expectation & I can not yet give up the fond Idea my dear Sister come\u2014 every body knows that you have remov\u2019d almost all your Furniture\u2014 we will assist you with any thing we have\u2014 Mrs Palmers Family are ready to relive to any part of the house. I wish you would accept of such an entertainment as I could give you I have a room & chamber at your service but this I know would not be so convineent or comfortable as your own\u2014 Mr Brisler says that the expence of coming will not be equal of your staying at home\u2014 I hope you will come\u2014but whether you do or not\u2014you will want a number of things sent round\u2014 Mr Brisler thinks he had better Send your small wines & that your Porter had better be sold here to keep it in that cellar this winter would be runing a great risk of having it Froze. I wish you would write immideatly & let us know what you would have done would you have the winter Fruit & the Butter from your Brother adams\u2019s\u2014\n        Mr Brisler has I believe very wisely conclu\u2019ded to return to you\u2014Mrs Brisler is very desirous that he should. but what will you do with your house maid you will never have any harmony in you Family while you keep her, I certainly would send her home she would do tolarably well alone, but nobody could ever live with her at Mr Apthorps\u2014\n        I had written thus far disigning to send it away immediately\u2014but before I could finish my Letter I had news of the Vice Presidents leaving new york, & concluded you was with him & was not undeceiv\u2019d till Mr Adams arriv\u2019d without you. & now only think how we were dissapointed & yet I cannot say but your reasons for not comeing are good\u2014 I wish Mr Adams would accept of a room & chamber with us I do not know what he will do when Mr Brisler & his wife leave him\u2014 I think he would be more comfortable with us some body must take care of his things & him too you best know whether you can trust the new servant with the key of your cellar & other matters, here will be nobody to oversee him\u2014 Mr Brisler says he will not leave Mr Adams till you say what shall be done\u2014 he thinks it will not do to stay till the cold weather sets in before he removes his Family. he means they shall go by land\u2014 I have been in Boston till yesterday ever since I reciev\u2019d your last Letter but will see after your Thread & Ruth Ludden this week\u2014 I am now fixing cousin Tom for winter & for a Journey eastward with his Papa\u2014 I expect Sister Shaw tomorrow\u2014 how she will be dissapointed not finding you here!\u2014 Lucy wint yesterday with her uncle & cousin to see the triumphal entrance of the President into Boston\u2014& is not yet return\u2019d the arches were erecting when I left the Town but as we could not all be present I stay\u2019d at home to take care of the House you will see a pompous account of it in the prints depend upon it. The poor governor was taken with a violent fit of the Gout which render\u2019d him unfit to grace the Ceremony with his Presence & will it is suppos\u2019d prevent him from making the first Visit\u2014\n        Doctor Tufts was married I suppose last thursday he went for that purpose when I am more acquainted with our new aunt I will give you my opinion of her\u2014 I rejoice for cousin Lucys sake\u2014but I think there will be no heart felt harmony between the son & new mother\n        Mrs Norton increases in size very fast & wishes you could be with her in march. she would be very well if she did not have so much of the Teeth ache but she is sadly afflicted with it. Do you think Polly Tailor would do for me if you should not be able to keep her I am affraid she has been so long use\u2019d to high living that she would not know how to accomodate her self to such strick rules of eoconimy as she must submit too here. In many things I know her to be vastly superior to the girl I have with me. this girl can spin Polly cannot, tis true Nabby does not get much time to spin she does not know how to do house work half so well as polly does nor will she turn it of so fast\u2014but then I give her but 1/6 a week you may if you please talk to her as supposing I might take her if she should be very desirous of it. if you should wish to part with her\u2014 she will never bear to be made of any importance\n        I wish if you should have any chance to make an inquiery of Doctor Rush about that magnificent Funeral in Philadelphia which our neighbors have heard of & nobody else knows any thing about. I should be glad\u2014 They continue to send & receive Letters from the Family I understand they did not all founder at sea as we expected they would\u2014\n        I am very glad that the vice President & President are upon such friendly terms I never suppos\u2019d it otherways notwithstanding those who wish\u2019d it might not be true have been so busy in spreading reports of the animosety subsisting between the Familys\u2014 I have taken care to read such parts of your Letters as would contradict such Idle storys\u2014 As to the Fragment it was not even a nine days wonder here\u2014 it was despis\u2019d by every body of any sentiment or goodness. The Authors revengful temper is well known & he has really hurt nobody but himself.\n        I think those who are admitted to spend a social hour with Mrs Washington must be much pleas\u2019d with her, from your discription of her I think her Levee days are not the pleasantest she spends. I hope I shall see the President before he returns\n        By this time I suppose Louisia & the dear little Boy are begining to feel the effects of their dessorder I hope they will not be bad I shall feel anxious till I hear again\n        How happy I should feel to spend a few Days with you in this recess fall from the shackels of ceremony\u2014 The sweet Little Boy I have with me makes our house chearful\u2014 he is a fine Child full of chat & very sensible\u2014 If it was not for him I should sometimes be very melancholy.\u2014\n        Mr Cranch desires me to present his Love to you & tell you he was as much dissapointed as any of us by your not comeing he is as thin as he was last fall the heat & hard work of the summer has carried away all the Flesh he had peck\u2019d us in the winter\n        I am sorry for your attacks of the Rhumatism\u2014 I am sadly worry\u2019d with it myself & am now scarcly able to sit in my chair I am in so much pain with it\u2014\n        You will write me soon I hope as I wish to know what you would have sent to you by Barnard\u2014 give my Love to all my Cousins & accept the affectionate Love of your / grateful Sister\n        Mary Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0230", "content": "Title: Lucy Cranch to Abigail Adams, 23 October 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Lucy\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree October 23. [1789]\n          My dear Aunt\u2014\n        Though we were all happy to see my honoured and revered Uncle again in his favorite Braintree, yet we were disapointed, greatly in not seeing you with him\u2014 we had indulged ourselves in the pleasing hope of meeting the sister the Aunt the Friend we all so greatly love and esteem. your presence would have enlivened our circle\u2014and made many of the winter hours pass more cheerelly\u2014 we should have regreted the disapointment more if the season had not been too far advanced to make your return to New-York agreable. and we would not purchase pleasure at the price of your health and comfort\u2014\n        There are great preparations makeing in Boston for the reception of the President\u2014 one plan was to erect a Colossal statue which should represent Genl. Washington\u2014and all the people were to walk under it.\n        Was there ever any people who acted so inconsistently as some of ours do, to clamour and rave if there is a shaddow of power given their rulers and at the same time pay them homage in a manner that would disgrace the subjects of the Grand Turk\u2014\n        Mr Brisler desired I would let you know, that he was determined to return to you\u2014and would beg of you to secure him a room and bed room in French-Peters house which is in the road just below your house, the Coach man says they were not ingaged when he came away\u2014 he would be glad to have five or six cord of wood laid in for him\u2014as he thinks it can be procured cheaper now than when he returns\u2014 he means to send his things round by Bearnad now, and go on with his wife as soon as possible\u2014 he wishes much to hear from you again before he goes\u2014\n        Mama has been in Boston since Tuesday\u2014 Cousin Thomas has gone to town for her to day\u2014 Uncle, and Mr Wibird dined with my Father and me to day\u2014 they are now below feasting upon politics\u2014The good Dr Tufts\u2014I suppose was married yesterday\u2014\n        remember me kindly to all my Cousins\u2014and be assured my dear Aunt that I am at all times your gratefully / affectionate and dutiful Neice\n        Lucy Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0233", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree Nov. [1] Sunday 1789\n          My dearest Friend\n        I thank you for your kind Letter inclosing that from our Friend Hollis. The Influenza is here as general as it was at N. York.\u2014 Your youngest Son has been laid up with it at Mr Cranche\u2019s; but is better. Mr Wibird is confined with it, so that We had no Meeting. I have been to visit him: He is not very bad: but not fit to go out. My great Horse, had a Misfortune last night in the Stable, that he will not get over this fortnight. I am thankful that he is alive.\n        Mr Brisler is preparing his Goods to go by Bernard, who Sails on Wednesday, and will go with his Family next Week in the Stage.\n        I have Spent a Week in Boston which I have not done before these fifteen years. General Washington between Sam. Adams and John, The Fratrum dulce Par, mounted up to View in the Stone Chapell and in Concert Hall to be sure was a Spectacle for the Town of Boston. The Remarks were very Shrewd\u2014 Behold three Men, Said one, who can make a Revolution when they please. There, Said another are the three genuine Pivots of the Revolution. The first of these Observations is not I hope, so true as I fear the last is. of all the Pictures that ever were or ever will be taken this ought to be done with the greatest Care, and preserved in the best Place. But H.\u2019s Creatures will cast a Damper upon that.\n        The Presidents Behaviour was in Character, and consequently charming to all. I write no Particulars, because the News papers will give you the details.\u2014 His Reception has been cordial and Splendid. His Journey will do much public good.\n        I Shall return, in the first Week in December, if not sooner, and bring Thomas with me.\u2014 You must be very prudent and cautious, of my Letters. Let them be seen by none, but the Family: for altho I shall write no harm there are Chemists who are very skilful in extracting evil out of Good.\u2014 I have Seen the new Mrs Tufts, and admire the Drs Taste. She is in appearance, a fine Woman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0234", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 1-4 November 1789\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree November 1d 1789\n          Dear Sister\n        The dull weather of Last week has prevented sister Shaw from making her visit or she would have been here mourning with me the absence of our dear sister. I hope she will be here on Teusday if she is not I fear she will not come this fall\u2014 She has already put it of too long\u2014the fine weather is all over. Doctor Tufts has taken the advantage of it & brought home his wife as snug as can be\u2014 Mrs Quincy & Miss Nancy are going with us to make the wedding Visit this week. Mr Wibird is too unwell to preach to day has got I suppose the Washington cold\u2014 every body who was at the parade the Day the President enter\u2019d Boston took a cold. People stood at the windows some of them Six hours, waiting for his arrival\u2014 Having got a good situation they were affraid to leave it least they should not be able to recover it again; The day was dreadful raw & uncomfortable Lucy & Miss Hazen are gone to weymouth to meeting & to see the Bride. Lucy has not yet seen her aunt but both of them have such colds they were not fit to go out\u2014 Here is your son Tom confin\u2019d with it he has been threaten\u2019d with the Rhumatism but I hope he will not be bad\u2014\n        Mr Adams was here last evening & was well, I wish\u2019d him to stay here but he was so busy picking out Books to send by Barnard that he could not. When Mr Brisler leaves him he will come\u2014 I am sorry too hear that cousin Louisia & the little Boy did not take the Small Pox it is a pity to have so much anxiety for nothing: but I hope the will do well yet\n        I have seen Ruth Ludden she says she shall not be eighteen till next fall\u2014 she will then come if you are not supply\u2019d Mrs Feild is spining your thread\n        What is become of Betsy Crosby Miss Soper desir\u2019d me to ask you to give me the true situation She is in if you had seen or known any thing of her\n        The dull circle in which I move furnishes me with so little to intertain you with\u2014that I find it difficult sometimes to muster up matter for a Letter\u2014\n        Mr Brisler has felt a little diffident about returning without your further orders\u2014 he hopes he has not do[ne] wrong\u2014 I assur\u2019d him you would be glad to recc[ommend] him if he was convinc\u2019d that he could not do so [well?] in any other way\n        I hope I shall receive a Letter from you before I close this. if I should I may add more than that.\n        I am with Love to all my Freinds your / affectionate Sister\n        Mary Cranch\n        Mr Cranch desires his Love may be presented\n        no Letters from you\u2014 We are all indisposed with colds but nobody quite sick\u2014 old mrs Thayer is here upon her mendicant visit She is in her ninety second year & can walk a mile or two yet. & has knit 5 pair of stockings with in five weeks three pair of which were for men!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0235", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 3 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          my dearest Friend\n        I did not write to you by the last post. I was in hopes to have received a Letter from your and to have known from under your own Hand how your Health was. Tommy wrote me by your direction; and I heard by other Hands of your safe arrival and the News papers inform us that by desire of his Honour the Leiut Govenour you was in the procession to accompany the President to his Residence. there is a vile mischevious junto in Boston, but I shall lose the whole chain. the Printers have not sent on the papers Sinc you left here; pray order them continued. But now with regard to our own affairs Brisler sends me word that he proposes to return & bring on his Family, & I have engaged two Rooms for him in the House at the End of our Land, adjoing to the corn Feild which will be very near and convenient for him. I am not at all satisfied with the Hand I have with me and with Regard to the coachman, you will not confide in him further than you can see, him Brisler will tell you that with Liquors he cannot be trusted. I mention this least Brisler should be obliged to come away before you. the Porter which is in the cellar you will either have sent on, or dispose of as it will freeze, the red wine & any other you chuse you will direct Brisler to put on Board Barnard, 200 weight of cheese & all the Butter which can be procured. I hope you will conclude to return sooner than you talkd of. the Trunk of cloaths which you had sent by Barnard you can leave without any inconvenience till Spring.\n        we have no News here except the expected return of the commissoners from Georgia who it seems have been very unsuccessfull, & concequently must expect many unfavourable reports with respect to them, some of which are already in circulation; the district court meet this day the Marshal is qualified and attends. the Rank & presidence was yesterday setled & the Marshal is to take Rank of the district Attorney.\n        our little John has had the small pox finely & is quite recoverd of it Louissa is innoculated from him\u2014 pray present my duty to your good mother Love affection where due. congratulation to our New married Friends, for me, and accept the affectionat Regard / of Your\n        Suppose the horse cart Horse sled & one sadle which the dr has in his care & the Saw should be put on Board Barnard we shall find them very usefull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0237", "content": "Title: Martha Washington to Abigail Adams, 4 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, Martha\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Wednesday Morn 4 November [1789]\n          My dear Madam\n        I should have been very happy to have seen you yesterday.\u2014 and am truly sorry the bad day disapointd me of the plasure, your servant brought you kind favor yesterday while I was at dinner. he could not stay and the evening was so bad,\u2014 I have the plasure to ask you, how your self Mrs Smith Miss Smith and the little ones are to day, I intended yesterday after the sermon to bring the children out with me on a visit to you, but the weather prevented me\u2014\n        I will my dear Madam\u2014doe myself the pleasure to dine with you on satterday with my famly and shall be very happy with Geneal Knox\u2014and the Laides,\u2014mentioned or any others you plase\n        I am dear Madam with esteem your / affectionate Friend / and Hble Sr\n        M Washington\n            Our best wishes to Mrs Smith &ca", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0238", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 10 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          my dearest Friend\n        Tis more than a month since you left Home, and except the few lines from Fairfield, I have not received a single Letter from you. I have written to you every week, and should have been very happy to have learnt from your own Hand that you was benefitted by your journey and that you was conveniently accommodated. I get only one Boston paper, so that I am in the dark with regard to the politicks of massa, save what is retaild here\n        mr Jay received Letters from mr Jefferson yesterday dated 5 August. he had not then received his Letters of recall. he writes very cautious with regard to the state of France, says that the disturbances had subsided in a great measure\n        The marshal is gone to serve a writt this morning upon a captain of a vessel who has defrawded the customs. it is the first which has been issued & it runs in the Name of the People\u2014 he thinks that there is a difficulty arising with respect to the prisons. a marshal is obliged to give Bonds and committ his prisoner to the Jails of the state & into the custody of officers over whom the Federal court has no controul who will bear him harmless if the Prisoner excapes?\n        The weather is remarkably fine I have got the chief of our winter wood, but at a most terible price the oak cost 32 6 pr cord, and walnut 50 it shall be the last time that I will be so taken in by dependance upon others. the Carman found he could not make money enough by getting it, and so would not stand to his agreement. if Barnard is not saild pray tell Brisler to Buy me 30 or 40 dozen of Eggs & put on Board. they have got them up to 1/6 pr dozen. Butter a shilling pr pound by the firkin. it really would have been worth while to have bought our vegetables in Boston, potatos particularly for they are at 3 shilling a Bushel by the Quantity Turnips at 1/6. malt is an other article, that I should have been glad to have had 6 Bushel of, but I fear I am too late for Barnard.\n        we are all well. mrs washington and Family dined with me last saturday together with General & mrs Knox and mrs Green.\n        Duty and Love where due pray write by the Next post to your ever / affectionate\n        A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0239", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 14 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n          my Dearest Friend\n        I received yours of Novbr 4. on thursday last. Brisler and his Family got here the same Day & are waiting the arrival of Barnard to go into their House. the President got home on fryday last, looks much fatigued with his jouney, and has beat out all his Horses. Brisler says the Roads are getting very bad, and that you will find it very tedious travelling in a few weeks pray take care that your little vehicle does not overset. I wrote you respecting Several articles which I supposed might come with Barnard, but my letters will be too late unless we venture them when he comes on again. Charls wants to have some cider sent, and I think half a dozen Barrels would not be amiss\u2014 I wish Brother would get me 20 or 30 dozen of Eggs put into Brand & send me when Barnard returns. we are all well cold excepted. I believe Louissa has the small pox. she has had Some symptoms, but no Eruption worth mentioning & not one that has fill\u2019d. mrs Izard has lost her Baby with it. Richmond Hill has lost much of its Beauty Since you left us. the Trees are all stripd & look dreary but the prospect is Beautifull tho in Ruins.\n        Remember me affectionatly to all inquiring Friends and believe me most tenderly / and affectionatly / your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0240", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Braintree Saturday Nov. 14 1789\n          My dearest Friend\n        I am impatient to return but partly on Account of my Son who wishes to Stay at Colledge as long as he can, and partly, on Account of my Books and other Things which I wish to get ready before I go, to be sent to N. Y. I fear I shall not see you these three Weeks. I should however break away if I were not necessitated to wait for my horse, whose Lameness is not wholly cured.\n        Excepting the Influenza which is universal our Relations and Friends are all very well.\n        The Accident to my horse, has been a vexatious Thing and has deprived me of half the Pleasure and half the Exercise I intended.\u2014This Horse I am told here got cast in the Same stable last year.\n        My Farm I found as I expected\u2014poor enough.\n        I live with my Mother and Brother. and We live like Princes, in great Luxury.\u2014 You knew my Mother. She has the Influenza, severely: but is very active.\n        The President is at Home eer now, no doubt.\n        Mr Brisler is arrived I hope without any Accident with his Family. This will be some Relief to Us, as it will take off, much care from your mind. I wish I could send Boys and Girls from hence, to supply all the Places in the House that you want filled.\n        There is a Calm a Silence and a Tranquility that is very remarkable in this Part of the Continent. May it be equal at the southward and long continue in both! i. e. may We be enabled to give Satisfaction to the Multitude of our Brethren", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0241", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Elizabeth Cranch Norton, 15 November 1789\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n          Richmond Hill Novr 15th 1789\u2014\n        almost twelve months have elapsed since the date of your last letter, I am conscious that this chasm in our Correspondence my Dear Eliza has been my own fault and very often have I reprimanded myself for my inattention\u2014in not having noticed your last kind Letter,\u2014but many casualties have intervened to prevent me from writing, which I hope will gain me your favourable indulgence for past ommisions when I promise future amendment,\u2014 perhas when your family has enlarged as much as mine you may be less surprized at my want of punctuallity, I have thought of you often since I had the pleasure of seeing you, and have frequently heard of your health with much pleasure\n        I am again blessed with the society of my own family and I consider it as amongst the happiest Events of my Life; early after my Father arrived here, he requested with earnestness that we would take up our abode with him,\u2014 the affection which has ever dictated all his actions towards me, was too deeply impressed upon my heart to permit me to hesitate to Comply with a request which would in any degree accommodate himself and family;\u2014 we therefore accepted his profered kindness, and have resided with his family ever since;\u2014 my youngest Son has just recovered from the small Pox, & Louisa has had it very favourably and is now recovering\u2014\n        I Congratulate you upon the acquisition your family Circle has lately made\u2014(in a small society the addition of one who is disposed to promote sociability; quallified to perform the Duties of friendship; and capable of contributing their part of those attentions which render Life valuable; and upon the agreeable performance of which, much of our happiness depends,) is almost inestimable, be pleased to present me respectfully to this new relation, and offer my Congratulations to the good Dr if you please upon his Marriage.\n        I wish I could bring you acquainted with my friends\u2014in this part of the World\u2014that you would be pleased with them I am very sure\u2014for they possess more of the qualifications essential in the Characters of amiable Women and agreeable Companions\u2014and as few of the defects as any Ladies\u2014I have been acquainted with; they are very different and yet variously pleasing\u2014 the grave and the gay are very happily blended in their minds which they have Cultivated,\u2014and well furnished, their dispositions are lively, but tempered with judgment,\u2014and they are well quallified, to fill the various Stations of Life,\u2014with dignity;\u2014 their early expectations were very flattering; but they were soon Initiated into the School of adversity,\u2014 they have not sunk under the presure of misfortunes,\u2014but have risen superior\u2014to its influence,\u2014and have quallifed their minds to their present situation, which tho not so affluent as they once had a right to expect, is, yet very eligable\u2014 by the ravages of War, their Habitation was utterly destroyed, and their Lands laid desolate;\u2014\n        I hope my Dear Cousin that you enjoy your health and preserve your spirits you must not permit them to be depressed, for I believe that in almost every Situation which our imaginations have pictured as dangerous and distressing the reality falls short of our expectations, I cannot wish you more favour than I have received, that you may enjoy an equal degree is my earnest desire\u2014\n        Colln Smith joins me in Compliments to Mr Norton, and all friends who may inquire after your / sincere well wisher, and friend\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0242", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 22 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n          my dear son\n        one would suppose that the waters between N york and Road Island had produced the same effect upon you, that the Poets feign of the River Lethe, not a Line, not a word from you since you quitted Richmond Hill. are you so wholy absorpd in the study of the Law of Nations as to forget those of Nature?\n        I have been very sorry since you left us that your visit was made just at the period it was. a few untoward circumstances combined to render it less agreeable to you than it would have proved since. I should not have consented to your leaving us, if I had thought I should not have follow\u2019d in a few days but the season of the year in which I must have returnd, & the arrangments I must have made to have tarried only two months quite discouraged me. at the next adjournment I hope to come on and pass several Months at Braintree.\n        Since I saw you, you have had an illusterous visiter. I hope you was one of the Choir who so aptly Serenaded him, with \u201cthe Hero comes.\u201d he was much gratified with the attention shewn him: I have it from his own Mouth. is it in Humane Nature to be otherways? he ought to be immortal, for who can ever fill his place\u2014 I ought to inform you that the day after you left us, you had an invitation to dine there. we live in a most friendly intercourse, & madam makes very few visits but those of ceremony when she does not request my Ladyship to accompany her and I have several appointments of that kind now on Hand Let not the Busy fiend envy propogate reports so basely false as that there is any coldness Subsisting between the Families\u2014 Massachusetts alone could be guilty of such baseness. I hope the presence of the Late visiter has banishd antifederialism\n        I hope you have visited your Father since the misfortune of his Horse has prevented him from the excursion he intended.\n        Your Friends here desire to be rememberd to you and chide you for not writing. believe me most affectionatly / your &c\n        Abigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0243", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 22 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n          My dear sir\n        I congratulate you and the Lady to whom you are united upon your Nuptials, and most sincerely wish you a renewall of all your former happiness, with corresponding dispositions, and inclinations. the domestick circle is alone capable of yealding satisfactions, which an intercourse with the word and all its amusements never can afford. in Buisness or in pleasure the participation of a dear Friend, makes more than half the enjoyment. there is a period of Life too, when neither buisness or pleasure can be persued with the ardour of Youth. then it is that we feel more sensibly the want of domestick tranquility and retirement. may your declining years my dear sir be as repleat with happiness as the visisitudes of Humane Life will permit, and when this transitory scene ends, may you meet the Reward of a good and Faithfull Servant\n        I wrote to you by my son sine which I have not heard from you. I have now to request you to procure for me 400 wt of Butter and to send it by Barnard. I have been dissapointed here, and it is so scarce and dear that I am sure I cannot now procure it. Barnard has orders to bring several hundred firkins, & I wish you to secure mine as soon as you receive this Letter, I also wish to have a Barrel of Beaf put up by Baldwin & a couple of dozen of Hams. mr W Smith will tell you who I mean if you are at any loss. there is also a sley to be sold for 8 dollors by packard who Lives with mr Black Mears has an other with harness for 11. I will thank you to see them both & to Buy one or the other & send by Barnard I must give ten pounds currency for one here, and we must have one, for to go to market in winter, living two miles from it, and never being able to Buy at our door the marketting all being carried into the city by water. if you will be so good as to procure these things and send me the Bill by Barnard with an order for him to receive the money I will pay it to him the Horse cart & sled if not sold will amply repay us if we can get it here, as we cannot get a carman to come out of Town to bring any thing under four shillings.\n        Barnard is to sail this Day & will tarry not more than ten days after he arrives if he should be full the sley will be of more importance to us this winter than the cart. if one must be left I wish it may be that. the fruit which I have received this year was gatherd a month too soon, badly packd and is half ruind but, as I expected nothing better I am not so much dissapointed\u2014\n        I hope I may be able to come home at the next adjournment of congress\u2014\n        Present me affectionatly to my New Aunt to your son daughter and Neice to mr & mrs Norten and believe me my dear sir most affectionatly / your Neice\n        A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0244", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Newbury-Port December 5th: 1789.\n        No, my dear Madam, I have not tasted of the waters of Lethe, nor have the Laws of Nature, been obliterated from my heart, by too close an attention to those of Nations. The reasons which have hitherto prevented me from writing since I left you, are various; but would not be very interesting in the detail, for which reason I shall, omit the unnecessary tediousness of a justification, and offer you a reparation instead of an apology.\n        I flattered myself long with the expectation of seeing my father in this Town; and until your Letter arrived, but two days ago; I never knew that his Horse had met with a misfortune; I am still ignorant of its nature; and did not abandon the hopes of seeing him, untill I was informed he had been gone a week on his return to New-York. My friends in this quarter are not even so liberal in their communications as I am to you; my brothers both seem to make it a point to receive my letters with silent pleasure; and upon enquiring at thanksgiving time how Tom did, of one of his classmates; he answered that he then supposed him to be in New-York.\n        Two and twenty hours after I left you at Richmond-Hill, I landed at Newport, and the Thursday following arrived in Boston. I pass\u2019d two or three days at Braintree; quite sick of what I then thought only a severe cold. I have since been induced to suppose it was the influenza. This disorder has since then been almost universal in this State; and I have been upbraided for singularity in enjoying good health, while all the world were more or less diseased. It has not however been fatal in any instance that has come to my knowledge in this neighbourhood.\u2014 When I say I have enjoyed good health, it must be understood as they say, with a grain of salt. The ancient quarrel between the powers of drowsiness and me has threatened to break out again; and a few nervous twitches have hinted to me the propriety of suffering no intermission in the article of exercise. I have scarcely been out of Newbury-Port, since my return from New-York; but I intend next week to spend a day or two at Haverhill. I was not one of the choir who welcomed the President to New-Englands shore, upon his arrival here by land. I was however in the procession, which was formed here to receive him, in humble imitation of the Capital. And when he left us, I was one of the respectable citizens (as our news-papers term them) who escorted him on horse-back to the lines of New-Hampshire.\n        You, my dear madam, have abundant reason to know that your eldest son is not by any means destitute of that bubbling Passion called Vanity; and therefore you will excuse him, and allow a little parental indulgence, when he informs you of the petty honours which accrued to him in consequence of this same visit of the President; and you will make all the necessary allowances if he states facts, which are really true, in such a manner as shall exhibit him in the most advantageous light\u2014and thus I begin.\n        I had the honour of paying my respects to the President, upon his arrival in this town, and he did me the honour to recollect that he had seen me a short time before, at New-York. I had the honour of spending part of the evening in his presence at Mr: Jackson\u2019s. I had the honour of breakfasting in the same room with him, the next morning at Mr: Dalton\u2019s. I had the honour of writing the billet which the major general of the County, sent him to inform him of the military arrangements he had made for his reception. And I had the honour of draughting an address, which with many alterations and additions (commonly called amendments) was presented to him by the Town of Newbury-Port. So you see\n          \u201cI bear my blushing honours thick upon me.\u201d\n        But as half the truth is often times a great falsehood I am constrained to account for these distinctions, in a manner, which I must honestly confess, defalcates considerably from the quantum of my importance. To the peculiar civility of Mr: Jackson and Mr: Dalton, I am indebted for having been thus admitted into the Company of the President. One of the major general\u2019s aid de camps, is my fellow student; he was then much hurried, with other business relating to the same occasion; and at his request I wrote the billet. Mr: Parsons was chosen by the Town to draught the address; and his indolence, was accommodated in shifting a part of the burthen upon his clerk: so that all my dignities have not been sufficient to elevate me above the insignificant station of a school-boy; in which character I still remain, your dutiful Son. But to turn from trifling, to a subject to me very serious, I must observe, that my own reflections upon the subject of the place of my future residence, are daily becoming more and more perplexing. You well know the objections which I have against Braintree, and I may safely appeal to your Judgment for their validity. my father\u2019s determined predilection, is the only circumstance that could give that place any claim to fixing me, under the present relative situation of my cousin Cranch and me.\u2014 Boston is strongly recommended to me by several of my friends, whose opinions in favour of the capital, are much more favourable than my own. Greater necessary expence, more necessary dissipation; and a more numerous competition for the favours of employment, are not circumstances, calculated to decide my preference. This town, while inhabited by the two most eminent barristers in the County, and an attorney, who though young is much respected, does not offer me a prospect in any manner alluring; though I should here enjoy the advantage of being more extensively known, than in any other part of the Commonwealth.\u2014 However I will postpone the full discussion of this matter till the appointment of our two Judges shall take place; after which I shall state my case fully to my father, and found my determination, upon his final opinion.\n        I shall certainly write before long to my Sister; whose absence during so great a part of the Time, that I spent with you, is still a subject of much regret to me. My affection for her, and for all my friends at Richmond-Hill, I trust is not of that kind, which is weakened by absence; and I hope they will all do me the justice to believe that my sins of omission, are not the result of insensibility. My Father and Coll: Smith, will please to accept of my dutiful and affectionate remembrance. Louisa will accept an apology, for what she has before this probably forgotten: that in the hurry with which I left Richmond-Hill, I forgot even to take my leave of her. Charles and Tom, I hope will devote a few leisure moments to fraternal correspondence; to which they may depend upon receiving punctual returns. William has doubtless forgotten his uncle Jack; who wishes very much to have a little more fun with him. John I suppose from your not mentioning him in your Letter has got well through the small-pox.\u2014 Your affectionate Son.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0247", "content": "Title: Cotton Tufts to Abigail Adams, 20 December 1789\nFrom: Tufts, Cotton\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n          Dear Cousin\n        Yours of the 22d. I recd. on Sunday last, by Gen Lincoln\u2014 the several Articles You requested me to procure I shall collect as soon as possible\u2014 I have made Enquiry for Butter but have not met with any that is good a considerable Quantity has been sent to New York by a Vessel that saild a day or two past\u2014 It is somewhat doubtful whether I shall be able to buy the Hams already prepared, if not shall engage them so as to send them in Season for Your use\u2014 Barnard is expected every moment\n        It was hinted to me by a Friend, that Governor. H\u2014\u2014k considered himself as somewhat neglected by Mr. Adams; having invited Mr. A\u2014\u2014 to dine with him (at a Time when He invited the President\u2014) Mr. A. accepted the Invitation, but did not attend\u2014& tho Mr. H. saw him afterwards, He made no Excuse nor did He send any Billet of Excuse\u2014& it was further added that Mr. A. did not call on Him when He left the State\u2014 I have just mentiond this\u2014not that I suppose it a Matter of the highest Consequence\u2014but imagine that it must be a matter which if explaind, would remove all Suspicion, as well an Imputation of Neglect\u2014 I shall write further a few Days hence, have now only Time to say that I am with great Sincerity Yr. affect Friend\n        Cotton Tufts\n         Beg the Favour of You to forward the Letter to Mrs. Rutgers\u2014who is the Executr. of Dr. Crosbys Will\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-08-02-0248", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to John Quincy Adams, 27 December 1789\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n          Richmond Hill December 27th 1789\u2014\n        I have lived long in expectation of the pleasure of receiving a letter from my Dear Brother but at length I am reduced to despair; and am led to inquire what has prevented the fullfillment of a promise which you made at your departure upon my requesting you to write;\u2014 I hope you did not suppose that my absence during your visit arrose from any inattention towards yourself;\u2014 most certainly if I had had the least Idea of your leaving us so soon I should not have taken that time for my visit, it has been a scource of Chagrine to me eversince\n        Mamma received a letter from you last week which is the first line that any one of this family have received from you since you left us; we heard of your safe arrival through my Aunt Cranch, and we have since heard of you both from the President and Mr Dalton.\n        upon the receipt of your Letter your Father said that he had Conversed with Mr Dana when he was at Cambridge upon the subject of your setting down in Boston, and that Mr D\u2014\u2014 had advised to it, that he himself had Considered the subject and that he had no objection to your going to Boston, Mamma desired that he would write to you upon the subject and I suppose he will ere long,\u2014but as it was a subject in which I knew you were much interested I thought I would mention it; as the earliest information is sometimes of some importance\u2014, I am happy that your wishes upon this subject are answered, as I should think it a preferable situation, for Business to any Country Town, some might offer as an objection the Number who are pursueing the same objects, but a young Man of your abilities persevereance and industry need not fear of being placed in the Back Ground; most sincerely do I wish you success in your undertakeings; and pursuits, both Honourable, and profitable;\u2014 Charles is very attentive to his Office\u2014and begins to like New York\u2014, Thomas has been with us some time, but thinks he prefers Cambridge to New York,\u2014 as to News I donot hear of any except a Confirmation of the Account that North Carolina has adopted the Constitution, the Members of the Government are assembling daily and tomorrow night is the day they are to meet,\n        it is reported that Miss Thomson Mrs Gerrys Sister is soon to be Married to Mr Coles one of the Virginia representatives\u2014a Widower with two Chrildren\u2014 Mr Jefferson has arrived in Virginia but not yet come to New York,\u2014 I suppose you have heard of the arrival of Mr Trumble, he has come to take a Number of portraits which may enable him to pursue his American peices but intends returning soon to England,\u2014 this is not the Country for him to paint for emolument, and we must acquire taste before his merits can be fully known\n        I hope I shall have the pleasure of receiving some testimony of your remembrance soon\u2014 if you have one favourite do not let that one Possess the whole of your Social Affection it will not diminish for one object by being extend to others\u2014 the President told Mamma that he was informed that her Son was more attentive to his Books than to the Ladies, perhaps you may think it the greatest Compliment that could have been paid you but I hope you will not rank inattention to your friends amongst the first of your good quallities\n        Colln Smith desires to be remembered to you and William sends his Duty\u2014\n        remember me to those who / inquire after your Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0259", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 2 January 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            My dear Friend\n            Braintree near Boston Jany. 2 1789\n          Give me leave to introduce to you John Coffin Jones Esqr, an eminent Merchant of Boston and a late Member of the Legislature from that Town. His Character both in public and private Life is much respected, and his Intelligence will enable him to give you a much better Account of the general and particular Politicks of this Country than I can. our Fellow Citizens are in the midst of their Elections for the new Government, which have hitherto in general run very well. For my own Part, I have enjoyed a Luxury for the last six Months which I have never before tasted for, at least eight and twenty years. and have looked down upon all you Statesmen, with Sovereign Compassion. The new Government has my best Wishes and most fervent Prayers, for its Success and Prosperity: but whether I shall have any Thing more to do with it, besides praying for it depends on the future Suffrages of Freemen.\n          I am with an affection that can never / die, your Friend and servant\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0260", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Paul Joseph Guerard de Nancrede, 4 January 1789\nFrom: Nancrede, Paul Joseph Guerard de\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the Honor to send you inclosed, the prospectus of a french periodical publication lately offered to the patronage of the Americans\u2014 I feel so much the more sollicitous to submit the plan to your abilities as your thorough knowledge of Europeans, and their Views of America, in general, has no doubt, long since, convinced you of the necessity of a periodical paper that might, propagate in france, through every class of people, Just and adequate Views of the united states\n          permit me sir, from the design of the above publication, to sollicit your influence respecting its encouragement. it may when duly examined, be found to answer very useful and beneficial purposes\n          The largest Number of Subscribers, I expect from the West-indies\n& Europe. It is known, that the Europeans read with Avidity every thing that comes from America. My design is to make this Avidity Subservient to their own Instruction by means of this paper, to the Benefit of the federo-americans whose Laws Government Integrity, Commerce, and produce being better known abroad cannot but be attended with the happiest consequences. therefore, they will secure those advantages by affording this paper sufficient encouragement to set it agoing. there is but little doubt that foreign subscribers will, at once support it\n          the field is ample, perhaps, too much so, for a person alone, who has nothing to oppose to the Obstacles consequent upon it, than courage and perseverance; but the pleasure of recommending myself to the Citizens of the united states That of being grateful, does not permit me to think myself unequal to the Task\n          I am with respect sir your most / humble & most obed. / Sert\n            De Nancrede", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0261", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I now do myself the pleasure to inclose to you a copy of the Arret explanatory of that of Sep. 28. on the subject of our whale oils. mr\u0303 Necker in a letter to me has renewed the promise of taking off the 10. sous per livre at the end of the next year. but at the same time he observes that whenever the national fishery shall be able to supply their demand for whale oil we must expect a repeal of this Arret,\nwhich therefore expresses itself to be provisory. however, their navigation being the most expensive in Europe, they are the least likely to succeed in a whale fishery, without encouragements more extravagant that even those they now give: and it remains to be seen whether mr\u0303 Necker will continue to give even the present. I am informed there will be fewer French adventurers the next year than there has been this: so that if there be an apparent increase of their fishery, it will be by drawing over more of our fishermen. it is probable the States-general will obtain a participation in the legislation, which will render their laws more stable, & more to be relied on. mr\u0303 Necker has also promised that if the present Arret should at any time be repealed, there shall be a sufficient space of time allowed for the reception of the oils which shall have been previously embarked. but our principal if not our only danger of a repeal being brought on, will come from the endeavors of the English to introduce their oils under colour of ours, perhaps even with the assistance of our own merchants. some effectual means must be adopted to prevent them from getting our real ship papers, and our Consuls in the ports of France must be enabled to detect forged papers: and we must moreover convince this government that we use our utmost endeavors, & with good faith, to prevent the entry of English oils under the license given to us. I would advise our shippers of oil always to get the Certificate of the French consul in their state if it be practicable, because those will admit of the least doubt here. when this cannot be had, they may have recourse to the magistrates of the country, and in this case there should be a certificate under the seal of the state that the magistrate who has certified their oil to be the produce of the American fishery is a magistrate duly appointed & qualified by law, and that his signature is genuine. I presume it is the usage in all the states for the Governor\u2019s signature to accompany the great seal.\n          Oczakow is at length taken. the Russians say they gave the assault with 14,000 men against 12,000 within the walls, that 7000 of these suffered themselves to be cut to peices before they surrendered, & that themselves lost 3000. the only circumstance to be believed in all this is that Oczakow is taken. every thing else in Europe is quiet, except the internal affairs of Poland. the Prussian party there gains greater superiority daily. the K. of Prussia however will feel less bold on the probability that England will remain inactive in all things external. this secures to this country leisure for their internal improvements. these go on well. the report of mr\u0303 Necker to the king,\nwhich has been published, renews the renunciation of the power of laying a new tax or continuing an old one without consent of the states general, admits they are to appropriate the public monies (and of course how much of it the king may spend), that ministers must be responsible, that the king will concur in fixing the periodical meeting of the states, that he will be ready to consider with them what modifications letters de cachet should be put under, and of the degree of liberty which may be given to the press; and further that all this shall be fixed by a convention so solemn as that his successors shall not be free to infringe it, that is to say that he will concur in a Declaration of rights. nothing is said however of the States sharing in the legislation, but this will surely be pressed. they have given to the tiers etat a representation in the States equal to both the other orders, and it is probable they will form but one house & vote by persons: but that is not decided. be so good as to present me affectionately to mr\u0303s Adams and to be assured yourself of the sincere esteem of dear Sir / your friend & servt.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0262", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Higginson, 17 January 1789\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\n          You may recollect that the Court of France by an edict, about 2 Years since, opend a trade to the Americans to Mauritius and the french settlements in India, upon the same terms as their own sub-jects pursue it. This permission we soon improved, & for two Years past, many vessels have gone to port Louis in the Isle of France from different parts of the Continent, with cargos of the various exports from the Northern middle & Southern States. We there found a ready, & a good market for Beef, Pork, Butter & Flour, dried\n& pickled fish, wheat, Tobacco, Naval Stores &c. all the vessels from this state that have gone there, have carried those with some other small Articles. Those from the middle & Southern States have carried principally their own particular exports.\u2014 We have taken in return from thence Coffee, Pepper, Hides, Teas and the manufactures of India; & some of those articles have been again exported to Europe and the West Indies with advantage, as Coffee, Teas, pepper Spices & Nankins &c. As the articles we have carried to the Isle of France, have in a good degree been again exported from thence to the various markets in India &c, where a ready & extensive sale has been found for them; this trade would probably in a short time take off great quantities of our american exports, and give employ to a great number of our men & Ships. We find by calculation that not less than 3,000 tons of Shipping went to Mauritius the last year from America; & this year I think there will be more than 4,000 tons go there, besides those Ships that have been fitted out for China.\u2014\n          From these facts, I think that a free trade to the Mauritius, as was at first granted, must be very important to America for though the markets in India &c, which have recd our exports from thence may be open to us, generally, it is not easy for us at once to Supply them direct, nor till we shall have more knowledge of their navigation & trade\u2014beside which the voyages to the Continent would be too long & tedious, for our common traders of small Capitals to pursue them; those to Mauritius are as much so, as the persons who have Sent there can in general bear.\u2014 To have that or any other branch of trade so circumstanced, as that none but wealthy Individuals, or companies can pursue it, is not to be desired upon public principles.\u2014 But this trade to the Isle of France we are perhaps in danger of losing, or having it So restricted, as, in a good degree, to deprive us of the advantages we have been led to expect from it. The few french Merchants who reside there, have enjoyed exclusively the Supply of that market with some of the same articles which we carry there; & have generally engrossed to themselves the Crops of Coffee, as well as the India Exports, which have been there Sold. by this means they have commanded their own prices. both for their supplies to their planters and transient Traders, and for the produce &c exported from thence.\u2014 we have not only undersold them in the articles we have carried; but by going over to Bourbon, where the Coffee is raised, and contracting with the planters for what we wanted, we got it much cheaper than to have bought it at Port Louis, & taught\nthe planters to make more of their crops than they had before done, and deprived the Merchants at Port Louis of a profit they used to make at the Planters expence.\u2014 These diminitions of the merchants gains, resulting from our trade, have made them & their co\u00f1exions at L\u2019Orient very uneasy; & they have combined, we are told, to Suppress, or at least to restrain Our Trade at that market, by joint representations to the Court of France.\u2014 They have, indeed, already prevailed on the Commandant at Port Louis, to prevent our vessels from going to Bourbon to buy & take in Coffee; and we now have to take it from the Merchants at Port Louis, at the advanced price of 2 \u00bd to 3 Dollars per Ct. \u2014 This restriction we might perhaps Support, but should we be liable to any additional ones of [an amount] we may be obliged to abandon the Trade.\u2014\n          If the french Government should not be misled by false representations, I cannot suppose they will subject us to any farther embarrassments; but on the contrary, by considering the subject in a national & Political view, they must be disposed to encourage our Trade, to the Isle of France in particular, & give us all that freedom which they at first intended, and we enjoyed. The local situation of that Island is peculiarly favourable to annoy the British trade to India & China, and to protect their own. It may indeed be viewed as the Key to both the Chinese & Indian Seas from Europe\u2014 no Ship can pass for either of them without being in a great degree Subject to the Cruisers Stationed at the Isle of France; & if a free trade is permitted to us, they certainly will have every Supply, & every advantage for cruising upon the British from thence. that Island will certainly Soon become the Place of deposit, for Americans, Chinese & Indian exports.\u2014 we shall carry to them, all the various products of America, that will answer in those Seas, and shall want in return the produce & exports of the east.\u2014 our vessels will lodge the former, and take the latter in return. The french Ships, or the natives from the Continent will bring their exports, & take ours away for other markets. Such a Trade will not only employ the french Ships in carrying our exports to other Markets from Mauritius, & in bringing theirs in return for us to take away; but very great advantages beside must be derived from it. It is impossible but the Settlement must, with such advantages, soon become very wealthy & important; it will certainly be resorted to by other Europeans, and all the various nations inhabiting the Shores in those Seas. It will in this way Soon become the general Magazine for Naval Stores, & for provisions of every kind.\u2014\nIn a political view, no event can be more desireable. It will enable the french to operate against the british in any future rupture with amazing advantage.\u2014 They will then have an important post filled, not only with Provisions & military Stores, but with Active enterprizing & wealthy inhabitants.\u2014\n          Should the immediate effect of our trade be to supplant, or even to ruin the few Merchants now residing at Port Louis, it would be of no moment in a national view, Since it must inevitably establish great numbers in their Stead. But even this cannot happen, unless from their own folly & imprudence\u2014for though they may be deprived, by means of our trade, of the profits on the business they before pursued; they certainly may avail themselves in Common with others, of the many new openings for beneficial Commerce, which result from it.\u2014\n          It appears to me that the french Court acted with great wisdom and policy when they open\u2019d those ports to us; & the same principles which induced them to do it, will retain their weight in favour of the measure, while the trade of Europe with India & China, and the relative Interests of France & Britain, in those Seas, remain as they now are: and If I am not mistaken, as to the views & Interests of the french Court, upon this Subject, there can be no doubt of Mr Jefferson\u2019s being able to prevent any new restrictions upon our vessels, & to obtain for them the Same liberty which they at first enjoyed.\u2014\n          With these sentiments, as to the importance of a free trade to those Seas, I thought it could not be improper to state to you the foregoing facts & observations. Should they have weight in your mind, you may perhaps advance the Interest of America by making some representation, to Mr Jefferson on the Subject.\u2014\n          with much respect I have the honour to be Sir your very huml / Servant.\u2014\n            Stephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0263", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Brown Cutting, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Adams, John\n            Charlestown 22d Jany 1789\n          I arrived here in six weeks from the Downs whence the ship in which I came took her departure on the 5th of Novr; a day which all the whigs and many of the tories of Britain celebrated as the hundredth anniversary of the revolution\u2014 The party who oppose the administration in that country being about to seize so fair an occasion of canvassing for the next parliament the ministerial myrmidons took the alarm and resolved to embrace a similiar policy and thus an electioneering festival in honor of the dead dutch king William the 3d was celebrated with general avidity.\n          In the month of October last I wrote from London several short letters to you stating a few facts that I thought might be made subservient to the interests of our country. I also inclosed some letters from Mr Jefferson to myself, illustrating the affairs of France during the late revolution in the government of that country; requesting that when you had perused the same they might be transmitted to Col. Smith; to whom I likewise wrote intreating him to return them again to me in Charlestown. As I find by the newspapers that Capt Folger is in Boston I doubt not that the letters to which I refer have been duly received and that you have had the goodness to forward them to Col. Smith.\n          After the satisfactory details and ingenious remarks of Mr Jefferson concerning european affairs in general it might seem arrogant on similiar topics to offer you any opinions of my own. And I therefore content myself to state concisely some conjectures that I have since heard rational people in Britain suggest. The politics of the sensible part of my acquaintance were either of a pacific or warlike complexion in November last. Those who indulged the former sort of guesses said. \u201cEngland is unwilling to engage in war and France is unable. The Russians have as yet gained little by sea and the Germans less by land. The incredible expence of treasure and waste of lives in a single campaign, without the equivalent of any one decisive advantage or important object has so sickend the sovereigns of the two Empires that both will listen to terms of accommodation with the porte this winter. Especially if the Courts of London Berlin and Versailles unitedly interpose their mediatorial good offices\u2014an event by no means improbable. But even if France shou\u2019d stand aloof she is not in a condition to intimidate, or even menace the British and Prussian\nCourts\u2014who having cemented the closest alliance and being aided also by Holland Sweden and Turkey can both formidably menace and effectual act. Whereas France in the event of a general war on the continent must either remain neutral and supine and so condescend from the high rank which she once held in Europe\u2014or if she enter into any new system of politics to underprop her dignity she can only resort to a union with the two Empires, thereby putting her own future grandeur in jeopardy by contributing to exalt potentates and enlarge powers already much too enormous and transscendent. Besides she can not embrace such a system without hazarding the exclusive benefit of her trade with Turkey\u2014nor unless she consent to abandon an ally whom she has guided and supported for more than a century past\u2014and whom she can not wish to see weakend or overwhelmed either by the disciplind legions of Germany or the ruder barbarians of the north, of whose rdundant greatness she must be rationally jealous. But even were these difficulties obviated and these obstacles overcome France has a very long pause to make before it will be practicable for her to regain her lost ascendency in Europe. Her exchequer is empty\u2014her finances deranged\u2014her credit crippled and her executive enfeebled, by the radical rottenness of her court system and also by the civil triumph of an aristocracy which has shaken the throne to its lowest foundation.\u201d\n          To these presumptions inferences or facts those who predict a continuance of the war thus reply. \u201cSay rather England is really unable and France but apparently unwilling to go to war. How can England man her navy without cutting up that commerce by the roots the luxuriant and even fungous growth of which since the peace alone has enabled her to encounter the frightful mass of her public debt? With what difficulty and by what strenuous exertions did she equip a few sail of the line to interfere in the affairs of Holland? Did she not then justly tremble for the safety of her possessions both in the East and West? Is she not at this moment fortifying her sugar Islands, and dispatching raw recruits to be dispatch\u2019d in her distant dominions\u2014conscious that her boasted marine is insufficient to protect them? If the Russians and the Germans have yet gained no decisive victory neither have they lost any important battle; and perhaps for this very reason they will not soon in good earnest listen to terms of accommodation with the turks. Russia has smoothed her passage into the mediterranean for the next campaign by dividing Sweden\u2014 by arming Denmark and by conciliating Portugal. Poland already is little more than a fief of the Russian Empire. And shoud the two\nEmpires tempt France by offering to relinquish to her a Lion\u2019s share of the turkish plunder upon condition that she wou\u2019d league with them to seize it who can assert that such an offer will be rejected? Especially at a crisis like the present when France is smarting from an acute sense of national affronts which an extraordinary domestic convulsion compels her not to forget or forgive but only to smother and dissemble. But these her interior disorders will soon of themselves digest into a sounder constitution then she has ever yet had. Who knows that Mr Neckar the King and the Commons of France may not unite to poise the aristocracy of the assembled states general? An able premier who is also an able financier and a subtle statesman possessing the confidence of the crown and the clergy and moving also upon an agitated stream of popular favour may almost work miracles of war negotiation or finance in a nation heated for hostility\u2014profound in political intrigue and fertile in prodigious resources.\u201d\n          While I am penning this letter we learn that his britannic majesty is insane\u2014and a regency is to be appointed: This single fact may totally unravel the tissue of those continental politics which Mesrs. Pitt and Hawksbury have been industriously weaving these four years.\n          But I have already trespass\u2019d on your patience too far concerning remote and perhaps to you uninteresting objects. Yet from your late situation at the Court of St James\u2019s and having frequently been honor\u2019d with your opinions on similiar topics I presume you do not totally disrelish such disquisitions even now.\n          With my very best compliments to Mrs Adams I have the honor to be, / Affectionately and respectfully / Your Most Obedt. Sert.\n            John Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0264", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n            my dear friend,\n            Philadelphia Jany 22nd. 1789.\n          Your affectionate and instructing letter of Decemr 2nd: did not reach me \u2019till yesterday.\u2014 I embrace with my Affections, as well as my judgement that form of Goverment which you have proved from as many Authorities, to be the only One that can preserve political happiness. It was my Attachment to a constitution composed of three branches, that first deprived me of the Confidence of the whigs of Pennsylvania in the close of the year 1776. My Observations upon the misery which a single legislature has produced in Pennsylvania, have only served to encrease my Abhorrence of that Species of Goverment. I could as soon embrace the most absurd dogmas in the most Absurd of all the pagan religions, as prostitute my Understanding, by approving of our State constitution.\u2014 It is below a democracy. It is mobocracy\u2014if you will allow me to coin a word. If you will not, permit me to compare it to a wheelbarrow, or a Balloon. I never see our selfballancd legislature meet, but I feel as if I saw a body of men ascending in One of those air Vehicles\u2014without sails or helm.\u2014 I have collected materials for a history of the Revolution in Pennsylvania, but despair of being able to arrange or publish them, while I am so closely confined to the duties of my profession. They contain such an Account the follies & vices of mankind as would tend, for ever to discredit a single legislature.\n          You will perceive by the Philada papers that your friends here have not been idle in preparing an honourable Seat for you in the federal Senate. You will I believe have every Vote from this State, & pains have been taken to secure the same Unanimity in your favor in several of the adjoining states. I assure you Sir\u2014that friendship for you, has had much less to do in this business, as far as I have embarked in it, than a sincere desire to place a Gentleman in the vice president\u2019s chair, upon whose long tried integrity,\u2014just principles in Goverment\u2014and firm opposition to popular arts and demagogues, such a dependance could be placed, as shall secure us both from a Convention, & from constitutional Alterations, falsely & impudently called by some of our State Governors Amendments. Mr Tench Coxe (Now One of our delegates in new York) has had great merit in holding up your name to the public by private letters, as well as by publications, for the Above station.\u2014 I wish to make you acquainted with him. He has been extremely active & useful in spreading federal knowledge\n& principles in Pennsylvania, as well as in other parts of the United states.\n          Our Representatives in the lower house of Congress are all federal. Mr Fitzsimons is an enlightned merchant, and an able politician. Mr Clymer is judicious\u2014and perfectly upright. The Country gentlemen are all Sensible,\u2014and some of them well informed upon the Subjects of legislation.\u2014\n          Our Senators are Mr Morris\u2014& Mr McClay. The latter is one of my early, & most intimate friends.\u2014 He is a Scholar\u2014a philosopher\u2014 and a Statesman.\u2014 Few men unite such great speculative, with such [extraordinary] accurate practical talents. He was educated a l[aw]yer, but for many years past had left the bar in order [to] improve a large & clear estate in one of our n[ew] Counties.\n          I rejoice to hear of the promising talents & manners of your sons. With sincere wishes for the encrease of your domestic happiness, & public usefulness, I am / my dear friend, / Yours / Affectionately\n            Benjn Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0265", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Eager Howard, 23 January 1789\nFrom: Howard, John Eager\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the honor to enclose a proclamation which will inform you of the result of the late elections in this State. The federal ticket has been carried by a very large Majority. Knowing that this circumstance will give you pleasure I have taken the earliest opportunity of communicating it\u2014 One circumstance I will add that in the County which bears your name out of 1164 taken there was not one for the antifederal ticket\u2014\n          I am / Yr Most Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0266", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 23 January 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          Having read in the Papers of to Day, an Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in France to one at Boston, mentioning an Edict excluding foreign whale Oil, I waited on the minister of France to be informed whether he had recd. official Information of it. He told me he had not.\u2014 We had much Conversation on the subject, and from it I was led to conclude, that he did not think it improbable that the unsettled State of the french administration might have produced such a measure. He observed that our Commerce with France should be regulated on stable Principles, and after being reduced to System, should be fixed by Treaty\u2014that the Duration of occasional Edicts could not be relied upon, and that they would always be liable to such alterations as circumstances might from Time to Time render convenient to the administration\u2014\n          Be pleased to present our Compts. to Mrs. Adams & Col. & Mrs. Smith\u2014we hope their Journey has been as agreable as the Season would permit.\n          Mr. Pintard will be the Bearer of this\u2014 this Gentleman has for several Years been the american agent at Madeira\u2014and Congress have testified their approbation of his Conduct\u2014 He expressed a\nDesire of paying his Respects to You\u2014and I introduce him with Pleasure\u2014\n          with great Esteem and Regard I am / Dear Sir / Your affte. Friend & Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0267", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Sylvanus Bourne, 28 January 1789\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Adams, John\n          Pardon the liberty I take, and permit me to call to your Excellency\u2019s recollection, a Person who (at the time the Committee of Convention for framing this State\u2019s Constitution were sitting in this town) requested to be taken into your Office, as a student at Law, and had your promise to be received if the services of your Country should not call you abroad; but which proving to be the case in a short time after\u2014my Views were thereby frustrated. this in connection with some other unfavourable occurrences of the moment, turned my Attention into a different channell & Commerce became the object of my future pursuit; and tho\u2019 the peculiar embarrassments which have attended trade in the northern States, since the peace, have cramped my connections in business. I have not failed [. . .] by reading & observation to make myself in some degree acquainted with the general principles of Commerce and more especially those which apply to the situation & interests of my own Country; cherishing the fond idea that I might have a future opportunity, of rendering service herein\u2014and cannot but view with heartfelt pleasure that agr[ea]ble prospects, which the establishment of a system adequate to every purpose of Govt: affords America, of soon being able, to retreive her lost Credit, & respectability with foreign powers, and her peace & happiness at home\u2014\n          As the want of due Commercial regulations gave the first rise to our present system\u2014such regulations I humbly conceive will form\nthe first Objects of its Administration; as being intimately connected with the Revenue & on the principle of Obviating the injurious effects which have arisen to us, from the rigid navigation Acts, of those Nations\u2014with whom we have been commercially connected: for however despicable they may have viewed us in our late unhinged situation, they will have reason I presume, materially to change their sentiments when they find us in the operation of that Govt which gives us the capacity of combating them with their own Weapons by opposing similar restrictions on our part.\u2014and it is not to be doubted that America under an efficient Commercial System & with her internal resources brought into Action\u2014will have her future connection solicited by those very nations, who now pretend to hold her in Contempt, & on terms of National reciprocity\u2014\n          Fraught with these sentiments & in possession of an heart devoted to the service of my Country\u2014I have in contemplation to adopt the favourable Crisis which will present under the operation of the new Govt. to solicit a consulship or some commercial errand abroad; presuming that the establishment of Persons as the Guardians of our Interests in foreign ports will be esteemed necessary upon the plan of regulating our future Commerce & to obtain accurate information of the relative importance of their trade with us\u2014to the accomplishment of my wishes I need the assistance of able friends\u2014 I have conversed with my Uncle Bowdoin Mr Lowell & several others on the subject, who promise me their recommendation & friendship, but shall esteem yours of decided importance to me hoping to find your Excellency at the head of the federal Council\u2014where your exalted reputation will not fail to give all possible weight to your Advice & recommendations\u2014a conviction of the importance of your friendship to me\u2014whether you are in or out of the Govt. prompts to this early application\u2014and I feel confident from a knowledge of your Excellencys Character that it must be a pleasing sacrifice to the goodness of your Heart\u2014whenever in your power to promote the Views of a young person whose basest motive is Ambition & whose greatest Pride would be to serve his Country\u2014\n          I have the honour to be in sentiments of the greatest respect & Esteem / Your Excellencys / Most Obedt: Servt\n            Silvanus Bourn\n            NB I shall do myself the honour to wait on your Excellency in a few days\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0269", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 8 February 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\n            My Dear Friend\n          Your obliging favor of the 22d Ult I recd. last night.\u2014 I remember so much of the transactions, at the formation of the Pensilvania Constitution, that I wish you could save time enough from almost any other pursuit, to arrange your materials for an History of the Revolution in Pensilvania, to be published hereafter; at present perhaps it might not be prudent. The four respectable characters, who had much influence in the fabrication of your Constitution, Mr. Matlack Mr Cannon Mr Paine & Dr Young, should be analyzed and developed in a manner that would give offence. Let me give you the character of one of them, (Young) in a conversation which really passed in 1772 between Timothy Ruggles, & Royal Tyler.\n          Ruggles. That Tom Young, is a firebrand, an incendiary an eternal fisher in troubled waters. Boston will nev[er] be in peace while that fellow is in it. He is a scourge a pestilence, a judgement.\n          Tyler. come! come! dont abuse Dr Young; He is a necessary man in the town of Boston. He is in the city, what you are in the House of Reps.: a useful man.\n          Ruggles. useful for what? Tyler. I was yesterday in a watch makers shop, and look\u2019d over his shoulder while he put a watch together:\nThe springs and wheels, were all clean, and in good order, every one in its place as far as I could see, but the watch would not go: the artist at length with his thu[mb] and forefinger groping in the dust, upon his shop board took up a little dirty pin, scarcely visible to my naked sight blew off the dust and screwed it into a certain part of the wheelwork, the watch then click\u2019d in an instant and went very well.\u2014 This little dirty screw are you in the Legislature and Dr Young in the town of Boston. Here was a loud roar of Laughter at Ruggles\u2019s expence; but his wit has seldom failed him as his power of face; with all the gravity of a Judge he replied. Ruggles. Since you are upon clock work, I\u2019l tell you what you resemble, the Pendulum\u2014eternaly vibrating from one side to the other; but I must do you the justice to say I never knew one swing so clear. the answer hit the character so exactly, that the tide of laughter was now turned the contrary way.\n          We have had my dear sir, in all the States in the course of the late revolution, two many of these little Pins who have acquired the reputation of great wheels and main springs. How few in any age or country have been equal to it; in America, we should have been very excusable if we had found none; neither our Education our prospects or expectations led us to this frame of thinking. Ages of anarchy and distraction preceeded the formation of such characters as those of Lycurgus and Solon. And long study and laborious travel, with a single view to discover the best forms of government were scarcely sufficient for their purpose. An anxiety for the consequences of the form of government which I found planning for Pensilvania, induced me to throw out those thoughts on Government which were printed I believe by Dunlap in 1776, if you can find one of them you will oblige Me by sending it; I have not seen it these ten years, and have not been able to find one here since my return. I remember that you wrote a series of speculations in the Newspapers about the same time upon the same subject; as I thought them at the time both Spirited and ingenious, I wish to see them again. With the character of Mr Tench Coxe, I have had for some time, an agreeable acquaintance, but knew not that he had employ\u2019d many of his thoughts about me, till I received your letter. I have not seen a Pensylvania paper since my return, nor did I know but from a paragraph or two extracted into the Boston papers that any thing had been written concerning me.\n          The character you give me of Mr McClay is very agreeable, and the more so because he is your Friend; his real character was little known here.\n          If it should be my destiny to have any share in the new government, you will be very sensible of the delicacy of my situation, and of the necessity of a more accurate discretion, than nature perhaps has afforded me. I shall be very happy in your correspondence, but you will readily agree, that it must be very confidential. If my sensibility, by long and severe exercise, had not been almost exhausted, it would have been deeply affected, at the late descision in this state. After all the man\u0153uvers and intrigues of a certain popular first magistrate, 21 and his faithfull emisaries, there was not one man returned by the people, from all the districts of the commonwealth, as an Elector, whose sentiments were even equivocal; unless it were one in a remote part, whose name I never heard before\u2014and his opinion was only dubious.\n          I am my Dear Sir, your affectionate Friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0270", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Murray, 10 February 1789\nFrom: Murray, John\nTo: Adams, John\n            How grateful, how thankful, this moment I feel\u2014 To who, for what? To the infinitely good, the infinitely great, who, having the hearts of all in his hand, hath in the course of his Providence, dis-posed one of the best, one of the greatest of his speies to feel kindly disposed towards his humble thankful servant.\n            You will, good Sir, (I might had said great, but great you may be, and not good, and then, little as I am, I shall neither be grateful or thankful for your condescending notice) be at a loss to concieve why I thus address you\u2014 Alass, Sir, you must submit to a thousand im-pertinent addresses\u2014 You are going to asscend an eminance where, when seated, the eyes of multitudes will be fixt upon you, and you\nwill look down upon them, not with contempt, but with pity. I venture to present myself before you, I presume, if not the first, in the very first line. I present myself before you, not only to offer my sincere congratulations on your being called by your lov\u2019d, your grateful Country to fill so important a station, where, acting yourself, you must do good unto all, and be the public Benefactor of the Continent\u2014where, after serving your Country\u2014(not yourself, or, rather, in serving that Country, more effectually serving yourself by indulging your finer feelings) in the first Courts of the Elder world, you will now, have an opportunity of giving being to the first Court in the new world, where honor and honesty will take up their residence, never, I trust, in future to be considered a stranger there.\n            But what, you will say does all this tend to\u2014 first, without any doubt, the gratification of myself\u2014 I have alway found pleasure in declaring the Truth. secondly\u2014I embrace this opportunity to gratify my Friend\u2014\n            I have dear Sir, a Friend in this place, who I really think feels a strong affection for your Humble servant\u2014 I, therefore, you will readily conclude feel a strong affection for him\u2014 now this Friend hearing me so often dwell with delight on your praises, took it in his head that you had honored me with your friendly attention, and convinced I am his Friend he wished to oblige me by giving me an opportunity of obliging him by soliciting your kind condescending assistance to put him into the place of Naval Officer in this Town.\n            The friend, then, I have the honor to solicit your favor on the behalf of is one of the first characters in this Town, and tho\u2019 the son of one who was not a Whig (Mr Epes Sargent) yet this Mr. Epes Sargent Junr. has been himself, from the begining a very stanch one, and but for some reasons that you, dear Sir, as a Father, must approve of, would on sundry occasions have consented to gratify the Electors of this Town in representing them in the general Court.\n            The place he would wish to occupy is not a very lucrative one, but his business is small, and his Family large\u2014 small, however, as the place is, I make no doubt but there will be a plurality of Petitioners anxious to obtain it\u2014 as you, dear Sir, will have but one wish\u2014to do good\u2014first for your Country in general, next for the most deserving members of the Community in particular, I venture to incourage hope you will do what in your own wisdom you see fit, to put into the naval Office, the Friend of him, who have the honor to be with very respectful, and sincere regard / Your most obedient, / most devoted, / Humble Servant\n              John Murray\n            I beg leave to add, that, I am requested by Mrs. Murray to beseech you to allow her to accompany me in sincere gratulations, on the present occasion. she also begs she may be indulged with the favor of presenting, with your humble servant, her most grateful Compliments to your ever Amiable Lady and the lovely Youth she had the pleasure of seeing in your hospitable Mansion\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0271", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Abraham Fuller, 12 February 1789\nFrom: Fuller, Abraham\nTo: Adams, John\n          Since I made the last return of the number of Polls in the Commonwealth, to your Honr, I find a Mistake of 45 Polls, being Short of the number in the County of York, they being Added to the County of York makes the number 4944; than the whole number in the Commonwealth is 90513\u2014\n          Your Honr. most Obedient & / Huml. Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0272", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Cushing, 18 February 1789\nFrom: Cushing, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          I know you will forgive me if I draw your attention, a moment, from the weighty matters that employ it, to the Subject of libels &\nliberty of the press; on which I had the pleasure of a word with you\u2014 lately. Our 16th. Art. of declaration of rights, holds forth that, \u201cThe liberty of the press is essential to the Security of freedom in a state,\u201d and that\u2014\u201cit ought not, therefore, to be restrained within this Commonwealth.\u201d I confess I have had a difficulty about the construction of it; which no Gentleman better than yourself can, in a word, clear up. My question is this\u2014Whether it is consistent with this article, to deem & adjudge any publications of the press, punishable as libels, that may arraign the conduct of persons in office, charging them with instances of male conduct repugnant to the duty of their offices & to the public good & Safety;\u2014when such charges are supportable by the truth of fact? By the law of England, it seems clear, that, in a civil action for damages, a libel must appear to be false as well as Scandalous; & the truth of an accusation may be pleaded in bar of a Suit, whether brought for words or for a libel. 4 Black. 150, & Elsewhere.\n          But on an indictment for a libel, it is held to be immaterial, whether the matter of it be true or false. And this law, Judge Blackstone says, is founded solely, upon the tendency of libels to create animosities & to disturb the public peace; & that the provocation, & not the falsity, is the thing to be punished criminally. And some books say, the provocation is the greater\u2014if true. The consequence of all which is, that a man ought to be punished more for declaring truth, than for telling lies, in case the truth contains a charge of criminality against any one.\n          However in the case of the 7 bishops, Mr. Just. P., who, Ld. Camden said, was the only honest man upon the bench at that time, held that, to make the petition a libel it must be false &c, & that the case turned upon the truth of the assertion, that the dispensing power claimed by the King was illegal: & he held the position of the bishops true & right as to ecclesiastical laws & all other laws whatsoever. He was overruled indeed by the other Judges, especially by Ch. Just. Wright, & Allybone; the former laying it down, that whatever disturbed the government or made mischief or a Stir among the people, was within the case of libellis famosis, & whether true or false, was a libel. Allybone, asserted, that a private man, taking upon him to write any thing concerning government, was an intruder into other mens matters, & was a libeller. But the dernier resort, the Jury overruled all & set them right. The indictment in that case charged the petition to be a false writing\u2014& I believe no indictment for a libel was ever framed, without an allegation of falsity. Which, with the reason\nof the thing, may be some apology for Just. P.\u2019s mistaking the law. It must be confessed that, as the law of England now stands,\u2014truth cannot be pleaded in bar of an indictment, though it may, of a civil action, for a libel.\u2014\n          The question is\u2014whether it is law now, here. The 6th. Art. of the last chap. of our Constitution, is\u2014that all laws heretofore adopted & usually practiced on in the Courts here, shall remain; excepting only such parts as are repugnant to the rights & liberties of this Constitution. By the spirit & implication of this Article, laws of England not usually practiced on here, are not to have force with us, & laws actually practiced on, but repugnant to the Constitution, are set aside. If therefore that point has never been adjudged here (& I do not know that it has been) we are at liberty to judge upon it de novo, upon the reason of the thing & from what may appear most beneficial to Society. And in that case, it strikes me as it did honest Powel, that falsity must be a necessary ingredient in a libel. But to come to our article, respecting liberty of the press: the words of it being very general & unlimited, what guard or limitation can be put upon it? Doubtless it may & ought to be restrainable from injuring characters; which is one principal object & end of other articles & of government. But charging a man, by word, writing or printing, with a crime, of which he is really guilty, is\u2014damnum absque injuria, as Blackstone & others justly observe. And in general, no doubt, it may be restrained from injuring the public or individuals, by propagating falshoods. But when the article says\u2014\u201cThe liberty of the press is essential to the Security of freedom,\u201d and, \u201cit ought not to be restrained\u201d does it not comprehend a liberty to treat all Subjects & characters freely within the bounds of truth? Judge Black, says, (4, Vol. p. 151) the liberty of the press consists\u2014\u201cin laying no previous restraints upon publications,\u201d & not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. wherein he refers to a public Licenser or inspector of the press. That is, no doubt, the liberty of the press,\u2014as allowed by the law of England. But the words of our Article, understood according to plain English & common sense\u2014make no such distinction, & must exclude subsequent restraints\u2014as much as, previous restraints. In other words, if all men are restrained, by the fear of jails, Scourges & loss of ears, from examining the conduct of persons in administration, and, where their conduct is illegal, tyrannical & tending to overthrow the constitution & introduce Slavery, are so restrained from declaring it to the public; that will be as effectual a restraint, as any previous restraint whatever.\n          The question upon the article is\u2014What is that \u201cLiberty of the press which is essential to the Security of freedom\u201d?\n          The propagating literature & knowledge by printing or otherwise, tends to illuminate mens minds, & to establish them in principles of liberty. But it cannot be denied also\u2014that a free Scanning the conduct of Administration, & Shewing the tendency of it, & where truth will warrant, making it manifest, that it is subversive of all law, liberty & the constitution; it cannot be denied, I think, that this liberty tends \u201cto the Security of freedom in a State;\u201d even more directly & essentially, than the liberty of printing upon literary & Speculative subjects in general. Without this liberty of the press, could we have supported our liberties against british Administration? or could our revolution have taken place? pretty certain, it could not at the time it did. Under a Sense & impression of this Sort I conceive this article, was adopted. This liberty of publishing truth can never effectually injure a good government or honest administrators; but it may save a state & prevent the necessity of a revolution, as well as bring one about when it is necessary. It may be objected\u2014that a public prosecution is the regular course\u2014in case of malefeasance. But what single man would undertake such an invidious & dangerous task against a man high in interest, influence & power? But the liberty of the press, when it has truth for its basis, who can stand before it? Besides, it may facilitate a legal prosecution that is well-founded, which might not otherwise have been dared to be attempted. When the press is made the vehicle of falshood & scandal, let the authors be punished with becoming rigour. But Why need any honest man be afraid of truth? The guilty only fear it\u2014and I cannot but be inclined to think with Gordon (in his letter upon Libels vol. 3. No. 28. of Cato\u2019s Letters) that truth sacredly adhered to, in all cases without exception can never upon the whole prejudice right religion equal government, or a government founded upon proper ballances & checks, or the happiness of society in any respect; but must promote them all. Suppressing this liberty I am speaking for, by penal laws; will it not carry greater danger to freedom, than it will do good to government? The weight of government is Sufficient to prevent any very dangerous consequences occasioned by provocations resulting from charges founded in truth, whether such charges are made in a legal course, or otherwise.\n          But not to trouble you with a multiplicity of words; If I am wrong, I should be glad to be set right. Experiencing the happiness of your friendship upon former occasions, gives me a kind of further claim\nupon it.\u2014 However I would not wish to intrude upon your busy hours, devoted to more important matters; & especially as you are to be speedily called to the weighty concerns of a high office in the f\u0153deral government\u2014not, indeed, as head, but to be a pillar to support the head & the whole fabrick;\u2014an office, to which no man can dispute the ground of your title, as on other accounts, so particularly for the share you have had (greater in many respects, I suppose, than any other) at home and abroad, from the beginning to the conclusion, in the late revolution.\u2014 The point now is a stable government, which is to be in motion soon, & I heartily wish you Success.\u2014 I am Sir, your affectionate friend & humble Servant\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0273", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n            my dear friend,\n            Philadelphia Feb: 21st 1789.\n          Few events have happened since the 17th of septemr: 1788, which have afforded me more pleasure than your election to the Vice president\u2019s chair. It is the cape stone of my our labors respecting the new goverment. Mr Rutledge had some friends in Pennsylvania\u2014But your friends prevailed. Mr Wilson had great merit in this business. Mr Morris likewise advised it. There is an expectation here which I\nhave humoured, that your influence will be exerted immediately in favor of a Motion to bring Congress to Philada:\u2014 New England alone must determine this question\u2014for our Quaker & German manners will always give new york an Advantage over us in the Opinion of southern gentlemen. There was a time when yankies & Aristocratic new yorkers were less United. I wish to see the Congress in Philada: for two reasons principally. 1 To silence the clamors which begin to circulate in some of the southern states, of the interested & local Views of the Eastern States, & 2ly to prevent a few years hence a removal of the Seat of goverment to a more Southern, a less healthy & less republican State.\u2014\n          I lost your excellent pamphflet by lending it to One of our printers, but shall endeavour to procure a copy which was printed from it in one of our newspapers in the year 1777.\u2014 I enclose you a copy of the four letters you refer to, published in the same year\u2014also a small tract on the late test law of Pennsylvania by the same Author. my His enemies have done him the honor of saying in our public prints, that it repealed that impolitic law.\u2014\n          Besides the four persons whom you have mentioned in your letter, a fifth character of more consequence than either of them must be brought into a View in giving a history of the Constitution of Pennsylvania. Reed\u2019s Administration likewise, stained\u2014by folly\u2014fraud\u2014 and Violence will must be described in a review of the revolution in Our state.\u2014 The rank & connections of both these gentlemen forbid the truth to be told of them for many years to come.\u2014 I shall however begin the work, and bequeath it to my children. It will afford them some instruction. With this, they will receive many Other documents of the revolution, and of eminent political & military characters.\u2014 The enclosed Anecdote of yourself, was extracted from One of them.\n          The conduct of Delaware & maryland in thowing away all their Votes for a Vice president I believe was influenced in part by a jealousy of the new England States, which has been revived, & inflamed by their vote in favor of the meeting of the first Congress in New york. Philadelphia is the head Quarters of federalism. There will be no cordiality between the Eastern & some of southern states \u2019till the Congress fixes in Philada or Baltimore.\n          Your correspondence will always be agreeable to me, and you may rely upon Secrecy when ever your letters are confidential.\u2014\n          I move at present only in the line of my profession.\u2014 but my eyes\u2014 and ears\u2014and fact-book\u2014are as usual open my decided &\nunequivocal conduct in politicks has thrown me at a distance from the present chief magistrate of Pennsylvania.\u2014 He is the counterpart of your friend in the late elections in massachussets. I employ my leisure hours in pursuits which have for their Objects the happiness of my Country. In some of these I have been successful.\u2014 From Others, I have reaped nothing but abuse, and a Consciousness of having aimed well.\n          Adieu\u2014my dear friend. From / yours very sincerely\n            Benjn Rush\n            P.S: It is said that Mr Thomson does not intend to apply for the Secretaryship of the senate. would not that appointment be a suitable one for Col: Smith?\u2014 The propriety of placing a person in that office so nearly connected with the chief & executive officer of the Senate, must be obvious to every one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0274", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 1 March 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Braintree March 1. 1789\n          The inclosed Letter from The Hon. Stephen Higginson Esqr, is upon a Subject of so much Importance, and contains so much Information that I cannot withold it from you. The little Jealousy, Envy or Caprice, that shall deprive our Merchants of the Benefit of Trading to the Isles of France & Bourbon, will only compell them to seek the Ultimate Marketts upon the Continent, directly.\n          In four days, the new Government is to be erected. Washington appears to have an unanimous Vote: and there is probably a Plurality, if not a Majority in favour of your Friend.\u2014 It may be found easier to give Authority, than to yeild Obedience.\n          Amendments to the Constitution, will be expected. and no doubt discussed. Will you be so good as to look over the Code and write me your Sentiments of Amendments which you think necessary or usefull? That greatest and most necessary of all Amendments the Seperation of the Executive Power, from the Legislative Seems to be better understood than it once was. without this our Government is in danger of being a continual Struggle between a Junto of Grandees, for the first Chair.\n          The Success of the new Plan will depend in the first Place upon a Revenue, to defrey the Interest of the foreign and domestic debt. But how to get a Revenue? how to render Smuggling and Evasion Shameful?\n          You must expect the first Operations will be very Slow.\u2014 Mrs A. and your old Admirer, my Son, desire their respects to you.\n          with unabated respect, Esteem & affection / I am, dear sir, your Friend & humble / sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0275", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 1 March 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\n          Having just recd. a letter from my friend Doctor Rush, which contained the enclosed pacquet for you, I do myself the honor of covering it to you lest Col. Smith should have left Massachusetts: and since I have taken this liberty, Sir, I will do myself the pleasure to add such information as I conceive it may be any pleasure to you to receive.\n          The Returns from Virginia are recd. as far as nine, of whom six are friendly, three unfriendly to the Constitution. The Kentucky District is unknown. Hence it appears that the Dispositions of Virginia to the Constitution have become more favorable\u2014\n          Private letters from S. Carolina confirm the probability of their running Mr. Rutlege as Vice president, but I have great pleasure, Sir, in congratulating you on the certainty of the election of a much\nmore acceptable and proper character to that honorable Appointment\u2014\n          A vessel from Georgia while I write brings information that Genl. Washington & you would have the votes of the presidential Electors, & that their Reps. will probably be all federalists\u2014\n          There seems no doubt that John Lawrence Esqr. and Ezra LHomedieu Esqr. will represent the two Southern districts of this state, tho it is uncertain whether any other person; friendly to the constitution will be carried in the other four Districts\u2014 Our last Advices render it doubtful whether the legislature will concur in any mode of electing Senators, but tis probable you will have later Advices than ours from Albany.\n          A law of great Importance has passed in Pennsa. altering the nature of tenures. Any foreigner, not being at the time of purchase an enemy, may buy & hold lands in our state. In order to make this deviation from the feudal system safely, the law confines their right to the ensuing three years. There are yet 8 Millions of Acres of land to be sold by our state\u2014 Many of these great tracts are finely situated, & of extraordinary quality.\n          The following Gentlemen are arrived here. Of the federal Senate Messrs. Langdon, Wingate, Strong, Johnson, Ellsworth; and of the house of representatives Messrs. Thatcher, Gilman, Leonard, Gerry, Ames, Huntingdon, Tucker. Several others are mentioned by them, as to be here on the 3d.\u2014\n          The Jersey Election is not yet closed. There seems no doubt of their being well disposed as all the candidates are known to be friendly to the constitution, except one whom I know pretty well & from whom I have no fears.\u2014\n          With wisdom & temper, Sir, our prospects appear very comfortable, and I feel a very firm confidence that those indispensable qualities of good Governors will not be wanting\u2014\n          With my most respectful Comps. to Mrs. Adams, &, if in Massachussetts, to Col & Mrs. Smith\u2014 I have the honor of being, Sir, / yr. most obedient / humble Servant\n            Tench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0277", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tristram Dalton, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Dalton, Tristram\nTo: Adams, John\n            Newburyport March 3d. 1789\n          The accounts received of the votes given for Vice President of the federal Senate render your Election to that high Office undoubted\u2014 will you permit me to congratulate you on the occasion, tho\u2019 premature? not only because I wish to express my earliest Joy, which is sincere\u2014but that I may, in season, propose accompanying you to New York\u2014if your arrangements should make it convenient to you\u2014\n          A cruel, indeterminate, disorder has confined me more than eleven weeks\u2014 my Physician this day declares, as his opinion, that my health will permit me to proceed on my Journey in 2 weeks more\u2014\n          Mrs Dalton will go with me\u2014 if Mrs Adams should favor you with her good Company one Coach would accomodate us, and render the fatigues of the Ride less disagreeable to them\u2014\n          Mrs D & I can be in Boston, ready to proceed, by the 21st of this month\u2014if necessary, the Wednesday preceding\u2014or with more conveniency a few days after the 21st. when the roads will be better\u2014 My determination is to be in Congress as soon as the President of the Senate\u2014 my acceptance of a Seat therein was more readily made by the flattering expectations of your being in the Chair\u2014for,\npresuming on former connections and favors, I promised myself the benefit of your advice and counsel in many affairs of importance that will be before that Body\u2014and, if you will allow me the liberty, I will rely on them\u2014\n          Mrs D requests that her respectful regards may be presented to Mrs Adams & your Self\u2014I beg mine may be rendered agreeable\n          When convenient, please to favor me with your answer\u2014\n          With perfect esteem, & unfeignd affection, / I am\u2014 / Dear Sir\u2014 / Your most hble Servant\n            Tristram Dalton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0278", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Elbridge Gerry, 4 March 1789\nFrom: Gerry, Elbridge\nTo: Adams, John\n            My dear Friend\n            New York 4th March 1789\n          I find on enquiry that you are elected Vice-president, having three or four times the number of votes of any other candidate. Maryland threw away their votes on Colo Harrison & South Carolina on Governor Rutledge, being with some other states which were not unanimous for you, apprehensive that this was a necessary step to prevent your election to the chair\u2014 in this point they were mistaken, for the president as I am informed from pretty good authority, has an unanimous vote. it is the universal wish of all that I have conferred with, & indeed their expectation, that both General Washington & yourself will accept: & should either refuse it will have a very disagreable effect. the members present met to day in the City Hall, there being about eleven Senators & thirteen Representatives, & not constituting a quorum in either house they adjourned till tomorrow.\u2014\n          Mrs Gerry & the ladies join me in sincere regards to yourself, your lady Colo & Mrs Smith & be assured / I remain with the highest respect / your friend & very huml / sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0283", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 19 March 1789\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n            My dear friend,\n            Philadelphia 19th: March 1789\n          From the influence as president of the senate, and a Citizen of massachussets, that you will have in the Councils of our Nation, and more especially upon the Votes of the eastern delegates in both houses I have taken the liberty of addressing a few thoughts to you upon the Subject of the residence of the Congress of the United States.\u2014\n          1 The active and useful part which the Eastern states have taken in the establishment of our independance & new goverment, and the System & Stability of all their Councils, have long disposed me to wish that they may always retain a decisive influence in the Goverment of the United States. To maintain this influence, it must not be suspected. To prevent Suspicion, it should be exercised in the Centre of the Union,\u2014and this we know is not in the city of NewYork.\u2014\n          2 The States of massachussets\u2014Pennsylvania\u2014and Virginia from their size will always be able to preserve an extensive influence in the new goverment. They have lately united in the choice of a Vice President. should they unite in fixing the Seat of the goverment in Philada:\u2014they will have it in their power to preserve their just importance in all future distributions of the great offices of State.\n          3 The Goverment will receive a tone & complexion from the circumambient Air in which it is placed. new york is composed of One third Antifederalists\u2014a third American Citizens with British hearts, & a third honest federalists.\u2014 The Antifederalists & British hearted citizens will be the principal companions of the new Congress.\u2014 From the first they will learn to speak with moderation of the Perfections of the necessity of Amendments in the new goverment, in order to \u201cquiet the minds of the people,\u201d and from the last they will learn to be very complaisant to all the vices of monarchy, and to the corrupt manners of the city of London. Dr Ramsay informed me that a Lady in viewing some of the American troops in his presence, while he was Chairman of Congress remarked, that they \u201clooked like our blues\u201d meaning a British regiment that wore a blue uniform\u2014and Mr Coxe informs me that a lady a few weeks ago in a large company inquired \u201cwhat news from OUR poor king.\u201d\u2014 Can the Virtue of our Congress be safe in a city where such Speeches are both Common & popular?\u2014 Think Sir of the influence of light tea parties\u2014music parties\u2014&c &c upon the manners of the rulers of a great republic. Should amuzement, or improvement be the great Object of company-keeping? And Are those men the most suitable companions for members of Congress who have shewed less zeal to establish the Goverment from which they derive their Authority, than to detain them in the city of new york? By no means\u2014 They will act like children if they suffer themselves to be seduced by the gingerbread-nuts\u2014and baby house which they have spread before them.\u2014\n          4 The foreign ministers we are told prefer new-york to Philada:.\u2014 Farewell to the Sovereignity & independance of the United States if\neven their wishes govern a single Vote in which they are not interested! But why do these men prefer new york to Philada? Because they find more friends to monarchy & more lax principles with respect to free Goverments in the former, than in the latter city?\u2014 In Philada: they could not find three Characters that would join them in a laugh at the Simplicity of dress, or manners of an honest republican.\u2014\n          5 Philadelphia is the centre State of the Union. she is wholly & highly federal. The new goverment was not only framed here, but received from our citizens that impetus, or Offing, that finally carried it into every port in the United States. By the repeal of our test laws every citizen of Philada: is now interested in the goverment,\u2014and of course, will be disposed to shew every possible mark of respect & civility to the members of the federal goverment.\u2014 The proscription under which our Quakers & tories (who compose a great body of our wealthy citizens) were laid by our test laws during the war, was perhaps the principal reason why members of Congress when in Philada: were neglected by them. Our libraries are large, & well furnished with modern & ancient books. Our numerous Societies will afford ample Scope for Observation and instruction. From Philada: there will proceed rays of knowledge, and federal Sentiments (numerous in proportion to our Superiority in point of numbers & federalism) that Shall irradiate the whole United States. Here the human mind is in a state of fermentation.\u2014 Here pleasure yields to business,\u2014 & eating & drinking to useful Conversation. Here Quakers & Germans, tincture every thing with Simplicity, industry\u2014& republicanism. Here the people & their rulers will be alike. Here the people are natives of America\u2014& visibly interested in its prosperity. Here, learning\u2014manufactures\u2014and human improvements of every kind, thrive & flourish. Added to these Advantages, I have the pleasure of informing you that you will soon have an opportunity of seeing all your own principles & opinions realized in Pennsylvania in a new State Constitution, which shall move in exact unison (with some additional notes) with the goverment of the United States.\u2014\n          6 By delaying the removal of Congress to Philada: you will probably be dragged in a few years to the banks of the Potowmac where Negro Slaves will be your Servants by day\u2014mosquitoes your centinels by night,\u2014and bilious fevers your companions every Summer & fall\u2014and pleurasies, every Spring.\n          7 It is worthy of Consideration whether the dishonrable Steps\nwhich have been taken by some of the Citizens of new york to injure the character of the city of Philada: do not deserve some severe marks of disapprobation. while the question for determining where the new Congress Should meet was in agitation, it is a fact that several members of Congress were conducted to the treasury Office in Order to inspect the Accoumpts of several gentlemen of Philada: which it was said would never be setled if the Congress sat within the Vortex of their influence.\n          8 To these detached thoughts, I shall only add one more, & that is, that some of the leading characters in new york were unfriendly to your election\u2014that they have Views to which you will always be an Obstacle\u2014 & that your Conduct both public & private, will always be exposed to uncandid & interested interpretations by them. In Philada: you have many\u2014many friends. Even our women & children have been taught to respect & love your name.\u2014 To this information I could add much more, and was I near to your dear & amiable lady I could whisper in her ear that She will find more friendship under the long ear\u2019d caps of our Philada: Quaker ladies than under the British hats & caps of the ladies of new york.\u2014\n          I beg that this letter may be private\u2014 You have been so long & so successful in negociation that you will know how to use the hints contained in it, without mentioning the name of the Author.\n          With great respect & sincere / regard, I am dear sir your / Affectionate, & / tried Old friend.\n            PS: The Antifederalists in Congress will meet with a powerful Support from govr Clinton & his Adherents in new york.\u2014 Perhaps the Goverment may not be strong eno\u2019 to resist their combined machinations. In Philada: the Antifederalists are so few in number that it will be difficult to find them out, & when discovered they are so contempta[ble] in point of Character, that the disaffected in Congress will be ashamed to as[so]ciate with them. Like Electrified Clouds our Plus will unite with their minus, & a federal equilibrium will be produced which shall pervade the whole continent.\u2014\n            Mr Peters, the worthy Speaker of our Assembly intends to write to you shortly. He sincerely triumphs in your election. Mrs Adams has a large claim upon his gratitude for her Goodness to him when in London", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0285", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mercy Otis Warren, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Warren, Mercy Otis\nTo: Adams, John\n            Plimouth April 2d 1789\n          You are too well acquainted with the history of the world & the distresses of mankind to expect to stand on the eminence of rank, fortune, and influence without solicitations from various quarters\u2014\n          Where you feel a friendship it will always be a sufficient stimulous for the exertion of every kind office without importunity: & when applyed to by strangers in distress your benevolence I trust will excite due attention\u2014\n          This is all the apology I shall make for enclosing a letter from a lady whose history you may have been acquainted with untill the period when Coll Walker like many other Good men who suffered in the public Cause was neglected by that public, & obliged to retire to an obscure Corner then silently to endure penury & slight: which from a state of affluance & independence is trying enough to the feelings of the human heart: without the exstreems of want, & the insolence of more fortunate adventures in life, who once thought themselves honoured by the notice of persons now in peculiar distress\u2014\n          Coll Walker has been dead three or four months you will see by her letter the situation of his wife\u2014& if you think it consistent with justice doubtless you will attend to her application when it comes in your way.\n          She is a Friendless Widow. a sensible well bred woman: once possessed of Fortune & Consequently Courted & respected by the World. and all the alleviation that I know of in her present reversed situation is that she has no Children for whom her heart might be daily wrung: and that the sufferings of her Husband & herself were in Consequence of principles that urged them to risque every thing to obtain liberty, independence and happiness to Others\u2014 Many a simuler Victim to public Virtue we have & shall see in a survey of the convulsions & Revolutions of our own day.\u2014\n          I thank you sir for a letter received by my son\u2014 a son who has suffered too severly from the malice of his Cotemporaries: but perhaps not so much from any impropriety in his own Conduct: as from the Determined system of political enmity that has ransacked the lower Regions for Calumnies to ruin his Father\u2014your Friend.\u2014 and a man\nyou know: or ought to know Has never deviatied from the line of probaty in public or in private life: notwithstanding the efforts to destroy his influence in the public walks & to cut him off from the pleasures of private friendship; by the basest & most Groundless insinuations\u2014\n          I most sincerly wish you every Happiness in the elevatied situation you are about to occupy nor do I think there is much danger of the difficulties you mention\u2014 I cannot sir intirely agree with you in the observation that the people of America will be remarkably averse to yeald obedience to the authority they have institutied:\n          I am perswaded the new Goverment will opperate very quietly unless the reins are held too taught, which may Gall some restive spirits for a while: but mankind are much more prone to servile Compliances to the will of power, than to a sober & Rational attention to that freedom and independence which is the just claim of nature\u2014 and is by no means incompatible with the necessary subordinations which must subsist to maintain a just and energetic Goverment.\u2014\n          You will make my best regards to Mrs Adams and to your Children.\u2014 and believe me sir / With the highest Esteem & Respect / Your assured Friend / & Humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0287", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Langdon, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Langdon, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the honor to transmit to you the information of your being elected to the office of Vice-President of the United States of America. Permit me, Sir, to hope, that you will soon safely arrive here to take upon you the discharge of the important duties, to which you are so honorably called by the Voice of your country.\n          I am, sir, with sentiments / of respect, your obedient / humble servant.\n            John Langdon\n          ENCLOSURE\n          Be it known, That the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America being convened in the City and State of New York, this sixth Day of April, in the Year of our Lord, one thousand, seven hundred, and eighty nine, the under-written appointed President of the Senate for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening, and counting the Votes of the Electors, did, in the Presence of the\nsaid Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and count all the Votes of the Electors for a President, and Vice-President, by which it appears, that the honorable John Adams, Esquire, was duly elected, agreeably to the Constitution, to the Office of Vice-President of the said United States of America.\n          In Testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my Hand and Seal.\n            John Langdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0288", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Peters, 10 April 1789\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n          I should be wanting in those Evidences of my very sincere Respect & Esteem for you which I shall ever be happy in shewing, if I did not take the Oppertunity your Election to the honourable & respectable Station you now fill affords me of joining my Congratulations with those of the great Numbers of our Fellow Citizens who are gratified by your Appointment. I very truly wish you every\nSatisfaction you can desire, & one will, I am sure, be that of bringing to Perfection a System of Government from which our Country confidently expects not only present Relief but future & lasting political Happiness.\n          The Question of your Residence seems to be so much involved in Uncertainty, every one speaking of it as his Interest & consequent Inclination dictate, that I know not, unless Chance throws it in my Way, whether I shall have the much wished for Pleasure of seeing you under my Roof. Be this as it may you have constantly my best Regards. If being among those who very much hold your political Opinions will be an Object with you\u2014come to Philadelphia. We have given every Proof we can of our Esteem for you\u2014 But you are too old a Soldier in Politics to run any Risques on Account of the personal Ease or Pleasure you might derive from your Place of Encampment. I have more than one View in wishing you here. I shall in Addition to other Motives have the no small one of introducing Mrs Peters to your amiable Lady whose Kindness to me I shall never cease to remember. Be pleased to present my most sincere & affectionate Compliments to her & be assured of the constant Esteem & Respect with which / I am dear Sir / Your very obed Servt\n            Richard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0289", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Lovell, 12 April 1789\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          Advised and even pressed, by Friends near me and at a Distance, \u201cto go on to New York;\u2014to be in the Way of soliciting, counteracting\u201d and such kind of Measures respecting the Collectorship here, I am sure I need only say to you that my Duty lays in this County; and that the very Circumstance of quitting & neglecting it for the Purposes mentioned would be a very ill Proof of that Degree of Industry & Fidelity in my Branch of Employment which I make one of the surest Grounds of my Expectations from the New Government of being preferred, in any Case. But, Sir, I must not, on my own\nAccount, and more, on account of our worthy Friend Lincoln, conceal from you, that I have received a Letter, from a Senator who ought to be and probably is my real Well-wisher, which savours too much of the Jobbing Plotting Cutting & Carving of the Candidates themselves, that there may be an Union-of Force on their Part.\u2014 The letter shall speak for itself.\u2014 It accompanies This\u2014and may be left at Brain-tree. For, I am told Portia is to remain there for a Time.\n          The Debt alluded to in the letter is paid by Doct: Craigie, it was due from D Parker to me, and from Me to the Continent, because I had advanced the Money irregularly to furnish the Army.\n          I had written to Mr. M. warmly in Regard to Lincoln\u2014 I have not a Line in answer to that Part, but a Postscript which in Spirit is totally against that as well as against my own Feelings in my own Case.\n          Since I wrote to Mr. M or conversed with you, Infatuation has continued her Progress so far as to put Lincoln more plainly a Candidate before the Eyes of his Friends at a Distance. I have happily been a Witness to private Sentiments and public Acts of Friendship & Honor between You and Him mutually, while each has, at the Time, not known the others Doings.\n          But, Sir, neither in his Case or my own do I, with you, expect private Friendship to opperate without full Coincidence of public Utility. It is this Sentiment which has made me write, with Confidence, to the President to our two Senators, and to some others, By those 3 Letters particularly I hope to be made known to the Gentlemen of the Senate who are Strangers to me.\n          But, Sir, in Regard to Genl Lincoln, there is one Point of higher Importance than all others, which is that the President should not so far lessen his own Power in Nominations to Office, as to propose to the Senators a Cull of Numbers. He should nominate and they disapprove upon the Strength of their official Reputation.\n          I could not, when writing upon my own Case, suggest this Idea to the President himself; but it is very important to Him, because it is very important to the Executive Supreme of our Constitution; and he should be very cautious how he lets his personal Modesty & Moderation impair that Fort: It is far from being too strong in its first Rearing.\n          My Levities Gravities Ambiguities or whatever Else they may be termed are all under your Controul. You can forbid me to trouble you any more with them, in your exalted Station, and leave me humbly to esteem you in Silence as your devoted Friend.\n            James Lovell\n            Copy P.S. of Mr. Morris\u2019s Letter\n            \u201cI think you and Mr. Gorham might, by conversing together, fix Mattars so as to draw together instead of being opposed to each other.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0291", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Treat Paine, 13 April 1789\nFrom: Paine, Robert Treat\nTo: Adams, John\n            Much respected Freind\n          When we were going to the first Congress our worthy Freind Hawley, gave us in writing some broken hints\u2014 I take Liberty to imitate him in the method tho not in the matter, I intended to have done my self the great pleasure to wait on you at Braintree for the benefit of social Conversation, but innumerable Accidents have prevented, I wish to Communicate a few Ideas respecting my Official Situation, & hope this method may not be disagreable\n          I have toiled in public business from the first movings of the Revolution with all my Exertions of mind & body, elven Years in my present Office, & what with the difficulties of the times & the\nContracted Ideas some Influential men have of Supporting public Officers, I have spent my well earned monies I had on Loan for the necessary support of my Family, & in lieu thereof have demands on Government which bear no Interest & which I receive in a manner too Scanty for my Support\u2014 twice have I been honored with an Appointment to the Sup. Court, the first while at Congress I declined because I thought I could be more Serviceable (in our then precarious State) in the political line,\u2014when I returned from Congress in \u201977 I accepted the present Office on the Unexpected Call of Government, because I saw it was necessary for the Existence of the Commonwealth that it should be executed in the manner Which I have Endeavoured, & every Lawyer who was capable was immersed in more profitable business\u2014 I cannot describe the fatigues of it, nothing but a Sense of Honor & Duty prevented my resigning\u2014 in \u201983 I was honored with an Appointment to the Sup. Jud. bench which I declined because I hoped my Office would have yeilded me more income which my family wanted, than a Judgship, but I have been sadly disappointed and have the mortification to find my self out ranked by all my juniors in Politicks & having no Income to recompence it, & by drudging in an office which tho of essential importance to Government, I have been out of the line of public Notice, And am not without Apprehensions that the Change of Government may Still further reduce me\u2014 I have not Sought Popularity but endeavoured to do my duty; expecting that this which first brought me into notice, would continue me in it\u2014 my Age, abilities, political pretensions, of all which you will judge for your Self, make me wish for some station less exposed to drugery & fatigue than that I am in, but my Family Circumstances oblige me to attend to the income. if any Judgship, or quam die office Should turn up it would Suit me better than the one I am in, but if I should be appointed to this with reasonable Support, I shall be thankful\u2014 I do not mean to Sollicit any thing improperly, & if I should, I am sure it would have no effect on you\u2014 I present these Observations because I have always known you attentive to a propriety of Conduct & desirous of a State of facts, & I have no other wishes than that as Opportunity Offers, you would do respecting the premisses what you think proper to be done\u2014 I think General Washington cannot have forgotten me, my Vote, when he took Charge of our Army to Support him with life & fortune & my signing the Charter of our Independence\u2014 it would be galling to me to find that those who in the times of greatest danger were acting a Salvable part, should now catch the bird from the bush which I have\nbeaten\u2014 but I will trouble you no more but wishing you health & all happiness / Subscribe your Freind & hble Sert\n            P:S if there is Occasion for any particular information, pray favour me with a line", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0292", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Stephens Smith, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Adams, John\n            New York April 19th. 1789\u2014 Sunday 8. oClock. A.M.\u2014\n          I had the Pleasure of receiving your letter of the 10th. inst. the last evening, and should have done myself the Honour of meeting you at New Rochelle this day were I not kept in check by Mr: Jay\u2019s proposing that if I would wait untill the morning he would accompany me to meet you at Kings-Bridge, where we suppose you will be at 12. oClock\u2014\n          The arrangements for your accomodation and that of the President are for the present as follows\u2014 The late Pres. House is held for the reception and accomodation of G. W. untill he can make other arrangements more agreable to himself, and when the subject respecting your reception and accomodation was agitated in Congress it was agreed that Mr. Jay as Minister of Congress should receive you and furnish accomodations untill Congress should make such further arrangements as would ennable you, to act for yourself consistant with that establishment which the should make relative to the subject\u2014 It is determined that a Handsome salary should be Granted both to the Pret. & Vice, and they left to themselves with respect to their particular domestick arrangement & establishment\u2014 Mr. Jay is of opinion that you will find this the most independant and least\nirksome of any that they could be made\u2014 for myself I think there is one line more dignified for our Country\u2014but such things are\u2014 G. W. is expected very soon after you\u2014 Upon your arrival at Mr. Jay\u2019s a Committe of Congress are appointed to wait on you with the Congratulations of that Honble. Body on your appointment and arrival at the seat of Government, I immagine their address will be personal & not written\u2014 your Baggage is arrived & will be sent to Mr. Jay\u2019s in the morning\n          Mrs: Smith and our Boy\u2019s are in high health & / I remain yours sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0293", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\n          After my most sincere congratulations upon your arrival at the present Seat of the Federal Goverment, I do myself the honor to enclose you a Copy of the Rules adopted by the Senate,\n          A list of the members, present,\n          a list of the members of the House, present,\n          And a Copy of an order passed the Senate this day, which will be executed whenever your Honor shall appoint, as I presume the Committee will wait on your Honour tomorrow\u2014\n          I am / Sir / Whith every sentiment of / esteem & respect / Your Honors / Most Huml Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0294", "content": "Title: John Adams\u2019 Address to the Senate, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n            Gentlemen of the Senate:\n          Invited to this respectable situation by the suffrages of our fellow citizens, according to the Constitution, I have thought it my duty cheerfully and readily to accept it. Unaccustomed to refuse any public service, however dangerous to my reputation, or disproportioned to my talents, it would have been inconsistent to have adopted an other maxim of conduct, at this time, when the prosperity of the country, and the liberties of the people, require perhaps, as much as ever, the attention of those who possess any share of the public confidence.\n          I should be destitute of sensibility, if, upon my arrival in this city, and presentation to this Legislature, and especially to this Senate, I could see, without emotion, so many of those characters, of whose virtuous exertions I have so often been a witness\u2014from whose countenances and examples I have ever derived encouragement and animation; whose disinterested friendship has supported me, in many intricate conjunctures of public affairs, at home and abroad: Those celebrated defenders of the liberties of this country, whom menaces could not intimidate, corruption seduce, nor flattery allure: Those intrepid assertors of the rights of mankind, whose philosophy and policy, have enlightened the world, in twenty years, more than it was ever before enlightened in many centuries, by ancient schools, or modern universities.\n          I must have been inattentive to the course of events, if I were either ignorant of the fame, or insensible to the merit, of those other characters in the Senate, to whom it has been my misfortune to have been hitherto personally unknown.\n          It is with satisfaction, that I congratulate the people of America on the formation of a national Constitution, and the fair prospect of a consistent administration of a government of laws. On the acquisition of an House of Representatives, chosen by themselves; of a Senate thus composed by their own State Legislatures; and on the prospect of an executive authority, in the hands of one whose portrait I shall not presume to draw\u2014 Were I blessed with powers to do justice to his character, it would be impossible to increase the confidence or affection of his country, or make the smallest addition to his glory. This can only be effected by a discharge of the present exalted trust on the same principles, with the same abilities and virtues, which\nhave uniformly appeared in all his former conduct, public or private. May I, nevertheless, be indulged to inquire, if we look over the catalogue of the first magistrates of nations, whether they have been denominated presidents or consuls, kings or princes, where shall we find one, whose commanding talents and virtues, whose over-ruling good fortune have so completely united all hearts and voices in his favor? who enjoyed the esteem and admiration of foreign nations and fellow citizens with equal unanimity? Qualities so uncommon, are no common blessings to the country that possesses them. By those great qualities, and their benign effects, has Providence marked out the head of this nation, with an hand so distinctly visible, as to have been seen by all men, and mistaken by none.\n          It is not for me to interrupt your deliberations by any general observations on the state of the nation, or by recommending, or proposing, any particular measures. It would be superfluous, to gentlemen of your great experience, to urge the necessity of order. It is only necessary to make an apology for myself. Not wholly without experience in public assemblies, I have been more accustomed to take a share in their debates, than to preside in their deliberations. It shall be my constant endeavor to behave towards every member of this most honorable body with all that consideration, delicacy, and decorum which becomes the dignity of his station and character: But, if, from inexperience, or inadvertency, any thing should ever escape me, inconsistent with propriety, I must entreat you, by imputing it to its true cause and not to any want of respect, to pardon and excuse it.\n          A trust of the greatest magnitude is committed to this Legislature; and the eyes of the world are upon you Your country expects, from the results of your deliberations, in concurrence with the other branches of government, consideration abroad, and contentment at home\u2014prosperity, order, justice, peace, and liberty: And may God Almighty\u2019s providence assist you to answer their just expectations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0295", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jabez Bowen, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Adams, John\n            Providence April 21. 1789\n          I hope this will find you in Health and that Harmony and Unanimity prevails in the Councels of the United States, altho we cannot yet joyn, them.\n          By the Choice of the Representatives that has taken place in this State we have some prospect of the Lower house Voting a State Convention, hope our Friends in Congress will be mindfull of the Mercantile Intrest in this State. and if a Letter could be obtained from the President, Address\u2019d to our General Assembly who Convene The \u2003 of May I have great hopes that we shall carry a Vote for a Convention.\n          This will be Deliverd you by my Brother Oliver Bowen Esqr. who has resided for near Twenty Years in the State of Georgia, and who lost all his property by the Revolution, after rendring considerable Services to the Cause of American Liberty. He now solicits the place of Collector of the Impost for the State of Georgia. he may be Relied upon as a sober and honest man. every service rendered my Brother will be Esteemed as an Obligation Conferred on your Excellencys most Obedient and verry Humb. Servant.\n            Jabez Bowen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0297", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n            my dear friend,\n          Accept of my sincere Congratulations upon your arrival in new york, and upon your advancement to the second honor in the United States.\u2014\n          Your influence in the Senate over which you have been called to preside, will give you great weight (without a vote) in determining upon the most suitable Characters to fill the first offices in goverment. Pennsylvania looks up with anxious Solicitude for the commission of Chief Justice for Mr Wilson. It was from an expectation of this honor being conferred upon him, that he was left out of the Senate, and house of representatives. His Abilities & knowledge in forming the constitution, & his zeal in promoting its establishment, have exposed him to a most virulent persecution from the Antifederalists in this state. With these our president General mifflin has joined. You know the man\u2014and therefore I shall make no comments upon his conduct, further than that he has detatched himself from all the genius of the State, and placed himself at the head of a few men who are in our city what your Col: Sims\u2019s & Balchs are in Boston. Should Mr Wilson be left to sink under this Opposition, I shall for ever deplore the ingratitude of republics.\n          much will be said of the deranged state of his Affairs. But where will you find an American landholder free from embarrassments?\u2014 Our funding System has reduced all our wealthy men to the utmost distress, & has thrown a great part of their wealth property into the hands of quartermasters\u2014Amsterdam Jews, & London brokers Mr Wilson has an immense & valuable estate in lands\u2014much more than eno\u2019 to discharge all his engagements, provided Congress does not by funding alienated certificates, put an extinguisher upon all the hopes of America from industry in Agriculture\u2014manufactures\u2014& commerce. Under all the disappointments which he has met with, he has preserved a fair character, & a dignified line of Conduct. His principles are the counterpart of your own, upon the subject of goverment, & his influence in a high station will always be in favor of a vigorous\u2014ballanced, and triple powered Constitution.\u2014 To the facts,\nI have mentioned, I shall only add that You had not a more zealous friend, nor massachussets a firmer Advocate in the late election of Vice president in this state, than Mr Wilson.\n          With Compts: to your dear Mrs: Adams, I am my dear friend, yours sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0299", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Duncan, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Duncan, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\n          Permit me to join the Citizens of America in heart felt Congratulations on your Excellencys appointment to the Vice Presidency of the United States\n          May every blessing await you Sir in that, and all other important stations, you may be engaged in for the salvation of your Country.\u2014\n          It is now about 11 years since I had the honor of seeing you in Philadelphia, and then as an inmate in my family\u2014 from your kind, and never to be forgotten friendship in interresting yourself unsollicited to procure me an Office under the Honorable Congress which I unfortunately was deprived from executeing by the removal with my family into the Country at the Battle of Brandywine, demands my warmest thanks.\u2014\n          Owing to my being a very great sufferer by the recent failure of a Mercantile House in Philadelphia and to comply with the friendly solicitude of my relations here, and at Haverhill, I have again returned with my family to my native City.\u2014 from whence for the first time I have to crave your forgiveness Sir in calling your attention for a single moment from great and important National matters to the concernes of an individual.\u2014\n          I am so curcumstanced now,\u2014the influence of that kindness you was then pleased to exert might be exceedingly beneficial to me and my family (who you once honored with your notice) at this time.\u2014\n          I would beg leave to mention that haveing served a regular apprentiship to an eminent Mercht. in Boston and haveing for upwards of 20 years, been in trade (except dureing the war) I hope it may not be deemed arrogance in me in saying I am perfectly well acquainted with figures and Accounts.\u2014\n          Any attention your Excellency may please to pay to this request, shall ever be held in gratefull remembrance by\u2014 / Your Excellency\u2019s Obedt. Servant\n            Robert Duncan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0300", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Comte de Sarsfield, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\nTo: Adams, John\n            My dear friend\n          Lorsque nous nous Sommes quitt\u00e9s, Jeme Suis dit qu\u2019il ne falloit pas penser a vous Ecrire parce que, quand on parle tout Seul, c\u2019est le diable qui repond. Je ne Sai Sil Soccupera de cette lettre cy, J\u2019en veux bien courir les risques, J\u2019attens de vous moins de reponse que Jamaiz; mais Je ne puis me refuser la Satisfaction de vous parler de votre nouvelle dignite dont la nouvelle m\u2019a fait un plaisir Extreme. Vous avez recu, My dear friend, Une marque eclatante de l\u2019estime que tout un grand continent a pour vous; ce n\u2019est pas une bagatelle de Ville ou de Province. Je crois Savoir tres bien qu\u2019il ne pouvoit pas mieux faire, mais il y a de la presomption a le dire. Je me tais donc, En vous repetant que personne dans l\u2019univers n\u2019a pris plus de part que moy a cet Evenement.\n          Je vous prie de le dire a Madame Adams etc de lassurer de mon respect. Voicy une lettre pour Monsieur Smith,1 Je Suis bien aise de profiter de cette occasion cy pour me rappeller dans lhonneur de Son Souvenir Et celui de madame votre fille. J\u2019ignore Son adresse.\n          M Et Me de la Vauguyon me chargent de vous dire mille choses de leur part Ils Sont dans ce moment icy tous les deux Et vont marier leur fils, fort bien.2\n          M Jefferson vous dira que nous Sommes icy Sens dessus dessous, nous y Serons Encore bien plus quand Il nous reviendra3\n          Adieu my dear friend. Vous me trouverez peut Etre bien familier quand Je devrois ne vous parler que Par Excellence mais ce Stile ne Saccorde pas avec lamitie Sincere Et lattachement qu\u2019aura pour vous toute Sa vie\n            Sarsfield\n          TRANSLATION\n            My dear friend\n          After we said goodbye, I told myself it was best not to write to you because when one speaks alone, it is the devil who replies. I do not know if he will busy himself with this letter; I will happily take my chances. I expect a reply from you less than ever, but I cannot refuse myself the satisfaction of speaking to you about your new office, the news of which greatly pleased me. You have received, my dear friend, a glorious token of the\nesteem in which an entire continent holds you; not some triviality of a city or province. I have faith that it could do no better, but there is some presumption in saying it. I will be silent, then, repeating all the while that no one in the universe has taken a greater part than me in this event.\n          I ask you to relay this to Mrs. Adams, and to assure her of my respect. Here is a letter for Mr. Smith. I am quite happy to take advantage of this occasion to recall the memory I have of him and madam, your daughter. I do not know his address.\n          Mr. and Mrs. de La Vauguyon insist that I tell you a thousand things from their end. They are both here now and will marry off their son very advantageously. \n          Mr. Jefferson will tell you that we are all topsy-turvy here. We shall be all the more when he returns to us.\n          Adieu my dear friend. Perhaps you will find me quite familiar when I ought only to speak to you as Excellency, but that style does not go well with the sincere friendship and devotion to you that yours truly will have all his life\n            Sarsfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0301", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Rodgers, 25 April 1789\nFrom: Rodgers, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          Dr. Rodgers presents his most respectful Compliments to His Excellency the Vice President of the United States, & informs Him, there are two Pews set apart for the Members of Congress in his Church in Wall Street\u2014nearly opposite the Governor\u2019s Pew & lined with Green. And another Set apart for the same Purpose in the Brick Church on the Side of the fields, distinguished by the federal Arms and on the West Side of the Church.\n          His Excellency has a distinguished Right to either of the \u2019bove Pews, and Dr. Rodgers will be happy in his occupying them whenever it Shall be convenient for Him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0302", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathaniel Peaslee Sargeant, 25 April 1789\nFrom: Sargeant, Nathaniel Peaslee\nTo: Adams, John\n          when I had the pleasure of conversing with you at Boston I took the freedom to recommend Mr. William Pickman of Salem for some place in the revenue Department at Salem\u2014 you was kind enough to suggest the Propriety of putting a recommendation in writing, where the Person is a Stranger\u2014 The Observation immediately struck me as perfectly just\u2014 He that recommends another ought to do it in that manner, that if any blame be cast on any body, it shou\u2019d fall on the Person who sollicited the appointment, & not on him by whose kind influence it was obtained\u2014\n          Mr. Pickmans pretensions are briefly these\u2014he is a Son of one of the most respectable families in the county of Essex\u2014has had a liberal Education is a representative for the town of Salem\u2014in the course of the war, he was a Friend to his country\u2019s cause, was largely concerned in Privateering which his Patrimony enabled him to engage in, but that interest was nearly destroy\u2019d in the Penobscut expedition, which with other misfortunes in navigation has almost annihilated his interest\u2014in private life his caracter is amiable, his integrity, I believe, is unspotted\u2014his Friends, I believe, will be Sureties for his good conduct, to any amount, & their ability will be undoubted\u2014 I believe Mr. Wingate of the Senate & mr. Goodhue, who are intimately acquainted with him, will confirm this caracter\u2014 as desirous as I am that he may obtain some public employment, Yet I don\u2019t so far forget my country as to wish that he may be employed to the exclusion of any one, who will serve it better\u2014 his employment has been wholly in the mercantile line\u2014\n          Having been perhaps too tedious on this subject, permit me to suggest whether it is not expedient that congress pass some law, immediately, directing when & where the several Officers civil & Judicial should take the Oath, required by the form of Government, to support the constitution\u2014\n          I conceive our Legislature have done wisely in not meddling with it,\u2014 if the several states shou\u2019d undertake to prescribe the form, time & place for taking it, we shou\u2019d perhaps have different forms, & probably substances, as well as times & places, & in some States\nthe Oath not taken at all\u2014 what led me to think of this matter is that it is our Duty to take that Oath & we don\u2019t know before whom to do it\u2014 it is to be wished that we may set out pretty strong in our new Governmt. perhaps that might add some Strength to it, \u2019th\u00f4 I have not charity enough to expect a great deal from it\u2014 The Judicial arrangemt. thr\u00f4 the states is a matter of great delicacy but we feel ourselves very happy that we have a person engaged who is so very competent to that Business\u2014 perhaps nothing will disturb the New-England people more than to make their litigations lengthy & expensive which will be the case unless your courts are ambulatory\n          nothing in my view of things tends more to Strengthen Government in the extream Parts, than sometimes to have a court come among them\u2014\n          perhaps the want of this may be one reason among many, why large & extensive Governments have not been so quiet & happy as smaller ones.\u2014\n          Juries, Courts, & revenues are objects with the People of much solicitude if those matters are once so settled as to give tolerable satisfaction to them, we think the Herculean Task will be nearly over\u2014 Government will be strong & find a vigorous support\u2014 The People in general appear to be very well disposed, & I wish their expectations may not be too sanguine\u2014 There is danger of that & some evil disposed persons, who fare best in turbulent seasons, will embrace every opportunity to blow up their chagrine into a flame\u2014\n          If I thought myself capable of throwing out any hints respecting those important matters that might be of any real Service shou\u2019d do it with the greatest chearfulness, but I believe my Brother Sewall in his letters to Brother Strong has said every thing that I cou\u2019d say\u2014 and said it better into the bargain\u2014\n          you was pleased to suggest to me that we were in great danger as a community, that things were not right, that we were afraid to speak out our minds freely\u2014shall take it as a great favour if you wou\u2019d inform what is your Idea of our danger & what can be our Remedy\u2014 I never supposed we were near right, but have quieted and flattered myself with a notion that we were getting right as fast as cou\u2019d be expected from human nature constituted as it is\u2014 I don\u2019t flatter myself with an Idea of living to see much improvement in our Governement but if I knew what cou\u2019d be done, shou\u2019d wish to have some hand in engaging People to begin those improvements\u2014for I wish to see America the Glory of all lands\u2014\n          Till I last saw you I had no Idea that despondency made up any part\nof your constitution\u2014 sure I am, from what you have gone \u2019thr\u00f4, it must have been a very troublesome companion if you had it\u2014 my constitution is so sanguine, that I can\u2019t believe, as you prophesied, that your station wou\u2019d get you a Crown of Thorns. your Country, I believe are so perfectly satisfied, that you would never feel a prick from a Single Thorn in that crown if they could help it\u2014\n          Hope you will excuse me for detaining you so long from your more important concerns & believe me to be, with the highest respect / and esteem, Dear Sr., your most / obedient Humble servant\u2014\n            Nathll. Peaslee Sargeant\u2014\n            P. S\u2014 about a fortnight ago, I left mr. & mrs. Shaw well\u2014 we have not had the honour of mrs. Adams company as yet, but hope to have it soon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0303", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jabez Bowen, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Adams, John\n            Providence April 28th. 1789\n          In Examining the Debates in the Lower House of Congress I find Melasses mentioned as Charged with a Duty on Importation of six Cents. which sum in my opinion is much to high.\n          Before the Revolution I was largely concern\u2019d in Navigation, at which time Melasses paid a Duty of 3d pr Gallon, but it was found impossible with all the British severity with Americans that knew\nthe whole Business of Running for waiters &c to Collect the Duties. and the Dealers in it could generally compound for about one Dollar pr Hhd.\n          you are sensible Sir that Melasses is a Raw material in respect to the Numerous Distilleries of New England. if it is the intention of Congress to Discourage that Branch of Manufactury they may continue the 6 Cents on as the Duty if not it must be lowerd to 2. The Demand for our Rum will always continue on the Coast of Africa. a sensible Chief that had been Educated in England observed to one of our Captains when on the Coast that Northen Rum was the Madeira Wine of Africa. other spirits left them with the head ake &c. this always in high Spirits after a Frolick. large quantities have been carrid round the Cape of Good hope. and the Balltick has lately opened a New markett. &c, when it is also considerd that Melasses is used with us in N-England as a Necessary of Life by the midling and poorer Classes it will be found to give Universal dissatisfaction, and will have a verry great tendancy to alienate the affections of our hardy Yeomany from the New Government, which I wish may be put in motion in so gentle a manner that the most Violent opposers shall not be able to find fault with, I am afraid it will have a verry unfavourable effect in the politicks of this State in particular as we Import more Melasses that any other Massachusetts Excepted, you doubtless will hear from some of your Boston Salem & Newbury Friends on the Subject.\n          The Collection of a Revenue in all Governments seems to be the most nice and Critical part of it, and except it be done in such a manner as will give tolerable satisfaction, the end of Society will not be answered\u2014and if we consider the oposition that has been made to the Federal Constitution\u2014and the many Prophetick sayings of the Antis, I hope & Trust that every step will be taken to Conciliate the People. yet so as to have a good Government, by which Life Liberty & Property will be secured and Defended.\n          I am sensible that it will be observed that their is a great difference between paying a Duty to support a Free Government which protects and defends our persons & properties and paying money to be spent by Luxurious Revenue Officers appointed from a far Country &c. but all this will not make it politick to keep the Duty too high. I dont see any clause in the Debats for a Debenture on Exporting the Rum out of the States. if one is not allowed West India Rum will be soald at foreign marketts Cheaper to ours can.\n          The Artilce of Teas will bare to be raised verry considerably to make\n            up for lowering the Duty on Melasses Before the Revolution our Bohea Tea Cost us about 4/10 pr lb. our Green 28/. we now Buye the Bohea at 2/3 and the Green at 14/. indeed Bohea Tea is so Cheap that the Country people hardly think it reputable to Purchase or use it.\n          I hope it will be in the power of Congress to give our General Assembly a Remonstrance on their obstinately refusing to comply with the Recommendations of the Convention & Congress &c. The Assembly will be together only one Week.\n          I hope and Trust your Excellency will excuse my troubling you with this long Epistle. I can only say it is intended for the good of a Country That I have Risqued my all to Defend and protect. and I doubt not we shall be carrid to an Exalted pitch of Glory & Fame. with Every sentiment of Esteem I Remain Your Excellency Most Obedt. & verry Humb. servt.\n            Jabez Bowen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0304", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Tudor, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have never known more Pleasure discovered amongst all Ranks of Citizens, than what appeared here, on the news of our Two Presidents safe Arrival, the same Week, at New York. And this Satisfaction was not lessened by reading your Address to the most honorable Senate. This Speech has greatly tended to confirm what the zealous Federalists prognosticated, & the considerate & patriotic Part of the People ardently wished to find take Place, a prompt, early & cordial Union of Sentiments & Exertions between the two first Characters of our infant new born Nation. A few Carpers, who are daily trembling for the lessening Importance of some of our little great Folks here, affected to think the Term \u201coverruling Fortune\u201d was objectionable & invidious, but were yet forced to subscribe to the general Opinion & admit the Address to be excellent. As to the Personage alluded to in it, I think, on reading it he must have joined with Cicero on another Occasion & said \u201cGaudeo laudari a Te laudato Viro.\u201d\n          I had the Pleasure of writing You a Letter last Week, in which I sent you a few of the Observations which our Merchants made on the proposed Duty on Molasses. Since, they have started some Apprehensions on the Scarcity of Specie as being unequal to discharge all the Duties that are intended to be laid. Drawbacks are reprobated as\nleading to Frauds. The more simple the System of Revenue, say they, the more productive. The less complicated the fewer Officers will be necessary. And the Multitude always, in all Countries, dislike Collectors, especially where they are numerous, as they suppose them to live on their Labours & at the Expence of the Exchequer of their Country.\n          Our national Legislature have a Choice of Difficulties, & Experience alone can teach the best Mode of avoiding, or removing them. At no Period was Patriotism more wanted than at present. Local Prejudices & State Attachments will for Years to come, I fear impede the national Good. However at present, Appearances here are promising. What Disposition our new, approaching Assembly will discover, we shall soon see. I wish there may not be found among them, a much greater Number of State Quacks, than intelligent Patriots.\n          I am with the warmest Sentiments of Respect & Attachment, Dear Sir, / your most affectionate hble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0305", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Wilhem & Jan Willink, 30 April 1789\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem & Jan (business)\nTo: Adams, John\n            Amsterdam 30 April 1789\n          We had the pleasure of waiting on you in may & in Octr. Ao.Do: in forming you by the latter of your good luck of your number 995. of the Obligats. of 4 per Ct. whch. had a price drawn of f1000:\u2014 one thousand Guilds. among those drawn Last Year conform the agreemt. whch. Should be at your disposal by Sending us a Receipt for the Same.\n          tho\u2019 We Continue Without any of your esteemed favors, we embrace this Opportunity to Congratulate You on your Election whch. we are persuaded will prove to the benifit & dignity of the United States & hope it will likewise be to your satisfaction after all the trouble you take on you\n          We always flattered ourselves we Long ago should have heard from you, and we hope not by the distance you now are at, to be entirely out of your Remembrance, we beg Leave to pay Our Respectfull Compliments to Mrs. Adams & have the honor to Remain with great esteem / Sir / Your most obedient servants\n            Wilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0306", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Pierpont Edwards, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Edwards, Pierpont\n          I have received the letter you did me the honour to write me, on the twenty Seventh of last month, inclosing the Freedom of the City of New Haven, elegantly engrossed on Parchment, and authenticated under the Signature of the Mayor, City Clerk and Seal of the City\n          May I request of you, Sir to present my best respects and most Sincere Thanks to the Mayor, Aldermen and Common Councill and Freemen of the City of New Haven for the distinguished honour they have done me by this obliging mark of their affection. A testimony which was highly and Sincerely esteemed when it was presented to me by you, Sir. authenticated by your Senior Alderman. is now rendered more dear to me, by the Signature of your Mayor. of whom I have long boasted as my Friend, and whom I have long admired as one of the most Stedfast and meritorious Friends of our common country.\n          I ought not to conclude this Letter Sir, without expressing to you, my Sincere acknowledgements for the generous and obliging manner in which you have communicated to me, at first, in person and Since by Letter this Interesting resolution of the Corporration.\n          With great Esteem I have the Honour to be / Sir, your most obedient and obliged / Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0307", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William\n          Your favr. of 22 Ult. is recd.\u2014 I was well aware that many of my Friends and the Well Wishers to good Govt, would be prevented from making their Compliments to me, on my Departure, by their alienation from the House from which I Set off: but perhaps their delicacy, upon that occasion, was too great.\n          The Duty of 6 Cents on Mollasses, appears to me to be generally reprobated at present as too high: Yet I beg you to refrain from hinting this at present, because I may be mistaken.\u2014 Our Members of the House have exerted themselves, nobly, on the occasion, and have made a great Impression, especially, Gerry, Goodhue and Ames.\u2014 I hope at least the Duty will be lowered. But if it shd. not, We must, grin (as is commonly Said) and bear it. We must not grumble, as yet.\n          The Reception I met, on the road in Massachusetts Connecticut, and New York, was most affectionate and respectful.\u2014 at Hartford I was presented with a beautiful Piece of broad Cloth, and the best buttons I have ever seen of the Manufacture of this Country.\u2014 at New Haven I was complimented with the Freedom of the City.\u2014 at New York Feds and Antis, Govr Clinton and his Friends & Judge Yates and his Advocates, Corporations, Clergy, Judges Chanceller &c have emulated each other in their Testimonials of Respect and Affection to me.\n          It is now a Fortnight that I have presided in the Senate, and I have not as yet found the Service very fatiguing.\u2014 The greatest Inconvenience I shall find, will be the difficulty of taking my daily Exercises, and breathing a fresh and Sweet Air, on which my Health, altogether depends.\n          The consciousness of contributing Somewhat at present, and the hope of assisting yet more, to the formation of a national Government, which may bind Us together on one hand, and Secure our Liberties equally from a single Tyrant, a Junto of Barons, and a Mob of Madmen on the other will Support me for a time in the public service. Still much to the Injury of my Family,.\n          Discouragements enough are in the Way. The Crudities I hear every day: the total Ignerance of some who have great Influence, make me shudder. Is it not possible to elevate the Minds of our Countrymen, to Ideas more extensive than the Governments of Small\ndependent Colonies.?\u2014 Are American Minds not capable of comprehending a national Government? a Soul that can look with Hea[l]th from st. Johns to Florida, and from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, ought not to think that this territory can be governed, as a single Colony was ruled.\u2014 four millions of Men cannot be governed by the Same means, as four hundred thousands. nor can twenty millions be governed like four. e.g. a diplomatic Title might govern a Colony, and Excellency might do for the denomination of a first Magistrate of Massachusetts, when it was the Policy of England to humble, to mortify, to humiliate and debase the Minds of the People: but the Title of an Ambassador, which is \u201cMost illustrious and most excellent\u201d will not suffice for the Head of a great and independent Nation. A Royal, or at least a Princely Title, will be found indispensably necessary, to maintain, the Reputation, Authority and Dignity of the President. His Highness or if you will his Most benign Highness is the lowest Title, that will comport with his constitutional Prerogatives and Support his State in the Minds of our own People or foreigners. that will make any Impression on his own flesh and Armies or those of his friends or Enemies. that will support his Dignity with the state Governments or foreign Courts. This however is bet. you and me.\u2014 think of it\u2014Speak of it\u2014write of it, as you will\u2014but dont compromise me.\n          The efficacy of Things like these, which a philosophical mind would pronounce Trifles, on the Multitude of mankind is So decisive that Governments cannot be raised nor supported without them.\u2014 If You really mean to have any Government you must attend to them. The Multitude think them trifles as well as the Philosophers\u2014 Yet both Multitude and Philosophers are absolutely governed by them,\u2014 pray continue to write me, and believe me / your Friend and sert\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0308", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n            My dear Friend\n          Every Thing has happened, as I could wish Since I left you, excepting the delay of making Provision for my Subsistance; and this has proceeded from an Uncertainty what they ought to do. I am very easy on that Point, as I am determined to live in Proportion to my allowance.\n          I beg leave to mention one Thing, which may be of Some consequence, both to the Public and to me.\u2014 If Thomas would undertake to print in a Pamphlet or a Volume, a Collection of my Novanglus\u2019s, together with my Letters to General Brattle, on the Independence of the Judges I think it would be of some Utility. The latter contain Information that is much wanted. The Constitutional Learning on that head is very little known, excepting to those few who read those Letters in their Season.\u2014 Younger Gentlemen and the rising Generation, know nothing of it. and nothing is of more Importance and Necessity, in order to establish the New Government. any Printer I hope and believe would find his Account in it, I have no Copy of those Productions & I experience the Want of one daily.\u2014 I would not wish you to take much trouble in this Business: but if you mention it occasionally to any Printers you may soon know their sentiments.\u2014 Many of the States have their Judges elective, annually. an awful defect in any Constitution.\u2014\n          I have not found the Duties of my office very difficult or very painful, as yet.\u2014 The Senators have Shewn a disposition, to render them as easy and to make my Station as respectable as I could desire.\u2014 I have Seen no symptoms of any opposition, and all the World is asham[ed] of the Silly Intrigue with which our first great Election has been tarnished and disgraced.\n          I feel the Pains of my Seperation from You Mr Cranch, Mr Quincy My Brother and all my friends in the Neighbourhood as well as my Family more sensibly now every day, than I did even when I took leave.\u2014 Have you Seen the Address of the Presidents Neighbours in Alexandria to him? if I were in his Place I should esteem that as highly as any or all his other Honours.\n          With an affection that will last forever / I am your most obliged\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0309", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mercy Otis Warren, 7 May 1789\nFrom: Warren, Mercy Otis\nTo: Adams, John\n          Presuming on the Confidential & unremiting Friendship that has long subsisted between us; Grounded on the close connextion commenced with mr Warren in the early part of your life; I again address you without waiting an answer to my last, which according to your usual politeness & punctuallity I doubt not will be noticed as soon as the particular engagments that have lately occupied your attention; the Etequitte of the entire public & the Consequent ceremonies are a little over.\n          I do not mean to flatter the most virtuous as the most Elevateed characters but I must assure you sir I have too high an opinion of yours to Imagine it will ever suffer a dimunition in my mind from any failure in a friendship which I always thought formed on the purest principles\u2014strengthend by mutual Confidence & exertion in every patriotic measure: & increased by a thousand circumstances of fiery tryal through the arduous struggle for the liberties of America\u2014\n          You my dear sir have successfully surmounted all: you have baffled the intrigues of your Foes: have reached the acma of applause: & are placeed in a situation to do eminent service to your Country to Establish your family & to assist most Esentially your Friends: Gen Warren has unfortunatly been the butt of party malice headed by a man (I know you very justly & heartily despise) who by his machinations has destroyed his public influence and aided by some others for very obvious designs have most injuriously traduced his character, & wish to ruin his Family. But Mr Adams: is the last man in the united states who I should suppose would listen to the misrepresentations: or be impressed by the Calumnies of open or disguized Ennemies to the prejudice of an old & a tryed Friend\u2014 A friend whose zeal & exertions in the public Cause You are acquainteed with &\nwhose integrity you never Could suspect. perhaps no other person has for so many years possessed so Great a share of his Esteem & Confidence as yourself: of Consequence it must be supposed that you know his undisguzed temper & sentiments much better than any one of the several descriptions of men who have stuck at no Falshoods or even forgeries to prostrate his political character.\n          You sir will be sensible on a short recollection whence these Reflections have arisen.\u2014 I yet Consider the free & explicit manner of some late Conversations as a mark of your sincerity & Friendship\u2014 and though none of my Family are soliciting at Court I am perswaded you will not forget them at a time when you have it so much in your power to oblige\u2014without injury to yourself, your Family or Your Country: but on the Contrary may indulge the feelings of the Friend & the patriot by an attention to the interest of a Gentleman who has an equal Claim from his Country with any man, that is if a uniform attachment therto: & an indefatigable industry to support its welfare joined with the strictest probaty Can justify that claim.\n          But the vindictive spirit of his enemies not sufficiently Gratified by their too succesful Efforts against him. have endeavoureded to wound in a still more tender part by leveling their envenomed shafts at the reputation of a son\u2014 Was there a propriety in Calling of your attention at this time to private objects I Could give you a curious detail of facts relative to this matter\u2014 Yet I do not think it by any means necessary in order to secure your patronage.\u2014 I am sure of it: whenever an opportunity offers to serve any one of a Family personnally Attached from infancy to You & Yours.\u2014\n          This is a very free letter. but when I have been used to write & converse with the simplicity of Truth & the unreserve of Confidential Esteem, neither rank nor station. nor distance or time will check the disposition to \u201cthrow open the Volume of the soul.\u201d Especilley where candor has heretofore beheld its contents with the most favorable Eye: I shall only lock myself up in reserve when Convinced there is no stability in human Friendships by Mr Adams forgetfulness off or indiference towards such an invariable Friend as I know he has (from his first entrance in life) possessed in mr Warren.\u2014\n          But though Ill treated maligned & persecuted in a most unjust & singular manner: he yet bears & has borne the unprovoked abuse with the Dignity of Conscious rectitude & that philosophe calmness which is never the companion of insurgency Anarchy or Fraud. I always have thought those Ideas when applied to a person of his\nestablished & uniform character were too ridiculous to require a serious refutation: till by a strange combination of parties (inviduous to each other & who have only united when it would aid the depression of a man of too much independence of mind to subserve their designs.) they have in some instances been so succesful as to injure him in the Opinion of some he highly Esteems.\u2014\n          But time will make curious disclosures\u2014when [full] Sir, may be astonished to find the incendiaries, who fomented the discontents among the ignorant & miserable insurgents of the Massachusets in a class, least suspected by the world.\u2014 by persons who to screen their own Guilt fabricated & secretly caused the Vague & malignant rumour to light on one of the most decided friends to the Constitution & to his Country\u2014 a Gentleman whose services have been distinguished, whose patriotism has been unshaken & his Virtue uncorruptable\u2014 whose fortune has been impaired & whose Family have personnally suffered in the public Cause\u2014Yet neither himself nor any one of a family of Young Gentleman of promisinng expectations have sustained any office of honour or Emolument since the commencment of the Constitution of massachusets.\u2014 I only mention these things from a sense of justice. from that justice which I would wish to exercise towards any one however disconnected were I equally sure of their merits and their mal treatment.\u2014\n          you sir will excuse my detainining You thus long when I tell you the sensibility of my feeling heart has been awakned on many trying occasions: nor is it totally an uninteresting subject to yourself: for so fluctuating is the popular voice: and so replete with vicissitude are all human affairs.\u2014 that those whose \u201cCommanding Good fortune\u201d augurs no Change for the worse: may yet Contemplate in a more solemn hour the injustice the ingratitude & abuse experiencd by themselves: which has been felt before by some of their Friends\u2014\n          I will swell this long Epistle with only one truth more which I dare say I may ever subjoin to my correspondence with you, that I am respected sir. with Great Esteem your sincere well wisher\u2014 / Assured Friend. & very Humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0310", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Lincoln, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\n          I have received your kind favour of April 22d and Shall not be easy till it is answered, though it is not easy to find the time, amidst the Confusion of innumerable Visits, formal Ceremonials, Balls, Commencements, Levees, &ca &ca, blended with the constant more serious Duties of my Situtation.\u2014 I agree with you entirely, that among the first dangers to be apprehended is a contest between the general and particular Governments.\u2014 General Clinton, has decidedly acknowledged the Superiority of Rank; yet it may be prudent not to Say much upon this subject.\u2014 He has made the first Visit and ceded the first Step, both to President and Vice President.\u2014 This is indispensable in all the States. however frivolous you and I may hold this matter, it is the Pivot on which the great Question will turn, between the Authority of the national and that of the State Governments. This will be humiliating and mortifying to Govrs & Lt Governers; but they must submit to it, or they will infallibly undermine and overturn the whole system. to avoid which Calamity the Dignity and Splender of the Presidents office must be Supported.\n          There is a little Seeming difference of opinion between you and me in one Point.\u2014 it does not appear to me \u201cextraordinary, that those whose fears were allarmed that a dangerous Aristocracy was forming\u201d Should so soon be brought to adopt the System proposed to them. Nature and Art both concur, in having Recourse to one great officer, as a Protector against a dangerous Aristocracy. it is a common opinion that all those who dread or detest an Aristocracy must Still more dread and detest a Monarchy. but no opinion is more erroneous. the contrary is so true, that in every Instance Monarchy has been resorted to, as the only assylum against the eternal discords, the deadly Feuds, the endless ambition Avarice, Lust Cruelty, Jealousy, Envy and Revenge, of uncontrouled Aristocratics.\u2014 Where the People have had sen[. . .] Virtue, public Spirit and a Love of Liberty, they have had recourse to Limited Monarchy, and three Branches of Power. This has been the Case of America. large Monarchical\nPowers, are given to the first office, in the new Constitution. It is true, that an excessive proportion of Aristocratical Powers Still exist, and it is much to be feared, that neither the Executive Authority in the President nor the Legislative Authority of the House of Reps. will be sufficient, to Stand long against the Powers of the senate.\u2014 But We may hope that a People, who have shewn already, that they see the necessity of Some ballance in a Government, will in time See the necessity of making that ballance compleat.\n          I agree perfectly with you, in opinion, that the Gentlemen the Men of Property, of the description you mention, are of vast importance, and that no quiet Govt. can ever be instituted or Supported without their Concurrence. that these will never be easy, and indeed ought not to be contented without a Security of their Property.\u2014 But give me leave to Say that these are not so unanimous as they ought to be, in the only opinion, the only measure, that can possibly ever answer their own honest End. They are by no means unanimous in a disposition to give a decided Support to the Independence, the Dignity and Splender of the Executive department. all will depend on this. it is more difficult to accomplish [. . .] to lead the common People right. But with[ou]t [. . . .] of Prophecy it may be clearly and certa[. . .] [for]etold [. . .] their Property will never be secure till this is done.\n          I am quite agreed with you, that nothing would Secure the national Government more than uniting all these Men in the manner you propose.\u2014 But We must not proceed very fast in this. at least this appears probable to me. The House of Representatives are of this the best Judges,.\n          If it should be in my Power to serve Col. Willy of Georgia, it would give me Pleasure.\n          your feelings and your Judgment decided right in my humble opinion, concerning a Journey here. it will be quite needless, I presume\u2014 tho no Man would be more glad to see you than, dear sir, your Friend & sert.\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0311", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William\n          Thank you for your favour of 28. Ult.\u2014 There is an entire harmony, between the two Persons you Speak of, and there is no probability of its interruption. The first is modest and the Second at least Shall be unassuming. The Constitution has furnished him with a justification of a cautious conduct, and imposed it on him as a duty.\n          C\u00e6sar would never have been displeased, at a Compliment on his good fortune, nor would Marcus Aurelius. Henry the fouth of France and the late Frederick of Prussia, would as little have disliked it.\u2014 if I may, to you, my friend, in a familiar Epistle, mention myself after such Names, I assure you that I think I have myself enjoyed no small share of that same overruling good fortune, perhaps more of it, than the one to whom the Expression was applied; having been preserved in greater and more various dangers; tho not so happy in the affection of my Country men: Yet I never think of this fortune without Gratitude, and prize it much higher than all the any abilities, that any part of the World may vouchsafe to allow me.\n          I think as you do. of Duties and Drawbacks; that Patriotism is much wanted; and that private Interest and State Attachments present Us with a Choice of difficulties. I will add that Ignerance and Inexperience will continue to hurt this Country more than all the other Causes.\u2014 it has been our misfortune these fifteen Years, to think some of the most ignerant Men on Earth, omnicient.\u2014 These have sown the Seeds of nonsense, that will require time and labour to eradicate.\u2014 The Sentiments that I have read and heard in America these fifteen Years, and that I still continue to hear every day, even from Men of Education, Reading, Age, and travel, upon the subject of Government appear to me as extravagant, as the drivelings of Idiotism, or the ravings of delirium.\u2014\n          a total inattention to every Thing in human nature by which Mankind ever were or ever will be governed is obvious in numbers who have the Reputation, and who really are Men of sense and Experienc as well as of letters.\u2014 our Chief has more just notions, and here and there one is to be found, who is quite right.\u2014 Mr Elsworth of Connecticut, appears to me to be more exactly and compleatly right, than any Man I ever met in Congress. and what crowns all, is, he is not afraid to think or Speak.\u2014 The Senate is a wise mild and noble body, of Men.\u2014 Yet I will own to you, I never knew a great\nStatesman in my sense of the Word who was not a Lawyer, and there are not many of this description\u2014not more I believe than three or four.\u2014\n          A motion was made Yesterday, in Senate, by a very Sensible and worthy Member and Seconded by another which I really did not think it possible that a rational Creature could have endured to think of, vizt \u201cthat the President of the United States Should have the Title of his Excellency.[\u201d] The Maker and receiver of most illustrious and most excellent Ambassaders, to be called His Excellency.! thanks to common feeling, there was not a vote for it, but the two who made and Seconded the motion.\u2014 if the Constitution forbids Titles, Excellency is as much an Usurpation as Majesty\u2014if it leaves Titles to be given at discretion Some one should be thought of, proportioned to the Dignity and Authority of the Office.\u2014\n          at the Ball, on the evening of the 7th. at Supper the Ladies would not drink \u201cthe President\u201d\u2014they all drank \u201chis Highness.\u201d\u2014 The Ladies probably must settle the dispute.\u2014 and thus Accident, feeling Caprice, always; and never Reason, decides the fate of nations.\u2014 for the Fate of this Govt. depends absolutely upon raising it, above the State Governments.\n          A real Talent for Government, my Friend, I have found very rare,\u2014 in Legislation, in Administration, in Negotiation, apparent rari, nantes in gurgite vasto. and when they do appear they are never understood.\u2014 Sully, Colbert, Cecil, were neither comprehended nor beloved, till after they were dead.\u2014 a Man must take so much pains to carry little Points, that seem of no importance, that he is despized for a fool by many and not thought very wise by any.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0313", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\n          You will pardon me a few observations upon some apprehended arrangements, by a Committee of conference now in being\u2014\n          When Mr Thomson was my competitor, it was a doctrine, that the Secretary of the Senate and the Secretary of State were inseparably blended by the Constitution, and to elect other than Mr Thomson Secretary of the Senate, would be an exclusion of him\u2014\n          The doctrine was admitted, and I accordingly offered myself as a candidate, upon equal ground, at least, for any thing of which Mr Thomson\u2019s friends might think him worthy\u2014\n          Clearly all the business heretofore assigned to the Secretary of Congress is now to be done by the Secretary of the Senate, as the Senate act both in a legislative and executive capacity; except affixing the Seal; and except what is done by the Clerk of the House; or will naturally and more properly devolve upon the Supreme Executive.\u2014 And will there be a necessity to establish a department merely to keep the Seal? Is it any better than providing a Sine Cure, for a Man passed the meridian of life, of ample fortune and childless?\n          But the late Secretary corresponded with the several States as occasion required! will not this in future be done much more properly by the President, or at least under his particular direction.? or if not, the Secretary of the Senate from the nature of his office, a keeper of the papers and records, it falls naturally under his department\u2014 \u201cBut no man can turn to the papers of the former Congress except Mr Thompson\u201d! There are millions of old papers to which no human eye will ever have occasion again to turn, and turning to such as may be wanted is a simple business indeed, provided, the papers are in due arrangement; and if not, Mr Thomson is by no means the\n            probable person to arrange them after so long neglect: besides the Secretary of the Senate has Mr. Thomson\u2019s best Clerk with him, and who has many years been versed in the arrangements of the secretarys office.\u2014 And as to communications to the President, bills, resolves &c after concurrence in the Senate, they may go forward by their Secretary or by a Committee, or they may go forward by the Secretary or Clerk of the House according to their origination, and perhaps this would be proper for the reason, that all rejected Bills &c shall be return\u2019d to the originating Branch\u2014\n          Addresses &c ought in every event to go by a Committee of the Senate and House, or if seperate addresses by a Committee of the Houses respectively, a practice found convenient in some States, and respectful to the Supreme Executive, without lowering the dignity and independence of either House by going in a body\u2014\n          Communications from the President at any event will be made by his Secretary, who will be announced to the Senate and House as a confidential officer\u2014\n          By this arrangement the branches will have their Secretary independent of each other, and the Seal be affixed according to law, by him from whose department the paper may issue; a method simple economical, dignified and responsible, without the pomposity and expense of a home department and the creation of a Sine Cure, the officer of which would assume dictatorial airs of superiority, hurt the feelings and depress another officer, who from the nature of his appointment seems to be the Secretary of State, as the business of the Senate is Legislative, executive, and judicial;\u2014nor will the establishment of such an officer be more grateful to the Clerk of the House, who views himself already at the head of a department\u2014\n          Subjoining the Commission of the Secretary of Congress, I am / Very respectfully / Your most Huml. / Sert\n          ENCLOSURE\n          Secretary\u2019s Commission in 1782. Journals of Congress Page 273\u2014\n          To transmit papers to the offices\u2014\n          Keep accounts of memorials &c presented\u2014\n          To return answers\u2014\n          Furnish Copies\u2014\n          Keep the Seal\u2014\n          Print Journals\u2014\n          Register the Members\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0314", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Searle, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Searle, James\nTo: Adams, John\n            Philadelphia 11th. May. 1789.\n          I persuade myself that even surrounded as you are with the Plaudits of a gratefull & Sensible Country, you will not be displeased to receive the heartfelt expressions of respect and esteem of an old friend, of one who has never ceased to love and admire you from the time he first saw you in Europe in the Service of his Country.\n          I am my dear Sir now happily settled in business in this City in the Madeira line, and I am confident it will give you pleasure to hear that I am doing as well as my heart coud wish, and that I feel myself as independent as an honest man can be, or ought to be.\n          I had determined to have gone to New York soon after your arrival there purely to have paid my respectfull compliments to you, but I have postponed it for the present, because as I said above I feel myself perfectly independent, and I was fearfull that if I went to New York at the time the Streets of that City were Crouded with Office Hunters, I might peradventure be reckoned one among them, which woud hurt my honest feelings, So I concluded to pay my tribute of respect by letter, which upon principles of public Oeconomy I also\nthink, best, as by doing it in Person it might perhaps Cost one Dinner & some Wine.\u2014\n          I am with every Sentiment of respect & Veneration / Dear Sir / Your most obliged and most faithfull / friend & Servant\n            James Searle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0315", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Willard, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Willard, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have just received a letter from Dr Price, enclosing one to your Excellency, which he desires me to convey to you, and I now transmit it.\n          Your Excellency may remember the application to you, respecting Dr Minto.\u2014 So many and weighty are the national affairs, in which you are engaged, that the Corporation can hardly expect that you should have opportunity to attend to the matter yourself; but if your son Col. Smith has made any enquiries upon the subject, I should take it as a favor, if you would let me know the result of his enquiries, the first opportunity, as the Corporation are obliged to come to the choice of a Professor, by the 23d day of the next month.\n          As your Excellency\u2019s time must be greatly taken up with the affairs of the Public, I will not infringe upon it; but ardently praying that you may have the divine blessing, in all your exertions to serve your Country, I beg leave to subscribe, / with sentiments of the highest esteem / and respect, / Sir, / your Excellency\u2019s most humble / and obedient servant\n            Joseph Willard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0316", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Roger Sherman, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sherman, Roger\n            My dear Friend\n          Inclosed is a Letter of Thanks to our fellow Citizens of New Haven and to Mr Edwards, for the most endearing Compliment I ever received. I suppose myself chiefly indebted to your Friendship for the favourable Representation of my Character among your Neighbours which has produced this obliging Result. I hope it will not be long before We shall have an opportunity to renew our former Acquaintance and Intimacy: in the meantime let me pray your acceptance of my Sincere Thanks for the Diploma under your Mayoralty and Signature; and that you will take the trouble of transmitting the enclosed Letter, which I leave open for your perusal, to Mr Edwards.\n          With the most cordial Affection / and the highest Esteem, I have / the Honour to be, dear sir, your / most obedient and most humble / servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0317", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Searle, 15 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Searle, James\n          I received your friendly Letter last Evening, and thank you for your kind Remembrance, of your Old Friend.\n          To hear of your Success and Prosperity in Business; the Independence of your Circumstances, and the Contentment of your heart, gives me a Pleasure, the more exquisite, as it is so rare.\u2014 It is almost the Single Instance, that I have received Since my Return to America. My Correspondence has Served to little other purpose than to pour out before me the Griefs Complaints and Distresses of my Friends and the Friends of their Country, whose Ruin has been accomplished in Part by the turn of Affairs at the Revolution and in part by the bad Policy of our Country, Since the Peace.\n          The friendly disposition, which dictated your desire to come to New York, is very obliging: but I beg you would not come, till I have an house to receive you, and a dinner and a little Wine to share with you; for at present I have neither at my Command: so great a Thing\nis it to be one, who is, Sir, your most obedient and / most humble servant: not without hopes / however of better times.\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0318", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Bondfield, 15 May 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          Permit me join in the United Voice of America.\n          Accept my sincere Congratulation on the Nomination to the High Office Confer\u2019d on you by the Choice of a free People An Honor superior to any in the Gift of Europe\n          I hope in a few days to receive the Journals of the Opening and proceedings of Congress much more interesting than the Mock scheens of present Assembled States General of many of the European Powers\n          Les Etats Generaux of France assembled the 4 Instant Open\u2019d by a Speach from the Throne seconded by the State Officers, Les Tiers Etats have built Castles, nothing less than an entire change of Constitution and a Supression of Privaledges Exemptions and perrogatives, a system that its far from probable the other two Orders will uncondendedly give up\n          I remain as when I had the Honor to see you at Bordeaux honor\u2019d by the Gentlemen at Paris with their Correspondence and publick and private Commissiers & in my steddy attention to every thing in my power to serve the States. If in my Station my devoted Services\ncan at any time be to you Useful permit me to make my Respectful tenders,\n          With due Respect I have the Honor to be / Sir / Your most Obedient / Humble Servant\n            John Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0321", "content": "Title: John Adams\u2019 Reply to George Washington\u2019s Queries Regarding Presidential Conduct, [17 May 1789]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Vice President of the United States has the honour to present his humble Opinion, on the Points proposed, for his consideration.\n          1. That an Association with all kinds of company, and a total Seclusion from Society, are extreams, which, in the actual Circumstances of this Country, and under our form of Government, may be properly avoided.\n          2. The System of the President, will gradually devellope itself in practice, without any formal Communication to the Legislature, or publication from the Press. Paragraphs in the public Prints, may, however appear from time to time, without any formal Authority, that may lead and reconcile the Public Mind.\n          3. considering the number of Strangers from many Countries and of Citizens from various States, who will resort to the Seat of Government, it is doubted whether two days in a Week, will not be indispensable, for Visits of Compliment. a little experience however, will elucidate this point.\n          4. Under the fourth head, it is Submitted to Consideration, whether all personal Applications, ought not to be made, in the first Instance to a Minister of State? Yet an Appeal Should be open by Petition to the President, who, if he judges the Subject worthy of it, may admit the Party to a personal Interview. Access to the Supream Magistrate, ought not to be rigorously denied, in any Case, that is worthy of his Consideration.\u2014 Nevertheless, in every Case, the Name, Quality, and, when these are not Sufficient to raise a Presumption, in their favour, the business, ought to be communicated to a Chamberlain, or Gentleman in waiting, who, Should judge, whom to admit and whom to exclude.\u2014 Some limitation of time, may be necessary too, as for example from eight to nine or ten; for without it, the whole forenoon, or the whole day may be taken up.\n          5. There is no doubt, that the President, may invite, what official Characters, Members of Congress, Strangers or Citizens of Distinction, he pleases, in Small Parties, without exciting Clamours: but this Should always be done, without formality,\n          6. The Entertainments mentioned, in this Article, would much more properly be made, by a Minister of State for foreign or domestic affairs, or Some other Minister of State, or the Vice President,\neither of whom, upon Such occasions the President in his private Character might honour with his Presence. But in no Case whatever, can I conceive it proper, for the President to make any formal public Entertainment.\n          7. There can be no impropriety, in the Presidents, making or receiving informal Visits, among his Friends or Acquaintances, at his Pleasure.\u2014 Undress, and few Attendants will Sufficiently Shew, that Such Visits, are made as a Man and a Citizen, a Friend or Acquaintance. But in no case whatever Should a Visit be made or returned in form by the President; at least unless an Emperor of Germany or some other Sovereign Should travel to this Country.\u2014 The Presidents pleasure Should absolutely decide, concerning his Attendance at Tea Parties, in a private Character; and no Gentleman or Lady ought ever to complain, if he never, or rarely Attends. The Presidents private Life, Should be at his own discretion, and the World Should respectfully acquiesce: but, as President he Should have no intercourse with society, but upon public Business, or at his Levees. This distinction it is with submission apprehended ought to govern the whole Conduct.\n          8 A Tour might, no doubt be made, with great Advantage to the Public, if the time can be Spared. but it will naturally be considered, as foreign affairs arrive every day, and the Business of the executive and judicial departments will require constant Attention, whether the Presidents Residence will not necessarily be confined to one Place.\n          Observation.\n          The civil List ought to provide for the Presidents Household.\u2014 What number of Chamberlains, Aids de Camp, Secretaries, Masters of Ceremonies &c will become necessary, it is difficult to foresee. but Should not all Such establishments be distinct from the allowance to the President for his Services, which is mentioned in the Constitution.? in all Events the Provision for the President and his Household, ought to be large and ample.\u2014 The Office, by its legal Authority, defined in the Constitution, has no equal in the World, excepting those only which are held by crowned Heads; nor is the Royal Authority, in all Cases, to be compared to it. The Royal Office, in Poland, is a mere Shadow, in comparison of it.\u2014 The Dogeship of Venice, and the Statholdership in Holland, are not So much. neither Dignity, nor Authority, can be Supported in human Minds collected into nations or any great numbers without a Splendor and Majisty, in Some degree, proportioned to them. The Sending and\nreceiving Ambassadors, is one of the most Splendid and important Prerogatives of Sovereigns absolute or limited; and this, in our Constitution, is in the President\u2014 if the State and Pomp, essential to this great Department, are not in a good degree preserved, it will be in vain for America to hope for consideration, with foreign Powers. These observations are Submitted, after all, with diffidence; conscious that my long Residence abroad, may have impressed me with Views of Things, incompatible with the present Temper and Feelings of our Fellow Citizens: and with a perfect disposition to acquiesce in whatever may be the Result of the Superiour Wisdom of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0322", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 17 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\n          Your favour of the 19 of March deserves a particular consideration and answer, which I have not, till now, been able, from a multitude of avocations some frivolous yet indispensable, others of more consequence, to give it.\n          The Influence which you Suppose I may have as President of the Senate, will be found to be very little, if any at all. you Say the Eastern States must not be Suspected: but you know as well as I, that they have been suspected these fifteen years and in order to be not suspected, or at least not pretended to be suspected, either they or Some other States must not exist, unless those other States send different Members to Congress from some that they have always sent.\u2014 The Place will make little odds\u2014in Georgia, in Maryland, in Pensylvania and in New York, Suspicion real or feigned would be the Same.\u2014 2. I cannot See that a Union of Virginia, Pensylvania and Massachusetts, in fixing the Seat of Government, at one place more than another, would increase or diminish their Influence in Any future distribution of the great Offices of State, nor do I think that this Circumstance ought to have any Weight in Elections or appointments. 3. I see no Symptoms of a corrupt Influence here,\nmore than I always saw at Philadelphia and the Inhabitants of this City appear as decidedly federal as those of any other Place. 4. The foreign Ministers will have very little Influence, in determining the Place, in all other respects their Influence will be the Same in Philadelphia as in New York. 5. I own however that I love Philadelphia quite as well as New York, and the noble Libraries there would be a strong temptation to me. 6. I think the danger in this article is very probable. and a federal Town, to the southward of Chesapeak Bay, would be terrible to the health of many Gentn. but what think you of the federal Town at Trenton? 7. I doubt whether conducting Members of Congress to inspect the Treasury Books, is dishonourable. I rather think it lawdable.\u2014 but I cant see however that the Treasury Books should determine where Congress is to Set. 8. I wish I knew the Names of the Gentlemen, the leading Characters who were unfriendly to my Election, not to make me unfriendly to them but the contrary, as far as their Views are for the public Good\u2014as far as they are contrary to that good I should oppose them [as] friends or Ennemies. I know very well I have many Friends in Philadelphia, many more and more sincere than in New York: but all this ought not to influence me, in giving Votes for public Measures.\n          But to come to the Point I am Situated in the Constitution, in a manner, that will render it proper for me to be neutral in Such a Contest.\u2014 I Shall never be a zealous Advocate for sitting in New York, because I am not convinced that it is more for the public Advantage, than to sit elsewhere.\n          Let me now if you please remember your Letter of 22d of April.\n          My Situation, at the head of the Senate, where I was placed by the People at large, not as the Members were by their Legislatures, instead of giving me an influence as you Suppose will prevent me, from having any.\u2014 Mr Wilson, I have long known esteemed and respected: but, if I had a Vote, I could not promise to give it for him to be Chief Justice.\u2014 All Things considered, that have ever come to my Knowledge I feel myself inclined to wish, because I am fully convinced that Services, Hazards, Abilities and Popularity, all properly weighed, the Ballance, is in favour of Mr Jay.\u2014 one of the Judges, I wish Mr Wilson to be: and the difference is not great between the first and the other Judges.\n          You Say I had not a firmer Friend in the late Election. I must protest against this mode of reasoning. I am not obliged to vote for a Man because he voted for me, had my Office been ever so lucrative or ever so important.\u2014 But ask your own heart.\u2014 is not my Election\nto this Office, in the Scurvy manner it was done, a curse rather than a Blessing?\u2014 Is there Gratitude? is there Justice? is there common Sense or decency in this Business? Is it not an indelible Stain on our Country, Countrymen and Constitution? I assure You I think it so. and nothing but an Apprehension of great Mischief, and the final failure of the Government, from my Refusal and assigning my reasons for it, prevented me from Spurning it.\u2014\n          Now my Friend We start fair\u2014 Never must I again hear a Selfish Motive urged to me, to induce My Vote or Influence in publick affairs.\n          I never served the Public one moment in my Life, but to the loss and injury of myself and my Children, and I Suffer as much by it, at this moment as ever.\n          I am with great Esteem dear sir your / Friend & sert\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0323", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jabez Bowen, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowen, Jabez\n          I have received your two letters of April 21 and 28th and am obliged to you for introducing your Brother Oliver Bowen Esqr, to whom I wish success in his pursuits\u2014 But the Senators & Representatives from Georgia and other States in its neighbourhood will be most naturally consulted upon his application\n          your Observations upon the high duty upon Molasses, are all very just and have been reapetedly urged in the house of Representatives but without success\u2014 this Article enters so deeply into every branch of the Northern Commerce & Navigation; into so many of our Manufactures, and into so many of the neccessities of common Life, that the burthen now imposed is somewhat unequal. it has been softened a little but not enough.\u2014\n          What can be done with your Obstinate Neighbours, I know not. I would do every thing in my power to draw them by the bands of Love, into the path of their own interest & duty\u2014 I have conversed with the President and with Members of both Houses on this subject. But it really seems too much, after what is passed, to think of\nAddresses or Speeches. Addresses and Speeches Should come from the Other Party\u2014 I shall continue to be as friendly as possible to Rhode Island, but it is too small a part of America to dictate to all the rest\u2014 I should be obliged by a continuance of your correspondence upon these subjects but am too much in haste at present to enlarge\u2014 With great Esteem I am Sir your most obedt / Servant.\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0324", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Lincoln, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have just been honoured by the receipt of your favor of the 8th. instant\u2014 I have not time, as I must soon leave town, to observe now on that part of it which is in answer to a sentiment of mine on which we seem to differ\u2014\n          There is no proposition, to which I can more fully accede than to the one which affirms how important it is to People that the President, the vice President, the Senate and the house of representatives of the Union should in the first instance, take the most elevated stand and that they should be supported in their respective situations with great firmness dignity & splendor. The tone given at the commencment of the government will controul all future proceedings; it is therefore of great importance that the first, should be the proper impressions and that no circumstance of right though it may be considered small and unimportant should be surrendered by the Union, precedents are influential and often prove dangerous\u2014\n          Under these impressions permit me sir to solicit your opinion on a matter which by some may be considered as of no importance. Our artillery election is as usual to be on the first monday of June a public entertainment will be given on the occasion, a number of toasts will be expected, for the propriety and the arrangment of which, as commanding officer I must be responsible. I shall have to combat old prejudices, unless I shall alter my opinion, and place the State and its officers in a different rank than that they have been used to enjoy\u2014 You know sir that the States have been tenacious of their sovereignty and the several Governours have carefully nourished the idea and will I suspect, at the least some of them, be among the last\nto surrender so much of it as may be indispensible to the general good\u2014 It has been considered, by some, that a governour in his own State is there the greatest of all created beings and I apprehend that this opinion will be held with too much avidity. While this is the case we shall not properly reverence the general government. The seperate governments must be subservient to the national one if subservient inferiour if inferiour neither the government nor its officers can expect the first rank\u2014 How than ought our toasts to be arranged the day I mentioned on which will be given the first public dinner. The mode we adopt may, & probably will, be urged as a precedent on future occasions it is therefore of some importance that we do right I have no doubt what would be a proper line of conduct I can however better rely on your judgment than on my own, I have had little experience in etiquete\u2014 will you be so good as to drop me, for my own use only, a line on the subject by the next post\u2014\n          The packet men call I cannot add Only that I am with the highest / esteem Dr sir your / affectionate friend / and humble / servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0325", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Tudor, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your very obliging & confidential Letters of the 3d. and 9th. of May I received on the 15. I mention their coming to my Hands together only to mark the Difference between the Dispatch of the Post & the Punctuality of Individuals.\n          I am rejoiced to find You, Sir, pronouncing the upper House of Congress a wise, mild and noble Body of Men. From such a Body we must find dignified, firm & national Measures. But young as our Country is, with every Thing in national Rule & Revenue to be experimented, a considerable Period must elapse before the united States can arise to Greatness. And we have Politicians in every State in the Confederacy, who think it is better we never should. Men who think that Titles, Distinctions & Ranks in Society ought not to exist.\nAnd that the Ideas & Wishes of the People, (which are founded in Nature & Policy) that encourage & expect such Distinctions, ought to be checked & counteracted. Were we deprived of all Intercourse with Europe, & commercial Interchanges with the rest of the Globe, this Quixotte System might last for many Years perhaps. Untill we do have great Distinctions I mean as far as respects our National great Officers, there will be neither a promptitude of Obedience or national Pride in the Citizens. And untill our partial Politicks, & State localities are lost in an energetic, & the confederated Government, we shall feel like Colonists & continue to act so.\n          There appears a good Disposition at present in our Seaports to meet & assist the Revenue on moderate and equalized Rates. And the People in the Country have not yet learnt the Language of Complaint against Taxes where the Merchant is the Paymaster.\n          We hear nothing of the Proceedings of the most honorable Senate, but suppose them engaged in digesting, defining, & systemising the Judicial Department. This among your numerous perplexing Labours, will be not the least difficult. And after all, much must be left to be aided or altered by subsequent Statutes, as Experience shall point their Necessity.\u2014\n          And will You now give me leave, my dear Sir, to express a Wish to be remembered by You, when the Appointments of Law Officers shall be made. I confess that the Office of federal Advocate for this State, or any Post in my professional Line, which You may think my Education & Principles may qualify me to fill, would be a very pleasant Thing. I am so little used to the Language of Sollicitation, that to You only, my earliest & ablest Friend, would I submit a Hint which I am not perhaps intitled to offer. I never sought, or for a moment wished for any Place political or civil in this Commonwealth (or what I would rather now call it, Corporation) but I acknowlege, that I should hold a national Appointment, truly honorable.\n          I am, Dear Sir, / your faithful hble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0328", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Price, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Price, Richard\n            My dear Friend\u2014\n          I last night received your friendly letter of March the fifth: and am happy to find that I have a place in your remembrance. There are few portions of my life that I recollect with more entire satisfaction than the hours I spent at Hackney, under your Ministry, and in private society, and conversation with you at other places\u2014 The approbation you are pleased to express of my Speculations on the subject of Government is peculiarly agreable to me, because it goes a great way to convince me that the end I had in view, has been in some degree answered and will be more so\u2014 it was not to obtain a name as an Author, or a reputation for litterary talents that I undertook the laborious work.\u2014 if such had been my Object I certainly should have taken more time to digest and connect it\u2014 But it appeared to me that my Countrymen were running wild, and into danger, from a too ardent & inconsiderate pursuit, of erroneous opinions of Government, which had been propogated among them by some of their ill informed favourites, and by various writings which were very popular among them, such as the pamphlet called common sense, for one example among many others, particularly Mrs Macaulay\u2019s History, Mr Burgh\u2019s political disquisitions, Mr Turgot\u2019s Letters. These writings are all excellent in some respects and very useful but extreamly mistaken in the true construction of a free goverment\u2014 to accomplish the good I had in view I thought it would be more useful and effectual, to lay facts, principles, examples, and reasonings before my Countrymen, from the writings of others than in my own name. This has given an Air of Pedantry to the Book which I despize; but is has answered the end in a manner more effectual, than if I had contrived it with more Art, to promote my own reputation. our new Constitution is formed in part upon its principles and the enlightened part of our Communities, are generally convinced of the necessity of adopting it by degrees more Compleatly\n          Your monthly Reviewers thought themselves very sagacious in conjecturing that I had a point to carry! they will now I suppose glorify themselves in the beleif that their conjecture was right and that I have carried my point\u2014 Shrewd however, as they think themselves they are mistaken. had my Books been contrived for any selfish purpose, they would have certainly been modelled in a more popular manner. If those writings have contributed to procure me the\nconfidence of my fellow citizens. I shall rejoice in them the more, as a sure proof that they have convinced many already and that they will continue to operate a compleat reformation of every thing yet wrong and produce in the end, what I think the most perfect form of Government\u2014 I am now very happy with our illustrious Chief and many of my old Friends and, firmly trust in the goodness of Providence for aids to accomplish the great work of forming institutions for a great Continent which may leave their Liberty & happiness for many Generations. I am requested by Mr Churchman to inclose one of his addresses & to ask your opinion of it.\u2014\n          Mr & Mrs Smith are in good health I hope to have with me soon\u2014 My Family are all very much your Friends\u2014 The public Papers will inform you how our new Government proceeds.\u2014 it seems to be popular and promise success\u2014 Remember me affectionately to those few, in whose Conversation I delighted, and whom I am not absolutely without hope. I may once again, see with great and sincere Esteem\u2014 I am / Dear Sir; your affectionate Friend and very humble Servant\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0329", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Arnold Welles, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Welles, Arnold\n          I have received the letter you did me the honour to write me, on the fifth of this month and thank you for your obliging congratulation on the event of the votes of the Electors. as far as I am personally concerned in this Event it was not a subject of much congratulation: it was rather a mortification to me to see that in our first great Election, so great a portion of our Fellow Citizens had been artful\nand that so many more had been Dupes. It is only on the supposition that such Knavery and such Folly. may be guarded against in future that I can congratulate you on the prospect of happiness under the new Government\u2014 I thank you Sir for introducing to me Capt Gustavus Fellows, whom for the sake of your recommendation, as well as on his own Account I should be glad to serve. but as I am not as yet acquainted with his particular Views\u2014am not able to judge what prospect he has of success\u2014\n          With great Esteem I have the honour to be Sir / your most Obedient & most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0332", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Hendrik Fagel, 26 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Fagel, Hendrik\n          Mr Van berckel informs me that you were desirous of seeing the second and third Volumes of the Defence &c When I gave orders for the first to be sent you I expected that the other two would have been sent. I am very glad nevertheless Sir of renewing to you the assurances of my sincre esteem attachment and respect. My regards at the same time if you please to my Friend Dr Marclane\u2014\n          My Fellow Citizens have placed me in their new Government: and I am now established for sometime in New york\u2014 The Prospects before us are flattering. If Peace should Continue in Europe we shall\nenjoy it of coure\u2014if War should break out we must preserve peace if we can and in such Case we shall be able, to restore our Country to Order and Prosperity\u2014\n          I am Sir with great Regard / your most Obedt and humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0333", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Lincoln, 26 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\n            I am, this Evening favoured with yours of the 18. In Answer to your Question, I ask another.\u2014 Where is the Sovereignty of the Nation lodged? Is it in the national Government, or in the State Governmen[ts?] Are there more Sovereignties than one? if there is more than one there are Eleven. if there are Eleven there is no general Government\u2014for there cannot be eleven Sovereignties against one.\u2014 Are not the Constitution and Laws of the United States, the Supream Law of the Land.?\u2014 if so, the Supream Magistrate of the United States, is the Supream Magistrate of the Land. This would be enough to determine your Question.\u2014\n            But if practice is consulted\u2014 The Clergy here, of all [de]nominations, pray for the President, V. President, Senate and Reps of the national Government, first: then for the Governors, Lt. Govrs, Senator & Reps of the State Governments\u2014 This is a grave Example indeed, considering it is adduced to determine a Question about Toasts.\n            The Governors of Pensilvania & New York, have decidedly yielded the Preceedence, both to the President and Vice President.\u2014 The Govr of Pensilvania has even yielded it to a Senator.\u2014 The Foreign Ambassadors, and all Companies give the Place to the Vice President next to the President, and to both before all the rest of the World.\n            It is Ettiquette that governs the World.\u2014 If the Preceedence of the President, and consequently Vice President is not decidedly yielded by every Governor upon the Continent, in my opinion, Congress had better disperse and go home.\u2014 For my own Part I am resolved, the moment it is determined that any Governor is to take Rank either of President or V. P. I will quit and go home: for it would be a shameful deceit and Imposition upon the People to hold out to them hopes\nof doing them service when I shall know it to be impossible.\u2014 if the People are so ignorant of the Alphabet, as to mistake A. for B. and B. for C, I am Sure, while that ignorance remains they will never be learned enough to read. It is Rank that decides Authority.\u2014\n            I am, dear Sir, your affectionate Friend\n            The Constitution has instituted two great offices, of equal Rank, and the Nation at large in pursuance of it, have created two officers: One, who is the first of the two equals, is placed at the Head of the Executive; the other at the Head of the Legislative.\u2014 if a Governor has Rank of one: he must of Course, of both. This would give a decided Superiority to the State Governments; and annihilate the Sovereignty of the national Government. it is a Thing so clear, that nobody this Way has doubted it.\u2014 None will ever doubt it, but those who wish to annul the national Governm[ent\u2014]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0334", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Smith, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, William\n          I have received your obliging Letter of the 19th. a drawback on Rum exported is admitted by the House, and I believe will not be taken off by the Senate. The duty on Molasses will be reduced to 4 Cents and I hope to three. Your Reasoning appears to be very just and I think will prevail. The jealousies Distilleries and Breweries are natural and cannot be wholly prevented: but I hope they will not mislead us. The Subject has been argued in the Senate with great Candour and Moderation, and with a single eye to the public good\u2014 The result I hope will give satisfaction. Apologies are so far from being necessary that I shall be much obliged to you for any information on the Subject My Regards to Mrs Smith and Miss Betsey\u2014 Mrs Adams I hope to see in New york in ten or fifteen days at furthest. Mrs Washington arrived this day. I am with much Esteem Dr Sir / yr Friend & humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0335", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William\n          I have received your favour of the 18th. but cannot agree with you that \u201ca considerable Period must elapse before the United States can arise to Greatness.\u201d\u2014 They are already arrived at Greatness, and their greatest Misfortune is that they know it not.\u2014 The Politicians, if such there are, who think it best We never should be great are already disappointed. They may possibly contribute to keep others as ignorant as themselves; but they cannot annul the fact.\u2014 Men who think that Distinctions and Ranks ought not to exist, must think that Men ought to be annihilated.\u2014 I am amazed to read that \u201cwere We deprived of all intercourse with Europe this system might last for many years.\u201d it could not exist an Hour.\u2014 it never did exist a moment. a Family a Clubb, a Parish, a Ship, cannot be governed in any Such Way.\u2014 How can Localities be destroyed in any Such Way.? It is high time for the Eastern States to despize their own Fools, and consider their Situation. Localities, I warrant you, will plague them Sufficiently if they do not. a late Locality, which propagated at the Same time a report in all the Southern States, that New England would not Vote for General Washington; and in the Northern states that Virginia, New York and South Carolina would not vote for General Washington: and in both that all were likely to unite in me, by which a Panick was Spread that I should be President and Washington Vice President: What think you of Such a Man\u00e6uvre? Is New England willing to be duped in this manner? Will they ever get rid of these Insults while they pursue, Such a Stupid System. They will distinguish nobody. The Southern States distinguish every body, who favours their Localities.\u2014 I See New England Out-generalled in so many Instances, that I begin to be ashamed that I was born there. The Senate, Sir, are constantly employed upon great Objects: but their Journal is not yet published. They have now the Impost Bill under consideration, and will reduce it to a reasonable System.\n          All Applications must be made to the President whom the Constitution has wisely made the judge in the first Instance of all\nPretentions.\u2014 Mr Paine I suppose will apply for the department you mention.\n          I expect now that Massachusetts will attempt to oversett the new Govt, by Setting up their State Govt, above the national Govt. \u2014 all other States yeild the Superiority decidedly.\u2014 But for fear John Adams should be distinguished above John Hancock, there is reason to apprehend that the Massachusetts will revolt.\u2014 Yet distinctions are of no Consequence.\u2014 Pray let Us learn common sense and common Consistency.\u2014\n          For myself, I care as little for distinctions as any of them.\u2014 But I know that Authority cannot be maintained nor Law executed without them.\u2014 I can live however as well without Government as they can.\n          I am, dear sir yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0336", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Paul R. Randall, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Randall, Paul R.\nTo: Adams, John\n          I take the liberty of laying before you a memorial epistle, I have presented to the President stating my right to presume upon the publick attention\u2014 As I have availed myself of an opportunity of mentioning your name, I think it my duty in apprising you of it, to solicit your patronage in support of those pretensions which you sir in a great measure have put it in my power to claim.\n          My long absence from home threw me entirely from the line of business I was engaged in, and numberless competitors at present prevent the resumption of it, so that I am necessitated to seek every occasion of advancing myself some other way\u2014\n          I find, sir, that after many Attempts I cannot obtain a settlement from the board of treasury without a certificate from you purporting the propriety of payment from them.\u2014\n          I sat out the first of November from London and returned thither in August, I incommoded myself exceedingly in embarking immediately from thence,\u2014as both Mr: Jefferson & yourself conceived Congress might wish for every Information that I could give them.\u2014\n          Upon my Memorial the Board were directed not merely to report, but to take order thereupon\u2014 they however insist upon your Certificate as the highest Evidence.\u2014\n          I have done myself the Honor of calling several Times at Mr: Jay\u2019s without being so fortunate as to see you\u2014\n          I hope you will justify my presumption in thus addressing you.\n          I am / sir / most respectfully / your obedient & / humble servant\n            Paul R. Randall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0337", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William\n          What is there which the new Government possesses, on which to found its Authority.? Has it Honours? has it pleasures? has it profits to bestow, which may Attract the Attention, excite the Love, or alarm the Fear, of Such a Majority in every State as will compell the Minority to Obedience?\n          Has the national Government at this moment, Attractions enough to make a Seat in it, an Object of Desire, to the Men of greatest Fortune, Talents, Birth, or Virtue? Has it Charms to give Contentment to those, who are now in it? Have the Representatives, Senators, or even the Vice President or President, cause to prefer the Situations they are in to any Stations at home, public or private? To leave the two first Magistrates out of the question: do the Senators consider their present Seats as their homes, or as Steps to promotion in their own States! if the national Government is to be but a ladder on which to mount into higher regions at home you will Say that this Government will soon die the death of the late righteous Congress; and the new Constitution expire like the old Confederation.\n          Gentlemen find under this Government, as they did under the former, that they live at uncomfortable Lodgings, instead of their own houses: alone, instead of in the society of their Families and Friends: at a great distance from their Estates and Business. Professions, Faculties, Property, Families, all going to ruin at home. You will not\nbabble to me about Patriotism, Zeal, Enthusiasm Love of Poverty and Country, at this time of day. You and I have been the Dupes of these Professions too long.\u2014 I see nothing Since, I arrived from Europe but one universal & ungovernable Rage for the Loaves and Fishes. The Corruption of Ambition and Avarice, has more universal Possession of the Souls of the Gentlemen of this Country, than of the Nobility of any Country in Europe.\u2014 But the new Government has no Objects of Ambition or Avarice, Sufficient to Satiate the Appetites that crave.\u2014 What Allurement has it then?\u2014 You expect it to work Miracles.\u2014 to make Brick without Straw. If the People would give Titles or Marks of distinction, this would go a great Way.\u2014 The Title of Right Honourable, would raise the Senate and make it an Object of Ambition.\u2014 Senators and even Governors, Judges and Chancellors, would be willing to leave their Places at home to obtain it.\u2014 But as it is, and as, I fear it is like to be, I expect, that one half will resign before two Years.\n          Is the new Government to be founded in force? Are We to raise a Navy and an Army, to detect illicite Trade and to quel insurrections? to protect the national Judicial against the State Judicials? the national Executive against the State Executives? Have We dominion enough over the Minds of the People to do this?\u2014 Titles would cost much less, and be less dangerous to Liberty.\u2014\n          To talk of a Government, without all Ettiquette is to betray a total Inattention to human Life and manners. Can Subordination be preserved in the Smallest Society, without distinctions? examine it in a Family. Let the Master and Mistress, the Father and Mother, Men Servants and Maid Servants, Sons and Daughters all live together in the Same room. let them dress all alike. let them breakfast dine and Sup all at the Same Table. Let Tom the Coachman Set at the Head of the Table, as Accident shall direct, and Polly the Milkmaid Set at the right hand of her Mistress. Let the Children and Servants call their Father and Master by their names Tom Dick and Harry, and be themselves called so in their turns. in this Case you would soon See the Liberty, order, Virtue and Happiness, that would result from such an admirable republican OEconomy.\n          Away with all this Nonsense.\u2014 Let us not betray such gross Ignorance of the World.\u2014 I wrote the first part of this Letter, at the date but it has lain by unfinished till this 14. June.\n          I am, dear sir yours\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0338", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Peters, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n          Until I met with your Letter to Day I could not conceive I had been so remiss as not before this Time to have acknowledged the Favour of it. It lay in Town for some Days & I was mortified at not receiving it soon enough to pay the wished for Attention to Mr Beal who left the Letter at a Friend\u2019s House in the City & tho\u2019 I made every Enquiry after that Gentleman I had not the Pleasure of finding him & presume his Stay was short. I shall, tho\u2019 unfortunate in this be extremely happy in noticing any Person you honour me with recommending. I thank you very much for your Attention to Mr Delany who I believe stands well enough with the Generality of those he depends on to gratify his Wishes which are very much united with those of the People in the City among whom his Friends in this Persuit are very numerous.\n          It is not for me, not perfectly informed, to judge of \u201cMen or Measures.\u201d But it seems as if we should get right at last for I believe the Men are well inclined & the Measures have then the best Chance. The public Curiosity is to be sure eager enough but I am not clear that the public should know too much. I mean by this that the Differences of Opinion in a Body collected from so many Quarters & having so many clashing Interests to attend to as the Congress now have will give an Air of Levity & Disunion tho\u2019 the Result of the Debates be never so salutary. The first Congress had better Reasons for keeping their Squabbles to themselves as we had then both public & private Enemies in our Country. Yet I believe the People continued their Confidence in them the longer for not being well acquainted with what passed behind the Curtain. They certainly had not the Confidence of the People in a higher Degree than the present Congress & I therefore wish (what I assuredly trust will happen) that the present Government will not fail to do the Business thoroughly before the Novelty is over & the public Enthusiasm grows vapid. You recollect better than I can tell you many capital Arrangements that might have been made in the early Stages of our Affairs which never could be afterwards effected. The Apprehensions then that the Government was not on solid Foundations but was unpalateable to many, did at that Time Mischief & there seems to be some such Shades in our present Picture. They arise from excellent Motives but I think there is Wisdom & Virtue enough in our Government to direct bold\n& decided Measures without Risque. Festina lente is a good Maxim but it may be carried too far. My Impatience may have dictated these Ideas which I would not express to every body. But I really fear that the Complaisance shewed to the Opposers of our Government & the Arguments that this that or the other Measure will distract displease & disgust the People are of worse Consequence than being of little Weight. I believe that any tolerable Measures by which we can regain our Character & support our Government will go down among the Federalists & as to many of the Antis Nothing will please them. But the Government seems yet like a good Clock without a proper Pendulum to regulate its Motions. No preconcerted Plans are brought forward but every one is left to form one for himself. I hope when the Executive is filled up in its auxiliary Parts & the Principals in the Government with the Ministers form a kind of Cabinet Council, Measures will be well digested, Plans formed & Business accelerated. In this Case I depend on the prudent Foresight & thoughtful Temper of our excellent President & have no small Reliance in yours Knowledge of our own Affairs as well as the political Researches you are accustomed to make on the great Scale. These with the good Dispositions both of you possess will ensure Influence which, when virtuously directed as I am sure it will be is absolutely necessary to regulate the Vibrations of a popular Assembly. In Great Britain Influence is to be sure prostituted, but with all its Evils it gives Stability to their Government & Promptitude to their Measures. An Influence is gained there by the Distribution of Offices & Douceurs. But here virtuous Persuits & a superior Knowledge of Affairs gained by the Habit of attending to them will give it to those who from their Stations ought to possess it. You must excuse these Speculations of mine which are thrown out more to gain than give Information. If my worthy Friend Smith be with you present to him my sincere Regards & be assured of the respectful Esteem with which I am, Dear Sir, / Your very obed Servt\n            Richard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0339", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Warren, Mercy Otis\n          A little before my departure from Braintree I received your favour inclosing a letter from Mrs Walker. last night I received that of the 7th May There was no necessity of any apology for writing to me after so long a correspondence there has never been on my part any failure of friendship to Mr Warren or yourself\u2014 you are very much mistaken in your opinion of my situation. I have neither reached the Acma of Applause nor am I in an a situation to establish my Family or assist my Friends. I am and have been extremely mortified from my first arrival in America, to hear from all Quarters the unpopularity of my Friend Warren and his family\u2014whom I was formerly accustomed to hear spoken of with affection and Respect by all\u2014 It is not my fault to have listened to the uninterrupted Ebulitions of the public Wrath. for I must have been wholly out of Society not to have heard them, and they hurt my heart much too intimately not to make a deep impression. No doubt there have been many and great exaggerations and misrepresentations. But one thing is indubitable that G Warren did differ for a time from all his Friends, and did countenance measures that appear to me as they did to those Friends extremely pernicious\u2014 You are pleased to say Madam that you are sure of my Patronage for certain purposes\u2014 in the first place I have no patronage in the next neither your Children nor my own would be sure of it if I had it. beyond my own clear Conviction of the public Good I should bely the whole coure of my public and private Conduct and all the Maxims of my Life if I should ever consider public Authority entrusted to me to be made subservient to my private Views or those of my Family or Friends\u2014 The Friendship between Genl Warren and me began and has continued in different principles\u2014\n          No man knows better than I do that time will make curious disclosures. I should not be astonished to find Incendiaries who fomented the discontents among the Insurgents of Massachusetts in a Class the least suspected by the World\u2014 From my earliest youth I have been perfectly aware that the popular Voice is fluctuating & that human affairs are full of Vicissitudes\u2014 I have long contemplated in many very solemn hours the Injustice\u2014Ingratitude and Abuse experienced by myself\u2014and it would be no surprize to me if my latter end should be as melancholly an instance of popular mutability as the annals of Anarchy ever exhibited to the World if this should\n            happen to me or to others it will wholly be owing to the ignorance of the great Rulers leaders in the Revolution of the Nature of Government and their Obstinacy in refusing to learn it. But enough and too much of this\u2014 You have not informed me Madam what particular View you have for Mr Warren or your Sons\u2014 The Candidates are very numerous and equally importunate I must say to you as to every one else. I am not the Person to apply to The Constitution has wisely made the President the Judge in the first instance of the pretensions of all\u2014 Every application must be made to him and it ought to be made in writing\u2014 With my sincer Respects to Mr Warren\u2014 / I am Madam yr Friend and humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0340", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jeremy Belknap, 30 May 1789\nFrom: Belknap, Jeremy\nTo: Adams, John\n          I should not have thought of troubling you with the inclosed sermon, if it had not been suggested to me by a friend who heard it that it seemed to be formed on the principles which were advanced in your defence of the American Constitutions & to recommend such Checks and Balances in Ecclesiastical as you had thought necessary in civil Government. If in this view of it, or any other it may be acceptable I shall think myself honoured, & am / Sir / with the greatest respect / Your very humble Servant\n            Jeremy Belknap.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0341", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Bowdoin, 30 May 1789\nFrom: Bowdoin, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          The attachment of Mr. Boid to the American Cause has, as you are Sensible, occasioned the forfeiture to the British Government of all his Lands upon the Schoodac: to which river they have extended their Province of New Brunswick.\u2014 The Papers that relate to his Case, as well as to that encroachment, were by order of Congress, as\nI have understood, transmitted to you, during your residence in England: and Mr. Boid purposes to send you a copy of the former, with a request, that you would be so good as to support his intended Petition to Congress, so far as it shall appear to you just and reasonable.\n          The General Court, by their letter of Instructions to their Delegates in Novr. 1786, esteemed him a good friend to this Country; and having been deprived of a large interest in consequence of his attachment to it, instructed their Delegates to recommend him to the attention & favour of Congress; and to move them to afford him Such relief as they might think proper.\n          As Mr. Boid has become a citizen of the United States, has greatly Suffered for his attachment to them, and is a worthy man; and as he can probably give information of evidence, that may be useful in determining the true divisional line between those States and the British Province of New Brunswick, I beg leave to recommend him to your favourable notice: and am very respectfully, sir / Yr Excy\u2019s most obt. hble servt.\n            James Bowdoin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-19-02-0342", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Lincoln, 30 May 1789\nFrom: \nTo: \n          I am fully in sentiment with you respecting the danger of an established aristocracy and had I fully explained my self when I mentioned the subject in my letter of the 22 Ulto. there would not I suppose have been even a \u201cseeming\u201d difference in opinion thereon. The words slavery and aristocracy have been used here for political purposes as synonymous\u2014 They have been equally terrifying to Many of the people who have been taught to believe that the man who was for any essential change in our late mode of national government\nand is not for such alterations in the new system as would erase from it such parts as many, I know, think the most precious jewels of it; is held up as an aristocrat and as harbouring in his breast a secret lurch to enslave the people the moment a fair opportunity shall offer for doing it with success.\u2014 In order to lessen the influence of the real friends to the new constitution the utmost pains have been taken to represent them as unfriendly to the rights of the people; and to distinguish them from the rest of the citizens they have been called by the unnatural name of the aristocratical junto. Considering the people as acting under these impressions as many of them have been and now are, for few in number compared with the whole ever saw the constitution, and know not from their own enquiries, whether the leading features of it are aristocratical or monarchical you will not wonder that I was led to the ideas expressed. Indeed Sir the word aristocrat\u2014has been as commonly used to deter people from cordially embracing the new constitution as the frightful story of raw head & bloody bones was formerly used to deter children from vice and with much greater success\n          You discover some anxiety from an apprehension that a certain order of men whose smiles in favor of the new constitution are necessary will be too much divided among themselves in opinion respecting the measures to be adopted to bring about the object which they have in view. This diversity in sentiment exists I hope and trust among our southern friends only I think we are well united here relative to the object we are considering If I am not mistaken in the matter and we are really united we shall I think have little to apprehend from others we have always been obliged to lead in the great national matters and I hope we shall be able to do it in this. All those people whom we have mentioned have the same objects in view Viz security of life liberty & property\u2014 For the safety of property they are become exceedingly jealous for it has long been in the most precarious and fluctuating situation the laws by which it has been controuled, if it can justly be said to have been regulated by law, have changed their form with the change of circumstances of those who have composed our legislature. It cannot I think be considered as treasonable to say that they have in the most wanton manner sacrificed the public faith to objects vastly inferiour & trifling, there may be objects of such magnitude and national necessity as would in a degree if not fully justify it, from this source has arisen the great disgust among the men of property to our old system and the zeal discovered by many in establishing a new one. If now from the\nwisdom of our laws formed upon the principles of the constitution and from the faithful execution of them people find that they are really under a government of laws and are no longer subject, as they have been to the caprice of the unthinking multitude, that they are no longer obliged to consult them or any body of men what ever, how, at what time, or in what manner their debts shall be paid, when in this respect they shall obtain perfect satisfaction from the nature of their contract, & the laws of their country they will be in love with the government and embrace it with affection and support it and its officers in independence dignity & splendor. You seem to doubt of our ever having such an execution of the laws as will make us really respectable and give that security so much wished for untill the executive department shall by a unanimous voice be established in the manner you have pointed out a measure most ardently to be wished for. From the knowledge I have of many gentlemen of the character I am speaking I have great expectations that a majority of them, not only hold the sentiments we wish but that they will openly avow them and that they will be able to give such aid and support to the executive department as will sustain it under the most vigorous execution of the laws we may also flatter our selves that if the laws are founded on the broad basis of national good, as it is presumed they will be and an attempt is once made to execute them with fidelity we shall be constantly gaining ground and the friends of the new constitution will multiply with and in proportion to our success\n          By the latest accounts from your quarter we learn that the duties on many articles are much reduced from what they passed in the house. It seems to be the general idea here that in the first attempt the duties should be lower and that when the people are in the habits of submitting to the laws they might be increased with the exigencies of government\n          If the laws in the first instance should be thought severe and from that consideration the people at large should think themselves authorised in evading them many ill would arise and what would be much worse would be a sentiment in the executers of the laws that they could under any circumstances have, a right to wink at a breach of them I hope our laws will be mild, & mercy bye then, and the execution of them be prompt & punctual\n          Your Excellencys favor on the subject of etiquitte came after the parade was over I am nevertheless greatly obliged by your kind attention\u2014 we got thro\u2019 the day pretty well all circumstances considered the Governour could not attend us\u2014\n          I have lately been informed that should there be an opening in the revenue line Mr. Henshaw would come in\n          I am my dear sir with / sincere esteem your / Your affectionate / friend & servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0597", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Barrett, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Barrett, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\nHonored & dear Sir\nBoston 1 June 1789\nOn the advice of my very excellent Friend the Honbl. Mr. Bowdoin I enclose you Copies of my Letters to Major General Knox & his Answer, with a rough draught of a letter to his Excellency the President of the United States; requesting you to peruse them & to give me your opinion, as to the best mode of Conducting my intended Application, & if you approve of the mode & see any Prospect of Success to let me know what alterations are necessary to be made in the letters that I may perfect it & forward it to you to be presented with such Information as you may think proper to give, as I am a perfect stranger to the President; but I am persuaded that every purpose of such a letter will be better accomplished by your recommendation alone.\nYou Sir will be the earliest acquainted with the arrangements to be made & can instantly form a Judgment what Place may be suitable for me & what Probability there is of my obtaining it\u2014Your advice and Patronage will be of the first importance to me, as under the Conduct thereof alone, I can ever accomplish my wishes\u2014& for your Goodness I shall ever esteem myself under the highest Obligations\u2014\nI can with pleasure refer to Governor Bowdoin, General Lincoln, Mr. Gorham, Judge Wendell, Mr. Strong, Mr. Dalton, Mr. Lowell, Mr. Ames, General Knox & Mr. Gerry, Mr. Cranch, & to several other Gentleman for such Testimonials as may be requisite.\nI am, / Honored & dear Sir, / with the highest Respect / your very hmbl. Serv.\nSamuel Barrett\nP.S. What think you of the Clerkship of the Federal Court, itinerant or domestic?With the domestic I might perhaps obtain the Office of a Justice of the Peace, & receive the benefits of it, without interference\u2014&  both would yield me a competent support.\nThe Clerkship will probably be in the gifts of the Court; but your Recommendation would give me Favor with the Justices of that Court.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0598", "content": "Title: To John Adams from United States House of Representatives, 1 June 1789\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMr. President: \n\t\t\t\tI am directed to inform the Senate that the President has affixed his signature to a bill, entitled \u201cAn act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths,\u201d and has returned it to the House of Representatives, from whence it originated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0599", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Robert Duncan, 4 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Duncan, Robert\nSir\u2014\nNew York June 4th 1789\u2014\nI have received your letter of the 28th of May with an other from Mr Lovell\u2014It is difficult to say any thing in answer to either of these Letters, because it is yet undetermined what Employments there will be & who will have the disposal of them\u2014The President alone must judge in the first instance of the merits and Qualifications of every Candidate for any of the most important Offices; and to him therefore all applications must be made\u2014many other employments may be left to be filled by the Heads of their Departments\u2014you will see by the public proceedings of Congress what arrangements will be made and take your measures accordingly\u2014in the mean time it may not be improper to acquaint the President with your views & wishes.\nI am Sir with Esteem / Your most Obedt Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0600", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Melvill, 4 June 1789\nFrom: Melvill, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston 4th June 1789\nWithout previous apology or introduction to your Excellency, I haven taken the liberty to request for a few moments your attention to a subject which nearly concerns the future welfare and happiness of myself & family\u2014Whether such a step in any situation can for me be proper I am at a loss to determine, but both my duty and my feelings towards them (especially as I have heard that application has been made for the office I now hold) have outweighed every other consideration. I cannot but hope these motives in the sight of your Excellency will furnish my excuses if not my justification.\nIn the month of October 1787 by the decease of N Barber Esqr, the Naval Office for the Port of Boston became Vacant, & by joint ballot of both houses I had the honor to be appointed his successor. In June following at the anual choice I was reappointed, and under that appointment now continue to discharge the duties thereof. Misfortunes in Trade and being in a Regiment of Artillery in the service of this State during the War, have thrown me in a great measure dependant upon that office for my subsistance & surely it will be no disgrace to add, that I have an amiable Wife & seven children wholly dependent upon me for theirs. It may not be amiss to mention that I am a native of the Town of Boston & cannot but flatter myself have my reputation and integrety unimpeached\u2014\nI am known to the Gentlm. Messrs Dalton Goodhue Thatcher, Grout and doubt not the other Gentlemen from the Eastward will be able to furnish any necessary information respecting my character, The present duties of my office deprive me of the pleasure of making my personal application to your Exclly. I have therefore taken this method to lay Sir before you these state of Facts\u2014and if in your Excellencys judgment, it should be in all respects consistent with the dignity and publick good of the Union, that I should be continued Naval Officer for the Port of Boston under the new Constitution, I earnestly and respectfully request your Excellencys interest and support\u2014\nI have the honor to be Sir / Your Most Obedt & most Humbl. Servt.\nThomas Melvill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0604", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Peters, 5 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Peters, Richard\nDear Sir\nNew York May 28. June 5th 1789\nYesterday I had the Pleasure of receiving your Letter of the 28th. of May. Mr Beals intention was not to Stay in Philadelphia more than two or three days, and his absence from this place was accordingly very short. I thank you, for your obliging Enquiries after him, and for your kind offers of civility to others of my Friends. I hope e\u2019re long to be in a condition to receive any friend of yours, or yourself if you should honour this City with a Visit. Mr Delany, I hope and presume will have no difficulty in obtaining the object of his Wishes.\nAfter an Absence of Eleven years, it must be Presumption in me to be Sanguine in any Judgment I may form of the Temper and opinions of the People in all the States: but as far as my Information extends, I am clearly of your Mind, that bold and decisive Measures might be taken without risque.\u2014but did you ever know a bold and decisive assembly? Especially in its youth? Although Individuals of this Character Sometimes appear, it is not always Safe to follow them, because they have not always that extent of information and that  Judgment, which are indispensably necessary to conduct such measures to a Successful Conclusion. And when it happens that Knowledge Experience, and Caution, are found united with Enterprize in a few, they find it impossible to impart enough of these qualities to others, to engage them to cooperate in their systems. You remember enough of this in former times; and may live to See more of it.\nYour confidence in the thoughtful Temper and prudent Foresight of the President is perfectly well founded, and these qualities will be greatly assisted by proper Ministers. But the avarice of Liberty which predominates in the breasts of our Fellow Citizens, by excluding all Ministers from both Houses of the Legislature, in the formation of the Constitution, has rendered it extreamly difficult to conciliate the Legislature to any Plans of the Executive however Salutary. Poor Montesque, if he perfectly understood himself, has been wretchedly mistaken by others. His doctrine of a Separation of the Executive from the Legislative is very just and very important, if confined to the Departments but is much otherwise, when extended to all the individuals. Separation is necessary, only so far as to secure the Independence of each. but to take away from the Executive the Power of appointing to office any Individuals, is Shakling its Authority and diminishing its Independence.\u2014On the other hand, depriving the People of the Power of choosing into the Legislature any Man who holds an office under the Executive, is abridging the Liberties of the People in the most essential Point the Election of Legislators even in the lower House; and is a Diminution of the Independence both of the Legislature and its Constituents.\u2014\nThere is every Evidence of good Intentions on all sides but there are too many Symptoms of old Colonial Habits: and too few, of great national Views. I am, Sir, with great / Esteem your most obedient Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0606", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Brand Hollis, 6 June 1789\nFrom: Hollis, Thomas Brand\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nChesterfield Street June 6. 1789\nYour long silence gave me much uneasiness but I endeavour\u2019d to assign a thousand reasons which must have prevented you & some of them most natural. At last however your favor returned my calm.\nI should have been surprised indeed had Cato\u2019s house stood uninjured in the general conflict for Existence life & liberty. Remember the glorious contest the anxious fears the painful doubts the dreadful suspense & above all the tremendous consequences of not succeeding\u2014yet your manly unremitting energies have overcome all these horrors staring you in the face big with calamities and woe.\nBut how different your fate from that of the Roman for tho success is not absolutely necessary to the happiness yet in the state of doubt in which we live it seems desirable to keep alive the cause of virtue & to prevent the insolence of vice.\nWhat reason have you than to rejoice & to be exceeding glad and more when you recollect that some of your copatriots set out aswarm in the publick cause yet soon relinquish\u2019d, at the approach of danger, their first love which you never forsook.\nYour state may be envied not regretted & upon the Balance I know which will kick the beam, as our time is short here, it is to be estimated by what we effect,\u2014having showed your self capable & worthy & having done what will entitle you to an exalted state in a future active life. I should not have said thus much but that your country is sensible of the same by ranking you among her first magistrates which I enjoy & approve may you do the same & fill up your measure of virtue.\nHow different the State of this Country! No struggles for the preeminence of virtue. Baseborn ambition vice & dissipation predominate and is encouraged as the means of governing\u2014Was ever Royalty seen in all its dignity\u2014Was ever prostitution from the bar from the Senate & the sacred Rostrum carried to a greater height even in the times of the infamous Jemmy?\nThe emoluments of office are the ruin of this country. We have a new speaker Addington a New Secretary in place of Sidney proofs of a change which must come & a new parliament not of long continuance.\nI have sent you a few tracts & papers\u2014\nOur college prospers & is full.\nThe dissenters have been cajoled as usual.\nFeuds & animosities among the family.\nThe Lama of Tartary has taken up his residence in England we have all the expense of Monarchy without the splendor. The Minister has been most fortunate in availing himself of the mistakes of his opponents who maintaind Tory principles about the regency, & Pitt a Tory took up Whig principles to serve his purpose & has succeeded. Such is the glorious fixed principles of Politicians of my amiable friend Mrs. Adams. I hear not one word nor from her\u2014Tell her I visited her family very lately who were all well and that the character of a great lady is every day more & more visible & I might add another Epithet for she now is principal. We have a sad prospect before us but I do not despair. Do but inform the people & they will not injure themselves.\nI have sent some books to the college very serious for every book has its merit & few from which knowledge may not be obtained & every thing is acceptable to a publick library.\nThe affairs of Lazarette\u2019s is of the utmost consequence to America. It will be in your powers to promote it and think of Harvard\u2014Bills of health & entrance will effect it\u2014The plans are made out of which these are choice\u2014regulations & passes must exclude the Barbarians & plague\u2014Excuse the liberty & accept of the intention.\nI hear this morning Bell will publish in the Oracle of American intelligence\u2014may many profit by it Washingtons speech is printed\u2014\nI have much to say but the ship is upon the  how do I wish to be remembered by the Adams family who have saved their country.\nHanberry will be secretary.\nMore taxes tho we save money.\nFarewell & be happy as wishes your sincere Friend\nT Brand Hollis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0607", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Brand Hollis, 6 June 1789\nFrom: Hollis, Thomas Brand\nTo: Adams, John\nca. 6 June 1789\nRedeunt Saturnia Regna\nSir Joseph Banks inscription. Viz Ec. IV.\nWhere slept thy loyalty great Naturalist\nOr had thy words more meaning than thou wist?\n\"Redeunt Saturnia Regna\" Reign of lead!\nThou speakest feelingly,\u2014God help thy head!\nWrote by an American\nSee the vengeance of heaven, America cries,George loses his reason, North loses his Eyes.\nBut when first they provok\u2019d us all Europe could find\nThat the monarch was mad & the minister blind\nIn Saturn\u2019s days as Poets feign\nThe Golden Age was sent\nBut science droops in Georges days\nTo see poor Joe her President", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0608", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 6 June 1789\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston 6 June 1789\nThat I was right in my Position \"that a considerable Time must elapse before the united States can arise to Greatness\" I find confirmed by your last Letter. That our Situation, Resources and Population may & ought to rank us high on the Scale of Nations is indisputably true. But the heterogeneous Materials which compose our extensive federal Republic; the Jealousies, the Ignorances, & the paltry Views of paltry Politicians, will long impede our national Prgress. Why do we hear of a Faction at New York attempting to lessen the Influence of the Vice President but for the Weight he gives to the Eastern States? And why is he to have a scanty Provision, for his Services, but because he contends for Dignity & Energy in the Government & its Officers? I have sometimes thought there was something in the Constitution of our Countrymen naturally opposed to Men of great Talents. Owing I suppose to their conceiving, & justly enough, that when they chuse Persons of Common Abilities to Offices they make them what they are, but Men of Genius make themselves. And what is still worse, the few great Men which God has given to a Nation, will rouse them from their Indolence & point the Way to Greatness & to Happiness. Americans have no Objection to public Prosperity, provided it is confined to a narrow Scale. And these Principles will continue to be acted upon, untill every State Constitution is annihilated, and Governors &c become what they only ought to be, Corporation Officers. We therefore hope that Congress will pass as many general Acts as possible that the national Legislative, Judicial & executive Powers may be speedily & universally felt in every part of the united States. Among other Acts, a Bankrupt Law is much wanted, & would conduce to make many individuals feel the Force, & participate in the Advantages of the national Government more than any Thing. The numerous Debts contracted before the War, & at the Peace, with the real or artificial scarcity of Cash which is so distressingly felt throughout the Whole Confederacy, calls for such a Relief. Besides the Inconveniences resulting from some States having Bankrupt Acts, some Statutes of Insolvency, & others being without any provisional Relief. The Revenue Laws controul & command the States at Large, Bankrupt Statutes would regulate & govern the dearest, because the pecuniary Interests of every Subject of every State.\u2014\nIn Consequence of one Paragraph in your last obliging favour of 27 May, I inclose a Letter to the President, which if you approve of, I wish may be sealed & sent to him, either through the Medium of the Post Office, or as you please. I have my own Doubts on the subject of such an application. And therefore beg leave to trust to your Judgement for it\u2019s Propriety. The awkwardness of the Direction is humbly copied from the Stile of the House of Representatives of the United States.\nI am, Dear Sir, most cordially Yours\nWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0610", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Hall, 9 June 1789\nFrom: Hall, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\nHonoured Sir;\nPortland, 9 june 1789.\nThe favourable Reception your Excellency was pleased to give mine, thro\u2019 the hand of my friend General Lincoln, emboldens me to interrupt your precious time one moment, while I again ask your friendship, so far as may be consistent with duty, respecting the appointment of a Collector at the Port of Portland. I wish for the appointment, and hope I am deserving of it. I have written to the President on the subject thro\u2019 my friend Mr. Wingate, who I dare say has delivered him my letter.\nWishing you the Blessing of Heaven in the discharge of the important trust dissolved upon You, permit me to subscribe my self with great Respect your most obedient / & very humble Servant\nStephen Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0611", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Searle, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Searle, James\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 10th. June 1789.\nI was duely favoured with your obliging letter of the 15th. of last Month and feel myself not a little gratified with the renewal of a correspondence with Mr. Adams, a friend for whom I feel a most exalted respect and affection.\u2014\nWhen I took the liberty to write to you last I mentioned my happy situation in business, and my independent feelings, but I hope I have not been misunderstood by Mr. Adams in that declaration, or that I meant that Surly haughty English independence that many make it their boast to feel; On the contrary Sir I am clearly in sentimt. with your ilk that we are all (or ought to be) Brothers in this mutable State, and depend much upon each other for Acts of Kindness and Brotherly love, Indeed it is very commode for me to think so at present, because I am going to claim the honour of being your relation in his sense of the word, and in consequence to ask a Brotherly piece of Kindness from you, which I persuade myself you will not with-hold from me.\nTo come to the point, I have now laying before our Council in this State An Account and a Claim which I have against the State for my Agency & Expenses in endeavouring to effect a loan for the State, and the Comptroller general of the State thro\u2019 whose office my Acct. must first pass, & who is my friend, tells me that he is convinced a few lines from you to me expressive of your opinion that I took the most effectual measures on my arrival in Holland to obtain the Aforesaid loan, and that the then Situation of Affairs in Holland would not admit of my obtaining the loan, woud greatly facilitate the Settlement of my claim\u2014Now my Dear Sir as I did myself the honour to consult you agreable to the orders I had received from the Council before I left America, in the early Stages of that business in Holland, and as you will no doubt recollect the difficultys that attended obtaining loans at that time (the Winter of 80 & Spring and Summer of 81.) I humbly request you woud take the trouble at a leisure moment of writing me a few lines on this Subject, and perhaps you may so far gratify me as to give it as your opinion that I did not dishonour the State I represented or neglect their Interests in my endeavours to procure the Loan.\nI hope you will pardon the liberty I am now taking wch. I coud only prevail on myself to do, as I am fully convinced of your goodness & friendly disposition to me\nI have the honour to be with every Sentiment of Respect / Dr. Sir / your most Obliged & Obed Servt.\nJames Searle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0612", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston 10th June 1789\nThe Communicating our sentiments to men in power, when done with the respect due to their characters, and without a troublesome intrusion, is at all times a mark of veneration and esteem. Upon these ideas I venture to address a letter to the Vice President of the united states, and which he will read, when his leisure will admit a moment of heedless employment.\nI am very deeply impressed with the disagreeable situation of N Carolina, Rhode Island, and Vermont. though I am very sensible that your situation and ability have placed you far beyond the reach of my suggesting any thing new to you upon the subject, yet I wish to be indulged one word.\ngreat expectation of happiness and prosperity are raised upon the general Government. These are still heightened by the idea of the Characters who have the administration of it. but the system, perfect as it is, or may be, or the Governor, however wise, on prudent, cannot afford to man, that perfect ease and enjoyment, which his fond hopes are reaching after, and which the wisdom of heaven hath decreed he cannot possess.\nI beleive we shall be as happy as any nation in the world, but not as happy  as we expect to be: Government as Doctor Price says, being but the choice of evils.\nWhen our officers have awaked competency, and our national debt creates either an imaginary, or a real burthen, our people may become in some measure uneasy. the raising a revenue by Impost, is clearly the best mode in the world; but while it was thought a virtue to prevent the British revenue raised on the Colonies, our Merchants contracted habits which Interest, or necessity may suffer some of them to indulge, and it would be no  wonder that a partial uneasiness, or politely a limitted disaffection to a young Government, should take place for a while. if any thing of this kind should happen, and the States above mentioned should remain unconnected with the confederated republic, they will become asylums for fugitives from Justice, and increase their number by lessening the risque of offending; and greatly serve to promote the subversion of the Revenue and other Laws.\nI could point out many mischiefs arising from this source, and you might call them imaginary ones. but if they might really exist, it would be more useful to prescribe a remedy, but this I cannot pretend to. and yet as I dread a civil contest, and am very averse to that kind of war, which calls for halters and axes, I beg leave to mention the necessity of an early attempt by Congress, to unite all the States; and that before any interdiction of commerce with those which are delinquent Congress should address the Legislatures of those States with solicitude on the subject, point out to them their unfortunate situation, and the necessity which the Republic is under of taking decided measures to bring them under the general Government, and protection. let me add, the idea of a Letter for this purpose being signed by the President at the request of Congress. Should this fail, perhaps the giving Individuals who shall take the oath of alegiance, the priviledge of Citizens, may weaken the force and distract the Councils of the opposition, and bring on a conviction of the necessity of a union.\nhowever small these observations may appear to you, yet you will suffer the goodness of my intentions to apologize for them; for I assure you that I dread a delay in this important business\u2014because I beleive, that as soon after the Revenue Laws, and the restrictions on trade shall begin to opperate a present benefit will arise which may strengthen the opposition.\nthe People of the Eastern part of this state where I once was conversant are uneasy at having no port of delivery, or of entry, eastward of Portland. the shore is two hundred miles long, and they will suffer great inconvenience by being obliged to enter at Portland, my Friends that way have urged me to write you on the subject of expressing their confidence in your goodness.\nI am Sir with the highest sentiments of respect your most obedient Humble Servant\nJames Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0613", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Nicholson, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDr Sir\nPhilada. 10. June 1789.\nI was duly favoured with your obliging letter of the 15th. of last Month and feel myself not a little gratified with the renewal of a Correspondence with Mr. Adams a friend for whom I feel a most exalted respect & Affection.\nWhen I took the liberty to write you last I mentioned my happy Situation in business, & my independent feelings, but I hope I have not been misunderstood by Mr. Adams in that declaration, or that I meant felt menght that surly, haughty English independence that many make it their boast to feel, on the Contrary Sir I am clearly with in Sentiment with Monsieur Yorick that we all are(or ought to be Brothers) in this mutable State & depend much upon each other for Acts of Kindness & Brotherly love, indeed it is very commode for me to think so at present, because I am going to claim the honour of being your relation in his sense of the word, & in consequence to ask a Brotherly piece of Kindness from you wch. I am persuade myself you will not withold from me.\nTo come to the point, I have now laying before our Council in this State an Account on a Claim wch I have against the State for my Agency & Expences in endeavouring to effect a loan for the State, & the Comptroller General of the State thro whose office my Accts. must first pass, & who is my friend tells me that he is persuaded convinced a few lines from you to me expressive of your opinion that I took the most effectual measures on my arrival in Holland to Obtain the aforesaid loan, & that the then Situation of Affairs wou\u2019d not admit of my obtaining the loan, woud greatly facilitate the settlement of my Claim\u2014Now my dear Sir as I did myself the honour to consult you agreeable to the orders I had recd from the Council before I left America in the early Stages of that business in Holland & as you will no doubt recollect the Difficultys that attended obtaining loans at that time (the Winter of 80 & Spring & Summer of 81) you will I humbly request you to take the trouble (at your pleasure) of writing me a few lines on this Subject & perhaps you may so far Gratify me as to say that I give it as your opinion that I did not dishonour the State I represented or neglect their Interests in my endeavour to procure the Loan.\nI hope you will pardon the liberty I am now taking wch. I coud only prevail on myself to do as I am fully convinced of your goodness & friendly  disposition to me.\nI have the honour to be &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0614", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel Barrett, 11 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Barrett, Samuel\nDear Sir\nNew York June 11th 1789\nI have received the letter you did me the honour to write me on the first of this month with its inclosures: The Letter to The President is conceived with propriety & expressed with decency. As the Investigation of the Characters, Services, Qualifications, and all other pretensions of every Candidate for public employment, is constitutionally, in the President  in the first instance; General Knox\u2019s Advice to you was very proper, and I know of no other course you can pursue. As the Journals & debates of the House are regularly published you will have early information of all the offices which may be created & will have opportunity to accomodate your application to the Circumstances as they rise\u2014\nIt would be to me at all times a pleasing Employment, if I had it in my power, to contribute to the happiness of a deserving Man & virtuous Family; but as this buisness is out of my sphere, I can do no more than relate the truth  as far I may know it, whenever I may be interrogated concerning Facts\u2014\nI am Sir with much Esteem / your most Obedt & humble Servant\nJohn Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0615", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Bowdoin, Sr., 11 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James, Sr.\nDear Sir\u2014\nNew york June 11th. 1789\u2014\nI have recd. the letter you did me the honour to write me on the 30th of May\u2014but have not yet had an opportunity to See Mr Boid\u2014Whenever that Gentleman shall appear, it will be a pleasure to me to give him all the attention and assistance in my power\u2014which may be due to public Justice, and to your recommendation\u2014we proceed slowly: but in digesting Plans so new, so extensive and so important it is impossible to bring Bodies of men to a clear Comprehension of things & a mutual satisfaction, without long deliberation & debate\u2014I called on Sir John Temple last Saturday & tho I was sorry to find him in so ill health. I apprehend with Exercise and Care he will get the better of his Complaint\u2014\nWith great respects I have the honour to be Sir\u2014Your most Obedt & humble. Servt\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0617", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 12 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nNew York June 12. 1789\nYour letters put me more and more out of Patience every Post. Why, in that of the 6th. do you call our national Government a federal Republic? It is no more that, than it is Sph\u0153rical Trigonometry. What is a federal Republic? It is an association of a Number of independent Sovereign States. Are the Seperate States in our national Government, Sovereign and independent? If they are, We had all better go home. For Heavens sake, let us analyze our Ideas and correct our language. Unanamity is essential to a federal Republic. Is unanimity necessary according to our national Constitution? Would it not ruin this Country to make it essential? I ask again Where is the Soverignty of our Nation? Answer me, as a Lawyer and a Statesman, as a Philosopher and an Historian.\nYou need not be apprehensive of \u201cany Faction\u201d attempting to lesson the influence of the V.P. He has no dread of that upon his mind. He will have as much Weight as he ought and he would not have more if it were offered him. He flatters himself he knows his Stops pretty well, at fifty three or four years of Age. He must contend for \u201cthe diginty and Energy of Government\u201d because he knows, that without dignity and Energy there can be no government at all.\nI agree most cordially with you in all the rest of your excellent Letter and will take care of that inclosed.\nI am dear Sir yours\nJn. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0618", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\nDear Sir\nNew York June 12. 1789\nThe last Evenings Post favoured me with your\u2019s of the 6th.\nMany Gentlemen are in favour of a national Excise: and some would have the nation take upon itself all the State Debts, Mr Morris particularly: but I cannot say what will be done.\nMy Burthens are not very heavy: but my health is not very good.\u2014I have been obliged to decide many questions on the Import Bill, the Senate being equally divided.\u2014I was obliged to reduce the Duty on Molasses from four Cents, and to prevent that on Salt from being raised from 6 to 9.\u2014My Vote on Molasses I suppose will displease the Southern Gentlemen: but that on Salt, ought to attone for it.\u2014So the ballance is even.\nDrawbacks on Exportation seem to be necessary to support infant manufactures and some branches of commerce not fully established.\u2014But whenever the manufacture or the Trade will bear it, it seems to be good Policy to make the foreign consumer, pay the Duty. The Senate has rejected the Duty Drawback on Rum; and reduced the Duty on Molasses to 2 1/2 Cents. if the Rum trade will bear it, I shall be glad. if not, it is ill Policy. My Friends the Dutch have the Art to make Foreigners pay two thirds of the Duties to the State. They suffer no Drawback when the trade will bear the Duty.\nThe Note inclosed in your letter I burned as you desired as soon as I had read it: but not untill it had made too deep an Impression on my heart as well as Memory.\u2014What shall I do, with that tender hearted Fool?\nWhen will Mrs A come on? I suffer very much for want of her assistance.\nMy Love to all our Connections / Yours most Sincerely\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0623", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir/\nPhilada June 15th: 1789\nI have been so long accustomed to regard all your opinions upon government with reverence, that I amwas disposed upon reading your last letter, to relate suspend my belief in republican systems of political happiness; but a little reflection led me again to adopt them, and upon this single principle, that they have never had a fair tryal. Let us try what the influence of general science & religion dispersed in early life, will have upon our citizens. Let us try the effect of banishing the latin & greek languages from our country. They consume the flower of human life\u2014and by enabling us to read agreeable histories of ancient crimes, often lead us to imitate them or to tolerate them. Hitherto the factions have been fewer, & less violent in America since the year 1776 than in many monarchies in the same number of years, under less irritating, and dividing circumstances. Our Passions which in Europe would have vented themselves in war, have discharged themselves only in newspaper scurrility , or in inflammatory resolves, or addresses.\u2014One thing further, my profession has taught me, viz: that Its political passions produce fewer diseases in a republic than in a monarchy.\u2014Disappointed ambition in Sweden and in Italy has produced sudden death from colics, and apoplexies.\u2014In America, it has scarcely of late years produced a single hypocondriac disorder. In time, I believe the effects of the political passions upon health & life will be still less perceptable in our country. I think likewise our republican form of government, has already softened the religious passions. We have less bigotry than formerly\u2014and while there is no court, nor monarch, no mode of worship will be prefered from interested considerations. Do you not think it will be wise better to raise our people to a pure & free government by good education, than to sink to their present vulgar habits by accommodating a government to them? Much has been done already to enlighten our citizens\u2014but more much more may be done.\u2014What do you think of a federal University, & of English free Schools in every township in the United States?\u2014\nI find we think more alike in your last letter upon a certain subject, than we did in your first.\u2014I have a right to believe that the residence of Congress in New York has always been an object of more importance in the eyes of many people, than the adoption or establishment of the federal Government.\u2014\nMany pious people wish the name of the supreme Being had been introduced somewhere in the new Constitution. Perhaps an acknowledgement may be made of his goodness, or of his providence in the proposed amendments.\u2014In all enterprises, & parties, I believe the praying, are better Allies, than the fighting part of all communities.\u2014\nI am Dear sir with great regard / your affectionate and / steady friend\nBenjn. Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0624", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Mandrillon, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Mandrillon, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur Le Vice-Pr\u00e9sident,\n\t\t\t\t\tAmsterdam ce 15 Juin 1789\n\t\t\t\tLe tems peut sans doute avoir detruit le souvenir dont vous m\u2019honoriez, lorsque les inter\u00eats de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique vous appellerent dans differentes cours de l\u2019Europe, en quittant ces Provinces: mais quand la renom\u00e9e ne m\u2019auroit pas sans cess\u00e9 rappell\u00e9 votre merite, et votre personne, il m\u2019auroit suffit de penser \u00e0 l\u2019acceuil flateur dont vous m\u2019avez honor\u00e9 ici, et aux conversations int\u00e9ressantes dont vous me faisiez part, pour savoir appr\u00e9cier tout l\u2019avantage dont je jouissois.Re\u00e7evez je vous prie, Monsieur, mon compliment sincere sur la justice que vos compatriotes viennent de vous rendre en vous nommant leur Vice-President; il etoit naturel que le citoyen respectable qui avoit redig\u00e9 leurs loix, veilla \u00e0 leur ex\u00e9cution, et cette nommination fait votre \u00e9loge & le leur en m\u00eame tems.Je profite du d\u00e9part de Monsieur Th\u00e9ophile Cazenove de cette ville pour vous addresser la pr\u00e9sente. Il va voyager en Am\u00e9rique pour mieux la conno\u00eetre, et certainement, s\u2019il \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de vous connoitre, il ne peut que gagner infiniment pour augmenter les lumieres qu\u2019il a deja acquises.Je Fais des voeux, Monsieur, tr\u00eas sincere pour votre bonheur & votre conservation, ainsi que pour votre chere et respectable famille, qui doit \u00eatre bien heureuse de vous posseder au Sein de la gloire et de la paix.J\u2019ai lhonneur d \u00eatre avec le plus parfait respect Monsieur le Vice-Pr\u00e9sident / Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00eas ob\u00e9issant / Serviteur\n\t\t\t\t\tJh. mandrillonDes Acad\u00e9mies de Philadelphie, de Haarlem &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0626", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Peters, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Peters, Richard\nDear Sir,\nRichmond Hill June 18th. 1789\u2014\nSuccess you say, in yours of the 15th: stamps a substantial value upon measures, yet the Motto under a picture of O. Cromwell, is not without its Justice.\nCareat successibus, opto,\nQuiquis, ab Eventu, facta notanda putat.\nIt is a saying in France, \u201cWe can never be ruined, for if our ruin had been possible, it would have been accomplished long ago, since the wiser Heads in France have been these hundred years employed in doing all they could to effect it\u201d\u2014Something very like this may be said with great truth of our own Country.\nTho I think we are not out of danger of divisions, yet upon the whole I rest with you in an humble Confidence that all will end well\u2014I am settled on the beautiful banks of the Hudson and expect Mrs. Adams daily\u2014Tho I shall be as happy as a Priest I shall have no objection to a good Residence in the Schuylkill or Delaware, if my superior should command me to remove\nYet we have so much to do, that it would be a pitty to interrupt our deliberations with any questions about Place at present\u2014I am Sir, with great esteem / Your most Obedient\nJ. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0627", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Searle, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Searle, James\nDear Sir\u2014\nNew York June 18th. 1789\u2014\nI have received your Letter of the 10th. and in answer to your question, I have no scruple to say, that on your arrival in Holland you appeared to me to take as effectual measures as any man could then have taken to obtain a loan to the State of Pensylvania. But that such was the situation of affairs, that it was next to Impossible to obtain any considerable Loan for the United States Jointly or severally. I could take up your time for an hour in relating the mortifications suffered by myself in many ineffectual attempts in behalf of the United States\u2014the invariable answer to me was nothing can be done till the States General have acknowledged your Independence in consequence of which, I most earnestly endeavoured to impress upon Congress in all my dispatches the Policy and neccessity of sending a minister to that Republic. and it was not till a full Power was sent by Congress and acknowledged by their High Mightinesses that I was able to obtain money for the United States\u2014Till then I could persuade nobody to undertake to open a Loan, except Mr. DeNeufville and all the effect of His efforts and my own were 4000 Guilders obtained by him and 3000 by myself\u2014I never heard or suspected any neglect of the interests of your constituents, or any dishonour brought upon them by your Conduct\u2014You did me the honor to consult me very frequently upon the Business of your mission according to your instructions. but it was not in my Power to give you better advice than I gave myself or could procure from others: and it all proved ineffectual in my own Case as well as yours\u2014\nI have the honor to be with much esteem Sir / Your most obedient & most Humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0629", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Lincoln, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nNew York June 19. 1789\nI am honoured with yours of the 30th. of May, and find we are well agreed in opinion in all points.\nNothing Since my return to America, has alarmed me so much, as those habits of Fraud, in the use of Language which appear in conversation and in public writings. Words are employed like paper money, to cheat the widow and the fatherless and every honest Man. The word Aristocracy is one Instance. \u2019though I cannot say, that there is no colour, for the objection against the Constitution, that it has too large a Proportion of Aristocracy in it; yet there are two Checks to the Senate evidently designed and prepared, the House of Representatives on one side and the President on the other. Now the only feasable remedy against this danger is to compleat the equilibrium, by making the Executive Power distinct from the Legislative, and the President as independent of the other Branches as they are of him.\u2014But the Cry of monarchy is kept up, in order to deter the People, from recurring to the true Remedy, and to force them into another which would be worse than the disease, i e, into an entire relyance on the popular Branch, and a rejection of the other two. a remarkable Instance of this, I lately read, with much concern, in the Message from the Governor to the House.\u2014The attention and affections of the People are there  turned to their representatives only, and very artfully terrified with the Phantoms of Monarchy and Despotism.\u2014Does he mean to insinuate that there is danger of a Despotism? or of Simple Monarchy? or would he have the People afraid of a limited Monarchy? in Truth Mr H. himself is a limited Monarch. The Constitution of the Massachusetts is a limited Monarchy. So is the new Constitution of the United States.\u2014both have very great Monarchical Powers; and the real defects of both are, that they have not enough to make the first magistrate, an  independent and effectual ballance, to the other Branches. But does Mr H. mean to confound these limited Monarchical Powers, with Despotism & Simple Monarchy which have no limits? Does he wish and mean to level all Kings and become the rival of General Shase? the Idea of an equal distribution of Intelligence and Property, is as extravagant as any that ever was avowed by the madest of the Insurgents. Another Instance of the  false coin, or rather paper Money in Circulation, is the Phrase \"confederated Republick\" and \"confederated Commonwealth.\"\u2014The new Constitution might in my opinion, with as much Propriety, be denominated judicial astrology.\u2014My old Friend your Lt Governor, in his devout ejaculation for the new Government, very carefully preserves the Idea of a confederated Commonwealth, and the independent States that compose it.\u2014Either his Ideas or mine, are totally wrong upon this Subject.\u2014in Short Mr A. in his Prayer and Mr H. in his message, either understood not the force of the Words they have used, or they have made the most insidious attack on the new Constitution that has yet appeared. If We wish not to be degraded in the Eyes of foreigners, We must not degrade ourselves.\u2014What would have been thought in Europe, if the King of France had sent Monsieur his Eldest Brother, as an Envoy? What if the King of England if he had sent the Prince of Wales? Mr Jefferson is in essence in the same situation. He is the first Prince of the Country and the heir apparent to the Sovereign Authority, quoad hoc.\u2014His Consideration in France is nothing. They consider nobody but themselves. Their apparent Respect and real Contempt for all Men and all Nations but Frenchmen, are proverbial among themselves. They think it is in their Power to give Characters and destroy Characters, as they please\u2014and they have no other rule, but to give Reputations to their Tools, and to destroy the Reputations of all who will not be  their Tools. Their Efforts to \u201cpopulariser\u201d Jefferson and to Depopulariser Washington are all upon this principle. To a Frenchman the most important Man in the World is himself, and the most important Nation is France. He thinks France ought to govern all Nations and that he ought to govern France. Every Man and Nation that agrees to this, he is willing to populariser\u2014 every Man and Nation that disputes or doubts it, he will depopulariser, if he can.\nThis is all in Confidence from, Sir your very / humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0630", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nNew York June 19th. 1789\nYour single principle, in your letter of the 15th. must fail you you say \"that Republican Systems have never had a fair Tryal\u201d what do you mean by a fair tryal? and what by republican systems\u2014Every Government that has more than one man in its soverignty is a republican system. Tryals inumerable have been Made as many as there have existed Nations. There is not and never was, I believe on Earth a Nation, which has not been at some period of its duration, under a republican Government. viz. under a Government of more than one, all the Various combinations and modifications which the subtile Brains of Men could invent have been attempted to no other purpose but to show that Discord, Anarchy & uncertainty of Life, Liberty and Property, can be avoided only by a perfect Equilibrium in the Constitution\u2014You seem determined not to allow a limited  monarchy to be a republican system, which it certainly is, and the best that ever has been tryed\u2014\nThere is no Proposition, of the Truth of which I am more clearly convinced than this, \u201cthat the Influence of general science\" instead of curing any defect in an unballanced Republick, would only increase and enflame them, and make  them more intolerable, for this obvious and unanswerable Reason, that Parties would have in them, a greater number of able and ambitious Men who would only understand the better, how to worry one another with greater Art and dexterity\u2014Religion itself, by no Means cures this inveterate evil, for Parties are always founded on some Principle, and the more conscientious men are, the more determined they will be in pursuit of their Principle System and Party\u2014\u2014\nI should as soon think of closing all my window shutters, to enable me to see, as of banishing the Classicks, to improve Republican Ideas\u2014How can you say that factions have been few in America? Have they not rendered property insecure? have they not trampled Justice under foot? have not majorities voted Property out of the Pockets of others into their own, with the most decided tyranny?\nHave not our Parties behaved like all Republican parties? is not the History of Hancock and Bowdoin the History of the Medici and Albizi\u2014that of Clinton and Yates, the same with that of the Cancellieri and the Panchiatichi? and so on through the Continent. And We shall find, that without a Ballance the Progress will soon be, from Libels to Riots, from Riots to seditions, and from seditions to Civil Wars\u2014\nEvery Project to enlighten our Fellow Citizens has my most hearty good Wishes: because it tends to bring them into a right way of thinking respecting the means of their Happiness, civil, political, social and religious.\nI wish with all my heart, that the Constitution had expressed as much Homage to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe as the President has done in his first speech\u2014The Petit Maitres who call themselves legislators & attempt to found a Government on any other than an eternal Basis of Morals and Religion, have as much of my Pitty as can consist with Contempt.\nI am my dear sir, / Yours\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0631", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Robert Henry, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Henry, Robert\nSir.\nRichmond Hill, New York June 20. 1789\u2014\nI received your letter of the 5th.\u2014It is now fifteen Years very nearly since I have seen any of my old Books or Papers\u2014They have nevertheless been constantly in the hands of some of my family, or of my Agent, who could have made the necessary inquiries. I know nothing of John or Darby Ryan. I will write to my agent however to enquire, if you will be so good as to write me the dates of the transaction, it will assist him in looking for the business\u2014\nI am Sir: Your most Obedt. & / Humble servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0632", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill N. York June 20. 1789\u2014\nInclosed is a letter from a Mr. Robert Henry to me let me beg the favour of you to look among my Papers and in any Book and see if any such notes are to be found And to write me if you can learn any Thing of such Persons as John and Dably Ryan\u2014\nWith great regard\u2014Yours\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0633", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\u2014\nRichmond Hill June 20th. 1789\u2014\nAmong the Candidates for the Honour of public Employment; under the new Government there is one, whose connection in my family, and public relation to me, in the late legation to St. James\u2019s Would render my total silence on his account, liable to misinterpretation, as proceeding, either from want of esteem, confidence, or affection for him on the one hand, or to a failure of rispect to the President on the Other.\nThe Gentleman I mean is Colonel Smith whose original, education and Services, during the late War are all better known to you, Sir, than to me. He was indeed so much a stranger to me, that, to my recollection I never heard his name, till he was announced as the secretary, of my Legation to Great Britain.During the three years that he resided with me in England, his Conduct was to my satisfaction\u2014and his Character was much esteemed in England, France, Spain, Portugal through all which he Countries he had occasion to travel\u2014\nAs his Qualifications, are as well Known to you, sir, as to me, and the Situations that require to be filled, and the merits of other Candidates, much better: it is not my intention to solicit any particular place for him, his inclination, as well as mine, would no doubt prefer something at home,\u2014but if the public service require a minister to go abroad, and he should be thought a proper person, I presume he would have no objection.\nIn England he has served three years, is known at Court, and in the Nation, and is as much esteemed and would be as well received, as any other faithfull American. As all my Dispatches passed through his hands, he is well acquainted, with the rise, progress and present state of the negotiations of the United States at that Court. I shall not however dissemble my opinion that it would not consist with the dignity of this Nation, or Her Chief Magistrate, to send to that Country, any Character higher than a Consul, before an offlicial agreement shall be made on their part, to return to your Court a Minister of equal rank\u2014\nIn Portugal Mr. Smith has already executed one Commission, to the satisfaction of that Court as well as of his Constituients. With the Present Prime Minister, the Chevalier De Pinto, he has had a personal Acquaintance in London for several years, and to my Knowledge is much esteemed by that wise, able, and amiable Nobleman, one of whose most earnest Wishes, it is, to form\u2014 a Treaty with this Country.\nIn Holland Mr. Smith is known to many, and I flatter myself, that, from my long residence and numerous Acquaintances in that Republic; especially among the Capitalists, Stock-Brokers, Loan\u2013Undertakers and money lenders who have now in their possession, obligations under my hands, for more than nine Millions of Guilders and from his Known Connection with me, he would be, as well received, both at the Prince of Orange\u2019s Court, by their High Mightinesses, by the Corps Diplomatique, and the Nation, as any other Person\u2014\nWhile on one hand I shall hold myself under obligation for whatever appointment The President may judge fit for him, I shall cheerfully acquiesce on the others, in whatever may be the determination\u2014\nWith every sentiment of Respect and / affection, I have the Honor to be, / Dear Sir, / Your most Obedt\u2014 / & most Humble Servt\u2014\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0634", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Davis, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Davis, William\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston 20th. June 1789\nWhen I had the honor of an interview with you, a little time, before you proceeded to Congress, I then, in confidence, open\u2019d to you my distress\u2019d situation, having since the Year 1776, lost upwards of six thousand pounds, of my own property, by a long series of misfortunes, and solicited your friendship, in Congress, which I again repeat, and only wish that, you would recommend me (if consistant) to his Excellency, as a Candidate, for an Office in the Revenue, in this Town, whenever the time of appointment may arrive. You Sr. are knowing that I have, from the beginning, been a staunch friend to my Country, & have been active in serving it to my best ability, & my earnest wish, is to be alleviated from my present distress.\nI most respectfully salute you, / and am yr. most obedt. humb / Servt.\nWm: Davis.\nPS Should any place offer, wherein you could serve me, I shall be happy, in your endeavors to serve me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0635", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 21 June 1789\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston 21 June 1789\nI thank you for correcting my careless Appellation of federal Republic as applied to the National Government. We are so used to absurdities & indefinite Terms when speaking of the great Constitution, that I am now to ask your Indulgence in future for sometimes hastily using adopting Expressions which are so often improperly used by our Massachusetts Politicians. And yet notwithstanding your just Idea of the sole Sovereignty of the national Government, was a Man to tell our general Court that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was not a Sovereign & independent State they would charge him with talking Treason. They admit that Congress now is Sovereign, quoad certain Purposes, and this State alone sovereign for others. This Error & nonsense they will persist in, untill the full Operation of the national Statutes, & the new officers get into Play. And give me leave to ask if Congress is not in a Degree countinancing this Delusion? Are they not, I mean the lower House, encouraging those extreme democratic Notions which have hitherto impeded the Advancement of that full Respectability that our Country is entitled to, by refusing to admit of those Distinctions & Titles which effect so much in European Governments? The News Papers inform that even the Title of Esquire is become an Abomination in their Ears. And on the same Principle so ought the Addition of Mr. to be. To act thoroughly consistent they ought to turn Quakers in Politicks, if not in Religion. This Silliness pleases Mr. Han. Mr. S.A. & Dr. J. I most heartily wish all the Fools of the same Stamp throughout the Union would unite & colonize. There is Land enough upon the Banks of the Ohio for all the democratic Simpletons in the United States. There let them found a Utopia & crack Acorns with the equal Commoners of the Woods. It is owing to Envy & a contemptible Pride, that our chief Magistrates are to be denied those Titles which would be expressive of their Posts, because two only can possess them and because thirteen Excellencies would be then out titled.\nI inclose you the Copy of a Petition presented to the General Court in their May session of 1788. If it should not furnish an argument in favor of a National Bankrupt Act, it may furnish a very extraordinary and interesting Piece of private an individual History. The Facts alleged in the Petition were fully substantiated before a Committee of both Houses, & a Bill in favour of the Petitioner was reported, but miscarried, for various local Reasons, of no Importance now to relate.\nI must sincerely thank you for your two last Letters, & for your promised care of the one Inclosed. That Letter occasioned me some Mortification. But a Wife & six children with a sinking Profession, forbid me being the Dupe of Feelings, which, perhaps, all the Seekers & would be Devourers \u201cof the Loaves & Fishes,\u201d are not troubled with. I hope before this Letter reaches New York you will have had the Pleasure of Meeting Mrs. Adams; that Friend of your Heart so well calculated to mitigate the Cares of your Station. Pray make my most affectionate Compliments to that Lady, & be assured of my unalterable & perfect Attachment.\nWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0636", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Mason, Jr., 25 June 1789\nFrom: Mason, George, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\nDr Sir\nVirginia Colchester June 25th 1789\nThe many Civility\u2019s you were pleased to show me when in Holland & France induces me to address you at this time to solicit your Influence in favor of a Mr Joseph Feniwck who wishes the Appointment of Consul at Bordeaux\u2014Mr Fenwick is a Gentleman of unblemished Caracter a Native of Maryland & in Partnership in the mercantile Line with a Brother of mine\u2014they are both in Bordeaux at present my Brother has been there about twelve Months Mr Fenwick three or four years & is well acquainted with the Language Customs & Commerce of that Country. Fenwick Mason & Co is the only american House at Bordeaux\u2014they are entirely in the Commission Business & have had very considerable Consignments from Virginia & Maryland & some from Massachusetts I am happy to say as yet they have returned satisfactory Sales to their Correspondents. My Brother will either fix in some other part of Europe or return to America this Fall or next Spring MrFenwick will remain at Bordeaux to conduct their Business in that Quarter\u2014Mr Fenwick I believe is well known to most of the Maryland Delegates particularly the Mr Carrolls who I flatter myself will inform you he is capable of filling the office of Consul with credit to his Country\u2014\nI hope you will excuse the Liberty I have taken & believe me to be with much Respect & Esteem / Your Most Humbl St George Mason Junr.I returned to America shortly after I left Paris am now a Husband & Father of three Children & fixed I believe for a Life on my own Plantation\u2014I hope you have enjoyed good Health since I had the pleasure of seeing you\u2014I congratulate you most Sincerely on your late appointment\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0637", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jabez Bowen, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowen, Jabez\nSir\nRichmond Hill, NewYork June 26 1789\nI received your letter of June 16: and am glad to learn that you \"gain a little\". If as I have learnt from Dr Manning, the leaders of your councils have an intercourse with the disaffected in Massachusetts, and as appears by your letter a correspondence with antifederal members of a more august body: it is probable there is a chain of communication throughout the states. If such should be the actual situation of things, would not my address of Congress, give fresh courage and spirits to the general cause of opposition especially if it should be found, not to make any great impression on the callous minds and hardened hearts of desperate debtors?\nI wonder that any class of farmers, provided they are not in debt, beyond the value of their possesions; should continue their opposition: because their property must always lie at the mercy of those who have none, without a consistent government.\nIt is in vain to take over fights. The scene is new, and the actors are inexperienced. Much light has been obtained and diffused by the discussions which have occasioned delay\u2014and there is no remedy but patience. Why will you afflict the modesty of any gentleman by expecting that they will give themselves titles. They expect that you their creators will do them honor. They are no quackers I warrent you and will not be offended if you assert your own majesty; by giving your own representatives in the executive authority the title of majesty. Many of these quakers think Highness not high enough, among whom I own I am one. In my opinion the American President will soon be introduced into some farce or other in half the theatres of Europe and be held up to ridicule. It would not be extravagant the prophecy that the want of titles may cost the country fifty thousand lives and twenty millions of money within twenty years. I will continue to be mindful of you and will endeavour to persuade Gentlemen to promote such a resolution as you desire, but there seems to be a general aversion to it, or rather suspicion that it would do harm rather than good.\nI beg leave to return you and the other Gentn: of Providence and Newport my best thanks for your polite and friendly attention to Mrs Adams and her family in her late journey through your State.\nWith esteem I have the honor to be /  Sir your most obedient and most humble Servt:John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0638", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Stephen Hall, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hall, Stephen\nSir\nNew York June 26 1789\nI have received your letter of the ninth of this month, as well as a former one by General Lincoln. The course you have pursued in writing to the President, is right and your friend Mr. Wingate, is as proper a person as you could have chosen to convey the letter and any information concerning the subject of it. Who may be competitors for the office of collector at Portland I know not but, as I recollect with pleasure the acquaintance I once had with you, if the President should make any inquiries of me concerning the pretensions of the candidates, I shall faithfully relate to him all I know of your education and character.\nA letter in your favor to the President from your friend Genl. Lincoln would probably serve you as effectually as any testimonial you could obtain.\nI thank you Sir for your kind benedictions and am with much esteem your most obedient and most humble servt.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0639", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Uzal Ogden, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Ogden, Uzal\nSir\nRichmond hill New York June 26 1789\nI have received the letter you did me the honor to write me, on the twelfth of this month, with the first number of a new periodical publication. I have not been able, as yet to find time to read the whole of the christian scholars and farmer\u2019s magazine, but upon looking over several parts of it, they appear to me to correspond with the title, and to be well calculated \"to promote religion, disseminate useful knowledge and afford literary pleasure\"\nwith the best wishes for your success, I have the honor to be Sir your / most obedient and most humble servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0640", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Eliphalet Pearson, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Pearson, Eliphalet\nSir\nRichmond Hill, New York June 26. 1789\nBy my Son Charles, who arrived Yesterday, in good Health, I received the Letter you did me the honour to write me, on the fifteenth of this month with the Letters enclosed for the Duke D\u2019Almodavar and the Marquis De Santa Cruz.\u2014These Letters shall be delivered as you desire, by my Friend, Don Diego De Gardoqui, by the first Opportunity and that Minister will no doubt be flattered with the opportunity of transmitting the Honours of your Accademy to those Noblemen.\nAccept my Thanks for your obliging Wishes for my Health, and believe me to be with great Esteem, Sir, your most obedient / and most humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0641", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Dana, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nYork June 26th. 1789\nWhen you was last at Cambridge at my house, in consideration of the weight of the business of my present office, and of the feeble state of my health, I was induced to suggest to you, that if any office under the United States, which your partiality for me might lead you to think me capable of filling, and the duties of which would be less burthensome than those of my present one, should be open, it wou\u2019d not be disagreable to me to be honoured with your influence and interest as a candidate for it\u2014As noting more particular upon the subject then passed between us, it is possible you might concieve I wished again to enter into the diplomatic corps; especially if it shou\u2019d be thought proper to send a Minister to the Court of St: Petersbourg my former residence. However gratifying that appointment might be to my ambition, yet I do assure you that nothing wou\u2019d tempt me again to leave my Country and family. But there is an office still open for which I presume in confidence, to offer myself to you only, as a candidate. I find there is a district Judge to be appointed within each of the confederated States. That for our State is the only office which I would prefer to a seat upon our Supreme Judicial Bench. A place in the Supreme Federal Court wou\u2019d be more honourable; but on account of the extent of their circuits, and of their sitting twice a year at the seat of the Federal Government, that wou\u2019d expose me to all the difficulties arising from any present office; but for the consideration of which, I wou\u2019d not quit for any other in the gift of the United States, or of this State.\nWhile on the present circuit, I find from Mr: Parsons, that he has contemplated the appointment of Mr: Lowell to the office of our District Judge, and that in consequence of it he is lead to expect Mr: Lowell wou\u2019d appoint him the Attorney or Advocate for the United States. Both those Gentlemen wou\u2019d fill those offices worthily. Mr: Parsons wou\u2019d probably be the Advocate in either case.\nI have supposed from the above conversation between us (however it may favour of vanity in me) that you might think of your friend for one of the Supreme Federal Judges. Mr: Lowell has already been in that capacity; and if the reasons I have given against accepting that office, did not exist, I shou\u2019d not choose to stand a candidate for it against him. Perhaps there may be no impropriety in both appointments, as every State must have a district Judge and, I think, Massachusetts, exteris paribus, may be entitled to one Judge of the six of the Supreme Federal Court.\nI wish now to trouble you with one declaration only viz that this is the first instance in my life of my offering my self a candidate for any office whatever, directly or indirectly: and none but the reasons abovementioned shou\u2019d be induced me ever to have done it.\nI beg you would be pleased to present my sincere regards to your Lady, and to acquaint her, I shall remember her request respecting Master Thomas. But to enable me the better to execute it, I might not be amiss for her to advise him to visit very frequently in our family. We should be very happy to have him do it: to domesticate himself in some sort with us. I would be his friend so long as he will permit me to be so: but   he must not keep himself aloof from us.\nI am dear Sir, / Your much obliged Friend / & obedient humble Servant\nF M Dana\nP.S. please to advise me of the receipt of this as soon as may be convenient", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0643", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 28 June 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill June 28. 1789\nI shall not grant the Indulgence you request in yours of the 21st., most certainly: I mean that for hastily adopting Expressions, which are So often improperly used by Massachusetts Politicians. Our Fellow Citizens will never think alike nor act aright, until they are habitually taught to use the same Words in the same Sense. Nations are governed by Words, as well as by Actions; by Sounds as well as Sights. You and I learned in our youth from our great Masters, the Civilians, that the Summa Imperii, is indivisible. That Imperium in Imperio, is a Solecism, a Contradiction in Terms, and We have been both taught, by History and Experience, Since, that those inflections of our Masters were infallible oracles.\nThe new Constitution, however, I fear will be found to be too nearly related to Such a Solecism. It is an avowed Attempt to make the national Government Sovereign in Some Cases and the State Government in Others. It is true that as the former, embraces the whole, and the latter but Parts; as the former has the greatest Objects as War and Peace &c. and a general superintendence over all the rest, the Superiority of Rank and Dignity is allowed to it. But I nevertheless own, that it is too clear that in a course of Time, the little fishes will eat up the great one unless the great one Should devour all the little ones.\nIt is contended by Some that our new Constitution, is partly national and partly f\u0153deral. But it seems to me, that as far as it is f\u0153deral, it is wholly national: as far as it is not national it is not f\u0153deral, but consists of individual, Seperate, independent and interconnected States. but in this View, it is improper to talk of the f\u0153deral Commonwealth and the independent Republicks that compose it. Because that the new Constitution, which is the only League by which they are connected together, is not a Confederation of independent Republicks, but is a monarchical Republick, or if you will a limited Monarchy. Though Names are of importance, they cannot alter the nature of Things. The Name of President, does not alter the nature of his office nor diminish the Regal authorities and powers which appear clearly in the Writing. The Prince of Orange Said to me \"Monseur, Vous Allez Avoir un Roi, Sous le Titre de President,\" and his Judgment would be confirmed by every Civilian in Europe, who should read our Constitution.\nCrudities enough, to be sure, come from a certain august Source; as you have remarked: but the People Should not mind them. The People themselves should honour their own Creation, if they mean to honour themselves, and I hope the People will assert their own Supremacy, and give the Title of Majesty to the President. His is the lowest that can comport with his constitutional Dignity, Authority, and Power.\nI agree entirely with you that it is Aristocratical Pride alone, that feels itself hurt, by a distinction of the President. Those who proudly think themselves his Compeers, cannot bear that he Should be more than Primus inter Pares. But the common People, if they understand their own Cause and Interest, will take effectual Care to mortify that Pride by making the Executive Magistrate a ballance against it which can be done only, by distinguishing him clearly and decidedly, far above all others.\nI thank you for Traceys Almanac, which I have Shewn and will continue to show to proper Persons, and I hope it will assist in procuring a Bankrupt Act. Your letter to the President, I delivered immediately.\nYour Pupil Ames makes a very pretty figure: let me congratulate you on his fame, and that of another of your pupils Mr. Minot, to whom I am indebted for two Copies of his History, which I am ashamed to say I have never thanked him for, which as I ought in Duty to have done for the great Pleasure I received from the Perusal of that elegant and judicious Composition.\nI am my dear sir yours &c.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0647", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Boyd, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Boyd, James\nTo: Adams, John\nBoston June 30th. 1789\nYour Excellency will pardon the freedom of addressing you, when you are acquainted with my sufferings and my present indigence, which is such as urges me to request your influence with Congress respecting the resolves of this Court (relative to my sufferings) which was sent on to Congress by Order of Government, bearing date Nov. 10th. 1786, Copy of which by the desire of the Honbl. Mr. Bowdoin, I inclosed to the Honrbl. Mr: Dalton on the 3 Int. requesting him to deliver the same to your Excelly.\nAs your Excellency was in Europe at the time those papers was sent to Congress. I was informed by several Gentlemen then in Congress that nothing respecting them could be done untill your return to America as the Eastern Boundry Line was not then determin\u2019d. Although that matter is not yet fully determin\u2019d as to the River St. Croix, I am clearly of opinion that it\u2019s the most northern River, as that was the only one known to the Indians by the name of St. Croix, and is the River Mitchel was Order\u2019d by Government to Explore and take the new course. I was present with Mitchel when the Indians (upon oath) declaird that to be  the only St. Croix\u2014\nI am encouraged by my Friends who have wrote to Congress in my behalf, to hope that Congress will take notice of my present indigent situation and in their wisdom and goodness grant me some redress as I am the only refugee yet unnoticd\u2014.\nWith great Esteem & respect I beg leave to / subscribe my self your Excelly / most Obt. Hbl. Servt.\u2014\nJames Boyd, Jr.\nP.S. for any particulars I beg leave to refer to Mr: Dalton, who I wrote fully too\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0648", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathaniel Falconer, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Falconer, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada June 30th. 1789\nI hope Your Excellency will excuse the liberty I have taken to address you,  having made application to the President through my friends for an appointment in the Customs at Philadelphia.\u2014When the Revolution began I lent all the Money I had to the United States. There it lays still\u2014I have made shift to keep my Certificates as yet\u2014The small Real Estate I had is a small house in the City and a small Place about 5 miles from the City\u2014They both suffered much in the War\u2014I have sent to Mr Robert Morris a Copy of the Certificate of my conduct by Gentlemen out of Trade which will satisfy you, Sir, that I have been a uniform friend to the Independence and good Government of the Union, ever since I had the Honor of fitting out Hopkinson\u2019s Fleet under your directions\u2014As there are a great many Appliers from this place to Mr Morris, I beg Leave to crave your Interest, if consistent with your own opinion\u2014General Mifflin has wrote to the President and to Mr. Langdon of New Hampshire\u2014If I am so happy as to have Your Excellency\u2019s good Opinion in this Matter, I shall be ever obliged\u2014I am / Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedt. humble Servt\nNath Falconer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0649", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron [von] Steuben, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron [von]\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nNew York, July 1st. 1789\u2014\nI have the honor to inform you that on the 4th. instant, at half past twelve, the society of the Cincinnati in commemoration of the day, will proceed to St: Paul\u2019s church where an oration will be pronounced by one of its members\u2014On this occasion, seats will be set apart for the reception of particular public characters.\nI have the honor to be, / very respectfully / Sir, / your most Obedt: Servt:\nSteubenPresidentEnclosure\u20146 tickets for the family of His Excellency the V: President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0650", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jenks, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Jenks, John\nTo: Adams, John\nHonour\u2019d sir\nSalem July 1st. 1789\nNot having had the honour of seeing you since your arrival from Europe, permit me to congratulate you upon your safe return to your Country & Friends\u2014\ndear Sir I have a Favour to ask for a Friend whom I would more earnestly sollicit for, than I possibly could for myself\u2014 Majr. Jos: Hiller is my particular acquaintance, He has for a number of years annually appointed by the General Court the Naval Officer for this Port\u2014in which Capacity he has given as universal Satisfaction as any person in the United States. he is well respected in this Town, bears a moral, honest irreproachable Character, and I believe every Person, who is not a seeker for that office sincerely wishes that he may be continued in it. The many applications made for Offices has induced him not to make any, but my long acquaintance with his Abilities, justly demands my making this application to you (unbeknown to him) that, if my any means I can be instrumental in rewarding his Merit, I shall only discharge a duty I owe to so worthy a Citizen\u2014\nI am dear Sir with sentiments / of Esteem your very / Humbl. Servt.\nJohn Jenks", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0651", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William McPherson, 2 July 1789\nFrom: McPherson, William\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nHaving offered myself to the President of the United States, a Candidate for employment under the new system of government that has now happily commenced its operation\u2014I beg I may be permitted to mention my pursuit to you Sir\u2014By the Bill for the collection of the impost now under the consideration of the House of Representatives, it seems in the Port of Philadelphia three principal Officers will be established\u2014A Collector\u2014a Naval Officer\u2014and a Surveyer, the last of which is the object at which I point\u2014I am well aware Sir, of the extreme impropriety of asking from a Gentleman in your exalted Station, any thing like a promise\u2014I mean not Sir to presume so far\u2014I only beg leave to make known my wish\u2014and to hope, that when the appointments come under consideration, shou\u2019d no Person more eligible appear\u2014I may be honored with your countenance\u2014\nI have the honor to be Sir\u2014with the most perfect respect / your most obedient\u2014 / hble Servt\nW Macpherson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0653", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 2 July 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston July 2d. 1789\nWhen I had the honor of addressing a Letter to your Excellency, upon a subject of allowed importance to the united states, I did not indulge a hope, that you would step aside from the important concerns in which you are engaged, to acknowledge the receipt of it. nor was I vain enough to imagine, that I was  able to suggest one thought, which was not fully possessed by the Learned body of Partriots in which you preside.\nBut having been informed that the report which you are obliging enough to mention, was generally spread round the seat of Government; and being well aware, that it could not fail to give great uneasiness, as well to the President, and Congress, as to every real friend to his Country, I threw upon paper, such sentiments, as might be well improved, in some measure to contradict it. for if I beleived that the report was true, I should appear to be, Either in traitorous enmity to the united states, or very little versed in those politicks, which are founded in the feelings of the human heart, in advising to a measure that wears the appearance of coercive decision. for if what is as I suppose intended by the Minority here, would support that state, a coercive Experiment might be disagreeable in its consequences.\nWhen the frame of Government for the united states was submitted to the people, as a political proposition, it could not be conceived, that they would be intirely united in any one opinion besides that, of a federal Government being necessary: this was not only an avowed, but I believe a real, & general Sentiment. every one had an  indubitable right to express his mind upon the subject; and he was a Coward, and unworthy of that freedom we have contended for, who would not dare to do it. I was myself, and still am, an advocate for amendments: but not for one half the alterations proposed by Mr. Madison. the trial by Jury, as a democratical balance in the Judiciary department, in all matters where alliens are not wholly concerned, or where the revenue is in question, constitutionally Established, has ever been my principal wish in amendments. I may therefore be placed in what is called the minority. or if by minority is intended, those members of our state convention who voted against the Constitution, the report your Excellency has mentioned, has very little foundation. there can be no minority, or majority, composed of a large number, but what must include some unprincipled men; and as it cannot be fully concluded, that all those of the Massachusetts convention, who voted for the adoption of the Constitution, were Patriots instigated by genuine Love to their Country, so the conclusion on the other side, that all who voted against it, were Enemies to their Country, would be equally fallacious. my opinion is, and I know as much of the people of this Commonwealth, as any one man in it, that the minority (with few exceptions) both in Convention and out, are as zealously inclined to support the general Government as the majority are; they wish amendments, but they neither wish them in any other mode than the one pointed out by the Constitution, nor that the effecting them should interrupt the necessary business of the Revenue, or that of organizing the Government\nthere are in this Commonwealth, some men in whom the people have no confidence, who are seeking for themselves, and who hope to succeed by scandalizing men, whose merit & services give them the preheminence with the people. they will no doubt, alarm the apprehension of good men, and create jealousies and a want of confidence, and may thus succeed in their enterprises if they answer their sinister purposes without destroying that confidence between Rulers, and Ruled, which is the bond of society. it will be fortunate. their political situation of some of them in years past obliges them to direct their arrows in a particular manner, and though some revolutionists are raised above their reach, yet whenever they are found vulnerable there will be no want of shafts. a grateful Country has a plaister, sooner or later, for every wound.\nperhaps some Individuals, unworthy, unprincipled, and distressed in their pecuniary circumstances, and whose were in the minority in the convention of this state, may prompt the majority in Rhode Island to wrong and destructive measures. but I do most solemnly assure you, that I beleive the report to be fabricated to serve particular purposes, and that the people in general of this Commonwealth, minority as well as majority, are as ready to support and defend this Constitution as they would the Revolution of the states if it was in danger. the sentiments contained in the first production  in the paper inclosed are those of the people in general. let me add here, that I am assured, that there are some men who have a hand in sowing these Jealousies, that would be very willing to bury the Constitution of the united states, in the ruins of our Independence. in short these misrepresentations originate from men who  have an habitual hatred to the old Whigs, and are used by men who have no other politicks, than office and emolument, and who circulate the reports to wound those who stand in their way.\nI will intrude no longer upon your Excellencys goodness; time will discover who are the friends of the people, and of the Government they people have established\nI am with the most perfect sentiments of Esteem your Excellencys most obliged & most Humble Servant\nJa Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0654", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Mifflin, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada July 3d 1789\nCaptain Nathaniel Falconer of this City, one of your Excellency\u2019s best friends, has requested me to write to you, and to entreat Your Excellency\u2019s Support of an application he has made to the President, for an Appointment in the Customs at Philadelphia; which may not interfere with any person now in Office\u2014Captain Falconer has a just claim to the attention of Government: He was with the first Patriots Who promoted the Revolution and present form of Government of the Union; and has on many important Occasions and for a long Series of Years given his Services to his Country, without a Reward\u2014\nHaving full confidence in his Integrity; and knowing his Ability, I venture to comply with his Request and to beg Your Excellency\u2019s favorable attention to his Application\u2014\nWith every Sentiment of ardent friendship, I am / Your Excellency\u2019s obedt. & devoted Servt.\nThomas Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0655", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Nathaniel Falconer, 4 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Falconer, Nathaniel\nSir\nRichmond hill July 4 1789\nI received your letter of the 30 of June, with a pleasure that I always experience from renewing an acquaintance with those persons, with whom I had an opportunity to cooperate, in the early Stages of the late revolution. That you have been an uniform friend to the independence and good government of this nation, I cannot entertain a doubt, from the knowledge I had of your principles and conduct, when employed in fitting out Hopkins\u2019s fleet under a committee of which I was a member in 1775. The President however, who as the common father of the people, is wisely entrusted with authority to weigh all the pretensions of every competitor, is personally so well acquainted in Pensylvania, and has so many able and faithful men within his call to consult upon such matters, that my testimony in your favor can add little weight. The Presidents love of justice, will be motive enough with him to weigh every pretension with impartiality: his wisdom and policy will determine him to choose from the multitude of candidates, those whose qualifications are the fittest for the service of the public.\nI am &c.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0656", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William McPherson, 4 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: McPherson, William\nSir\nRichmond hill July 4. 1789\nI have received your polite letter of the second of this month, and am obliged to you for this instance of respect and attention to me. The competition for employment under the national government, is I preceive, in Philadelphia, very numerous, and the merits of various candidates are considerable The personal knowledge of the President, and the able and faithful characters within the reach of his inquiry, from that district, cannot leave him at a loss to determine whose pretensions ought to be prevalent.\nAs according to my construction of the constitution the Senate have only a negative on the nominations of the President, and as I have a voice only in case of division of the Senators, the case is not likely very soon to happen, that I shall venture to put a negative on the nomination of the Presidents supported by the suffrages of half the Senate. I should be very likely to make presumptions in favor of a constitutional nomination.\nThe recomendation of your friend Colo. Smith in addition to all that I have seen or heard of your character, would dispose me to wish well to your pursuits as far as they may be found consistent with Justice and public polity.\nI am &c &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0659", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill, July 5. 1789\nWithout waiting for an answer to my last, I will take a little more notice of a Sentiment in one your letters. You say you \"abhor all Titles.\" I will take the familiar freedom of Friendship to say I don\u2019t believe you.\u2014Let me explain my self.\u2014I doubt not your veracity, but I believe you deceive yourself, and have not yet examined your own heart, and recollected the feelings of every day and hour.\u2014What would you say or think or feel, if your own Children, instead of calling you, Sir, or Father, or Papa, should accost you with the title of \"Ben\"? Your Servant comes in, and instead of saying my \"Master! my hat is much worn, would you please to give me a new one;\" cries \"Ben! my old hat is all in rags, and makes you the laughing stock of the Town! give me a new one.\"\u2014What think you of this simple manly republican Style?\nHad I leisure to write Plays like Gen. Burgoine, I would undertake a Comedy, under the Title of \"Government with out Title.\" The Dramatis Person\u00e6 should be a Quaker and his Wife, ten Children and four Servants. They should all live in the Same room, dine, breakfast & sup at the same Table.\u2014They should promiscuously call each other by their Names, without Titles and live without form.\u2014We should See, what order, Virtue and \u0153conomy would ensue.\u2014The Sons would soon be married to the female servants, and the Daughters to the Male. Both Children & Servants would soon twick and cuff the old man & woman.\nPoh, Poh Poh! say you all this is vulgar and beneath the Dignity of a Legislator.\u2014Give me leave to say nothing in Human life is beneath the Dignity of a Magistrate to consider. The Principles of Government are to be seen in every Scene of human Life. There is no Person and no society,                         to whom Forms and Titles are indifferent. \"Look through the Deeds of Men, and then say whether Shenestone is not in the right, when he says in a whimsical Production called the \"School-Mistress\" which he wrote in imitation of Spencer.\n\"Albeit ne flatt\u2019ry did corrupt her Truth\nNe Pompous Title did debauch her ear,\nGoody, good-Woman, gossip n\u2019aunt, forsooth\nor Dame, the Sole additions she did hear;\nYet these she challeng\u2019d; these She held right dear;\nNe would esteem him Act as mought behoove\nWho Should not honor\u2019d eld with these revere:\nFor never title yet So mean could prove,\nBut there was eke a mind, which did that title love.\"\nThe two last lines contain a truth to great, so universal, and so litteral, that I declare to you, in the Course of fifty years Experience, in various stages of life, among all Classes of people and in Several different nations I have never yet met with one Man Woman or Child, who was destitute of a Passion for a Title. Let us consider, my Friend more reverently and therefor more truly, the Constitution of human nature, and the invariable progress of human life and manners. Family titles are necessary to Family Government Colonial Titles We know were indispensable, in Colonial Government; and we shall find national Titles essential to national government. As long as Titles are respected by others, they will be esteemed by every man. But it is not to gratify individuals that public Titles are annexed to offices. It is to make offices and laws respected; and not so much by the virtuous part of the Community, as by the Profligate the criminal and abandoned, who have little reverence for Reason Right or Law divine or human. These are reverenced by Titles frequently, when laws and Punishments cannot restrain them.\nThink of these Things, and perhaps I may hint to you some others hereafter. Yours with sincere esteem\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0660", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Thompson, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Thompson, William\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston July 5. 1789\nFrom a full Persuasion of the great Necessity, and vast Advantage of an effectual National Government in the United States, I gladly embraced, and early gave my hearty Assent to the Constitution, that is now commencing it\u2019s Operation under very fortunate Circumstances.\u2014A sincere Desire to promote and support the General Government, as far as lay in my Power, induced me to make that Tender of my Service to the Public, which I did myself the Honour to communicate to You, in my Letter of the ninth Day of March last, presented to my Brother in Law. Col. Tudor, who informed me of the Polite and favorable Reception it met with from You, which afforded me a Mixture of Pleasure and Hope, and demands my grateful Respect\u2014\nIf an habitual Inclination to Business, an honest Desire to subserve, in my small Sphere, the common Interest of my Country, and an Ambition to acquire the Approbation of Good Men, by a faithfull and upright Conduct, are Qualifications for a Public Office, I am conscious I may venture to persevere in offering myself as a Candidate for some Public Employ;\u2014and I beg to be indulged in renewing my former Request to You, Sir, for Your favorable Interposition with, and Recommendation to the President General, in my Behalf, as far as Your own just Discernment, and unbiased Regard for the Public Welfare will admit.\u2014Should I be favored with your Interest, I shall be proud to acknowledge and owe a new and great Obligation to You, and will assuredly exert my Attention to justify the Recommendation, and fulfill the Responsibility You may thereby undertake for me\u2014but should I fail of obtaining the requested Favor, I shall not forget, nor cease to express, that Respect and Gratitude, which as an individual Citizen, I already owe You, for the very eminent Services You have rendered to Your Country, the great Benefit of which I now feel, and the Continuance and Increase of which I enjoy in Prospect.\u2014\nWith very sincere, and great Respect / I am Sir / Your most Obedient / and humble Servant\nWm. Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0661", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Frederick Phile, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Phile, Frederick\nTo: Adams, John\nMost Honored Sir\nN York July 6th. 1789\nKnowing your Goodness, induces me to trouble you with a few lines on a Subject of the greatest Importance to me, and on which the future Welfare of my Family very much depends.\u2014\nI have served as Naval Officer for the Port of Philadelphia, either as Principal, or Deputy, for upwards of thirty five Year,. previous to the revolution, I acted as deputy Naval Officer under Dr. Thomas Grame, Mr. Richard Stockley & Mr. Richard Penn, during the periods in which they successively had the Appointments of Naval Officer, and after the declaration of Independence, as soon as the Government of the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania was Organized, I was honored with the Appointment of Naval Officer for the Port of Philadelphia, by his Excellency the President and the honorable Supreme Executive Council of the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania, and have been continued by them in the said Office untill the present time. but as all Commercial regulations will in future depend upon Congress, all State Appointments must of Consequence cease, My Opportunities and Experience in the Business has made me well acquainted with the Duties of Said Office, and as I find that Congress think it necessary in the Commerical regulations they are about to make, that a Collector, a Naval Officer and a Surveyor, shall be appointed in each Important Port in the United States. I therefore Sir, beg leave to solicit that in case the President of the United States should think proper to nominate me as Naval Officer, for the Port of Philada., that you would be pleased to favor me with your Interest & Patronage.\u2014My publick duties requiring all my Attention, I have long since been obliged to relinquish the practice of my Profession as a Physician, without being able to draw more than a Maintenance from the Emoluments of Office, If therefore I should now the deprived of this only means of Support, when old Age is rapidly approaching, the Consequence might be fatal to myself and a large Family of seven Daughters at home, This consideration will doubtless weigh with a benevolent Mind, and I have only to add, that I stood forward amongst the first Whigs, and faithfully adhered to the Cause of American Liberty during the late glorious Contest.\nI have procured the most ample Testimonials from the Supreme Executive Council of the State of Pennsyla., also a Certificate from the Judges of the Supreme Court, and the Attorney General, with respect to my Conduct as Naval Officer (which Testimonials I have deliver\u2019d to the President of the United States) and should I be so fortunate as to be favored with your Approbation, I shall ever remember it with the Warmest Sentiments of Gratitude.\u2014\nI have the honor to be, with the  /Greatest respect, Your  /Most Obedient & very Humble Servant\nFredck. Phile", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0662", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thaddeus Burr, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Burr, Thaddeus\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nFairfield July 7th. 1789\nOur friend Capt Saml Smedley will hand you this\u2014This place being now fixed upon as the Port of Entry for the Western district of this State, he is soliciting the appointment of Collector of the Port\u2014Capt Smedley is a Man that is well acquainted with the duty of the Office, will be pleasing to the people of the district; is a Man of much honor and honesty, and should he get the appointment, I am persuaded he will give intire satisfaction to the public\u2014\nYour interest in his behalf will much oblige him, and Sir / Your real friend / and humbl Servt.\nThaddeus Burr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0663", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Hall, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Hall, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\nHonored Sir;\nPortland 7 July 1789.\nBy the last Post, I was honored with your very kind, & obliging Favor of the 26 Ulto\u2014To make a Return may intrude upon your precious time; to be silent would savor of ingratitude: Your Goodness therefore will excuse the interruption I give You.\nAccept my sincere gratitude for the favor done me, and give me leave to assure you I shall niver be insensible of your kindness.\u2014 I have written to my friend General Lincoln on the subject kindly intimated by You, who has assured me of his readiness to serve me whenever it shall be in his power.\u2014\nI wish to add a little in the epistolary way but I have not, lest I should too much tresspass on your Goodness.\u2014 Permit me to congratulate You on the safe arrival of your Lady & Son at New york: and after wishing You the Presence & blessing of almighty God in the management of the great Affairs You are engaged in, give me leave to subscribe myself with very great respect, / your most obedient, / & very humble Servant;\nStephen Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0664", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Theophilus Parsons, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Parsons, Theophilus\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nNewbury Port July 8th. 1789\nConsisous of the perceptions you would meet with, by applications for your influence in the appointment to offices, I had determined not to increase the number of them; but being just informed that the President proposes to nominate as officers, for the collection of the national revenue, those personswhich who hold the like office in the collection of the state revenues, unless complaint was made against them,can I am compelled to trouble you on the subject. If such was openly known to be the presidents intentions, there would not be wanting well founded complaints against Messrs. Titcomb and Cross, the Naval-Officer and collector of excise for this port. I must sollicit your patience, while I give a short history of the manner, in which those gentlemen came into those offices, and of their conduct afterwards\u2014\nMichael Hodge, Esq., a gentleman of this town, of undoubted integrity and capacity, and of pure public principles, was, upon the first erection of the naval office, appointed to fill it; he continued in it a number of years, while the fees were receiveable in paper-money, but soon after, the office being then deemed lucrative, Mr. Titcomb, availing himself of his influence as a representative, procured the place for himself, by the exclusion of Mr. Hodge. He continued in that office two or three years until, for his misdemeanors, in permitting an entry of vessels while at sea, to evade our lumber acts, he lost his election, and Mr. Hodge was rechosen. Tumults arose in our governments soon after. Mr. Titcomb was elected a representative, and by the influence of the malcontent party, to which he always adhered as much as he dared, he was rechosen as Naval-Officer\u2014When the rebellion arose, he took every method, in his power, to render the government odius, and the conduct of the rebels unexceptionable, and his tools, in this town, were in a flame, when the legislature declared that a rebellion existed. Time Soon after that rebellion has been was crushed, the federal government came upon the carpet, and it was not judged expedient to attempt his removal, as it was supposed that, upon the adoption of that government, he would drop of course.\nI might add, that although, when one of our delegates in convention, the spirit of the man he was with, compelled him to the adoption of the constitution, yet, at the same time, his principles were hostile to every federal measure, and all his out-door connections were railing at the new government. Judge then my dear Sir, what must be the sentiments and feelings of people here, to see that man carefully provided for, under a government to which he is not friendly, and who has opposed every honest measure proposed in our own state government; and a man who has really, in my opinion, no moral principles to guide him in any department. Nor can the fear of losing his property, influence him to right conduct, as that is all gone, and the house, he now lives in, has lately been taken by execution over his head.\nAs to Mr. Cross, he obtained the excise in the same unworthy manner. Mr. Saml. Tufts, a brother of the Honorable Cotton Tufts, was the excise-officer, until Mr. Cross, going representative, availed himself of the influence of that place, to procure himself chosen in his room. As to our own government, he has always been opposed to every measure calculated to support, either its credit, or its energy, and has been heartily in favour of it\u2019s the insurgents\u2014But to the federal government he has been openly and avowedly its opponent\u2014and was he an officer under it, instead of feeling grateful for the favour, he would use that very office, to create or ferment an uneasiness among the people, to justify his former opposition\u2014such is this man\u2019s temper\u2014Besides, as he is a Collector of our excise, there are can be no great propriety in his collecting the national revenues at the same time\u2014It may be said, that he may resign the former office, but he will not do it, if he can hold both; and why should such a man, acquiring an office in the manner he did, still have his election to hold a lucrative and influential place under a government to which he was openly hostile\u2014From this view of these two men, which in my opinion is quite a just one, the good people here would feel exceedingly sore at this appointment to office\u2014and did they conceive any information to the president, upon this subject, proper, it would be given him, signed by very respectable names\u2014I conceive the energy of the federal government will depend much on the principles of the men, who are first appointed to office\u2014Our own government has been ruined, for want of attention to this point.Whenever men, disesteemed by the respectable part of the Community, or antifederal in their principles, are designated to offices, the people will soon have no respect for the government\u2014They will reason, and reason very naturally, that a government which will take it\u2019s enemies into it\u2019s bosom, and neglect it\u2019s friends, who have supported it in trying times, does not wish to have friends, or to serve to itself the public attachment\u2014I think these sentiments are in some degree just\u2014and if they are, I hope trust our beloved president will feel the influence of them\u2014He can, with the most perfect propriety, act agreably to them\u2014He is not obliged to court friends\u2014and he has a weight of character, that will support him firm as Atlas\u2014Had I the honour of his notice, I would intreat him, from my knowledge of the people in this place, and from the principles and character of Messrs. Titcomb & Cross, to pass them by, & to nominate other characters\u2014I  would, with great humility & sincerely, tell him, that I had no personal interest depending, but that I was influenced only, by a devout attachment to a firm, energetic, federal government\u2014\nPerhaps you may ask me who are suitable men for the three offices in theNewbury Port\u2014I will give you the opinions of the respectable people here upon that subject\u2014Mr. Hodge, as the Naval Officer, they all agree in, from a sense of his merits, and from the ill-treatment he has received, Mr Tufts would make an honest, faithful, and disinterested collector of the revenue, and so would Ebenezer March, Esq; and probably, no man would make a better surveyor, than Mr David Moody\u2014To speak my own ardent wishes, I hope Mr. Hodge may be provided for at all events\u2014\nI have a great reliance on your good nature, when I expect your excuse for troubling you on this tedious subject. I will quit it & take one ageeable to you. Your son is indefatigable in the office. Too much so I fear; and his whole conduct gives me the greatest pleasure. May it be my fortune to have reason to think so well of a son of mine, as I do of yours\u2014\nMy particular regards wait on Mrs Adams who, I hear, is with you, and believe me to be, notwithstanding all this trouble, yours most affectionately\nTheop Parsons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0665", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Lovell, 9 July 1789\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston July 9th. 1789\u2014\naltho\u2019 this letter is somewhat of a public nature, yet I dare not address you in a consonant manner, \u2018till the Point is settled between his Excellency and John Adams. I apply to you, as I feel you in my Heart to be; satisfied that the Yeas & Nays of no public Body whatsoever concerning Epithets can in any way measure alter Essences.\nDear Sir,\nSturgis Gorham of Barnstable is my Brother in Law, whether I wished it or not; He is less beloved by me however on that Score, than because he has been habituated to esteem you. Inspired early by Prognostications of James Otis junr when you was on your first Barnstable Circuit, he has looked for an event of eminence which Time has realized; and he feels happy in considering the Merits of a young Barrister ripened into the Dignity of a Vice President of the United States for the Promotion of his and my Felicity in common with other Fellow Citizens. He is so situated in Barnstable as to be locally fit for a Collection. He has been so educated as to be fit for a Scientific and officious officer of the Customs\u2014is in Estate responsible and is deeply interested, personally and as a Citizen, to make a good Collector for the United States, in that District.\nI cannot conceive how the President will nominate so great a Number of Officers as the Districts make necessery, without depending much upon Information, for he certainly cannot have personal Knowledge in such various Localities. In this Idea, I have written to Mr. Partridge who is representative of the District.\u2014I do not consider Mr. S.A.O as one whom the President will consult with Propriety\u2014or as fit to be consulted in this Case, especially.\nAs on the one hand I would not seek for a Place myself unless in the full Idea of Faithfulness, so on the other I would not recommend any Man for any other Place but on the same Idea.\nI consider this attempt as connected with my own Reputation Mr. Partridge\u2019s and your so far as the President may be influenced by it, and I feel a conscientious Awe with Firmness.\nI am Sir / your devoted Friend\nJames Lovell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0666", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 9 July 1789\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nBoston 9 July 1789\nHowever you & I may have been taught by Civilians, & however History confirms the Maxim, that an Imperium in Imperio is a Solecism, this Country will continue to learn from its own limited school, & by the most expensive Experiments, those Truths which Statesmen, Legislators & enlightened Politicians have in vain pointed out to them.\u2014\nOur present Confederacy is not very unlike the Monster of Nebuchadnezzar, which was composed of Brass, Clay & Iron\u2014It is neither completely national, federal nor sovereign, for each state has reserved some seperate & independent Powers. Was it composed of the four Eastern States only: or did it embrace the Inhabitants from the Hudson to the Potomack: or did the Limits of Virginia & Georgia confine its operations, the Inhabitants might soon agree in consolidated national Principles. But a Country, extensive as the present united States, so differently settled, & so widely dissimiliar in Manners and Ideas cannot easily be reduced to a homogeneous Body. Nature & circumstances have marked the dividing lines of the three Kingdoms that fifty years hence will occupy & part the present immense Territory, which the glorious Peace of Paris, gave to the United States. Twenty years ago New England contained but one set of People, the middle colonies two, & the Southern Provinces three. It may be different now. Common dangers & Common sufferings have had effects in bringing us nearer together, but it is a Monarchy alone, limited & republican if they please, that can make us great or contented. While each State exercises the Powers of making distinct & particular Laws, independent in numerous instances of the general governancy, although perhaps they may not amount to a direct Contravention of the Statutes of Congress, they will operate in perpetuating local & different Principles of action, in the distant Parts of the Empire. I most heartily wish my Countrymen Freedom & an honest Independence, because myself & Children are to participate in it, but I also wished an energetic, stable & magnanimous Government, that shall protect us at home, and make our Country respectable abroad.\nMr. Ames & Mr. Minot are two excellent young Men and very capable of serving their Country, in different Walks. I show to the latter the Paragraph which so flatteringly mentions him and his History. He has beg\u2019d me to return his thanks for so obliging a Testimony of your Approbation of well intended Labour.\nI find by the Judiciary Bill which has been printed, that my Letter to the President is superceded by a certain office being to be disposed of as the District Judge shall think proper. And of that Judge whoever he may be, I shall have no Favours to sollicit.\nI am with great Affection & Respect / Dear Sir / your faithfull Friend & Servant\nWm. Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0667", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Peter Cunningham, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Cunningham, Peter\nTo: Adams, John\nState of Connecticut, Pomfret July 13th, 1789\nMost Honored Sir; Having nothing to recommend me to you but the knowledge of me when a lad. And the relationship I have the honor to claim, and the service I have attembted to render my Country in Person, and the love of my Interests, Embolding me to take the Opportunity of Mr: Mc:Guire\u2019s going to New York to write to You (this man is an honist one) and If your Excellency can spare the time, and will take the trouble to write me a line he will deliver it to me\u2014If I take the liberty to mention to you the activation of my family I hope it will not be unpleasing, as I have now, and always had a very grate desire of the welfare of You and your Family. I married ten years ago and have had eight Children (have lost five, I have two sons & One daughter\u2014Since the Peace I have been in the Merchants Service, but trade being in so bad a State, I found it Impossible to make a Voyage to profit, and it being equally difficult on Shore. Four years since I took to farming. I have a large farm but in bad condition, but could live very well If it was not so far from the Salt water, which Circumstance dose not altogether agree with my health. On that account Sir I turn my thoughts on serving the publick again. My Abillity is small, and theirfore any grate must not be expected from me, but heretofore I have not been Impeacht for misconduct, or neglect of duty\u2014I know your excellency\u2019s Character so well that you will be exceding carefull of using your Influence in the Senate, or with the President in any ones behalf, but Especially one that claims no merit. For in Such case if any misconduct should take place your feelings would be much hurt.\u2014Wether so small a matter as a packet comes within your notice, if their is any Appointed to any part of the world or not, I don\u2019t know but If their is or should be any appointed, and you should see fitt in your wisdom to recommend me to the command, I would Endeavor by my conduct and future behaviour to merit so grate a Consideration in you, If their should be any other Imploy or the Service that you would think propper for me, and will use your influence you will much Oblidge your Very humble Servant.\u2014\nPeter CunninghamNB If you will please to present our most respectfull compliments to your lady and family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0669", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Mifflin, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York July 14 1789\nI have received the letter you did me the honor to write me on the third of this month, and I thank you for giving me an opportunity of renewing a friendly intercourse which has continued I believe with some interruption for these seventeen years.\nI was early acquainted with the activity, Zeal, and Steadiness of Capt. Falconer in the cause of his country: but as the number of competitors for employment in your city, is greater than that of the offices to be bestowed, and the merits of many of them are considerable; The President will no doubt think himself obliged to seek information from all quarters and carefully weigh the merits and qualifications of every one.\nIn order to preserve and improve the Ballance of our constitution, it is so necessary that the nominations of the President should be revered, that I shall generally support to the utmost of my power the men of his choice, and it must be a very strong case indeed that would justify me to myself in venturing to differ from him.\nI congratulate you on the prospect we have that our countrymen will by degrees recover their original national character, and their native veneration for the wisdom and virtue of those institutions of our Ancestors, which have been so long obscured and misrepresented by passion, prejudice, ignorance, and error.\nWith great esteem &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0670", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Sullivan, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sullivan, James\nSir\nNew York July 14 1789\nI have received your favor of the second of this month. The report I mentioned to you in a former letter, was spoken of to me by gentlen. from Rhode Island, who are good citizens. One of these assured me of the fact as of his own knowledge, that there was an intimate intercourse between some of the leading antifederalists in their State and some of the same character in Massachusetts, belonging to the neighboring counties, particularly Bristol. I do not believe however that there is any general encouragement given by those who were against the constitution, or those who voted for it with amendments; tho the Gentn: from Rode Island assured me that the majority in their state kept up the spirit of party, by roundly affirming that in case of a contest they should be supported by half Massachusetts.\nWith regard to amendments, there is no man more sensible  that amendments are necessary then I am. There is not in the world I believe a more decided friend to juries than myself, and I should chearfully concur in any measures necessary to render this admirable institution permanent and immortal. But there are other particulars, which seem to me to require amendment which have not been suggested by any of the States. The great divisions and distributions of powers on which depend that delicate equipoise, which can alone give security to liberty, property, life, or character, have not been attended to with necessary accuracy. An equilibrium of power is the only parent of equality and liberty; but the executive authority cannot in our constitution preserve an equilibrium, with the legislative; nor can the President in his legislative capacity preserve or defend himself against the two houses; nor perhaps can the representatives preserve their share against the Senate without convulsions\u2014nor can the President and the house in concert, form a ballance to the Senate, if this house is pleased to exert the power it has and the people suffer it. I am more clearly impressed with this because I know that the equilibrium if preserved, would of itself, and by its natural, and necessary operation cure every defect in the constitution: whereas all the other amendments which have been proposed, if adopted will never remedy the defect in the equilibrium and consequently will never secure the rights of the citizen.\nWe may study to all eternity: but I am bold to say, we never shall discover any other security for the rights of mankind but in a ballance of trusts and laws. It is and ever has been amazing to me, that the people of America who boast so much of their knowledge of government, and who really understand so well the principles of liberty, should have so far forgotten the institutions of their ancestors, as to have been so negligent of this indispensible ballance in all the State constitutions as well as in that of the united states. Untill we shall correct our ideas under this head; we never shall get right: and we shall be tormented with a government of men and parties instead of being blessed with a government of laws. In what manner the public opinion can be weaned from those errors which passion prejudice and ignorance have propagated I know not.\nI am &c &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0671", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Lincoln, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nHingham July 14th. 1789\u2014\nI had the pleasure a few days since of receiving your kind favor of the 19th. ulto\u2014\nWhen I first saw the new constitution I was very apprehensive that the President would not be able to maintain his ground and preserve such a stand, on the stage of our political theatre, as to keep up that equilibram essential to our enjoying all those blessings which are derived from a constitution in which the powers of the first magistrate are sufficient to ballance the other branches. If our constitution shall, on trial, be found defective in this respect, it should be mended as soon as may be. In the mean time we ought to be exceedingly attentive that we avoid every thing which may have a tendency to enervate and reduce those degrees of influence which the President may derive from the present government. I hope and trust that there will not exist in either house a wish to invade the right of the other or a desire to press upon the prerogative of the first Magistrate, their caution, in this point, will have its influence, and their conduct will give a tone to the actions of the citizens at large, who ought to know in what their real interest lies, and that the moment they are so far duped as to put an entire relyance on the popular branch, they may date their ruin; and they will know, when it is too late, that they have been jockeyed out of their reason and rights, by men who wanted either better information or better hearts.\u2014\nThe conduct of our great man is no less painful to us than alarming to you. He is not, from any thing which appears, an enemy to monarchical powers\u2014He has, I think, in present instances exercised those powers, and is daily pursuing a line of conduct which will enable him to carry them to a much greater length. The very message to which you refer, is in my opinion, a proof in point, however paradoxical it may seem\u2014By his frequent addresses to the people, through their representatives, and by the trumpeters of his fame they are taught to believe that he is, almost, the only guardian of their rights now remaining in the commonwealth. With these impressions and under the idea, equally curious, that it is the fixed design of others to enslave them the first hour they shall have the power of doing it  Mr. H\u2014may sport with the rights of the people and trample upon our constitution with impunity. When ever his conduct is arraigned, it is enough for him and his friends to give out that the aristocratical junto, as those are stiled who are for a firm energetic government, want his removal that they may be in the saddle themselves the more easily to execute their nefarious purposes with success. Many of the people, not the class with which you have been much connected, seem to consider Mr. H\u2014as the only man in the Common wealth who can preserve the state in peace and order in freedom and happiness strange delusion! Such however are the facts and he may now go almost any lengths in acts of monarchy not limited by any other principle than his policy, that may suggest to him, (or his friends may do it) the propriety of his keeping within some bounds.\u2014\nAs soon as an influential character is discovered in any town, he must however be on the right side, he is immediately nominated for a justice of the peace, this line of conduct has filled most of our towns with such officers whose influence at home, and weight in the house of representatives, many of them find means to get there, secure to their creator his darling object\u2014I would not be misunderstood our justices are not all so there are many of them who have not bowed the knee and are men of pure mind, and independent principles\u2014The next Gentleman who writes a book & is pointing out the danger of any order of men in the community will not I hope forget to mention the danger of so liberal, if not wanton, exercise of the power given to our governour of appointing justices\nIt is unfortunate for us and it may be so for the union that such leading characters as Mr. H\u2014and Mr. A\u2014do not with more cordiality love and embrace the new constitution. They are considered by many as opposers of it and by all as men wishing for such alterations as will essentially change it\u2014They cannot, I trust, wish its annihilation.\u2014So far as I can judge from all I have seen and heard they want a constitution which, in my opinion, would be little more than a puppet and the play thing of the different States. Any thing which looks national or like a consolidation of the different states is thought to be one of the greatest evils which can befall us and to be avoided as such\u2014We had better annihilate the new constitution at once than amuse and deceive the people with false ideas and groundless expectations which we shall certainly do if we suffer it to be garbled according to the wishes of all the sticklers for amendments. This will not do a national government we must have and that soon, I think we shall find it, notwithstanding the exertion of all its opposers, under our present constitution. If we can but once get our system of revenue into operation under officers, who shall not know any other rule by which to regulate their conduct than the laws of their country and shall banish from their minds every idea of temporizing, and that they are not legislators but meer executors of the law and can and will sacrifice to their duty every other consideration which may come in competition there with we shall have made great progress. We have to combat in this business long and deep rooted prejudices, and to do away the evils which have taken place in consequence of repeated popular elections\u2014It is said that not more than one third of the duties are now collected, things must not remain so. No state can exist without more punctuality funds in the collection of the revenue must be pregnant with the most fatal evils as they will render abortive the best devised schemes of the most able financier and will soon destroy that good faith without which no people can flourish and be happy\u2014\nAs soon as our revenue laws are in full operation, we may consider the works as nearly done, for if the government is not opposed, in this tender point, and the officers of it are permitted to do their duty without interruption, as they will be here I presume, in the first instance, the novelty of the scene will be over and precedents after, will come in aid of law. Besides the moment our long harassed treasury shall be replenished, people, friends and foes, will look upon the government with respect and will flock to our national standard as to that of a successful potintate.\u2014\nI am very happy that the duty on molasses is reduced. I wish it could be farther so, for the draw back on molasses  Rum would have given us trouble, and especially if our duties could not be collected with more punctuality than such duties have heretofore been. I hope they will, I hope so because I know it ought to be.\nOur general court is in recess. If they have it has not done things which it ought not to have done and left undone those which it ought to have done I have judged wrong.\nI beg you would tender my best regard to Mrs. Adams & Colo. Smith & Mrs. Smith and / believe me to be towards / you Dr. Sir all which / esteem, confidence, and / affection can make / me\u2014\nB. Lincoln\nNB You will, burn the above when you have read it", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0673", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jenks, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jenks, John\nSir\nNew York July 15 1789\nI received your letter of the first of this month and thank you for your kind congratulations. The application in favor of Joseph Hiller to be naval officer for the port of Salem must be made by himself or friends to the President. The indispensible duties of my office render it impossible for me to give much attention to nominations and appointments in the executive departments: but if this were otherways, the opinion and judgment of the Senators and representatives from the neighbourhood, whose professional knowledge and other means of information are so much superior will and ought to have much more influence. I shall however be attentive to your recommendation, and those of others in favor of the same person, and if a fair opportunity presents, mention them, leaving the decision to that wisdom, to which the constitution has confided it\nYour &c\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0675", "content": "Title: To John Adams from United States House of Representatives, 15 July 1789\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMr. President:\n\t\t\t\t The House of Representatives have passed the bill, entitled \"An act to regulate the collection of the duties imposed by law on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on goods, wares, and merchandises, imported into the United States;\" to which they request the concurrence of the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0677", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Theophilus Parsons, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Parsons, Theophilus\nDear Sir\nNew York July 16. 1789\nI have received your favor of the eighth of this month, and am much obliged to you for the frank and manly representation it contains. I wish however you had written the same things to the President. I doubt whether the President has prescribed to himself any rule so rigid as that you have heard of to appoint all men who are in possession, against whom there is no complaint of superior merit and better qualifications are made to appear. I dare say they will have the preference, Ceteris paribus, the rule may be good to make no change, but not otherwise. I have determined to lay your letter before the President, this day: because it contains information which ought not to be concealed from him. As you have began, I hope you will continue to favour us with you sentiments on public affairs.\nWe want all the speculations of the ingenious as well as the prayers of the faithful, and unless our countrymen more highly favored than their prejudices, passions, follies, and errors and vices have deserved all will not extricate them from the castigating rod.\nYour Testimony in favour of my John gives comfort to my inmost soul, and from my heart I wish you a double portion of the same consolation. Will you give him leave to visit us, when it suits his and your convenience.\nWith great esteem I am &c\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0678", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond hill July 16. 1789\nThe inclosed letters are from two as respectable characters as any in Massachusetts, containing information which I hope has been transmitted to you, through other channels. But as it is possible, it may be otherwise, it is my duty to lay them before you, which I beg leave to do by the bearer Colo: Smith.\nWith all possible deference and respect I have the honor to be, Sir your / most obedient, friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0679", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Lincoln, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston July 16th. 1789\u2014\nAs I have not taken any steps respecting my return to public life to which you are a stranger and have no measures to pursue to which I would have you ignorant I have as a gratification of my own feelings given you a Copy of my letter this day to the President. From it you will learn the reasons which have induced the measures\u2014\n\"When I had the honor of addressing your Excellency on the subject of returning to public life I did not wish suggest a wish to hold one office in preference to another\u2014indeed at that time it was not ascertained what offices would be established under the new constitution\u2014It was however the general idea that the Union would be divided into different districts and that there would be an officer appointed in each to fill up the large space between the treasury board and the several Collectors & Naval officers\u2014As the partiality of my friends here has excited a public expectation that I might be called to an office of more respectability than either of the two last mentioned it may possably be supposed that I would decline accepting either should your Excellency think me quallified to fill one of them\u2014But this so far from being the case that I should feel well satisfied to hold that, in which I might be thought by your Excellency to be most useful\u2014To prevent any misapprehensions I have considered it expedient to be this particular\"\nIs it possible Sir  for the Union to succeed in the collection of the revenue without some which, other than what will be in the treasury board, on the tribe of officers who will have public monies in his hand.\nI am Dear Sir with perfect / esteem your obliged / humble servant\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0681", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Roger Sherman, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sherman, Roger\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill July 17. 1789\nI have read over with Pleasure, your Observations on the new federal Constitution, and am glad of an opportunity to communicate to you my opinion of some Parts of them. it is by a free and friendly Intercourse of Sentiments that the Friends of our Country may hope for Such an unanimity of opinion and Such a Concert of Exertions, as may sooner or later produce the Blessings of good Government.\nYou Say \"it is by Some objected, that the Executive is blended with the Legislature, and that those Powers ought to be entirely distinct and unconnected, but is not that a gross Error in Politicks? The united Wisdom and various Interests of a nation Should be combined in framing the Laws, by which all are to be governed and protected, though it would not be convenient to have them executed by the whole Legislature. The Supreme Executive in Great Britain is one branch of the Legislature, and has a negative on all the Laws; perhaps that is an extreme not to be imitated by a Republic, but the Negative vested in the President by the new Constitution, on the Acts of Congress, and the consequent Revision, may be very useful to prevent Laws being passed without mature deliberation; and to preserve stability in the Administration of Government. And the Concurrence of the Senate in the Appointment to office, will Strengthen the hands of the Executive, and Secure the Confidence of the People, much better than a Select Council and will be less expensive.\"\nIs it then \"an extreme not to be imitated by a Republic, to make the Supreme Executive a Branch of the Legislature, and give it a Negative on all the Laws?\" if you please we will examin this Position, and See whether it is well founded. In the first Place what is your definition of a Republic? Mine is this, A Government, whose Sovereignty is vested in more than one Person. Governments are divided into Despotisms, Monarchies, and Republics. A Despotism is a Government, in which the three Divisions of Power, the Legislative, Executive and Judicial are all vested in one Man. A Monarchy is a Government, where the Legislative and Executive Powers are vested in one Man; but the Judicial, in other Men. in all Governments the Sovereignty is vested in that Man or Body of Men, who have the Legislative Power. in Despotisms and Monarchies therefore, the Legislative Authority being in one Man, the Sovereignty is in one Man. in Republicks, as the Sovereignty  that is the Legislative Power is always vested in more than one, it may be vested in as many more as you please. In the United States, it might be vested in two Persons, or in three Millions or in any intermediate Number, and is every Such Supposable Case the Government would be a Republic, in conformity to these Ideas Republics have been divided into three different Species, monarchical, Aristocratical and Democratical Republics. England is a Republic; a monarchical Republic it is true: but a Republic Still: because the Sovereignty, which is the Legislative Power, is vested in more than one Man: it is equally divided indeed between the one, the few, and the many: or in other Words between the three natural Divisions of Mankind in every Society; the monarchical, the Aristocratical and the Democratical. it is essential to a monarchical Republic, that the Supream Executive Should be a Branch of the Legislature, and have  Negative on all the laws.\u2014I Say essential because, if Monarchy were not an essential Part of the Sovereignty the Government would not be a monacharical Republic. Your Position therefore is clearly and certainly an Error, because the Practice of G. Britain in making their Supreme Executive a Branch of the legislative and giving it a Negative on all the Laws, must be imitated, by every Monarchical Republic.\u2014\nI will pause here if you please\u2014but if you will give me leave, I will write you another Letter or two upon this subject. mean time I am with / unalterable friendship yours\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0682", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Roger Sherman, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sherman, Roger\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill July 18, 1789\nIn my Letter of yesterday, I think it was demonstrated that the English Constitution is a Republic, and that the Regal Negative upon the Laws, is essential to that Republic: because that without it, that Government would not be what it is a monarchical Republic, and consequently could not preserve the Ballance of Power between, the Executive and Legislative Powers, nor that other Ballance, which is in the Legislative between the one, the few and the many, in which, two Ballances the Excellence of that form of Government must conflict.\nLet us now enquire, whether the new Constitution of the United States is, or is not a monarchical Republic, like that of G. Britain.\u2014The Monarchical, and the Aristocratical Power, in our Constitution, it is true are not hereditary: but this makes no difference in the nature of the Power, in the nature of the Ballance, or in the name of the Species of Government.\u2014it would make no difference in the power of a Judge, or Justice, or General, or Admiral, whether his Commission were for Life or Years. his authority, during the time it lasted would be the same, whether it were for one year or twenty, or for Life, or descendible to his eldest son.\u2014The People the Nation in whom all Power resides originally, may delegate their Power, for one year, or for ten years, for years or for Life, or may delegate it in fee simple, or fee Tail, if I may so express myself or during good behaviour, or at Will, or till further orders.\nA nation might unanimously create a Dictator or Despot, for one year, or more, or for Life, or for Perpetuity with hereditary descent. in Such a Case, the Dictator for one year, would as really be a Dictator during the Time, his Power lasted, as the other would be whose Power was perpetual and descendible.\u2014a Nation in the same manner might create a Simple Monarch, for years, Life or Perpetuity, and in either Case the Creature would, be equally a Simple Monarch during the Continuance of his Power. So the People of England might create King, Lords and commons, for a year, or for several years, or for Life\u2014and in any of these Cases, their Government would be a monarchical Republic, or if you will a limited Monarchy, during its continuance, as much as it is now, when the King and Nobles are hereditary. They might make their house of commons hereditary too. what the Consequence of this would be it is easy to foresee: but it would not in the first moment make any change in the legal Power, nor in the name of the Government.\nLet us now consider what our Constitution is: and see whether any other name can with propriety be given it: than that of a monarchical Republic, or if you will a limited Monarchy.\u2014The Duration of our President is neither perpetual nor for Life, it is only for four years: but his Power, during those four years, is much greater than that of an Avoyer, a Consul a Podesta, a Doge, a Statholder, nay than a King of Poland.\u2014nay than a King of Sparta\u2014I know of no first Magistrate, in any Republican government, excepting England and Neuchattel, who possesses a constitutional Dignity, Authority, and Power comparable to his.\u2014The Power of sending and receiving Ambassadors of raising and commanding Armies and Navies, of nominating appointing and commissioning all officers\u2014of managing the Treasures, the internal and external affairs of the nation\u2014nay the whole Executive Power, coextensive with the legislative Power is vested in him: and he has the Right and his is the duty to take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.\u2014These Rights and Duties, these Prerogatives and Dignities, are so transcendant, that they must naturally and necessarily excite in the Nation all the Jealousy, Envy, Fears, apprehensions and opposition, that is so constantly observed in England against the Crown.\nThat these Powers are necessary I readily admit. That the Laws cannot be executed without them: that the Lives, Liberties, Properties and Characters of the Citizens cannot be Secure, without their Protection is most clear. But it is equally certain I think that they ought to have been still greater, or much less.\u2014The Limitations upon them, in the Cases of War, Treaties, and appointments to office and especially the Limitation, on the Presidents Independence as a branch of the Legislature, will be the destruction of this Constitution, and involve us in Anarchy, if not amended. I shall pass over all these particulars for the present, except the last: because that is now the Point in dispute between you and me.\nLongitude and the Philosophers Stone, have not been sought with more Earnestness by Philosophers, than a Guardian of the Laws has been studied by legislaters from Plato to Montesquieu. but every Project has been found to be no better, than committing the Lamb to the Custody of the Wolf, excepting that one, which is called a Ballance of Power.\u2014a Simple Sovereignty, in one, a few, or many has no ballance, and therefore no Laws. a divided Sovereignty without a ballance, or in other Words, where the division is unequal is always at War, and consequently has no Laws. in our Constitution the Sovereignty, i.e the Legislative Power is divided, into three Branches. The House and Senate are equal, but the third Branch, tho essential is not equal.\u2014The President must pass Judgment upon every Law\u2014but in Some Cases his Judgment may be overruled. These Cases will be such as attack, his constitutional Power. it is therefore certain he has not equal Power to defend himself, or the Constitution or the Judicial Power, as the Senate and House have.\nPower naturally grows.\u2014Why? because human Passions are insatiable. but that Power alone can grow which is already too great. that which is unchecked. that which has no equal Power to controul it. The Legislative Power in our Constitution, is greater than the Executive. it will therefore encroach\u2014because both Aristocratical and democratical Passions are insatiable.\u2014The Legislative Power will increase, the Executive will diminish.\u2014in the legislature, the Monarchical Power is not equal, either to the Aristocratical, or democratical\u2014it will therefore decrease, while the others will increase. indeed I think the Aristocratical Power is greater than either the Monarchical or Democratical. that will therefore Swallow up the other two.\nin my Letter of yesterday, I think it was proved, that a Republic might make the Supream Executive an integral Part of the legislature. in this it is equally demonstrated as I think, that our Constitution ought to be amended, by a decisive adoption of that Expedient.\nif you dont forbid me, I shall write you again, / yours Sincerely\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0683", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jeremy Belknap, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Belknap, Jeremy\nTo: Adams, John\nMuch respected & dear Sir\nBoston July 18. 1789\nIt was a very singular pleasure to me to receive a Line from you approving the discourse which I did myself the honor to send to you: the good opinion of such a gentleman as Mr Adams & the very great honor wch he has done me will as easily be effaced from my remembrance.\nNot till this Week have I met with the political annals of George Chalmers printed in London 1780 in one Vol. 4 to. From what little I have as yet had Opportunity to read of the work, I conceive the author to have the spirit of indefatigable enquiry which is necessary in a historian, tho\u2019 I think not so much of that Candor which is becoming in judging the characters & actions of those who have trod the stage before us\u2014The reason of my mentioning him to you is to introduce an enquiry whether you know the author Man Whether he be an American refugee or an Englishman\u2014a Lawyer I think he is\u2014& whether there is or is likely to be a second volume of his work. When I observe his having had access to the papers in the Plantation Office, I feel a regret that an Ocean seperates me from such a grand repository\u2014how necessary to form a just judgment of the secret springs of many American transactions!\nThe want of public repositories for historical materials as well as the destruction of many valuable ones by fires, by war & by the lapse of time has long been a subject of regret in my mind. Many papers which are daily thrown away may in future be much wanted; but except here & there a person who has a curiosity of his own to gratify no person one cares to undertake the Collection & of this class of Collectors there are scarcely any Who take care for securing what they have got together after they have quitted the stage. The only sure way of preserving such things is by printing them in some Voluminous work as the Remembrancer\u2014but the attempt to carry on such a work would probably not meet with encouragement\u2014the publication of Govr Winthrop\u2019s journal labours & I fear will come to nought.\u2014\nYou have done what I wished in publishing the Letters to Dr Calkoen, a Copy of which I was favoured with the Sight by Mr Cranch before this publication was made. It is certainly an important point in the History of our Revolution that it was the work of the people at large & not of any party or faction as our Enemies have affected to believe. There is another point which ought to be as fully ascertained & that is that our Opposition to Great Britain did not originate in a desire of Independence, but that we preserved our loyalty & affection to the Crown of Great Britain as long as was practicable considering the immense provocation which we received. Pray my dear Sir is it a fact that Baron Kalb was sent over hither by the Court of France to sound the inclinations of the Americans after the Repeal of the Stamp act & that he found us so passionately attached to the British nation as to report the impossibility of attempting a seperation?\nYou will pardon me for thus intruding on your more important engagements\u2014& if you think me too forward or impertinent in my enquiries, suggest to me the propriety of being less so & you shall be obeyed\u2014for really Sir I have a regard for your Character little short of veneration\u2014\nBelieve me therefore yr truly respectful & much obliged friend & humble Servt\nJere Belknap", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0685", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Mather, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Mather, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nLondon 19th. July 1789\nMy Friend Robert Young, Esqr. of Warwick Court Holborn having lately published an Essay on the Powers and Mechanism of Nature, in which he has advanced some new and important Doctrines, which he wishes may be investigated by the Philosophers of America, has desired me to distribute a few of them to the Persons, whom I know to be the most eminent for their Learning and Love of the Sciences\u2014and as I know of none more so than Your Excellency, I am to request You will be pleased to accept of the herewith inclosed Book from him\u2014and I am very happy in the opportunity it gives me of congratulating Your Excellency on your appointment to the very high and important Office to which You have been chosen by your Country, and in the execution of which, I wish You may meet with all the Success and satisfaction which I am sure your Endeavours for the Public Good will merit\u2014\nIf You should be so obliging as to acknowledge the receipt of my letter, be pleased to direct for me, to the care of Saml. Rogers Esqr. No. 23 Charlotte Street Portland Place.\nI have the Honor to be with very great Respect and Esteem\u2014 / Sir / Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedient / and most humble Servant\nSaml. Mather", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0686", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Edmund Randolph, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nWilliamsburg July 19. 1789.\nYour friendly answer to the letter, which I took the liberty of addressing to you in favor of Colo. Heath, has increased the attachment, which your civility to me in 1775, and your public conduct since, first produced My application in that gentleman\u2019s behalf being founded on a conviction of his worth, I conceived, that it might not be improper to make that worth known to all those, who might eventually decide on his pretensions.\nI am almost unable to inform you, where my uncle, Mr. Jenings, is, or how he is employed. I have not received a letter from him for five months; and indeed he communicates so little concerning himself, that, notwithstanding his affectionate letters, he is almost a perfect stranger to me. Among the few particulars, however, which have fallen from his pen, respecting himself, his esteem and veneration for you have been the most considerable. In both I beg leave to assure you that I cordially concur, and that I always am, / Dear Sir, / your obliged And obt. Serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0687", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Roger Sherman, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sherman, Roger\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill July 20. 1789\nThere is a Sense, and a degree, in which the Executive, in our Constitution, is blended with the Legislature: The President, has the power of Suspending a Law; of giving the two Houses an opportunity to pause, to think, to collect themselves, to reconsider a rash step of a Majority; he has the Right to urge all his Reasons against it, by Speech or Message; which being Public is an appeal to the Nation\u2014But the rational Objection here is not that the Executive is not blended with Legislature: but that it is not enough blended; that it is not incorporated with it, and made an essential Part of it.\u2014If it were an integral part of it it might Negative a law, without much Noise, Speculation, or Confusion amoung the People. But as it now stands, I beg you, to consider, it is almost impossible that a President should ever have the courage to make use of his partial negative. what a Situation would a President be in, to maintain a Controversy against a Majority of both Houses, before the Tribunal of the Public. To put a stop to a law, that more than half the Senate and House, and consequently We may Suppose more than half the Nation, had set their hearts upon.? it is moreover possible, that more than two thirds of the Nation, the Senate and House, may in times of Calamity Distress, Misfortune and ill Success of the Measures of Government from the momentary Passion and Enthusiasm, demand a law which will wholly Subvert the Constitution. The Constitution of Athens was overturned in such a moment by Aristides himself.\u2014The Constitution Should guard against a Possibility of its Subversion.\u2014But We may take Stronger ground and assert that it is probable that Such Cases will happen, and that the Constitution will in fact be Subverted in this Way.\u2014May I go further and say, that from the constitution of human nature and the constant Course of human affairs it is certain, that our Constitution will be Subverted, if not amended, and that in a very short time, merely for Want of a decisive negative in the Executive.\nThere is another Sense, and another Degree, in which the Executive is blended with the legislature, which is liable to great and just objection; which excites alarms, Jealousies and Apprehensions in a very great degree.\u2014I mean 1. the Negative of the Senate, upon appointments to office; 2. the Negative of the Senate upon Treaties, and 3. the Negative of the two Houses upon War.\u2014I shall confine myself at present to the first.  The Negative of the Senate upon Appointments, is liable for the following objections. 1. It takes away, or a least it lessens the responsibility of the Executive\u2014our Constitution obliges me to say, that is lessens the Responsibility of the President. The blame of an hasty, injudicious, weak or wicked Appointment, is Shared so much between him and the Senate, that his part of it will be too Small.\u2014Who can censure him, without censuring the Senate, and the legislatures who appoint them? all their Friends will be interested to vindicate the President, in order to Screen them from censure. besides if an Impeachment is brought before him against an officer are they not interested to acquit him, least some part of the odium of his Guilt Should fall upon them, who advised to his appointment.\n2. It turns the Minds and attention of the People, to the Senate, a Branch of the legislature, in Executive matters. it interests another Branch of the legislature in the management of the Executive,. it divides the People, between the executive and the Senate: whereas all the People ought to be united to watch the Executive, to oppose its encroachments, and resist its Ambition.\u2014Senators and Representatives, and their Constituents, in short the Aristocratical and Democratical Divisions of Society ought to be united on all occasions to oppose the Executive; or the Monarchical Branch when it attempts to overleap its Limits. But how can this union be effected, when the Aristocratical Branch has pledged its Reputation to the Executive by consenting to an Appointment.\n3. It has a natural Tendency, to excite ambition in the Senate,\u2014An active ardent Spirit in that House, who is rich, & able; has a great Reputation and influence; will be solicited by the candidates for office. not to introduce the idea of Bribery, because tho it certainly would force itself in, in other Countries, and will, probably, have when We grow populous and rich, yet it is not yet, I hope to be dreaded.\u2014But Ambition must come in, already.\u2014A Senator of great influence, will be naturally ambitions and desirous of increasing his influence. Will he not be under a Temptation to use his influence with the President as well as his Brother Senators, to appoint persons to office in the several states who will exert themselves in elections to get out his Ennemies or opposers both in Senate and House of Representatives, and to get in his Friends, perhaps his Instruments.? Suppose a Senator, to aim at the Treasury office, for himself, his Brother, Father or son\u2014Suppose him to aim at the President\u2019s Chair, or Vice Presidents, at the next Election, or at the office of War, foreign or domestic affairs, will he not naturally be tempted to make Use of his whole Patronage his whole Influence, in advising to appointments, both with President Senators to get such persons nominated, as will exert themselves for Elections of President Vice President, Senators and H. of Representatives to increase his interest and promote his Views. in this point of View I am very apprehensive that this defect in our Constitution will have an unhappy Tendency to introduce Corruption of the grossest kinds both of Ambition and Avarice into all our Elections. and this will be the worst of Poisons to our Constitution\u2014It will not only destroy the present form of government, but render it almost impossible to substitute into its place any free Government, even a better limited Monarchy, or any other than a Despotism or a Simple Monarchy.\n4. To avoid the Evil, under the last head, it will be in danger of dividing the Continent into two or three Nations, a Case that possesses no prospect but of perpetual War.\n5. This Negative on appointments, is in danger of involving the Senate in reproach, obloquy, Censure and Suspicion, without doing any good.\u2014Will the Senate use their Negative or not. If not; why should they have it\u2014many will censure them for not using it. many will ridicule them, call them Servile &c\u2014if they do, use it. The very first Instance of it, will expose the Senators, to the Resentment not only of the disappointed Candidate and all his Friends, but of the President and all his Friends; and those will be most of the Officers of Government, through the nation.\n6. We shall very soon have parties formed\u2014A Court and Country Party, and these Parties will have names given them. one Party in the House of Representatives will support the President and his Measures and Ministers\u2014the other will oppose them, a Similar Party will be in Senate. These parties will Struggle with all their Art, perhaps with Intrigue\u2014perhaps with Corruption at Every Election to increase their own Friends and diminish their opposers. Suppose Such Parties formed in Senate, and then consider what Factious divisions We shall have there, upon every Nomination\n7. The Senate have not time. The Convention & Indian Treaties.\nYou are of opinion \"That the concurrence of the Senate in the Appointment to office, will Strengthen the hands of the Executive and secure the Confidence of the People, much better than a Select Council, and will be less expensive\" but in every one of these Ideas, I have the Misfortune to differ from you. 1. it will weaken the hands of the Executive, by lessening the obligation, gratitude and attachment of the Candidate to the President: by dividing his attachment between the Executive and Legislative which are natural Ennemies.\u2014officers of Government instead of having a Single Eye and undivided attachment to the Executive Branch, as they ought to have consistent with Law and the Constitution, will be constantly tempted to be factious with their factious Patrons in the Senate. The Presidents own officers in a thousand Instances will oppose his just and constitutional Exertions, and Screen themselves under the Wings of their Patrons and Party in the Legislature. Nor will it Secure the Confidence of the People. The People will have more confidence in the Executive, in Executive matters than in the Senate.\u2014The People will be constantly jealous of factious Schemes in the Senators to unduly influence the Executive, and of corrupt bargains between the senate and Executive, to serve each others private Views. The People will also be jealous that the influence of the Senate will be employed to conceal, connive and defend guilt in the Executive officers, instead of being a guard and watch upon them and a terror to them. A Council selected by the President himself at his Pleasure, from among the Senators, Representatives and Nation at large, would be purelyresponsible. in that Case, the Senate as a Body would not be compromised. The senate would be a Terror to Privy Councillors. its Honour would never be pledged to support any Measure or Instrument of the Executive, beyond Justice, Law, and the Constitution. Nor would a privy Council be more expensive. The whole Senate must now deliberate on every Appointment and, if they ever find time for it, you will find that a great deal of time will be required and consumed in this Service. Then the President might have a constant Executive Council, now he has none.\nI said under the Seventh head that the Senate would not have time.\u2014You will find that the whole Business of this Government will be infinitely delayed, by this Negative of the Senate on Treaties and appointments.\u2014Indian Treaties and Consular Conventions have been already waiting for months and the Senate have not been able to find a moment of time to attend to them.\u2014and this Evil must constantly increase. So that the Senate must be constantly sitting, and must be paid as long as they Sit.\nbut I have tired your Patience. Is there any Truth or Importance in these broken hints and crude Surmises? or not? To me they appear well founded and very important. I am / with usual Affection Yours\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0688", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Montgomery, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Montgomery, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAlicante 20 July 1789.\nThe honour I had of an Acquaintance with your Excellency Shortly after your arrival at the Court of Versailles; and some friendly letters you was pleased to write me after my return to Alicante, together with my affection for the United States to which you have rendered so many Signal Services, Impel me to take the liberty of addressing you at this time with my Sincerest Congratulations on your being Ellected Vice President; accept Sir or my warmest wishes for your wellfare and happiness, and may that Success and Prosperity which has so much distinguished your Character continue to attend you thro\u2019 a long and useful Life.\nAs by a long residence here as a Merchant I have acquired a tolerable knowledg of the Language and manners of the People, and the Interests of this Countrey with respect to Ours and of Ours with respect to this; I may be able occatonally to give such Informations on those points as your Station of Second Legislator of our Countrey may require for your goverment in framing any laws respecting our commerce with Spain, in which should you think I can be any way useful I Shall be highly honoured by recieving any of your Commands\nAs Madrid is at so great a distance from every part of the Coast of Spain; a person who Resides there cannot be of Such immediate service to our Vessels and the Active part of our commerce as may often be required, which will I Suppose make it Necessary to follow the Example of other Nations, and appoint Consuls in the Principal Ports, whose business it will be to attend to those matters in perticular, and give such advices to Congress as may be prudent and useful in that Line, and as I have by approbation of the Honorable Mr Jay and Mr. Carmichael continued to do the office of Consul ever Since the Independance, I hope you will do me the honour to confirm me in it, and you may depend on my utmost Exertions to be useful and Give every Satisfaction to the United  States, with honour to your recommendation, being with the greatest Respect and Veneration / Dear Sir / Your Excellency\u2019s Obedient and affectionate / Humble Servant\nRobt Montgomery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0689", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Roger Sherman, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Sherman, Roger\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNew York July 20th. 1789\nI was honored with your letters ofthe 17th. and 18 Instant and am much obliged to you for the observations they contain. The subject of Government is an important one, and neccessary to be well understood by the Citizens and especially by the legislators of these States. I shall be happy to receive further light on the subject, and to have any errors that I amy have entertained corrected.\nI find that writers on government differ in their definitaion of a Republic Entick\u2019s Dictionary defines it \"A commonwealth without a King\" I find you do not agree to the negative part of his definition. What I mant by it was a government under the authority of the people consisting of legislative, executive and judiciary powers, the legislative powers vested in an assembly consisting of one or more branches, who together with the executive are appointed by the people, and dependent on them for continuence by periodical elections, ageeably to an established Constitution, and that what especially denominates it a Republic is its dependence on the public or people at large without any hereditary powers. But it is not of so much importance by what appellation the government is distinguished, as to have it well constituted to secure the rights and advance the happiness of the community. I fully agree with you sir, that it is optional with the people of a state, to establish any form of government they please, to vest the powers in one, a few or many, and for a limited or unlimited time, and the idividuals of the state will be bound to yield obedience to such government while it contnues; but I am also of opinion that they only alter their frame of government when they please, any former act of theirs, however explicit to the contrary notwithstanding.\nbut what I principally have in view is to submit to your consideration the reasons that have inclined me to think that the qualified negative given to the Executive by our constitution is better than an absolute negative. In Great Britain where there are the rights of the nobility as well as the rights of the common people to support, it may be neccessary that the crown should have a complete negative to preserve the ballance. But in a Republic like ours wherein is no higher rank than that of common citizens, unless distinguished by appointment to office, what occasion can there be for such a balance? It is true that some men in every society, have natural and acquired abilities Superior to others, and greater wealth. Yet these give them no legal claim to offices in preference to others, but will doubtless give them some degree of influence, and justly, when they are men of integrity and may procure them appointments to places of trust in the government, yet they having only the same common rights with the other citizens, what competition of Interests can there be to require a balance? Besides while the real estates are dividable among all the children, or other kindred in equal degrees and entails are not admitted, it will operate as an agrarian law. And the influence arising from great estates in a few hands or families, will not exist to such a degree of extent or duration as to form a system, or have any great effect.\nIn order to trace moral effects to their causes and vice versa, it is neccessary to attend the principles as they operate on mens minds. Can it be expected that a chief Magistrate of a free and enlightened people on whom he depends for his election and continuance in office, would give his negative to a law passed by the other two branches of the legislature if he had power? But the qualified negative given to the Executive by our Constitution, which is only to produce a revision, will probably be exercised on proper occasions. And the legislature have the benefit of the Presidents reasons in their further deliberations on the subject. And if a sufficient number of the members of either house should be convinced by them to put a nagative upon the Bill it would add weight to the Presidents opinion and render it more satisfactory to the people. But if two thirds of the members of each house after considering the reasons offered by the President should adhere to their former opinion, will not that be the most Safe foundation to rest the decision upon? On the whole it appears to me that the power of a compleat megative if given would be a dormant and useless one and that the provision in the constitution is calculated to operate with proper weight, and will produce beneficial effects.\nThe negative vested in the Crown of Great Britain has never been exercised since the revolution, and the great influence of the Crown in the legislature of that nation is derived from another source, that of appointment to all offices of honor and profit, which has rendered the power of the Crown nearly absolute. So that the nation is in fact government by the cabinet council, who are the creatures of the Crown. The consent of Parliament is neccessary to give sanction to their measures, and that they easily obtain by the influence aforesaid. If they should carry their points so far as directly to affect personal liberty or private property the people would be alarmed and oppose their progress. But this forms no part of their System, the principal object of which is revenue, which they have carried to an enormous height. Where ever the chief Magistrate may appoint to offices without control, his government may become absolute or at least oppressive. Therefore the concurrence of the Senate is made requisite by our Constitution.\nI have not time or room to add, or apologize. I am with great respect your obliged humble servant\nRoger Sherman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0691", "content": "Title: To John Adams from United States House of Representatives, 20 July 1789\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMr. President:\n\t\t\t\t The House of Representatives have passed a bill, entitled \u201cAn act for the establishment and support of light-houses, beacons, and buoys.\u201d They have concurred in the amendments proposed by the Senate to a bill, entitled \u201cAn act for establishing an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs.\u201d And they have received from the President of the United States an enrolled bill, entitled \u201cAn act imposing duties on tonnage,\u201d with his signature affixed thereto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0692", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Peter Cunningham, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cunningham, Peter\nDear Sir\nNew York July 21. 1789.\nI have received your favor of the thirteenth of this month, from the hand of Mr. McGuire, and am much obliged to you for the information of your welfare, and the situation of your family. A country life like yours, retired on a farm is seldom acceptable to a man educated in a city and accustomed to the sea: and therefore your inclination to return into the active world is no surprise to me: Yet there is more safety, more tranquility, and perhaps better prospects for your family, in your present course. What opening there may be, for the employment of your talents in the public service, I am not at present able to conjecture. But I should be obliged to you, if you would write me, in confidence an account of your former actions and services, which will at least be a pleasure to know, if I should never have an opportunity to make use of it to your advantage.\nMy Family consists of a daughter and three sons. The former is married to Col: Smith and has presented me with two grand sons. My Eldest Son, John, is in the study of the law at Newbury port with Mr Parsons\u2014Chas had his degree this month and is now with me\u2014Thomas will take his degree next year. By this detail you will see, what you knew however very well before that I am not a young man. But I shall never be too old to wish well to your prosperity and that of your family:\nBeing with great esteem Yours\nJ.A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0693", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Hamilton, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nRichmond Hill July 21. 1789\nMr. Charles Adams, my Second Son, the Bearer of this Letter, I beg leave to introduce to you.\u2014He took his degree at our University of Cambridge this year, and is destined to the Study of the Law.\u2014I wish to get him into some office in New York, and should give the Preference to you\nBut there are two Contingencies, one possible the other probable in the Way. The first is that Congress may force me to Philadelphia or the Lord knows where: the other that you may become a Minister of State, or some other Thing better or worse than the Practice of the Bar, but, however, incompatible with it.\nAs it is my Intention that my Son shall board with me, he must follow, wherever Congress shall lead me\u2014If you should leave the Bar, Some other arrangement must be made for him.\nHe may go into Town, and come out, with me every day, and attend your office, from between ten and Eleven, to between three and four. When your Business presses, he may attend earlier or latter as you shall direct.\nIf you will take him into your office immediately, subject to these Contingencies, I shall be obliged to you, and ask the favour of you to mention to me your Terms. The Circumstances of my Family and Fortune will not permit me to be  generous: but it is my determination, in every Circumstance of Life, to be  just.\u2014With great Esteem I have / the Honour to be, Sir, your most / obedient Servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0694", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Daniel McCormick, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: McCormick, Daniel\nRichmond Hill July, 21. 1789.\nThe Vice President presents his Compliments to Mr. McCormick, and will be obliged, if he will get two thousand Dollars negotiated at the Bank, for his Use.\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0695", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear friend\nPhiladelphia July 21st. 1789.\nFrom an unfortunate concurrence of circumstances, I find myself under the influence of the same difficult command in corresponding with the Vice President of the United States, which the King of Syria gave to the Captains of his chariots.\u2014\n\"Fight ye not with small or great, save only with the King of Israel.\"\u2014\nThe subjects upon which we differ are monarchy\u2014titles\u2014& the Latin & Greek languages.\nI repeat again that Republicanism has never yet had a fair tryal in the world.\u2014It is now likely to be tried in the United States. Had our goverment been more completely ballanced; that is, had the President possessed more power, I believe it would have realised all the wishes of the most sanguine friends to republican liberty. Licentiousness factions\u2014seditions & rebellions have not been restrained by monarchy even in great Britain. They have been more numerous in that country than in any of the less free monarchies, or more free republics of Europe.\u2014The factions\u2014seditions\u2014& rebellions of Republics arise wholly from the want of checks or ballances, and from a defect of equal representation. The wisdom of modern times has discovered, & in part remedied these evils.\u2014we may hope therefore that our republican forms of government will be more safe, and durable than formerly. When we reject a republic, I wish we may adopt an absolute monarchy, for goverments (like women among whom it is said no one, between a virtuous woman & a prostitute ought ever to please) should know no medium between absolute Republicanism & absolute monarchy. There cannot be a greater absurdity than to connect together in one government, the living principle of liberty in the people with the deadly principle of tyranny in an heriditary monarch. They must in time, with the best ballance in the world overset each other. They are created with implements of war in their hands. Fighting will be natural & necessary to each of them to preserve an existence. From a variety of circumstances, the victory 99 times in an 100 will be in favor of the monarch\u2014& hence will arise the annihilation of liberty.\u2014\nAn hundred years hence Absolute monarchy will probably be rendered necessary in our Country by the corruption of our people. But why should we precipitate an event for which we are not yet prepared?\u2014Shall I at five & twenty years of age, because I expect to be an old man\u2014draw my teeth\u2014put on artificial grey hairs & bend my back over a short cane?\u2014No\u2014I will enjoy the health & vigor of youth & manhood, and leave old age to the care of itself.\u2014I will do more. I will husband my health & vigor, & try to keep off Old Age as long as I can, by temperance, proper cloathing simple manners\u2014and the practice of domestic virtues.\nThe characters you so much admire among the ancients were formed wholly by republican forms of goverments.\u2014\nRepublican forms of goverment are more calculated to promote Christianity than monarchies. The precepts of the gospel, and the maxims of republics in many instances agree with each other.\nPlease to take notice that when I speak of a Republic, I mean a Goverment consisting of three branches, and each derived at different times & for different periods from the people. Where this circulation is wanting between rulers & the ruled, there will be an obstruction to genuine goverment. A king or a senate not chosen by the people at certain periods becomes a sebimus\u2014a Bubo or an Abscess in the body politic which must sooner or later distroy the healthiest State.\u2014\nA simple democracy, or an unballanced republic is one of the greatest of evils. I think with Dr. Zubly that \"a Democracy (with only one branch) is the devils own government.\" These words he uttered at my table in the Spring of 1776; upon my giving as a toast the \"Commonwealth of America.\" At the same instant that he spoke these words, he turned his glass upside downwards, and refused to drink the toast.\nI have no objection to men being accosted by the titles which they derive from their Offices. Mr President\u2014Mr Vice President\u2014Senator\u2014Councillor Judge\u2014or even Constable\u2014may all the used with propriety, but why should  we prefix noble, honourable\u2014or elective to them?\u2014Such epithets are a transgression of a rule in composition which forbids us to use unnecessary adjectives, inasmuch as they always enfeeble the sense of a Sentence. I cannot think, with you that titles overawe or restrain the profligate part of a Community. The very atmosphere of London is impregnated with the Sounds of \"My Lord\"\u2014\"My Lady,\" \"Right honourable\"\u2014\"Your Honor\"\u2014\"Sir John & Sir James,\" and yet when will you find more profligate manners than among the citizens of London?\u2014The use of titles begets pride in rulers & baseness among the common people.\u2014Among the Romans whom you so much admire, C\u00e6sar was C\u00e6sar\u2014& Scipio was Scipio in all companies.\u2014The conquered provinces I believe first introduced titles. Among the Quakers the highest degrees of order are preserved without titles.\u2014But if we begin with titles in the United States, where will they end? A new Vocabulary must be formed to provide for all the officers of the federal & state goverments, for the states still retain the power of creating titles. If titles are given to men must not the women be permitted to share in them? By what rule shall we settle precedency? Shall a law, or a title Office be necessary for this purpose?\u2014In a word my friend, I see no end to the difficulties\u2014disputes\u2014and Absurdities of admitting titles into our Country. They are equally contrary to reason and religion, and in my opinion are no more necessary to give dignity or energy to a goverment than swearing is to govern a ship\u2019s crew, or Spirituous liquors to gather in the fruits of the earth.\u2014\nUpon the Subject of the latin & greek languages I shall only ask two questions.\u2014\nWho are guilty of the greatest absurdity, the Chinese who press the feet into deformity by small Shoes, or the Europeans & Americans who press the brain into obliquity by greek & Latin?\u2014\nDo not men use Latin and greek as the Scuttlefish emit their ink on purpose to conceal themselves from an intercourse with the common people?\nIndeed my friend I owe nothing to the latin & greek classics, but the turgid and affected stile of my youthful compositions, & a neglect of English grammar. At 22 years of Age I read Lowths introduction to the grammar of our language, and Hume\u2019s History of England as also some of Swift\u2019s works. By means of these Authors I learned to put words together, and if I profess at this time any knowledge of Stile or language, I owe it to my having nearly forgotten the greek, and suspended for many years the delight with which I once read the Roman poets and historians.\nI often look back with regret upon the four years I spent at an academy on the border or Maryland and Pennsylvania in learning the Latin & greek languages,\u2014and had not my master (a pious Clergyman & an industrious farmer) taught me during those years the first principles & duties of Christianity, and at the same time given me habits of labor, which produced some knowledge in moral affairs, I should wish the memory of those years blotted out of my mind for ever.\nI expect to prevail in the United States in my Attempt to bring the dead languages into disrepute, for my next attack upon them shall be addressed to our American ladies.\u2014They are not perverted by any prejudice upon this subject\u2014. They will hear from me the language of reason and nature,\u2014and their influence will render my opinions sooner or later universal. From the Character you Once gave me of Mrs Adams, & which I have had confirmed by all who have ever conversed with her, I anticipate support from her in my Undertaking.\nIf the years I spent in teaching boys greek & roman mythology, were spent in teaching them Jewish antiquities, and the connection between the types and prophesies of the old testaments, with the events of the new, don\u2019t you think we should have less infidelity and of course less immorality & bad goverment in the world?\u2014\nMy friend the late Anthony Benezet, one of the greatest and best men that ever lived, used to say that \"the height of all Charity was to bear with the unreasonableness of mankind.\"\u2014Men love Royalty\u2014titles\u2014and the latin & greek languages\u2014They make wars\u2014enslave their fellow creatures\u2014distil and drink rum\u2014all because they are not governed by Reason.\nI have only to beg your pardon for the length of this letter, and to assure you that no difference of sentiment upon any subject can alter the respect and regard with which  I am my Dr Sir / your sincere / friend\nBenjn. Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0696", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Roger Sherman, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sherman, Roger\nDear Sir\nNew York. July 22. 1789\nAs the Citizens of these States, are all Legislators, or Creditors of Legislators, it is, as you observe in your favor of the 20th., neccessary that Government should be well understood by them, it is necessary too that we Should understand it alike. That We should all agree in Principles, and the essential Parts of Systems, to this end it is necessary that We understand each others Language, and agree in the deffinitions of Terms, especially Words of Art. if We do not our Intercourse with each other, will be a Series of political fraud. for Example, The Constitution, Art. 4, Sect. 4. Says \"The United States Shall guarantee, to every state in this Union, a Republican form of Government.\" in order to determine, what is the meaning of the Word Republican; We must enquire what is a Republic? Look into Entick\u2019s or Perry\u2019s dictionary. They define it \"a Commonwealth without a King\"\u2014Look into Johnson and Sheridan. They define it \"A State, in which the Power is lodged in more than one\"\u2014The Readers of Entick, will therefore Under Stand that the Constitution renders it their Duty to be King killers\u2014The Readers of Johnson, will understand that the Constitution has guaranteed to them the Rights of their Ancestors, and the Solid Blessings of English liberty. Is this Government, my Friend? or, is it Paper Money? Is it thus that we are to cheat or be cheated? Let us take a little pains to understand one another, and then to make ourselves understood, by the People... You and I, will never be reproached by the People that We have deceived them. The Deffinition of Entick and Perry, is as ignorant as the pedantical Schoolmasters who made it.\u2014All Writers ancient and modern from Plato and Aristotle, all Courts present and passed\u2014all the Universities of the World, are against them.\u2014All those Authorities have ever agreed that Lacedemon was a republic, though it had, for Seven hundred Years, hereditary Kings: that Poland is a Republic, tho it has a King: and that England is a Republic tho\u2019 it has hereditary Kings.\nBut, Sir, are Words to be abused in this manner? if our popular Government is to be conducted by the abuse of Words We are undone.\u2014The vicious Part of the Community, will avail itself of this Instrument of Government, more than the Virtuous. Are We, employing another Abuse of Words in the Name President.? Are Americans so Simple, as to be amused with a Name.? The Prince of Orange Said to me, in March 1788 \"Sir You are going to have a King under, the Title of President.\" This Princes Judgment, upon this Occasion, would be approved by Sidney and Harrington, Cicero and Livy, Plato and Aristotle, every one of whom, upon reading our Constitution would pronounce the President, a King.Incomplete", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0697", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jabez Bowen, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nProvidence July 22d. 1789\nI was honoured with your favour of the 18th. of June for which I return you my Thanks, and was happy to hear of the safe arival of Mrs. Adams and family.\nOur Rulers continue as obstinately opposed to the Federal Government as ever, and I have no Idea that they ever intend to call a Convention; they are striving to alienate the minds of the people at large by exagerating the amount of the Salleries allowed the Members of Congress, and take hold of every Topick that in any measure answers their wicked purposes; I am still of opinion if Congress could send and enquire of the State in a pretty plain & firm Tone the Reason why they do not take up the great Question of the Constitution in the mode Recommended by the Grand Convention and the Resolve of Congress. That it would stagger their Mermedons; and occasion the people to look to the Minority to get them out of the Dialemma they are now in.\nIn establishing the Judiciary System; was in hopes to have seen some stroke that would have saved the publick & private securities of the inhabitants of this State that have been obliged to put them off in other States to save them. I see no remedy if the Bill pass as first proposed.\nThis will be delivered you by the Revr\u00f1d. Mr. Hitchcock, who I Recommend to your particular Notice as a worthy Character in the Clerical line. Your noticing him will be obliging one who with every sentiment of Esteeme remains your Excellencys most obedient and humb. Servant\nJabez Bowen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0699", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jeremy Belknap, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Belknap, Jeremy\nDear Sir\nNew York July 24. 1789\nI have, this morning received your letter of the 18th. George Chalmers, I have seen in London. He is a Scot, who adventured to Maryland and practised Law; When hostilities commenced, he fled to the British army in N. York. He has much of the scornful, fastidious Temper of his nation; has been a very bitter Tory; but is a laborious writer. There is no second Volume of his Annals; and as he has had the art of obtaining some employment under the present Ministry, I Suppose it probable that he will neither find profit nor pleasure to tempt him to labour longer at Annals.\nMr. Fenno asked my leave to publish the letters to Kalkoen, and I consented.\u2014There was never any other reason for printing them, more than a dozen volumes of others but this, that the originals of them were on loose papers instead of proper letter books, and consequently in continual danger of being lost.\u2014Mr Jay has surprised me, since I came here, by shewing me six folio volumes of my dispatches to Congress, recorded in a beautiful hand. He has taken the same prudent care of the dispatches of all the other American Ministers abroad\u2014so that this branch of our history is well Secured\u2014Private letters, however, are often wanted as commentaries on publick ones.\u2014and many, I fear, will be lost, which would be necessary to shew the Secret Springs.\nThere are several circumstances, which I wish were preserved somewhere, of much importance to this end, which are in danger of being lost\u2014respecting the opposition to Bernard and Hutchinson and British Ministers and measures in the Massachusetts; to the formation of the union of the Colonies in 1774\u2014to the organization of our army in 1775\u2014to the Negotiations in France and Holland\u2014and to many other events.\nSome of these ought not to be public, but they ought not to be lost.\u2014My experience has very much diminished my Faith in the veracity of History.\u2014it has convinced me that many of the most important facts are concealed.\u2014some of the most important characters but imperfectly known\u2014and many false facts imposed on historians and the world\u2014and many empty characters displayed in great pomp\u2014All this, I am sure, will happen in our American history.\nThe idea that a party or faction should demolish thirteen established governments, and erect as many new ones in opposition to the sense of the people, and in opposition to large armies and powerful Fleets, is ridiculous.\u2014\nThe anecdote of Baron de Kalb that you enquire after never came to my knowledge. De Kalb was in America before the War, and not long after the peace of 1763, but it was accidental, owing to shipwreck, as I have heard. Very probably he might make such a Report, that the Americans were indissolubly attached to England, to the French Ministry; but I dont believe he was ever sent by them.\nAfter the loss of Canada, the vast addition to the naval power and commercial advantages of England, allarmed the French very much, and there is no doubt that the thought of assisting the British Colonies to throw off the yoke occurred to them, as the loss of America now rankling in the hearts and tingling in the veins of the English nation, is every day suggesting to them projects of assisting the Spaniards of South America to seperate from Spain. Monsieur Le Roi, a French Accademician, on  who had heen acquainted with Dr Franklin in England, upon introducing him at Paris to some members of the Accademy of Sciences, said, Voila Monsieur Frankland, qui est de cette ce pays la en Amerique, qui nous debarrassera, un jour de ces Angloises. This Le Roi told me in presence of Franklin, who said he remembered it very well.\u2014This sentiment, I doubt not, had its influence in procuring Franklin to be elected a member of that Accademy.\u2014But it was a vague tho\u2019 general Resentiment, and no explicit advances were ever made to him or any one else by the French Court till 1775.\u2014\nI shall have more occasion for apology than you have, if I proceed. The oftener you write me, and the more you enquire of me, the more you will oblige, Sir, your / most obedient\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0701", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Browne Cutting, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Browne\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nBordeaux 24th July 1789\nBy a vessel that departs from hence in half an hour bound for the Potomac I send you some authentic papers which contain details of the late revolution in the government of France. Mr. Jefferson\u2019s last letter to me is dated on the 16th. He confirms most of the facts contained in the printed letter of M. Nairac and in the \"Extrait D\u2019une lettre de Paris\"\u2014and concludes by remarking that the people of Paris are still in such a heat in consequence of the late bloodshed that they distrust the royal word and continue arming\u2014Yet that he (Mr Jefferson) believes that the King is now perfectly sincere in his surrender at discretion to the States General and will do whatsoever they desire him. All the troops that were lately assembled in the vicinity of Versailles and Paris are actually on their march to the frontier towns of the kingdom.\nThe Queen, it is whisperd, has retired into a Convent of which she is foundress\u2014for the present\u2014near Versailles. Madam De Polinac has escaped to England. Count D\u2019artois has fled to his brother in law the King of Sardenia. The Condee\u2019s, Conte\u2019s Marschall de Broglio and those ministers and instruments of the court cabal who had the temerity to assemble forty thousand troops to overawe or dissolve the states general and crush every hope of a thorough national reform have been most egregiously out-general\u2019d and miserably defeated. A number of those capital culprets will be impeachd. The soldiers the Subaltern officers, the inferior clergy the lower middling and opulent classes in the cities and many potent nobles and great land holders in the country are so united in sentiment upon this great occasion and the spirit of the nation is so hot for the measure that nothing can prevent it but a miraculous mitigation of the public temper. M. Neckar on the contrary and Count Montmorrin the two honest ministers whose dismission from office & late exile was the signal of conflict between the Court and Country\u2014will doubtless be re-instated.\nOn the 17th of July the King entered Paris guarded by the burgers only and the late President of the Commons, M. Baily, now Mayor of Paris delivered to him the keys of that capital with a speech which I am told was to the following effect. \"These keys that Henry the fourth restored to the City which he had conquer\u2019d; in the name of the City are now returned to his descendent whom we have conquer\u2019d.\"\nThe Marquis La Lafayette being nominated by the armed Burgers of Paris commander in Chief of their forces the States general approved the appointment and the King countersigning his commission has confirmed it. At this moment it is unquestionably the first command in the nation. The most moderate accounts state the number of armed people in Paris at two hundred thousand.\nThe French troops for refusing to butcher their fellow citizens when that blind old bigot De Brolio instigated by a corrupt junto of courtesans and courtiers, not only commanded but endeavoured to seduce them to do it by an offer of the whole pillage of Paris\u2014it is said they have not only in general acquir\u2018d credit, but a part of them in particular have obtain\u2019d renown and the universal applause of the country for their gallant deeds in behalf of their bleeding brethren. The burgers in whose ranks they fought till the mercenary Germans were repuls\u2019d and then led them on the same city band to attack the arsenal and storm the Bastile. In the display of this honourable, generous and manly spirit which guided, emulated and guarded those neighbours Whom they were commanded to slaughter, the corps of French guards was greatly distinguish\u2019d\u2014especially in that daring assault of the Bastile the success of which dismayed their enemies and still astonishes the nation. The same Bastile is now level\u2019d in the dust and razed to its lowest foundations. Most of the French guards I understand and many soldiers also of other Royal regiments are now incorporated with the armd burgers of Paris who with reason love & cherish them and from whose associations they are never again to separate. Perhaps this single circumstance may partly account for the immense number of Parisians in arms, now under command of the Marquis. The same soul and spirit pervades the provinces\u2014nor does it appear that in any quarter of the Kingdom there exists the Shadow of an opposition to the measures of the States general nor one murmuring of Sympathy in favour of the court or King.\nIn a word the monarch & his ministers mistook the temper of the times and grossly miscalculated both in despising the intrepidity of citizens and disbelieving the patriotism of soldiers. I rejoice that their error is as irretrievable as it is conspicuous. I rejoice that the people are triumphant\u2014that the rights of man are asserted\u2014that freedom prospers\u2014that tyranny withers\u2014and that despotism is dying in France.\nWill Mrs. Adams and yourself have the goodness thus abruptly to accept my best compliments and believe me always to be / with unalterable affection / and respect / Your Most Obed. Servt.\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0702", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Lovell, 26 July 1789\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Honoured Friend\nBoston July 26th 1789\nI had often considered your Situation, before the receipt of your Letter of the 16th; and I had hoped you would \"Possess yourself in Patience.\" If you already draw a picture, Teste di legno and talk of sharpening an ax for Decapitation, what am I to look for in the Run of a twelvemonth?\nI do not like your diminuitive italien Idea. You who are said to be more than half British ought to have called yourself a spare rudder or Mainmast, and that would have given me a fine opportunity to comment upon the Parsimony of those who will not pay for a good one when the Length and Risk of an Enterprise demands such a precautionary Duplicate. Once more however I recur to the T\u00ebte de bois\u2014Tis a delphic one you must own; and you are to expect the delectable Chance of being applied to in all Cases of Difficulty; I do not mean when the Judgment of the Senate is in Reality at Moieties, for, that will not be the Event one Time in Fifty, while 49 Times relative Contingencies of Popularity will balance the Votes and your oracular Decision will have the Praise or Blame. \"You have decided in Favor of the Power of the Prime because you look up to that Goal.\" If I did not know you well I would not write this to you. A weak Man only would be discouraged by such suggestions of the Base. All whom you esteem here are pleased with your Vote. But, better then that, I know you have your own Approbation upon your own Principles which lead regularly to impavidum ferient ruin\u00e6.\nI feel at this Period redoubled mortification that you was not at Home when I dined with your Lady and conversed with Doctr. Tufts upon the Point of Time when the continental Government was to affect our Laws of Revenue. He conceded to my Idea that we could not be deranged till the compleat Organization of Congress, when I expected a proclamation from the President directing the Continuence of the Offices & Officers of the confederation till further orders, and providing against any Derangements in the individual States, where the new Constitution might be naturally supposed to interfere, till the Legislative measures of Congress should be in operation.\nI have 8 org Causes of Libel to be tried this Week some of them as high as twelve hundred pounds; and I am told most of the Bar are engaged together for mutual Assistance to defend upon the principle that no Import Law has been in Force here since\u2014I know not when.\n\"Congress\" are to have such and such Powers\u2014\"and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers and all the powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States.\" Sec. VIII Last paragraph.\nIf these seizures of mine are acquitted all the Duties I have collected in the Period, be it what it may, are to be refunded.\u2014It was upon that Paragraph of the VIIIth Section, that I fixed for the Termination of my State Collection of Import. What say the Merchants of N. York or Philada. respecting State Duties? Is it only here that Doubts exist? I can give only one of two Reasons why a Proclamation did not appear. The Idea at Head Quarters must have been either that Nobody could suppose we had a Right here to Import or, that nobody could doubt but that we had it\u2014Yet, in Fact, there is a great Division of Sentiment upon the Point.\nI have directed the attorney General to go forward by Discussion or Appeal, and I had advised the Supreme Judges to converse upon the Subject as they were riding the Eastern Circuit or smoaking their Evening pipes together.\nHave we now the Right of Tender? In my opinion the Constitution decides that without the necessity of any Law of Congress. Can a Pirate be now tried? Our Law is Sufficient till Congress promulge one. This last Principle avails in the Import. Excuse my Impertinence in showing my Opinion, while I meant to intreat yours.\nI salute you and your Lady and Family cordially. Pardon the slovenlyness, I have detained the Postmaster already too long from his office.\nYour devoted Friend\nJames Lovell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0703", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Roger Sherman, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Sherman, Roger\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNew York July 27th. 1789\nI received your letter of the 20th Inst. I had in mine of the same date Communicated my Ideas on that part of the Constitution limiting the President\u2019s power of negativing the acts of the legislature\u2014and just hinted at the propriety of the provision made by the legislature for appointment to offices. I esteem that to be a matter of very great importance, on which the liberties and safety of the people depends nearly as much as on legislation. If that was vested in the President alone he might render himself despotic. It was a saying of one of the Kings of England that while the King could appoint the Bishops and judges he might have what religion & law he pleased. to give that observation its full effect they must hold their offices during his pleasure, by such appointments without controul a power might be gradually established, that would be more formidable than a Standing army.\nIt appears to me that the Senate is the most important branch in the government. For the aid and support of the executive, for securing the rights of the individual States, the government of the United States & the liberties of the People.\u2014The Executive is not to execute its own will but the will of the legislature declared by the laws, and the Senate being a branch of the legislature, will be disposed to accomplish that end, and advise to such appointments as will be most likely to effect it\u2014from their knowledge of the people in the Several States they can give the best information who are qualified for offices, and they will as you justly observe in some degree lessen his responsibility, yet will he not have as much remaining as he can well support? and may not their advice enable him to make such judicious appointments as to render responsibility less necessary? No person can deserve censure when he acts honestly according to his best discretion.\nThe Senators being chosen by the legislatures of the States, & depending on them for reelection will Naturally be watchful to prevent any infringement of the rights of the States\u2014And the government of the united States being federal and instituted by the number of Sovereign States for the better Security of their rights, and advancement of their Interests, they may be considered as so many pillars to support it, and by the exercise of the State governments peace and good order may be preserved in the places most remote from the Seat of the federal government as well as at the centre. I believe this will be a better balance to secure the government than three Independent negatives would be\u2014.I think you admit in your defence of the governments of the united States, that even one branch might Serve in a Diplomatic government like that of the Union; but I think the constitution is much improved by the addition of another branch & those of the Executive and judiciary. this seems to be an improvement on federal government beyond what has been made by any other States. I can see nothing in the constitution that will tend to its dissolution except the article for making amendments\u2014That the evils that you suggest may happen in consequence of the power vested in the Senate to aid the executive\u2014appear to me to be but barely possible. The Senators from the provision made for their appointment, will commonly be some of the most respectable citizens in the States, for wisdom & probity, and superiour to faction, intrigue, or low artifice, to obtain appointments for themselves or their friends, and any attempts of that kind would destroy their reputation with a free & enlightened people and so frustrate the end they would have in view. their being candidates for re election will probably be one of the most powerful motives, (next to that of their virtue) to fidelity in office, & by that mean alone could they hope for Success.  \u201cHe that walketh uprightly, walketh Surely.\u201d is the Saying of a divinely inspired writer, They will naturally have the confidence of the people as they will be chosen by their immediate representatives, as well as from their character as men of wisdom & Integrity\u2014And I See not why all the branches of government Should not harmonize in promoting the great end of their Institution the good & happiness of the people.\nThe Senators & representatives being eligible from  the citizens at large, & wealth not being a requisite qualification for either, they will be persons nearly of equal number as to wealth and other qualifications, so that there seems not to be any principle tending to Aristocracy, which if I understand the term, is a government by Nobles independent of the people which can\u2019t take place with us in either respect without a total Subversion of the Constitution.\nI believe the more this provision of the Constitution is attended to & experienced, the more the wisdom and utility of it will appear. as Senators cant hold any other office themselves they will not be influenced in their advice to the President by interested motives. But \u2018tis said they may have friends & kindred to provide for, it is true  they may, but when we consider their character & situation, Will they not be diffident of nominating a friend or relation who may wish for an office & be well qualified lest it should be suspected to proceed from partiality? And will not their fellow members have a degree of the same reluctance, lest it should be thought they acted from friendship to a member of their body? so that their friends & connections would Stand a worse chance in proportion to their real merit than Strangers.\u2014But if the President was left to select a council for himself though he may be supposed to be actuated by the best motives. Yet he would be surrounded by flatters, who would Assume the character of friends & patriots, though they had no attachment to the public good, no regard to the laws of their Country, but influenced wholly by Self interest, would wish to extend the power of the executive in order to increase their own, they would often advise him to dispense with the laws that Should thwart their Schemes, & in excuse plead that it was done from necessity to promote the public good\u2014they will use their own influence, induce the President to use his to get laws repealed or the Constitution altered to extend his powers & prerogatives under pretext of advancing the public good, and gradually render the government a despotism. this seems to be according to the course of human affairs, & what may be expected from the natural tendency of things. I think that members of the legislature would be most likely duly to execute the laws both in the executive and judiciary departments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0705", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 28 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nRichmond Hill July 28. 1789\n\u201cThe Characters I so much admire among the ancients.\u201d were not \u201cformed wholly by Republican forms of government.\"\u2014I admire, Phillip and Alexander, as much as I do Themistocles and Pericles, nay as much as Demosthenes\u2014I admire Pisistratus, almost as much as Solon: and think that the Arts, Elegance, Literature and Science of Athens, was his work, and that of his sons, more than of any or all the popular Commanders or oraters.\nThe two Republicks of Antiquity, that I most admire are Sparta and Rome, and these were both monarchical Republicks\u2014Athens indeed was ballanced, with great Care and some Art, till Aristides overturned the Constitution to make himself popular and acquire the Title of just. So that I think the Man, who voted to ostracise him because he was called just by the Mob, was a Man of Sense, Spirit and Virtue\u2014\nYou doubt whether titles overawe the profligate.\u2014You ask where do I find more profligate manners, than among the Citizens of London?\u2014I am almost disposed to answer You, by saying, in Boston, in New York, in Philadelphia.\u2014I assure you, my friend I wish my dear countrymen had less Vanity and more Pride. The Advantages We have, over Europe, are chiefly geographical\u2014I see very little, moral or political Preference.\u2014As far as I can judge, there is as much Vice, Folly, and more Infidelity, and  Idleness and Luxury and Dissipation, in any of our great Towns, in Proportion to Numbers, as in London.\u2014But the question should be what would be, the degree of profligacy in London, if there were no titles? and I Seriously believe it would be much greater than it is.\u2014Nay I don\u2019t believe it would be possible to support any government at all, among such multitudes without Distinctions of Rank and the Titles that mark them.\u2014According to what I have seen in England, as well as France Holland Spain and Germany, there is nothing Strikes and overawes the most abandoned of the Populace so much as Titles.\nWhether Titles beget Pride in Rulers, or not is not an argument.\u2014Would you reject every Thing that begets Pride? If you do you must reject Virtue, which begets the most exquisite, exalted and unconquerable Pride.\u2014You must reject Laws, Government, offices of all Kind, and even Religion. Spiritual Pride, has grown out of Religion. Would you reject religion.\nMen who will be made proud by a Title, will be made So by an office without a Title.\u2014\nBut Why Should Titles beget Baseness among the common People?\u2014Respect, Reverence, Submission and Obedience to the Laws and lawful Magistrates You would wish to see both in the virtuous and vicious of the common People. if Obedience cannot be obtained from the vicious without begetting Baseness, by which I suppose you mean fear, why should you object to that.\u2014But Titles have no Tendency to beget Baseness in poor Men who are virtuous, more than offices without Titles.\u2014But I must insist that Laws are made and Magistrates appointed on Purpose, to create Fear & Terror in the Minds of the vicious, and if Titles will Save you the expence of Gallows, Stocks, Whipping Posts, or the Pain of employing them, why not use then? If Titles will do instead of Armies and Navies, or any Part of them, why reject them? Don\u2019t the Gallows beget Baseness in the common People?\u2014Would you have no Gallows? dont a prison beget Baseness? Would you have no Prison?\u2014dont all Sorts of Punishment beget Baseness? would you abolish all Punishments?\nYou say the conquered Provinces first introduced Titles into the Roman Empire.\u2014But in this I assume you are mistaken.\u2014had the Kings of Rome, no Titles?\u2014 Vir amplissimus\u2014Vir Clarissimus. Vir amplissimus Consul.\u2014Vir Summus. These were familiar among them, in the Simplest times.\nHistorians indeed never use Titles.\u2014But Titles were useful in Life,; and had their Influence.\u2014\n1 The Romans conferred Titles very early, e.g. Manlius, Capitolinus, and very late as Scipio Africanus.\u2014These Titles, were very common and had great Influence, for they carried with them the Ideas of Triumphs and Glory, beyond any Titles in our Times.\n2. They managed their Agnomen, Cognomen and Nomen in a manner, to influence the People, as much as our Titles.\u2014Cicero tells us, what was their Custom \"Nomen cum dicimus, cognomenm quoque et Agnomen, intelligatur, oportet.\"\n1 The Pr\u00e6nomen, was, our Christian Name. 2. The nomen was the Name of a Race, or Gens.\u2014as all descended from Julus the son of Eneas the Son of Venus, were called Julii, and were accounted divine. 3. The Cognonum distinguished different Families of the Same Race. For Gens Signified the whole and Familia a Part.\u2014Those of the same Gens were called Gentiles, (whence our Word Genteel and gentleman).\u2014Those of the same family Agnati. 4 The Agnomen, like Scipio Africanus and Scipio Afraticus, has been mentioned before.\u2014Julius signified the Gens and C\u00e6sar the Familia.\nAs these Families and Races, happened to be of consular Pr\u00e6torian, or Tribunitian Dignity, or even only of patrician Dignity, their names carried more Influence, than the Title of Princes, Dukes, Marquises, Earls Barons do at this day in Europe, for We must always recollect, that these Families and Offices were all consecrated: and consequently Struck the Roman Mind which was certainly more Superstitious, if not more religious than ours, with an holy Awe.\u2014in order to form Some Idea of the religious Veneration, approaching to Adoration, which the Roman Policy inspired into the Minds of their Citizens towards their Magistraties and the Races and Families which exercised them We must recollect their Legis Sacrat\u00e6. And what was a Lex Sacrata? Sacrat\u00e6 Leges Sunt, (inquit Festus) quibus Sancitum est, qui quid adversus eas fecerit, Sacer alicui deorum Sit, cum famili\u00e2, pecuni\u00e2que.\u2014There were Several of these Sacred Laws, by which all their Magistrates were protected. The Lex Sacrata, passed upon the holy Mountain, for the Security of the Tribunes, is in Dionysius as follows \"Tribunum nemo in ordinem redigito, neque in vitum quidquam facere cogito, nec verberato, nec alium verberare jubeto. 2. Si quis contra fecerit, Sacer esto, et bona ejus Cereri Sacra Sunto: et qui eum occiderit, purus a c\u00e6de esto.\u2014hanc legem omnes juraverunt Seque et Posteros in Sempiternum observaturos.\u2014only consider the Effect of taking an Oath by all the People to observe this Law.\nNow Sir, I contend that as Consuls, Pr\u00e6tors, Tibunste were consecrated officers, the Title of Sacrosanctus belonged to them all, and was little short of that of Sacred Majesty.\u2014I say farther that Patres Conscripti, was an higher Title than My Lords, or most Honourable. and that the Names of Sacred Gentes, et Familia, had greater Influence among the Romans than modern European Titles.\nNever Let me again hear the Romans quoted, as neglecting of despizing Titles.\u2014if I do, I will persecute You with more latin. Yours affectionately\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0706", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Morris, 28 July 1789\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\nTuesday July 28th. 1789\nMr. R. Morris presents his Respectful Compts to his Excelly the Vice President of the United States & would with great pleasure have accepted his polite Invitation for Saturday next, but He expects to be on a journey through the Jerseys on that day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0707", "content": "Title: To John Adams from United States House of Representatives, 28 July 1789\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMr. President: \n\t\t\t\tThe House of Representatives have considered the amendments proposed by the Senate upon the bill, entitled \u201cAn act to regulate the collection of the duties imposed by law on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on goods, wares, and merchandises, imported into the United States,\u201d and have concurred therein.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0708", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Smedley, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Smedley, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\u2014\nFairfield 29th. July 1789\nCould you Know the anxiety of my Mind on the Nomination of the Officer for Collector for this Port, I think an Apology to a Mind like yours would be needless, for troubling you with A repetition of my request\u2014I have, as I before inform\u2019d you, A powerful Competitor, Our Characters I have reason to believe stand nearly equal with the President, having on my side the Advantage of being more Acquainted with Navigation and all business relative to a Custom House, by being Concern\u2019d in this Business both as Owner and Master of A Vessel from my youth, I am likewise a Native of the Town, and well Acquainted with all the Ports and Harbours in the State, beside A general Acquaintance with all the Mercantile Characters, and as to my Moral Character I think the President is in possession of Sufficient Testimony, so that it remains only for you to say something (if you have not Already) in my behalf to the President, to Secure me the place, it is in your power Sir to render the most Important Service to an Unfortunate Man. the Time must be near at Hand in which the Appointment must be made, and from your Known goodness and the Encouragement you was pleas\u2019d to give me at our last Interview, I cannot but place the Utmost Confidence and hope of Success\nI have the Honour to be Sir / with the Utmost respect and Esteem / your most Obt. humbl. Servt.\nSam Smedley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0711", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Dana, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nCambridge July 31. 1789\nI did not receive your very obliging favour of the 10th. inst: till yesterday, when I returned from the eastern Circuit. I have heard that the Judicial bill has been passed in the Senate without any alterations respecting the general plan of the judicial system. But you seem to think changes may be made in it in the house of Representatives\u2014that the district Judges may be annihilated altogether, and the number of Supreme Judges as well as the number of Circuits doubled. It appears to me indispensably necessary to have district Judges who shall have jurisdiction of all\u2014Admiralty matters, and whatever may in any way concern the Revenue. This I mean as to the beginning of things; and that all causes at Common Law, whether between the Citizens of different states, or foreigners and Citizens, shou\u2019d originate in the Supreme Common Law Courts of the respective States, whereever the Justices thereof are appointed during good behavior, and have fixed permanent salaries annexed to their offices; but that where this is not the case, that all such Causes may be originated in the federal district Court, or if your please shall be so originated, with the right of appeal to the Circuit Court, upon either plan, When judgment shall be given against the foreigner or the Citizen of another State, but no appeal from the judgment of the Supreme Common Law Courts when the judgment shall be in their favour: it appearing reasonable to me that every Citizen ought to sit down quiet under the judgments of their own Supreme Courts. Aprovision of this nature wou\u2019d probably have the happy effect of bringing on a speedy establishment of the Sup: Com: Law Courts upon their only proper ground, in every State where they are now differently constituted. It has been my opinion from the first, that an augmentation of the Judges of the Supreme Federal Court wou\u2019d be found necessary, say to nine; but I do by no means think so as to the number of Circuits. The Circuit Courts are to be holden twice a year in each State which will be sufficient, at least for some years to come. I understand an idea is gaining ground in the House of Representatives, of annihilating the district Judges, and throwing all the Admiralty & Revenue Causes originally into the State Sup: Judicial Courts. This wou\u2019d in my opinion, be exceedingly impolite, as it wou\u2019d not only be difficult to withdraw such Causes from their jurisdiction when it should be found inconvenient to continue them under it, but wou\u2019d also infallibly have a strong tendency to render those Courts, if they shou\u2019d discharge their duty in Revenue Causes, very unpopular, since to lesson that opinion of their impartiality, which th ought ever to be kept up among the people at large, to weaken their authority, and of course the respect for the Laws, and for Government itself; These appear to me but a part of the fatal consequences, which wou\u2019d ensue from such a temporizing system. Tho\u2019 \u0153conomy is held up as the ostensible ground of such a system, yet it seems to be in reality nothing less than an unpardonable thirst for popularity\u2014I have seen a letter from a Representative, in which he says, that when Salaries are under Consideration (alluding to the judicial system) nothing less than 2, or 3000 Dollrs: comports with the ideas of some Gentlemen; because they say no man of Respectability in the Law wou\u2019d accept any office under such a salary. What may be the case of certain Law characters I do not know: but I should think 1500 wou\u2019d not be rejected by any one in this State who shou\u2019d be appointed district judge, and considerably lesser sum might do in the smaller States\u2014\nI agree with you touching the characters you have named as Candidates for the Judicial Departments, except the gentleman whose condemnations, you say, have immortalized his name. He is a friend of mine, a good Federal character: but, between us, not fit for such an appointment. He is not a Lawyer.\nWhether in the case you mention, that by these the Governor cou\u2019d be persuaded to appoint Mr: L., I am much at a loss. I fear he wou\u2019d rather nominate Sullivan or Hitchbourn, if he thought his Council wou\u2019d advise to their appointment\u2014\nI was sincere when I told you that I did not wish for an appointment upon the Supreme Federal Bench. Our Chief Justice or Lowell would be worthy Members of that Court. Yet I doubt whether the former would accept a seat there, on account of their distant employment at certain times. His abilities are equal to that station. Jay wou\u2019d give universal satisfaction, but I have thought he wou\u2019d rather prefer his present office. The Gentn: you mention for the District of Maine is not only the fittest Man, but the only fit one within that District: But our present Sup: Jud: Court must not be entirely changed: for to tell you a truth, I know not where their places can be equally well filled. I shou\u2019d dread the appointment of some persons under the present Administration, as the greatest curse that could fall on this Commonwealth. You know whom I allude to.\nI feel myself infinitely obliged to you for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express of me. It is my highest ambition to merit in some degree  the good opinion of all good men.\nWe beg you and your Lady\u2019s acceptance of our most sincere regards, and we shall be ever happy in keeping up that friendly connection which has been formed between us.\nI am, Dear Sir, with much respect & esteem / your obliged friend & humble Servant\nF M Dana", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0712", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Francis Dana, July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dana, Francis\nDear Sir\nJuly 1789\nI have received the letter you did me the honor to write on the 26th. of last month and am much obliged to you for it. The judicial bill is still under consideration of the Senate, and although it has undergone many alterations and amendments it is imposible to say what further changes may be made in the house of representatives. The district judges may be annihilated altogether, and the number of supreem judges as well as the number of circuits doubled. The Attorney general is now to be appointed by the President, with consent of the Senate, in course we are upon an amendment made a few days ago, if this plan continues. The Attorney Genl: will appoint persons to act for him, or the court will appoint in his appearance in the district courts. Mr Nathan Cushing, Mr Dana Mr Lowell Mr Parsons and Mr Sullivan have been mentioned here, as candidates for offices in the judicial system. And I will say to you that another person has been mentioned for one of the judges of the Supreme court and that is chief Justice Cushing. For my own part I only wish that the best and ablest men may be brought into the public service, such as have the clearest and fairest reputations, are known to the people and have acquired weight and consequence in their estimation. Parsons I think would make an excellent Attorney General, but I know not that he will be likely to be appointed. When a President has the whole continent to look through for a single officer it is imposible to guess where his choice will fix. Dana or Lowell would be the best of judges for the district: and if Main should be a district by itself, Sewal is the fittest man. If Cushing should be a Supreme Judge, Dana and Sewal district judges, could Mr H be persuaded to appoint Lowel to one of their places? Parsons I presume would be one unless he should be attorney General. If Lowell should be a supreme judge I presume Dana may district judge if he will, and vice versa. I speak only from my own conjecture however. The President has representations and solicitations no doubt from many quarters, but nothing can ultimately arranged till the bill is passed.\u2014I feel some anxiety for Nathan Cushing\u2019 whose condemnation of vessels in hard times have certainly made his name immortal. Mr. Sullivan I presume, will have representations made in his favor from several points of compass. His ambition is unbounded: but I wish his moral sentiments were as delicate and his political systems as consistent, as his industry is exemplary and his abilities respectable. If the President should consult me, I shall give him every information in my power, with the utmost impartiality. With regard to yourself, I have no scruple to say, that any places in the judicial system would be honored by your acceptance of them in my humble opinion. Reserving always however, the chief Justices office for Mr. Jay.\nWith Mrs. Adams\u2019s and my best regards to Mrs Dana I remain with &c &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0715", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Adams, John\nMonday 3 Augt. 1789\nMr. Wadsworth presents his Compliments to the Vice President of the United States and will do him self the Honor to dine with him on fry day next\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0716", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mr. Hardy, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hardy, Mr.\nSir\nRichmond hill Augt 6 1789\nIn 1779 at Bilbau I was solicited for relief by a number of American seamen who had been captured by the English and turned adrift in Portugal. These wandered to Spain with much difficulty and in great distress. I had no means of supplying them: but Mr. Gordoqui very generously offered to assist them upon my advice. The article in his account, ought to be allowed him with interest and thanks. I only regret, that the multiplicity of other cares, prevented me from doing justice to my own feelings as well as to the honor of this Country by remitting the money to Bilbau from Holland, where I had money of the public in my hands. I am &c.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0717", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Browne Cutting, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Browne\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Sir.\nBordeaux 6 Aug 1789\nBefore this reaches you I hope Aou will have authentic accounts of the late revolution in France.\nAt such a distance from Paris it is difficult to ascertain the such truth of such important transactions as have continually taken place since the 14th of July at court and in the capital. By Capt Bond of the Washington I inclosed you a parcel of  pamphlets and newspapers which afforded you I hope some satisfaction.\nI now add a few more. This City was beautifully illuminated last night in honor of Mr Neckar\u2019s reinstatement in office\nNo new administration is yet formed\u2014The establishment of a national constitution it is thought will precede that measure Meanwhile those ministers who did not manifest their guilt by fear or flight continue to perform the functions of their respective offices.\nI set off for Paris tomorrow, when You Shall again hear from me if Mr Jefferson be not jailed.\nI take advantage of a Ship that Sails in a day or two for Philadelphia to transmit this scrawl to You and am with must respect and attachment / Your Mo. Obedt: Sert:\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0718", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Lowell, 7 August 1789 to 9 August 1789\nFrom: Lowell, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nRoxbury Augt. 7th. 1789\u2014\nAlthough I have had frequent occasions to sollicit in Favour of my Friends (or such other Characters) as I have thought might be usefully employed in public business, my early Habits, which in all Cases influence our Sentiments, have been such that I have never conversed or written on any such Subject when immediately affecting myself, th\u00f4 I have been of Opinion that Custom, & the Expectation of the World, having created different ideas even in Persons of the greatest real Delicacy of Mind that this Habit might lead me into an unnecessary reserve, & be only false Delicacy, but I have been obliged to combat it with great Efforts;\u2014I have always entertained such an Idea of your Friendship, & had such a Confidence in the Rectitude of your Sentiments, that I can say with much Sincerity that there is no Person to whom I should with more Freedom commit myself in such a Case than to you.\u2014The general Voice, not only of my Circle of Friends & Acquaintance, but of others has so frequently & freely informed me, that in the Arrangement of Appointments under the new Constitution, it was probable I should be thought of to sustain the important & ho\u00f1ble office of an Associate Judge, that I supposed it would not be necessary for me to interfere in the Business, or on that Occasion break thr\u00f4 the Habit I have explained to you, and that if I should be thought capable of doing Service to my Country in that Line, I should not have Occasion to trouble my Friends on that Subject, but as I have received Letters from two of our Friends at New York, which have drawn me out farther than I before thought necessary, I could not omit opening myself to you, for I should feel guilty of not using that Confidence which I really possess;\u2014The Appointment is so important in its nature to our Country that I dare not assume a Confidence in my own Qualifications for it, I am too much concerned to judge impartially, and I have a sense of Reputation & I flatter myself of Rectitude too great to wish if it was in my Power that my own Judgment should decide that point; all I intend is to mention these Circumstances, to you which in Case your own Opinion coincides with the Partiality of my Friends might have their Weights when compared with those that may attend other Candidates.\u2014I am so far advanced in my professional Line, that I find my young Brethren & Children pressing fast on my heels, & many of them possessing so much real merit and having a Warmth & Vigour of imagination, to be found only in youth, & so necessary with other Qualities to the shining past of our Profession, that I see very plainly my Situation among them will soon be less agreable than it has been\u2014I have sustained a Commission under Congress, which has been repeatedly executed in Philadelphia & New York, within the Knowledge & Observation of most of the leading Characters in the Union, & I have acquired a personal Acquaintance with many of them; If the Confederation (too rotten I confess to have been thoroughly repaired) had been amended by additional Powers given to Congress, respecting Trade revenue &c this Commission would without doubt have drawn to it cognizance of these Matters: the new Court will take up specifically the Powers of that commission, intended it is true, & renderedmore important. The Gentlemen who were with me in it have been taken out of Office, by very ho\u00f1ble Appointments; one of them having two years since been a member & President of Congress, which vacated his comn: the other is now a Senator. I am the only one whom the new Appointments will discharge & supercede, this will undoubtedly produce a question in the minds of those who have been acquainted under these facts, respecting the Cause of my being omitted; I can avoid seeing the Gentlemen at a Distance, but so universal has been the prevailing Opinion in this State & Newhampshire, that I should be reappointed that I must meet the question & condolence of most with whom I shall converse: If however the defect of Qualifications is the real Cause, however painful it may be, it is so just, that it ought to be acquiesced in without a murmur.\u2014A Gentleman of our State, of whose merit no Man entertains a greater Idea, I have heard has been proposed to fill this office. That he will fill it honourably there can be no Question; whether he wishes or would incline to exchange his present Office for it I know not, but I conceive he will not feel himself neglected, or hurt if it should not be proposed to him; he now holds in the State a very respectable comn., perhaps as respectable as any in it, & he receives the Satisfaction of knowing that he possesses the esteem of all whose Esteem he would wish for, the Enemies of our local peace alone would rejoice at his Removal the friend of it would be satisfied that he was still doing good; how far & how long he would be able to go thro the Fatigues of an Associate Judge, which if the proposed arrangement takes place will call him far from Home, at the most inclement seasons of the year I cannot tell: But my Dear Sir who will take his Place in Massachusetts? If the Question is answered by saying the Senior Judge undoubtedly for on any other Principle I take it the whole Bench will be broken up: Who will supply the Vacancy? Can any body answer for the whims & caprices of\u2014The Present Court of Masss harmonize, & all f\u0153deral, all disposed to support the Government of the Union, will they continue to do so in the contingency supposed? & is it of small Consequence to the general Good that in such a State as this, at such a Time, this Point should be put at Risque\u2014but I know but I reason under the Influence of personality, I have opened myself with unbounded Freedom to you my Friend, & with your Judgment alone to decide.\u2014If this Occasion is permitted I am left alone to the gratifications of those Enemies who, th\u00f4 not numerous, have taken much Pains to mortify me, because they conceive I have not bowed down to their idol: our Friends Lincoln & Lovell, I trust will be placed out of their Reach\u2014I have great Reason to suppose that among the good Men who may promote the Appointment of so respectable a Character as our Ch. J. some will be found of another Class who wish to give Pain & Dishonor to me, I have been told that some of this Description have been already suggesting the measure.\u2014I am ashamed of being so long on this Subject you will however by it have the fullest Evidence of my entire Confidence.\u2014I have only intended to suggest some Things, which perhaps might not have occurred to you without; I have an Interest in the happy Establishment of this Government, far superiour, after all, to any personal Event in this Business, which my Family & Country claim & which I would not have receive a detriment to avoid my own Humiliation\u2014\nI am with real Esteem / your most Obedt Servt.\nJ. LovellAugust 9th. I have just heard that Genl. L. is appointed Collector of Boston it will gratify all good men with us\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0719", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Bondfield, 8 August 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBordeaux 8 Aug. 1789\nA ship sailing in the morning as it interests you to know the state of the Nation. I have the pleasure to advice you that the appearances promises perfect accomplishment of the Revolution.\nAll the Chiefs in opposition are fled. The National assembly proceed, and are advand in the Ground Work of the Constition, the most Liberal that to this has been held out to any Social Body, not Excepting America,\nInclosed I have the honor to transmit you two Papers refering to your Ideas the fermentations and the State in which all parties were Situated.\nA perfect Calm at present reigns in the Capital and the Provinces, all the Nation form one National Army, all are regimented, on an Instant in case of need ready for the field fortunately no Enimies appear, The Regular Troops instruct the New Levies in Military dicipline.\nMany Referances in the Grand Assembly to the American Institutions. Mr Jefferson  is not without application for Council he has openings and I believe has some influence in the present plans\u2014\nWith due respect I have the honor to be / Sir / Your most obedient / Servant\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0722", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Hall, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Hall, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\nMy very Dear & much honoured Friend;\nPortland 15 Aug. 1789.\nPermit me overwhelmed with grief and chagrined at disappointment to beg your kind attention for a minute. I am grieved, because my pretensions to the Office I sollicited were certainly far better grounded than his, who holds the Appointment: I am chagrined because my expectations were with reason high.\nI think it not vanity to say I have some degree of personal merit; and some publick. Seals of Government, with papers (even complimentary) accompanying, which I have on file, witness some small Services I have rendered the publick.In the year 1779 I served then, at my own expense, as Commander of the Troops at Falmouth, and met with the approbation, & received even the Compliments of the Government of the Massachusetts. In the year 1780 I again voluntarily served them as Secretary to General Wadswoth, Commander in the eastern Department. Altho\u2019 there was no establishment originally made for a Secretary in that Department; yet the State saw fit to offer me handsome Compensation; but I choose to enjoy their gratitude, rather than accept their pay farther then to reimburse my expenses. I continued my endeavors to serve the publick without remission to the end of the war; and then confined my Self to my domestic affairs, pleased with the reflection that I had contributed my mite to the Service of my Country.\u2014With such pretensions, encouraged by the friendship of some of the most eminent Gentlemen in  Congress, I flattered my Self that Government would favor me with some degree of attention. But when I experienced your Goodness and Condescention in favoring me with a line, I tho\u2019t my Self certain of Success; especially as Mr. Wingate had informed me that the President himself had not forgotten me since he knew me at Cambridge: And I think success must have attended me, had it not been for Mr. Thatchers very great zeal in serving his particular friends; for whom I find provision is made at every Port, in this eastern part of the Government, where he had them.\u2014If Mr. Thacher has endeavoured to serve them merely because they were his friends, and not because of their deserts, & of their capacity to serve the publick, I think, he has done wrong: If he has made use of a certain Recommendation in favor of Mr. Fosdick. (of which Mr: Wingate can particularly inform You, and also how it was obtained) I think he has imposed upon the President, and personally injured me.\nHad others, who have pretensions similar to mine, been appointed; I should only have been disappointed; but should not have been grieved: But to see the appointment conferred upon a person, to whom his most zealous friends cannot with truth ascribe any peculiar merit, and he himself would not pretend to any services he had ever rendered the public, is truly aggravating.\nTo say he sustained the Office before, is not true: He was only a Naval Officer; and that Office he had not long sustained; and the manner in which he obtained it from those much more deserving reflects no great honor upon him.\u2014But so it is.\u2014It is done\u2014He has obtained his appointment\u2014He has practiced, & has prospered.\u2014I am not envious; but I am grieved. The cause of my grief I think would have been prevented, had things been known as they really are: But perhaps it cannot now be removed. I think however it will shortly be found that a Naval Officer will be necessary at this Port; as I think there is, and I am told so by Gentlemen in trade, much more business to be done in this District, than in either of the Districts of Portsmouth, or of Newbury-Port: or there may be some other agreeable Appointments to be made that I know not of. I should suspect the Collection\u2013Bill suggests an intervening Officer between the Collectors & the Treasury; as I find the Collectors are to settle their Accounts once in three months, or oftener.\nI still wish for an agreeable Employment under Government; and shall most gratefully acknowledge your kindness in befriending me, if any should present.\u2014Relying upon your Goodness to excuse the freedom I have taken, & the trouble I have givenYyou, permit me to subscribe my Self with every Sentiment of Respect & Gratitude, Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedient and obliged, / humble Servant;\nStephen Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0724", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Schureman, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Schureman, James\nTo: Adams, John\nNew York 15 Augt 1789\nMr. Schuerman presents his compliments to the Vice President Pprior engagement will prevent him the honor of waiting on the V President at dinner on thursday next", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0725", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Roger Sherman, 16 August 1789\nFrom: Sherman, Roger\nTo: Adams, John\nAugst: 16th. 1789\nMr. Sherman returns his respectful Compliments to the Vice\u2013President, and would have done himself the honor of Waiting on him to Dine on Thursday next but he was previously engaged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0728", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston 18th August. 1789\nPermit me to mention a word on a subject which perhaps has been fully discussed in the great National Council, and upon which my feeble mind can make but very Little impression.\nDoctor Price calculated the circulating medium of great Britain of about 24,000000. by a late experement it is said to have been found to be 30,000000. the paper in circulation added to that Sum makes the whole 230,000000. our Medium cannot more than ten Millions of Dollars. The Import will call annually for nearly one third of it. but what Nation can pay annually in taxes one third of their currency? 230,000000 millions or rather two hundred millions are an the representative of the thirty millions. Why cannot we have as much paper as will equal the ten millions of Dollars or their proper representative? I do not like  private Banks because it enriches private men & does no good to the public, but I beleive a public bank may Emit paper equal to the money we possess.\nthe people when pressed for Money will be prone to blame the government for their distresses.\nI am with regard and the / highest Respect your Excellencys Most Humble Servt\nJa Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0729", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 20 August 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston t 20th Augt. 1787\nI have only time to mention that Mr Dawes of Charlestown has had the super-intendence of the Light-Houses here for a long time he has built them &c. he is by some means suspicious that some other Person may take the business from him. you may remember that he was an Early advocate of his Countrys Independence, and is an honest punctual man every friend to the revolution would be hurt by his being displaced\u2014\nI am your Excellencys / Most Hble Servt\nJa Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0730", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Hathorn, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Hathorn, John\nTo: Adams, John\nFriday 21st. August. ca. 1789\nMr. Hathorn will do himself the honor to dine with the Vice President of the United States on Friday Next at 4.  o.Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0731", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Jackson, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Jackson, James\nTo: Adams, John\nFriday 21st: August 1789\nMr Jackson presents his Compliments to the Vice President of the United states & will do himself the honor of dining with the Vice President on Friday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0732", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Roger Sherman, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Sherman, Roger\nTo: Adams, John\nFriday Augt. 21. ca. 1789\nMr. Sherman returns his respectful compliments to the Vice President, and will wait on him on Friday next agreeable to his request.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0733", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Cushing, 22 August 1789\nFrom: Cushing, William\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir,\nScituate August the 22d. 1789\nI hope you will excuse my indolence as to writing; but I ought before now to have expressed my thanks for your favor of the Second volume Hollandois, which has afforded me a great fund of entertainment & instruction: you accomplished a great work and of a variety of thoughts arising upon the occasion, this is one\u2014that the minister of a mighty monarch appears to make but a small Figure before a minister of a scarcely existing state. I wish your present office & Situation may be agreeable; though an inflexible adherence to the rule of right & the public good may produce opposition if not trouble; & I fear your compensation will not be equal to the circumstances.\u2014\nYou were reduced lately to a new Situation to be obliged to turn a point of Prerogative, but rightly turned, I think.\u2014\nI was absent Seven weeks on the Pownalborough Circuit, on our return (\u2014Mrs. Cushing with me) we stopped two nights at Judge Sargent\u2019s; where we had the pleasure of Seeing Mr. & Mrs. Shaw & your youngest Son, who were well. And there I had the pleasure of seeing a letter of yours (on confidence) wherein you state some difficulties or defects respecting Supremacies &c. As to the Legislative & Judicial, it seems to me, they will work their way; As to the Executive\u2014there\u2019s the rub. Assuming the State debts would be a capital Stroke, if practicable.\nI would propose a question upon the Constitution of the U.S., on the third Section of the third Article, & Second Section of the fourth Article, Respecting treason, whether there be any kind of treason which may be tried by a particular state, consistent with the Constitution, and if any what kind. For the Constitution declares what shall be treason against the United States\u2014determines a mode of evidence, gives Congress power to declare the punishment; & the Second Section of the third article extends the Judicial power to all cases arising under the Constitution;\u2014and yet the Second Section of the Fourth article seems to suppose a State may have Jurisdiction in a case of treason.\nAnother question is, whether the power of our S. J. Court of this state, of trying piracies & felonies committed upon the high Seas, by force of the ordinance of Congress of 5th April 1781, is not now at an end. It seems, a small vessel of about 30 tons, which touched in at Cape Elizabeth, while we were at Portland, was piratically run away with from the Coast of Africa, according to the account given us, on examination by the three hands on board. We ordered them committed, till duely discharged.\nI must take the Liberty to remind you of our friend N. C. the late maritime Judge, who behaved, for ought I know, with propriety in his office, who has been a Staunch invaluable friend of the cause of liberty & his Country, & at the Same time a Supporter of good government & good men, exerted himself much and got nothing of any consequence. The office of District Judge would seem naturally to fall to him, and I must desire your attention, if you think proper, to that matter. Indeed I have heard something which makes me suppose, you have thought of him already.\u2014\nI have never had the honor to see or be known to his greatness & goodness, the president (I can give titles though Congress can\u2019t) and if I had,\u2014a word of yours would outweigh many of mine.\u2014\nMrs. Cushing joins in best respect to you & Mrs. Adams. I am, Sir, your affectionate humble servant\nWm. Cushing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0734", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Brown, 24 August 1789\nFrom: Brown, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDr. Sr.\nProvidence Augt. 24th. 1789\nThe Federalest of this State are Very much Alarmed that the tunnage Act Should be as is generly Supposed to be put in force Immediately on all Vessells of this State, tho the produce of the State May go Free of Impost, the Federalests are allso further Agreaved by a Law of this State Which Makes them First pay a Contenentell impost fee on in spetia, which will not Exempt them from the payment of the Fourreighn Duty When Exported to Any State of the Union, had Congress Thought proper to have put the produce of the State on a Simmular Footing with the property of the merchants Who are Nearly all Federal their Feelings would not have been So much Wounded but will the property of the Antics go untouched it Seems by the preceedings of the House of Representitives in Congress the Federals of this State or the alredy too much Oppressed are to Undergo the Severity of their friends. the Navigation of the State belongs 9/10th. to the Federal party who in Leu of paying any Extra on any Tunnage or Impost are Justly Intituled to Every Indulgence of Congress, Such as paying no more Tunnage Nor Impost then is pd. by the Other States, at Least the Federalests of this State thinkes them selves Intituled to this Lennity, till the Antics of the State has had Some Notice pd. them from Congress by some proibition or Resstrictations Against their property as well as Against their App that of the Federalest, I ad no more, thinking it Impossable that the Act can pass the Sennet as it has the Representitives, & I Can not account for their Conduct in no other way then as a Desire to bring the Federalest before them by way of Petition, when perhaps they may Conclude, the Case of the State at Large must be tacon up\nI am with all Due Respect / Your Obt Humble Servt.\nJohn Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0735", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Edward Bancroft, 29 August 1789\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nLondon August 29th. 1789\nAs Dr. Jeffries is about to return to America, I have desired him to take charge of a Letter from, & of two volumes lately Published by, Major Jardine of the British Artillery, an acquaintance of mine to whom I lent your three Volumes on the Science of Government, with which he has been greatly pleased.\nDr. Jeffries has at last determined to fix his residence in the United States a determination which gives me great pleasure, as I am persuaded it will not only prove advantageous to himself but to those of our countrymen who may hereafter need his professional Assistance. To you who know his merits my testimony in their favour would be superfluous: but perhaps it may not be altogether useless for you to be informed of the Opinions of more competent Judges, such as Dr. Warren and others who are at the head of the Medical Profession in this Country, and who after a multitude of opportunities of properly estimating his talents & acquirements in the healing arts, uniformly speak of them in Terms of the highest Commendation, and I am confident, those in America who may either call for his aid or recommend it to others, will never have occasion to regret their doing so.\nTo Dr. Jeffries I must refer you for such information as you may desire respecting men & things here\u2014I cannot however conclude without offering you my cordial Congratulations upon that Choice of the United States by which you have been lately placed in the most important & distinguished Situations, which I have no doubt of your continuing to fill to your own honor & the greatest benefit.\nI beg my most respectful Compliments to your Lady, and to Mrs. & Col. Smith, and that you will believe me to be with the greatest Sincerity & respect / Sir / Your most faithful / & most devoted Humble Servant\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0737", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Sylvanus Bourne, 30 August 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bourne, Sylvanus\nDear Sir\nNew York August 30th 1789\nI have received your letter of the 18th of this month and have communicated that to the President, which was inclosed in it. The particular office you sollicit by that letter, will be sought by numbers: and among them probably will be men advanced in life, incumbered with large families, in necessitous circumstances, perhaps occasioned by public services, by appreciated public promises & &\u2014The President will as he ought, weigh all these particulars and give the preference upon the whole as justice humanity and wisdom shall dictate.\nThere is another gentleman who has applied for it whose pretensions perhaps will have great weight and will be supported by recommendations of the first sort. I must caution you my dear Sir against having any dependance on my influence, or that of any other person\u2014No man I believe has influence with the President. he seeks information from all quarters and judges more independently than any man I ever knew. It is of so much importance to the public that he should preserve this superiority, that I hope I shall never see the time that any man will have influence with him beyond the powers of reason and argument. \nWho is it, pray that has been honoring\u2014Vice\u2014in poetry.\nJ A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0738", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Walton, 30 August 1789\nFrom: Walton, George\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nAugusta, 30 August, 1789.\nAfter the interval of so many years, I do myself the pleasure to greet you on the substantial ground on which our Countrymen are at length so happily placed. A review of the incidents which happened in the progress of its change, whilst it might pain the recollection, will, no doubt, excite new zeal and exertion firmly to establish into permanent system the present ominous concurrence of opinions.\u2014At a crisis so interesting, the Americans may congratulate themselves on the appointments, generally, which have already taken place; and which afford a just confidence that the same spirit will direct in those yet to be made.\u2014In the arduous scene, and splendid prospect of things, I have felt myself animated with the desire of participating in the federal labors; and a known predilection for the judiciary functions, has, I find, induced some of our deputies to hold me up as a Candidate for the Judge\u2019s office of this District. I confess it is not disagreeable to me; and, if appointed, shall not hesitate. It will, indeed, be more acceptable, if it shall be accompanied with the knowledge of your approbation; for I have always been with great estimation and respect. Sir, / Your Most Obt. & very / Hble Servt.\nGeo Walton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0741", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Bassett, 1 September 1789\nFrom: Bassett, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\nTuesday\u2014Sepr. 1st: ca. 1789\nMr: Bassetts Compliments to the Vice President, and will do himself the honor of Dining with him on Friday next\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0743", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Patterson, 1 September 1789\nFrom: Patterson, William\nTo: Adams, John\nTuesday, 1 Sepr. 1789.\nMr. Patterson presents his Compliments to the Vice-President, and will do himself the Honor of dining with him on Friday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0744", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Paine Wingate, 1 September 1789\nFrom: Wingate, Paine\nTo: Adams, John\nTuesday Sept. 1.st. 1789\nMr Wingate presents his compliments to the Vice\u2013President and must be excused the honor of dining with him on Friday next, being engaged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0746", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Sylvanus Bourne, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Adams, John\nMy respected Sir\u2014\nBoston Sept. 8th. 1789\nI was honoured by the due receipt of your obliging favr. of Augt 30th for which you have my Cordial thanks\u2014I am sensible of the justness of your observations relative to the Presidents nominations, and doubt not they will be all made free from any partial bias whatever, and on the principles of humanity, Wisdom, & justice to his Country, whose best interests, have been his uniform study and pursuit; no personal disappointment will ever excite in my mind a distrustful idea of the good wishes of my friends towards me, convinced of the uncertain nature of these kind of applications\u2014\nI have yet some hopes of a registership in the judiciary to which Object Mr. Jay may have it in his power to assist me effectually\u2014Should I be eventually defeated in my wishes for a domestic Office I would wish the favr of your opinion upon the subject of my original intent of going as Consul to Cadiz\u2014You once observed to me while at Mr. Jay\u2019s that if Harrison did not go you thought it clear for me\u2014Harrison has repeatedly told his friends here, that he did not want to go unless a salary was affixed to the office; but I will consent to go without, depending on forming some mercantile connection & the chance of a future moderate grant from Govt: Should the President be inclined to favr my views I suppose it to be fully within his power to originate this appointment if unaccompanied by a pecuniary Stipend & should he think it of public advantage & that I am capable of rendering public Service herein\u2014he can send down his nomination before the Senate rise thris Session in a leisure moment will you please to inform me on this Subject.\u2014\nPrompted I hope by justifiable motives I have chosen this onus to obtain some employ in my Countrys Service but if foiled in every attempt\u2014I shall not yet despair\u2014by fortitude, industry, & perseverance in private pursuits to be able to support that Character & Reputation in the world without which life would be to me scarce an object of desire\u2014I sometimes am led to think it a curse to possess any Ambition & to look with envy on the stupid, senseless part of Mankind, who are willing to head on the same \"dull pace from day to day.\"\nD Sir I suppose the poem you allude to\u2014to be the infamous production of a disappointed expectant by the name of Edward Church, who tainted by his Brother\u2019s treacherous blood, would hope to poison the public mind\u2014but a Character like yours Sir built on the broad basis of tried Integrity, Superior ability and an ardent love of your Country manifested by a series of painful Services, is not to be Shaken by the envenomed Shafts of Envy\u2014or the rancorous ebulitions of a corroded mind\u2014But shall remain unsullied in the grateful sentiments of the virtuous part of your Countrymen, till time shall be no more, and after that curtain shall drop, which will open to your view, the more peaceful scenes of a future existence.\nPlease to tender my best respects to Mrs.  Adams & the rest of your good Family believing me, to be with unfeigned Esteem & respect / your Obliged & devoted / Servt.\nSilva: Bourn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0748", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Lowell, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lowell, John\nDear Sir\nNew York Septr. 14. 1789\nI received your Letter of the 7th in due Season and have delayed my Answer, in hopes it might be more determinate. I have received also Letters from Governor Bowdoin and Mr Higginson on the same subject. The Contents of these letters appeared to me to be of such Importance, that I thought it my Duty to lay them before the President, as Information that ought to be possessed of; since which I have had more than one personal Conference with him on the subject.\u2014What his decision will be I am not able to say. Applications and Recommendations and Representations are made to him from all Parties. Mr H. & Mr A. are not silent, any more than others who are more zealous for the new Govt.\u2014The President examines and weighs with great attention and Care, and determines according to Principles which he has laid down for himself which in general are good & wholesome.\nFor my Part, I am so clearly convinced of the Necessity of an Unity in the Executive Authority of Government, and of the propriety of having all Appointments vested in one Breast, that I wish my Friends would excuse me from interfering on any Occasion. The Daily Labor, of my Attendance in Senate, is fatiguing, the delicacy of finding proper times to converse with the President, on appointments, renders it difficult, and after all, my information can be but partial, when his, is compleat.\u2014Especially as I am to be made the Scape Goat, on whom all the sins of Unpopularity are to be laid.\u2014My exertions for Lincoln, have torn open an hornets Nest at Boston, and my vote for the Presidents Power of Removal, according to the Constitution, has raised from Hell an host of political and  poetical Devils.\u2014\nI have waited on the President expressely in behalf of our Friend Jackson: He listenened attentively to all my Representations: but I found that other Characters were in contemplation, meritorious officers in the late Army and amiable Men, it must be confessed.\nIn all Events, my Friend, Suffer not these Things to affect your Spirits or your Happiness.\u2014You may have cause to rejoice, that you have met a disappointment, if even that should happen.\u2014Things are not enough Settled, to make any Place desireable.\nat least this is still the opinion of, dear Sir / your old Friend and faithful humble / Sert\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0749", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Warren, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Warren, John\nDear Sir\nNew York septr 14 1789\nI have received your letter of the second of this month, and am obliged to you for he confidence you place in me. I know of no pretensions equal to yours and shall take care that the truth be represented where it ought to be: but advise you to write to General Knox is whose department it is.\nWith all my heart I wish you success and if you do not obtain it, you may depend upon it, it will not be the fault of your\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0750", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nicolaas Van Staphorst, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Van Staphorst, Nicolaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAmsterdam 14 September 1789\nOn the 26th. last Month only we received your respected favor of 2 Decbr to our Predecessors, accompanying the Second and Third Volumes of Your Defence of the American Constitutions, to compleat the Setts presented us; For which Mark of your Friendship and Remembrance, Please accept our hearty Thanks.\nYour departure from Europe, has been followed by Events of infinite importance indeed; Here the Flame caught by your glorious Revolution, has been smothered for a time, But in France it appears to have made such Progress, as will We hope ensure to that populous & happily situated Country; a Constitution of Freedom, the basis of which is already laid by a Declaration of the sacred and inalienable Rights of Mankind. Should this grand Work be carried to Maturity, of which there is a good prospect, its Consequences will spread all around, and this Country certainly not feel them the less.\nThe Dread of this great Revolution already alarms the Foes to the natural Liberties of Mankind, and may probably cause an Embrasure in Europe, that by involving the different powers of this Quarter of the Globe, would prove highly advantageous to your Commerce and Credit in Europe The present State of the latter of which confirms in the fullest manner, what we have often assured to you in person, that its Revival depended solely upon the Establishment and Operation of an efficient and respectable Government in the United-States: As the Parent of the American Credit in this Country, You Sir, cannot but be more than ordinarily interested in its progress, and Situation, wherefore We are certain to gratify you, in communicating more early perhaps than You would know thro\u2019 your Official Channel, the purport of the Letter the Commissioners of the American Loans here address & this conveyance to your Treasury-Board, to the inclosed Copy of which We have only to subjoin, that Your Four per Cent Bonds are now One to Two per Cent above par, and the Five per Cents from 96 to 99 per Cent, So that they now appear most respectably among the other Loans negotiated here, with the appearance of going still higher, and thus will be rendered easy the raising here on favorable  Terms, what further Sums the United-States may stand in need of.\nWe beg you to accept our most sincere Congratulations upon this Situation of the American Credit here, as well as upon the successful Operations of Your new Federal Government, and your Appointment to the very distinguished Post You occupy in it; which We wish you a long Enjoyment of, not doubting but You will discharge it with equal Assiduity and Abilities as You have manifested in all your former Employs, Which have secured you the most flattering Recompence, the Esteem and Gratitude of your Fellow Citizens.\nMrs. Van Staphorst joins in presenting our most respectful Compliments to Mrs. Adams; and requesting that when in our power to render you any useful or agreeable Offices here, you will not spare us, as it will at all times  afford us real Satisfaction to convince you how truly and respectfully We are / Sir / Your most obd hble Servts.\nN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0751", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Brown, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Brown, John\nSir\nNew York Septr: 15. 1789\nI received your letter I received in due time your favour of August 24, the subject of which has since been under the deliberation of both houses. The act which has been the result of their attention to the petitions of New Port Providence  and other towns, will appear to you probably before this letter. Whether it will, in all respects be conformable to your wishes, I am not able to say: but it seemed to be the greatest length that some of the best informed members, thought it safe to go. We are all very sanguine in our hopes, that you will send us members of both houses, before the 15 of Jany:, Indeed on the first Monday in December. All unkind questions will then be done away. But if unhappily Rhode Island should not call a convention; or calling one not adopt the constitution, Something much more serious than has ever yet been done or talked of will most probably be undertaken. We have very often been irritated with rumors of correspondences between the Antis in your state and those in Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, N Carolina &c. and even with insinuations of intrigues with British emmisaries. These are very serious reports. Such intercourses are extreamly criminal in the citizens of the Union, and hostile at least in those who are not\u2014If the citizens of Rhode Island place themselves in the light of correspondence with criminal citizens of the union, or in that of ennemies to the United States, their good sense will suggest to them, that the consequences will be very speedy and very bitter. I rely upon it therefore, that unless your state is devoted and abandoned to the judicial dispensations of heaven, that your people will open their eyes before it is too late. This is the very serious advice of one who has ever been and still is the hearty friend, but who must cease to be so when they become the enemies of the united states. There can be no medium. Enemies they must be, or fellow citizens, and that in a very short time.\nI am sir &c &c\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0752", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Bondfield, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nNew York Septr 16, 1789\nI have received the letter you did me the honor to write me on the 15 of May, and take this opportunity to return you my thanks for your polite congratulations. It is now five months within a few days since I entered on the execution of my office: and although I had many apprehensions from the novelty of it, and from my own long habits formed to different scenes of life, in the course of a ten years residence abroad in Paris, London andthe Hague; yet I have not found much injury to my health or depression of spirits. The greatest pleasure I enjoy is in the reflection that I am now employed in doing every thing in my power to form a system of policy and Finance that may enable us to pay those debts both at home and abroad which I had so great a hand in contracting. You will always oblige me Sir by transmitting me any information concerning the public affairs of France in whose happiness and prosperity I am not a little interested.\nIn what will the fermentations in France and the rest of Europe end? Will the spirit and the system of constitutional liberty prevail or will confusion preceed despotism?\nIf you can send me a cask of Claret such as you sent me at the Hotel De Valois, Rue de Richelieu, and another of the Vin De Grave to be delivered to me at my house at New York, at your Risque and can contrive to receive your pay at the time and place of delivery, I should be much obliged to you.\nI am sir Yours & &\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0753", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Guy Claude Sarsfield, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sarsfield, Guy Claude\nMy dear Count\nNew York Septr 16 1789\nYour friendly letter of the 23 of April, has laid me under obligations to you which it shall be my endeavor to discharge.\nIt will ever be a pleasure to me to hear of your health and happiness: and perhaps you may have a curiosity to hear of mine.\u2014I have been here about five months, and without missing a single day (excepting one when my own salary was under consideration, and delicacy induced me to absent myself) have constantly attended the Senate. Such constancy in attending to the deliberations of such an assembly, on such a variety of buisiness, and the continual exercise of speaking, are laborious Service, and will endanger my health. Hitherto, however, by good air at home, and regular daily exercise at vacant hours, I have preserved a good share of health and Spirits.\u2014We are very anxious about the state of Europe, and that of France in particular. Will the states general claim authority to controul the crown, or will they be contended to advise it? Mixed in one assembly with the commons, will not the nobles be lost? Out numbered and out voted on all occasions? If in earnest a constitution is to be established you must separate the Nobles by themselves and the Commons must be placed in another assembly; and the Clergy divided between the two. In short your legislature must have three branches, and your Executive and Legislative must be balanced against each other, or you will have confusions: Let my acquaintance the Marquis of Condorcet say what he will. But my friend, you may take the word of one who speaks from experience, dear bought experience! when a man suffers himself to be drawn in by the current which leads to a revolution, he knows not where he is going. He will soon find himself in a torrent which he can neither resist nor guide. Winds, tides and water spouts which no wisdom could foresee will occur. Ignorance, if not knavery will intervene, and by means of passions, imagination, superstition, or enthusiasm carry away the confidence of the people from truth virtue and the public good\u2014Humiliations and mortifications innumerable if not total ruin will be his lot. If however humanity on the whole is a gainer, a Philosopher will find some consolation. You will oblige me always by your letters as well as by presenting my most affectionate respects to M le Duc and Me La Duchess de la Vauguion and by accepting the compliments of my family as well as the repeated assurances of the sincere friendship of\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0756", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Sullivan, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sullivan, James\nSir\nNew York Septr 17, 1789\nIn your letter of the 18th of August, you ask why we may not have as much paper in circulation in proportion to our circulating silver and gold, as Great Britain has in proportion to hers? Give me leave to answer you without hesitation. We may as soon as we shall have any credit.\u2014We have none. No man of common sense will trust us. As long as an unlimited democracy tyrannized over the rich, no man of property was safe. If ever an unlimited Aristocracy shall tyrannize over the poor, and the moderately rich at once, the greater portion of society will not dare to trust the less. But if a government well ordered mixed and counterpoised should take place, and in consequence of it, the commandment Thou shall not steal, be observed, then and not till then you may circulate what paper you may find necessary\u2014But I doubt very much whether our circumstances will require any paper at all. The cash paid in imports will immediately be paid to creditors and by them circulated in society.\nI am sir &\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0757", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jabez Bowen, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowen, Jabez\nSir\nNew York Septr 18. 1789\nI am honored with your letter of 31 of August. Your complaint against our laws was well founded but we have  passed a law which I hope will give satisfaction. This was done in full confidence, that you will adopt the constitution and send us Senators and Representatives before next session. I/we should be disappointed I presume that serious measures will be suggested, to let your Anti\u2019s know that their interests are connected with ours, and that a desperate conspiracy of unjust men are not able to do so much mischief as they flattered themselves they had the power to do. Dr Sender and Mr Bourne did not give me an opportunity of shewing them the civilities which your recommendation entitled them to, and my own inclination prompted. The turbulent state of Europe ought to be a motive with us to get into order as soon as possible, and Rhode Island especially ought to feel the impropriety of her conduct in embarrassing themselves and their neighbors as they have done. out of the union there is no hope for your people but misery to themselves and mischief to others.\nI have been happy in the company of my old friend Mr. Marchant of N Port whose success in his negotiation I hope will recommend him to the favorable attention of his Counrty\u2014I have known him these five and thirty years the same honest candid and sensible man\nWith esteem & & &\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0759", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Laurence, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Laurence, John\nSir\nNew York Septr. 19 1789\nMy second son the bearer of this letter as soon as he was out of College was entered as a student at Law in the office of Colo. Hamilton upon certain conditions, one that if I should remove from New York, he should be at liberty to remove with me, and another was that if Hamilton should be made a minister of State his pupil should look out another patron. The Latter condition being now realized, I send my son to you sir in order to know upon what conditions you will take him into your office.\nIf it should not be inconvenient to you to receive him I should be obliged to you for your answer. I must still make a condition that I may be at liberty to take him with me wherever I may go. He will board with me, and attend your office as he did Col Hamiltons, from ten in the morning till three in the afternoon.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0760", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jeremy Belknap, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Belknap, Jeremy\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston Sepr 19 1789\nYour last favor of the 24th July should not have been so long without a reply had I not supposed that your attention must be so employed by the great national business as to leave you no leisure for a Correspondence with me\u2014Indeed had the Occasion been pressing I might have taken advantage of your very obliging offer, to propose Questions to you; but as another time would do as well for me I thought it decent to wait till the adjournment of Congress might render it more agreeable to you\u2014\nThe kind acception which my first Vol of the History of NHamp has met with & the earnest solicitation of my numerous friends have prevailed with me to attempt another Volume, which I should have begun sooner had my situation & Circumstances permitted\u2014I am now engaged in it\u2014& When I come to speak of the late times that we have passed through I shall very probably have some Questions to ask you.\u2014One occurs to me now\u2014The Seizure of the Fort & Stores in NH in Decr 1774 was in consequence of a Prohibition of exporting Ammunition from Great Brittain\u2014& I have a Copy of a private Letter from a Gentn: in Office on the other side of the Question wh says \"Positive proof was had from Holland that military stores to the amount of \u00a3400,000 sterlg were actually ordered and purchased from North America & were shipped to various ports among the Islands & on the Continent. This caused an alarm, Col Lee of Marblehead it is said actually received a proportion & dispersed them, He has reimbursed himself by the \u00a3800 voted to pay their minute Men, which was raised on Credit. This is truly the secret history of all the business.\"\nIf this is fact I think you must have known it and I should be glad you would (if it be proper) give me some accte of the Transaction or if this should lead to any other Information I could wish to have it. You observe that many false facts are imposed on Historians & \"the world\"\u2014I am fully sensible there is great danger here\u2014& therefore will endeavor to guard against it\u2014& how can I do this better than by enquiring as far as possible into both sides of a contriversy\u2014& of those persons who were in the secrets of both parties?\nAnother of your observations strikes me very forcibly \"some of the most important Characters are best imperfectly known, & many empty Characters displayed in great Pomp\u2014all this I am sure will happen in our history\"\u2014The reason that I take such particular notice of this\u2014is that I have been for some years preparing for a biographical History of America &c a Collection of the lives of the eminent Characters which have appeared on our Stage\u2014Ab inito\u2014a specimen of what this work will be I have given in the Lives of Govr Winthrop, Sir Fred Georges\u2014Capt John Smith & Friend Wm Penn which have been published in the Columbian Magazine\u2014I am daily making Collections for the prosecution of the Work but the completion of the NH histy must be made before I can go about this in earnest\u2014When I do I shall probably give you some further Trouble with my Questions\u2014Bernard & Hutchinson must make a part of the Group\u2014With respect to the latter I wish to know how he passed his last days in England\u2014I think they must have been extreely dark & dismal.\nI can give you one piece of Information which I doubt not will be agreeable. The Clergy in this Town have agreed to preach on the subject of \"paying tribute & custom to whom tribute & custom are due\" or a Gospel duty\u2014and particularly necessary at this Time when our new Government is just put in motion\u2014& is administered in such a manner as to be \"a terror to evil doers & a praise to them that do well\u201d\u2014Some of us have already spoken on the subject & (excepting that it was not a very agreeable Entertainment to the Ladies, as being rather out of their sphere) I have the pleasure to find that our discourses are approved by the judicious\u2014I am just setting out on a Journey as far as Portsmo & shall as Oppertunity presents recommend this subject to my Brethren in the maritime towns\u2014\nAdieu my dear Sir May Heaven preserve you for a long time on Our amens & blessing to your Country\u2014& when assaulted by the envenomed darts of MaliceHic Murus aheneus estoNil conscire sibi\u2014\nI am with great respect Sir / yr much obliged & most / hble servt\nJere Belknap", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0761", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 20 September 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston 20th Sepr 1789\nI have the honor to enclose You the paper of tomorrow. the french intelligence will make it Valuable to you the officers of the fleet here appear to feel Exceedingly for their Country.\nI am with the highest / sentiments of respect your / Most Hble Srvt\nJa Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0762", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Stephen Higginson, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Higginson, Stephen\nSir\nNew York Septr 21, 1789\nYour favor of August 10th was duly received and immediately communicated with several other letters on the same subject to the President. His determination which will be made on the best principles and from the purest motives, as well as the most universal information, for he receives letters and makes inquiries from all quarters, we shall soon know. Altho\u2019 it is not probable to me that Mr Lowell will be the judge, yet if it should be otherwise, I apprehend your fears of an appointment to the place of Chief Justice of the State are not founded\u2014Mr Hancock is not of a character strong enough to venture on such a nomination and his Council would not consent to the appointment, if he did. It would have an happy effect if all the judges of the national Supreme Court, would be taken from the chief parties of the several states. The Superiority of the national government would in this way be decidedly acknowledged. All the judges of the states would look up to the national bench as their ultimate object.\u2014As there is great danger of collisions between the national and state judiciaries if the state judges are men possessed of larger portions of the people\u2019s confidence than the national Judges, the latter will become unpopular. This however is a subject which cannot be very accurately assurtained. It is easy to determine who a C Justice is. But not so easy to say who has most of the public confidence. The morals of the nation and perfection of the constitution; The national character, public credit, private confidence, public liberty, private property: every thing that is sacred, precious or dear, depends so much upon these judges, that the President will choose I presume with caution. In Massachusetts happily there are several among whom he cannot make a wrong choice. The majority of the Senators and representatives from that State have recommended Lowell.\u2014\nYour \"Ideas of revenue and commerce\" I should be glad to receive, as well as any other information relative to the affairs of This Nation, whose welfare is near my heart, Tho\u2019 it is not probable it will ever be in my power to do it much service. My own opinions of what is necessary to be done, to secure the liberty, and promote the prosperity of this Country if not singular, have too small a number of supporters to be of much use: May heaven grant that tragedies and calamities may not in time convince Americans, when it is too late, that they have missed the tide in the affairs of men. Democratical powers equally with Aristocratical powers pushed to extremeties, necessarily produce a feudal system. This Country has already been very over the brink within a short space of seeing hostile armies commanded by factious leaders encamped on every great mountain and defended by a Barons castle. And if more pains and care than any disposition for has yet appeared are not taken to limit and adjust our national government, to raise it decidedly above the state government, and to prevent collisions of sovereignties, we may yet be not so far removed from a scene of feudal anarchy as we imagine. Thus you see I begin to be a croaker, though the character is not natural to me.\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0763", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Sullivan, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sullivan, James\nSir\nNew York Sept 21. 1789\nYour letter of the 23 of July remains unanswered. There is in the United States and the regions to the southward of it a body of people, possessed of too much of the public confidence who are desperately in debt, and therefore determined all or any government, which shall have power to compel them to pay. Untill the property possessed by some of these men shall change hands, no government will be consistent in this Country. Trial by jury by the judicial bill and by the amendments to this constitution, already passed I imagine is secured to the utmost of your wishes.\nThe exorbitance of the power of the crown as it was exercised in this Country before the revolution was not generally complained of\u2014It was the authority claimed by Parliament, and the attempt to increase the power of the crown and to diminish and annihilate the power of our legislatures which gave the alarm. The legal perogatives of the crown were asserted and contended for by Mr. Otis Mr. Thatcher and Mr. S. Adams in speeches and writings constantly, as essential to the protection of the rights of the people, and the liberties of the subject.\nWhatever there is of danger in England at present from the power of the crown, arises not from its having an overballance, but it arises from the Aristocracy\u2019s having an overballance. The truth of fact is, that the people on one side and the crown on the other are each of them singly weaker than the Aristocracy: and as power increases like a snow ball, by rolling, if the influence of that Aristocracy should increase much farther so strong an union will be formed between the people and the crown in opposition to it, that the King will be absolute. If a few leading characters among the great landholder\u2019s were united as they were by the late Coalition administration, the Constitution would be overturned. King and people both would be prisoners to an oligarchic Junto. King and people would then unite to pull it down, as they did.\u2014\nYou hope that our limbs will gain strength by time. Indeed they will. But what limbs? Will the weak ones gain, and the strong ones loose? This would be contrary to nature and experience. The strong arm by constant exercise grows stronger, and draws the juices and nutrition from the weaker. If at our first setting out the executive power is not a counterpoise to the legislative; and if in the legislature, there be not a mediating power, sufficient at all times to decide the disputes between the poor and the rich; we shall not have law, nor consequently liberty nor property. The older we grow the more those ideas of equilibrium to which we were born and bred will wear out of the minds of the people, and Barons wars of a thousand years may be the miserable fate of America, as it has been of Europe. A little longer delay might have exibited the feudal scene in America. Hancock encamped upon Beacon Hill, and Lincoln on Pens hill the one entitled Duke of Tremontown and the other Duke of the Blue hills. Washington encamped on mount Vernon and Henry on some other hillock. Clinton on one side of Hudsons river and Yates or a Livingston on the other. Pushing to  extremities either Democratical or Aristocratical powers without attending to a ballance, produces a feudal system as naturally and necessarily, as the collision of flint and steel produces fire.\nI may expose myself to abuse and misrepresentations by such sentiments as these: but I have uniformly entertained them, and hence will discover who is in the right. I have run the gauntlet too long among libels, halters, axes daggers, cannonballs and pistol bullet, in the service of this people, to be at this age afraid of their injustice. Those who wish for anarchy and civil war will not easily gain me over to their party. I am sir & & &\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0765", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 22 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\nDear Sir\nNew York Septr. 22d. 1789\nInclosed is a letter from Mr Robert Henry. Let me beg of you to see if the notes are to be found, and to send them to me. One of the Ryans is now in Vermont as Mr Henry tells me. Should be obliged to you if you would let me know, what minutes you find about the affair in my books.I have not heard a word from my farm or garden, since Mrs A. left it. did the grass grow or not.\nI communicated your letter to the President concerning the candidates at Newbury Port, and several others on the same subject. But the confidence of the people alias popularity carried it by the help of strong recommendations from your govenor.\nWhen am I to wish you joy?\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0766", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 23 September 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry,Knox, Lucy Flucker\nTo: Adams, John\nWednesday the 23th September 1789\nGeneral and Mrs Knox have the honor to accept with great respect the invitation of the Vice President and his Lady for Thursday the 1st of October", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0767", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Walton, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Walton, George\nDear Sir\nNew York Septr 25 17\u201989\nThe duplicate via Charle\u2019s town of your letter of the thirteenth of August, never reached my hand till a day or two before the nomination took place to the office of Judge of the district of, Georgia. As I had the pleasure and advantage of a particular acquaintance with yourself, and the misfortune to know nothing at all, but by a very distant and general reputation of the gentlemen nominated, I should have been ill qualified, to make an impartial decision between the candidates. I feel upon all occasions I own a particular pleasure in the appointment to office of Gentlemen who are now well affected to the national Constitution who had some experience in life before the revolution and took an active part in the course and conduct of it.\nUnion peace and liberty to North America, are the objects to which I have devoted my life and I believe them to be as dear to you as to me. I reckon among my friends all who are in the communion of such sentiments: tho\u2019 they may differ in this opinion of the means of obtaining these ends. I will not say that an energetic government is the only means: but I will hazzard an opinion that a well ordered, a well ballanced, a judiciously limited government is indespensably necessary to the preservation of all or either of those blessings. If the poor are to domineer over the rich, or the rich over the poor, we shall never enjoy the happiness of good government: and without an intermediate power sufficiently elevated and independent, to controul each of the contending parties in its excesses, one or the other will forever tyrannize. Gentlemen who had some experience before the revolution and recollect the general fabric of the government under which they were born and educated and who are not too much carried away by contemporary popular politics are generally of this opinion: But whether prejudice will not prevail over reason passion over judgment and declamation over  inquiry is yet to be determined.\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0769", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Puller, 27 September 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Puller, Richard,Puller, Charles\nGentlemen\nNew York Septr. 27 1789\nWhen I had my audience of leave of his Britannic Majesty, orders given to the master of the ceremonies Sir Clement Cotterell Dormer, to pay me the sum of money that was customarily given by His Majesty to ministers Plenipotentiaries from powers in amity with his court upon like occasions. But as my departure was earlier than Sir Clement could receive the money from the Treasury he desired me name my banker that he might know where to pay the money, as soon as he should receive it. I accordingly named the house of Messrs. Conde & Puller in broad street buildings; presuming that the money was in your hands I drew a bill of three Hundred Pounds about a year ago upon your house, and sent with the first sett a letter of advice informing you of all the  and pointing out another for you to apply to for the money in case Sir Clement should not have paid you. But it now appears that the first of the sett and the letter of advice were lost at sea in the ship which carried them. The second of the sett arrived but without the letter of advice, which amidst a multiplicity of cares I had neglected and consequently came back protested and occasioned me a loss of about thirty or thirty five guineas for interest and damages. I am now determined not to loose my present, for if I should give it up, it would do no honor to his Majesty nor service to the nation, but would only be swallowed up, by some speculating clerk\u2014I therefore request the favor of you to apply to Sir Clement Cotterell Dormer for the money, who will readily pay it. As soon as you have received it you will please to write me, or if any difficulty is made about it let me know that and I can easily find a way to make a noise about it to the discomfiture of those who may be in fault. When the money is in your hands please to order for me as good a gold snuff box with the Kings picture as can be made for an hundred pounds, as good a gold watch as can be made for fifty and send me these insured, and the rest in Cash insured or bills of exchange. The rest will be employed in another manner here for the honor of his Majesty\nJ AdamsUpon second thought you may send the remainder after pay for the box, and watch, in two silver servers and four silver candlesticks with the Kings arms upon them\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0770", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Sullivan, 27 September 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, John\nTo: Adams, John\nMy good old Friend,\nDurham September 27th 1789\nBeing informed by Judge Livermore that Mr Pickering and myself are nominated for this District; may I ask the favor of your influence in my behalf; you know both our standing in the Law Department, & know that he never had the preference there given him; you know the part I took in the American Contest, and cannot be ignorant that he refused from the commencement of Hostilities untill 1780 to join in our Councils, or Act with us in any of our measures:\nIf all other things are equal I know your friendship for those who risqued every thing in the American Cause will have its due weight on your Excellencys mind & I flatter myself lead you to Espouse the side of him who now is and ever has been your Excellencys most devoted servant\nJno Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0771", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Hezekiah Welch, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Welch, Hezekiah\nTo: Adams, John\nSr\nBoston Sept 29 1789\nI make bold to wright a fue Lines to you again I Beleave you forgot me when General Lincoln was appointed Corlector for the Port of Boston or you whould have Spoke one word for me my Nescessity Obliges me to put you in mind of me a gain I was a Continental Officer during the hole of the war and Behav\u2019d as an Officer as will appear by  the Books most part of the time had three son\u2019s with me, when Peace took Place I had a Balla due me for my Servis near a Eleven Hundred Dollers which through Nesessety I was Oblige\u2019d to Dispose of for four & eight Pence in the Pound am now Living upon that which will Last but a Little time should allways be happy to be doing for my Famely and as the times are hard at Preasent more so with Aged Sea Faring men I have maide Bold to wright to the President a fue Lines acquainting him with my Situation but he Sr is a Stranger to me but so Good so Great a man I know he will always Regaid the Petitions of the Necessitous, Any Recommendaton which may be wanting can be furnished by my Brother Saml Adams who is Liut Govenour of this Common Wealth and by a Number of other Gentlemen if Necessary I should take it very Kind Sr if you will be so good as to speak to Genaral Lincoln on my Accomt as his Return from the Treaty, or if in your Power you whould think of me, Excuse me Sr for Troubling you on my accout but Sr Necessity Obiges me to it / and am Sr your most Obedint / Servant at Command\nHez Welch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0772", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Fran\u00e7ois Louis Deschamps, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Deschamps, Joseph Fran\u00e7ois Louis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur\n\t\t\t\t\tCadiz Le 29. Sepbre: 1789\n\t\t\t\tIl m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 inform\u00e9 que je dois m\u2019adress\u00e9r a Vre Excellen\u00e7e; Je le fais av\u00e9c confian\u00e7e. C\u2019est au sujet de deux balles de Lainages qui furent charg\u00e9es a Londres pour mon compte sous la marque PSD No 1 & 2. Sur le Nre La Concorde, qui Fut pris par un de vos Corsaires dans sa travers\u00e9e venant i\u00e7y: ce Nre, \u00e9tait Neutre, ainsi que moi etant Fran\u00e7ais; attestation que Je remis du consul de ma Nation; \u00c7elle de la facture  qui monte L Sterlins 820:4s:8d.; et le connaissement en ma faveur a monsieur Franklin a Paris pour les reclamer; Je re\u00e7eus la repon\u00e7e suivante.\u201ca challiot pr\u00e9s Paris le 9: De\u00e7embre 1777:Mr. Monsr Franklin m\u2019a remis comme Deput\u00e9 du congr\u00e9s pour L\u2019Espagne, la lettre quil a re\u00e7eu de Vous relativement aux Marchandises appartenantes a vous prises par un de nos Corsaires.J\u2019ay l\u2019honneur de vous avertir la dessus, que la copie de tous les papiers sur cette affaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 expedi\u00e9 au congr\u00e9s, et que vous pouv\u00e9s compt\u00e9r Sur leur Justi\u00e7e. Je vous envoye au meme temps une lettre adress\u00e9e a tous Nos Capitaines et Commandants, que Je vous prie de Vouloir bien montr\u00e9r a tous Ceux qui Viendront dans vos ports. Vous Aur\u00e9s la bont\u00e9 d\u2019etre persuade Mr. qu\u2019il n\u2019y a rien plus contraire aux Intentions du Congr\u00e9s que de faire tort, ou de le souffrir d\u2019etre Fait au sujet des nations neutres.J\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre av\u00e9c la consideration la plus Distingu\u00e9e Monsr. vre tres Humble & tres obt Sr: Arthur Lee\u201dFaites moi la Gra\u00e7e Vre Exce de me dire comment le Congr\u00e9s a regl\u00e9 cet objet afin que je puisse me conform\u00e9r a \u00e7e que Je la prie de me faire l\u2019honneur de me prescrire.J\u2019ay Celui D\u2019etre av\u00e9c Respect / Monsieur / de Votre Excellen\u00e7e / Le tres Humble et tres  / Obeissant serviteur. \n\t\t\t\t\tCre: Deschamps", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0773", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 30 September 1789\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston 30 Sept. 1789\nYour letter of 18th. I received last Evening & it was particularly acceptable as I had experienced much Uneasiness from the Time which had intervened since your last Favour. Notwithstanding your kind Hint at the Close of it, I was chagrined, greatly so, by reading the Paper of this Morning. Not, because I was not named as a Judge, for I think the Judges from this State are well selected & I know their Pretensions in various Respects better founded than any I could lay claim to\u2014But the Appointment of the Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, has disappointed me. The Man Who has obtained that Place has been built up a very handsome Estate in Consequence of his Agency for most of the Refugees who had Debts due to them in this Country, & which most lucrative Employment he got by the Sollicitations of his Father while he continued in England as a Refugee. I never heard of any Attachment or Services shewn by his Family to this Country, but something very different the public Acts of this Commonwealth attest to.\u2014\nBut my Humiliation is forgot in the Assurance of the Continuence of your Friendship, & I have now only to regret the occasioning you Trouble in my behalf; & that I ever wrote a Line on the Subject to the President. Blessed is the Man who never expecteth for he shall never be disappointed. This Beatitude in future I will make my own, & thus I bid adieu to the Subject forever.\nIt is singular that Massachusetts should continue \"Nothing\" from a Want of System & Union in her Delegates. And what is still more disgraceful that Her paltry Policy, & debasing \u0152conomy should withhold a Compensation for the Noblest Services of her ablest Citizens. Had the Vice President been born on the other Side the Potomac, how greatly would his Foreign services & American Merits have been estimated! As he belongs to New England, it is to be left to Posterity to do Justice to his Character, his Talents & his unparalleled Negotiations. And with such a glorious future Prospect, a Man ought to be content to be a Beggar\u2014say the ungrateful, the Envious & the Miserly.\nI am most truly yours\nWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0774", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Marston Watson, 30 September 1789\nFrom: Watson, Marston\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nMarblehead Sepr. 30 1789\nA Fish Club of Gentlemen in this Town bearing Strong Sentiments of Esteem & respect for your private Character, and with all others of your Countrymen cannot but admire the lustre of your public Negociations while in Europe, & the more, as they feel Indebted for your good Service to their branch of business;\u2014therefore hope that they may be Indulg\u2019d to offer with Propriety, attendant on their Sincere Expressions of Gratitude, a few Quintals of their best Table fish\u2014wch. they have requested me to procure & transmit to you,\u2014in whose behalf I am, with grateful Esteem / Your Excellency\u2019s / most humble servt.\nMarston Watson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0775", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Pieter Johan van Berckel, 1 October 1789\nFrom: van Berckel, Pieter Johan\nTo: Adams, John\nHanover Square Oct. 1. 1789\nMr. Van Berckel presents his respectfull Compliments to Mr. Adams, & regrets extremely, that he Cannot have the honour of dining with Him to day, having been indisposed for some time, & not being well enough to venture out this day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0776", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 2 October 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston 2d October 1789\nI have to acknowledge the honor of receiving yours of the 17th & 21st instant\nIn my Letter of the 18th of Agust, I suggested to your consideration, the idea of encreasing the circulating medium of the United States, by some kind of paper Credit. I hinted that I believed, the duties, and import, Established, would call for more cash than is in circulation within the Union, and that there was no instance in any Country where one half of their medium passes through the public treasury annually. In your obliging answer, you reply, that the money, as soon as received into the treasury, will be again paid to the creditors of Government, and so be passed immediately into circulation. And that the States are destitute of that Credit which is necessary to the support of a proper currency. These positions may be both true, but I am by no means convinced of the certainty of the one last mentioned, provided the government is administred with firmness moderation and prudence.\nI have been in the Country upon business where money would have appeared if there had been any, and do assure you, that since my first introduction into the world, I never new so much complaint, or saw so much foundation for complaining. Our Common people have more money than the peasants of other Countries, but you know Sir, that their Leaders in the revolution engaged that they should have more. Their habits of expenditure cannot be suddenly changed without great convulsions, and perhaps civil war. It is no easy task to learn to bear poverty with patience but I only mean this as an apology for having troubled you on the subject, and urge the matter no further: Time decides upon all things.\nI have read with great pleasure yours of the 21st., wherein you mention with great strength of expression, your determination to urge with integrity, those political principles which tend to give Government a proper balance, and consequently to secure to the people, those rights, for which all good governments are instituted. I believe the people are too sensible of your services to treat you ill, and that your fellow citizens are too much enlightened to persecute a real friend. If your are ever injured, it will be by those, who from a real regard to the principles of despotism abhor every one who took an active part in the late revolution, or by them who have no idea of government, but as it affords them wealth and emolument. These will court you while you are in power to serve them, but the moment your old friends, and the real People at large shall be induced to neglect you, these men will fatten on the triumph.\nI might complain of being used not so well as I think I had aught to expect; I engaged early in defense of my Countrys freedom, God knows it was on the purest, and most disinterested principles. I spent the prime of my life in Legislative, and Judicial, Capacities with no Emolument but paper money. I have, while there, been threatened with halters, gaols, &c., by men who are now in the warm Embraces of Government. When the People by an unhappy combination of circumstances were exceedingly oppressed, and a number of them run mad, I took those healing measures on our small scale, which Necker is taking in the great world: and Established without shedding blood by the civil arms, peace, and tranquility. For I believe that in all civil commotions, the less blood there is shed by the civil authority, the more lasting the succeeding peace will be. When the Constitution of the United States was submitted to the Consideration of the people, notwithstanding the  fervor which then reigned, I was honest enough to express my wishes for such amendments as I considered essentially necessary to guard those rights which my Countrymen have bled to preserve, and for no other amendments than what Congress have agreed to, but for this, I find myself neglected by the national government, as I do not want an office for the Emolument of it, so I can make myself very happy with the esteem and love of the people in private life.\nYour ideas of an equipoise of powers in civil Government are always entertaining, and instructive to me, and I am generally cautious of expressing opinions to one, on whom the Learned world looks with so much respect as they do on you, but out of respect to you, I will venture to offer a few observations.\nAll writers upon civil government agree, that there naturally exists three powers, which in a free Government can never be united in one man, or in one body of men: that such a Constitution as these writers speak of ever existed, complete in all its parts I have yet to learn. The Europeans pretend that their orders of nobility Aristocratic bodies forming one balance of the three powers, but it appears to me, that the nobility in every kingdom in Europe are an artificial, and not a natural branch of government, and that the people at large, while they suffer much by, & derive no other benefit from them, than what arises from the wars between them and the sovereign power: without any regard in either for the rights of the people.\nWhen the United States declared themselves Independent, they became separate sovereignties: and according to Montesque, and other writers, the people were both sovereign, and subjects. Their magistrates were their ministers to Execute the Laws, while the body of the people were the supreme legislatures.\nUpon the adoption of the General Government, a part of this Sovereignty was yielded, but the several states yet possess a great share of that Sovereignty, over the subjects, and property they held before.\nIn the departments of the General Government I cannot find any provision expressly made for the three great powers so much talked of. The President under certain advisory checks, holds the Executive Power; the Senate, and House, under the Check of the President\u2019s negative hold the Legislative Authority. The Senate is said to be a substitute for an aristocratic body, but while the two Houses of the Legislature, in the several states choose the Senators, they are still but the representatives of the People though introduced by a sort of double refinement in election.\nAn Aristocracy, as I conceive of it, must be independent both of Sovereign and People, hence it follows that a Democracy cannot admit the appearance of an Aristocratic body. When I say an Aristocracy is independent of the sovereign and the People, I mean that they are so, as to their future existence and duration.\nThe supreme Judicial holds that office during good behaviour, which is a tenure quite incompatible with the ideas of an Aristocracy, but this tenure, however pompous it may sound, when cooly examined will be found to be no more than a tenancy at will. And what is worse it depends upon the legislative branch for existence. Though the judges are appointed by the Supreme Executive, during good behaviour; and their salaries irrevocably fixed by the Legislature, yet they may be impeached by the House, and tried and removed by the Senate. Therefore should there ever be a time, when the President, House and Senate, shall agree upon a law for changing the Constitution, and the judges shall refuse to carry it into Execution, they may be removed by one branch of the Legislative power, and their seats filled with men who will act in consort with the other powers of State. Then where is the Counterpoise which is so much talked of? It may be answered that the judges will have integrity and firmness enough to do right. That no doubt is the case with the Present Bench, nor is there Danger of a violation of the Constitution in the Present age. But these observations if they have any weight, may be used to prove all Constitutional checks, and balances to be unnecessary.\nThe method taken by all the Governments that I know any thing about to support themselves, and counterpoise their systems, is to rob the People of their Wealth, their liberty, and their understanding, and to press them down with standing armies, and all this under pretense of defending them from a foreign power, which could not make them more unhappy, even by a Conquest. But this can never be made the case in America, because the People have got a habit of understanding their own interests, and cannot lose the use of arms.\nBut I am by no means aware, that the insufficiency of the Judicial, to counterpoise the other powers of Government in the plan adopted by the People of the United States, can ever become dangerous. The constitution has made as I conceive full provision in this case. The existence of the states with uncontroullable, and sovereign powers in some things, is preserved and guarenteed by the General Government and are necessary to the election of Presidt, vice President, and Senators. The legislature of each hath certain honor, rights, and privileges which they will jealously defend, and their very Existence as Sovereign states depends upon the preservation of the balance of the new general Government. To these I look as the most powerful checks, and contemplate them as possessing all the power necessary both to Counterpoise the Union, and to defend the people against the encroachments which may in future ages be attempted upon their liberty.\nThis species of balance may no doubt be attended with all the evils which you mention as flowing from the encampment of great men, in the various parts of the Continent, but there can be no way to prevent it, unless by the mode of European Governments, that is to rob the people of the power of acting at all, for nature has irrevocably established it, that where man has the power of doing good, he has the power of doing evil. You must therefore rob the people of the power of free agency, or they may do wrong.\nIn a government where the people have any share of freedom, and profess any quantity of property, the beam of balance will be always vibrating, and will turn more, or less according to the agitation of the surrounding atmosphere, or other accidents. This flows forever from the imperfection of man, and must for the sake of the rights of numan nature, be born in the political, as we bear storms, and tempests, in the natural world.\nThe dependence I have for peace and good order, is in the wise administration of all our governments, and in the intelligence and goodness of my Countrymen. They possess property, and hope for more, and have given full evidence of their wishing for a government to protect man in the enjoyment of it. They have indeed unhappily fallen into such mistakes and irregularities, as will essentially injure them, but I believe their habits are quite averse to the frequent repetition of them.\nShould the Americans ever become ignorant, poor, and undisciplined, a strong state may be erected on the ruins of freedom, but I believe they never will. Should such a government succeed, it will wan voluptious, arrogant, arbitrary, and cruel, and finally like the Roman, & other empires will die of wounds received from its own hands.\nShould there ever be an unhappy controversy between the general government, and the particular states, a division of the whole into two or more states will be the probable Consequence, when the northern states will contend still for freedom, but how long they will hold a free constitution, the Century in which the controversy shall take place may determine.\nAt present we can be in no danger while the general government is administred with impartiality, moderation, and prudence. An attempt to alter the constitution or to infringe the rights of the particular states, would undoubtedly kindle a fire to be quenched only with blood.\nI do not give you the trouble of reading this, supposing you would be instructed by it, or that any thing I can write will be entertaining to you: but I wish you to believe that I am fully convinced, that the happiness of a people, depends much upon the principles of the Government under which they live, and that I am firmly of opinion, that the United Independence of America must be preserved by Moderation, Prudence, & Virtue, as certainly as it was acquired by Wisdom, Valour and firmness.\nI have the honor to be / with sentiments of the highest / respect your most obedient / and most humble Servt.\nJa. Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0778", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Cushing, 16 October 1789\nFrom: Cushing, William\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir,\nMiddletown Octo. 16. Friday Eveng  at Mr. Parson\u2019s the Sheriff\u2019s. 1789\nI have this moment been informed of your arrival in town, & should instantly have done myself the honor of waiting on you, were it not that I have been confined to house a day or two with an extreme bad cold, which makes it unsafe for me to venture out in the Evening; If I should be deprived of the pleasure of Seeing you here, by reason of your early departure in the morning (as I understand you intend out Early) I shall do myself the pleasure of calling on you at Braintree as I go to Cambridge Court week after next. I should have Set out hence day before yesterday for Taunton Court, had I not been detained by this Cold. With the highest Esteem I am Sir your humble Servt.\nWm Cushing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0779", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Cushing, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cushing, William\nDear Sir\nMiddleton Octr. 17. 1789\nWhen I received your Letter of Yesterday it was too late to go out, or I should have instantly waited on you at Mr Parsons\u2019s. this Morning I set out so early that it would be uncivil to oblige You to rise otherwise I would call on you before We go.\u2014\nI hope to have the Pleasure to see you at Braintree or Cambridge.\nGive me leave to congratulate you on your appointment to the national Bench, and to hope that you will soon give me an Opportunity to see You and Mrs Cushing at New York. I am / with great Regard, Sir yours\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0780", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Brand Hollis, 28 October 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hollis, Thomas Brand\nDEAR SIR,Boston, October 28, 1789.\nIt was not till the last evening that I had the pleasure of your favour, with the pamphlets. They were sent to New-York, but had not arrived when I left it. Mrs. A. has sent the letter back to me. Accept of my thanks for the kindness.\nThis town has been wholly employed in civilities to the president for some days, and greater demonstrations of confidence and affection are not, cannot be given, in your quarter of the globe to their adored crowned heads.\nI wrote to you, my dear friend, a year ago, by a vessel which was lost at sea, and have been much mortified that I have not been able to write to you oftener. But we are men of business here, whether we will or no; and so many things that give us only trouble crowd in upon us, that we have little time left for those which would afford us pleasure.\nMy country has assigned me a station, which requires constant attention and painful labour: but I shall go through it with cheerfulness, provided my health can be preserved in it. There is a satisfaction in living with our beloved chief, and so many of our venerable patriots, that no other country, and no other office in this country, could afford me.\nWhat is your opinion of the struggle in France? Will it terminate happily? Will they be able to form a consitution? You know that in my political creed, the word liberty is not the thing; nor is resentment, revenge, and rage, a constitution, nor the means of obtaining one. Revolutions perhaps can never be effected without them: but men should always be careful to distinguish an unfortunate concomitant of the means from the means themselves: and especially not to mistake the means for the end.\nMy most cordial regards to all our friends, and believe me to be ever yours,\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0781", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Department of the Treasury, 28 October 1789 to 22 April 1792\nFrom: Department of the Treasury\nTo: Adams, John\nUnited States to the Vice President\nDollars1789.28. Octr. Warrant signed by the secretary of the Treasury. 2. Decr. Entered in the Registers office. 10. Decr. Indorsed by me for100013 Nov. Warrant signed By the secretary of the Treasury. 2. Decr. Entered in the Registers office. 10 Der. Indorsed by me for20001790Jan 210001790Feb.1000May 17.1000July 9500Aug. 250071000Septr. 241000Nov. 2010001791.March 4.1000April 271000April 30.1000Oct. 201000Decr. 2410001792Feb. 7.1000April1000April 221000", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0782", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 28 October 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston, October 28, 1789.\nIt was not till the last evening that I had the pleasure of your favour, with the pamphlets. They were sent to New-York, but had not arrived when I left it. Mrs. A. has sent the letter back to me. Accept of my thanks for the kindness.This town has been wholly employed in civilities to the president for some days, and greater demonstrations of confidence I\nand affection are not, cannot be given, in your quarter of the globe to their adored crowned heads.I wrote to you, my dear friend, a year ago, by a vessel which was lost at sea, and have been much mortified that I have not been able to write to you oftener. But we are men of business here, whether we will or no; and so many things that give us only trouble crowd in upon us, that we have little time left for those which would afford us pleasure.My country has assigned me a station, which requires constant attention and painful labour: but I shall go through it with cheerfulness, provided my health can be preserved in it. There is a satisfaction in living with our beloved chief, and so many of our venerable patriots, that no other country, and no other office in this country, could afford me.What is your opinion of the struggle in France? Will it terminate happily? Will they be able to form a consitution? You know that in my political creed, the word liberty is not the thing; nor is resentment, revenge, and rage, a constitution, nor the means of obtaining one. Revolutions perhaps can never be effected without them: but men should always be careful to distinguish an unfortunate concomitant of the means from the means themselves: and especially not to mistake the means for the end.My most cordial regards to all our friends, and believe me to be ever yours,\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0784", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Marston Watson, 7 November 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Watson, Marston\nSir\nBraintree November 7. 1789\nThe Letter you did me the honor to write me, on the thirtieth of September, has been to New York; and from thence transmitted to this place; but it never reached my hand, till the night before last. The Sentiments of Esteem for my private Character, expressed by Gentlemen who are probably Strangers to me, are very obliging: & the approbation of my possible Conduct abroad, lays me under Still greater Obligations.\nThe Fisheries are so essential to the Commerce and naval power of this Nation, that it is astonishing that any one Citizen Should have been found, indifferent about them. But it is certain that, at a Time, when there were Reasons to expect that more than one foreign nation would endeavour to deprive us of them, there were many Americans indifferent, and not a few even disposed to give them away.\u2014A knowledge of this was the first and strongest motive with me to embark for Europe a first and a Second time.\u2014after all however, the final Presentation of the Fisheries was owing to Causes so Providential that I can never look back upon them without Reverence and Emotion. Your approbation, Sir and that of your Friends of the Part I acted in that Negotiation, give me great Pleasure\nThe Present of four Boxes of Fish, has been received in my absence by my Family; and is in every point of View very acceptable to me. As an amateur I shall regale myself and my Friends: as a Well wisher to the Trade I shall endeavour to make the Dish fashionable at New York: and I pray You and your Companions to accept of my Sincere Thanks, for the favour, and my best Wishes for their Pleasure Profit and Prosperity, in the Prosecution of the Fisheries. May you and they live to see a Commerce and a naval Power growing out of your Occupations, which shall render this, the first and most respectable of maritime Nations. I am, Sir with my best Compliments to your Friends and much Esteem for / yourself your most obedient and most / humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0785", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Walton, 7 November 1789\nFrom: Walton, George\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nAugusta, 7 November, 1789.\nYou have my thanks for the letter which you did me the favor to write to me on the 25th. of september last; and while I express some small disappointment on the subject of it, I beg leave to give you the assurance of a chearful acquiescence. I know that disappointment has often been the cause of opposition and faction: but I trust that I have made a better estimate of men, and of the blessings of society and good Government, than to suffer myself to be governed by its influence. As a proof of this I take the liberty of repeating my application, in the same line, and to the same persons, for employment under the general Government.\u2014Report says, at this place, that Mr. Rutledge has declined accepting the appointment as one of the associate Judges; and the policy of diffusing the appointments will, no doubt, continue to operate. In this view I stand upon the same ground as Mr. Rutledge did; and with respect to pretensions, if they do not evidence themselves, they ought not to be attended to. In any event your approbation will console me.\nThe sentiments you express upon the general principles of Government, and of the present condition of America, are perfectly satisfactory to my mind; and, as to office, I have felt, perhaps, too confident on that foundation: but I can truly assure you, that, since the 1st. day of July 1776, my conduct, in every station in life, has corresponded with the result of that great question which you so ably and faithfully developed on that day\u2014a scene which has ever been present to my mind. It was then that I felt the strongest attachments; and they have never departed from me.\nShould any principle, dangerous to the present views of future welfare, be generated in this quarter, or any thing otherwise eventful present itself, I will take an early occasion of communicating with you; and should you feel it justifiable to withdraw your attention from the engagements of your situation, and somtimes write to me, I shall be particularly obliged: for in truth, Sir, / I am, with the greatest respect and / esteem, / Your most obedient Servant,\nGeo Walton.Colonel Gunn, who is now with me and very well, desires his respectful compliments.\nI have just heard that Mr. Drayton, of South-Carolina, is recommended. I am not acquainted with him: but the fact is, that, altho a native, he was a british subject, and  a british judge, during the whole Revolution. What idea will be formed of Justice, if such men are preferred?\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0787", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles William Frederic Dumas, 15 November 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederic\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur\n\t\t\t\tApr\u00e8s avoir pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 Votre Excellence, dan une pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, l\u2019expression de mes sentimens sur son \u00e9levation au Poste \u00e9minent qu\u2019Elle occupe, permettez, Monsieur, qu\u2019en les confirmant j\u2019y ajoute aujourd\u2019hui de nouvelles f\u00e9licitations sur les dignes Coop\u00e9rateurs au bien public, qu\u2019Elle vient d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir par la nomination aux Postes \u00e9minents de Secretaire d\u2019Etat, Chef de Justice, & Tr\u00e9sorier genl., de personnages d\u2019un m\u00e9rite aussi grand, & universellement applaudis, que le sont Leurs Exces. MM. Th. Jefferson, Jn. Jay, & Al. Hamilton.\u2014Mon coeur, comprim\u00e9 par tout ce que je vois se passer autour de moi en Europe, se dilate \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019une Administration,  telle que le sera celle de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Am\u00e9ricaine entre des mains si sages & si habiles. Vous ferez honte, Messieurs, &, s. p. \u00e0 Dieu, la le\u00e7on la plus salutaire, \u00e0 cette Europe; j\u2019ose le pr\u00e9dire.\u2014Dans ce moment, j\u2019apprends que le D\u00e9partement de la Guerre est pareillement rempli par S.E. Mr. le Genl. Knox; & je differe de finir la pr\u00e9sente, pour le mander \u00e0 Mr. Luzac, a fin qu\u2019il l\u2019ajoute au reste que je lui ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 comuniqu\u00e9.\u2014Dieu le b\u00e9nisse aussi avec touts les autres, le L\u00e9gislatif, l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif, la judiciaire, le maritime, tout le peuple Am\u00e9ricain, madame votre Epouse, \u2026 famille, & votre Excellence, de qui je suis avec le plus respectueux attachement, le tr\u00e8s-humble, & tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant servit.\n\t\t\t\t\tCwf Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0790", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Hendrik Fagel, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Fagel, Hendrik\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsie\u00far.\n\t\t\t\t\ta la Ha\u00ffe ce 30 novembre 1789\n\t\t\t\tLa lettre, dont vous m\u2019av\u00e9s honor\u00e9 le 26 Ma\u00ff m\u2019est bien parvenue dans son temps, avec le second, et troisieme tome de votre O\u00favrage, qu\u00e9 je desirois beauco\u00fap d\u2019avoir, a ca\u00fase de son conten\u00fa interessant,. La maniere, dont vous av\u00e9s developp\u00e9 vos principes s\u00far la meille\u00fare forme de gouvernement ne peut etre qu\u2019approuv\u00e9e generalement, et il seroit a so\u00fahaiter, qu\u2019il p\u00fat etre s\u00faivi par tout, mais les circonstances ne permettent pas toujo\u00fars de le mettre en ex\u00e9cution. J\u2019ai appris avec \u00fan veritable plaisir, Monsie\u00far, qu\u00e9 le nouvea\u00fa gouvernement vo\u00fas a choisi, comme Vice-President, dont j\u2019ai l\u2019honne\u00far de vous Feliciter. So\u00fas votre sage direction, et celui de Votre Illustre Chef, on ne pe\u00fat, qu\u00e9 bien augurer po\u00far la Republiqu\u00e9 des Etats Unis, \u00e0 laquelle je souhaite to\u00fate sorte de bonhe\u00far et de prosperit\u00e9, avec la conservation de la paix, qu\u00ed vous convient, a\u00fassi bien qu\u2019a no\u00fas. Die\u00fa veuille nous l\u2019accorder longtemps.Notre ami comm\u00fan, Dr Maclaine a et\u00e9 tr\u00e9s sensible a Votre souvenir. Il  vous donnera lui meme de ses nouvelles, Il ne me reste, qu\u00e9 de vous ass\u00farer de la haute estime, et de l\u2019attachement respect\u00faeux, avec lequ\u00e9l j\u2019ai l\u2019honne\u00far d\u2019etre, / Monsie\u00far / Votre tres humble et tres obeissant servite\u00far \n\t\t\t\t\tH. Fagel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0791", "content": "Title: Memorandum Concerning Negotiations with the Emperor of Morocco, 3 December 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \nOn the 28th. Day of June 1786 Mr. Barclay concluded a Treaty with the Emperor of Morocco.\u2014\nOn the 1st and 25th. Days of January 1787 the said Treaty was conditionally ratified by Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson,\u2014under whose Direction the Negociations for it were placed by Congress, and conducted by Mr. Barclay.\u2014\nOn the 18th. Day of July 1787 the said Treaty was finally ratified by Congress.\u2014\nOn the 23d. Day of July 1787 Congress wrote a Letter to the Emperor, and transmitted it together with their Ratification to Mr. Jefferson; and Mr. Jay wrote at the same Time to Tahar Fennish the Emperor\u2019s Minister, thanking him for his Civilities to Mr. Barclay &c:\u2014\nMr. Barclay before he left Morocco, appointed Don Francisco Chiappe Agent at Morocco, Don Joseph Chiappe at Mogadore, and Don Gulielmo Chiappe at Tangier, subject to the Pleasure of Congress.\u2014\nOn the 23d. of July 1787 Congress confirmed these appointments.\u2014\nOn the 24th of July 1787 Mr. Jay wrote to Mr. Jefferson, informing him that it was the Pleasure of Congress, that their Ministers at Versailles and London should regularly correspond with those Agents.\u2014\nOn the 26th. July 1787 Mr. Jay wrote in like manner to Mr. Carmichael.\u2014\nMr. Jefferson enclosed among other Papers in his Letter of 23d. May 1788, a Copy of a Declaration of 23d. February 1788 of the Emperor in Favor of the Americans, distinguishing between the English and them, and granting them for three Years the Privilege of paying in his Ports only 5 percent Duty on the Importation of their Merchandizes. These Papers arrived the 31st. of July, and were communicated to Congress the 1st. August 1788.\u2014\nOn the 29th. May 1788 Mr. Jay received a Letter from Mr. Barclay, dated 27th. of same Month, mentioning his having received the like Intelligence from Joseph Chiappe; and on the same day Mr. Jay communicated it to Congress.\u2014\nIn a letter of the 5th. November 1788, which arrived in May 1789, Mr. Charmichael transmitted the following papers, Vizt.\nCopies of two Letters from Francisco Chiappe to him of 20th. August and 5th. October 1788, conveying the Emperor\u2019s Assurances of Amity &c.\u2014\nA Letter from Francisco Chiappe to the President of Congress of 20th. August 1788, informing that his Letter of 23d. July 1787 and the Ratification of the Treaty had been received by the Emperor of Morocco.\u2014\nA Letter from the Emperor of Morocco to Congress of 17th.\u2014August 1788, enclosing Copies of Letters he had written to the Bashas of Tunis and Tripoli in Favor of the United States.\u2014\nOn the 20th. July 1789 Mr. Jay received a letter from Mr. Barclay of that Date, mentioning that the present would be a favorable juncture to attempt to form Treaties with the Porte, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and enclosing the following Papers, Vizt.\nA letter to him from Joseph Chiappe of 28th. March 1789 complaining of his silence, and mentioning the commercial a Advantages the Americans enjoy in the Emperor\u2019s Dominions.\u2014\nCopy of a Letter from Francisco to Joseph Chiappe of 12th. February, together with Joseph\u2019s Answer of 24th. February 1789, respecting the Indulgence granted for three years by the Emperor to such Americans as trade to his Ports, of only paying half Duties on their Importations.\u2014\nTwo Letters from Guiseppe Chiappe of 25th. April and 18th. July 1789 to the President of Congress, complaining of no late Advices having been received from the United States, intimating the Expediency of more Attention, stating the Case of Captain Proctor, who had been taken by the Emperor\u2019s Cruisers, and released by his Majestys Orders, and mentioning the Emperor\u2019s Enquiries relative to our Ports &c:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0792", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jan Willink, 8 December 1789\nFrom: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAmsterdam 8 Decemb. 1789\nShortly after we had the pleasure of paying you our respects under date of the 30 April, we were honored with your Letter of 2 Decemb. A.P.; for its Contents we pray you to be assured of our Sincere thanks, & to do us the Justice to believe that we shall with pleasure embrace every Opportunity that may present for cultivating our private Correspondence, that you express such a desire of Continuing.\u2014\nWe have as yet only been enabled to send the first Volume of your Defence of the American Government to the several Gentlemen as desired, instead of receiving the compleat sett from Mr: Dilly, we have only reced the first & third Volumes; on which we addressed him, requesting to be furnished with the Second Volume that we might comply with your directions without delay, in reply he informed us that fifty Copies of that volume were Shipp\u2019d us per the Margaretha in Septr. 87. & that as he cou\u2019d not find the Captns. receipt for the parcell, he presumed it had been transmitted us, We immediately made enquiry of the Ships broker who informed us that she arrived here the 5 Oct: 87, but that he cou\u2019d get no intelligence of any such parcell having been on board, which we wrote Mr. Dilly desiring he wou\u2019d send us fifty other Copies, as it is not natural to suppose that you shou\u2019d suffer through any neglect or omission of his, for had he given us proper Information in due time of the Shipping, we shou\u2019d have taken the necessary care to have made application for them on the Vessels arrival, he now informs us in reply to this, that he can say nothing further respecting the Books, but that he will write you Concerning them, in which case you will now be enabled to give him a reply.\nThe present Political Situation of Europe renders it rather difficult to ground any Opinion on the future events that may arise, we hope nothing will tend to involve our Republick into a War, the blessings of Peace are invaluable at all times, but especially when we see them at the greatest distance, at least they are rendered the more to them, because the impossibility of enjoying them is greater.\u2014\nWe are highly gratified to observe that the chief offices under your new Government, are filled by such Characters as give universal Satisfaction, & shall be truely happy to learn the Continuation of such Steps, as will procure a great degree of respectability to your Executive, as well as Legislative authority.\u2014\nOur Ladies consider themselves particularly obliged by your kind remembrance of them, & have requested to join us in best respects to you & Mrs: Adams.\u2014\nWith assurances of our Sincere respect & Esteem, we have the honor to Subscribe ourselves / Sir / Your most obdt: & Hble Servants\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nMr. Dilly never wrote us the least word at the time of his Shipping the Copies of the second Volume, thus it was not in our power to have made inquiry respecting them till we reced information of the Transaction.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0793", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Kean, 14 December 1789\nFrom: Kean, John\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNew York Decemr: 14th: 1789\u2014\nIn conformity to your request I have the honor to mention such circumstances as came to my knowledge relative to the Gun powder taken by the South Carolinians in 1775\u2014I have not my papers with me therefore cannot be precise as to the day\u2014but think it was in the month of May 1775 that parties of the Militia in the Southern part of So. Carolina were ordered to watch for the arrival of a vessel at Tybee (the entrance of the Port of Savannah) said to be loaded with Gun powder and other articles for the Indian trade; Georgia not having at that time associated with the other Colonies altho a very strong party of Whigs then existed in it\u2014This party also were on the watch for the same vessel\u2014immediately on her getting into Tybee Sound she was boarded by both parties\u2014after a short time a division of the Gun powder was made & the part which fell to the share of Carolina was sent to Beaufort\u2014from thence Lieut. Doharty & myself were ordered with a party of Militia to escort the Gun powder to Charleston this I think was in June\u2014we proceeded until we came within about 25 Miles of Charleston by water where we were met by a party of the Charleston artillery with orders to put the gunpowder on board a small vessel laying in a creek at North Edisto which was effected and this is the gunpowder I have always understood that arrived very opportunely at the Camp before Boston\u2014\nThe other parcel was taken from a vessel lying off Augustine bar\u2014the manner of which was as follows\u2014The Council of Safety despatched a fast sailing Sloop under the command of Captn. Semprere accompanied by Captns. Tufts, Hatter and several others by the inland navagation to Beaufort where they were reinforced by a party of the Militia\u2014(volunteers)\u2014they went to Sea over Port royal bar & found the vessel had arrived a day or two before\u2014a guard of British soldiers were on board\u2014some had gone up with a part of the Cargoe to Augustine & were hourly expected back again\u2014the vessel was also armed\u2014I think the number of soldiers onboard from the best information were 12 or 14 they were disarmed\u2014the guns of the vessel spiked\u2014about 15 or 20,000 pounds of Gun power put on board the sloop which arrived safely at Beaufort\u2014this I think was in August 1775\u2014it was expected Mr Tonyn the British governor of East Florida would have attempted to have retaken it\u2014to prevent which a company of the new raised troops and two or three companies of Militia from Charleston were ordered to join the country Militia to defend it\u2014but he contented himself with sending to Charleston Bar to intercept the Sloop at that point\u2014while she was conducted safely by the inland passage\u2014some of this powder might have also been sent northwardly and I think Ramsay mentions in his Revolution of So. Carolina that it was\u2014\nWith great respect / I have the honor to be / Sir / Yr. Obt. Servant\nJohn Kean", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0794", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Smith, 14 December 1789\nFrom: Smith, William\nTo: Adams, John\nSir.\nBoston. 14th Decr. 1789.\nBy direction of the Boston Marine Society, I have the honor to forward you by the Honble. Mr. Otis a Certificate of your Admission as a Member of that Society the 6th of November 1788.\nI am with Respect Yr H Servt.\nWm Smith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0795", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Lovell, 19 December 1789\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston Decr. 19th. 1789\nThough I know of your extreme Delicacy as to any Interference in the executive Affairs of the USs. yet to you I must apply; for, Heaven & Secretary Jackson know I may be chagrined in an Attempt to address the President.\nI am in Dread least an Action should take place which will renew Vigor of the Opponents & damp the Spirits of the Friends of Government: And, it will be out of Time to await the Motions of a deliberate legislature.\nThe enclosed Copy of a letter will explain my Dread. If it appears well-founded and of sufficient Importance to call for a speedy Remedy, a very mild but efficacious one may be suggested. The President may see the circular instructions of Octr. 31st. and advise that it be immediately followed by another stating the Point \"To appear, upon Review, to be of such a Kind as to need, perhaps, Legislative Attention;\" and therefore proposing to the Collectors to stay all Proceedings therein \"Till they hear again from the Treasury.\nI am totally rong in my Conceptions of the Business, or else it may be expected that one single Suit commenced in each of the States would produce a Multitude of News paper Suggestions of a very unpleasant Sort both respecting the General Government and its new Law Courts.\nAm I consummately impudent in this application? Whatever may be your Judgement of it, you may be assured I will attribute so much of that Charge to myself as to keep my Doings herein a profound Secret.\nI am endeavoring to break the Neck of some Enemies to the French Consulate here. You must know I admire that Institution, because by the Kings Ordinances it\u2019s Chancery has all the Spirit & Essence of our Jury of Equals.\nThe Herald enclosed proclaims my first Onset, as the Printer of it did not feel my sly Knock at his licentiousness so sensibly as to refuse me the Use of his Types.\nHere, I am aground; for, as your Lady has all my Regards, what have I left for you? The Jus Mairti must relieve me. Demand you Quantum from the Bone of your Bone or as RTP Esquire would quaintly gallicize it\u2014from that Bonne of You Bon.\nJames Lovell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0796", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Marchant, 19 December 1789\nFrom: Marchant, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nNewport State of Rhode Island Decr. 19th. 1789\nYours of the 17th. of Sepr. I have been honored with.\u2014I truly esteem myself so by every mark of Your Attention\u2014Your unexpected Visit to Boston prevented an Answer sooner\u2014My Concern as a Friend to my Country is awakened at the Account You gave of some disagreeable symptoms attending your Breast upon close Attention, and in publick Speaking. How We can spare You from the first I scarce can tell\u2014But you must somewhat abate in the Severity of it\u2014As to the latter Reading &c, I would advise that You let one of the Clerks do all the publick Reading, even every Motion made.\u2014I know many Explanations and Observations Opinions &c. &c. must be expected from the Chair; but You have a peculiar Faculty of speaking multum in parvo\u2014\nI was very glad to find upon my Return that my Family had found out your Son:\u2014He had taken up Lodging and could not be tempted to release them. His very agreable Manners and Improvements rendered Him too entertaining to cause any Regret, but that of His too suddenly leaving the Town\u2014We hope Mr. Adams and His, will never pass Us without Notice\u2014\nYou must be right, and I stand corrected as to the Time of the Prediction &c. I heretofore alluded to\u2014It must have been,\u2014I well remember it was at Philadelphia\u2014The Matter, and the Effect of it, as it struck my Mind, and to all Appearance every Member present I never can forget.\u2014I have mentioned it a hundred Times, tho\u2019 not the Author, save to a very few\u2014\nYou may remember when I had the Honor of seeing you at New-York last Sept.\u2014I informed You Our Assembly had been called specially, after I left Newport.\u2014that it boded no good;\u2014and I was confident the Govr had been induced to it, by His Friends who were alarmed at what might take Place in the New House at Octr sessions,\u2014and therefore were determined by some Means or other, if possible, to raise some Difficulty in Their Way:\u2014It turned out so.\u2014The special Assembly, (at which I arrived in Time to be mortified with their Conduct)\u2014directed Town-Meetings to be called to give their new Members Instructions\u2014Those New members had been appointed in Consequence of the Alteration which had greatly taken place in the Minds of the People as to the Paper Money System: But the People still not so much relenting in their Opposition to the new Constitution did indeed instruct their Members agt. a Convention\u2014Upon Consultation out of the House, we found most of the New Members would have wished giving a vote for a Convention, if the Disposition of the People had been any way flattering, of Success in a Convention\u2014This not being the case, it was thought prudent, the members should conduct agreeably to their Instructions, thereby to continue their Credit with their Constituents, till They might be induced to more favourable Sentiments of the new Constitution\u2014With this Opinion the old Federal Members politically coincided. Our Assembly again sits the second Monday of January\u2014The Ground is considerably changed since the Instructions given last October, The Amendments have been sent forth by Congress, And North Carolina by a very large Majority have acceeded to that Union for which I sincerely give You Joy.\nWhat effect those Circumstances may have we cannot positively conclude. We have been often deceived in Our Hopes, and I do not wish to be sanguine\u2014As to interested Motives, I know of none of much importance, that we can advance to Our Country Members that have not been already urged, that will operate till the next Fall upon Them\u2014While Our merchantile Interests on the fifteenth of January will be in a most deplorable State\u2014it has been an unhappy Circumstance hitherto, that nothing could be done by which the merchantile and Country Interests should be affected at the same time,\u2014and unless the merchantile interest is indulged till next fall, they must suffer and severly too, at least nine Months before the Country Interests can be much affected\u2014This however upon the Supposition that there should not be a voluntary giving up of former Sentiments, or the Measures of Congress should not prove sufficient Inducements to lead our People to a Spirit of Condescension\u2014\nI was at New Haven the beginning of Novr. when I placed my Son under President Stiles, in the second Year\u2014I arrived then two Hours after His Excellency The President, had left the Town on his Return to New-York\u2014\nI hope you have refreshed your Body and Spirits by Your journey; and that you found Mrs. Adams & Family well\u2014Be pleased to present my Respects & Compliments\u2014\nI am most truly / Your old and / sincere friend\nHy: Marchant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0797", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Paul Jones, 20 December 1789\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir,\nAmsterdam Decr. 20. 1789.\nThe within documents, from my Friend the Count de Segur Minister Plenipotentiary of France at St. Petersburg, will shew you in some degree my Reasons for leaving Russia, and the danger to which I have been exposed by the mean subterfuges and dark intrigues of asiatic jealousy and malice. \u2014Your former Friendship for me, which I remember with particular pleasure and have always been ambitious to merit, will I am certain be exerted in the use you will make of the three Peices I now send you, for my justification in the Eyes of my Friends in America, whose good opinion is dearer to me than any thing else.\u2014I wrote to the Empress from Warsaw in the beginning of October, and sent her Majesty a Copy of my journal; which will shew her how much she has been deceived by the account she had of our Maritime operations last Campagne. I can prove to the World at large that I have been treated unjustly, but I shall remain silent at least till I know the fate of my Journal.\nIt has long been my intention to offer you my Bust, as a mark of the respect and attachment I naturally feel for your virtues and Talents. If you do me the honor to accept it, I will order it to be immediately forwarded to you from Paris.\nI intend to remain in Europe till after the opening of the next Campaigne, and perhaps longer, before I return to America. From the troubles in Brabant, the preparations now making in Prissia and in this Country &c. I conclude that Peace is yet a distant object, and that the Baltic will witness warmer work than it has yet done. On the death of Admiral Greig, I was last Year call\u2019d from the Black Sea, by the Empress, to command a Squadron in the Baltic &c. This set the invention of all my Enemys and Rivals at work, and the event has proved that the Empress cannot always do as she pleases: I do not therefore expect to be call\u2019d again into Action.\nPresent I pray you my respectful compliments to Mrs. Adams, & believe me to be, with sincere Attachment, /Dear Sir, /  Your most obedient /and most humble Servant\nJPaul JonesMy address is under cover\n\"A Messieurs N. & J. van Staphorst\n& Hubbard \u00e0 Amsterdam.\"\nN.B. Mr. Jefferson will inform you about my Mission to Demmarc. I received there great politeness, & fine Words. That Business may soon be concluded, when America shall have created a respectable Marine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0798", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Higginson, 21 December 1789\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston Decr. 21: 1789\nI intended myself the honor of a little conversation with you, before you went to Congress, as to the trade of this State. We are suffering very much for want of a proper inspection of Our exports. That We now have, under the State Laws, is, as to most articles, worse than none\u2014It serves to conceal & encourage Frauds of every kind in preparing our exports for market. We surely can supplant Ireland in every open market, with our Beef, pork & Butter; & we can vie with the British in the various kinds of pickled fish, at any foreign port, where we are admitted. In every instance, where the Shipper has been personally attentive to have these articles well put up, we have had the preference, both on account of the quality & price; but, very few of our exporters are good Judges of these goods themselves, & fewer still can find time for such attention.\u2014I know of no way of getting our exports into good repute abroad, but by a strict inspection of them; & to Effect this, there must be a system with a responsible man of good character & information at the head of it, in each State. Let him be answerable to the Shipper who sustains any loss by having bad goods delivered him, that have passed inspection, or being branded by an inspector\u2014Let him have the power to appoint & remove persons under him, & oblige him to give large Security when he enters into office.\nHe will then take care, that none but faithful men & such as can give him ample Security shall act under him.\nEvery one then will feel a responsibility; & their interest will induce them all to do their duty. The fees which are now paid to no purpose by the Trade, are nearly sufficient for the purposes. Our exports are such as call for more than common care in fitting them for market; but the attempts made by the State to regulate them have done more hurt than good. The towns appoint such, & as many as they please, without any regard to character or qualifications; & we can hire, for the fees, the brands of many officers, or obtain their certificates for goods which they have never seen.\u2014Our Beef, pork, Butter, pot & pearl ashes, pickled fish of various kinds, flax Seed & lumbers, constitute a large proportion of our exports in value, as well as in bulk; & all these articles require inspection.\u2014This must be made as responsible & a respectable department or nothing can be effected. Governments cannot find proper men in every seaport in this state for inspectors but a good principal residing here can; nor can the trade bear the expense & loss of time, which must attend our having only one place of inspection. Every facility shd. be given, & every expense saved to the exporter; but the regulation of exports should be such as will give safety & confidence to the shipper, as to the quality, & tend to bring them into good repute abroad.\u2014\nI can not but consider your revenue system as very defective, without such a responsible man at the head of a large district. Every petty collector in our out ports now feels quite independent, having no one within 300 miles that can call his conduct in question; and I am sure that ten times the amount of the salary proper for such an officer will this year be lost, for want of his influence, care & inspection. But this defect I think will soon be remedied\u2014and it will be seen by so many, & the loss to the public will be so evident to all who attend to the Subject, that I am persuaded Comptrollers or inspectors of instructions of districts will be appointed.\u2014I should think that one man of ability & activity\u2014well acquainted with our Commerce in all its branches might be sufficient for the N. E States.\nWe suffer very much in this state from the unequal trade we now have with the British. They take from us in our vessels, even in their home ports, only such articles as they can not do without; & in their Colonies They will not admit us with any thing on any terms. Our oil is loaded by them with an enormous duty when in their own bottoms, & prohibited in ours; & yet theirs is the best now that we can find for the most valuable kind. We are totally deprived if the intercourse we had with their islands, Newfoundland Canada & Nova Scotia; they are not permitted to draw from us, even in their bottoms, the supplies they want, except in times of uncommon scarcity, or some particular articles, which They can no where else get without great trouble & expence. But they have nearly the same advantages in Our ports, they used to enjoy. Other foreigners do but little interfere with them in carrying our exports to market; &, they as yet can vie with us, & must have a large share in that branch, the tonnage &c. notwithstanding. This inequality ought not to continue, but the difficulty is how to remove it. Should we at once adopt a resentful, restrictive System, the effect may be to increase the Evil. We may lose their markets for ashes flax seed & white oil &c., which would injure the trade of this State very much; without gaining any thing to balance it; for we could not much profit by their being excluded our carrying trade, as we now pursue that branch as far as we have the means, or think it for our interest. The Government of the union has now so much the appearance of respectability & efficiency, the British may be brought, perhaps by wise & prudent measures to view it as meriting attention, & to have some respect for its movements & decissions. I should hope more from open & calm negotiation than retaliation.\u2014If we exclude them as carriers, we must tempt others by high freights to carry our produce. The northern States alone cannot for a number years carry off all the produce of America, unless the Business be made much more productive, to call our main efforts & attention that way; & this can not be done without causing a great alarm & much uneasiness in the southern States.\u2014The NE States, & particularly this feel chiefly the weight of the British restrictions\u2014the others never had much intercourse with Nova Scotia NLand or Canada; & their exports to maintain are not affected like ours.\u2014As the carrying business is a great object with the British, we may gain somewhat by negotiation, as an equivalent for their enjoying it, & in this the Southern states may feel & go along with us. But if we attempt in the first instance to restrain the British, our southern friends may get alarmed, and leave us without support; & should we succeed in drawing them into our Views, we may both be disappointed in the effect produced upon the British.\u2014I feel the necessity of having a more equal & reputable trade with the British; but I am not yet satisfied that we can either compel or conciliate them to more reciprocal terms\u2014The latter however at present is, in my mind, more eligible & promising.\u2014\nI have taken the liberty of suggesting to you in a hasty manner these loose Ideas for your consideration. If they prove of no use, nor throw any new light upon the subject, you will excuse the manner when assured the intention is good.\u2014\nWith much respect I have the honour to be / Sir your most hume Servt.\nStephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0799", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jabez Bowen, 28 December 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nProvidence Decmr 28. 1789\nI Congratulate you on the accession of No. Carolina to the general Government. our Antis are Thunderstruck at the News more especially as the Majority was so large. I have waited several Days to find out what they intend to do wheather to agree to Call a Convention or stand out longer; in hopes that something would Turn up to perplex the New Government. They are not well agreed among themselves. But the Heads of the party lately proposed (at one of Their Night Meetings) that the Duties on all Goods Imported should be put verry low (say one pr Cent.) and That our Ports should be opened to all the World (or in other words that Rd Island should be the St Estatia of the North. The Consequences of such a proceedure can be better seen by you Sir than by me\u2014and I have no Idea that Congress will suffer such a set of people to remain impune in the verry middle of their Territory.\nOur Genl. Assembly meets on the second Monday of January, when we shall muster all our Forces to procure a Vote for a State Convention. if we fail \u2019tis proposed by the most Respectable Inhabitants of the Towns of Newport, Providence, Bricker&c to seperate from the State Government provided  Congress will protect us, and we wish to know thro some safe medium whether This Idea meets the approbation of Congress, or wheather some different mode will be adopted to Oblige us to submit. When 49 parts out of 50, is for the Adoption, and one half of the 50th part are of the same mind I hope and Intreat that Congress will not think of Restricting our Trade, as that will but Distress the Federal Town, and will be well pleasing to our Antis. in a word we shall be happy to fall in with any measures that will be adopted by Congress for the Compleating the Union. if Congress would Answer the Letter Received from this State before your Adjournment and State in short the necessity that there was of their committing the Consideration of the Federal Government to the People in the way prescribed by The Grand Convention and by the Old Congress and perhaps hint that it was necessary that something should be done before the first of April it might bring some of them to consider of the necessity of Acting soon on the Business\u2014\nI fully intended to have seen you when at Boston but was prevented by Indisposition, please to present Mrs Bowen\u2019s & my Comps to Mrs Adams\u2014\nI remain with the highest Esteem Your Excellencys Most Obedt. & verry Humb Servant\nJabez Bowen\nP.S. in a Letter to the President I lately asked the Question about our seperation. it may not be amis to let him know that I have wrote to you on the same subject &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0800", "content": "Title: Memorandum, 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \nPresident.Vice-President.Mr. Langdon1.Mr. Dalton & Lady2Mr. Wingate1.Mr. Strong1Mr. Johnson & Lady2Mr. Elmer1Mr. Elsworth1Mr. Patterson1Mr. Morris1Mr. Bassett1Mr. Maclay1Mr. Read1Mr. Carroll1Mr. Lee1Mr. Henry1Mr. Fen & Lady2.\nMr. Izard & Lady2Mr. Gunn & Lady2\nMinister of France &}2Mr. Jay & Miss. Levingston2Madme. de BrahanThe Board of Treasy5Minister of Spain1Govr. Clinton & Lady2Genl. Knox & Lady2Mr. Chs. Thomson & Lady2.\nQu\u0153re. Would it have been proper to include Sir J. Temple, the Swedish & Dutch Consuls, in the above list?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0801", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Aedanus Burke, 1789\nFrom: Burke, Aedanus\nTo: Adams, John\nMr. Burke presents his Compliments to the Vice=President and is sorry he cannot do himself the honor of dining with him, having been previously engaged\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0802", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Clymer, 1789\nFrom: Clymer, George\nTo: Adams, John\nSaturday 1789\nMr. Clymer\u2019s respectful compliments to the Vice president is sorry he cannot have the honor of dining with him on Thursday being engaged on that day\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0803", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Peter Silvester, 1789 to 1790\nFrom: Silvester, Peter\nTo: Adams, John\nMonday 12 O\u2019Clock\u20141789-1790\nMr. Silvester presents his most respectful compliments to the Vice President and acknowledges the receipt of his kind Invitation to dine with him on Fryday next But begs he would be so kind as to excuse him as Silvester is holding himself ready to return home as soon as he can consistantly after Thursday next\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-0804", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Tudor Tucker, 1789 to 1797\nFrom: Tucker, Thomas Tudor\nTo: Adams, John\nMr. Tucker presents his Compliments to the Vice-President, & will do himself the Honor of waiting on him on Thursday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-01-02-0078", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Account with the Government of the United States, 7 March 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nI\nA\nMarch 7th. 1789\nArmy in old Emissions Dr.\nTo John Pierce Pay Master General, his account\nold emissions\nFor Five thousand six hundred and twenty nine dollars 30/90 old Emissions that Lieut Col: Hamilton late aid de Camp to General Washington, credits on the settlement of his account at the Treasury the 2nd instant the specie value of which deducted from the amount\n\u2003\u2002in Specie\nArmy in Specie Dr. to Sundries\n\u2007\u2007 (specie) \u2007\u2007\nFor the discharge of Lieut Colo. Hamiltons account above mentioned,\nTo John Pierce Pay Master General.\n\u2003\u2002For Sixty dollars paid by him to said Hamilton August 81\nTo John Ross cloathing stipulated for on the surrender of York. Virga.\nFor Sixty six dollars Sixty ninetieths of a dollar the amount of sundry articles credited by him\n\u2003\u2002being part of the Cloathing contracted for at the surrender of York\nTo Michael Hillegas Treasurer,\nFor a Warrant drawn the 6th. instant by the Superintendant of Finance in favor of said Lieut Col Hamilton for seven hundred and five dollars Sixty nine ninetieths of a dollar Specie being part of\n\u2003\u2002the balance due him\nTo Funded debt.\nFor two thousand Eight hundred and twenty dollars funded being the residue of the balance due to said Hamilton & for which a Certificate was this day given by the Register, pursuant to a Warrant from the Superintendant of Finance dated the 6 inst. on interest at 6 \u214c Ct. from the 4th. March 1789,\n\u2003\u2002& entered to the credit of said Hamilton in Aux: Books funded debt W. 13 pa. 22\nII\nOld Emission account\nDr.\nCapt. Alexr Hamilton of a Compy. of Arty. now Aid de Camp In a/c with the United States\nCr.\nOctr.\nTo William Palfrey\nDec\nBy Old Emissions reduced & accounted for\n\u2003\u2002For pay of his Compy for Aug.\n\u2003\u2002for in Specie\nFor this sum reduced & carried to\n\u2003\u2002his Specie Debit 7942.30\nDecr.\n\u2003\u2002For pay of his Co. from 1st.\nBy the United States\n\u2003\u2002\u2003\u2002Septr. to 1st.\n\u2003\u2002for his pay & the pay of his\nCompany to Feby 28th.\nMar\n\u2003\u2002For pay of his Co. for Decr. 76\n\u2003\u2002For Do. \u2003 Do. to 28 Feby 77\nFeby\n\u2003\u2002For his pay in full to\nAug\n\u2003\u2002For his pay pay to 31 July\nNov.\n\u2003\u2002For his pay pay to 31 Oct.\nDecr.\n\u2003\u2002For his pay pay for Nov. &\nMay\n\u2003\u2002For his pay & rations to May\nJuly\nTo John Pierce Jr.\n\u2003\u2002For his pay for May & June 79\nMar\n\u2003\u2002For his pay & subsce. from\nMay\n\u2003\u2002For his pay & Sube. for Mar\nAug\n\u2003\u2002For his pay & sube. from 1\nThe above is an Extract taken from The Books of the late Pay office now in this office\nDepartment of War \u2003 Accountants Office\nJune 15th. 1809 \u2003 Wm Simmons\nIII\nSpecie Account\nDr.\nLt. Col. Alexr. Hamilton In a/c with The United States.\nCr.\nTo Richard Lloyd\nBy Pay of the Army\n\u2003\u2002For this sum received of him\nTo John Pierce P.M.G.\nDecr\nFor pay as Aid de Camp from March\nFor this sum received of him for\n\u2003\u2002pay for Jany. & Feby. 1782\nRations from 2 June 1778 to 31\nTo Nicholas Fish\n\u2003\u2002For one months pay; paid him at\n\u2003\u2002the Head of Elk in Aug 1781,\nDitto from 1 Aug 1781 to 31 Decr\n\u2003\u2002which he credits in his settlement\n\u2003\u2002following 612 rations @ 9\u00bdd.\n\u2003\u2002with the Auditor\nFor pay due him for January &\n\u2003\u2002February 1782\nDecr.\nTo Specie arising from old Emis-\n\u2003\u2002sions reduced For 7942 30 90 Drs.\n\u2003\u2002reduced to Specie\nTo United States Funded Debt\nFor the Registers Certificate on\nDec\n\u2003\u2002Interest from 4th March 1782\nTo United States\n\u2003\u2002For a Warrant on the Treasurer\n\u2003\u2002received March 7th. 1782 in full\nThe above is an Extract taken from The Books of the late Pay office now in this office\nDepartment of War \u2003 Accountants Office\nJune 15th. 1809 \u2003 Wm Simmons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0066", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Banks, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Banks, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond, January 1, 1789. \u201cI recd. your letter of the 12 Ulto.\u2026 I suppose I shall be entitled to Costs of Suit with Foltz & Lorenz for the recovery of which \u2019tis my wish that you either take or cause measures to be taken.\u2026 Mr. Constable has a mercantile Reputation.\u2026 I shall at present leave him cloak\u2019d under that Reputation until I see a fit oppy to attack him and it more seriously than to solicit the renewal of a Bond which equity will substantiate upon him when ever I please.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0067", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Theodore Sedgwick, 4 January 1789\nFrom: Sedgwick, Theodore\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[January 4, 1789. On January 29, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Sedgwick: \u201cI thank you for your two letters of the 4th and 7th instant.\u201d Letter of January 4 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Moses Hazen, 6 January 1789\nFrom: Hazen, Moses\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, January 6, 1789. Solicits Hamilton\u2019s aid as an attorney in a controversy with one of the officers who served under Hazen during the Revolution and who was trying to collect a \u201cNote of hand\u201d from Hazen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0070", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Theodore Sedgwick, 7 January 1789\nFrom: Sedgwick, Theodore\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[January 7, 1789. On January 29, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Sedgwick: \u201cI thank you for your two letters of the 4th and 7th instant.\u201d Letter of January 7 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0071", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Jones, [21 January 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jones, Samuel\n[New York, January 21, 1789]\nSir\nAs in our conversations on the important subject of a representation in the ensuing Congress I had the pleasure to perceive that you were inclined to pursue a moderate and accommodating line of conduct; and as I have reason to believe that representations will be made of the sense of this city calculated to nourish a spirit of pertinacity in the Majority of the Assembly which may counteract the prudent views you entertain, I have thought it might be useful to possess you of a true state of facts on this head, of which you may make such use as you think proper.\nThe general sentiments of the citizens are that the Senate are right in the principle for which they contend; but a considerable number are of opinion that it would be better for them to depart from it than to hazard a loss of the seat of government for want of a representation in the Senate. This, however, though an extensive sentiment is far from being universal. I verily believe and I have taken great pains to ascertain the matter that a more considerable number hold that the Senate ought to persevere at every hazard. This I take to be a true account of the state of things here, and you may venture confidently to hold it up in opposition to the exaggerated stories with [which] the violent partisans will endeavour to preclude the possibility of accommodation.\nBut if the case were in reality such as it will be represented to be what ought to be the inference from it? Will it therefore be reasonable to sacrifice the interests of the state to a humour utterly averse to all compromise or accommodation? Perhaps it may be supposed that in this situation of affairs the Senate will be induced to yield the point. I sincerely wish that an illusion of this kind may not be productive of mischiefs which we may all have occasion to regret. I flatter myself you will believe me, sir, when I assure you upon my honor that from every thing I know of the disposition of the members of the Senate, I am led to conclude that the majority will in no event accede to the unqualified idea of a joint ballot. I am thus emphatical in my assurances on this point because I think it is of the utmost importance that there should be no mistake about it; and that if an adherence to that plan is resolved upon it may be under the full impression that a representation will not take place. And while I make this declaration I cannot but flatter myself that however it may be imagined that I miscalculate the firmness of the Senate it will at least be believed that I am incapable of an attempt to deceive under the sanction I have used.\nTruly Sir this is a matter of serious moment. And allow me to hope that you will dispassionately weigh all the consequences of an obstinate adherence to the ground taken in the assembly. I am far from wishing that house to sacrifice its dignity; but I am satisfied this cannot be the case by coming into the compromise we have talked of. The Senate will in this, as far as principle is concerned give up more than the Assembly. Permit me to observe that however violence may become certain characters, your situation calls upon you to be an umpire between the zealots of all parties. You Sir as well as myself have assented to the National constitution. Your reputation as well as mine is concerned that the event shall justify the measure and that the people shall have reason from experience to think we have acted well in making them parties to that constitution. And this can only be done by pursuing such measures as will secure to them every advantage they can promise themselves under it. The vanity and the malignity of some men may be gratified by embarrassing the outset of the government; but this line of conduct would be a species of political suicide in every man who has in any shape given his assent to the system. I cannot doubt Sir that this observation will strike you as of great and real force and that you will readily perceive a vast dissimilitude between the situation of those who have concurred in establishing the constitution and those who have uniformly opposed it. An alliance between these two descriptions of men is unnatural and if closely pursued will certainly give cause of repentance to the former.\nIn taking the liberty to make these remarks I persuade myself you will discover nothing of a disposition unfriendly to you. I therefore make no apology for that liberty. I am much mistaken if we do not now or shall not at a future day agree in the prudence of the suggestions contained in this letter. I remain\nYour obedient & huml ser\nA Hamilton\nNew York Jany. 21. 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0072", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Constable, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Constable, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] January 22, 1789. \u201c\u2026 I called at your House to see You but found you surrounded with so many people on Business that I would not interrupt you. I hand you Gouverneur\u2019s power of attorney which authorizes me to mortgage his Estate.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0073", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [23 January 1789]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nOur city are about applying to the legislature for an incorporation, and among other lights have availed themselves of the corporation act of your city. As experience points out many defects, wch. do not at first strike the observation, you will very much oblige me by noting such things as you would advise us to avoid. If there are any matters which have been omitted, or if there are any clauses in the act of extraordinary Value I would wish your notes to extend to them. These notes maybe brief, and will be in time, if your engagements permit you to make them by the 28th or 30th. instant.\nI am, Sir, very respectfully Yr. mo. obedt. h. Servt.\nTench Coxe\n23d. January 89\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0076", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Webb, 28 January 1789\nFrom: Webb, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond, January 28, 1789. \u201cSome discoveries which I have made since my return from New York respecting the conduct of Mr. Simon Nathan, in the Business confided to his management by Mr. Foster Webb junr and myself, enduces me to trouble you.\u2026 The discoveries \u2026 fully evince the fraudulent Intentions and Practices of Mr. Nathan, and at the same time afford evidence which will substantiate a very considerable Debt due from him to Foster Webb junr and myself.\u2026 You will be pleased to inform me \u2026 what is done in the Suit against Nathan, as this Information may be very material to us in the progress of our Transactions here.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0077", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Holker, [29 January 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Holker, John\n[New York, January 29, 1789]\nI certify that I am willing and do hereby accept the brief reposed in me as a Commissioner by virtue of a certain instrument bearing date the thirty first day of December in the year one thousand seven hundred and Eighty Eight made between Daniel Parker by his Attorney Andrew Craigie John Holker William Duer Samuel Rogers by the said Andrew Craigie Royal Flint and divers Creditors of the parties of the first second & third parts in New York January 29th 1789.\nAlexander Hamilton\nTo John Holker Esqr.or whomsoever it may Concern", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0078", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Theodore Sedgwick, [29 January 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Sedgwick, Theodore\n[New York, January 29, 1789]\nMy Dear Sir\nI thank you for your two letters of the 4th and 7th instant which arrived here during my absence at Albany from which place I have but recently returned. I believe you may be perfectly tranquil on the subject of Mr. Adam\u2019s election. It seems to be certain that all the middle states will vote for him to Delaware inclusively and probably Maryland. In the South there are no candidates thought of but Rutlege and Clinton. The latter will have the votes of Virginia and it is possible some in South Carolina. Maryland will certainly not vote for Clinton; and New York from  legisla\u27e8ture\u27e9 having by their contentions let slip the d\u27e8ay\u27e9 will not vote at all. For the last circumstance I am not sorry as the most we could hope would be to ballance accounts and do no harm. The Antif\u0153deralists incline to an appointment notwithstanding, but I discourage it with the F\u0153deralists. Under these circumstances I see not how any person can come near Mr. Adams that is taking it for granted that he will unite the votes in N\u27e8ew\u27e9 Hampshire & Massachusettes. I expect \u27e8\u2014\u27e9 that the f\u0153deral Votes in Virginia if any will be in favour of Adams.\nYou will probably have heared that our Legislature has passed a bill for electing representatives. The houses continue to disagree about Senators, and I fear a compromise will be impracticable. I do not however intirely lose hope. In this situation you will perceive that we have much to apprehend respecting the seat of Government. The Pensylvanians are endeavouring to bring their forces early in the field. I hope our friends in the North will not be behind hand. On many accounts indeed it appears to be important that there should be an appearance of zeal & punctuality in coming forward to set the Government in motion.\nI shall learn with infinite pleasure that you are a representative. As to me this will not be the case, I believe, from my own disinclination to the thing. We shall however I flatter myself have a couple of F\u0153deralists.\nI remain Yr. Affect. & Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nNew York January 29. 1789\nThe. Sedgwick Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0079", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Wadsworth, [5\u201328] February 1789\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHartford Feby. [5\u201328], 1789\nMy dear Sir\nYour favor of the 25 Jany came in good time. Our Votes were given agreeably to your wishes Washington 7\u2014Adams 5. Governor Huntington 2. By letters from Carrington I learn that Clinton is the antifederal Vice President but I think we have nothing to fear. I believe N Hampshire will give Adams 4. Massachusetts 6\u2014Georgia 6 as letters from Georgia say he will have at least so many\u2014which with ours makes 21, which is more than Clinton can get & we may certainly reckon on Nine Men for Adams in So Carolina Maryuland and Delaware Pensilvanea & N Jersey. We waved an answer to Your State & Virginia as you did not get my letter in Season to answer me on that Subject I feared we should not do any good by an answer\u2014and as ye Antifederalists did not move it\u2014I thot we had best let it Sleep. The Mony from Chaloner is to go to Church. I am dear Sir your Affectionate friend\nJere Wadsworth\nWhen I returned from New York my friends would hear nothing of my being withdrawn from ye representation in Congress, as there was great pains taken to oppose me by ye antis & a certain set of Saints who are always preaching about ye Country against imploying in Government any of ye unconverted one of which they very foolishly take me to be, & tho I may be less usefull in ye assembly than in some other place I flatter my self some of my friends will be placed where you wish me & in that case I shall be perfectly satisfied.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0080", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas McKean, 10 February 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: McKean, Thomas\nNew York, February 10, 1789. \u201cI duly received the letter which you did me the honor to write me of the 2d of Decr. last.\u2026 With regard to your Bond against Dowdle, when I first received it I made diligent inquiry after him, but I found that his situation and principles were equally desperate & that to make any attempt to recover the money would be to add fruitlessly to your loss.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0081", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Turnbull, 10 February 1789\nFrom: Turnbull, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPetersburg, Virginia, February 10, 1789. \u201cI am possessed of a Bill on you \u2026 dated the 10th May 1788 for \u00a357 Virga. money, being endorsed \u2026 to me.\u2026 You will be so obliging as to give me Information, how this matter stands and what probability there is, of any recovery being made.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0082", "content": "Title: Appointment as Member of Committee of Correspondence, 11 February 1789\nFrom: \nTo: \nNew York, February 11, 1789. On this date Hamilton and twelve others were appointed \u201ca committee to correspond with the other counties on the subject\u201d of the election of Robert Yates as governor and Pierre Van Cortlandt as lieutenant governor of New York State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0083", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Pierre Van Cortlandt, [16 February 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Van Cortlandt, Pierre\n[New York, February 16, 1789]\nDr Sir\nBy the direction of the Committee I transmit you the inclosed letter. I doubt not Sir you will believe me to be sincere when I assure you that I should be much more happy if circumstances permitted me to be the channel of a very different application. But such is the situation of our state that personal attachments are obliged to yield to public necessity.\nAs I allow myself to hope Sir that you do me the honor to rank m\u27e8e\u27e9 among the number of those who have a hig\u27e8h\u27e9 personal esteem and regard for you, I venture upon the strength of that impression to add my warmest wishes as an individual to the instances of the Committee that you may resolve to yield to the exigency of the case and withdraw from a competition in which your friends can promise themselves no advantage to you and perceive much disadvantage to the cause they have so earnestly at heart\u2014the removal of the present governor. With the sincerest respect and attachment I have the honor to be Dr. Sir Yr. Obed & hume ser\nA Hamilton\nNew York Feby. 16. 1789\nLt. Governor Cortland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0084", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Supervisors of the City of Albany, [18 February 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Supervisors of the City of Albany\n[New York, February 18, 1789]\nTo the Supervisors of the city of Albany, in the county of Albany.\nGentlemen,\nThe last Tuesday of April next being the day appointed by law for the election of a Governor for the ensuing three years; the great importance of making a wise choice in the present peculiar situation of our local and national affairs, appears to have made a deep impression on the minds of considerate men in the different parts of the state.\nOn the eleventh instant, a numerous meeting of respectable inhabitants was held in this city to consult on what was best to be done in relation to that object; and we have been advised that similar meetings have been held in some other counties.\nThe meeting in this city were unanimous in the result of their deliberations; and we the subscribers were appointed a Committee to correspond with our fellow citizens in the other counties, upon the subject, in order that a mutual communication of sentiments might promote mutual confidence, and a happy concert in such a choice, as a dispassionate attention to the good of the community, divested of all particular attachments or dislikes, should be found to recommend.\nThe People of this State are the Sovereigns of it; and being now called upon by their constitution to appoint a Chief Magistrate, it cannot but be useful, that so high an act of sovereignty should be preceded by an interchange of ideas and sentiments especially at so critical a juncture as the present: for at no period can it be more necessary to take care that our affairs be committed to the management of disinterested, discreet and temperate rulers, than at a period when the heats of party are to be assuaged, discordant opinions reconciled, and all the inconveniences attending changes in national government provided against.\nAs this State is only part of a larger community; as its prosperity must therefore materially depend on its maintaining its due weight in the national scale, on its being charged with only its due proportion of public burthens, and on its deriving from the general government its due share of favor and protection, it is evidently of the greatest moment that the people should be united and circumspect; and that their rulers should be men who will neither be seduced by interest, nor impelled by passion into designs or measures, which may justly forfeit the confidence or friendship of the other members of the great national society.\nOn this ground it is highly necessary that the Chief Magistrate of the State should be free from all temptation wantonly to perplex or embarrass the national Government, whether that temptation should arise from a preference of partial confederacies, from a spirit of competition with the national rulers for personal pre-eminence, from an impatience of the restraints of national authority, from the fear of a diminution of power and emoluments, from resentment or mortification, proceeding from disappointment, or from any other cause whatsoever. For all attempts to perplex and embarrass would not only tend to prevent the government from doing the good they may meditate, but would also expose this State to the distrust and ill will of the others.\nIt is also of no inconsiderable consequence in the same view, that the Governor of the State should be of a disposition to pay those decent attentions, and practice that becoming republican hospitality, which the persons who administer the national government, and distinguished strangers in public character, whom the affairs of theunion call to reside in our capital, have a right to expect. The dignity as well as the interests of the State require this; and ample provision is constantly made for it, by the liberal salary and perquisites annexed to the office. A contrary conduct cannot fail to create disgust and contempt; and to draw not merely upon the Magistrate himself, but in some measure upon the State, imputations not a little mortifying to a people long celebrated for their hospitality, and who uniformly enable their executive representative to maintain their character in this respect. For it can never be presumed to be their intention to attach such considerable emoluments to the office, merely for the sake of enriching its possessor.\nMany considerations might be detailed to shew the important light, in which our political annexation as a member of the union ought to be viewed, and to demonstrate how much the regulation of our trade, the repossession of our frontier posts and various other important interests may be affected by our having much or little influence in the confederacy. But this would lead to a discussion too lengthy for the occasion, and to reflecting men unnecessary. Hence, however, this inference is to be drawn, that we cannot be too careful in keeping power and opportunity from those, whom we have reason to believe may be predisposed to employ them in a manner, calculated to alienate the friendship and confidence of our sister States.\nAs to the domestic situation of the state, it appeared to the meeting to be such as to admonish us to use great circumspection in the choice of a governor.\nThe council of appointment is so powerful an engine in the hands of a governor, for perpetuating himself in office, that his conduct in it cannot be regarded with too watchful an eye; because it is evident that an artful man may, in the course of ten or twelve years, so fasten himself to the office by means of this engine, as to become too indifferent to the opinions and controul of the people, and perhaps immovable by the efforts of the virtuous and independent. Extremely free from blame therefore, and from all suspicion of undue attachment to place or to profit, and very satisfactory to the community at large, ought to be the administration of a governor, to render it prudent in the people to leave so powerful an engine in his hands for a long succession of years.\nAs on the one hand, in this council of appointment the governor will, for the most part, have a preponderating influence; so on the other, that influence will generally be exerted according to the views and wishes of the man. If he wishes to promote the public good, and to acquire fame and popularity, by acting as the governor of the state, and not as the governor of a party, then merit in every situation will be cherished and employed. If, on the contrary, offices are to be the price of obedience, and men are to enjoy his favor, no longer than they consent to be his tools, merit will be neglected, and the state must suffer by having the public business in too many instances, entrusted to improper hands.\nIn addition to the parties which have too long existed in the state, on personal and particular grounds, it is much to be lamented, that the new constitution for the government of the United States has divided the community on a more extensive scale, and has occasioned animosities which have not yet ceased to operate. On that great question very honest men took opposite sides; and those who were not honest assisted in \u201ctroubling the waters.\u201d\nBut certainly it is now high time that those parties should subside, and should, for the sake of the public good, unite; agreeing in these two points; that all should join in supporting the constitution established by the people of the United States, and that all should join in obtaining a reconsideration of the parts which have been the subject of objection, in order that every reasonable and safe endeavour may be used to give universal satisfaction, to remove the apprehensions entertained by the honest opponents of the system, and to provide, if upon cool and deliberate examination any be found requisite, such additional securities to the liberties of the people, as shall be compatible with the salutary and necessary energy of an efficient national government. To such a compromise it is essential that the unhappy divisions which now exist among us should be buried. And to this end it is equally essential that our first magistrate should be a man of moderation, sincerely disposed to heal, not to widen those divisions, to promote conciliation, not dissention, to allay, not excite the fermentations of party-spirit, and to restore that cordial good will and mutual confidence which ought to subsist among a people bound to each other by all the ties that connect members of the same society.\nIt is seriously to be deplored, that dissention reigns in the most important departments of the state, and as dissentions among brethren, so destructive to the happiness of families, are often appeased by parental influence and prudence, so there is good reason to flatter ourselves, that a chief magistrate, sincerely desirous of re-establishing concord, may, without much difficulty effect it; especially if he should owe his exaltation to the votes of both the contending parties.\nReflections of this nature had their full weight in forming the opinion of the meeting, which appointed us, not only as to the necessity of choosing some other person than the present governor, but as to the man whom it would be desirable to substitute.\nAs we are aware, that the warm partisans of men in office are apt to represent every attempt to change them, as a species of personal injury, we think it necessary to remark in this place, that at the expiration of his three years, the constitution will return the present Chief Magistrate to the mass of the people. The question is not therefore, whether he shall be put out, but whether he shall be put in. And as no man has a right to office, or re-election, in virtue of long possession, no man of course can have a right to complain, if the people do not think it proper to continue to be governed by him.\nIn the consideration of the character most proper to be held up at the ensuing election, some difficulties occurred. Our fellow citizens in some parts of the state had proposed Judge Yates, others had been advocates for the Lieutenant Governor, and others for Chief Justice Morris. It is well known that the inhabitants of this city are, with few exceptions, strongly attached to the new constitution, and have been remarkably unanimous and active in its support. It is also well known, that Lieutenant Governor Cortlandt and Chief Justice Morris, whom we respect and esteem, were zealous advocates for the same cause. Had it been agreed to support either of them for the office of governor, there would have been reason to fear, that the measure would have been imputed to party, and not to a desire of relieving our country from the evils they experience from the heats of party. It appeared therefore most advisable to select some man of the opposite party, in whose integrity, patriotism and temper, confidence might justly be placed; however little his political opinions on the question lately agitated, might be approved by those who were assembled upon the occasion.\nAmong the persons of this description, there were circumstances which led to a decision in favor of Judge Yates. And we flatter ourselves that this decision, to those who are acquainted with the situation of the state, will be most likely to appear well founded. It is certain, that as a man and a judge, he is generally esteemed. And though his opposition to the new constitution was such as its friends cannot but disapprove; yet since the period of its adoption, his conduct has been tempered with a degree of moderation and regard to peace and decorum which entitle him to credit; and seem to point him out as a man likely to compose the differences of the state, and to unite its citizens in the harmonious pursuit of their common and genuine interest.\nOf this at least we feel confident, that he has no personal revenge to gratify, no opponents to oppress, no partisans to provide for, nor any promises for personal purposes to be performed at the public expence. On the contrary we trust he will be found to be a man, who looks with an equal eye on his fellow citizens, and who will be more ambitious of leaving a good name, than a good estate, to his posterity.\nFor these and other reasons, which considerations of decorum induce us to pass over in silence, the meeting was unanimously of opinion, that it would be advisable to try Judge Yates, as our Governor for the next three years. They were persuaded that the state could not lose by the experiment, and entertained strong hopes that much good would redound to it from his administration.\nWe shall be very happy to find, that the same reasons, and that regard for the public weal, which has at all times distinguished their conduct, may induce the Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice Morris, to forbear a competition, which can evidently, under the existing circumstances, answer no good purpose; and that they and their particular friends do generously join with their fellow citizens of every place and party in promoting the election of Mr. Yates as the only candidate likely to succeed, whose character affords a prospect, that he will, under Providence, be instrumental in preserving and advancing the dignity and interests of the people, and in restoring to them the blessings of union and cordiality at home, and respect abroad.\nIt will give us great pleasure to learn the sentiments of your county, on this important subject, and to know, that they coincide with those which we entertain, and which we have every reason to believe correspond with the general sense of the people of this city and county. We acknowledge that we feel a very serious anxiety for the issue; and that from the most mature reflection, we regard a change in the person of the chief magistrate, as a matter of high importance to the tranquility and prosperity of the State. Nor can we forbear as brethren and fellow citizens, earnestly to exhort the inhabitants of your county to weigh well the importance of the opportunity, which the approaching election presents to them, and to resolve to exercise their right of suffrage in that unbiassed and independent manner, which becomes a free and enlightened people. We shall only add that it is manifestly essential to ensure success to the attempt, that all those who concur in the expediency of a change should zealously unite in the support of the same candidate.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Gentlemen, \u2003 Your obedient Servant, By order of the Committee\nAlexander Hamilton, Chairman.\nNew-York, February 18, 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0086", "content": "Title: Introductory Note: H. G. Letters, [20 February 9\u2013April 1789]\nFrom: \nTo: \n[New York, February 20, 1789\u2013April 9, 1789]\nIntroductory Note\nThere is little doubt that Hamilton wrote the \u201cH.G.\u201d letters. Although he never said as much, many anonymous newspaper writers stated that he wrote them. For example, \u201cWilliam Tell,\u201d whose attacks on Hamilton were so scurrilous that Francis Childs finally refused to print them in The [New York] Daily Advertiser, repeatedly named Hamilton as the author of the \u201cH.G.\u201d letters (see The Daily Advertiser, April 1, 21, 1789). Among other anonymous newspaper writers who named Hamilton as the author were \u201cWhippers In\u201d (The Daily Advertiser, April 2, 1789), \u201cTells Truth\u201d (The Daily Advertiser, April 7, 1789), and an unsigned author who wrote \u201cThe Last Will and Testament of H.G.\u201d (The New-York Journal, and Daily Patriotic Register, April 30, 1789).\nThe most conclusive evidence of Hamilton\u2019s authorship is in a letter he wrote to Robert R. Livingston on March 18, 1789. Marinus Willett, a supporter of George Clinton, had challenged certain of \u201cH.G.\u2019s\u201d facts. Hamilton then wrote to Livingston and Egbert Benson for proof of the facts in question (see the exchange of letters between Willett and \u201cH.G.,\u201d and H\u2019s letter to Livingston of March 18). The day after Hamilton wrote to Livingston, The Daily Advertiser carried a letter from \u201cH.G.\u201d to Willett. Referring to Willett\u2019s rebuttal of his facts, \u201cH.G.\u201d wrote: \u201cThe information which I received \u2026 was from members of the council.\u2026 These gentlemen have been written to, and the result of the inquiry shall be made known\u201d (The Daily Advertiser, March 21, 1789). Livingston was one of the members of the \u201ccouncil\u201d (the Council for the Temporary Government of the Southern District of New York) and one of those to whom Hamilton, as \u201cH.G.,\u201d had written. On March 22, 1789, Hamilton renewed his request to Livingston.\nThe sixteen \u201cH.G.\u201d letters, a sustained attack on Governor George Clinton, were addressed to a fictitious correspondent in Suffolk County. Each of them was headed with the following note by the editor of The Daily Advertiser: \u201cA Series of Letters handed to the Printer, which will be published in succession.\u201d\nAs published in The Daily Advertiser, there was some duplication in the numbering of the \u201cH.G.\u201d letters. Two were numbered VI, and two were numbered XI. The numbers given to these essays in the newspaper have been retained.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0087", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter I, 20 February 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,\u201cH. G.\u201d\nTo: \nNew York, February 20, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nYour letter of the 18th instant, has duly come to hand, and entitles you to my particular thanks. In return I shall endeavor fully to comply with your request, and furnish you, in a series of letters, with all the materials in my power, to enable you to judge what conduct it will be proper for you to pursue, in relation to the ensuing election for Governor. Your influence is considerable; and you do well to examine before you resolve on what side to bestow it.\nThe present Governor was bred to the law, under William Smith, Esquire, formerly of this city. Some time before the late revolution, he resided in Ulster county, and there followed his profession with reputation, though not with distinction. He was not supposed to possess considerable talents; but upon the whole, stood fair on the score of probity. It must however be confessed, that he early got the character with many of being a very artful man; and it is not to be wondered at, if that impression, on the minds in which it prevailed, deducted something from the opinion of his integrity. But it would be refining too much to admit such a consequence to be a just one. There certainly are characters (tho\u2019 they may be rare) which unite a great degree of address, and even a large portion of what is best expressed by the word CUNNING, with a pretty exact adherence, in the main, to the principles of integrity.\nMr. Clinton, from his youth upwards, has been remarkable for a quality, which, when accompanied by a sound and enlarged understanding, a liberal mind, and a good heart, is denominated firmness, and answers the most valuable purposes; but which when joined with narrow views, a prejudiced and contracted disposition, a passionate and interested temper, passes under the name of obstinacy, and is a source of the greatest mischiefs, especially in exalted public stations.\nThis Gentleman, immediately preceding the contest with GreatBritain, was several times returned a member of assembly for the county in which he lived; and being of a warm, zealous, resolute temper, became in a great measure the head of one of the parties which then prevailed in the legislature. The merit or demerit of these parties is not now worthy of discussion\u2014nor can they, or the principles upon which they reciprocally moved, be too soon or too entirely buried in oblivion.\nIn the beginning of 1775, the contest with Great-Britain had become serious; and we all remember the interesting question then agitated in our assembly, respecting the co-operation of this state in the general measures of America. Here Mr. Clinton and Mr. Philip Schuyler\n   Then called Colonel Schuyler, and since General Schuyler.\n were the leaders of the minority, who advocated the propriety of that co-operation, and both these gentlemen, for their conduct upon the occasion, will always be entitled to credit from the friends of the revolution. To compare the degree of merit to which they may respectively lay claim, would be an invidious task. But as the partizans of Governor Clinton have taken pains to propagate an opinion of superior merit in him, in regard to this transaction, it is but justice to the other gentleman, to observe that he was equally open and decided in the part he took in that question: That as none will pretend to ascribe to Mr. Clinton greater abilities than to Mr. Schuyler, the exertions of the latter must have been at least as useful as those of the former; and that Mr. Schuyler has in his favor the additional circumstance of having risked a large property, which Mr. Clinton had not to risk, upon the event of the revolution.\nWith sincere esteem, \u2003 I remain, dear sir, \u2003 Your obedient servant\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0088", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter II, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,\u201cH. G.\u201d\nTo: \nNew-York, February 21, 1789.\nSir,\nShortly after the breaking out of the war with Great-Britain, Mr. Clinton received an appointment as brigadier-general, in which capacity he served until he was elected governor of the state, some time in the early part of the year 1777.\nIn both these situations, from the condition of the state, which, during the greatest part of the war was its principal theatre, Mr. Clinton was frequently engaged in military duties. There is, however, no part of his character, which has been more misrepresented than the military part of it. His panegyrists describe him to us as the \u201cwar worn veteran\u201d\u2014the complete soldier\u2014the consummate general. One would imagine from their stories of him, that he had often, in the language of Sergeant Kite, \u201cbreakfasted upon ravelins, and picked his teeth with palisadoes.\u201d That he was the first of American generals; a Marius in courage, a Caesar in skill, inferior in nothing to a Turerne or a Monteculli, an Eugene or a Marlborough. But trust me, my dear Sir, this is mere rant and romance. That Mr. Clinton is a man of courage, there is no reason to doubt. That he was upon most occasions active and vigorous cannot be justly disputed. In his capacity of governor he was ever ready to promote the common cause\u2014prompt in affording the aid of the militia, when requisite, and scrupling not, when he thought his presence might be of use, to put himself at the head of them. But here his praise as a soldier ends. Beyond this he has no pretension to the wreath of military renown. No man can tell when or where he gave proofs of generalship, either in council or in the field. After diligent enquiry, I have not been able to learn that he was ever more than once in actual combat. This was at Fort Montgomery, where he commanded in person; and which, after a feeble and unskilful defence, was carried by storm. That post strongly fortified by nature, almost inaccessible in itself, and sufficiently manned, was capable of being rendered a much more difficult morsel to the assailants than they found it to be. This I own was not the common idea at the time; but it is not the less true. To embellish military exploits, and varnish military disgraces, is no unusual policy. Besides, governor Clinton was then at the zenith of his popularity, a circumstance which disposed men\u2019s minds to take a great deal for granted. One particular in this affair deserves to be noticed. It is certain that the governor made a well-timed retreat, (I mean personally, for the greatest part of the garrison were captured), a thing which must have occasioned no small conflict in the breast of a commander nice in military punctilio. But squeamishness on this head, had been ill placed. It was undoubtedly the duty of the Brigadier to provide in season for the safety of the Governor.\nThose who are best acquainted with the particulars of the burning of Esopus, in the fall of the year 1777, assert that his Excellency was culpably deficient in exertion on that occasion. The fact seems to have been, that a large body of men remained unemployed in the vicinity, under his direction, while the descent of the enemy was made with little or no opposition. And there is room to suppose, that if a better countenance had been kept up, the evil might have been prevented.\nVery sincerely your\u2019s,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0089", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter III, 22 February 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,\u201cH. G.\u201d\nTo: \nNew-York, February 22, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nYou mention towards the close of your letter, two reports circulating in your county, which you say operate to the advantage of Mr. Clinton; the one, that at the time he first took the chair of government, \u201cthe great men\u201d as they are insidiously called, declined the station, through apprehension of the dangers that might attend it. Not less willing then to set him up as a mark for the resentment of the power, with which we were contending, in case of an unfortunate issue to the war, than eager now to deprive him of the well earned fruits of his courage, after it has been happily terminated: the other, that the exertions made by this state during the war are chiefly to be attributed to his influence.\nTruly, my dear Sir, had the terms of your letter been less positive, I could not have supposed it possible, that suggestions so unfounded as these, and so easy to be disproved by the testimony of all well-inform[ed]-men, could ever have been propagated.\nSo far is the first report from being true, that it is a fact notorious to those who were acquainted with the transactions of the period, that in the very first election for Governor in this state, General Schuyler was a competitor with Mr. Clinton for the office, and it is alleged would have been likely to prevail, had not the votes of a considerably body of militia, then under the immediate command and influence of the latter, turned the scale in his favour.\nNeither is there much more of truth in the second report. Mr. Clinton\u2019s zeal and activity in forwarding the revolution were unquestionably conspicuous. But to ascribe to him the chief merit of the exertions of the state, is to decorate him with the spoils of others. There were, at every period of the war, choice spirits in both houses of the legislature; his equals in zeal and fortitude\u2014his superiors in abilities. These men needed not his incitement, to invigorate their efforts, nor his counsel to direct their plans.\nOne of the number only I shall name; Egbert Benson, Esq; the present Attorney General. This gentleman, in the capacity of a member of the assembly, long had a principal agency in giving energy and animation to the measures of the state.\nIn confining myself to the mention of Mr. Benson, it is not because there are not others, who have an equal claim to it; but it is because it is his peculiar good fortune to have talents and virtues, and yet to be unenvied. And as it is my intention you should be at liberty, to make any use of these letters, which you may think proper, I am unwilling to attempt an enumeration of all the characters alluded to, lest if incomplete, it should be the occasion of offence.\nThough not immediately connected with the subject, there is one circumstance, which I cannot forbear mentioning before I conclude. Mr. Benson during the war was considered as the confidential friend and advisor of the Governor. Not long after the peace it was perceived, that this relation between the two persons, began to be weakened, and it is sometime since it has been understood to have entirely ceased. The first appearance of the change was, to discerning men, an ill omen of the future. But Benson was an unfit confidant for the new system of policy. He was honest and independent. Materials better adapted for tools were wanted; and they have been selected with admirable judgment.\nYour\u2019s, with much regard,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0090", "content": "Title: Election Circular, [23\u201328 February 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York, February 23\u201328, 1789]\nSir\nAs it will evidently be of great use in the ensuing election to have some Gentlemen of activity in each ward to superintend the business and promote activity among the electors the Committee appointed to forward the election of John Laurence Esquire will be much obliged by your assistance for those purposes, in the ward to which you belong, and request the same accordingly. With this view they will be happy to see you at Bardin\u2019s on Monday Evening next at seven oClock to concert the preparatory arrangements.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedient & hum servant\nA HBy order of the Committee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0092", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter V, 25 February 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,\u201cH. G.\u201d\nTo: \nNew-York, February 25, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nIn your\u2019s of the 23d instant, which has just come to hand, you observe that there are persons in your county, who entertain favourable impressions of the present governor, for the good order preserved in this city, upon the evacuation of it by the British troops; and which you say is ascribed to his moderation, care and decision. This is an idea, not confined to your county. Mr. Clinton and his friends, have had the address to disseminate it, in this and in other parts of the district. The apprehensions excited, by some inflammatory publications, prior to our taking possession of the city, disposed mens\u2019 minds to regard it as a great merit in the executive, that they were not subjected to general plunder and massacre. But this compliment to him includes a supposition of licentiousness and fury in the citizens in general, who returned within the district at that period, which they do not deserve, and which in truth form no part of the American character.\nIt must be confessed, that there were a few very violent men; and that these, for the sake of present consequence, endeavoured to work upon the passions of others for intemperate purposes. But the number of those who were inclined to violate the laws, or disturb the public peace, was at no time considerable enough to make the danger serious. The greater part were either for liberal and moderate measures, or at worst for some legislative discriminations. It is worthy of remark, that some of the most heated have been, at all times warm adherents to the governor, and objects of his peculiar patronage.\nWhat was the precise line of conduct pursued by his Excellency at the juncture in question, I have never been able clearly to ascertain. But to many, and to me among the rest, it appeared indecisive and temporising\u2014savouring more of artifice and duplicity, than of real prudence or energy. A popular chief magistrate, as Mr. Clinton then certainly was, standing on the firm ground of national faith and the constitution, by an independent use of his influence, might in all probability have prevented some measures of that day which have been both injurious and disreputable to the state.\nThe inclination of the governor to hinder tumult or commotion is not to be questioned. In his situation, a man must have been both abandoned and mad, not to have had that inclination. Regard to his own authority and consequence, independent of other motives, was sufficient to produce it. But there are circumstances, which warrant a conclusion, that he had formed a plan of building up his own popularity in the city, upon that of certain individuals, who were then advocates for persecution; not indeed in the shape of mobs and riots, but of law; by banishment, disfranchisement, and the like: And that his conduct was guided by condescentions to them, which in some measure involved him in their policy. There is a fact to this effect, the particulars of which I do not now distinctly recollect, but which as far as my memory serves me, was of the following complexion\u2014The council appointed for the temporary government of the southern district, on account of some irregularities which had happened, passed a resolution, or framed a proclamation; for repressing the spirit that had occasioned them, which was entrusted to the governor for publication. Instead, however, of executing the intention of the council, he communicated their act to two of the persons alluded to, and upon their advice or remonstrances, withheld it from publication till the next meeting of the council, a majority of whom were then prevailed upon to rescind it.\nIt is not undeserving of attention, that the chief agents in promoting the laws, passed after the evacuation of the city, of which the inhabitants of the southern district had reason to complain, were men who have been constantly devoted to the governor; and that the persons who have had the greatest share in mitigating or abrogating those exceptionable laws, have been in opposite views to him. And it ought not to escape observation, that there has never been any official act of the governor calculated to affect the alteration or repeal of those laws.\nIt is with reluctance, my Dear Sir, that I look back to transactions, which cannot be too soon forgotten. All parties now rejoice in the effects of a more liberal policy. And I should not have been induced to revive topics of so disagreeable a nature, had it not been necessary as well to the advancement of truth, as to the performance of my promise to you.\nI remain, your friend and servant,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0094", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Citizens of New York, [26 February 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Citizens of New York\n[New York, February 26, 1789]\nThe Committee appointed by the Meeting at Bardin\u2019s Tavern, on Monday evening, for the purpose of carrying into execution the views of the meeting respecting the election of Mr. John Lawrence, as a representative of this district in Congress, having understood that a meeting was held this evening at the Coffee house in opposition to that nomination, which has been adjourned till to-morrow evening, at Bardin\u2019s Tavern; and thinking it of importance to the union of the city, that the intended meeting should be a full one, beg leave to recommend the general attendance of their fellow citizens upon that occasion,\nBy Order of the committee,\nAlexander Hamilton, Chairman.\nThursday, Feb. 26, 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0097", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter VII, 28 February 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,\u201cH. G.\u201d\nTo: \nNew-York, February 28, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nThe embarrassments experienced in carrying through the first plan, the increase of the national debt, and other circumstances induced Congress to devise a new system of impost, which was finally agreed upon on the 18th of April 1783. In this system, the appointment of the officers, to collect the duties, was referred to the several states, which it was supposed would remove the principal objection to the former plan. All the states, except New York, substantially adopted it, annexing certain precautions for the more secure exercise of the powers granted to Congress. But New-York persisted to the last in withholding her assent. She passed indeed a law for granting an impost on different principles; but as Congress could not accept this, without releasing the other states, and setting the whole business afloat, it was evident to all the world, that the act of New-York was nothing better than a mere evasion of the thing asked.\nThe Governor, undoubtedly, took an active part in opposition to this measure. It is true, he declared in the Convention, that he had always been a friend to the impost, but could not agree to the manner in which Congress proposed to exercise the power. This is plainly a subterfuge. He was a friend to an abstract something, which might be any thing or nothing, as he pleased; but he was an enemy to the thing proposed. A general impost being a measure, not within the provision of the confederation, could only be brought about by some general plan devised by the common councils of the union, and submitted to the adoption of the several states. There could else be no concert, no common agreement. To oppose therefore the specific plan offered, and yet pretend to be a friend to the thing in the abstract, deserves no better name than that of hypocrisy.\nI am possessed of unquestionable evidence to prove, that he used personal influence with members of the legislature to prejudice them against the granting of the impost. You may obtain a confirmation of this, from one of the gentlemen who represented your own county in the year 1786. The argument employed with him was, that Congress being a single body, and consequently without checks, would be apt to misapply the money arising from it. This looks like more than an objection to the mode. If the money was to be granted in any shape, that consequence, if to be apprehended at all, might follow.\nA question of a very delicate and serious nature, arises on this conduct of the governor. Is it justifiable in the chief magistrate of a state to employ his personal influence with individual members of the legislature, in relation to any matter of public concern, which is to come under their deliberation? To me an interference of this sort appears highly exceptionable.\nWith sincere regard, I am, Dear Sir, Your most obedient Servant,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0098", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter VIII, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,\u201cH. G.\u201d\nTo: \nNew-York, March 2, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nThe second particular, which I have stated as evidence of Mr. Clinton\u2019s enmity to the union, is, that he has treated Congress as a body in a contemptuous manner.\nA proof of this exists in his refusal to convene the legislature of this state, in the year 1786, upon pressing and repeated applications of Congress; sheltering himself under the frivolous pretence, that the constitution did not leave him liberty to do it.\nThe constitution empowers the Governor to convene the legislature \u201con extraordinary occasions.\u201d This provision is evidently calculated to enable him to call together, the legislature whenever any thing of importance out of the ordinary routine of state business should occur. To put any other meaning upon it is absurd, and would embarrass the operations of government. It cannot be supposed that the constitution intended by \u201cextraordinary occasions,\u201d nothing but wars, rebellions, plagues or earthquakes. The word \u201cextraordinary,\u201d as used in this case, can only be construed as equivalent to special; and a special occasion is any thing of moment out of the common and expected course. It merits attention that the words of the constitution are simply that the governor \u201cshall have power to convene the legislature upon extraordinary occasions.\u201d This mode of expression has plainly an authorising and empowering, not a restricting operation. It is true that the Governor is bound in the exercise of this power, to observe a reasonable discretion; and not to act with caprice, levity or wantonness; but the same may be said of every other power with which he is entrusted, and does not affect the constitutional sense of the provision.\nLet us now, sir, take a view of the nature of the application and refusal. The legislature of the state, in May, 1786, passed the act I have already mentioned, in lieu of one, conformable to the plan proposed by Congress and agreed to by the other twelve states, (for even Rhode-Island had at length got the better of her scruples.) Congress were of opinion, for the most obvious and solid reasons, that they could derive no advantage from the act of New York; that to attempt it would be to let go their hold on the twelve adopting states, who had made the passing of similar acts by all the states, the condition of their grants: That the act of New-York, independent of the objection just mentioned, was framed upon principles mischievous in their nature, and calculated not only in a great measure to defeat the revenue, but to prevent several of the states from entering into the plan. One of these principles was that the paper money of the state should be receivable in payment of the duties. If Congress had acceded to such a plan, the consequence should have been that the other states, which had emitted paper money would insist upon the same privilege, by which mean the duties would be paid in nominal money of different degrees of value, in some states at a depreciation of forty or fifty per cent; a circumstance which would have diminished the produce of the impost, rendered the burthen unequal upon the citizens of different states, and deterred the states averse to paper money from engaging in the scheme.\nCongress for these and other good reasons considered the act of New-York as amounting to nothing. They felt at the same time that the honor and interest of the union were suffering for want of the co-operation of this state. They experienced the most painful embarrassment, in particular from the just demands of those foreigners, who had lent us money to carry on the war. They saw themselves without resource even for paying the interest of the foreign debt, except by new loans abroad for that purpose; a resource which had the pernicious effect of an accumulation of the debt, (for which all our estates must be considered as mortgaged) by the tremendous process of compound interest.\nIn this disgraceful and ruinous situation, the representatives of the United States make a solemn application to the Governor to convene the legislature for the purpose of reconsidering their act. He refuses to comply, assigning the curious reason, that the constitution empowers him to convene the legislature only on extraordinary occasions, and that the present does not appear to him such\u2014To give color to this idea he intimates the recent consideration of the business by the legislature.\nHe seems in this proceeding, not only to have taken it for granted, that the legislature would be immoveable by the most solid reasons for altering their policy (which if true he had no right to presume) but also to have forgotten, or not to have chosen to recollect, that the legislature to be convened was not to be regarded as the same body, which had before decided, having been formed by a subsequent election of the people. The measure would therefore have had to undergo a new examination by a new body.\nHe notwithstanding refuses. Congress impelled by the exigency of the situation pass new resolutions, declaring their opinion that the critical and embarrassed situation of the finances of the United States, required that the system of impost should be carried into immediate effect, and that they deemed the occasion sufficiently important and extraordinary to request that the legislature of this state should be convened; and therefore again earnestly recommending it to the executive to convene the legislature. The Governor persists in his refusal, and the legislature is not convened.\nNow, sir, I will boldly appeal to every candid mind, whether this transaction is not evidence, as well of a splenetic and disrespectful disposition towards the government of the United States, as of a temper inflexibly haughty and obstinate. In what a humiliating light must he have considered Congress, not to have looked upon their earnest and repeated application, on a matter which they and all the other states thought of the most serious moment to the union, in a situation notoriously distressing and critical, as an occasion sufficiently special to leave him at liberty to call the legislature together! How much of contempt and disregard towards the representative authority of confederated America was implied in such a construction! The merits of the impost system are of no consequence in the consideration of the subject. The whole is a question of decorum and due deference in the head of a particular member of a confederacy towards the head of the whole confederacy. In this light it is evident that the conduct of the Governor on the occasion was an insult to the people of the United States, and of course to the people of this state, through their representatives in Congress.\nI remain with the truest attachment, \u2003 Dear Sir, \u2003 Your obedient and humble servant,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Electors of the City and County of New York, [3 March 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Electors of the City and County of New York\n[New York, March 3, 1789]\nTo the Electors of the City and County of New-York.\nFellow-Citizens,\nHaving been appointed by two different, and very numerous meetings of the inhabitants of this city, among other purposes, for that of forwarding the election of John Lawrence, Esq. as the representative of this district in Congress, we think it our duty to state to such of you as may not have been present at those meetings, what we understand to have been the motives to his nomination, and the circumstances which have attended it.\nIt appeared, from the particular situation of this state in regard to the new constitution, to be peculiarly necessary to use great care in the choice of the person who was to represent this district. In proportion as there was reason to apprehend that such a choice as we should not approve, was likely to be made in most of the other districts, it became important that our immediate representative should be of a character, which united in a considerable degree all the qualifications requisite to the due support of the credit and interest of the state, and to the advancement of the particular interests of the district; that he should be of a character calculated to acquire a proper degree of weight with his colleagues, and to induce, on their part, a co-operation in such measures as the public good should require. And in addition to the rest, that he should be of a character which afforded complete security that he would be disposed to withstand every attempt to destroy or weaken the national government.\nTo these ends, it was conceived that he ought to be a man of integrity, of sense, of information, of early and decided attachment to the federal constitution, and of tried firmness of temper. The two last qualifications were considered as not less important than any of the former; because, though the constitution for the United States has been ratified by a very great majority of the people, it cannot yet be regarded as entirely out of danger. It is a truth which we mention with reluctance, but which ought not to be lost sight of, that many of its most powerful adversaries, so far from relinquishing their hostility to it, seem still to meditate its destruction, in the plausible, but insidious shape of amendments. And on this account it is of serious moment, that as far as depends on us, no man should be entrusted with its administration in the outset, whose attachment to it has been either tardy or equivocal, who does not possess decision or firmness of temper sufficient to resist attempts to injure it, or who is under any influence or bias, which in any possible combination of circumstances, might incline him to yield to the artifices of its enemies.\nAmong the other qualifications which were taken into consideration, that of a talent for public speaking was not unattended to; and though this was not deemed an indispensable one, it was yet regarded as one which could not fail to contribute in a material degree to the usefulness of the candidate.\nTaking all circumstances into consideration, it was conceived that Mr. Lawrence united the requisite qualifications in such a degree as to render him, upon the whole, and in the present state of things, a more eligible candidate than any other proposed. It did not pass unnoticed, that he might be deficient in the article of mercantile knowledge; but it was supposed that a man of information, accustomed to political enquiry could easily supply that deficiency, by consulting such of his constituents as were capable of advising him on the subject; and the known disposition of Mr. Lawrence left no reason to doubt that he would always take care to avail himself of this resource.\nIt was also considered that commercial arrangements were not the only matters which required our care. The preservation of the government itself, in its due force and vigor, is an object of the first consequence; and the establishment of the temporary residence of Congress in this city is another point in which we are deeply concerned. It must, doubtless, therefore be of great importance, from among the persons presented to our choice, to select the man in whose hands the general interests and our immediate interest, in those two points, are least likely to suffer, and most likely to be advanced.\nThe foregoing were some of the reasons which appear to us to have prevailed upon the first meeting to nominate Mr. Lawrence, and upon the last to confirm it.\nWe perceive, with regret, that notwithstanding those meetings have furnished the strongest evidence of the general sense of the city, there are still persons who persist in holding up Mr. Broome as a candidate, and endeavour to have it believed that the body of merchants concur in his favor.\nTo guard against the influence of such a misrepresentation, we think it necessary to assure you, and we doubt not their conduct in the election will evince it, that the great body of the merchants coincide in Mr. Lawrence\u2019s nomination. We assert this, because they very generally attended the two meetings, and at each gave their assent to the nomination.\nWe infer from this, and there are appearances which strengthen the inference, that other motives than the desire of having a mercantile character to represent us, operate with many of those who are most active in promoting Mr. Broome\u2019s election. Nothing can be better suited to the policy of those who differ in their sentiments from the inhabitants of this city, than to sow divisions among us. They know that if they can set different classes of men against each other, dissentions may spring up among us, which they may hereafter turn to their own purposes. Against this worst of evils we trust our fellow citizens will be on their guard. We have experienced the happy effects of union among ourselves, and we cannot be too watchful against every thing that may lead to disunion.\nIt is asserted that Mr. Broome will have extensive support in Westchester. Of this, at least, we can assure you, that the federalists in that county will generally vote for Mr. Lawrence. We have received an authentic account that at a meeting held at the White Plains, on Thursday last, with a view to the election of a representative, Mr. Lawrence was agreed upon. In his support, we beg leave to recommend to our fellow citizens UNANIMITY and EXERTION.\nBy Order of the committee,\nAlexander Hamilton, Chairman.\nMarch 3.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0101", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter IX, 3 March 1789\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nNew-York, March 3, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nI have mentioned as a third circumstance tending to prove the enmity of the Governor to the UNION, \u201cThat his behaviour towards the individuals composing Congress has been of a nature calculated to give them just cause of disgust.\u201d\nI am well informed, that his Excellency never made a visit to, or had any intercourse of civilities with either of the two last Presidents of Congress. This neglect on his part appears the more pointed; as it is well known that he had been upon a footing of intimacy with one of the gentlemen previous to his appointment. I I mean General St. Clair. This gentleman had been heard to lament that the Governor\u2019s conduct towards him, in an official respect, had put it out of his power to keep up the amicable intercourse, which had formerly subsisted between them. It seems as if the character of a President of Congress amounted in the Governor\u2019s estimation to a forfeiture even of the rights of private friendship.\nThis behaviour to the official head of Congress is to be regarded in a stronger light than mere disrespect to the individual. It may justly be esteemed disrespect to the body themselves, and to have been dictated by a disposition to humiliate the government, which they administered.\nThe same spirit run through the Governor\u2019s conduct towards the members of Congress in general. Very few, if any of them experienced any attentions whatever from him.\nWhatever apology may be made for the Governor\u2019s want of decent hospitality towards the representatives of the United States; I believe it will be difficult to find an excuse for his personal neglect of them. There are civilities which cost nothing; and these might have been bestowed without any violation of the frugality of his Excellency\u2019s maxims.\nIt may be asked how it can be determined where the fault lay, whether with the Governor, or with the individuals of Congress. I answer, that with regard to the Presidents of Congress there can be no doubt. As that body sat in the state, it was unquestionably the duty of the Governor to pay the first attentions to the President after his election. This rule has been understood throughout America; and its propriety is felt evident. The omitting to pay those attentions was a mark of disregard to the government of the Union, for which there can be no excuse, and which admits of but one interpretation.\nDear Sir, \u2003 Your\u2019s sincerely, &c.\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0102", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter X, 4 March 1789\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nNew-York, March 4, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nSometime in the latter part of the year 1785, or beginning of 1786, the state of Virginia proposed the holding a convention for the purpose of devising some system of commercial regulations for the United States. This state among others acceded to the proposition; and the deputies from different states appointed pursuant to it met at Annapolis in the fall of 1786. But the number actually assembled formed so incomplete a representation of the union, that if there had been no other reason, it would have been inexpedient for them to proceed in the execution of their mission. In addition to this, they were unanimously of opinion, that some more radical reform was necessary; and that even to accomplish the immediate end for which they had been deputed, certain collateral changes in the federal system would be requisite, to which their powers in general could not be deemed competent. Under these impressions, they with one voice earnestly recommended it to the several states to appoint deputies to meet in convention, in the then ensuing month of May, with power to revise the confederation at large, and to propose such alterations and amendments as should appear to them necessary to render it adequate to the exigencies of the union.\nThe report of this convention was in course handed to the Governor on the return of the deputies of this state from Annapolis.\nI have ascertained it beyond a doubt, that in a conversation on the subject of this report, he expressed a strong dislike of its object, declaring, that in his opinion, no such reform as the report contemplated, was necessary\u2014that the confederation as it stood was equal to the purposes of the union, or with little alteration could be made so; and that he thought the deputies assembled upon that occasion, would have done better to have confined themselves to the purpose of their errand.\nThis was the first thing that gave me a decisive impression of the insincerity of his Excellency\u2019s former conduct. The opponents of the impost system had in their writings and conversation held up the organization of Congress, as a principal objection to the grant of the power required by that system. The same sentiment had been conveyed by the Governor. The want of checks from the constitution of Congress, as a single body, seemed to be the bulwark of the opposition. But now that a proposal was made which evidently had in view a different construction of the federal government, the language was all at once changed. The old confederation as it stood, or with little alteration, was deemed to be competent to the ends of the union.\nThis then seemed to be the true state of the business. On the one hand Congress, as constituted, was not fit to be trusted with power; on the other, it was not expedient to constitute them differently. To me it appears impossible to reconcile all this to a sincere attachment to an efficient federal government.\nThus, sir, have I explained to you my meaning in the assertion, That the Governor disapproved of the very first step taken towards the effectual amendment of the old confederation.\nI remain with esteem, \u2003 Dear Sir, \u2003 Your very humble Servant,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0103", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter XI, 6 March 1789\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nNew-York, March 6, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nOne of the circumstances stated to you in mine of the 26th of February, to shew that the Governor is unfriendly to the UNION, is that he prejudged and condemned the new Constitution before it was framed.\nThis fact has been long since given to the public; to which no other answer, that I have heard, has been made by his Excellency, or his friends, than that he as a citizen had a right to entertain and declare such sentiments as appeared to him proper. This is a position not to be denied; but it is equally undeniable that his constituents have as good a right to judge of the propriety of his opinions and conduct, and of the views by which they seem to be actuated.\nWhile the Convention was sitting at Philadelphia, the Governor, I am well informed, made unreserved declarations of his opinion, that no good was to be expected from the appointment or deliberations of that body. That the most likely result was that the country would be thrown into confusion by the measure. That it was by no means a necessary one; as the confederation had not had a sufficient trial, and probably on more full experiment would be found to answer all the purposes of the Union.\nHere we discover the clearest indication of a predetermined opposition in the mind of his Excellency. He is not a man governed in ordinary cases by sudden impulse. Though of an irritable temper, when not under the immediate influence of irritation, he is circumspect and guarded; and seldom acts or speaks, without premeditation and design.\nLanguage of the kind I have mentioned, from him, clearly betrayed an intention to excite prejudices before hand against whatever plan should be proposed by the Convention. For such conduct, or for such an intention, no apology can be made. The United States conceived a Convention to be a proper and necessary expedient. They appointed one, this state concurring. Their deputies were actually assembled, and in deliberation. The step once taken, it became the duty of every good man to give the attempt a fair chance. It was criminal to endeavour to raise prepossessions against it. That very conduct might have led to the mischief predicted. It was certainly not his Excellency\u2019s fault that his predictions were not fulfilled. In all probability, if his whole party had been as pertinacious as himself, the confusion he foretold would now exist. But happily for the United States some of them were more prudent, and we are in peace.\nThe declarations of the Governor on this occasion fix upon him the charge of inconsistency. How can what he said in the instance in question be reconciled with his declaration in the Convention, \u201cthat he had always lamented the feebleness of the Confederation?\u201d\nYour\u2019s, with great regard,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0104", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter XI, [7 March 1789]\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York, March 7, 1789]\nDear Sir,\nThe next in order of the circumstances, alledged in proof of the unfriendly disposition of the Governor to the Union, is that he opposed the new constitution after it appeared, with unreasonable obstinacy.\nTo judge of the propriety of this observation, it ought to be recollected, that the merits or demerits of that constitution must after all, be in a great measure a speculative question, which experience only can solve with certainty.\nIt ought also to be recollected that the convention who framed it, consisted if not wholly, at least generally, of men, from whom America had received the strongest proofs of patriotism and ability. That this body so composed, (with the exception of only three individuals) united in the plan, which was the result of their joint deliberations: And that a FRANKLIN and a WASHINGTON are among the number of those, who gave their approbation to it.\nIt ought further to be attended to, that when the convention of this state came to a decision, ten out of the thirteen states had adopted the constitution, and that a majority of the characters in each state, most distinguished for virtue and wisdom were among its advocates.\nThese, Sir, are truths, which, (notwithstanding the clandestine arts made use of to traduce some of the best and brightest characters of America for being friends to the constitution) no man of candor or information among its opponents will deny.\nI do not infer from them, that the constitution ought on those accounts to have been considered as a good one; but I contend, that they dictated greater moderation in the opposition, than appeared in the Governor\u2019s conduct. They ought to have taught him, that unless he had better assurance of his own infallibility, than an imparital estimate of himself would justify, there was a possibility of his being mistaken in his speculations; and that as a further resistance to the general sense of America was pregnant with manifest inconveniencies and hazards, it became him to sacrifice the pride of opinion to a spirit of accommodation.\nI should be the last to blame any man for opposing the adoption of the constitution, while its establishment was yet a question in the United States; but when that was no longer the case; when nine states, the number required by the constitution to its establishment, had adopted it; when it had thereby become the government of the Union, I think further opposition was not justifiable by any motives of prudence or patriotism. These considerations had their proper weight with a great proportion of the Governor\u2019s party.\nOut of sixty-four members of which the convention of this state consisted, there were at first only nineteen in favour of the constitution. In the conclusion, there was a majority which did actually adopt it. But the Governor persisted to the last in his negative.\nAll those of his party, who concurred in the adoption (and among whom were some of its ablest leaders) are to be regarded as so many witnesses to the unreasonable obstinacy of the Governor\u2019s conduct on the occasion. Why did they agree to adopt? Because they saw that a contrary course was replete with danger to the peace and welfare of this state and of the Union. They acted in that like moderate and prudent men. Why did not his Excellency act a similar part? Let facts decide! Let the collective complexion of his language and behavior inform us! The inference from the whole will certainly not exempt him from the imputation of obstinacy, nor give us a very favourable impression of his inclination to preserve the tranquility and union of the states.\nI entertain no doubt that your judgment of this instance of the Governor\u2019s conduct will correspond with mine; as I have understood that the conduct of the members of your country had met your intire approbation. The gentlemen, are among the number of those who though like yourself not attached in the abstract to the constitution as it stands, prudently yielded to the considerations of expediency, which recommended its adoption.\nAccept my best wishes for your \u2003 health, and believe me \u2003 always your\u2019s\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0106", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter XIII, 9 March 1789\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York] March 9, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nThe last of the circumstances mentioned by me in my letter of the 26th of February, as evincive of the inimical disposition of the governor towards the union, is that he is unfriendly to the residence of Congress in this city.\nThis may be inferred from the disrespectful manner in which he has treated that honorable body, aggregately and individually, as detailed in some former letters; and from his fomenting that spirit of party in the legislature, which has left us without a representation in Congress.\nBut the matter does not rest on this evidence only. I have direct proof, that he has held language clearly indicating an opinion in him real, or affected, that it was a disadvantage to the state to have the seat of the federal government in it. His objections have been drawn from its pretended tendency to promote luxury and dissipation. He has, I am well informed, talked in this stile among others to our friend Judge \u2014, of \u2014 county, with some circumstances of aggravation, which from a regard to decency I forbear to repeat.\nNow, my dear sir, nothing but a rooted hostility to all federal government could have dictated this sentiment in the breast of the governor. Every man of sense knows that the residence of Congress among us has been a considerable source of wealth to the state; and as to the idle tale of its promoting luxury and dissipation, I believe there has not been for a number of years past a period of greater frugality than that in which Congress have resided in this city. As far as my observation or information extends, it has made no sensible difference in the stile of living as to the article of expence. The truth must be that the governor has supposed that the presence of Congress in the state has had an influence in encouraging the zeal and exertions of the friends to federal government.\nThus it appears that the whole system of thinking adopted by the governor has been manifestly adverse to every thing connected with the federal government; and has led him to view all its concerns through a jaundiced medium.\nTo what can all this be attributed? To what can be ascribed the regular and undeviating opposition on his part to the measure devised by the joint council of America for strengthening and confirming the union? How shall we explain the different and inconsistent grounds of opposition which he has taken at different periods? To me, my dear sir, the collective view of his conduct will admit of no other supposition than that he has entertained a project for erecting a system of STATE POWER unconnected with, and in subversion of the union. This is my firm and sincere belief; founded upon a long and close attention to the secret and public proceedings of his excellency. Some of the circumstances which have led to it, I am not at liberty to disclose, because I could not do it without a breach of confidence.\nViewing in the light I do the conduct of the governor, I consider it as a sacred duty which I owe to the county, to advise all those with whom I have any connection or intercourse to promote a change. It is possible that the governor finding the execution of his schemes impracticable, may have abandoned them. But I conceive a man capable of adopting such views as too dangerous to be trusted at the head of the state. And I should hold it to be the extreme of credulity and weakness to confide in any assurances of amendment which his friends, to answer a present purpose, may be induced to give.\nWith unalterable regard, \u2003 I remain your\u2019s\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0107", "content": "Title: Motion Intended to Be Made at a Meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York] March 11, 1789. At a meeting of the New York Society of the Cincinnati \u201cheld on the 11th of March, at the Holland Lodge, Hamilton informed the Society that he intended to move at the next meeting, for the following By-Law, to be annexed to those already established by the Society, to wit: \u2018That each Treasurer of the Society, before he enters upon the execution of his office, shall give bond, with two sufficient sureties, to the five Trustees, to be named by the Society, in the sum of  dollars, for the faithfull application of the funds of the Society.\u2019\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0108", "content": "Title: Subscription to the New-York Manufacturing Society, [17 March 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York, March 17, 1789.] On this date Hamilton\u2019s name was listed as one of the subscribers to the New-York Manufacturing Society.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0110", "content": "Title: H. G. to Marinus Willett, [19 March 1789]\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willett, Marinus\n[New York, March 19, 1789]\nTo Marinus Willett, Esq.\nSir,\nI perceive by this day\u2019s Advertiser that you have thought proper to come forward, with an air of triumph, to contradict a fact alledged in my sixth letter respecting a proclamation of the council for the temporary government of the southern district.\nYou have been pleased to preface it with some general observations, and among the rest to make a profession of your faith in the virtue of the present Governor. This at least you might have spared yourself the trouble of doing. He has long been considered as the keeper of your political conscience; and you as the votary of his infallibility. You call yourself his friend; it is supposed you might have added to the description an epithet of more obsequious import. Considering you in this light, you will excuse me if I admit with reserve your authority in any matter, which concerns the personal character of the Governor.\nBut notwithstanding the opinion entertained of the capacity in which you serve, as I am not apt to think men capable of deliberate falshood, I was on the first perusal of your publication ready to conclude, that you had stated the matter truly, and that what might have been originally only an inference of my informants, from the collateral conduct of the Governor, and his known partiality to yourself and another gentleman, had after a lapse of more than five years assumed in my memory the shape in which it has been communicated. There are, however, circumstances in your narrative, which on further examination have induced me to hesitate in drawing this conclusion.\nTwo facts are conceded by your account of the transaction; one, that such a proclamation, as is mentioned in the letter, did exist; the other, that it was irregularly suspended by your interposition, and finally suppressed by the council. You, however, deny the privity or connivance of the Governor, and shift the responsibility of postponing the publication, from him to particular members of the council whom you name. You assert at the same time, that your visit to Mr. Holt, though late at night, was accidental; and you assume to yourself the merit of moderation, by assigning, as the motive to your conduct, an apprehension that the proclamation was calculated rather to inflame, than to calm the minds of the citizens.\nTo test the probability of this account, in some of its parts at least, I shall proceed to state a few facts respecting yourself, which I presume you will not think it expedient to deny. You were an open advocate at the period in contemplation, for the banishment of certain individuals, and you were equally an advocate for discriminating and disqualifying laws. In addition to this, you were one of three persons, who without color of authority, went to the house of Mr. Rivington to interdict the continuance of his business as a Printer; a proceeding which was the immediate cause of the proclamation.\nYou were therefore interested both in regard to reputation, and influence to effect its suppression. Is it probable then that your visit to Mr. Holt at so critical a juncture, and at so late an hour, as you describe, was purely accidental? Is it probable, that the pains you took to prevent the issuing of the proclamation proceeded from the laudable motive you profess. If neither the one nor the other is probable, is it more probable that your representation of the matter is in the other respects fairer than it appears to be in these?\nThere is a further circumstance which throws an additional air of improbability on your relation. I affirm, Sir, as a thing within my personal knowlege, that you were at the time in habits of the closest intimacy, friendship and confidence with the Governor. It is not therefore very likely that the step you took was without his participation; though it should be true that other sanction to the irregularity was dexterously obtained. As to the lateness of the hour, it could form no greater obstacle to communication in the case of the Governor, than of the other gentlemen, to whom you allege your having had recourse. It is well known that a rigid attention to etiquette has never been the vice of head-quarters.\nI resort to probabilities; because it is now more than five years, since the affair took place; and a distinct recollection of circumstances is hardly to be looked for from those, who might be esteemed disinterested witnesses of the fact. So much is this the case, that the gentlemen named in your publication, can give no satisfactory history of particulars, though some of them appear to retain imperfect traces of your application.\nThe information which I received, while the transaction was yet recent, was from members of the council now at a distance from this city. These gentlemen have been written to, and the result of the inquiry shall be made known. I conceive it to be due to the cause of truth, that public charges brought against any man, should either be accompanied with the evidence on which they are founded, or when regularly called in question be supported by it, or if originating in mistake, relinquished.\nBut, Sir, I cannot conclude without taking notice of the very logical inference with which your publication ends. You declare that one charge is unfounded, and you infer that every other is equally so. Had that charge been made in positive terms, as many of the others are, and had not several of the others been objects of general notoriety, you might have had color for your inference, and credit for your sincerity. But as things are situated you can pretend to neither. The fact particularly in question between us, is introduced with an acknowlegement, that I do not distinctly recollect the particulars, and with the qualifying expressions \u201cif my memory serves me.\u201d\u2014While every other article of specific charge is brought in a direct and categoric form. Whenever either of these shall be properly controverted, if the evidence does not accompany it, I pledge myself to produce it. I shall not expect to put his Excellency to the necessity of proving negatives (of which you so piteously complain) but shall content myself with an authentic denial of facts on his behalf. You, Sir, may continue to act your part, and add fresh laurels to your brow, as the champion and instrument of your illustrious chief. But I give you warning, that I shall not be diverted from my main pursuit by cavils or trifles.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nMarch 19.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0112", "content": "Title: Marinus Willett to H. G., [23 March 1789]\nFrom: Willett, Marinus\nTo: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, March 23, 1789]\nMarinus Willett informs H___ G___, that it is not his wish to divert him from the pursuit of his plan of defamation. M. Willett, is no letter writer, he had it only in view by a plain and candid relation to detect a false representation of a transaction in which he was a principal. It is by no means his intention to intrude on the public by investigating the causes which led to the proclamation, as it would neither afford them advantage or amusement. There are some things in H___ G___\u2019s address which gives M. Willett reason to think he knows who H___ G___ is; perhaps he is mistaken, but if he is right in the conjecture of his person, M. W. promises himself that by some means or other he will be advised of it\u2014he pledges himself that he will then do himself the honour to wait on H___ G___, when he makes no doubt that he shall be able to convince him, that the account of the proclamation as it has been stated by M. W. is strictly true. And that H___ G___ is under a mistake about Governor Clinton\u2019s being the keeper of M. W.\u2019s political conscience.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Phineas Howell, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Howell, Phineas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewburgh [New York] March 24, 1789. States that a meeting of freeholders of Newburgh \u201cby a very great majority\u201d had nominated Robert Yates for governor and Pierre Van Cortlandt for lieutenant governor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0115", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Wynkoop, 25 March 1789\nFrom: Wynkoop, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nKinderhook [New York] March 25th. 1789.\nSir,\nYour Conduct having always evinced, not only a fervent and enlightened Zeal for the Rights and Liberties of the People but a Capacity of deciding justly on great constitutional Questions; I make no apology for addressing you on this Occasion.\nThe 25th. Article of the Constitution of this State declares \u201cthat the Chancellor and Judges of the Supreme Court, shall not at the same Time hold any other Office, excepting that of a Delegate to the general Congress, upon special Occasions; and that the first Judges of the County-Courts, in the several Counties, shall not at the same Time hold any other Office, excepting that of Senator, or Delegate to the general Congress: But if the Chancellor or either of the said judges be elected or appointed to any other office, excepting as is before excepted, it shall be at his Option in which to serve.\u201d\nPeter Van Ness Esqr. who is first Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of this County and one of the Senators for the western District, was chosen a Member of the Council of Appointment, at the last Session of the Legislature, and accordingly took his Seat in the same. He has since done several judicial Acts. It appeared to me incompatible with the Principles of Liberty and of a free Government, that the same Individual should possess and exercise legislative, executive and judicial Powers. I perused our Constitution, and was confirmed in my Opinion. I now consider him guilty of no less a Crime than that of a Usurpation of Power, contrary to the express Letter of the Constitution, which, I believe, disqualified him from being Judge the Moment he accepted the Office of a Member of the Council of Appointment.\nBe pleased to let me know your Sentiments on this important Subject by the next Post. I would suggest the Propriety of keeping this Matter secret, as Caution and Circumspection are necessary to my Mode of Attack.\nI am, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 With the greatest Esteem \u2003 Your numble Servt.\nJno. C. Wynkoop\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Dayton, [26 March 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Dayton, Jonathan\n[New York, March 26, 1789]\nDr Sir\nCircumstances prevented my seeing a certain Gentleman. But I have reflected more fully on the subject of our conversation.\nI continue strongly inclined to the opinion that the Council ought to have canvassed prior to the day appointed for the Meeting of Congress upon the returns then before them, and that the subsequent canvass has been irregular and is void.\nBut as to the second point\u2014the prudence of an appeal to Congress, in this commencement of the Government, my doubts have been rather strengthened than diminished by reflection.\nI remain with very great regard, Dr Sir \u2003 Yr. Obed serv\nA Hamilton\nJ. Dayton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0117", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William S. Johnson, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Johnson, William S.\n[New York] March 27. 89\nDr Sir\nThe bearer of this is a Mr. Claxton, who is desirous of being a messenger or something equivalent. I feel an interest in his success, as he is a man of qualifications superior to his present aims. His memorial, which he will deliver you, is of his own drafting, by which you will perceive that he has some literary pretension. He has followed the Printing business; but from the ill effect of it on his health is obliged to seek other employment. He is f\u0153deralist & has suffered as such. He is of good reputation for integrity & has a wife and Children to support.\nYrs. sincerely\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0119", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [6 April 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York, April 6, 1789]\nSir\nThe Committee appointed to promote the election of Judge Yates as Governor have requested Mr. John Jackson a Merchant of this City to proceed into your County for the purpose of making such communications to the inhabitants of it as may be necessary to inform them of the reasons which influence this City & County in desiring a change in the person of the Chief Magistrate.\nFrom the opinion we entertain of your independence patriotism and influence we have advised Mr. Jackson to apply to you for your assistance in forwarding the object of his mission. This we flatter ourselves you will be disposed to afford.\nI am Sir \u2003 Yr Obed & hum ser \u2003 By order of the Committee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Anthony Wayne, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Wayne, Anthony\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n6th April 1789\nMy Dear Hamilton\nPermit me to introduce to your acquaintance Brigr General James Jackson, (a representative from Georgia to Congress) he is my particular friend, who in the Campaign of 1782 Commanded the State Legion which composed my Vanguard. I know him to be A Valuable Citizen a good soldier & an honest man, & as such I wish you to introduce him to your Military & other acquaintances, & whatever Civilities he may experience from you I shall consider as confered upon your Affectionate friend & Most Obt Hum Servt\nAnty. Wayne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0121", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Electors of the State of New York, [7 April 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Electors of the State of New York\n[New York, April 7, 1789]\nFor the New-York Journal, &c.\nMr. Greenleaf,\nYou are requested to publish this address in your Next Thursday\u2019s paper.\nBy order of the Committee,\nAlex Hamilton, Chairman.\nNew-York, April 7, 1789.\nTo the Independent and Patriotic Electors Of the State of NewYork.\nIn our last address, we mentioned to you our intention of offering some remarks upon that which has been lately published by the committee appointed to promote the re-election of the present Governor. This we shall now do; and we flatter ourselves, that what we shall say will meet with your candid and serious attention. Respect for ourselves, as well as for you, will prevent our imitating the spirit of invective and uncandid accusation, which abounds in that performance. Acting, as we trust we do, from reason, not from passion, we shall continue to address ourselves to the reason, not to the passions of our fellow-citizens.\nThe writers of the address in question, set out with describing to us the long services of the present Governor\u2014his meritorious administration during the late war, his good conduct in preserving peace and order within the southern district, after its evacuation by the British forces.\nWe feel no inclination to detract from the merit of the Governor\u2019s services during the war; nor shall we examine whether they have been over-rated or not. We are ready to acknowledge, that they were considerable, and that they entitled him to the esteem of his country.\nWith regard to the credit given to him for the order preserved in this part of the state after the peace, we shall only observe, that at the most critical period, the management of affairs was in the hands of the council appointed for the temporary government of the southern district; in which the Governor had no greater agency than any other individual member.\nBut admitting all that can be asked in either of these respects, it surely will not follow, that we ought, therefore to consent to be perpetually governed by the same man; however exceptionable his subsequent conduct may have been. If he has departed from the principles, by which he may have been once actuated\u2014if he has quitted the pursuit of the public good, for that of a selfish and interested policy\u2014if he has betrayed a stronger attachment to his own power, influence and advantage, than to the dignity, respectability and prosperity of the people\u2014if instead of being the impartial head of the state, he has become the zealous head of a party in it\u2014if instead of acting as the appeaser and calmer, he has in any instance acted as the fomenter of dissention\u2014if he has at any time contributed to sacrificing the interests of the state, by encouraging the obstinacy and intemperance of party conflicts; in either of these suppositions, the merit of his early administration will be a very insufficient recommendation to the future choice of the community.\nHow far imputations of this kind may be applicable to the conduct of the Governor, for some years past, we forbear particularly to discuss. It is certain, however, that a very large proportion of the community are now, on different accounts, greatly dissatisfied with his administration, and that many more entertain serious doubts and apprehensions. The presumption is, that this has not happened without cause. Moderate and discreet men of all parties will at least agree, that the existence of such a state of things, from whatever source it may proceed, is a real evil which calls for some effectual remedy. When discontents with the head of the state have taken possession of a large part of the people, and have been produced by causes which render them likely to last, they form in republican governments a powerful reason for a change; as perhaps the only mean of securing or re-establishing confidence in the government. When those discontents are immediately connected with the party divisions which exist in the state, such a change will generally be found essential to the restoration of harmony among the citizens; a blessing which cannot be too highly prized, nor too anxiously promoted!\nThat the spirit of party has attained an alarming and pernicious height in the state, must be apparent to all dispassionate observers. It has been conclusively witnessed in the last session of the legislature. Which of the parties was right, which wrong, would be an endless discussion. But it cannot admit of a doubt, that the interests of the state have suffered in the contest;\n   Our representatives in Congress are not yet ascertained, and we have no senators appointed.\n and there is too much probability that they will continue to suffer from the same spirit, until there is, at the head of the state, a man who enjoys the good will of both parties, and is disposed to temper and heal their mutual irritations.\nOn the subject of the parties which exist in the state, much is said in the address under consideration. Some of the observations contained in it are just; but we do not conceive apply to the case; others of them appear to us altogether fallacious.\nIt is just, for instance, that difference of opinion, on a great political question, occasionally arising in a community, does not constitute what is understood by the spirit of party. Men, in such cases, ought to take their sides according to their convictions; though they should be cautious not to suffer their zeal to hurry them into irrational extremes.\nBut when the Governor is objected to, as the head of a party, we presume, it is not on account of the side he took in the question concerning the new constitution. It is true, indeed, that the friends of that constitution are of opinion, that circumstances have attended the Governor\u2019s conduct in relation to it, before it appeared, after it appeared, and before its adoption, and even since its adoption, which savour of prejudice and intemperance, and subject him to suspicions derogatory to his prudence and patriotism. But the objection to him as the head of a party, reaches much further back than the new constitution. Discerning men, soon after the peace, perceived, that he had formed a close connection with a particular set of characters, in whose public and private views he was continually embarked.\nIt is asked, what could have been his object in thus devoting himself to a party? The answer is plain\u2014to keep himself in place\u2014to perpetuate himself in the enjoyment of the power and profit of the office he holds.\nBut it is asked again, why, if that was his wish, did he not connect himself with the wealthy and the great? These, it is pretended, would have been better instruments of a scheme of personal aggrandisement.\nSuch a suggestion has scarcely the merit of plausibility. It is well known, that large property is an object of jealousy in republics, and that those who possess it, seldom enjoy extensive popularity. The Governor was aware that he would have risked the loss, rather than have promoted the continuance of that which he possessed, by connecting himself with men of that class; and that his purpose could be better answered by an opposite course. Besides, from men who would suppose their pretensions not inferior to his, he would be more likely to experience competition and contradiction. The history of republics affords more examples of individuals arriving at dangerous pre-eminence, by a policy similar to that which seems to have been pursued by the Governor, than in any other mode.\nIt is asserted, in order to excite prejudice, that the opposition to the Governor arises from the wealthy and the great. We believe it to be true, that the principal part of the men of the most considerable property in the state are of opinion, that a change is necessary. But we believe it to be not less true, that the same opinion embraces a large proportion of all other classes of the community. Will it follow that it must be wrong, because men of property concur in it? Are they less interested than the other people in good government? Do they advocate one of their number for the successor? Judge Yates certainly does not fall under that description. What motive then can they have besides the public good, for giving him their support and suffrages?\nIt has been said, that Judge Yates is only made use of on account of his popularity, as an instrument to displace Governor Clinton; in order that at a future election some one of the great families may be introduced. Let this surmise be candidly considered. It is admitted, that Judge Yates in now a popular character; and it will not be doubted that he is a man of sense and integrity. If he conducts himself with propriety, it is not to be imagined, that with the addition of the influence which will naturally flow from the possession of the office, he will be less able, at the end of three years, to maintain his ground against any partial combinations, which may have been formed against him, than he now is to succeed against the accumulated weight of a twelve years administration. Nothing, therefore can be more far-fetched or strained, than the supposition, that such a design, as is mentioned, is entertained. It is evidently a mere artifice to destroy the effect of Judge Yates\u2019 general good character on the minds of his fellow-citizens, and to divert his friends from exerting themselves in his behalf.\nThe cry against men of property has been carried to an extreme by the friends of the Governor, which ought to alarm the considerate of every class. There is no stronger sign of combinations unfriendly to the general good, than when the partisans of those in power raise an indiscriminate cry against men of property. It argues similar designs, which, it is feared, may be counteracted, by those whose situations render them most likely to be independent. Such a cry is neither just nor wise: Not just, because no man ought to be hated for being either rich, or poor: providence has distributed its bounties in the manner best adapted to the general order and happiness: Not wise, because it tends to alienate those, who are endeavored to be made odious, from the government under which they live, and to incline them to favor changes in the hope of bettering their condition; and because in the second place, by destroying the confidence of the body of the people in men of property, it makes a co-operation between them, for the defence of their common privileges and interests, more difficult, and consequently renders it more easy for aspiring men, in possession of power, to prosecute schemes of personal aggrandisement and usurpation. These observations, we are confident, will strike the good sense of our fellow citizens.\nMany of our most considerate citizens have long been of opinion, that the Governor has possessed an undue and dangerous influence. In our first address we intimated the means by which such an influence might be acquired, through the medium of the council of appointment.\nTo this it is answered, that the council of appointment consists of four members of the senate, annually chosen by the assembly, and that it is improbable the Governor should be able materially to influence appointments made by a council so constituted. This we take to be the substance of the answer. Let us see, if it be a satisfactory one.\nIt is to be remembered, that though the council is constituted as stated, the Governor is a standing member of it, and in case of equal division has a casting vote. It is likewise to be attended to, that he has constantly claimed the right of previous nomination, and we are greatly misinformed if he has not extensively practised upon that pretension. The exercise of such a power places the choice essentially in the Governor. If he is first to name the man, who may be appointed, none can be appointed who are not agreeable to him. It is true the council may negative his nomination; but even this will require a majority; for, if equally divided, he can turn the scale in favor of his own nomination. If the person proposed be rejected by a majority, still it is in his power to propose another of his own liking, and to repeat this as often as he pleases until an appointment is made in some degree conformable to his wishes. We do not presume, that a practice has been answerable to the full extent of the principle. The power of previous nomination has been long since called in question, and it is probable that it has been found expedient to exercise it with caution, and oftentimes even to forbear the use of it. But in the general course of things it is presumable, that the operation of that pretension has given the Governor a prevailing influence in appointments.\nBut, independent of the power of previous nomination, the mere circumstance of being a standing member of so small a council with a casting vote must give a man of tolerable address a preponderating weight in its arangements, and consequently an extensive influence, from the distribution of offices. Those who are in pursuit of them will naturally look up to him, as one who must at all events have an agency in the business. Even the members of the council will be apt to gratify him to obtain his concurrence at the time, and upon future occasions, in appointments in which themselves personally or their friends are or may be interested. There are besides various expedients which an artful man may employ to carry his points in such a council. Times and places of meeting may be so managed as to exclude from attendance those whose presence may not be desired. There is room to suppose, that the present Governor has not been inattentive to these advantages, and that he has even gone so far as to avoid making appointments, in the usual course, by a council disagreeable to him, in order to have them made by one more at his devotion.\nPublic opinion, we apprehend, corresponds with this reasoning concerning the Governor\u2019s influence in appointments. Those who are in quest of offices generally think themselves sure of success, if they have reason to believe they have secured his co-operation.\nThe considerations, which have been stated, are, we think, sufficient to shew, that the council of appointment is such an engine, as we before represented it to be; and that the conclusions which have been drawn from it are natural and pertinent.\nWhether an improper or excessive influence has in fact been derived from the use of that engine, those who have been attentive to the progress of public affairs must decide for themselves. Appearances must be carefully consulted; and if there are instances in which members of the legislature have been seen to change one party, or system disagreeable to the Governor, for another party or system, agreeable to him, and if that change of conduct has been observed to be speedily followed by the reception of lucrative appointments, the conclusion from such a fact would be irresistible.\nThe argument which is used against the supposition of such an influence can have no weight. It is said, that such a supposition is a reproach to our representatives which ought to excite indignation. This is one of those arguments, if it may be called an argument, which proves too much, and is capable of being used at all times, & under all circumstances. If it amounts to any thing, it amounts to this, that it ought never to be supposed, that our representatives can be improperly influenced; a position contrary to experience and human nature, and calculated to destroy that watchfulness in the people over the conduct of their representatives, which is an indispensible security of republican government.\nWe have too good an opinion of the virtue of our country-men to believe, that any large proportion of those, who may in any case have united in the views of the Governor, have been under a sinister influence; but we think it very supposeable, that a few may have been in his situation, and that these few, by their advice and example, may have operated upon others, so as to place a majority on the side, where it might not otherwise have been.\nIn making these observations, our great object is to shew, that such an influence, as is apprehended, may be supposed consistently with probability and the usual progress of things. The reality of its existence, as we have already remarked, must be judged of from circumstances. If there are appearances which even render it probable, the rules of republican caution will admonish us to seek a change.\nA very respectable part of the community are of opinion, that the length of time, for which the present Governor has been in office, is alone a sufficient reason for his removal. This however is a sentiment which this committee have never expressed. The idea contained in our first address is, that considering the means of influence derived to our executive, from the nature of our council of appointments, the administration of a Governor ought to be free from blame and from all suspicion of undue attachment to place or to profit, and very satisfactory to the community at large, to render it prudent in the people to leave so powerful an engine in his hands for a long succession of years. In this sentiment, we doubt not we shall be joined by every prudent and independent citizen.\nHow far however some of the gentlemen, who combat the position, that long continuance in office is of itself a sufficient reason, in republican governments, for a change of men, are consistent with themselves, requires some explanation. Mr. Melancton Smith, one of the committee in the convention of this state, objected to the constitution of the president of the United States, on account of the want of the principle of rotation, or in other words, because he, like the Governor of this state, may be re-elected as often as the people think proper; and proposed or advocated an amendment to alter that circumstance, which was adopted by our state convention. The great argument was, the danger in republics of trusting power too long in the same hands. It will be difficult to shew, that the spirit of this objection does not operate against the re-election of a man, who in this state has held the reins of government for near twelve years. It might even with great force be urged, that it is more wise to observe the principle of rotation in practice, than to make it one of the fundamentals of a constitution. For though it might be imprudent to deprive the people of the liberty of making use of a man, in particular emergencies, when his services might happen to be essential, it may be very prudent in them to make changes from time to time, when no public exigencies call for particular men, merely to guard against the danger of a too long continuance in office.\nIn our first address we intimated the ill effects of the want of decent republican hospitality towards the members of Congress, and other public characters, whom the affairs of the government call to reside in this city. This has been answered by describing in strong terms the evils of extravagance and dissipation. It is asked, whether it would be agreeable to the citizens of this state to see the principal magistrate constantly engaged in a scene of dissipation and luxury? We answer, most certainly not. We should be as ready to reprobate this conduct as the contrary extreme. But is there no medium between extravagance and parsimony? Cannot a chief magistrate observe the requisite attentions of hospitability, without running into riot or intemperance, or exceeding the bounds of decent frugality and orderly living? Is it not even his duty to attend to the former as well as the latter? Must not the supposition that it is so, have been one of the inducements of the legislature in annexing to the office the liberal emoluments, which have been constantly annexed to it? Can we believe, that our representatives would have been so lavish of the money of their constituents as they must have been, if that was not a motive?\nIt is with reluctance we dwell on this subject, but the friends of the Governor, by pressing his apology too far, have made it necessary. The charge against him in this respect is not, that he has been frugal, but that he has been penurious; not that he has paid a reasonable regard to a comfortable provision for his family, but that he has applied the greatest part of his public allowance to the accumulation of a large fortune, neglecting what was due to the decorum and dignity of his station.\nIt is, we conceive, impossible to join with his friends in ascribing his conduct, in this respect, to the laudable motive they assign, the desire of setting an example of moderation and frugality. If he had been actuated by such a motive, why has he been always ready to accept such liberal allowances of the public money? Why did he never say to the legislature, \u201cI wish to ease the burthens of the people. I find by experience that you have been more bountiful than is requisite to the decent and proper support of the office. Let my salary be retrenched.\u201d \n   His friends give him credit for the reduction of his salary the last session; but if he had any share in the business, it cannot be considered as very meritorious at the eve of an election, at which he knew he would be strongly opposed\n Such we think would have been the language and conduct of patriotic moderation; but the disposition to receive much and spend little, bespeaks the predominancy of a passion, which certainly is no ornament in a public character.\nAs to the quantity of the property which may have been amassed by the Governor, during his administration, this is a subject which we should have left untouched, were it not for some observations in the address which seem to require notice. Whether the intimations of fraudulent or indirect practices in that gentleman, which have appeared in the public prints, have really been serious accusations of imprudent adversaries, or fictitious charges brought by the friends of the Governor, for the sake of refuting them, and having it believed, that he has been ill-treated, we will not undertake to decide. But thus much we shall say, that the supposition of such practices has no share in the motives which, in our estimation, render his re-election unadviseable. And though we do not agree in the opinion, that the idea of his being possessed of a large fortune is groundless, yet we should not impute blame to him on that account in any other view, than as he may be justly chargeable with penury, in the manner of acquiring it. It is undeniable, that he has received from the state, what may de deemed a handsome fortune, in a few accumulated payments,\n   On a settlement of his accounts, some time in the year 1782, there was a balance in his favour of upwards of 8000 pounds. This sum he retained out of monies borrowed by him on the public account, about that period, or some time in the year subsequent. His salary since that period has amounted to about 9000 pounds, and there can be no doubt from the manner of his living, that considerably more than one half of this has been saved. The mere interest of 8000 pounds for six years, is 3920, so that taking it for granted, the Governor has not left his money idle, and excluding the idea of extraordinary increase by land speculations, we have here data for supposing a fortune not much short of 20,000 pounds.\n and that he has made several profitable speculations in land. Some of these are publicly known, and others of them, we have good grounds to believe, are covered under the names of third persons.\nThe address under consideration contains many observations on the Governor\u2019s conduct and views, in relation to the constitution of the United States. To examine the justness or propriety of them would involve a discussion into which we do not think it expedient to enter. After all that could be said, the judgement of every man would be regulated very much by previous opinions, and by a recurrence to facts. These indeed are the only satisfactory standard to which we can resort. Professions or assertions will never countervail, in any reasonable mind, the evidence which arises from them.\nWe must, however, observe that in our opinion, the friends to amendments of whatever party, will do well to join in the support of Judge Yates. That gentleman, by having the confidence of both parties in this state, will be more likely to have the confidence of the United States, than one who is supposed by many of the most intelligent friends of the constitution among us to desire its entire subversion. And it must be evident, that as far as the Governor of a state can contribute to the attainment of amendments in the national constitution, the man who is most likely to have the confidence and good will of the union will be the most likely to effect it.\nIn our first address we advanced this sentiment, that all should join \u201cin the support of the constitution established by the people of the United States, and that all should join in the re-consideration of the parts which have been the subject of objection.\u201d On this point we are charged with inconsistency, and it is asserted, that there is every reason to believe, that the principal opponents to the Governor do not wish to see any amendments to the constitution, and are averse to a re-consideration of it. As far as we are concerned, we affirm, that the charge is destitute of truth, and we defy those who make it to produce any thing like proof of its being well founded.\nIt is true, that on the occasion of the election of a representative of this district in Congress, we most of us contended for the propriety of choosing a person attached to the constitution; but this certainly has nothing to do with a disinclination to amendments, or to a reconsideration of the system; nor will it in any candid mind appear to militate against the sincerity of the desire, which we profess to have, of reconciliation and union, between the different parties in the state. It was not to be doubted, that in other parts of this state every effort would be made, by those who opposed the constitution, to choose for representatives men of sentiments similar to their own, and it could not reasonably be expected, under such circumstances, that its friends, in a friendly district, would not be equally strenuous for representatives of their own sentiments. Could it be expected that we should abandon the distinctions which actually exist, previous to a foundation being laid for a reciprocal renunciation of them? This is the desireable object at which we and our fellow citizens now aim. Nor can a better proof be given of it, than in the disposition manifested to support a man of political opinions different from those generally entertained by them and by us. And we strongly flatter ourselves, that the desireable end in contemplation will be attained, by the co-operation of all those throughout the state who wish to see the spirit of faction and dissention extinguished.\nWe forbear any further comment on the address of our opponents. We trust that nothing they have offered, which has the semblance of argument, remains unattended to; and we do not choose to pursue them into any other field. We trust, that all the considerate, disinterested, and independent, all the sincere lovers of peace and harmony, all those who are unwilling to sacrifice the good of the state to the aggrandizement or advantage of an individual, will heartily unite in the endeavour to appease the distractions of the community. It is evident, that a large proportion of it is, in all probability, irreconcileably dissatisfied with the administration of the present chief magistrate. There can therefore be no rational hope of future union or concord under his auspices. And we boldly appeal to the breast of every good citizen, & ask what inducement there can be to support the re-election of Governor Clinton, which ought to stand, even for an instant, in competition with the blessings of union and concord.\nBy order of the Committee,\nAlexander Hamilton, Chairman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0122", "content": "Title: H. G. Letter XIV, 9 April 1789\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York] April 9, 1789\nDear Sir,\nIn mine of the 25th of February last, I observed, that there were reasons to conclude that the Governor\u2019s conduct, immediately after the evacuation of this city, had been influenced by condescentions to those who were at the time advocates for persecution, which in some measure involved him in their policy; and in confirmation of this idea I mentioned some circumstances, as they then presented themselves to my memory, which had attended the suppression of a proclamation issued by the council for the temporary government of the southern district, in consequence of certain irregularities committed in this city, by some of the persons alluded to. You have no doubt seen in the newspapers Mr. Willet\u2019s statement of this affair, and the correspondence which ensued between that gentleman and myself.\nPursuant to the assurance contained in my letter to Mr. Willet, I shall now disclose to you the result of the enquiries I have made. It has turned out as was to have been apprehended. Neither of the gentlemen to whom I have applied, has a distinct recollection of particulars. One of them indeed recollects little more than that he was a good deal displeased with the transaction. The other has a perfect remembrance of some circumstances, though not of all. Among other things, he well recollects, that he was much dissatisfied with the Governor\u2019s conduct in the affair, and that the impression, which he had at the time was, and constantly since has been, that there had been, on the part of the Governor, an undue and improper acquiescence, at least, in the conduct of the persons concerned in suspending the printing of the proclamation. But what the facts or appearances were, which produced that impression, have now, in a great measure, escaped his memory.\n   Mr. Willet by applying to the Printer, may satisfy himself of the fairness of this representation, and of the respectability of the authority on which it is founded.\nThus stands the affair. The investigation has not weakened in my mind the evidence, that the circumstances attending the suppression of the proclamation were evincive of condescentions, on the part of the Governor, towards the advocates for persecution, at the period in question, which in some measure involved him in their policy. This, by reference to my letter, you will perceive was the sole purpose for which the transaction was quoted. I do not insist, that the particulars as first stated, are accurate. You will observe they are stated with hesitation and uncertainty; but I feel an entire conviction that the aggregate complexion of the affair was such as I have supposed it to be.\nI remain with sincere regard, \u2003 Dear Sir, \u2003 Your very humble Servant,\nSuffolk County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0123", "content": "Title: Account with the State of New York, [14 April 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Albany, April 14, 1789]\nState of N.Y. to Alexander Hamilton for services as Member of Congress\nfrom\n21 Feby\u20135 May\ndays\n26 May\u201314 June\n30 July\u201318 Oct\ndeduct from attendance\n\u00a3153.12 audited 14 April 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0124", "content": "Title: Receipt for Money Received from New York State, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York] April 14, 1789. Acknowledges receipt of \u00a3112 for services as counsel in a controversy between New York and Massachusetts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0125", "content": "Title: H. G. to Marinus Willett, [15 April 1789]\nFrom: \u201cH. G.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willett, Marinus\n[New York, April 15, 1789]\nH___ G___. having been informed that Mr. Willet has received a letter from the Attorney General, stating the circumstances of the interview between them, takes occasion to express his expectation that Mr. Willett will communicate it to the public.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [5 May 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York, May 5, 1789]\nDr. Sir\nIn conformity to the intimation you were pleased to honor me with on  evening last I have reflected on the etiquette proper to be observed by the President and now submit the ideas which have occurred to me on the subject.\nThe public good requires as a primary object that the dignity of the office should be supported. Whatever is essential to this ought to be pursued though at the risk of partial or momentary dissatisfaction. But care will be necessary to avoid extensive disgust or discontent. Men\u2019s minds are prepared for a pretty high tone in the demeanour of the Executive; but I doubt whether for so high a tone as in the abstract might be desireable. The notions of equality are yet in my opinion too general and too strong to admit of such a distance being placed between the President and other branches of the government as might even be consistent with a due proportion. The following plan will I think steer clear of extremes and involve no very material inconveniences.\nI The President to have a levee day once a week for receiving visits. An hour to be fixed at which it shall be understood that he will appear and consequently that the visitors are previously to be assembled. The President to remain half an hour, in which time he may converse cursorily on indifferent subjects with such persons as shall strike his attention, and at the end of that half hour disappear. Some regulation will be hereafter necessary to designate those who may visit. A mode of introduction through particular officers will be indispensable. No visits to be returned.\nII The President to accept no invitations: and to give formal entertainments only twice or four times a year on the anniversaries of important events in the revolution. If twice, the day of the declaration of Independence, and that of the inauguration of the President, which completed the organization of the Constitution, to be preferred; if four times, the day of the treaty of alliance with france & that of the definitive treaty with Britain to be added. The members of the two houses of the legislature Principal officers of the Government Foreign ministers and other distinguished strangers only to be invited. The numbers form in my mind an objection\u2014But there may be separate tables in separate rooms. This is practiced in some European Courts. I see no other method in which foreign Ministers can with propriety be included in any attentions of the table which the President may think fit to pay.\nIII The President on the lev\u00e9e days either by himself or some Gentleman of his household to give informal invitations to family dinners on the days of invitation. Not more than six or eight to be invited at a time & the matter to be confined essentially to members of the legislature and other official characters. The President never to remain long at table.\nI think it probable that the last article will not correspond with the ideas of most of those with whom Your Excellency may converse but on pretty mature reflection I believe it will be necessary to remove the idea of too immense an inequality, which I fear would excite dissatisfaction and cabal. The thing may be so managed as neither to occasion much waste of time, nor to infringe on dignity.\nIt is an important point to consider what persons may have access to Your Excellency on business. The heads of departments will of course have this privilege. Foreign Ministers of some descriptions will also be intitled to it. In Europe I am informed ambassadors only have direct access to the Chief Magistrate. Something very near what prevails there would in my opinion be right. The distinction of rank between diplomatic characters requires attention and the door of access ought not to be too wide to that class of persons. I have thought that the members of the Senate should also have a right of individual access on matters relative to the public administration. In England & France Peers of the realm have this right. We have none such in this Country, but I believe that it will be satisfactory to the people to know that there is some body of men in the state who have a right of continual communication with the President. It will be considered as a safeguard against secret combinations to deceive him.\nI have asked myself\u2014will not the representatives expect the same privilege and be offended if they are not allowed to participate with the Senate? There is sufficient danger of this, to merit consideration. But there is a reason for the distinction in the constitution. The Senate are coupled with the President in certain executive functions; treaties and appointments. This makes them in a degree his constitutional counsellors and gives them a peculiar claim to the right of access. On the whole, I think the discrimination will be proper & may be hazarded.\nI have chosen this method of communication, because I understood Your Excellency, that it would be most convenient to you. The unstudied and unceremonious manner of it will I hope not render it the less acceptable. And if in the execution of your commands at any time I consult frankness and simplicity more than ceremony or profession, I flatter myself you will not on that account distrust the sincerity of the assurance I now give of my cordial wishes for your personal happiness and the success of your administration. I have the honor to be with the highest respect\nYour Excellency\u2019s \u2003 Most Obedient & humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, May 5th. 1789\nDear Sir\nI beg you to accept my unfeigned thanks for your friendly communications of this date\u2014and that you will permit me to entreat a continuation of them as occasions may arise.\nThe manner chosen for doing it, is most agreeable to me. It is my wish to act right; if I err; the head & not the heart, shall, with justice, be chargeable. With sentiments of sincere esteem & regard\nI am Dear Sir \u2003 Your Obedt Servt.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jonathan Lawrence, Junior, 6 May 1789\nFrom: Lawrence, Jonathan, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, May 6th. 1789\nSir\nI have been at a stand whether to forward to you the Enclosed, or not, for fear you might Imagine me troublesome. Necessity has at length over Come my delicate feelings, and I have concluded to transmit it to you, with an Anxious hope that you will Interest yourself in behalf of Old Servant to his Country, who has sacrificed health and fortune to Serve his Country and now finds himself reduced to Circumstances very Unpleasant, and whose only prospect now lies in the hope that his friends will procure him some Public Employ to Enable him to Support himself with some degree of Decency.\nI have the Honor to Subscribe myself, Your Very Humble Servant\nJ Lawrence Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0131", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Walter Livingston, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Livingston, Walter\n[New York] May 18. 1789\nDr Sir\nThe interview between us yesterday was altogether unexpected. I thought it proper to be candid. But I trust you will consider what I said as confidential. I mean to consult mutual friends; and to act agreeably to the most scrupulous delicacy. My final determination shall be communicated.\nIf Whatever may be the issue it shall not be my fault, if it causes any interruption of that friendly understanding which has hitherto subsisted between us.\nI remain with regard \u2003 Yr obed ser\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0132", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlbany May 20th 1789\nMy dear Sir\nYour letter by last nights post is come to hand, but not that relative to the Election in the Southern district.\nIf there is a majority of 300 in our favor in the Southern district, indeed if the votes there are ballanced, we have every reason to conclude that we shall be victors. We have Accounts here that at the poles in some parts of Westchester and Orange the tickets for Governor Lieut Governor & Senators were taken separately. If this viciates those poles, I believe It will be favorable to Yates as probably the Majority in Orange against him was greater than that for him in Westchester.\nWe are told affidavits have been sent from hence that the ballots in the East manor of Rensselaer were not sufficiently rolled up. Mr Rensselaer Informs me that Counter affidavits can be procured If necessary, but I believe the canvassers cannot pay any Attention to Either, as It appears to me that the Inspectors at the poles are to be Judges of that matter.\nThe president has favored me with a very polite letter which I received by the post before the last.\nYour anxiety that the Harmony of the family should be compleat, affords me the most pleasing sensations and I am happy that I can assure you that your wishes have been anticipated at least as far as immediately depends on me. Philip has visited me since his return from England he is returned to his wife with a message from me that will afford her comfort & confidence in my friendly intentions towards her. I have charged him to bring her here immediately on the Arrival of his Mother & Sisters\u2014and since the receipt of yours and Angelicas letter announcing that she is to come by land, I have written Philip and Sally to accompany their Sister home. Mrs. Schuyler before she left this was persuaded that It could answer no one valuable purpose to continue unreconciled I encouraged the sentiment And trust in a perfect reconciliation on her part.\nI sincerely wish better health and believe that a relaxation from business would tend to restore It and wish you If possible to find time to come up with my Eliza I wish here as many of my Children together as possible. It is a natural wish at any time of life, and when one is in perfect health but is increased by other motives In such a valetudinarian as I am, I am not yet rid of Gouty swellings and rigidity in the Joints but I suffer most from the Gravel which is so severe as to Occasion frequent discharges of blood by urine, and constantly by Stools.\nEmbrace my Eliza & the Children for me. Yours ever Affectionately &tc\nP Schuyler\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0133", "content": "Title: James Barcklay to Alexander Hamilton and Balthazar De Haert, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Barcklay, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,De Haert, Balthazar\nBrookhaven [New York] May 22, 1789. \u201cThe Cases between Wells, and Wickham, & myself have been long enough in Court to have been determined, yet by fraudulent delays I know not how they stand.\u2026 I mean not to direct, but to desire proper care to be taken to prevent fraudulent tricks and delays, so that I may have my Money which they mean to cheat me out of.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0134", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Loudon, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Loudon, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, the 22d May 89\nSir,\nTho\u2019 you may have no predilection to serve one printer more than another, as all of them, may have been obliging to you\u2014yet, give me leave to mention a few Arguments, which I shall offer to convince you that my claims are better founded than some others, now candidates for the public printing.\n1. I have one of the best offices in this City\u2014consequently, having good hands, can do Printing work, as well, and as expeditiously as any other Printer.\n2. I lost much during the War, took a decided part in behalf of the Country. Did some of the Competition so\u2014nay the reverse\u2014lost nothing\u2014but gained.\n3. I have a large Family of Children to support\u2014some of them none.\n4. I have lost the State printing, tho\u2019 but of little advantage, yet it was worth a little\u2014 for the sole reason, because I took sides with the Federalists. I had been told during last summer, that I would have the printing business for that very reason. I mention this circumstance to you to excite your friendship and exertion in my behalf. I was often told during the summer that for Printing Publius in my Paper I wou\u2019d loose the S. Printing. M.S. offered to lay me \u00a310.5. I would loose it.\nThe Committee of Congress have met, received the Proposals of the Printers\u2014the cheapest, or those best liked and recommended will get the Work. Monday morning the Committee will meet again on the business, after which a report will be made to the Houses, and the Printer fixed on. I beg the favour that you may speak to some of the Members. Mr. Lawrence will befriend me I expect little assistance from any other Members. I\u2019m unacquainted with most of them, and have not the talent of fawning.\nGive me leave to mention one circumstance here which perhaps (as well as Mr. Troup) you was made to believe, that we could not have printed Publius as well as Mc.Lean. Mr. T. told me so. It is true he McL. had the profit of printing it\u2014the preference was given to him\u2014but be assured, we could have printed it as well, and as expediciously as he did.\nI have made free to write you a few lines on the head of my Printing for the Public, and told you as the matter now stands with the Committee, and request you will befriend me a little. If I obtain the Work, it may be permanent. I need it\u2014my Family is large and losses many. I want to live in the World an honest Man. I am, \u2003 sir Your most Obt. servt\nSaml Loudon\nA. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0135", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, [28 May 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hamilton, Elizabeth\nI am miserable My beloved angel that I cannot yet come to you; but this abominable business still detains us & will do it for some days. I would willingly endure the fatigue of a journey to visit you, if it were but for a minute; but such is my situation and the expectation of those for whom I act, that I cannot get away for an hour. It cannot however much longer keep me from my beloved; and the moment I can I will fly to your bosom.\nEngage the house on the conditions you mention. When I come to town I will examine the title and advance the money, if I find no legal incumbrance & impediment. Tell Mr. Barkeley this. Blessing without number upon you and my little ones.\nAdieu", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0136", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Smith, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Smith, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, May 31, 1789. Acknowledges receipt of a letter from Hamilton enclosing \u201ca Bond from Mrs. Hammond of Baltimore to Thomas & Richard Lee of Leeds bearing date the 20th. Sepr. 1788.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0137", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Susanna, Ruth, Joseph, Nelly, and John Cockle, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Cockle, Susanna,Cockle, Ruth,Cockle, Joseph,Cockle, Nelly,Cockle, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, June 12, 1789. Authorize Hamilton to \u201cbecome security to Mr Robert Boyd for a Certain Sum of money left us as a Legacy by our late Grand Father John Cockle of Jamaica on Long Island.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Josiah Crane, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Crane, Josiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, June 12, 1789. \u201c\u2026 [During the American Revolution] I Lodgd. at piramus in New Jersey. Early the Next morning we were Alarmd. by a party of the British, where I narrowly Escapd. with my life, and was Deprived of all I had in the World Except a few Loan office Certificates.\u2026 I am now A Ruind. man, and if my Country Shoud. not think that I merit Some Little Relief for the Support of my famaly, God knows what will become of us.\u2026 I shall \u2026 Conclude, With Beging you do What you think is Necessary.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Morgan Lewis, 24 June 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Morgan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRhinebeck [New York] 24th. June 89\nDear sir.\nI am informed the Inhabitants of New York have it in Contemplation to make Mr King one of our Senators. Under this Persuasion I have thrown it out in Conversation to several of the Country Members & have found it very generally disapproved of, so much so, that I am satisfied it cannot at present be accomplished. I am afraid, too, it would interfere with the Appointment of Genl. Schuyler, in this Way. Many Persons think we are bound to support Judge Yates, in Order to convince the public, that our only Object in pushing him for the Government, was not merely the removal of Mr. Clinton. This may operate with many as a Reason for supporting the Judge against the General. How will it answer to try the old Chief for the Southern District. This I imagine will give pretty general Satisfaction. The old Gentleman will be provided for, and Judge Yates satisfied with stepping into the Chief Justice\u2019s Chair. Give me your Sentiments upon this subject, and also upon the Mode most proper to be adopted in the Appointment of Senators.\nMrs. L Joins in comps. to Mrs. H. with \u2003 Dr sir \u2003 Your Friend & hume Servt\nMorn. Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Hull, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewton [Massachusetts] June 29, 1789. Requests Hamilton to accept \u201cMr. Charles Jackson, Son of General Michael Jackson,\u201d as a law clerk.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0141", "content": "Title: Eulogy on Nathanael Greene, [4 July 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York, July 4, 1789]\nEulogium on the late Major General Greene\nThere is no duty that could have been assigned to me by this Society, which I should execute with greater alacrity than the one I am now called upon to perform. All the motives capable of interesting an ingenuous and feeling mind conspire to prompt me to its execution. To commemorate the talents virtues and exploits of great and good men is at all times a pleasing task to those, who know how to esteem them. But when such men to the title of superior merit join that of having been the defenders and guardians of our country\u2014when they have been connected with us as companions in the same dangers, sufferings, misfortunes and triumphs\u2014when they have been allied to us in the still more endearing character of friends\u2014we recal the ideas of their worth with sensations, that affect us yet more nearly, and feel an involuntary propensity to consider their fame as our own. We seem to appropriate to ourselves the good they have acquired, and to share in the very praise we bestow.\nIn entering upon a subject in which Your feelings as well as my own are so deeply concerned\u2014however it might become me to follow examples of humility\u2014I shall refrain from a practice perhaps not less laudable, than it is common\u2014I cannot prevail upon myself to check the current of your sensibility by the cold formalities of an apology for the defects of the Speaker. These can neither be concealed nor extenuated by the affectation of diffidence: Nor even by the genuine concessions of conscious inability. Tis your command, and the reverence we all bear to the memory of him of whom I am to speak, that must constitute my excuse and my claim to your indulgence. Did I even possess the powers of Oratory, I should with reluctance attempt to employ them upon the present occasion. The native brilliancy of the diamond needs not the polish of art: The conspicuous features of preeminent merit need not the coloring pencil of imagination nor the florid decorations of Rhetoric.\nFrom you who knew and loved him, I fear not the imputation of flattery or enthusiasm when I indulge an expectation that the name of Greene will at once awaken in your minds the images of whatever is noble and estimable in human nature. The fidelity of the portrait I shall draw will therefore have nothing to apprehend from your sentence. But I dare not hope that it will meet with equal justice from all others or that it will intirely escape the cavils of ignorance and the shafts of envy. For high as this great man stood in the estimation of his Country, the whole extent of his worth was little known. The situations in which he has appeared though such as would have measured the faculties and exhausted the resources of men who might justly challenge the epithet of great, were yet incompetent to the full display of those various rare and exalted endowments, with which nature only now and then decorates a favorite as if with intention to astonish mankind.\nAs a man the virtues of Greene are admitted; as a patriot he holds a place in the foremost rank; as a statesman he is praised; as a soldier he is admired. But in the two last characters especially in the last but one his reputation falls far below his desert. It required a longer life and still greater opportunities to have enabled him to exhibit in full day the vast, I had almost said the enormous powers of his mind. The termination of the American war not too soon for his wishes nor for the welfare of his country, but too soon for his glory, put an end to his military carreer. The sudden termination of his life cut him off from those scenes, which the progress of a new immense and unsettled empire could not fail to open to the complete exertion of that universal and pervading genius, which qualified him not less for the senate, than for the field.\nIn forming our estimate, nevertheless of his character, we are not left to supposition and conjecture. We are not left to vague indications or uncertain appearances which partiality might varnish or prejudice discolour. We have a succession of deeds as glorious as they are unequivocal to attest his greatness and perpetuate the honors of his name.\nIt is an observation as just as it is common that in those great revolutions which occasionally convulse society human nature never fails to be brought forward in its brighest as well as in its blackest colors: And it has very properly been ranked not among the least of the advantages which compensate for the evils they produce, that they serve to bring to light talents and virtues which might otherwise have languished in obscurity or only shot forth a few scattered and wandering rays. Nathaniel Greene descended from reputable parents, but not placed by birth in that elevated rank, which under a monarchy is the only sure road to those employments, that give activity and scope to abilities, must in all probability have contented himself with the humble lot of a private citizen, or at most with the contracted sphere of an elective office, in a colonial and dependent government, scarcely conscious of the resources of his own mind, had not the violated rights of his country called him to act a part on a more splendid and a more ample theatre. Happily for America he hesitated not to obey the call. The vigor of his genius corresponding with the importance of the prize to be contended for, overcame the natural moderation of his temper; and though not hurried on by enthusiasm, but animated by an enlightened sense of the value of free government, he chearfully resolved to stake his fortune his hopes his life and his honor upon an enterprise of the danger of which he knew the whole magnitude in a cause which was worthy of the toils and of the blood of heroes.\nThe sword having been appealed to at Lexington as the Arbiter of the controversy between Great Britain & America, Greene shortly after marched at the head of a Regiment to join the American forces at Cambrige; determined to abide the awful decision.\nHe was not long there before the discerning eye of the American Fabius marked him out as the object of his confidence. His abilities intitled him to a preeminent share in the Councils of his Chief. He gained it and he preserved it amidst all the chequered varieties of military vicissitude, and in defiance of all the intrigues of jealous and aspiring rivals.\nAs long as the measures which conducted us safely through the first most critical stages of the war shall be remembered with approbation\u2014 As long as the enterprises of Trenton and Princeton shall be regarded as the dawnings of that bright day, which afterwards broke forth with such resplendent lustre\u2014As long as the almost magic operations of the remainder of that memorable Winter distinguished not more by these events than by the extraordinary spectacle of a powerful army straitened within narrow limits by the phantom of a military force, and never permitted to transgress those limits with impunity, in which skill supplied the plan & means and disposition was the substitute for an army\u2014As long I say as these operations shall continue to be the objects of curiosity and wonder\u2014So long ought the name of Greene to be revered by a Grateful Country. To attribute to him a portion of the praise which is due as well to the formation as to the execution of the plans that affected these important ends, can be no derogation from that wisdom and magnanimity which knew how to select and embrace councils worthy of being pursued. The Counsels of a Henry were never tarnished by the obligations he acknowleged to a Sully.\nIt would be an unpleasing task and therefore I forbear to lift the veil from off those impotent Councils, which by a formal vote had decreed an undisturbed passage to an enemy retiring from the fairest fruits of his victories to seek an asylum from impending danger, disheartened by retreat, dispirited by desertion, broken by fatigue, retiring through woods defiles and morasses in which his discipline was useless, in the face of an army superior in numbers, elated by pursuit and ardent to signalise their courage. Tis enough for the honor of Greene to say that he left nothing unessayed to avert and to frustrate so degrading a resolution. And it was happy for America that the man, whose reputation could not be wounded without wounding the cause of his Country, had the noble fortitude to rescue himself and the army he commanded from the disgrace with which they were both menaced by the characteristic imbecility of a Council of War.\nUnwilling to do more than merely to glance at a scene in which the meritorious might be involved with the guilty in promiscuous censure here let me drop the Curtain and invite You to accompany me to the Heights of Monmouth. There let me recall to your indignant view the flower of the American infantry flying before an enemy that scarcely dared to pursue\u2014vanquished without a blow\u2014vanquished by their obedience to the command of a leader who meditated their disgrace. Let me contrast with this the conduct of your Greene\u2014the calm intrepidity and unshaken presence of mind with which he seconded the dispositions of his General to arrest the progress of the disorder and retrieve the fortune of the day. Let me recall to your recollection that well timed and happy movement on the left of the enemy by which he so materially contributed to deciding the dubious event of the conflict and turning the hesitating scale of victory.\nFrom the heights of Monmouth I might lead you to the plains of Springfield there to behold the Veteran Knyphaussen at the head of a veteran army baffled and almost beaten by a general without an army\u2014aided or rather embarrassed by small fugitive bodies of volunteer militia, the mimicry of soldiership!\nBut it would ill become me to detain you in the contemplation of objects diminutive in comparison with those that are to succeed. Hitherto we have seen the illustrious Greene acting in a subordinate capacity the faint glimmerings of his fame absorbed and lost in the superior rays of a Washington. Happy was it for him to have been called to a more explicit station. Had this never been the case, the future historian perplexed between the panygeric of friends and the satire of enemies might have doubted in what colors to draw his true character. Accident alone saved a Greene from so equivocal a fate; a reflection which might damp the noble ardor of emulation and check the towering flight of conscious merit.\nThe defeat of Campden and the misfortune of Gates opened the carreer of victory and of Glory to Greene. Congress having resolved upon a successor to the former the choice was left to the Commander in Chief and fell upon the latter. In this destination, honorable in proportion as it was critical, he acquiesced with the mingled emotions of a great mind\u2014impelled by a sense of duty\u2014allured by the hope or fame\u2014apprised of the danger and precariousness of the situation, yet confident of its own strength and animated by the magnitude of the object for which it was to be exerted.\nHence forth we are to view him on a more exalted eminence. He is no longer to figure in an ambiguous or secondary light\u2014He is to shine forth the artificer of his own glory\u2014the leader of armies and the deliverer of states!\nTo estimate properly the value of his services it is necessary to recur to the situation of the Southern extremity of the Union at the time he entered upon the command in that Quarter\u2014Georgia and South Carolina subdued and overrun, the spirit of their people dejected and intimidated, the flame of resistance scarcely kept alive by the transient gleams of a few expiring embers: North Caroliana distracted by the still recent effects of internal commotion, dreading the hostility of a considerable part of its own citizens, the depending for its exertions on the tried valour and patriotism of the rest more than on the energy of a feeble and ill organised government: Virginia debilitated by the excessive efforts of its early zeal and by the dissipation of its revenues and forces in domestic projects incumbered by a numerous body of slaves bound by all the laws of injured humanity to hate their Masters\u2014deficient in order and vigour in its administration\u2014and relying wholly for immediate defence against threatened invasion on the resources of a Country extensive populous and fertile to be put in motion by the same ardent and magnanimous spirit which first lighted up the opposition to Great Britain and set the glorious example of resistance to America.\nIn such a situation what was to be hoped? What was to be hoped from a General without troops without magazines, without money? A man of less depth of penetration or force of soul than Greene would have recoiled at the prospect; but he far from desponding undertook the arduous task with firmness\u2014with a firmness which was the result of a well informed estimate of a situation perilous but not desperate. He knew how much was to be expected from the efforts of men contending for the rights of man. He knew how much was to be performed by capacity courage and perseverance.\nNot to be disconcerted by the most complicated embarrassments nor the most discouraging prospects, he began before he entered upon the duties of the field by adjusting the outlines of the plan which was to regulate his future conduct; a plan conceived with so much wisdom and so perfect a judgment of circumstances, that he never had occasion to depart from it in the progress of his subsequent operations. This alone might suffice to form the eulogium of his genius and to demonstrate that he was an accomplished master in the science of military command!\nHis next care was to endeavour to impress the neighbouring states with a proper sense of their situation in order to induce them with system and effect to furnish the succors of which he stood in need. To urge the collection and accelerate the arrival of these as well as to repel any invasion to which the state might be exposed, he stationed in Virginia the Baron De Steuben an officer who merited and possessed his confidence; and having made these preliminary arrangements he hastened to put himself at the head of the inconsiderable remains of the Southern army, which he joined at Charlotte on the borders of North Carolina destitute of every thing but courage and an unconquerable attachment to the cause they had espoused.\nTo enter into a particular detail of the operations by which the Southern states were rescued from conquest and desolation, and the last project of Britain for the subjugation of America frustrated would be to assume the Province of the historian. This neither the occasion, nor any reasonable claim to your indulgence would justify. A general sketch is all that can with propriety be attempted & shall lim\u27e8it\u27e9 my endeavours.\nTo supply a necessitous army by coertion and yet maintain the confidence and good will of the coerced, this was among the first and not the least of the difficulties to be surmounted. But delicate and difficult as was the task it was neverthess accomplished. Conducted with system moderation and Equity, even military exactions lost their rigor and Freemen venerated the hand that reluctantly stripped them of their property for their preservation.\nHaving concerted the arrangements requisite to this end, Greene, without further delay, entered upon that busy complicated and extraordinary scene, which may truly be said to form a ph\u0153nomenon in war\u2014a sience which almost continually presents us on the one hand with victories ruinous to the Victors, on the other with retreats beneficial to the vanquished\u2014which exhibits to our admiration a commander almost constantly obliged to relinquish the field to his adversary, yet as constantly making acquisitions upon him, beaten today tomorrow without a blow compelling the conqueror to renounce the very object for which he had conquered and in a manner to fly from the very foe he had subdued.\nToo weak with his collected strength to dispute the field with an enemy superior both in numbers and discipline and urged by the necessity of giving activity to the natural force of the Country by rousing the inhabitants from the state of despondency into which they had sunk with the prospect of succour and protection: Greene divided his little army into two parts one of which he sent under Morgan into the Western extremities of North Carolina & with the other marched to Hicks Creek in\nThis movement had the desired effect. The appearance of aid magnified by advantages opportunely gained (though unimportant in themselves) rekindled the ardor of patriotic hope in the breasts of many, who had begun to despair, and emboldened them to resume their arms and again to repair to the standard of liberty.\nSensible of the importance of counteracting this policy of the American General, The British Commander hesitated not about the part he should act. Directing his first attention towards the detachment under Morgan and meditating a decisive blow against that corps he committed the execution of the enterprise to Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton at the head of a thousand veterans. Tarleton hitherto not less the favourite of fortune, than of his chief, hastened to perform the welcome duty\u2014anticipating an easy triumph over foes inferior both in numbers and discipline\u2014and dreaming not of the reverse which was destined to confound his hopes and even to sully the lustre of his former fame. In the very grasp of victory, when not to combat but to slaughter, seemed all that remained to be done, the forward intrepidity of a Washington seconded by the cool determined bravery of a Howard snatched the trophy from his too eager and too exulting hand\u2014He was discomfited and routed. The greater part of his followers were either killed or taken, and the remaining few with himself were glad to find safety in flight. Here first the bright dawn of prosperity began to dispel that gloomy cloud which had for some time lowered over the Southern Horison!\nThunderstruck at so unexpected a disaster and ill able to spare so considerable a part of his force, Cornwallis resolved at every sacrifice to attempt the recovery of his captive troops. The trial of skilful exertion between the generals and of patient fortitude between the troops to which that attempt gave occasion was such as to render it difficult to pronounce to whom the palm of merit ought to be decreed. Abandoning whatever might impede the celerity of his motions Cornwallis began and urged the pursuit of the detachment under Morgan with a rapidity seldom equalled never surpassed. While on the other hand the provident and active Greene spared no exertion to disappoint his enterprising adversary. Anxious for the security of that detachment with their prisoners and desirous of effecting a reunion of his forces, now rendered necessary by a change of circumstances, he gave instant orders for the march of the body under his immediate command to Guilford Court House and hastened in person through the country a hundred and fifty miles to join General Morgan whom he came up with on the banks of the Catawba. Thus placed in front of the enemy he was the better able to counteract their immediate design and to direct the cooperation necessary to the intended junction. So well were his measures taken that he succeeded in both objects. The prisoners were carried off in safety and Guilford Court House the destined place of rendezvous received and reunited the two divisions of the American army.\nStill however too weak to keep the field in the face of his enemy; a further retreat became inevitable. A resolution was accordingly taken to retire beyond the Dan. Here a new and not less arduous trial of skill ensued. To get between the American army and Virginia\u2014intercept their supplies and reinforcements\u2014and oblige them to fight on disadvantageous terms: This now became the object of Cornwallis. With this view he directed his march into the upper Country, where the Rivers were fordable with facility, flattering himself that the depth of the waters below and the want of boats would oppose insuperable obstacles to the expeditious passage of the American troops. To retard the progress of the British army was of course an indispensable policy on the part of Greene. For this purpose he practiced every expedient, which a mind full of resource could devise. And so efficacious were the expedients he adopted that surmounting all the impediments in his way he completed his retreat across the Dan without loss of men baggage or stores.\nSuch nevertheless was the energy of the pursuit that in crossing the three principal Rivers the Catawba the Yadken and the Dan the British troops in a manner trod upon the Heels of the American. In the passage of the last of the three, the van of the enemy\u2019s army reached one shore almost at the very moment that the rear of ours landed on the opposite. Cornwallis upon this occasion, imitating Charles the 12th of Sweden, when the celebrated Schulenburgh made good his retreat across the Oder in spite of the utmost efforts of that vigorous and enterprising monarch, might with propriety have exclaimed\u2014This day at least Greene has conquered me! The art of retreating is perhaps the most difficult in the art of war. To have effected a retreat in the face of so ardent a pursuit, through so great an extent of country, through a country offering every obstacle, affording scarcely any resource, with troops destitute of every thing who a great part of the way left the vestiges of their march in their own blood, to have done all this (I say) without loss of any kind may without exaggeration be denominated a master piece of military skill and exertion.\nDisappointed in his first aim Cornwallis now retired from the Dan to Guilford Court House. Having driven the American army out of North Carolina, he flattered himself that his efforts would at least be productive of the advantage of an accession of force by encouraging the numerous royalists of that state to repair to his standard. Greene not without apprehensions that the hopes of his Competitor in this respect might be realized lost not a moment, after receiving a small reinforcement from Virginia, in recrossing the Dan to take post in the vicinity of the British army and interrupt their communication with the Country. Three weeks passed in a constant scene of military manoevre: Cornwallis eagrally striving to bring his antagonist to a action; and Greene adroitly endeavouring to elude it, yet without renouncing such a position as would enable him to prevent both supplies and reinforcements. On this occasion he played the part of a Turenne and he played it with complete success. The relative position which he took and maintained and the tragical fate of a body of royalists intercepted in their way to the British army distroyed every prospect of that aid which they not without reason had promised themselves from their adherents in North Carolina.\nVirginia in the mean time awakened by the presence of danger exerted herself to reinforce the American army. Greene speedily finding himself in a condition to outnumber his adversary resolved to offer that battle which he had hitherto declined. He considered that in the existing circumstances a defeat must be to the enemy absolute ruin; while to him from his superiority in Cavalry united with other advantages it could be nothing more than a partial misfortune and must be compensated at a price which the enemy could not afford to pay for it.\nThe two armies now equally willing to try the fortune of a battle met and engaged near Guilford Court house. All that could be expected from able disposition towards ensuring success promised a favourable issue to the American arms. But superior discipline carried it against superior numbers and superior skill. Victory decreed the glory of the combat to the Britains; but Heaven confirming the hopes of Greene decreed the advantage of it to the Americans. Greene retired: Cornwallis kept the field. But Greene retired only three miles and Cornwallis in three days abandonning the place where the laurels he had gained were a slender compensation for the loss he had suffered, withdrew to Wilmington on the sea Coast. This Victory cost him a large proportion of the flower of his army; and it cost him a Webster.\nHere occured the problem on the right solution of which depended the fame of Greene and the fate of the Southern states. There was every probability that the next movement of Cornwallis would be toward a junction with Arnold for the invasion of Virginia. Was the American General to keep pac[e] with his adversary in his Northern Carrier in order to resist his future enterprises? Or was he to return into the field he had lately left to endeavour to regain what had been there lost? The first as the most obvious and in a personal light the least perilous course would have been thought most eligible by an ordinary mind. But the last as the wisest though to his own reputation the most hazard appeared preferable to the comprehensive eye and enterprising spirit of a Greene.\nOn the one hand he concluded justly that Virginia might safely be trusted to her own strength and resources, and to the aid which if necessary she might derive from the North against all the force which the enemy were then able to employ in that quarter. On the other hand he foresaw that if South Carolina & Georgia should be abandonn[e]d to the situation in which they then were they would quickly have abandonned themselves to dispair would have lost even the spirit of opposition and might have been rendered in several respects subservient to the future progress of their Conqueror. Under these impressions he determined to return into South Carolina to attempt the recovery of that and its neighbouring state.\nThis was one of those strokes that denote superior Genius and constitute the sublime of war. \u2019Twas Scipio leaving Hannibal in Italy to overcome him at Carthage!\nThe success was answerable to the judicious boldness of the design. The enemy were divested of their acquisitons in South Carolina and Georgia with a rapidity which if not ascertained, would scarcely be credible. In the short space of two months all their posts in the interior of the Country were reduced. The perseverance courage enterprise and resource displayed by the American General in the course of these events commanded the admiration even of his enemies. In vain was he defeated in one mode of obtaining his object; another was instantly substituted that answered the end. In vain was he repulsed from before a besieged fortress; he immediately found other means of compelling its defenders to relinquish their stronghold. Where force failed, address and stratagem still won the prize.\nHaving deprived the enemy of all their posts in the interior of the Country and having wasted their forces in a variety of ways, Greene now thought himself in a condition to aim a decisive blow at the mutilatd remains of the British army and at least to oblige them to take refuge within the lines of charles Town. With this view he collected his forces into one body and marched to give battle to the enemy then stationed at the Springs of Eutaw. A general action took place. Animated obstinate and bloody was the contest. The front line of the American army, consisting of Militia, after beginning a brisk attack began to give way. At this critical and inauspicious juncture Greene with that collected intrepidity which never forsook him gave orders to the second line composed of Continentals to advance to the charge with trailed arms. This order enforced by example and executed with matchless composure and constancy could not fail of success. The British Veterans shrunk from the American Bayonet. They were routed and pursued a considerable distance. Numbers of them fell into the hands of their pursuers and the remainder were threatened with a similar fate. When arriving at a Position which with peculiar advantages invited to a fresh stand; they rallied and renewed the action. In vain did the intrepid Washington at the head of the pursuing detachment redouble the efforts of his valour to dislodge them from this new station. He was himself wounded and made a prisoner and his followers in their turn compelled to retire.\nBut though the enemy by an exertion of bravery, which demands our esteem, saved themselves from the total ruin which was ready to overwhelm them; they had nevertheless received too severe a blow, to attempt any longer to maintain a footing in the open country. They accordingly the day following retreated towards Charles town; leaving behind them their wounded and a considerable quantity of arms. Here ended all serious offensive operations in the South! The predatory excursions which intervened between the battle of the Eutaw and the evacuation of Charles Town & Savannah deserve not a place in the catalogue of military achievements.\nBut before we take leave of a scene as honorable as it was advantageous to the American arms it behoves us to stop for a moment to pay the tribute of merited applause to the memory of that Gallant officer who at the head of the Virginia line fell in this memorable conflict. More anxious to the last about his Country than himself, in the very agonies of departing life he eagerly inquired which of the contending parties prevailed and having learnt that his countrymen were victorious\u2014He like another Epaminondas yielded up his last breath in this noble exclamation. Then do I die contented. Heroic Campbell how enviable was such a death!\nThe evacuation of the two capitals of South Carolina and Georgia intirely restored those states to their own governments and laws. They now hailed the Illustrious Greene as their defender and deliverer. Their gratitude was proportioned to the extent of the benefits resulting from his services nor did it shew itself in words only but was manifested by acts that did honor to their generosity. Consecrated in the affections of their citizens to the remotest posterity, the fame of Greene will ever find in them a more durable as well as a more flattering Memorial than in the proudest monuments of marble or brass.\nBut where alas is now this consumate General, this brave soldier, this discerning statesman, this steady patriot, this virtuous citizen, this amiable man? Why could not so many talents, so many virtues, so many bright and useful qualities shield him from a premature grave? Why was he not longer spared to a country which he so dearly loved, which he was so well able to serve, which still seems so much to stand in need of his services? Why was he only allowed to assist in laying the foundation and not permitted to aid in rearing the superstructure of American greatness? Such are the inquiries, which our friendly, yet short sighted regrets would naturally suggest. But inquiries like these are to be discarded as presumptuous. Tis not for us to scan but to submit to the dispensations of heaven. Let us content ourselves with revering the memory, imitating the virtues, and as far as we dare emulating the glory of the man, whom neither our warmest admiration nor our fondest predilection could protect from the fatal shaft. And as often as we indulge our sorrow in his loss let us \u27e8not\u27e9 fail to mingle the reflection that he has left behind him offspring who are the heirs to the friendship which we bore to the father and who have a claim from many, if not from all of us to cares not less than parental.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Troup, [12 July 1789]\nFrom: Troup, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Albany, July 12, 1789]\nMy dear friend\nI arrived here on Friday night. I can do no business with the court of errors so anxious is the Legislature to adjourn. It is generally thought that the appointmen\u27e8t\u27e9 of Senators will be completed tomorrow or next day at farthest after which nothing will keep the members together except some Indian business which has just turned up. When our friends met it seems they judged it most prudent to consolidate their strength to prevent division. A general meeting took place. It was agreed unanimously to make Judge Yates the offer of a seat in the Federal Senate without any condition whatever annexed to it and a committee of two was appointed to wait upon him with the offer. The Judge received them with great cordiality & requested a night to consider of the offer. The next day he returned for answer that he felt himself infinitely obliged by the kind attention of his friends but that he declined the offer under a persuasion that it would be most prudent for him to continue in his present office. Genl. Schuyler I hear also waited upon him & begged him to accept of an appointment to the Senate & declared that if he would consent to be a candidate for the appointment that no federalist in the northern district of the State would stand in opposition to him; but the Judge it appeared had inflexibly resolved to decline a change of situation. I mention these circumstances to shew you that the Judge has been treated with every possible delicacy and that instead of being displeased he is highly gratified with the notice which has been taken of him. This with me is a great point gained. Yates is unquestionably [warm] to us. They have on the other side offered him lately some very gross insults which have not made very slight impressions upon his mind to their prejudice. Judge Yates having declined to be a candidate for the senate our friends determined to ballot for the two Senators under an engagement to support totis viribus the two who had the majority. Upon the ballot Schuyler I understand was unanimously voted for\u2014Duane had 24 votes and King 20. The latter instantly declined all opposition to Duane\u2014said he was ashamed of being opposed to him &c. and the matter was settled. L. Hommedieu and Genl. Morris both declared that they would not be bound by the ballot. The reason is obvious\u2014they are both extremely anxious for their own appointment. Immediately after the ballot was finished a bill was brought into the assembly upon the old federal principles exactly. The bill passed without much opposition. Our majority is large enough in all conscience. Yesterday the bill passed the Senate with an amendment that the nomination in the first place in each house should be by ballot & that afterwards the appointment should be viva voce. This is the idea I have from several of the members. I have not seen the bill or amendment. Great efforts were made by Yates, Williams &c. to have the whole business determined by ballot instead of viva voce. The design was obvious. L. Hommedieu & Morris were ashamed to go fully with them into the balloting system but have concluded that they might safely agree to divide it. Phil. Livingston thinks it cannot injure as it now stands. I have not been able to talk with any other senator about it. If it were not for the defection of L. Hommedieu & Morris Schuyler and Duane would be appointed without difficulty. At present it is by no means certain that Duane will succeed. It is thought the opposition is to Duane only & not to Schuyler. Our friends in the Assembly remain & are likely to remain an unbroken phalax. Randall has joined the Antifederalists with a sort of puritannical rage for liberty &c. He is an object of pity. He made a thundering, incoherent, and disgusting speech to all parties respecting the principles of the bill for the appointment of Senators urging the joint ballot system. It had no effect. He has been often found crying since & is really thought to be disordered in his mind. He is treated under this idea with great delicacy by every body but has not the weight of a feather with anybody. All our other members behave as near to be wished\u2014our King is as much followed & attended to by all parties as ever a new light preacher was by his congregation. He has acquired & will maintain an entire ascendency in the house. He is happy in his manner\u2014his language his reasoning & his choice of subjects to speak upon. Nothing but delicacy to Duane as an old inhabitant has prevented King from being unanimously supported by all the members of the Southern district except L Hommedieu & Morris. Duane has engaged to resign his Mayoralty if he becomes a Senator. The Chancellor declined being a candidate. The Council of appointment", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0145", "content": "Title: Promissory Note from William Duer, [29 July 1789]\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, July 29, 1789]\nForty days after Date I promise to pay to Alexander Hamilton on order for Value received the Sum of Two thousand Specie Dollars.\nWm. Duer.\nNew York July 29th 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0146", "content": "Title: Receipt from John Murray, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Murray, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, August 15, 1789. On this date Hamilton wrote and Murray signed a receipt which reads as follows: \u201cthe above account is in consequence of directions given me by Mr. Hamilton from motives of Charity to provide for the burial of Abbe Mott & the amount is now paid to me by him Aug 15. 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0147", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Nomination by George Washington for the Office of Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Senate\nNew York, September 11, 1789. On this date Washington submitted to the Senate the following nominations for the Treasury Department:\n\u201cAlexander Hamilton (of New York) Secretary.\nNicholas Eveleigh (of So. Carolina) Comptroller.\nSamuel Meredith (of Pensylvania) Treasurer.\nOliver Wolcott Junr: (of Connecticut) Auditor.\nJoseph Nourse (in Office) Register.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0148", "content": "Title: Conversation with Comte de Moustier, [13 September 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Moustier, Comte de\nTo: \n[New York, September 13, 1789]\n   Projet de M. hamilton, pour liquider les arr\u00e9rages de la dette tant domestique qu\u2019Etrang\u00e9re des Etats Unis. Observations de M. de Moustier \u00e0 ce sujet.\nLe 13. de ce mois, M. Hamilton \u00e0 qui j\u2019avois \u00e9t\u00e9 faire la veille mon compliment sur sa nomination \u00e0 la place de Secretaire du Departement des Finances, vint ch\u00e9s moi et m\u2019entretint du projet qu\u2019il avoit de proposer que le Congr\u00e8s fit un emprunt en hollande pour liquider tous les arrerages de la dette tant domestique qu\u2019etrangere. Il a paru se flatter que cette affaire reussiroit et il entrevoit deja que le revenu des douanes joint \u00e0 celui de quelques autres branches qu\u2019on pourra cre\u00e9r suffira pour subvenir aux fraix du Gouvernement et \u00e0 l\u2019acquittement des engagemens publics annuels. Ainsi selon lui qui affirme que le Congr\u00e8s ne doit plus chercher \u00e0 eluder ni reculer le payement des dettes publiques, le Roi seroit rembours\u00e9 purement et simplement aux termes du Contrat au moyen des sommes emprunt\u00e9es en hollande et qui pourroient \u00eatre vers\u00e9es au tresor Royal. Il est \u00e0 desirer que les belles esperances de M. Hamilton se realisent. Cependant quelque celerit\u00e9 qu\u2019il apporte \u00e0 cette operation elle ne peut pas se consommer en moins d\u2019une ann\u00e9e. Ce ne sera qu\u2019\u00e0 la rentr\u00e9e du Congr\u00e8s apr\u00e8s l\u2019ajournement qui aura lieu \u00e0 la fin du mois que la premiere ouverture legale pourra s\u2019en faire. Tout ce qu\u2019il paroit que le Congr\u00e8s fera avant de s\u2019ajourner sera de prescrire au Secretaire des Finances de preparer un raport sur l\u2019etat de la dette publique et sur les moyens d\u2019y pourvoir. Cette resolution sera accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019une declaration pour faire connoitre l\u2019intention du Congr\u00e8s de remplir fidelement les engagemens publics. Ce n\u2019est pas de belles paroles que les cr\u00e9anciers des Etats unis ont manqu\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 present. La question est de savoir quels sont les moyens plut\u00f4t que les dispositions du Congr\u00e8s. Si de nouveaux preteurs sont persuad\u00e9s par les beaux tableaux qu\u2019on leur presentera des ressources actuelles et futures des Etats unis, ce sera tr\u00e8s heureux pour les anciens creanciers. Au reste je ne doute pas que M. hamilton ne desire sincerement d\u2019acquitter les Etats unis envers Sa Majest\u00e9. Il est n\u00e9 Anglois et je ne le crois pas tr\u00e8s bien dispos\u00e9 envers la France; il ne demanderoit pas mieux que d\u2019en degager entierement cette Republique et de la mettre plus intimement en relation avec les Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux des Pays bas, Alli\u00e9s actuels de l\u2019Angleterre.\nM. hamilton m\u2019a demand\u00e9 dans notre conversation sur la creance du Roi s\u2019il n\u2019y avoit pas eu en france une proposition de faite par une compagnie pour acquerir la creance du Roi sur les Etats unis. Je lui ai repondu que je l\u2019avois o\u00fci dire comme un bruit que rien n\u2019autorisoit et que j\u2019en avois egalement entendu parler ici, mais que\n   R\u00e9ponse de M. de Moustier \u00e0 M. hamilton relative \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ance du Roi sur les Etats Unis.\n je n\u2019avois rien dans mes instructions qui eut aucun rapport \u00e0 ce projet; que tout se bornoit \u00e0 me prescrire de rapeller la creance du Roi qui ne doute pas que les Etats unis ne remplissent leurs engagemens envers S.M.; que j\u2019avois cependant pris sur moi, v\u00fb la situation particuliere o\u00f9 j\u2019avois trouv\u00e9 les Etats unis de ne faire aucune demarche \u00e0 ce sujet et que je m\u2019etois born\u00e9 \u00e0 examiner par quel moyen on pourroit faciliter l\u2019acquittement de cette dette. M. hamilton n\u2019a pas fait grande attention \u00e0 cette id\u00e9e et il s\u2019est renferm\u00e9 dans celle qu\u2019il a de payer aux termes du Contr\u00e2t. Je crois qu\u2019il ne seroit pas fach\u00e9 que le projet de trafiquer de la creance du Roi eut lieu; \u00e0 en juger par ses rapports avec des speculateurs et agioteurs hardis et bien reconnus. Mais j\u2019ai toujours pens\u00e9 et j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de Vous observer, Monseigneur, que nous n\u2019avons pas lieu d\u2019\u00eatre inquiets du remboursement des Sommes que S.M. a avanc\u00e9es aux Etats unis; qu\u2019ils ont plus que les moyens suffisans pour faire honneur \u00e0 leurs engagemens; qu\u2019en attendant nous pouvons considerer comme un avantage politique le retard qu\u2019\u00e9prouve ce remboursement parceque la creance de S.M. \n   Motifs qui doivent faire considerer, comme un avantage politique, le retard qu\u2019\u00e9prouve le remboursement de la cr\u00e9ance de Sa Mt\u00e9.\nest dans l\u2019inactivit\u00e9 actuelle de notre commerce l\u2019unique chainon qui nous lie aux Etats unis; que la dignit\u00e9 du Roi et les egards d\u00fbs \u00e0 Ses Alli\u00e9s excluent tout arrangement avec une Compagnie de Capitalistes, qui voudroit se charger de cette creance; que les besoins de notre marine et l\u2019avantage de multiplier nos liaisons avec les Etats unis semblent exiger la conclusion d\u2019un arrangement par lequel des munitions navales, des matures et des vivres pour nos Escadres seroient achet\u00e9s en Amerique avec des Lettres de change tir\u00e9es sur le Congr\u00e8s pour le montant des inter\u00eats echus annuellemt. J\u2019ai developp\u00e9 ce plan dans le Memoire No. 3. qui accompagne ma Dep\u00eache du 25 Dec. der. Je ne puis que m\u2019y referer, car je crois que M. hamilton n\u2019a pas lui m\u00eame pour ses mesures la confiance qu\u2019il s\u2019efforce d\u2019inspirer aux autres.\n   la speculation dans le remboursement de la dette publique des Etats Unis, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le principal objet du voyage du Sr. Brissot de Warville en Amerique.\nQuant \u00e0 la Compagnie qui doit se former en France pour rembourser la dette publique des Etats unis, je sais que plusieurs Capitalistes ont deja fait les fonds d\u2019un million de piastres; je sais m\u00eame que cette sp\u00e9culation a \u00e9t\u00e9 le principal objet du voyage du Sr. Brissot de Warville, que Vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de me recommander. Il s\u2019\u00e9toit li\u00e9 tr\u00e8s etroitement avec le premier Commis des Finances, le plus grand agioteur de ce pays ci. Les constituans du Sr. Brissot ne peuvent avoir en vue que de speculer dans les effets publics, ce qui les mineroit infailliblement, ou d\u2019acheter des terres dans l\u2019interieur, dont ils ne pourroient tirer parti qu\u2019en y envoyant des emigrans. Il paroit, Monseigneur, que dans un moment, o\u00f9 le gout des innovations s\u2019est repandu d\u2019un bout du Royaume \u00e0 l\u2019autre et o\u00f9 la classe inferieure des cultivateurs pourroit \u00eatre plus facilement excit\u00e9e \u00e0 emigrer il ne seroit gueres convenable de favoriser des speculations de ce genre et de leur donner une plus grande etendue en y employant un fonds aussi considerable que la creance de Sa Mt\u00e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0149", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\n[New York, September 13, 1789. On September 19, 1789, Delany wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI acknowledge the recpt of Yours \u2026 of the 13th Inst, one by the Post covering a Letter to the Comptrolle[r].\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0150", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Meredith, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Meredith, Samuel\nTreasury OfficeNew York September 13th. 1789.\nSir\nPermit me to congratulate you on your appointment as Treasurer of the United States, and to assure you of the pleasure I feel in anticipating your co-operation with me in a station, in which a character like yours is so truly valuable.\nI need not observe to you how important it is, that you should be on the ground as speedily as possible. The call for your presence you will be sensible, is urgent.\nMr. Duer, my assistant goes to Philadelphia to procure a Loan from the Bank there. He will communicate with you; and I am persuaded will meet with your concurrence in whatever may facilitate the object of his mission.\nWith sincere esteem, \u2003 I am, Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servt.\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.\nSaml. Meredith Esqr.Treasurer of the U: States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0152", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentNew York September 13th. 1789.\nSir,\nYou will probably have learned ere this reaches you, my appointment to the Office of Secretary of the Treasury. To the acceptance of this arduous trust, I have been not a little encouraged by the hope that my inviolable attachment to the principles which form the basis of public credit is so well and so generally understood as to insure me the confidence of those who have it most in their power to afford me support. This persuasion, and a knowledge of the disposition which has upon all occasions marked the conduct of your institution towards the Union have led me to flatter myself that I may confidently calculate upon the aid of the Bank of North America as one of the principal means by which I may be enabled to fulfil the public expectations.\nWith this impression I freely have recourse to you for your assistance in a present exigency. A sum of Eighty thousand Dollars is immediately wanted. The Bank of New York have lately advanced Twenty thousand for another purpose; and have agreed to advance a further sum of Thirty thousand. There remains Fifty to be provided, the Loan of which I trust will not be inconvenient to you.\nAs the time presses and delay might ensue in adjusting the terms of the requested Loan by letter, I have Mr. Duer my Assistant who will have the honor of delivering you this to make a journey to Philadelphia in order that details may be expeditiously settled. To him I beg leave to refer you, and need only add, that whatever arrangements he may concert with your Bank shall be strictly observed on my part.\nPermit me to add Sir, that in the conduct of the business of my Department it will always give me pleasure to promote the interest of the Institution over which you preside.\nWith perfect esteem, \u2003 I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obt. & hble servant,\nAlexr. HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury\nThomas Willing Esqr.President of the Bank of North America", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0155", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: \nTreasury OfficeNew York Septemr. 14th 1789.\nSir\nThe exigencies of Government require that I should without delay be informed of the amount of the Duties which have accrued in the several States, and of the Monies which have been already received in payment of them, and the periods at which the remainder will fall due. In this absolute precision is not expected, but a General Statement accurate enough in the main to be relied on. I request your answer as speedily as possible and am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Walker, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Walker, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York Sept. 15th. 1789\nDear sir\nI have not had much time to consider the Subject on which I promised to give you my opinion nor to make the necessary previous enquiries. I will however give you my thoughts as they occur at the moment.\nThe public Accounts under the old System were divided into several branches say\n1st.  The Army Accounts.\u2014comprehending only the Pay & Commutations of the Line of the Army.\n2d\u2014 the Accounts of the Quarter Master & Commissy Departments\n3\u2003 the Accounts of the Marine Hospital & Cloathing Departmts\n4.  the Accounts between the Several States and the United states\n5\u2003 the Accounts of the Secret and Commercial Committees of Congress\n6.  All other Accounts between the U S and individuals\n7\u2003 the Current Accounts of the Union\nFor the Adjustment of the three first a Commissioner was appointed by Congress at the Head of each Department\nFor the 4th. a Board of three Commisrs. was appointed.\nThe Secret & Commercial Committees Accounts were properly under the direction of the Board of Treasury but being of a particular nature purely Commercial they appointed a special Commr to whom they last winter entrusted the adjustment of them under their direction.\nThe 6th & 7th Classes of Accounts were kept under the immediate direction of the Board of Treasury and their Accomptant.\nSuch has been the train in which the Accounts of the Union have been adjusted. How far the old Accounts are closed & what remains to be done is the subject in question. If I am rightly informed the principal business of the Office of Army Accounts has long since been nearly finished and the Commissioner & a great number of clerks have been long employed in examining the propriety & justness of the charges exhibited by the States for Depreciation paid to their respective quotas of the late Army. To do this I am told they are making a Register of the names of every Individual Soldier and tracing his history thro the Muster Rolls. This must be a laborious piece of business and I am afraid will not answer the end proposed, for tho it may prove that the States have paid many Soldiers what their Services did not entitle them to, yet as they will doubtless shew that they took the best means in their power to ascertain the truth & perhaps proceeded on rules laid down by Congress\u2014they will still hold the Union chargeable, tho they should in some instances have been deceived. If this Office therefore has nothing else to do it may be well worth enquiry how far this business is essential.\nThe Business of Adjusting the Accots of the Marine Hospital and Clothing was committed to me and very little is left to be done in those Departments.\nThe Quarter Master & Commissary Departments were under Mr. Burralls care. These Departments were very extensive and I am told much business remains to be done in them.\nThe Accounts between the States and the United States are already Committed to a Board of Commissioners.\nThe Accounts of the Secret & Commercial Commees were as I before observed under the immediate direction of the Board of Treasury\u2014it is these Accounts which are commonly denominated Mr. Morriss Accounts. They have lain in an unsetled State nothing of any consequence having been done to them, tho\u2019 they passed thro several hands. Last Winter the Board of Treasury made a special Agreement with me to undertake the Adjustment of them in an Office at my own Charge and to attend to them myself at those hours not usually devoted to the public in my Office of Commissr for Marine Accounts &c. I accordingly entered on the Adjustment of them & made some progress, but from various causes very few of the Accounts have been finally settled. These Accounts are of importance to the public very considerable sums being accounted for and in some instances probably large ballances due to the public. They have little or no connection with the other public Accounts and require some Commercial knowledge in the persons who have to adjust them.\nThere can be no doubt that it will be thought prudent to keep the old Accounts perfectly seperate from the new ones\u2014much confusion must otherwise ensue. An Office for the old Accounts must I think be established and one Commissioner with proper Assistance will be sufficient, to him may be committed what remains of the Qr. Master\u2014Commissy Marine Cloathing & Hospital Departments and all other accounts between the United States & Individuals which originated during the War.\nThe Accounts which Originated since the war which I classed under the head of the Current Accounts may very well be Closed under the direction of the present Auditor\u2014tho\u2019 in the old Books which have always been kept by Mr. Nourse who is again Register. The Auditor may also take charge of the Secret Commee Accounts\u2014or if thought more proper may be given to the Commissioner of Old Accounts.\nAs to the time it will take to finish this business I cannot form a judgement. In seven years they will not be all settled tho\u2019 in less than one half of that time they may probably be brought into that State as to render any seperate Office for them unnecessary.\nAt all events an Office for the purpose should be established in the first instance. The business will then be going on whilst the Treasury Department are forming their Systems and If at any future period it shall be thought proper to bring the Old Accounts under the immediate direction of the Treasury Officers it will not then be attended with that confusion which I am confident would now ensue from mixing them.\nI have given you my thoughts on the subject just as they occurred and have no time to reduce them to any order. If they are of any service \u27e8to you\u27e9 I shall be glad.\nI am very Sincerely \u2003 Dr Sir \u2003 Your very Obed Servt\nBen Walker\nI am ashamed to mention to you again my two old Clerks Mr. Rogers & Mr Sweeney but they are Men of abilities & My Solicitude to get them Employ must excuse me.\nColo. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0158", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, September 17, 1789. States that the port of Philadelphia lacks funds for the maintenance of aids to navigation in the Delaware River. Asks that United States funds be used for that purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0159", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Haven [Connecticut] Sept. 17th 1789\nSir\nI have had the honour to receive your favour of the 13th instant, by which I am informed that I have been appointed Auditor in the department of the Treasury. I embrace this first opportunity to give you notice that I have proceeded to this place on my way to New York, and that immediately upon my arrival there, I will do myself the honour to wait on you, for the purpose of acquiring such information relative to the duties of the office as will enable me to come to a decision whether I shall accept or decline the appointment.\nI have the honour to be, with the most perfect consideration and respect, Sir, your most obedt Servant\nOliv. Wolcott Jr\nThe Honble Alexander Hamilton, Esq.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0160", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel A. Otis, [18 September 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Otis, Samuel A.\n[New York, September 18, 1789]\nMr. Hamilton will be obliged to Mr. Otis for certified extracts from the journals of the Senate respecting his own appointments that of the Door Keep Assistants &c & will be glad to know whether he has any & what Clks & when appointed. He wishes this information without delay.\nFriday Morning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0161", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, [19 September 1789]\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, September 19, 1789]\nSir\nI acknowledge the recpt of Yours by Mr. Duer of the 13th Inst\u2014 one by the Post covering a Letter to the Comptrolle[r]\u2014and another directing a return of the Duties in my office.\nThe Letter to Mr Eveleigh shall be forwarded by the first Vessel and in respect to the Amt of Duties, I would beg leave to mention I furnished Your Assistant Secy Mr Duer with an Account therof in order to promote the negociation with the Bank together with a Copy for Your Use. Should you want any further return please to signify it, and it shall be forwarded immediately.\nI would also beg your consideration of what steps should be pursued respecting goods imported after the first of August & before the Collection Bill & Commiss[ions] were forwarded. It is a matter of very considerable consequence, as well respecting the sums arising on goods so imported as on the equall measures to be pursued Throughout the Continent. I convened such of our Merchants as were in such predicament and they have agreed unanimously to abide by whatever may be the general Determination. I also got them to enter their Goods under the state Laws so that I have a full Acct of all Goods so circumstanced.\nI would also request that certificates of Registry may be forwarded as soon as possible, as they are very much wanted.\nI am Sir \u2003 with great Respect \u2003 Your most obedt & humble Servt\nS Delany\nSept 19th 1789\nAlexdr Hamilton Esqr. Secry of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0162-0002", "content": "Title: Schedule I: Estimate of the Expenditure for the Civil List of the United States for the year 1789, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nFirst. In relation to the late Government.For Congress\nDol. 90ths.\nDol. 90ths.\nTHE annual allowance made by the United States, in Congress assembled, the 23d August 1787, including the salaries of the private Secretary & Steward, house rent, and expences of the household, is thereby fixed at 8,000 dollars per annum; which being estimated to the 3d of March, the time fixed for proceedings to commence under the new constitution, is, \nThe salaries to the following officers are computed from 1st of January, to the times to which the late Board of Treasury have issued their warrant for payment, under a presumption, that they were entitled to salary until the delivery of the books, papers, and records of the late Secretary\u2019s Office of Congress, to the Secretary of State.\n                      The Secretary of Congress, from 1st of January to the 30th of June at the rate of 2,600 dollars per annum,\nDeputy Secretary, same time, at 800,\nOne clerk to ditto,\nditto, at 450,\nOne Clerk to the 7th May, at 450,\nDoor-keeper to the 31st March, at 4[0]0\nDitto for taking care of office, for 9 months last past,\nFor the Department of the Treasury.\nComputed from the first of January to the 11th of September, being the day on which the commission of the Secretary of the treasury is dated, and to which time the services of the respective officers were actually continued. Three commissioners of the board of treasury, each at the rate of 2,250 dollars per annum,\nTheir Secretary at the rate of 1,500 do.\nThree clerks do.\nMessenger & House keeper,\nAccomptant of the Treasury,\nTwo clerks, at the rate of\nRegister of the Treasury, 1200 do\nOne clerk on the books of the public creditors, called debt founded at the Treasury, transfers, &c.\nOne do. on the principal books of the Treasury, in journalizing & posting, ditto,\nOne do. in copying fair statements of the public accounts and other transcripts, as required from the treasury books, ditto,\nTwo do. on the old accounts of the treasury, & books and accounts of late state commissioners, ditto,\nTreasurer of the United States, at the rate of\nOne clerk at the rate of\nCommissioner for adjusting the accounts of the late secret and commercial committees of Congress, including clerk\u2019s wages, office rent, and other contingencies from the first of January to the 30th June, to which day warrants were issued by the late board of treasury on the presumption before mentioned, at the rate of 1,900 dollars per annum,\nThis commissioner, in virtue of his appointment by the late board of treasury, is in possession of all the books & papers of those two committees, and it is supposed will claim a compensation until the commissioner of the board expired.\nCommissioner for adjusting the accounts in the commissary and quarter-master\u2019s departments from the first of January to the 8th of May, 1789, when the commission expired, at the rate of 1,250 dollars per annum,\nEight clerks at the rate of 1,250 dollars per annum,\nCommissioner for adjusting the accounts in the marine, cloathing and hospital departments, from the 1st of January to the 8th of May, when this commission also expired, at the rate of 1,250 dollars per annum,\nFour clerks, at the rate of 450 dollars per annum,\nOne do. from the 1st of January to the 31st of March (the time of his decease) at the rate of 450 dol. per ann.\nFor the Department of War.\nComputed from the 1st of January to the 12th of Sept. when a new appointment of the Secretary was made, his services having continued to the period of his reappointment.\nSecretary of the department, at the rate of 2,450 dollars per annum,\nThree clerks, at the rate of 450 dollars each, Door-keeper and messenger, at the rate of 150 dollars per annum,\nDoor-keeper and messenger, at the rate of 150 dollars per annum,\nThirteen Loan-officers and Receivers of Taxe\nComputed from the 1st of January to the 30th of June, to which time the late board of treasury have settled with the receivers of New-York, New-Jersey and Delaware, the principal of which settlement will be applicable to all; they having been employed both in the receipt & payments of public monies to that time; are now in possession of all papers and records of their respective offices, and it is presumed will claim compensation to a later period, at the rate of 12,450 dollars per an. for thirteen, is\nFor the Department of Foreign Affairs, now comprehended in the Department of State.\nSecretary of that department, per annum,\nHis secretary or chief clk. do.\nTwo other clerks at 450 dol.\nInterpreter,\nDoor-keeper & messenger,\nMinister plenipotentiary at the Court of France,\nHis secretary,\nCharge des Affaires at the Court of Madrid,\nConsul-general in France,\nAgent at the Hague,\nThe salaries of this department, so far as they have been regulated by the present government, remain as before, except as to clerks, now at a rate not exceeding 500 dols.\nFor the Officers employed to settle the Accounts between the United States and individual states.\nThree commissioners of the general board, each at 2,250 dol. per an. is\nDeduct for vacancy of 3d commissioner, from 20th April to 7th Aug.\nChief clerk, at 600 dollars per an. from 5th August,\nTwo clerks each 450 dols. per annum,\nMessenger & doorkeeper,\nPaymaster-general and commissioner of army accounts,\nTen clerks, at the rate of 450 dollars, per annum,\nTwo clerks, at the rate of 400 dollars per annum,\nCommissioner for the states of South Carolina & Georgia, for preparing the accounts of those states with the United States, in order to settlement by the general board of commissioners, estimated from the 1st of January to the 16th of July, when the business was completed,\nTwo clerks for the same time, at the rate of 450 dollars each,\nFor the Government of the Western Territory.\nThe governor,\nSecretary of the government,\nThree Judges, at 800 dol. each,\nSuperintendant of Indian affairs, southern department,\nGeographer of the U. States,\nPensions on the Civil List.\nIsaac Van Vert, John Paulding, David William, A pension of 200 dol. pr. annum\nto each, pursuant to an act of Congress of 3d November, 1788, is\nDominique L\u2019Eglise, per act of 8th Aug. 1782, per an.\nJoseph Traversie, per act of 8th August 1782,\nYoungest children of the late Major General Warren, per act of the 1st July, 1780,\nEldest son of do. per act of 8th April, 1777, estimated,\nYoungest son of General Mercer, per act of the 8th April, 1777, estimated at\nJames McKenzie, Joseph Brussels, John Jordan, per act of 15th September, 1783, entitled to a pension of 40 dollars per annum each,\nElizabeth Bergen, per act of 21st August, 1781,\nJoseph DeBeauleau, per act of 5th August, 1782,\nRichard Gridley, per acts of 17th Nov. 1775, and 26th Feb. 1781,\nLieut. Col. Touzard, per act 27th October, 1778,\nGeorge M. White Eyes, an Indian youth, who was lately under the care of Col. George Morgan, at Princeton, New-Jersey, but now in the city of New-York, educated, per act of 13th October, 1781. The expence for 1 year was\nIn relation to the present Government.\nFor the compensation to the President of the U. States,\nThat of the Vice-president\nThat of the members of Congress, computing the attendance of the whole number from the 3d of March to the 22d Sept. both days inclusive, 204 days, say 81 members, at 6 dollars per day,\nTravelling expences, by estimation, there being no data for accurate calculation,\nThe secretary of the senate at the rate of 1500 dollars per ann. from the 8th of April, being the day of his appointment, to the 22d Sept.\nAdditional allowance from the time of appointment to the 22d Sept. 168 days, at 2 dollars per day,\nPrincipal clerk to the secretary of the senate, from the 8th of May, being the day of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. 138 days, at 3 dollars per day,\nEngrossing clerk, same time, at 2 dollars,\nChaplain to the senate, from the 15th April, the time of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. at the rate of 500 dol. per an.\nDoor-keeper to the senate, from the commencement of the session, being the 3d of March, to the 22d Sept. 204 days, at 3 dollars per day,\nMessenger to the senate, from the 8th of April, the time of his appointment, to the 22d of Sept. 168 days, at 2 dollars per day,\nTo the clerk of the house of represenatives, from the 1st of April, the time of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. both days inclusive, at the rate of 1500 dollars per ann. (5 months, 2 3 ds.)\nAdditional allowance from the time of his appointment to the 22d Sept. 175 days, at 2 dollars per day,\nPrincipal clerk in the office of do. from the 1st of April to the 22d of Sept. 175 days, at 3 dollars per day,\nEngrossing clerk, from the 29th of May to 22d of Sept. 117 days, at 2 dol. per day,\nChaplain to the house of representatives, from the 1st of May, the time of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. at 500 dollars per annum,\nDoor-keeper to the house of representatives, from the 4th of April, the time of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. 172 days, at 3 dols. per day,\n(Note. If he is allowed with the door-keeper to the senate, his pay from the commencement of the session, there will be an addition to be made in this place.)\nAssistant door-keeper to the house of representatives, from the 4th of April, the time of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. 172 days, at 2 dol. pr day,\nSerjeant at arms, from the 12th of May, the time of his appointment, to the 22d Sept. 134 days, at 4 dol. per day,\nFor the Department of the Treasury.\nSecretary of the treasury, from the 11th of Sept. being the day of his appointment, to the end of the year, at 3500 dollars per ann.\nAssistant of the Secretary of the Treasury, same time,\nThree clerks to do. for the same period, at\nMessenger & office keeper do. at the rate of\nComptroller of the treasury, from the 12th Sept. the time of his appointment, to the end of the year, at the rate of 2000 dollars per annum,\nPrincipal clerk to do. same time, at the rate of\nTreasurer, from 12th Sept. the time of his appointment, to the end of the year, at 2000 dollars per annum\nPrincipal clerk to do. same time, at 600 dol. per ann.\nAuditor of the treasury, from 12th Sept. being the time of his appointment, to the end of the year, at 1500 dollars per ann.\nPrincipal clerk to the auditor, same time, at 600 dollars per ann.\nTen clerks, being two less than the number heretofore employed by the accomptant and commissioners for settling the accounts of the quarter-masters, commissaries, cloathing and marine departments, and those of the secret and commercial committees; which services, by the present arrangement, devolve on the auditor; estimated for the same period, at the rate of 450 dol. per annum,\nTo the register of the treasury, from 12th Sept. being the time of his appointment, to the end of the year, at 1250 dollars per ann.\nFive clerks in the register\u2019s office, being the number here\u27e8tofore employed by the\u27e9 department of the treasury, estimated for the same period with the principal, at the rate of 450 dol. per an.\nDepartment of War.\nSecretary of the department, from 12th Sept. being the time of his re-appointment, to the end of the year, at the rate of 3000 dol. per ann,\nChief clerk for the same period, at the rate of 600 dol.\nTwo clerks, same time, at 450 dol. per ann.\nDoor-keeper & messenger, same time, at 150 dol pr. ann.\nFor the Judicial Department.\nComputed according to the salaries reported by the committee, viz.\nChief Justice\n4,000 per annum. \u2007\u2007\nFive associate judges, each 3000,\nJudge of Main District,\nNew Hampshire,\nMassachusetts,\nConnecticut,\nNew York,\nNew Jersey,\nPennsylvania,\nMaryland,\nVirginia,\nSouth-Carolina,\nGeorgia,\nKentucky,\nAttorney-General,\nEstimated for 2 months in the year 1789,\nFor Incidental and contingent Expences relative to the Civil List.\nUnder this head are comprehended foreign contingent expences, news-papers for Congress, printing journals of Congress, stationary & wood, together with the rent of the several offices.\nOf the late Congress, from the 1st of Jan. to the 3d March, and of the office of their secretary, to the 30th of June,\nTreasury department for 1 year, estimated\nAccomptant\u2019s office to 11th Sept. do. at\nRegister\u2019s do. \u2003 do.\nTreasurer\u2019s do. do.\nCommissioners for adjusting the commissary & qr. master\u2019s department, to the 8th May,\nCommissioner for adjusting the accounts of the marine, cloathing & hospital departments, to the 8th May,\nEstimate expence for comptroller, treasurer, auditor, and register\u2019s office, in stationary, on the new treasury department, from the 12th of Sept. to the end of the year,\nCommissioners of the general board for one year, estimated at\nCommissioner of S. Carolina and Georgia, to the 16th July,\nCommissioner of army accounts, for one year,\nForeign contingent expences, estimated by the late secretary for foreign affairs, who observes, that the contingent expences abroad are uncertain, but he estimates 1 year at\nSecretary of foreign affairs now comprehended in the department of state, for one year, estimated\nSecretary at war, for one year,\nStationary & contingences for 13 loan-officers,\nThe door-keeper of the house of representatives, his estimate of the contingent expence of the United States, for wood, &c. for the second session,\nDollars\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department, September the 19th, 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0162-0003", "content": "Title: Schedule II: General Estimate of Money requisite for the War Department for the year 1789, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n  Pay of the Troops.\n  Artillery.\n  Dol. 90ths.\n  Dol. 90ths.\n  Major, 12 mo. at\n  dol. pr. mo.\n  Captains,\n  Lieutenants,\n  Surgeon\u2019s mate,\n  Sergeants,\n  Corporals,\n  Musicians,\n  Artificers,\n  Matrosses,\n  Infantry.\n  Brigadier-general, with the pay of Lieut. Col. Com. for 12 mo. at\n  dol. pr. mo.\n  Majors,\n  Captains,\n  Lieutenants,\n  Ensigns,\n  Pay-master,\n  Quarter Master,\n  Adjutant,\n  Surgeon,\n  \u2003 do. \u2003 Mates,\n  Sergeants,\n  Corporals,\n  Drums & fifes,\n  Privates,\n  Subsistence.\n  Brig Gen. 12 mo.\n  dol. pr. mo.\n  Majors,\n  Captains,\n  Subalterns,\n  Surgeon,\n  Mates,\n  Rations for 840 non-commissioned officers & privates, at 1 ration per day each, are, for 365 days, 307,440 rations, at 12 90ths. of a dollar per ration,\nCloathing,\n940 Suits at\nContingencies,\n26 dol. each,\nQuarter Master\u2019s Department.\nTransportation, including the transportation of the recruits raising in Philadelphia, to the frontiers, the transportation of cloathing, medicines, ordnance and military stores, for the troops on the frontiers, the necessary removal of ordnance and military stores, the hire of teams, pack-horses, tents, boats, axes, camp kettles, boards, fire-wood, company books, stationary for the troops, and all other expences in the quarter master\u2019s department.\nHospital.\nFor medicines, instruments, furniture & stores for an hospital for the frontiers, also for attendance when necessary at West-Point & Springfield,\nOrdnance Department.\nFor salaries to the store-keepers at the several deposits, viz.\nWest Point,\nVirginia,\nSpringfield,\nCharleston, 1 store keeper, at 100 dollars per ann.\n2 Assistants at 15 dol. pr. mo.\n1 Store keeper at Philadel.\n1 \u2003 do \u2003 R. Island\n1 \u2003 do \u2003 Lancaster\nHis subsistence, I dollar per week, \u200752 \u2007\u2007\nRents of buildings for Deposits.\nPhiladelphia, 752 60\nVirginia, 350 \u2007\u2007\nWest Point, 400 \u2007\u2007\nLaborers at the several deposits\nRepairs of arms,\nCleaning 30,000 muskets, at 12\u201390ths.\nContingencies of the war department,\nContingencies of the war office,\nSalaries of the officers,\nCopy of the original on file.\n(Signed) H. Knox.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nSecretary of the Treasury.\nDeduct the amount of the salaries of the officers,\nDo. for contingencies. which are estimated in the civil list,\nAlexander Hamilton.Secretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department, September the 19th, 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Christopher Gore, 20 September 1789\nFrom: Gore, Christopher\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, Septr 20. 1789.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr\nSir\nBe pleas\u2019d to accept my sincere acknowledgments for the politeness and attention, you discover\u2019d in rectifying the mistake made in a conversation with mr Badcock. To lie under the imputation of acting in a character different from the one I assum\u2019d was painful\u2014to be consider\u2019d in this light by one whose reputation is the boast of America was the most distressing of all circumstances that coud happen to a man of any sensibility. That I was anxious you shoud recollect the real situation of this business, by a recourse to the cotemporary papers, you will not be surpriz\u2019d\u2014and you will readily believe, that I felt a great satisfaction, in knowing you had done this, before you replied to mr Badcock.\nwith great respect I am \u2003 Sir your very obed servt\nC. Gore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0164", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Rice, 20 September 1789\nFrom: Rice, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, September 20, 1789. On October 5, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Rice: \u201cYour Letter of the 20th of September has duly come to hand.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0166", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 22 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: \nTreasury Department.September 22d. 1789.\nSir\nIn consequence of arrangements lately taken with the Bank of North America, and the Bank of New York, for the accommodation of the Government, I am to inform you that it is my desire, that the Notes of those Banks, payable either on demand, or at no longer period than thirty days after their respective dates; should be received in payment of the duties, as equivalent to Gold and Silver, and they will be received from you as such, by the Treasurer of the United States.\nThis measure besides the immediate accommodation to which it has reference, will facilitate remittances from the several States, without drawing away their Specie; an advantage in every view important.\nI shall cause you shortly to be furnished with such indications of the genuine Notes, as will serve to guard you against Counterfiets, and shall direct the manner of remitting them. In the mean time and untill further orders, you will please to recieve them; transmitting to me a Weekly Account of your Receipts and payments.\nThe Treasurer of the United States will probably have occasion, to draw upon you for part of the Compensation of the Members of Congress from your State.\nThese Drafts you will also receive in payment of the Duties, or in exchange for any Specie arising from them which shall have come to your hands.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0167", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 22 September 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, September 22, 1789. Encloses report on customs duties. Promises to transmit quarterly statements of tonnage and impost duties.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0170", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Davidson, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Davidson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Annapolis, September 24, 1789. On October 3, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Davidson acknowledging the receipt of Davidson\u2019s \u201cletter of the 24th of last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0171", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Duane, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Duane, James\n[New York, September 24, 1789. On September 24, 1789, Duane wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI called upon you within the time limited to give you my answer on the Communication which \u2026 you was pleased to make me this morning.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0172", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Duane, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Duane, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] Thursday Evning 24 Septemr 1789\nDear Sir\nI called upon you within the time limited to give you my answer on the Communication which in expressions so honorable you was pleased to make me this morning. As you was abroad I am deprived of the pleasure of a personal Interview.\nWarmly attached to the Constitution from the clearest conviction that the happiness of my Country depends on it\u2019s successful administration, I think I ought to decline no part which is assigned to me by those who have a right to decide. I shall therefore accept this office and with the higher satisfaction since the nomination is made without Solicitation and by the interference only of those who are most deeply interested in the Administration of Government.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 With very great regard & respect \u2003 Dear Sir \u2003 Your most obedent humble Servt\nJas. Duane\nHonorable Secretary Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0175", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury DepartmentSept. 25. 1789.\nSir\n\u27e8Here\u27e9 with is a circular letter, the \u27e8principal object of\u27e9 which relates to an arrangement with the \u27e8Banks\u27e9 of North America and New York, founded upon an immediate accommodation to the public. I am not sufficiently acquainted with the constitution and operations of your Bank to determine posstively how far the receipt of their Notes in payment of the Duties would be a measure of prudence. Those of the banks of North America and New York being always represented by a specie fund, I consider as equivalent to Gold and Silver. From the information I have received, I conclude that those of your bank are on a similar footing. If so, it would be my wish that its Notes should also be received in payment of the Duties till further orders as an accommodation to the institution, and in its consequences to the State.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Hble Servant\nBen: Lincoln EsqrCollector of the Customs for Boston & Charleston or his Deputy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0176", "content": "Title: Promissory Note from Arthur St. Clair, [25 September 1789]\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, September 25, 1789]\nThirty days from the date hereof I promise to pay to Alexander Hamilton or order Two thousand dollars in specie for value received.\nAr. St. Clair\nNew York September 25. 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0177-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Statements, [24 September 1789]\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nState of the Anticipation of the Taxes of the Superintendant of Finance\nDol. 90ths.\nDol. 90ths.\nOn William Whipple, receiver for the state of New-Hampshire\nFor an order in favor of M. G. Sullivan, dated 24th Jan. 1784,\nDitto Brig. Gen. Moses Hazen, dated 24th Jan. 1784,\nDo. Capt. Olive, dated 6th March, 1784,\nDo. Capt. Philip Leibert, do.\nDo. Lieut. Germaine Dienne, do.\nDo. Capt. Anthony Selin, 8th do.\nOn James Lovell, receiver for the state of Massachusetts\nFor an order in favor of John Langdon, continental agent at Portsmouth, dated 4th August, 1784,\nDo. Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated the 30th Sept. 1784,\nOn George Olney, receiver for the state of R. Island\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering quarter-master-general, dated 30th Sept. 1784,\nOn Hezekiah Merrill, receiver for the state of Conn.\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated 30 Sept. 1784,\nOn Thomas Tillotson, receiver for New-York\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated 30th Sept. 1784,\nDo of Abraham Skinner, later commissary-general of prisoners, dated 30th Sept. 1784.\nOn Wm. C. Houston, receiver for the state of N. Jer.\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated 30th Sept. 1784.\nOn Wm. Geddes, receiver for the state of Delaware\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated 30th Sept. 1784,\nOn Benjamin Harwood, receiver for the state of Maryland\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated 30th Sept. 1784,\nOn George Webb, receiver for the state of Virginia\nFor an order in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, dated 30th Sept. 1784,\nTotal as above\nDeduct so much thereof paid,\nLeaves unpaid\nTreasury of the United States.Register\u2019s office, Sept. 24, 1789.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nGeneral Account of Anticipations.\nDol. 90ths.\nAmount of orders drawn by the late superintendant of finance,as per particular statement herewith, No. I.\nAmount of warrants drawn by the late board of treasury, remaining unpaid, as per particular statement herewith, No II.\nDollars,\nTreasury of the United States.Register\u2019s office, Sept. 24, 1789.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury of the United States.\nNo. I.\nA particular Statement of Orders drawn by the late Superintendant of Finance, on several of the Receivers of Taxes, remaining unpaid, and were comprised in the Estimate made by the Secretary of the Treasury, and by him reported to the House of Representatives of the United States.\nDate of Orders.\nDol. 90 ths.\nOn William Whipple, receiver for N. Hampshire, in favor of Capt. Philip Leibert, being balance of pay due him,\nOn ditto in favor of Capt. Anthony Selin, being ditto,\nOn George Olney, receiver for Rhode Island, in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, for the use of his department,\nDeduct so much paid,\nDitto\nOn Thomas Tillotson, receiver for New-York, in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, for use of his department,\nOn do. in favor of Abraham Skinner, late Commissary-gen. of prisoners for the payment of assumptions made by him for the board of prisoners at Long-Island,\nDitto.\nOn William Geddes, receiver for Delaware, in favor of Timothy Pickering, quarter-master-general, for the use of his department,\nDeduct so much paid,\nDollars,\nTreasury of the United States,Register\u2019s office, Sept. 24, 1789.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nNo. II.\nA particular Statement of Warrants drawn by the late Board of Treasury on Michael Hillegas, late Treasurer of the United States, which remain unpaid, and were comprised in the Estimate made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, and by him reported to the House of Representatives of the United States.\nDate of Warrants.\nDol. 90ths.\nCivil List.\nOct. 10\nEdward Chinn, commissioner for adjusting the accounts of R. Island, for his own and clerk\u2019s salaries, office-rent &c. from the 1st of July, to 30th Sept. 1786,\nPaid in part,\nArnold H. Dohrmad, late agent for the United States, at the court of Lisbon, his salary,\nPaid in part,\nElizabeth Wallace, for the payment of a register\u2019s certificate in favor of Robert Patton, per act of Congress, 24th June, 1788,\nJonathan Burrall, assignee to John White, late commissioner for the states of Pennsylvania, Delaware & Maryland, for salaries and contingent expences from 1st Jan. to 3d March, 1788,\nDitto, assignee of Wm Winder, commissioner for the states of Virginia and N. Carolina, for salaries and contingent expences of his office, from 1st April to 30th June, 1788,\nSept. 3.\nDunlap & Claypoole, for printing the resolves of Congress, advertisements for contracts, &c.\nJeremiah Wadsworth, assignee of Jonathan Trumbull, being for the principal and interest of a register\u2019s certificate, per act of Congress, 28th July, 1788,\nDeduct so much paid, as appears by the receiver\u2019s account,\nJonathan Burrall, assignee of John White, commissioner for the states of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, salaries and contingent expences of office, for one quarter, ending 30th June,\nDitto, assignee of do. being an advance on account of said White\u2019s salary,\nOct. 9.\nJoseph Hardy, attorney to Geo. Reed, commissioner for South-Carolina & Georgia, for salaries, quarter ending 30th June,\nEdward Chinn, late commissioner for Rhode-Island, for salaries and contingent expences of office, one quarter, ending 30th June,\nDitto, do. do. do. from 1st Jan. to 31st April, 1787\nDitto, do. do. do. from 31st Oct. to 31st Dec. 1786,\nJohn Halstead, in part of a sum due him agreeable to act of Congress, 4th June, 1781,\nGeorge Stanton, for the rent of the house occupied by the board of treasury, from 1st Nov. to 31st Jan.\nJohn White, commissioner for the states of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, being for expences attending the transportation of public papers, &c.\nMarch 26.\nWilliam Winder, late commissioner for N. Carolina & Virginia, for salaries and contingencies of office, transportation of public papers, &c. from the 1st Oct 1788, to 20th Mar. 1789,\nDitto, do. \u2003\u2003 do.\nDitto, do. \u2003\u2003 do.\nDitto, do. \u2003\u2003 do.\nDitto, do. \u2003\u2003 do.\nDitto, do. \u2003\u2003 do.\nDitto, do. \u2003\u2003 do.\nDitto, do. from the 1st of July to the 30th Sept. 1788\nDitto, do. do.\nMay 16.\nGeorge Stanton, for rent of the house occupied by the board, from 1st Feb. to 30th Ap. 1789,\nJune 2.\nPaul R. Randall, for his salary as secretary to the Algerine legation, from Sept. 1785, to Sept. 1786, per act of Congress, of the 11th Sept. 1788,\nAug. 3.\nJohn Jay, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, for officerent, & other contingent expences,\nJuly 22.\nBenjamin Walker, commissioner for settling the accounts of the late secret and commercial committees of Congress, from 1st April, to 30th June, 1789,\nNathaniel Appleton, loan-officer of the state of Massachusetts, balance due him on settlement at the treasury, of his account of salary, to the 30th of June, 1789, and which having been introduced in the accounts of expenditure, forms a part of the balance of 189,906 34-90ths. dollars, anticipation by the late board of treasury, on the 11th Sept. 1789,\nMarch 9.\nRoger Sherman, Esq. assignee to Isaac Sherman, being in full for his expences whilst executing surveys in the western territory, from 21st April, to 21st Sept. 1787,\nWilliam Ellery, loan-officer of the state of RhodeIsland, on a settlement at the treasury, of his account of salary to the 30th of Sept. 1788, and which having been introduced in the accounts of expenditure, forms a part of the balance of 189,906 34-90ths. dollars, anticipation by the board of treasury, on the 11th Sept. 1789,\nMay 13.\nPatrick Ferrall, being in full for contingent expences, and office rent of the office of the board of commissioners appointed to adjust the accounts of the several states, from the 20th of Nov. 1788, to 2d May, 1789,\nAug. 1.\nJohn Cochran, loan-officer of the state of NewYork, being for his salary and stationary for his office, from 1st April, to the 30th June, 1789,\nWestern Territory.\nThomas Hutchins, geographer general, advanced for the use of his department,\nJohn Lawrence, assignee to John C. Symmes, one of the judges of the Western Territory, for his salary, from 26th March to 30th June, 1788, per act of Congress 13th July 1787,\nDitto, do. do. \u2003 from 1st July, to 31st of Dec. at 200 dol. per qr.\nJoseph Nourse, attorney to Thomas Hutchins, geographer-general, for his salary from 1st Jan. to 31st March, 1789,\nIndian Affairs:\nRichard Butler, agent for Indian affairs, for salary\none quarter, ending 30th June last,\nDitto, do. do. ending 30th September last,\nJohn Woods, in full for his services and expences attending sundry Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation on a visit to Congress, per act of the 18th July last,\nComfort Sands, attorney to Wm. Winn, superintendant of Indian affairs for the southern department, being for said Wm. Winn\u2019s salary from 1st April, to the 29th August 1788,\nArthur S. Clair, Esq Governor of the Western Territory, to be by him applied, agreeably to an act of Congress of the 27th of October 1787,\nDitto, being part of the sum of 20,000 dollars, appropriated for the extinguishing of Indian claims, per act of the 2d July, 1788,\nDitto, same purpose,\nRichard Butler, superintendant of Indian affairs, one quarter\u2019s salary, ending 14th October, 1788,\nDo. for sundry expences in the Indian department, from 12th October, 1786, to the 14th October, 1788,\nJune 17.\nArthur St. Clair, Governor of the Western Territory, in part of the sum of 20,000 dollars, appropriated for the extinguishing Indian claims, per act of the 2d July, 1788,\nDitto, same purpose,\nJuly 17.\nJohn Cochran, attorney to Jas. Livingston, deputy superintendant of Indian affairs, northern department, his salary from 1st July, 1788, to 30th June, 1789,\nPensions, Annuities and Grants.\nSamuel Hodgdon, attorney to Doctor John Warren, for the education of Joseph Warren, eldest son of the late Major Gen. Warren, deceased, from the 1st Jan. to 30th June, 1786, per act 8th April, 1777,\nDitto, attorney to do. for the support and education of the three younger children of said Gen. Warren, deceased, from 1st July to 31st Dec. 1786, per act of the 1st July, 1780\nAug. 2.\nDitto, attorney to do. for do. from 1st Jan. to 30th June, 1787,\nJohn Warren, guardian to the eldest son of the late General Warren, being for the education of said eldest son, for one year, commencing 4th July last,\nJoseph Nourse, attorney to Col. Richard Gridley, his pension from 1st July, 1787 to 30th June 1788, per act of the 2d October last,\nMay 22.\nGeorge Morgan, for the tuition of George M. White Eyes, from 1st Nov. 1786, to 30th Sept. 1788.\nDaniel M\u2019Cormick, executor to the estate of Eliz. Thompson, deceased, for her pension, from 1st July to 16th Aug. 1788,\nJoseph Bindon, attorney to Joseph Traversie, for his pension from 1st October, 1788, to 31st March, 1789, per act of the 8th of August, 1782,\nContingencies of the War Department.\nHenry Knox, secretary at war, being for the use of the ordnance department,\nOct. 5.\nDoctor Joseph Waldo, being for his attendance, and medicines supplied sundry sick soldiers of Col. Jackson\u2019s regiment at Springfield, in the state of Massachusetts,\nJames O\u2019Harra, Contractor on the Western Frontiers, on account of issues to be made under his contract, and for expenditures in the quarter-master-general\u2019s depart. for\nDeduct so much pd.\nHenry Knox, secretary at war, being for the contingent expences of the war department,\nApril 14.\nDitto, being for the purpose of subsisting recruits, ordered to be raised by the resolve of Congress, of the 3rd of October last, during the time they are collecting, and on their route from their respective states, to Fort-Pitt,\nFrom which deduct so much paid on said warrants,\nDitto:\nDitto, being to enable him to discharge the arrears of pay due to sundry store-keepers, and other officers in the ordnance department, for the year 1787, and to defray charges hereafter arising in said department,\nDitto being to discharge the rent of sundry buildings, occupied by the public in Virginia, and the pay of Thomas Holt, Assistant Deputy Commissary of Military Stores, from 1st of July 1787, to 30th of June 1788,\nRobert Watts, Attorney to Stephen Moore, being for the rent of West Point, from 31st of December, 1787, to 31st December 1788\nMarch 2.\nJames Reid, Attorney to Joseph Hubley, late Assistant Deputy Commissary of Prisoners, at the Post of Lancaster, being for his pay, rations, and forage, from 1st of January to the 25th of February 1782.\nApril 7.\nSmith and Wyckoff, for provisions issued at West Point.\nMay 15.\nDitto for their issues at West-Point in January last.\nJune 17.\nDitto for provisions issued at West Point.\nAug. 4.\nDitto for the same purpose,\nFor the Pay of the Army.\nJoseph Howell, jun. paymaster general, being on account of pay due to the troops in service, for the year 1788,\nDitto, being to discharge pay and forage due to the army, up to the 31st Dec. 1788, viz.\nSix thou.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\nfour\ndo.\ndo.\nDeduct so much paid,\nDitto, being for the arrears of the four months specie pay, for the year 1783, granted to the non-commissioned officers and privates of the late Virginia line,\nDitto, drawn in like manner with the foregoing, and for the same purpose,\nDo. do. and for same purpose\nDo. do. and for same purpose\nDo. being on account of subsistence due the officers of the Virginia line, for the year 1782 and 1783,\nFeb. 8.\nJoseph Howell, jun. paymaster general, being for the arrears of the four months specie pay, for the year 1783, due to the non-commissioned officers and privates of Col. Posey\u2019s detachment of the Virginia line,\nDitto, being on account of the arrearage of subsistence, due to the officers of the Virginia line, for the years 1782 & 1783,\nDitto, being for the arrears of pay for the year 1783, due to Col. Gibson\u2019s detachment of the Virginia line,\nDitto, being for the arrears of the 4 months specie pay; granted to the non-commissioned officers and privates of the late North-Carolina line, for the year 1783,\nDitto, drawn in like manner with the foregoing, and for the same purpose,\nDo. do. & for the same purpose\nDo. do. for the same purpose\nDo. do. for the same purpose\nClothing Department.\nStephen Bruce, for provisions and sundry articles in the clothing, and quartermaster\u2019s department, furnished the troops in the state of Massachusetts, between the 21st of November, 1786, and the 21st of June, 1787,\nWilliam Hill, being an account of his contract of the 4th Feb. last, for clothing the troops in service,\nDeduct so much paid on do.\nMarch 3.\nRoyal Flint, for so much payable on the 1st October, 1789, agreeably to his contract with the board of treasury, being for clothing, &c. supplied the troops in service, in the year 1788,\nDo. for the same purpose,\nDo. for do.\nDo. for do.\nDo. for do.\nAmount of Anticipations, by the late board of Treasury,\nDollars,\nTreasury of the United States.Register\u2019s office, Sept. 24, 1789.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0180", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, September 26, 1789. Discusses aids to navigation in Delaware Bay and River. Suggests appointment of a superintendent for the entire Delaware district. Mentions a pending bill in Pennsylvania legislature which would cede to United States all state-owned navigational aids in Delaware River.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0181", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, [26 September 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\n[New York, September 26, 1789]\nDr. Sir\nTaking it for granted that you will be appointed Atty General of the district I request your opinion as to the Bond required to be taken by the Collectors respecting the certificate of Registry of Vessels. Can it be taken directly to \u201cThe United States of America\u201d or must it be in the name of the Collector? Will any bond to the United States of America be valid?\nThe Question arises on the act for Registering & clearing vessels &c.\nYrs\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0182", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jedediah Huntington, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Huntington, Jedediah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New London, Connecticut, September 26, 1789. On November 17, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Huntington: \u201cin respect to the Question referred to in Your Letter of the 26th of September.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0183", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Governors of the States, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Governors of the States\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 26th. 1789\nSir\nIn obedience to an order of the House of Representatives of the 21st. Instant (Copy of which I have the honor to enclose) it becomes my duty to request your Excellency to procure and transmit to this Office the Documents and Information therein required.\nAs the next Session of the Legislature will be on the first monday of January ensuing, it is greatly to be wished that the whole of the above Statements may be forwarded to this Office before that day; particularly the Statement of the Loan Office Certificates or other public Securities of the United States which may be in the Treasury of your State.\nThis last Statement is immediately necessary to enable me to prepare with the requisite accuracy, the plan referred to in other resolutions of the House of the same date with those abovementioned, a Copy of which is likewise inclosed for your information.\nIt would be adviseable to transmit at the same time as accurate a Statement as can be made of the Interest (if any) which the State may have paid on the Evidences of the public Debt abovementioned.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt. humble servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0184", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 29th. 1789.\nSir\nIt may happen that the Treasurer will draw upon you for the Compensation to the Senators and Representatives of New Hampshire as well as those of your State. The direction given to you with respect to the latter, is to extend to the former.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nBenjamin Lincoln EsqrCollector of the Customsfor Boston Massachusetts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Lee, 30 September 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexa. [Virginia] 30th. Sepr. 89\nMy dear sir\nLeast my brother should have returned I take the liberty of asking your safe delivery of the two lets. enclosed & any reply which may be given to you for me.\nAt the same time let me present my hearty gratulations on the proper honor you have received from our country.\nI anticipate good to the public & new lustre to my friend notwithstanding the obstinate difficultys & embarrassments which oppress our finance.\nMay complete success crown your endeavors. How is Mrs. H & family. Poor Mrs. Lee continues still very infirm. She desires to be remembered to her good friend.\nAlways yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0186", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Harison, [September 1789]\nFrom: Harison, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, September, 1789]\nDr Sir,\nThe Subject which you have mentioned was in a great Measure new to me. However I cannot hesitate as to the Validity of a Bond given to the United States, the People of which I think form one great Body politic for all the important Purposes of Government. The Constitution speaks of \u201cControversies to which the United States Shall be a Party\u201d as forming a Branch of the Judicial Power; and I can have no Idea of the United States being a Party to a Controversy, except they are considered in their politic Capacity, as an Individual, capable of suing, but perhaps not amenable as a Defendant before any Tribunal.\nThe Rules of Evidence & Trial which respect the private Members of the Community cannot I think be applied to the Public, and therefore no Objection arises from them to Securities given or Suits carried on for the United States. Besides the same Rules would apply, where the Securities were taken on Behalf of the United States as if taken directly to them.\nSuch are my Ideas upon the general Question, tho\u2019 upon the whole I am of Opinion that the Act for registering & clearing Vessels &ca. had in Contemplation that the Bond should be given to the Collector in his own Name in Behalf of the United States.\nThe Expressions however are not so certain, but that I should think either Mode might be adopted.\nWith great Respect &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0187", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, October 1, 1789. \u201cIn conformity to what I esteem your instructions, I yesterday paid the Bank of No America Thirteen Thousand Dollars.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0188", "content": "Title: Promissory Note from William Grayson, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Grayson, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, October 1, 1789]\nThirty days after date I promise to pay to Alexander Hamilton Esqr. or order the sum of two hundred dollars specie value recieved.\nWillm. Grayson\nNew York October 1st. 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0190", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentNew York October 1st. 1789\nSir\nThe United States in Congress having by their Act of the 7th. of August last Ordained \u201cThat all expences for the necessary support and maintenance of Light-houses, Beacons, Buoys &ca. within any Port or Harbour of the United States, should after the 15th. of August last, be defrayed out of the Treasury of the United States\u201d; You will be pleased to transmit forthwith to this Office, as particular an Account as will be consistent with dispatch, of the nature and annual expences which may attend any establishment as above described at the port where you Act; under whose superintendance it is at present; and whether this person, or any other, whom you would undertake to recommend, is well qualified for the Business.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedient \u2003 Humble Servant\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0191", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Willing, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Willing, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBank of North America [Philadelphia] 1st October 1789\nSir\nYour Favor of the 25th Ult was received on the 29 and has this day been laid before the Directors, as well as your Official Confirmation of the Agreement made with your Assistant Mr. Duer on the 17th of September respecting the Loan of 50,000 drs.\nYour Open Letter to our Collector was delivered to him directly and he has in consequence thereof, and in Conformity of the third Article in our Agreement passed his check to us yesterday for 13,000 drs which Sum is now to the Credit of the United States, and Mr Delany has our Cashier Receipt for the Same. You Observe you were preparing Directions to the Collectors to the Southward to receive our Notes payable on demand or at a period not longer than thirty days from the date all which we Approve of, and in Order to guard the Collectors as far as it is in our power, against imposition, we have now Inclosed agreeable to your request Eighty Proforma Signatures of our president and Cashier. The Collectors should moreover be enjoined by you not to receive any post Note without its being endorsed by the payee, and if he is a Stranger to them or his Signature not well known it should be endorsed by the person making or Offering the payment. Under all these Circumstances, if common Attention is paid, we see no risque of imposition on the Officers of the Impost.\nWe have varied our paper five Times since our establishment, it has all been made at one Mill, in our own private Frames or Moulds, and under the Eye of a Confidential person sent with the Moulds, and who has always returned them, and every Sheet of the paper good and bad into our Hands. The different parcels we have used, have been varied in Coulour and texture by the Materials used and by the different water Lines or Letters in the Body of each Note. The paper inclosed. A Contains a description of the Whole paper we have hitherto used Some of all which is still in Circulation. When we find Occasion to vary again from the paper now in Use for the Notes on demand which is of the dark colourd Sort, we shall take Care to Advise you of it.\nThe Mode you propose of dividing the Notes in the middle from top to Bottom, will be a very proper precaution against any miscarriage, when they are sent to the Treasury by the Collectors, who may also fill up an endorsement on each Note to the Treasurer. It was the practice formerly when our Notes were returned by the Public Officers to Mr. Morris as Financier, who cut them all; and to send each half by different posts. It has been often practiced by Individuals since without the least Inconvenience to them or to us, except in the instances of Bank Notes to Bearer, which when so cut, cannot again be issued in payment, but this loss we are content to put up with.\nAs to the private Marks in our Notes, we can\u2019t think it Adviseable to communicate them, if the knowledge of them is necessary to one it is equally so to all and every Officer who is to receive the Notes and therefore the Secret would not long be kept. These private marks are known only to three persons amongst ourselves, and we conceve ought not to go further unless necessary to convict a Culprit on Trial. Your Officers will be better prepared and guarded against any deception or Fraud having our Signatures at their Offices, than any other Individual will be, but as we take every precaution in our power to prevent Counterfeits, and have never yet met with one, we flatter ourselves there is no reason for Apprehension on this Score. There was indeed a Single Attempt in Boston to alter a fifteen dollar Note to a fifty\u2014But it was too obvious to pass, and the Villain was instantly detected. We find and daily experience convinces us, that there is much less risque of Imposition by the Counterfeit of our paper, than of the Gold and Silver now Current in America, of which there is so many base pieces well made and Current, that it\u2019s hardly possible for a person to receive it without loss, tho\u2019 ever so well informed and in the daily receipt of large Sums. It is a truth that we have destroyed in the last three years to the full amount of 20,000 dollars offered to us in payment as Gold and Silver. As to what you say respecting the Limitation of your Orders for the Receipt of our Notes, we need not now reply, this point was Satisfactorily explained. You say you ought from time to time to ascertain the Situation of the Bank, and the Safety of your operations with it. To this we can only say, that our Capital at this Time is exactly 728.400 dollars. That our paper in Circulation has never been much above half this Sum. That we are a Bank of discount only, that we are restricted by Law from any Trade or the purchase of lands, and that altho we have a right to purchase public Funds, or Bullion, yet we have never expended a dollar in these or any kind of Speculation whatsoever. We are all of us Stockholders and have a character to Support and Shall never pass our paper into Circulation without having what we deem good Security for it.\nThe Treasury we presume can never run any risque with us, for it will not probably ever have in its possession at any one time a Sum in paper equal to our Capital. Nor can we from any experience we have had, conceive that the Circulation will for many Years Absorb a Sum in paper beyond what Such a Capital will entitle the Bank to Issue.\nYou have mentioned in the Close of your Letter the principles which ought to govern in the Adjustment of Losses that may be Sustained by Counterfeits. We have gone so fully into the means & precautions designed to prevent them, and by Attending to which we think there can be little or no risque, and the Subject is of so interesting a Nature to us, from the Opening it would give to injurious practices on the Bank, that we can only tell you that no distinction as to compensation for Losses can be made with Safety and propriety by the Bank between the public or Individuals. In all Such Instances wherein the Bank can legally be calld upon by an Individual, it will be Accountable to the Public, further it ought not to be.\nThe Subject of our present Communication is of a delicate Nature and not very proper to be committed to Writing. In the present Case it is however rendered necessary. And as we know we have to do with a Man of Honor who will on our request, consider all we have said as Confidential, we have explained ourselves without reserve and Mentioned some particulars which ought to be confined to Yourself alone.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Clay, 2 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Clay, Joseph\n[New York, October 2, 1789. On December 30, 1789, Clay wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI received your very obliging favour of the 2d Octr.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0193", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 2 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury DepartmentNew York October 2d. 1789.\nSir\nAs in the first establishiment of Revenue systems, imperfections and inconveniencies will naturally present themselves in practice, which could not have been foreseen in their formation; it is of the greatest moment, that the best information should be collected for the use of the Government as to the operation of those, which may have been adopted.\nTo the obtaining this information, as it respects the plan for the imposition and collection of the duties, the situation of the collectors and naval Officers of the several Ports is in a peculiar manner favourable, and no arguments need be used to shew that it is equally their duty and their interest to make the best use of their opportunities for that purpose.\nNot doubting that their inclination will coincide with both; I am to request that they will carefully note and from time to time communicate to me whatever may serve to discover the merits or defects of that plan, and to point out the means of improving it.\nThough the complaints of the Merchants will not always be infallible indications of defects, yet they will always merit attention, and when they occur, I shall be glad to be particularly informed of them.\nYou will doubtless have observed, that it was in the contemplation of Congress to employ Boats for the security of the Revenue against contraband. I shall be glad to have your Ideas, as to the expediency of employing them in your quarter, and (if any appear to you necessary) of the number and kind you deem requisite; their equipments, and the probable expence. Should any have been in use under the State regulations, I desire they may be continued, and that I may be advised with accuracy of the nature of their establishment.\nIt has been very much apprehended that the number of Ports in several of the States would conduce to great evasions of the duties. It is my wish to be informed how far experience has justified this apprehension, and what can be done to correct the Mischeifs, which may have ensued, avoiding as much as possible the inconveniencies which the multiplication of Ports was designed to obviate.\nIn hinting these particulars it is not my aim to confine your attention to them only; It will give me pleasure to find that your observation has been as diffusive as the object is extensive.\nThe whole of the Form for keeping and rendering your accounts not being yet completed, it is not in my power to furnish you with them at present; I however transmit you the most material form which is a quarterly Abstract of duties arising on Merchandize imported. The same form with an alteration as to time will answer for a return of duties arising monthly, and which you will forward to this Office at the end of every Month.\nIn mine of the 22d. of September, I directed you to render me a Weekly Account of your receipts and payments. I now enclose you a form for rendering this account, which I trust will be punctually complied with.\nI am \u2003 sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasuy\nP. S. \u2003 In addition to the papers mentioned in this letter you will find enclosed the form of a Quarterly Abstract of duties arising on the Tonnage of Vessels. A similar return you will be pleased to transmit monthly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0194", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Cruger, 3 October 1789\nFrom: Cruger, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] October 3, 1789. \u201cMost sincerely do I Congratulate you on your Late appointment. I had Promis\u2019d Mr. Harrison my Law business when ever you Declin\u2019d it. I must therefore begg you will send me \u2026 [various] Papers [in your possession] which I mean to Put into his hands.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Davidson, 3 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Davidson, John\nTreasury Department, October 3, 1789. Acknowledges receipt of Davidson\u2019s \u201cletter of the 24th of last month.\u201d Sends directions for filing of surety bond. States that privileges to ships of the United States are to be extended to Rhode Island and North Carolina vessels until January 15, 1790.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0196", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 3 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 3d. 1789\nSir\nInclosed is the copy of an Act for amending the \u201cAct for registering and Clearing Vessels, regulating the Coasting Trade, and for other purposes,\u201d which I transmit you for your Government.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your humble servt.\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0197", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Wadsworth, 3 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nN York Oct 3d. 1789\nPrivate\nMy Dear Sir\nFrom some returns which have already come to me I am led to fear that smuggling has already began in some parts of our eastern extremity. I have under consideration the business of establishing Guard boats, and will be much obliged to you for you[r] ideas on this subject\u2014the usefulness of the thing, the kind of boats the plan upon which they ought to be established and the probable expence. Give me your thoughts too on whatever else may serve to Check the mischief.\nI reman Affecty Yrs\nA Hamilton\nJ Wadsworth Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 5 October 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, October 5, 1789. On April 29, 1790, Allibone wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI did make mention of it in a letter of mine dated October 5th last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0199", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Rice, 5 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Rice, John\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 5th 1789.\nSir\nYour letter of the 20th of September has duly come to hand.\nIn regard to the enquiry you make, I am of opinion that the Law does not intend to allow a Vessel to proceed from one District to another, without paying or securing the Duties in the first; except when originally bound to another, and obliged from necessity to put into the Port at which she arrives as provided for in the twelvth Section of the Collection Act.\nJohn Rice EsqrDeputy Collector of the Customsfor Boston & Charlestown Massachusetts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0200", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Wardens of the Ports, 5 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wardens of the Ports\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 5th. 1789.\nSir\nIf any arrangement has been made at the Port where you reside for the support Maintenance and repairs of Light-houses, Beacons, Buoys &c. under your direction; you will be pleased to continue the charge and superintendence of the same in the usual manner, \u2019till you receive further Instructions from me on this subject, taking care that your expenditures for those objects be conducted with proper economy; and that every payment made on this account be supported by regular Vouchers and Receipts.\nAs all the expences of the Establishments since the 15th. of August last are to be defrayed out of the Treasury of the United States, you will be pleased to transmit to me as particular an Abstract as possible of what have hitherto accrued on this Account; and an Estimate of what further expence may be expected to the 7th. August next. I shall be glad to have at the same time as particular a detail as possible of the nature and extent of the above establishment.\nI am, Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servt.\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Marquis de Lafayette, 6 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nNew York October 6th. 1789\nMy Dear Marquis\nI have seen with a mixture of Pleasure and apprehension the Progress of the events which have lately taken Place in your Country. As a friend to mankind and to liberty I rejoice in the efforts which you are making to establish it while I fear much for the final success of the attempts, for the fate of those I esteem who are engaged in it, and for the danger in case of success of innovations greater than will consist with the real felicity of your Nation. If your affairs still go well, when this reaches you, you will ask why this foreboding of ill, when all the appearences have been so much in your favor. I will tell you; I dread disagreements among those who are now united (which will be likely to be improved by the adverse party) about the nature of your constitution; I dread the vehement character of your people, whom I fear you may find it more easy to bring on, than to keep within Proper bounds, after you have put them in motion; I dread the interested refractoriness of your nobles, who cannot all be gratified and who may be unwilling to submit to the requisite sacrifices. And I dread the reveries of your Philosophic politicians who appear in the moment to have great influence and who being mere speculatists may aim at more refinement than suits either with human nature or the composition of your Nation.\nThese my dear Marquis are my apprehensions. My wishes for your personal success and that of the cause of liberty are incessant. Be virtuous amidst the Seductions of ambition, and you can hardly in any event be unhappy. You are combined with a great and good man; you will anticipate the name of Neckar. I trust you and he will never cease to harmonize.\nYou will, I presume, have heard before this gets to hand, that I have been appointed to the head of the Finances of this Country: this event I am sure will give you Pleasure. In undertaking the task, I hazard much, but I thought it an occasion that called upon me to hazard. I have no doubt that the reasonable expectation of the public may be satisfied, if I am properly supported by the Legislature, and in this respect, I stand at present on the most encouraging footing.\nThe debt due to France will be among the first objects of my attention. Hitherto it has been from necessity neglected. The Session of Congress is now over. It has been exhausted in the organization of the Government, and in a few laws of immediate urgency respecting navigation and commercial Imposts. The subject of the debt foreign and domestic has been referred to the next session which will commence the first Monday in January with an instruction to me to prepare and report a Plan comprehending an adequate Provision for the support of the Public Credit. There were many good reasons for a temporary adjournment.\nFrom this sketch you will perceive that I am not in a situation to address any thing officially to your administration; but I venture to say to you, as my friend, that if the installments of the Principal of the debt could be suspended for a few years, it would be a valuable accommodation to the United States. In this suggestion I contemplate a speedy payment of the arrears of interest now due, and effectual Provision for the punctual payment of future interest as it arises. Could an arrangement of this sor\u27e8t\u27e9 meet the approbation of your Government, it would be best on every account that the offer should come unsolicited as a fresh mark of good will.\nI wrote you last by Mr. De Warville. I presume you received my letter. As it touched some delicate issues I should be glad to know its fate.\nYour with unalterable \u2003 esteem and aff\u27e8ection\u27e9\nAlexander Hamilton\nP. S. The latest accounts from France have abated some of my apprehensions. The abdications of priviledges patronised by your Nobility in the States General are truly noble, and bespeak a Patriotic and magnanimous policy, which promises good both to them and their Country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0203", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 6 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 6th. 1789.\nSir\nI have reason to know, that some of the Collectors have conceived themselves authorised to make ye discount allowed by Law for prompt payment, after Bonds were given for securing the Duties. This is not in my opinion, the true construction of the Act. You will therefore under such circumstances avoid making the above discount.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedient Servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0204", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 6 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[New York, October 6, 1789. On October 13, 1789, Willing wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe received your favor of the 6th inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0205", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Comte de Moustier, 7\u20138 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Moustier, Comte de\n[New York, October 7\u20138, 1789 In a letter to the Comte de Montmorin on October 30, 1789, Louis G. Otto wrote: \u201cMr hamilton, secretaire du Tresor, avoit remis confidentiellement \u00e0 M. le Cte. de Moustier une notte pour l\u2019informer que l\u2019objet principal de la prochaine session du Congr\u00e8s seroit l\u2019arrangement des finances et pour le sonder si sa Majest\u00e9 etoit dispos\u00e9e \u00e0 donner aux Americains une nouvelle preuve de sa bienveillance en renon\u00e7ant pendant 5. ou 6. ans aux remboursemens partiels stipul\u00e9s par les deux contrats et \u00e0 se contenter en attendant du payement regulier des interets echus et \u00e0 echeoir.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0207", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 7 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nNew York October 7th, 1789\nSir:\nI think it probable you will have learnt, through other channels, before this reaches you, my appointment as Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. In this capacity the debt due from us to France will of course constitute one of the objects of my attention.\nExcept with regard to a few laws of immediate urgency, respecting commercial imposts, and navigation, the late session of Congress was wholly occupied in organizing the government. A resolution, however, passed the House of Representatives declarative of their opinion that an adequate provision for the support of the public credit was a matter of high importance to the honor and prosperity of the United States; and instructing me to prepare and report a plan for that purpose at their next session.\nIn this state of things, you will readily perceive that I can say nothing very precise with regard to the provision to be made for discharging the arrearages due to France. I am, however, desirous that it should be understood that proper attention will be paid to the subject on my part; and I take it for granted that the national legislature will not fail to sanction the measures which the faith and credit of the United States require in reference to it. In addition to this I shall only remark that it would be a valuable accomodation to the government of this country, if the Court of France should think fit to suspend the payment of the instalments of the principal due, and to become due, for five or six years from this period on the condition of effectual arrangements for the punctual discharge of the interest which has accrued, and shall accrue. But in giving this intimation it is not my intention that any request should be made to that effect. I should be glad that the thing might come about in the form of a voluntary and unsolicited offer; and that some indirect method may be taken to communicate the idea where it would be of use it should prevail. It may not be amiss that you should know that I have hinted the matter in the inclosed private letter to the Marquis De la Fayette, in forwarding which I request your particular care.\nI have the honor to be, Sir, \u2003 Your obdt. & humble servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury\nWilliam Shortcharg\u00e9 d\u2019affairesParis\nP.S. Since writing the above I have, in a private and unofficial manner, broken the matter to the Count De Moustier; and I have reason to conclude he will promote what is desired.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathaniel Appleton, 8 October 1789\nFrom: Appleton, Nathaniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, October 8, 1789. \u201cI perceive that His Excellency the President of the United States has been pleased to appoint you Secretary of the Treasury I therefore presume that it is my duty to transmitt Quarterly returns to you, of the Official proceedings in the Loan-Office, of which I have the honor to be a Commissioner, in the same manner as I have hitherto done to the late Commissioners of the Board of Treasury, untill I shall be honored with your Instructions on the Subject. I now accordingly enclose you a Quarterly return of business transacted in this Office from 1t July to 30th. Septembr last \u2026 besides the papers enclosed in the package I have for convenience to the Mail, formed two other packages Vizt No. I and No. II directed to the Secretary of the Treasury. Package No I contains all the Accts. presented to the Office by the Holders of Loan Office Certificates, & Certificates of Liquidated Debt, for Interest and also the Accounts of Depreciated Loans lodged in the Office. Package No II contains the Depreciated Loan Office Certificates which are cancelled & defaced with Vouchers for the delivery of New Loan Office Certift. in lieu thereof, also all the Vouchers for Interest paid.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 8 October 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore 8th October 1789\nSir\nI have received your Letter (Circular) of the 22d. ulto., and am to inform you that, from Cape Henry to the extreme branches of the Susquehanna, all inclusive, there is not, that I ever heard of, a single Light House, Buoy, Beacon or other artificial object for navigators to be governed by. Consequently there is no superintendant; no Expence.\nThe pilots of the Chesapeak for this State are regulated, and Licenced, by certain Port Wardens who are Commissioned by an Act of the Legislature of Maryland, and reside in Baltimore.\nBy Laws, called the compact laws, passed mutually by Virginia and Maryland, considerable sums have been levied, by a tax upon Tonnage of Vessels for the purpose of building Light Houses &c\u2014and I expect the subject will be taken into serious consideration at the ensuing sessions.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. Humble Servant\nO. H. Williams\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0210", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Stephen Higginson, 9 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Higginson, Stephen\n[New York, October 9, 1789. On October 27, 1789, Higginson wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYour Letter of the 9th instant I rec\u2019d.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Rice, 9 October 1789\nFrom: Rice, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, October 9, 1789. On October 16, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Rice: \u201cI am favored with yours of the 9th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0212", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Bingham, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bingham, William\n\u27e8Private\u27e9\nNew York October 10\u27e8th, 1789\u27e9\nDear Sir\nThere is a species of information highly requisite to the Government in adjusting the policy of its Treaties and Laws respecting Navigation for obtaining which with proper accuracy and detail no regular plan has ever yet been persued in this Country. It relates to the comparative advantages with which the Navigation of the United States and that of other Nations with whom they trade is or can be carried on. The utility of the Knowledge of the facts on which this comparison will depend need not I am sure be explained to you.\nKnowing as I do your Zeal for whatever concerns the public good and relying upon your care and intelligence I take the Liberty to request your aid in making the enquiries requisite to the attainment of the Knowledge I have mentioned; for which purpose I have enclosed a number of Queries, to which I shall be obliged by as full particular and accurate answers as possible. As far as respects American Vessels you may confine your attention to those of your own State.\nMay I also take the Liberty \u27e8to request of\u27e9 you that you will from time to time favor me with \u27e8co\u27e9mmunications with regard to the operation of the Revenue and Navigation Laws which have been adopted the defects and inconveniences which have been experienced and the proper remedies. And with any thoughts that may occur to you concerning the Finances and Debts of the United States. It is my earnest wish to obtain all the lights I can on these Subjects in order that I may be the better able to discharge the trust reposed in me.\nI remain with real esteem \u2003 Dear Sir \u2003 Your obedient & humble Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Bingham EsquirePhiladelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0215", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 10th. 1789\nSir\nI observe that by the 24th. Section of the Act for Registering and Clearing vessels &c. it is provided, that Vessels bound to foreign parts should deliver manifests of their Cargoes to the Collectors of the Ports from which they are to sail.\nThe object of this provision doubtless was to obtain a knowledge of the exports of the Country: to carry which into effect I am to desire that a regular account may be kept of the articles exported; and that quarter yearly returns be made to this office.\nTo render those returns uniform I shall shortly transmit a model. The first I shall expect to receive will be made up to the last of Decemr which I shall be glad to have as speedily as possible after that time, to be ready for the inspection of Congress when they meet.\nEnclosed you will receive an Act for the suspending part of the Act for regulating the Collection of the Duties on Tonnage &c.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nA HamiltonSect of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0217", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Elie Williams, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Williams, Elie\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore 10th. October 1789\nSir.\nInclosed herewith you will receive the Contract executed by Mr. Elliot, whom I fortunately met here: and We request that you will be pleased to forward, to us, the duplicate which was executed in New York.\nYou will also receive, duly executed by us and our securities, the bond for our performance of the contract; As we receive no equivalent to this obligation we must rely, Sir, upon your justice for a punctual compliance on the part of the public.\nCalculating upon a continusance of advances to enable us to compleat the old contract, we, with the greater confidence extended the term of Credit to be given in the new one\u2014and we have now no apprehension of any difficulty, in the execution, but what may result from a disappointment of our expectations in that particular.\nIt is of the greatest consequence that our credit should find the support which we endeavour to merit by our exertions, and without which the issue of our enterprize will be precarious. To that end we have applied the Notes received from the Treasury; and have ventured to draw bills, on the Secretary, in favor of Samuel and John Smith, for the sum of Two thousand dollars on account of issues for the Month of October, Two thousand Dollars for issues for the Month of November, and Two thousand Dollars for the Month of December, Payable at Twenty, Fifty and Eighty days from this date which is also the date of the Bills.\nThese draughts we are confident are considerably below the amount of the supplies necessary for the three Months, in the Commissary\u2019s and Quarter Master\u2019s departments. The estimates which I had the honor to lay before you make it evident; But we consider the difficulty of anticipating your resources, and believe these Sums will be sufficient to support our credit, if the bills are duly respected; If they are not, we are without redress. Our situation will be truly distressing, and the result of our best endeavours, we fear will be deficient. Having this view of our circumstances, which we expose to You with candour, We rely confidently on you for that support which is consistent with public justice, and which your own disposition will be inclined to afford.\nI observe, Sir, that the article of Salt is omitted in the enumeration of the component parts of the Ration, in the Contract: and, presuming that it happened by mistake I submit to you the propriety of having it inserted, by the same hand, in both papers while they are in your Office?\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Most Obedient \u2003 Humble Servant\nE Williamsfor Elliot & Williams\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0219", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 11 October 1789\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Alexandria, Virginia, October 11, 1789. On November 3, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Lee: \u201cI observe by your Letter of the 11th. of October.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 11 October 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, October 11, 1789. Encloses an account \u201cof Rects & payts to the 3rd October instant & also for the week ending the 10th Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0222", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, October 12, 1789. Discusses methods of maintaining \u201cthe Several Establishments\u201d for aiding navigation \u201cin the Bay and River Deleware.\u201d Asks to be appointed superintendent of that district.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0225", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Continental Loan Officers, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Continental Loan Officers\nNew York October 12th. 1789\nSir\nAs I am not certain in what light the Commissioners of the Loan Office in the several states may consider themselves with regard to their continuance in Office, under the old establishment, I think it necessary to apprise them, that the provision which has been made for their compensation does not extend beyond the 30th. June last; being the period to which warrants were issued by the late Board of Treasury. Whether any claim of compensation beyond this time will be admitted must be referred to Legislative regulation. I feel myself bound in candour to say that I do not consider those Offices as still in existence. Nevertheless as far as justice may require an allowance for services actually performed, I shall always esteem it my duty to promote it. The only thing which under the existing regulations can now occupy the Loan Officers is the payment of Indents for Interest. I incline for the sake of conformity and to accommodate those public Creditors, who may have made an arrangment on the supposition that they could recieve their Interest in that shape, that the business of paying Indents up to the end of 1787 should go on as heretofore practiced to the close of the present year; provided it be understood that an allowance proportioned to the nature and extent of the particular service is alone to be expected, and that this too will depend on the discretion of the legislature; for I should not think myself justifiable in giving sanction for any act of mine to the claim of the full salaries heretofore annex\u2019d to the Offices when I had only this special service in view. In the prosecution of the idea of paying Indents it will be expedient that some notification should be given to the holders of Securities that the arrangment for paying them by the Loan Officers will cease at the end of the year.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedt. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jacob Wray, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Wray, Jacob\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHampton, Virginia, October 12, 1789. \u201cYour letter of the first Instant came to hand yesterday we have no Lighthouse Beacon or Buoys in this District but if a Lighthouse was fixed on Cape Henry & also Smaller Lights on old point Comfort & New point Comfort it would inlighten the great Chesapeek Bay as the most wild & dangerous part of the Bay it would gain the Blessing of Thousands.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0227", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, October 13, 1789. Asks Hamilton\u2019s approval for payment of a pilot\u2019s claim as reward for salvaging a floating beacon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0228", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jonathan Fitch, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Fitch, Jonathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Haven [Connecticut] October 13, 1789. Encloses a letter describing the navigational aids in the port of New Haven.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0229", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States October 13th. 1789\nSir\nThe sum of two thousand five Dollars is necessary to be advanced to take up Notes which were given for money advanced for the household of the President of the United States previous to the organization of the Treasury Department.\nThis sum added to two thousand Dollars which you have already advanced for the purpose of taking up Notes, will compleat the payment of all Monies advanced for the use of the President of the United States previous to your coming into Office. One thousand Dollars will likewise be wanting for the President and a Dft. on Boston for five hundred. In my absence Mr. Robt. Lewis will draw from you such money as may be wanting for the use of the Household during the journey of the President.\nI have the honor to be with perfect respect \u2003 Sir Yr. most Obt. Servant\nTobias LearS.P.U. States.\nThe HonbleThe Scretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0230", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Willing, [13 October 1789]\nFrom: Willing, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, October 13, 1789]\nSir\nWe received your favor of the 6th. inst. and agreeable to your request we resolved to furnish the Treasury with the 20 000 dollars on Loan. This sum has since been paid to the Treasurer and his receipt taken for the amount the payment has been made 5000 dollars in our Banks notes and the residue in post notes at 30 days from the instant we dont find it prudent at present to Issue the Postnotes at Longer time as it has a tendency to discredit our paper and as to the other part of the payment it has been made in the way all our discounts have ever been the only obvious and natural mode of getting the Bank notes into circulation The indisposition of our President for some days has been the reason we have not sooner wrote you, and we were the less anxious to do it because Mr Meredith was on the spot and promised to inform you of the Business being compleated to his satisfaction we shall no doubt soon receive from you the officinal papers necessary respecting this second Loan and are Sir\nyour most obedt hble servt for the President Directors & Company of the Bank of N. America\nTW\nBank of N America October 13th. 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Lindsay, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Lindsay, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNorfolk [Virginia] October 14, 1789. \u201cIn reply to your circular Letter of the 1st Inst respecting Light Houses &c I have to inform you that there is no establishment of the Kind in this District. Inclosed is an Estimate of a Light House intended to be built on Cape Henry prior to the late War.\u2026 I observe by the Collection Law, that the Collector is to provide (with the approbation of the principal officer of the Treasury) Boats, Store Houses, Weights scales Measures, &c, as these are all wanting in this District, I wish for your sanction to have them provided.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0233", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Hussey, 15 October 1789\nFrom: Hussey, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSherbourne [Massachusetts] October 15, 1789. Describes aids to navigation in the waters surrounding Nantucket Island.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0234-0001", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 15 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Harris, Richard,Lamb, John,Lee, Charles,Lincoln, Benjamin,Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 15th. 1789.\nSir\nThere is a species of information, which it will be convenient to you to obtain and which will be of important use to the Government: it respects the mode of Navigating of the several States; and of Foreign Nations. With a view to which I have framed a number of Queeries, to which as speedily as the requisite enquiries can be made, I request answers.\nThought I do not consider it as a part of your Official duty to make those enquiries, yet I do not scruple to recommend them to your careful attention, persuaded that you will always take pleasure in availing yourself of your opportunities to do whatever will conduce to the Public benefit.\nAs far as relates to american Vessels you will please to confine yourself to those of your own State as this letter will be addressed to a Collector of a principal Port in each State.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obt. Hble. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0234-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Questions Concerning the Navigation of the Several States], [15 October 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nQuestions concerning the navigation of the several States, and Foreign Nations to which answers are requested.\nWhat is the usual construction of the Vessels built in your State, and in those Foreign Countries, that trade with you (particularly France Great Britain the United Netherlands, Russia Denmark, and Sweden) as it respects their capacity for carrying an[d] sailing?\nWhat is the original cost, where they are built, including Hull, Rigging, and Apparel?\nWhat is the quality of the materials of which they are made; and their usual duration?\nWhat number of Voyages do they commonly perform in a year, to and from your State, either directly, or circuitously; and what is the nature of those Voyages?\nBy what number of Seamen, in proportion to their burthen are they commonly navigated?\nVI What is the customary Pay and subsistance of the Masters and Mariners employed in them?\nVII What priviledges, or emoluments do those Masters and mariners enjoy besides their pay and subsistance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, [16\u201331 October 1789]\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, October 16\u201331, 1789]\nSir\nMy indisposition has prevented me from forwarding such remarks as I thought would have been of some use to you in directing the Revenue System but I hope soon to be able to lay them before you. Your letter of the 2nd Inclosing forms of keeping Accts I recd as also that of the 17th respecting the Bank and one covering a Letter to the Wardens. In respect to the Mode transmitted respecting weekly receipts & payments I would beg leave to mention that there seems to be some mistake made by the Clerk in Copying as the Mode for accounting for the ballance in hand mentions outstanding Bonds which can be no part of a Cash Acct. You also mention that in yours of Sept 22nd you directed weekly returns of Receipts & Payments. That Letter Sir I never received or I should punctually have complied with your directions. I now enclose you a Copy of my Cash Acct. and shall in future weekly forward the state thereof. The only letter I had the honor of receiving respecting returns was of the 14th sept. and agreeably thereto I supplyd Colo Duer with two Copies and in my answer requested your farther directions if they were not sufficient.\nI have the Honour to be Sir \u2003 with great respect \u2003 Your most humble Servt\nSharp Delany\nOct", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0239", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Elie Williams, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Elie\nTreasury Department Octobr 17th 1789\nSir\nI have received your Letter of the 10th Instant, in which you inform me, that you have drawn Bills on me on account of Issues under your first Contract, Supposed to be due in the Months of October, November & December, to the amount of Six Thousand Dollars, payable at Twenty, Fifty, and Eighty days.\nAlthough I have every disposition to facilitate the execution of your Contract (So far as I can do it consistently with my other public engagements) Yet I can by no means think of Subjecting myself to acceptances, as a public officer, on any account whatsoever; was I even Satisfied from any Documents in this office, that the accounts of your first Contract would exceed the Advances already made under it. There are various Reasons which induce me to this determination; amongst which one, of not the least weight, is, that were I, without my previous consent, to Suffer myself to be drawn on, and not to think it proper to honor Such acceptances I might expose myself to implications, of an unfavorable nature, which it would be out of my power to remove. To give you, however, a fresh proof of my wish to aid you in the proper execution of your Contract, I will agree to make an advance of Six Thousand Dollars, on account of your late contract, at the different Installments mentioned in your Letter; reserving to myself, however, the right, either of applying this Sum in extinguishing any Balance, which may be found due on your first contract, or of claiming a Credit on Subsequent payments in the latter one, proportionall to this advance, should the state of the Treasury render it, in my opinion adviseable to exercise it.\nWith respect to the Issues under the first contract; as your Estimate on this Subject exceeds that of the late Board of Treasury, it will be certainly adviseable to loose no time in ascertaining by an official adjustment of those accounts, the Balance really due on it; \u2019till this is done, I shall not think myself at Liberty to make any further advances on this account.\nWith Respect to the article of Salt, which has by mistake been omitted in the late Contract, I agree to its being considered as a component part, in the usual proportion; This mode of rectifying the omission will be better than inserting it in the Contract as you Suggest.\nInclosed you have the counterpart of the contract executed by me.\nI am sir \u2003 Your most Obt hble servt\nAlexr HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nTo Mr Eli Williamsone of the Contracters for the western Posts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Goodhue, 18 October 1789\nFrom: Goodhue, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Salem, Massachusetts, October 18, 1789. On October 29, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Goodhue: \u201cI am duly favoured with your letter of the Eighteenth instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0241", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philemon Gatewood, 19 October 1789\nFrom: Gatewood, Philemon\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Norfolk, Virginia, October 19, 1789. On November 7, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Gatewood: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 19th. of October.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0243", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathaniel Appleton, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Appleton, Nathaniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, October 20, 1789. \u201c\u2026 if any change in this present mode of discharging the Interest on the Domestic Debt should be thought necessary, still I presume some office similar to the present, or somehow aiding the public creditors in obtaining their Interest in an expeditious & cheap manner will be established in the Several States or Districts, in which case I shall hope to be continued in the public service. I have been Commissr. of the Loan Office from its first establishment in the Year 1776 and have had no reason to suppose but that my conduct has met with the approbation of those under whom I immediately acted.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Constable, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Constable, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] Tuesday 20th Octr 1789\nMy Dear Friend\nI shall answer your letter with strict accuracy as soon as I am able, which will be next Week at furthest; but I have been confined to my room for a Week past almost, so that I have all that leeway to bring up. If You are in immediate want of the required information the following may be taken as data.\nWines\nCost & Chgs delivered at N. yk exclusive of Impost\nMadiera \u214c G\u2019n\nof London\nparticular\nquality new\nabt\nDo\nNew york\nDo\ndo\nTenerieffe\nDo\nDo\ndo\nXeres or sherry\nDo\ndo\nLisbon\nDo\ndo\nWhen I affix prices I mean the Goods to be actually paid for at the time of purchase, and add freight Insce & Comn.\nThe price of Brandies fluctuates exceedingly according to the Vintages & demand.\nThe Brandy of Cette & Barcelo. can be imported upon an Average at 3/\u2014 Cury. \u214cGn. free of Duty.\nThe Brandies of France at nearly 4/. at present they can not be brought in under 4/8.\nMelasses from the French Islands with the Duty paid in the French Colonies, leakage Com\u2019n Fre[igh]t & Insurance free of our Impost stands the Importer 1/9. Cury \u214c Gn.\nRaw Sugars are of such Various qualities that they Cost from 48/\u2014to 64/ this Year but you observe the Crops in the Neutral Islands have totally failed.\nTeas\nBohea in China Costs\nfreight at 30 \u00a3 Cury \u214c Ton equal\nthis means a Ton Measuremnt.\nInsurance & Comn 10 \u214c ct.\nInterest 7\nEvery pound of Bohea Tea Costs the Owner and Importer from China at least 2/\u2014Cury. It may be purchased of the Dutch & Danish Cos. at about this price or rather under.\nSouchong according to quality Costs from 3/ . to 5/ . to which add the Charges and it stands from 5/ . to 7/\u2014.\nHyson Tea costs from 4/8 to 5/6. & with Chgs 6/ . to 8/\u2014.\nCoffee\nwith the Expences imported from\nthe Cape costs\nCocoa\n\u2003do\ndo\nManufactured Tobacco I know nothing about.\nYrs. Wm. Constable\nUnder the Head Distilled Spirits I should have taken notice of Rum.\nfrom\nJamaica with Casks Com\u2019n &ca. average \u214c Gn.\nWindward Islands\nI mean in the Course of a few Days to send you a pro forma Invoice of each Article delivered at New york and am at all times happy to have any opportunity of obliging You.\nWm. Constable", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0245", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department.October 20th. 1789.\nSir\nOn Reflection, I have concluded to substitute the Form herewith transmitted for the Monthly returns required in mine of the 2d. Oct. instant, as less troublesome than the one there proposed; but I still mean that the Quarterly Returns should be conformable to the Model already furnished. I shall expect as soon as may be a Return of all the past according to that Model up to the last of September inclusively; and thenceforth in every subsequent Month, for the preceding Month, that is to say in November for October &ca.\nAs some difficulty may be experienced in furnishing the Weekly Returns, as far as respects the Bonded Duties with precision, I think it necessary to say by way of explanation; that I only expect accuracy in what relates to Cash, and that in regard to the bonded Duties, I shall be content with estimated Sums, merely to convey a general Idea of the Product of the Duties: You must however understand that it is my intention, even in cases where no Cash has been received or Bonds taken, a Weekly return should be transmitted, specifying the above circumstances.\nIt is probable from accounts I have lately received that some of the Seals of the Registers transmitted to you may have been so defaced as to render it improper to issue them: In such case you will please to transmit them under cover to me, in order that they may be replaced with an equal number in better order.\nThere are three other points before I conclude to which I must turn your attention: The first respects the forms of Manifests: from some which have been lately produced at this Office, I observe that for want of attention in filling them up it would be no difficult matter for the Master of a Vessel to insert Articles not known to the Collector of the port where she cleared after the Manifest was sworn to before him. In order to guard against such attempts, you will be pleased to attend to the following points in filling up these Manifests.\n1st.\nThe quantities of the Articles included in the manifest must be expressed in letters, not in figures.\nEach Article composing the same must be classed and numbered distinctly, that is to say, supposing the Articles were, Ten Hogsheads of Tobacco, Twenty Barrels of Flour, and Six Tierces of Rice; they must be so expressed.\nTen Hogsheads of Tobacco\nTwenty Barrels of Flour.\nSix Tierces of Rice.\nAnd for greater Security, you must in the Certificate annexed to the Manifest specify in Letters the number of Articles contained therein, which in the instance above stated would be Three Articles.\nThe second relates to the duty on Tonnage; a doubt has been expressed by some of the Collectors, whether Vessels are liable to pay Tonnage at each entry.\nOn this point the opinion of Council has been taken in conformity to which it is my duty to inform you, that the Tonnage duty must be paid in all cases where it is necessary for a Vessel to make an entry, unless such cases are otherwise specially provided for by Law.\nThe third is, whether duties on Articles of the Manufacture of America, exported to Foreign Ports for the purpose of Sale, and again imported for want of Market, or any other cause, are liable to the same duties as Foreign Goods of the same kind: Nothwithstanding this Case has probably not been in the contemplation of  Congress, and may bear hard in some instances on Individuals, the Act does not admit of an exemption of the duties, and of course \u2019till Legislative relief can be obtained the Officers of the Customs must govern themselves accordingly.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0246", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [20 October 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York, October 20, 1789]\nSir\nAgreeably to your desire, I sit down to commit a few lines to the Post.\nNothing worth particular mention has occured since your Departure; except a report brought by Mr. Keane from So. Carolina, that Mc. Gilivray the Indian Chief had, after a short conference, left our Commissioners, declaring that what they had suggested was only a repetion of the old Storey and inadmissible, or something to this effect. It is added that the lower Creeks appear\u2019d notwithstanding, willing to go into a Treaty, but the upper ones declin\u2019d it. Genl. Knox who has particularly conversed with Mr. Keane, will doubtless give you a more accurate statement of what he brings. It seems however that he has his intelligence at second or third hand:\nWith the utmost respect \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir Your Obt. and hble Servant\nA. Hamilton.\nP.S. I have just seen a letter from a private gentleman of considerable intelligence now in N: Carolina, who gives an ill picture of the prospect there, respecting the adoption of the Constitution.\nNew York October 20th. 1789.\nThe President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0247", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Witherspoon, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Witherspoon, John\n[New York, October 20, 1789. On October 26, 1789, Witherspoon wrote to Hamilton: \u201cOn Saturday I had the Pleasure of receiving Yours of the 20th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 21 October 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] October 21, 1789. \u201cYour Circular letter of the fifth Instt. came only to my hands this day.\u2026 The principal matters requested thereby have been sent forward by me sometime ago particularly the description of the Nature & Extent of the Several Establishments for the safety of the Navigation.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Barney, [21 October 1789]\nFrom: Barney, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, October 21, 1789.] On October 29, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Barney: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 21 instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0251", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Rice, 22 October 1789\nFrom: Rice, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, October 22, 1789. Discusses the acquisition of two small boats for the revenue service. Believes that reducing the number of entry ports would increase rather than prevent smuggling.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0252", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 23 October 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n\u27e8Ba\u27e9ltimore 23d. October 1789.\nSir\nYour circular letter of the 2d. October Inst came to hand the 20th. and I will observe the contents as timely as possible. The difficulties that have occurred in the Execution of the laws respecting the Customs have been infinite, and present themselves daily. The System itself is the most complicated and embarrassing of anything that has employed my attention and the Want of Official forms has produced, every where, an infinite Variety. I have adopted such as I conceived most suitable for executing the cursory business. But have hitherto delayed to open Books for Stating the Acts. in hopes of receiving instructions in time to save double labor. I have now begun my Journals agreeably to the Sketch which I have the honor to inclose for your inspection. The proper entries will be made with all possible dispatch, and then it will be practicable for me to forward the returns you require; From the Day Book and files it is impossible to digest the particulars you demand; except for the Weekly return, which hereafter, will be rendered conformably to the copy you have furnished. For the Present I can only transmit a Simple Statement of the Amount of Monies Received and Secured by me to the 22d Instant deducting the Payments. In this Statement, which is enclosed, I have specified the Months when the bonds will become due, because a considerable part will be due in less than four, Six and twelve Months; and it will occur to you that in carrying forward the balances from time to time part of the Monies due on bonds will be on demand and at one two three days &c. Yet if it be necessary to your Method I can say four Six, and Twelve assorting the bonds within those several periods.\nSince my last, \u27e8in which\u27e9 I advised you of \u27e8the\u27e9 Payment of your orders to Mr Danl Carroll Charles Carroll William Smith and Thomas Sumter to the Amount of three thousand one hundred and Eighty four Dollars\u2014I have refunded Nine hundred and forty Dollars 68 ce. borrowed to compleat those paymnts. I have also paid the Treasurers further order in favor Mr. Contee for 400 Dollars. Mr. Danl. Carroll also presented to me some time since an order of the Treasurer for upwards of two hundred Dollars, which I could not then pay, therefore requested of Mr. Lingan Collr. at George Town to take it up for me since which I have not heard from Mr. Carroll.\nI have this moment received your circular letter of the 14th Instant, respecting Bank Notes, enclosing descriptions signatures &c &c and will observe your instructions\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedient \u2003 Hble Servant.\nOH Williams, Colr. Balte.\nAlexr. Hamilton EsqrSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0253", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Rice, 24 October 1789\nFrom: Rice, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, October 24, 1789. On November 7, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Rice: \u201cI am favored with your Letter of the 24th. Ultimo.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0254", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Johnston, 25 October 1789\nFrom: Johnston, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nEdenton [North Carolina] October 25, 1789. States that \u201cThe General Assembly of the State of North Carolina has directed\u201d that $18,136 and 30/90 \u201cbe paid on Account of their proportion, of Interest, on the Foreign Debt due from the United States.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0255", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[New York, October 26, 1789. On November 30, 1789, Coxe wrote to Hamilton: \u201cby way of answer to the queries I had the honour to receive from you, the 26th of last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0256", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[New York, October 26, 1789]\nCashier of the Bank\nPay to Baron De Steuben or bearer Fifty Dollars.\nNew York October 26th. 1789.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore 26th. October 1789.\nSir\nIn my letter of the 23d. Instant I took the Liberty to inclose a sketch of Journal entries as I now make them in my office for the purpose of keeping the public accounts. As that sketch was done in some haste, a further explanation may be necessary to its recommendation.\nA thousand causes combine to render the adjustment of the duties on a Cargo of Merchandize imported, immediately after the arrival of a Vessel, impossible. The laws of Congress prohibit any permits being granted for landing of Goods until the duties are adjusted & secured, or paid\u2014yet the same laws require that some articles be guaged, others Weighed, Measured, Valued; or, in certain cases, deposited to secure the duties, which cannot be done on Ship board. Even such as are not necessarily landed may remain on board fifteen days, after which the Collector may take them into his custody to be sold for payment of the duties, Such as may be deposited\u2014Madeira Wine, for instance, cannot be sold, by the Officer, in less time than twelve months for payment of the duties. So that Wine, Rum, and a hundred other things may become component parts of the payments, and must be specified in the Weekly returns; or the Accounts of the Vessels must remain open. This is, I think, too great an indulgence to the Merchants; But in other instances which will be more particularly noticed hereafter a rigid execution of the law would be ruinous to individuals without the least public benefit. No body, it is true, has power to dispence with the Law but then it is sometimes impracticable, and adjustments cannot always be made as the law supposes. There will be a continued necessity for entering the same Vessel in several returns until a resonable time is allowed, after the expiration of the period to which they are to be made, for compleating them. Long experience, in the practice of a System which I could satisfy you was a much preferable to that adopted by Congress, induced the Legislature of Maryland to think that twenty one & afterwards Thirty days\u2019s after the expiration of a Quarter were little enough for this purpose\nThe duty on Tonnage of Vessels is payable \u201cwithin ten Days after entry made, and before the Vessel shall be permitted to clear out\u201d the Register to be deposited as security. It some times happens that vessels come into port wrecked, and are condemned; and then, indeed, it would be a cruel tax upon a Worthless property; But, often Vessels, for other causes, lay months in harbour, and in such case the Owners pay with reluctance, some will not pay in ten Days; others not at all without compulsion; and the law provides none. The tonnage, however, being paid the Collector has no right to detain the Register and it depends upon the Interest, or Caprice of the Master whether he will comply with the law respecting the clearance of Vessels, or not; Foreigners, at least, will be sensible of no obligation thereto especially if they mean not to return to the same port.\nThese matters, being premised may reflect some intelligence on the explanation of my method of accounts which follows.\nI make each Vessel Dr.\nTo Imports for duties on the Merchze Imptd. The general Manifest of Imports being filed, I, from time to time, inclose in it the Invoices, or abstracts of the Invces. of the Merchants, for which Bonds, or Cash, become Dr.\nTo the Vessel occasionally, When the general Manifest is compleatly corroborated I form a general Abstract comprehending all the particular abstracts and State the deductions, according to each particular entry. This paper, which I file with the originals, is like an account current, whereto the several abstracts are Vouchers all these concurring with the Original Manifest prove the several entries and the calculation of the duties to be final. Then the debit of the Vessel for Imports is filled up with the Gross Sum. Bonds, or Cash or Both will be Dr. to the Vessel for nett amount of Duties, and Deductions Dr for the balance. The general abstract will contain the names of the Owners, or Consignees, the duties payable by each, and when, and the deductions if any. And in making the Journal Entries. Considering the circumstances under which the duty on tonnage is to be collected I have thought it adviseable not to charge the Vessel thereto, but to consider the Register as a pledge for payment, and when made, to charge Cash in the first Instance, which will avoid a multiplicity of entries and errors which might result from delay of payts.\nHaving opened my books of Accts. upon this plan I take the liberty to suggest it. If you Sir, have adopted any other, or propose one more Minute I request that you will please to intimate it to me as soon as more important subjects will admit.\nYr. Most Humble Servt.\nO. H. Williams\nI take the present opportunity to inclose a Certificate of my qualification as a Collector; and am prepared to give bond & security according to Law whenever you will please to prescribe the form &c.\nYr. most humble Servant\nAlexander Hamilton EsqrSecretary of Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Witherspoon, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Witherspoon, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPrinceton [New Jersey] Octr 26. 1789\nDear Sir\nOn Saturday I had the Pleasure of receiving Yours of the 20th. It is very flattering to me that you suppose I can render any Assistance by Advice in the important Duties of your present station. It is true that from the very earliest part of Life It has been a favourite Object with me to attend to the State of Society & the Operation & Influence of political Causes & among the rest Money as a Medium of Commerce & things connected with it. It happened also that about 32 years ago we had several accurate Discussions in Scotland & England respectg the banking Companies on which subject I read much & wrote some but my Knowlege of these Matters is all general & theoretical. It is always my desire if possible to reach the first & radical principles of any thing & when those are well understood you may look through as it were the whole Effects with great Celerity as well as certainty. As to the official Detail of Business in the Management of Treasury Affairs I know as little about it as any Person whatever\nHowever very willing to contribute all the Assistance in my Power to the public service I observe that as I have been unexpectedly chosen a Member of the Assembly of this State which my Friends have pressed me to comply with I shall be at Amboy for a Month or two from this Date & will probably make an Excursion to New York when I will do myself the pleasure of calling upon you & if any th[in]g worth communicating occurs to me shall impart it in Conversation which can be more full & satisfactory than it could be by writing.\nIn the mean Time as you mention a proper provision for the public Debt: The Evil that has pervaded our whole Affairs in America has been the want of a just sense of the sacredness of public Credit. We have still an Idea meeting us in Conversation & publication that a Discrimination must be made betw[ee]n original Creditors & speculators as they call them. I am free to speak upon this subject because I never was a speculator or Trafficker of any Kind & I never had such faith in the public since the year 1777 as to purchase a Certificate so that I am not possessed of one Security as my own but Discrimination is totally subversive of public Credit. I remember to have said this to some Persons. English pounds, are not depretiated like ours yet they are depretiated. Sailors tickets & Navy Debentures are sometimes as far as from 20 to 25 per Cent Discount. Now if any Minister in Parliament or any Person in the Pay Office should say to one bringing a Number of them Where did you get these. You are a Speculator. You never drew a rigging rope on a ship. You did not pay the full Value of Them & we will not pay you the full Value of them. Such a Thing reported & believed on the Exchange of London would bring the whole National Debt to the Ground in two Hours. Reserving any thing further till Meeting I remain\nDear Sir your most obedt \u2003 humble servant\nJno. Witherspoon\nHonbe Alexr Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Higginson, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston October 27th. 1789.\nSir\nYour Letter of the 9th instant I rec\u2019d; and sensible of the utility of the information you request, I shall give you what Aid I can, and shall readily communicate with you upon the important Subjects you mention, as health and leisure will permit.\nWe have now arrived to that period, as I conceive, when every thing national should assume the appearance of System and Stability; and I am happy to see Gentlemen at the head of the great departments, who are well impressed with that Idea, and who have ability to project and pursue proper measures in a national Stile. I remember, that, when in Congress together in 1783, we differed in our Ideas as to the measures applicable to our then political situation. We had then the same End in View, a firm and efficient Government, we differed only as to the means. But, I apprehend we shall now perfectly coincide, as to all great points; and I shall chearfully cooperate with you, to give all possible dignity force and stability to our new Government.\nYour first question is very general and extensive, I shall answer it as well and as clearly as I can. The Vessels built in this State for foreign, or freighting Voyages, are generally much alike in their form; and their Sizes run from 130 to 250 Tons, some few are larger than the last, but more are less than the former Size. They are about as capacious as the generality of the British Vessels; but not so much so as many that are built at Hull, Whitby and some other ports in England. They are more burthensome than French Vessels generally are; and not very far short of those of Denmark Russia and Sweeden; but much less so than most which are built by the Dutch. Our Vessels have rather less capacity for carrying, than is the average burthen of those of the same dimensions, of the Nations above named; but they usually exceed them in sailing, and, as the Seamen express themselves, are better Sea-Boats, or safer Vessels. The latter qualities I find by comparing their passages with ours, as well as by the many trials, which I have known, by their accidentally meeting each other at Sea; and by the many accidents they meet with more than our Vessels in the same situations. It has long been a doubt in my mind, whether we should gain by giving our Vessels more cavity; I rather suppose we build them as full, as will comport with sailing tolerably well, and making good weather. The Dutch Vessels, that are so very full built, labour very much and sail very heavy in a rough sea; they frequently meet with disasters from their construction; and they never could gain our Coast in severe Winters. The same objection applies to some of the fullest of the English Vessels in a degree; and I know, that our Vessels have often had the preference of freights in Europe, on account of their model, when other things were equal. The Vessels built in the southern States are more sharp than ours at both ends; and they carry less, and sail rather better when they are not deeply laden. Upon the whole I am of opinion, that our Vessels are equal to those of any Nation, considered collectively, for their capacity for sailing and carrying; but I have seen some of the British and Danish Vessels, that I thought superior to almost any of ours in their construction.\nTo the second Question I answer, that our Vessels cost, when fitted for the sea with one suit of Sails only, and no surplussage of other Articles, from five to seven pounds pr. ton for those of 130 to 200 Tons, according to the goodness of the Hull, the Rigging and other Materials\u2014those from 180 to 300 Tons cost six to eight pounds \u214c ton. The cost and the value of the Hull, depends on the kind and goodness of the Wood, its being well seasoned, the goodness of the Work, and the quantity of Iron put into it. There is also much difference in the cost and goodness of the materials, used in equipping our Vessels. In general they are built in the cheapest manner, though much less durable; because our Traders have generally but small capitals, and can not afford to have much of their stock in the Hull only of the Vessel. When they are upon trading Voyages, they think it more for their interest to use more ordinary Vessels, and have larger Cargo\u2019s; but should the freighting Business be their Object, they will then build better and more costly Vessels, than they have generally done. The British Vessels, taken collectively, may cost from 40 to 50 \u214c. Cent more than ours; and they are worth in about that proportion for real service, to those who can afford the expense without injuring their Business. The French Vessels cost about 30 \u214c. Cent more than ours; but they are not proportionably valuable, either for their duration, or the burthen they carry. The Sweeds Danes and Russians build their Vessels at about 20 \u214c. Cent less than the British; and they both endure and carry well. These are all mostly built with Oak, some are built in the Baltic with Oak, Fir and hard pine &c. The Dutch build a great many Vessels of Pine, Fir and other Wood besides Oak. They are very durable and burthensome, and they cost generally as much as the British Vessels. Their frames are built of Oak and other hard Wood; but they are planked and finished with the other kinds, of choice. I believe the Dutch Vessels generally endure the longest, perhaps more from their extraordinary care of them than any thing else. The British Vessels come next for duration, then the Swedish, Danish, Russian, French and American. It is very common for the Dutch and English Vessels to be good after 30 years wear, with some partial repairs; and its a rare thing for our northern Vessels to be good after 12 or 15 years. Many suppose there is a very great difference in the Wood naturally, for enduring; but I have known some few Vessels built here to last very good near 30 years, though they are generally very rotten at 6 to 10 years. And I do believe that if we took the same pains to select the best Wood, to season it well, and to have the work as well done, our Vessels would endure as well nearly as any others; and when the freighting Business shall become an Object with our Merchants, I believe we shall have as good Vessels as the British. If our Vessels were built with the same care as the British, they would cost much more than they now do; but they would still be from 15 to 20 \u214c. Cent lower, as to the Hull, than those built in Europe of equal quality, there is that difference in the prices of the materials and the labour. The materials for equipping them are about the same here, one with another, as in England and France; they are rather lower than higher. I have insensibly, I find, connected your 2 and 3 Questions in my Answer, they are indeed so blended in their nature it was not easy to avoid it.\nYour 4th Question supposes a regular Trade carried on with us by foreign Ships. This is not the case. Those Vessels come here transiently, and, in general, circuitously, no clear Answer can be given to it therefore as to them. Nor indeed can it be done with respect to many of our own Vessels. Our people are so very enterprising and irregular in their Trade, it is not easy to follow them; you must traverse a large part of the Globe, and in all directions to do it. We have a direct and regular Trade with the West-India Islands and the Dutch Settlements on the Main, which is our largest branch of Trade. In this Business our Vessels make from one to three Voyages in a year, generally two. This depends upon the place and the object of their Voyage. Vessels that go after Molasses seldom make more than two Voyages, much time is spent in collecting that Article; and a larger half of the large Vessels make that their object. We have a regular Trade also to Europe. Those Vessels employed in carrying Fish and Provisions to Spain, Portugal and Italy, never scarcely make more than two Voyages. Those which go to France and Britain two. Those that go up the Baltic but one, and that circuitous, by taking a freight of Tobacco, Rice or Fish to some other part of Europe. Some few have gone lately direct to the Baltic with our Rum and Provisions &c; but these can make only one Voyage there, they may have time for some other short Voyage beside. Our large whaling Vessels that go upon the Coast of Brazil, and the Coast of Africa beyond the Cape of good Hope make only one Voyage\u2014the smaller ones that Fish in the Streights of Belisle and the Atlantic make two Voyages. Our Vessels in the Cod-Fishery, that use the Banks, make from 3 to 4 fares as they are called. Beside these we have a number of Vessels, about 20, that go to Mauritius, India and China, these take from 1 to 2 1/2 years in their Voyages.\nTo your fifth Question I answer, That in our Vessels from 150 to 180 Tons we employ from 8 to 10 hands or persons in all, from 200 to 300 Tons we use 10 to 14 in all, even those that go to India have no more to navigate them. The British, Dutch and Swedes use rather more Men in their Vessels than we do, perhaps about 16 instead of 14, in their common Voyages; but when they go into the Indian Ocean they have still more. The French use many more Officers and men than we do, at least 60 \u214c. Cent more.\nTo your sixth I reply, that our Seamen have about seven dollars a month upon an Average, our Mates about 12 dollars, our Masters vary according to their Voyages and perquisites. When they sell their Cargo\u2019s and do the whole Business of the Voyage, they have a Commission of 5 \u214c. Cent on Sales and 2 1/2 on purchases; their Wages is then from 10 to 12 dollars \u214c. Month, and they pay their own expenses at Sea and in port, except the Ships comon Provision; and if they need the aid of a Merchant they pay him out of their own Commissions. This is the course in our West and East-India Business almost universally; and frequently in our Voyages to Europe. Our Masters have from 3 to 10 Tons privilege, according to the size of the Vessel and the nature of the Voyage, and from 15 to 20 dollars \u214c. Month when they go consigned to Merchants. Our Mates and Seamen are also allowed a privilege, or an Adventure, and many of our own Seamen make use of it, which makes them much more attentive and interested in the safety of the Vessel; but foreigners rarely do. The European Vessels are very generally consigned; some of the British and French are not; Their Wages to their Masters are of course higher than ours generally have. Nor is it very common for them to have much privilege, they depend chiefly for support upon their Wages primage and other small perquisites allowed them by the Owners and Freighters. When our Vessels take freights the Masters receive the usual primage &c; and in some cases they are allowed 2/6d. Sterling \u214c. day while in port, as in the Fish Trade to Spain &c, because their Business calls them ashore and subjects them to expense without any Commissions or primage &c, to defray it. We estimate the monthly pay of our Vessels from 150 to 180 Tons with 9 persons at about 75 dollars, when they are consigned, and about 70 when they are not. The subsistance is about 35 dollars \u214c. Month for the same Vessels, beside the Harbour pay to the Masters when consigned of 2/6d. Sterling \u214c. day, which may be about 5 dollars \u214c. Month for Voyages in general. The allowance made to Masters by Europeans, beside their monthly Wages, are very various; considered generally, I believe they are not very wide in amount from ours, except in their West-India Ships, where they have much greater emoluments, because they are at greater expense in collecting their freights. In some parts of Europe also they have larger allowances for the same reason. We navigate our Vessels much cheaper than the French, lower than the British in general do, and on about the same terms as the Dutch, Danes and Swedes. We use fewer Men than any of them do; but these three last subsist them cheaper and pay them rather less than we do. I suppose however, that when we shall have become more acquainted with the freighting Business, we shall be able to take freights nearly as low as any others; for our Seamen are more hardy and active, they do more work, and our Vessels make shorter passages than others. The Capitals of our Merchants is in general too small to pursue the freighting Business with the greatest advantage, as yet; or to have them enter into it of choice, and with an active Spirit. Though their income would be more regular and certain, they will, unless it be made more productive, prefer some other pursuits, that promise more benefit. There is indeed not only the hope of doing better to lead them to other objects, but there is the love, which, men used to enterprise always feel, for contingent Business; they are a sort of Gamblers, and from habit they are fond of risks, that have a flattering appearance. But this will subside, when experience shall have proved, that they can in the other way obtain a comfortable and more certain Subsistance. At some future oppy I shall offer you, perhaps, some Observations as to our revenue System &c, in the mean time I remain with respect Sir your very hume. Serv\nStephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0262", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Barney, 29 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Barney, John\nNew York October 29th. 1789.\nSir\nI have duly received your letter of the 21. instant and beg you to accept my thanks for it. The intimations of Zealous and intelligent citizens will always be received by me with attention and acknowledgement.\nThe ideas contained in your Letter appear to me solid and judicious. As far as my reflections have gone they coincide very much with the views you entertain of the matter. But at present nothing more can be done than to collect the information for some proper plan to be submitted to Congress at their next meeting; no power being at present vested any where for making the requisite arrangement.\nLet me request you to continue to furnish me with whatever hints may occur to you relating to the security of the Revenue. I am with esteem \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nJohn Barney Esqr.Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0263", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Goodhue, [29 October 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Goodhue, Benjamin\n[New York, October 29, 1789]\nMy Dear Sir\nI am duly favoured with your letter of the Eighteenth instant, and receive the observations you have been so obliging as to make, not only with candor but with thanks as a mark of your friendship and confidence.\nI am far from relying so much upon my own judgment, as not to think it very possible, I may have been mistaken in both the constructions on which you remark. Indeed I see abundant room for adopting opposite ones, and did not, \u2019till after mature reflection; conclude on those which have been announced, and not then, intirely, without hesitation.\nThe reasoning which prevailed in my mind in each case was of this nature.\nFirst as to the Bounty\u2014\nThe original and express object of the allowance was by way of compensation for the duties on salt. The declared motive of the suspension was, that there was salt within the United States, on which no such duties had been paid. The Equity of the suspending clause, which is, that there ought to be no compensation where there is no consideration; and the general intent of the Legislature, which was, that there should be no compensation where there had been no such consideration, were therefore both, manifestly, against the allowance of the bounty on the articles shipped between the passing of the first Act and the passing of the second. And though the letter of the suspending clause is future, yet its reason being retrospective and the actual making of the allowance for articles already shipped being future also, I thought it admissible so to construe the law as to arrest this allowance, in that sense future; in conformity to the real justice of the case and the main design of the legislature. In a circumstance in which the equity was palpable, and the law doubtful, I thought it my duty as an executive servant of the government, not to let the public money be parted with, on a mere point of construction, till that construction should be judicially established. This resource will be open to any individual who will choose to pursue it; by an action against the collector of the Port, from which the articles were shipped.\nSecondly \u2003 As to the Discount for Prompt Payment.\nThe words \u201cprompt payment\u201d are in my apprehension synonimous with immediate payment or payment down. The most obvious import of the clause in question seems therefore to be this. Where the amount of the duties exceeds fifty dollars, time shall be given for payment upon proper bond\u2014security; but if the party prefers making immediate payment, or paying the money down, he shall have an allowance of ten per Cent, on all above fifty dollars, for doing it. The confining the discount to the excess illustrates the meaning of the provision and shews that payment in the first instance was contemplated; for if it had been intended, that the discount might be made at any time before the bonds became due, it would be difficult to imagine why it should not extend to the fifty dollars as well as to the excess.\nI was the more inclined to this construction because I supposed the contrary one was of a nature to be rendered more beneficial to any Collector, who might choose to avail himself of it, than to the Public. And in general I doubt much that it is the interest of the public to make such a discount; (as they now borrow at less in its operation than 6 \u214c. Cent. On which account I felt no inclination to extend the discount.\nThus have I, My Dear Sir, freely explained to you the motives by which I have been governed in the instances in question. And I shall be happy that they may appear to you satisfactory. I am sure at least that you will view the intention favourably. And I beg you to be assured of the friendship and esteem, with which I am\nDr. Sir \u2003 Your Obedient servt\nA Hamilton\nNew York October 29. 1789\nBenjamin Goodhue EsquireSalem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0264", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Beverley Randolph, 29 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Beverley\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 29th. 1789.\nSir\nYour letter by the last Post without date I have had the honor of receiving.\nI perceive that you had concluded to defer directing the Amount of the State debt to be furnished, \u2019till a provision is made by the Legislature respecting Funds for discharging it. Allow me to remark Sir, that I am persuaded, for a variety of reasons, that the Amount of the debt, is the most material part of the information desired by the House of Representatives; and that with regard to Funds, it will be a complete answer to their enquiry to state those which do exist if there are any, and if there are none, to state that there are none.\nUnder this conviction, I beg leave to urge that your Excellency will have the goodness to direct that the Amount of the Debt be immediately transmitted to this Office, accompanied with such remarks respecting the other objects of the Resolution, as the actual state of things shall suggest.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 With perfect consideration \u2003 Your Excellency\u2019s \u2003 Most Obedient, and Humble Servant\nAlexr. HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nHis ExcellencyBeverley Randolph Esqr.Governor of the State of Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 31 October 1789\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] October 31, 1789. Proposes the use of boats to prevent smuggling in Delaware Bay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Rice, 31 October 1789\nFrom: Rice, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, October 31, 1789. On November 16, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Rice: \u201cSince your Letter of the 31st. of October last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from \u2014\u2014\u2014, [October 1789]\nFrom: \nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[October, 1789]\nAnswer\n1st \u2003 The Ships built in Massachusetts are constructed to combine the two great objects of sailing & carrying, perhaps better than those of either of the Nations mentiond (those of France & G Britain in some instances excepted); whereby altho\u2019 they may not be capable of carrying so much in proportion to their measure they will sail faster, are more safe at Sea; & have an advantage in beating to windward or off a Lee Shore, and they therefore have the preference in obtaining Freights\n2 \u2003 They are built principally 1st of White Oak & Plank Timber; the Decks being always of white Pine; if the Timber has been previously prepared by being soak\u2019d in salt water from 6 to 12 months to extract the Sap; they seldom require repairs during 12 or 15 years; & with repairs will be serviceable for 20 years\u2014\n4th \u2003 The larger Vessels from 180 Tons upward, are generally employd in a circuitous Voyage; to the Southern States (commonly for freight) from thence to Europe, from whence for want of Stock to purchase a more valuable Cargo; or because no other bulky Articles of Merchandize can be had which will answer in this Country, they almost universally return home with Salt\u2014this Circuit occupies from 10 to 12 Months\u2014many Vessels also chiefly of the size mention\u2019d, have for 3 Years past been employd in Voyages directly to the Cape of Good Hope, Isles of France & Bourbon and the several Ports of Nether India, their Cargoes consisting chiefly of Lumber & Provisions\u2014some of these Vessels are sold at those places, others return home with Coffee & other articles of Produce & in a very few instances some have proceeded to Canton from whence they have returned with Bohea Tea &c These adventures for the two last years have prov\u2019d generally unprofitable owing to our Ships having overstock\u2019d those markets with provisions & other articles of which their Cargoes have been composed\nThe Vessels of this State from 100 to 150 Tons are employd either in carrying the produce of the State to the W Indies or Europe, in which business they commonly make two Voyages in a Year\u2014\n5th \u2003 Vessels from 100 to 160 Tons are usually navigated with from 7 to 10 men including officers\u2014those from 160 to 260 with from 10 to 15. A proportion of these are ordinary Seamen or Land-men\u2014\n6th \u2003 The Pay of the Masters varies from 20 to 50 dollars \u214c month being governd by circumstances; when the master acts as consignee & receives a commission, the Wages are lower not being considered as an object\u2014\nThe Pay of the Mariners is from 5 to 8 Dollars \u214c Month for Subsistence they are allow\u2019d, Beef, Pork, Bread & Pulse; and occassionly Sugar, Tea, Coffee & Rum\n7th \u2003 Masters are allow\u2019d the privelege of an Adventure in the Ship of 5\u214c Cent, with other small perquisites. In Voyages to W Indies they are commonly the Consignee & receive a Commission from 5 to 7 \u00bd \u214c Cent upon Sale & returns, and when this doth not happen they are sometimes allow\u2019d primage on owners goods & alway upon those taken as freight\u2014\nThe Mariners are permitted to carry small Adventures; but seldom avail themselves of this pivelege", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0273", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Beckwith, [October 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Beckwith, George\nTo: \n[New York, October, 1789]\nSeventh. \u2003 I have requested to see you on this occasion from a Wish to Explain Certain points, relative to our situation, and from a desire to suggest a measure, which I conceive to be both for the interest of Great Britain, and of this Country to adopt. We have lately Established a Government upon principles, that in my opinion render it safe for any Nation to Enter into Treaties with us, Either Commercial or Political, which has not hitherto been the Case; I have always preferred a Connexion with you, to that of any other Country, We think in English, and have a similarity of prejudices, and of predilections; I have been in the habits of considering this subject, We are a young and a growing Empire, with much Enterprize and vigour, but undoubtedly are, and must be for years, rather an Agricultural, than a manufacturing people; yet our policy has had a tendency to suggest the Necessity of introducing manufactures, which Accordingly have made some progress in Connecticut, where Cloth has been manufactured to some Extent, leaving already a clear profit of between six and seven per cent to the proprietors, and Pensylvania has gone further in her Exertions in different branches. These and similar Efforts are to no Comparative Extent, but doubtless their Encrease will be proportioned to your Conduct.\nI am free to say, that Although France has been indulgent to us, in certain points, yet, what she can furnish, is by no means so Essential or so suited to us as Your productions, nor do our raw Materials suit her so well as they do you.\nThe Government of a Country Cannot altogether change Either the taste or the disposition of a people, but its influence may check or cherish it.\nWe wish to form a Commercial treaty with you to Every Extent, to which you may think it for Your interest to go. Lord Lansdowne at the close of his Administration had a plan of this nature upon a very broad scale indeed, and one which I do not think now Attainable, Considering the Spirit of your late Navigation and regulating Acts, As Well as from various publications by persons of Considerable weight in England; but when I view the rapid Encrease of this country, its Extent, taste and disposition, I do think a Treaty of Commerce might be formed upon terms advantageous to both Countries; for unless this can be done, I Know very well nothing of this nature Can be Effected, And Kingdoms so circumstanced, can have little friendly intercourse. I do think we are, and shall be, great Consumers, and I am of opinion, that it will be better for Great Britain to grant us admission into her Islands under certain limitations of size of vessels, so as merely to Enable us to Carry our produce there, and to bring from thence the productions of those Islands to our own ports, under such restrictions as to prevent the possibility of our interfering with Your Carrying trade in Europe, than by a rigid adherence to Your present plan to produce a system of warfare in Commercial matters, which however Encouraged by France in this Country, during the late Sessions here, with a view to promote coldness and animosity between the two Countries, I have Ever viewed with much regret, as being directly opposed to that system, which upon Mature reflexion, I have thought it most Eligible for us to pursue.\nThe present Moment I view as particularly favourable for a plan of this Nature. We are now so Circumstanced as to be free to Enter into a discussion of this sort, from our Condition with regard to the other Maritime powers; this may not be the case hereafter.\nWe have a matter of great Importance to settle with Spain, I mean the navigation of the Missisippi; this is of the first moment to our territories to the Westward, they must have that outlet, without it they will be lost to us. As to your provinces to the Northward, on that score there is no Cause for jealousy; it never Can be our interest to Extend our possessions in that quarter, Even if we had the power; our Country is Already sufficiently large, more so perhaps than prudence might wish, as its Extent tends to Encrease our difficulties in Certain points, and to weaken our Government. It is also a consideration not unworthy of your Attention, that as we may become considerable in half a Century or in less, if we are under the necessity of connecting ourselves with the House of Bourbon, such a connexion, in that Event, may become important to Your West India possessions. On the other hand, connected with you, by strong ties of Commercial, perhaps of political, friendships, our naval Exertions, in future wars, may in your scale be greatly important; And decisive. These are my opinions, they are the sentiments, which I have long Entertained, on which I have acted, and I think them suited to the future welfare of both Countries. I am not sufficiently Authorized to say so, it is not in my department, but I am inclined to think a person will soon be sent to England to sound the disposition of Your Court upon it.\n[Beckwith] Sir, I have mentioned to (see second) what would have been the Effect of Your Revenue Bill, had it passed in the form in which it appeared from Your Prints, with those discriminating clauses, which undoubtedly were levelled at us.\u2026 He requested My permission to communicate this to You, and I believe I may Conclude that this Conversation Arises from that source.\n[Hamilton] \u2003 It does.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 I thought it consistent with the spirit of that communication, not to with hold it, notwithstanding the modification, which afterwards took place, although I Can give no opinion whatever, as to the Effects, which it may produce, under its present form, nor to the light in which we may view it at home, I speak very freely to You, but you will of course readily comprehend, that now, this is merely private conversation.\n[Hamilton] Certainly, and in Your situation, mine cannot be Esteemed any thing more although I can assure you, that the ideas I have thrown out, may be depended upon, as the sentiments of the most Enlightened men in this Country, they are those of General Washington, I can Confidently assure You, as well as of a great majority in the Senate.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 If I understand the Revenue and Tonnage Acts, You have placed us precisely upon the footing of every other foreign nation; during the discussion of this bill You doubtless took it into Your consideration, the condition of Your shipping in our Ports in Europe, and You would naturally compare it with that of other Foreign Shipping; you would then judge, whether we have been hostile to you, or not; now I beg leave to put a case, if, in consequence of Your late regulations, we should place you Exactly upon the footing of other foreigners in our ports, would it appear an unfair procedure?\n[Hamilton] \u2003 Surely not, Every Nation has a clear right, as You remarked, to regulate its own Commerce.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 An other thing strikes me. As the real views of communities, as well as of individuals, are rather to be gathered from their conduct than from their professions, it is not unnatural to suppose, that, prior to the Entering upon the discussion of a future Treaty we may think it reasonable to settle any matters, that may be supposed to respect the Treaty of Peace, still unadjusted.\n[Hamilton] \u2003 Certainly, this is proper to both sides. There are two points only, that occur to me as being Complained of. The one, the Tender laws, and their Effects, I consider to be done away by the present Government, which has paid the most particular attention to this, in the formation and Establishment of its Judiciary branch; the District Courts will be in immediate operation, the supreme Court very shortly. The other regards the Confiscation Acts. I have seen the original Document, it was wholly recommendatory, and the Confiscations, that have taken place since the peace, have Arisen rather from mistakes, than intention, their Amount is comparatively nothing.\nThere has been I acknowledge a spirit of animosity, and rancour, in many instances, which I greatly condemn, but this, however uncreditable, I do not believe will amount to an infringement.\nOn our side there are Also two points still unadjusted, the Western Forts, And the Negroes, although, as to the latter I always decidedly approved Lord Dorchester\u2019s conduct on that occasion, he could not do otherwise. To have given up these men to their Masters, after the assurances of protection held out to them, was impossible, and the Reply of Your Cabinet to our application on this subject was to me perfectly satisfactory.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 You have mentioned its being your intention to send a person to learn our disposition upon Certain points; You are indubitably the proper judges of the qualifications and disposition of the gentleman to be Employed in the business. I beg leave however to suggest, how much such a measure may be promoted, or impeded, by the predilections, possibly by the prejudices, of an individual so circumstanced. If his mind should have any bias towards any other foreign power such bias might Althogether frustrate the objects of his mission.\n[Hamilton] \u2003 Undoubtedy, we have not in some former instances been Exempt from this sort of inconvenience, to which the manner of naming to public appointments under our old government not a little contributed. The Case is now altered, these nominations originate with General Washington, who is a good judge of men, and the gentleman, to be Employed in this business, is perfectly master of the subject, and if he leans in his bias towards any foreign Country, it is decidely to You.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 As you have done me the honour of mentioning to me the turn of party, during Your late Sessions, I cannot avoid saying that I was much surprized to find amongst the gentlemen, who were so decidely hostile to us in their public conduct, the name of a Man, from whose Character for good sense, and other qualifications, I should have been led to Expect a very different conduct.\n[Hamilton] \u2003 You mean Mr. Maddison from Virginia. I confess I was likewise rather surprized at it, as well as that the only opposition to General Washington was from thence. The truth is, that although this gentleman is a clever man, he is very little Acquainted with the world. That he is Uncorrupted And incorruptible I have not a doubt; he has the same End in view that I have, And so have those gentlemen, who Act with him, but their mode of attaining it is very different. You have I take it for granted seen our Debates?\n[Beckwith] \u2003 I have them, but have not read them, Your observation of the manner of attaining the object, You profess to have in view, leads me to remark, that I cannot think Commercial Hostility with us, the mode to obtain Commercial Friendship. From what I have heard You say with respect to Mr. Pitt, & to our Cabinet, You will not wonder when I tell you, that their plan has been Evidently to hold the Nation high, in the opinion of the world, and they have accomplished it. You Cannot suppose, that those who follow up such a system will be influenced by compulsory measures. Upon such minds their tendency must be diametrically opposite. The purposes of National glory are best Attained by a close adherence to National honour, alike prepared to meet foreign friendship, and to repel foreign hostility.\n[Hamilton] \u2003 Beyond all doubt, these are sentiments, that do honour to any nation, and I make no scruple to say, that both before I came into office and since, I have acted under that impression. Whilst the Revenue and Tonnage Bills were under discussion, I was decidedly opposed to those discriminating Clauses, that were so warmly advocated by some gentlemen. I was at pains to obtain information from our mercantile body here upon this subject, who with a few Exceptions were against Every species of distinction, upon the principle that it would be productive of a War of Commerce. And in as far as I could judge by their Communications, there are Certain indulgencies, which our shipping Enjoy, in Your ports in Europe. If the Effect of our regulations determines you to place us precisely on the footing of all other foreign powers, we have not from that measure the smallest ground for Complaint, nor, as it appears to me would the Alteration be very momentous to us. I Cannot recollect that there is Any thing in the Impost Act, which marks a preference to Any other Foreign Power, when put into Competition with You, possibly some very trifling difference between French brandies and your West India spirits.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 I think I clearly comprehend the scope of the Communication, that you have been pleased to make to me. Pray what use do you wish me to make of it? Is it with the view of my mentioning it to Lord Dorchester?\n[Hamilton] \u2003 Yes, And by Lord Dorchester to Your Ministry, in whatever Manner His Lordship shall judge proper; but I should not chuse to have this go any further in America.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 I am desirous to Know Your intentions Accurately upon this particular point, as you are the Judge of the Extent of Your Confidence.\n[Hamilton] \u2003 This is very delicate in You, And I have been Anxious to hold this conversation with you from the opinion that I have always had of your Character, and from my conviction, that Lord Dorchester would not honour any man with his good opinion, and friendship, in whose integrity Every Confidence might not be placed.\nIf the present favourable occasion shall pass away, and a system of Commercial Warfare shall take place, it may lead to the adoption of an other idea, in the Contemplation of gentlemen, who are advocates for discrimination, and which did not respect a Tonnage, or Impost duties, but had in view a much stronger measure.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 N. B. He did not say what it was, but I understood it to mean the idea of shutting their ports to our shipping, that might wish to clear out Either for our possessions in North America, or the West Indies, with lumber, provisions &ca.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 I have understood that there has been some difficulty lately with respect to our Packet.\nI hope it is settled?\n[Hamilton] \u2003 The matter has been somewhat misrepresented. The fact was, the Collector of the Customs at this port had applied to me to Know in what light he was to Consider Your Packets, the Act passed by our Legislature during the summer having left that point unsettled. The law of nations Exempted Men of War from such duties undoubtedly, but it became requisite to know officially whether your Packet was a King\u2019s ship, or not, and the result of the Inquiry has been that she was so, in every respect, that the Captain held a Commission under Your Admiralty Board, and was debarred from Commerce.\nThe Matter therefore is settled.\n[Beckwith] \u2003 N.B. The French Government have reestablished packets to New York but they are Merchant Vessels, come out occasionally with goods and with certain allowances or carrying the letters or Government dispatches. These are therefore obliged to clear at the Custom house, and consequently subject to the Effects, both of the Impost and Tonnage Acts. They are small Vessels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0274", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, October 1789\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, October, 1789. Acknowledges receipt of circular letter of October 2, 1789. Complains that method of filing returns requires so much clerical assistance that it imposes a very heavy financial burden on the collectors.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0276", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Fitzgerald, [October 1789]\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Alexandria, Virginia, October, 1789]\nVessels built in our State for the Tobo. Business are generally constructed for the Stowage of that article & a Ship of 200 Tons ought to carry 400 Hogshead. Vessels of foreign Nations are not always so constructed as to stow in proportion which must depend in a great measure on the trade intended when they are framed but the English French Dutch & Scot[c]h Ships in generally carry in Proportion to their Tonnage, but not so much as Vessells calculated for that article in general the Ships which are best calculated to carry are most unfit for sailing.\nII \u2003 A Ship carrying 400 Hhds may be built in France or England for about 3000\u00a3 Stg but in Virga. for 2000, this includes the Hull Rigging & apparel. The Hull can be had cheaper in this Country & part of the Materials as cheap but there will, for a time, be an expence on the importation of the other Necessary parts.\nIn answer to the 3d. Question. American Vessells are lasting in proportion as they are built from East to West, for instance a Vessell built in Nova Scotia will be inferior to one built of Timber equally prepared any where to the Southward of it & so increases untill you get to the Missisippi. There is one exception which has frequently happen\u2019d of Vessells being built in Philada. N York &ca. of Live Oak & Cedar which are as lasting as the Vessells best built in Europe. This Timber is generally got from No. Carolina or to the Southward of it.\nWith respect to the European built Ships Those of France & England are constructed both to Sail & carry Spanish Ships nearly the Same The Holland built ones are entirely for Burthen & of course very dull Sailors. In point of duration they are all nearly the same when built of their own timber, but much of the American has been lately introduced in England & that too from the Eastward, which is injuryous to their Ships.\nShips in the Eastern parts of america may be, with great care, built to last perhaps 10 years, with equal care in the more southern States including New York 15 yrs. & in the Carolinas & Georgia perhaps double the time, but you\u2019ll observe that in the latter the Live Oak & Cedar are the Growth of the Country whereas by a degree of expence this wood may be imported & used in any of the others which has frequently been the case.\nThe 4th Question is so seldom practis\u2019d with respect to direct Voyages that a precise answer is difficult to be given, it has been more generally used in Voyages to Scotland as they have had factors here &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sylvanus Bourne, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, November 1, 1789. Asks Hamilton to \u201cGive me leave Dr Sir to request the favr of being in your remembrance should any situation in the Treasury Department occur in which my abilities may be equal to rendering my Country service.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0279", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gaspard Joseph Amand Ducher, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Ducher, Gaspard Joseph Amand\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nWilmington [North Carolina] 1er. 9bre 1789\nMonsieur\nje f\u00e9licite tr\u00e8s sinc\u00e8rement les \u00e9tats unis de l\u2019am\u00e9rique d\u2019avoir publius pour leur comptr\u00f4lleur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des finances; je vous prie de lui recommander un homme qui je Crois peut \u00eatre employ\u00e9 utilement, le capitaine jocelin tr\u00e8s connu de notre ami le Colonel Wadsworth qui vous donnera a son \u00e9gard tous les renseignements que vour pouvez d\u00e9sirer.\nje n\u2019entends pas que publius soit tellement occup\u00e9 des finances de I\u2019am\u00e9rique, que le Col. hamilton ne soit pas bient\u00f4t ambassadeur en france.\nEcrivez donc au marquis de lafayette et faites moi l\u2019amiti\u00e9 de me r\u00e9pondre.\nj\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec le plus sinc\u00e8re amiti\u00e9 \u2003 Monsieur \u2003 Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur\nDucher", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, November 2, 1789. \u201cThe sum paid to the Bank for last month was 12,871 Dollars.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0282", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jay, John\nTreasury Department November 2d. 1789.\nSir\nI have the honor to enclose the copy of a letter which I have just received from Mr. Wolcott the auditor of the Treasury.\nThe information which he wishes to obtain being essential to the proper settlement of several accounts of considerable moment, as they affect both the character and interest of the United States; I request the favour of you, Sir, if there be any document in the office of the late department of foreign affairs, which are not to be found in the public proceedings of Congress, relating to the objects mentioned in Mr. Wolcott\u2019s letter, to cause extracts to be made from them and furnished to me for the use of the Department of the Treasury.\nI have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0283", "content": "Title: Receipt from Van Horne and Clarkson, [2 November 1789]\nFrom: Van Horne and Clarkson\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, November 2, 1789]\nReceived New york, November 2d. 1789 from Alexander Hamilton Esqr. Three hundred & Seventy dollars Sixty Six Cents for Passage of Mrs. Church & three Servants, on board the Ship Sandwich for Falmouth: John Harris Esq Commander.\nVan Horne & Clarkson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0284", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAuditors Office New York Novr. 2d. 1789.\nSir\nIn examining the Accounts of Monsr. Le Ray de Chaumont with the United States, it appears to me to be important that the powers of the American Ministers and agents at the Court of versailles relative to procuring monies and supplies, and settling accounts on the part of the United States should be ascertained.\nIf these sentiments should receive your approbation, I beg leave to submit to your opinion the expediency of procuring such extracts from the instructions, which have from time to time been given to said Ministers and Agents, as may serve to elucidate this subject.\nI have the honor to be &c.\nOliver Wolcott.\nThe honble. Alexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0285", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 3 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nTreasury Department, November 3, 1789. \u201cI observe by your Letter of the 11th. of October last, that the Registers for Vessells \u2026 had not come to hand.\u2026 Be kind Enough to inform me in your next, whether you have yet received them.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0287", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Israel Ludlow, 4 November 1789\nFrom: Ludlow, Israel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[November 4, 1789. On May 13, 1790, Hamilton wrote to Ludlow: \u201cYour letter of the 4th. of November \u2026 has some time since been received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0289", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 4 November 1789\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Hartford, November 4, 1789. On November 8, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Wadsworth: \u201cMr Pomeroy has delivered me your Letter of the 4th Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 6 November 1789\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Hartford, November 6, 1789. On November 12\u201314, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Wadsworth: \u201cI am just favoured with your\u2019s of the 6th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philemon Gatewood, 7 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gatewood, Philemon\nTreasury DepartmentNovr. 7th. 1789\nSir\nI have duly received your letter of the 19th. of October.\nI am of Opinion that the true construction of the act is, that the duties on the whole Cargo must be paid or secured in the first District at which a Vessel arrives; except where she puts in from necessity, as provided for by the twelfth Section of the Collection Bill. Consequently she cannot in any other case proceed with a part of her Cargo to another district, without having previously paid or secured the duties upon it, at the port of first arrival.\nI am content that you provide one or two small boats for the use of the Inspectors in Harbour service; consulting aconomy as much as possible, and including the expence in your quarterly accounts. I doubt not one or more crusing boats will be found highly useful; but on this point nothing more can be done than prepare information for the legislature.\nYou say that an opinion obtains that the number of ports in your state will be conducive to smuggling I should be glad you would collect the opinions of well informed merchants and communicate them to me, together with your own (and the reasons for them) as to the number of ports which would be sufficient, and what ports ought to be preferred.\nI am, Sir \u2003 Your huml. Servt.\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0295", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Rice, 7 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Rice, John\nTreasury Department, November 7, 1789. \u201cI am favord with your Letter of the 24th. Ultimo Enclosing your Weekly Return.\u2026 The mode you practise in taking Bonds to secure the Duties on Goods \u2026 is certainly proper.\u2026 The Harbour Boats you mention in your Letter of the 22d. I have no Objection to, but wish as soon as possible to have an Estimate of their Expence.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 7 November 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, November 7, 1789. \u201cWith this letter, I inclose my Weekly return.\u2026 You will \u2026 greatly facilitate the Work and insure uniformity therein (I presume in every other Office as well as mine) if you will please to order printed forms to be furnished.\u2026 It may be consistent for me to mention that no appointments of Officers in the Department of the Customs reached this place before Saturday the 8th. of August at Night, and no qualifications were Authenticated until Monday the tenth, consequently no returns can commence in this Office at an earlier day. But it may be proper for you to know that between the last of July and the 8th. of August the Sum of \u00a3411.9.0 Curt. money, dollars @ 7/6. each for duties on Imports, was secured in the Naval Office at this port under the State Laws which were not then Superceeded by any known Law of Congress. The Naval Officer continuing to act after the 13 of August upon the same presumption that induced a continuance of the execution of State laws after the fourth of March. I mention these circumstances because I am about to close my official account with the State. The Legislature is now siting, and if you choose to claim those duties, under the constitution of the Genl Govt, some order may be taken in it by our genl. assembly. If you do not, I doubt whether the Merchants by whom they are payable will not protest against payment to the State. The state certainly had no right then to impose the duty and indeed, as Congress had no executive powers here at the time, many presume that the bonds are, void and that payment cannot be enforced. It is certain that in that period, Vessels arrived in some of the Ports of the Ustates and paid no duty on tonnage or Cargo.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0297-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Angelica Church, [8 November 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Church, Angelica\n[New York, November 8, 1789]\nMy Dear Sister\nAfter taking leave of you on board of the Packet, I hastened home to sooth and console your sister. I found her in bitter distress; though much recovered from the agony, in which she had been, by the kind cares of Mrs. Bruce and the Baron. After composing her by a flattering picture of your prospects for the voyage, and a strong infusion of hope, that she had not taken a last farewell of you; The Baron little Phillip and myself, with her consent, walked down to the Battery; where with aching hearts and anxious eyes we saw your vessel, in full sail, swiftly bearing our loved friend from our embraces. Imagine what we felt. We gazed, we sighed, we wept; and casting \u201cmany a lingering longing look behind\u201d returned home to give scope to our sorrows, and mingle without restraint our tears and our regrets. The good Baron has more than ever rivetted himself in my affection: to observe his unaffected solicitude and see his old eyes brimful of sympathy had something in it that won my whole soul and filled me with more than usual complacency for human nature. Amiable Angelica! how much you are formed to endear yourself to every good heart! How deeply you have rooted yourself in the affections of your friends on this side the Atlantic! Some of us are and must continue inconsolable for your absence.\nBetsey and myself make you the last theme of our conversation at night and the first in the morning. We talk of you; we praise you and we pray for you. We dwell with peculiar interest on the little incidents that preceded your departure. Precious and never to be forgotten scenes!\nBut let me check, My dear Sister, these effusions of regretful friendship. Why should I alloy the happiness that courts you in the bosom of your family by images that must wound your sensibility? It shall not be. However difficult, or little natural it is to me to suppress what the fulness of my heart would utter, the sacrifice shall be made to your ease and satisfaction.\nI shall not fail to execute any commission you gave me nor neglect any of your charges. Those particularly contained in your  letter by the Pilot, for which Betsey joins me in returning a thousand thanks, shall be observed in all their extent. Already have I addressed the consolation, I mentioned to you, to your Father. I have no doubt the arguments I have used with him will go far towards reconciling his mind to the unexpected step you took. I hope the inclosed letters may not be such as to give you pain. They arrived the day after you set sail.\nI shall commit this letter to Betsey to add whatever her little affectionate heart may dictate. Kiss your children for me. Teach them to consider me as your and their father\u2019s friend. I shall by the first direct opportunity begin a correspondence with Philip. I have serious designs upon his heart and I flatter myself I am not a bad marksman. Adieu Dear Angelica! Remember us always as you ought to do\u2014Remember us as we shall you\nYour ever Affect friend & brother\nA Hamilton\nNew York November 8th. 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0297-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Elizabeth Hamilton to Angelica Church, [8 November 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Elizabeth\nTo: Church, Angelica\n[New York, November 8, 1789] \nMy Very Dear beloved Angelica\u2014I have seated my self to write to you, but my heart is so sadned by your Absence that it can scarsly dictate, my Eyes so filled with tears that I shall not be able to write you much but Remember Remember, my Dear sister of the Assurences of your returning to us, and do all you can to make your Absence short. Tell Mr. Church for me of the happiness he will give me, in bringing you to me, not to me alone but to fond parents sisters friends and to my Hamilton who has for you all the Affection of a fond own Brother. I can no more\nAdieu Adieu.\nE.H.\nheaven protect you", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0298", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Wadsworth, 8 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nNew York Novemr 8th. 1789\nMy Dear Sir\nMr Pomeroy has delivered me your Letter of the 4th Instant.\nIt is doubtless of very great consequence to break up the Gang you mention; and expence for that purpose ought not to be spared. As you are at the source of information, may I request you to undertake the management of the business, and to furnish whatever money may be requisite for pursuing it with effect, drewing upon me for the amount. You may also promise such reward for apprehending each of them as shall appear to you a Sufficient inducement; which I will pay, relying on a provision for reimbursement.\nMr. Pomeroy thinks the best plan will be to liberate Willard and let him go with some trusty persons to act as a decoy; giving out that he has escaped. I confess I Should expect that the event of this would be, that he would escape in good earnest, leaving us in the lurch.\nWould it not be better to engage him to point out some fit person for the undertaking, on whose exertions he is willing to stake his own Life; telling him that if Crane can be taken by his means he will be pardonned and rewarded; otherwise he will suffer the extremities of the Law. As your Laws do not annex death to the crime in question, he may be given to understand, that he will be brought into this state for trial. But all is submitted to your judgment.\nCrane appears to be the principal in the misshief. He is therefore the man to whom chiefly we ought to direct our attention, and for whom the chief reward must be offered. If taken, and any offence committed in this state can be traced, directions should be given to bring the Culprits in to this state\nI remain \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your Obt hble servt\nA Hamilton\nThe Honble Jeremiah Wadsworth EsqrHartford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0299-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: To Samuel Jones and Richard Harison, [9 November 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jones, Samuel,Harison, Richard\n[New York, November 9, 1789]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury requests the opinion of Council on the following points, arising on the Act for Registering & Clearing Vessels regulating the Coasting Trade & for other purposes\u2014\n1st \u2003 By the 22d Section it is provided that every Vessel of Less than Twenty Tons shall procure a license from the Collector of the District to which she belongs purporting that such Vessel is exempt from clearing and entering for the term of one Year from the date thereof\u2014\n2d. \u2003 By the 23d Section it is provided, that every Vessel of the burthen of Twenty Tons or upwards (to be employed & qualified in the way therein specified) shall be entitled to receive a license to trade between the different Districts in the United States or to carry on the Bank or Whale Fishery for one Year.\n3d \u2003 By the 31st Section there is an allowance in these words\n\u201cFor every license to trade between the different districts of the United States or to carry on the Bank or Whale Fishery for one Year, fifty Cents\u201d\nQuestions.\nIs any Tonnage demandable on Vessels of less than Twenty Tons?\nIs any fee demandable for the license directed to be given to such Vessels? if any, what?\nBy the 25 Section Coasters of Twenty Tons & upwards having certain articles on board and bound from one District to another are to exhibit two Manifests, one of which is to be sworn to before the Collector & Certified and returned by him with a permit to proceed to the place of Destination\nBy the 26th Section Vessels of the same description bound from a District in one State to a District in any other than an adjoining State (though having none but the goods of the growth or manufacture of the United States) are also to exhibit duplicate Manifests; one of which is in like manner to be Sworn to Certified and returned with a permit to proceed to the place of destination\nBy the 27th Section Vessels of the same description (having on board certain Articles only) arriving at one district from another in the same State or from a District in the next adjoining State are previous to unlading to deliver to the Collector or Surveyor at the port of arrival a Manifest of their Cargo which they are to Swear to and then receive from the Collector or Surveyor a permit to land or unload.\nBy the 28th Section Vessels of the same description in all other cases arriving at any Port within the United States are previous to unlading to deliver to the Collector or Surveyor at the Port of arrival the certified Manifest and permit to proceed to place of destination provided for in the 25 and 26 Sections\u2014upon which the Collector or Surveyor is to grant the permit to land or unload.\nBy Section 31st. allowances are directed in these words\n\u201cFor every entry of inward Cargo directed to be made in Conformity with the Act and for receiving of and qualifying to every Manifest of Vessels licensed to trade as aforesaid Sixty Cents.\u201d\n\u201cFor a permit to land Goods of Foreign growth or Manufacture Twenty Cents\u201d\n\u201cFor every permit to proceed to place of Destination 25 Cents\u201d Note these are the only allowances which can have reference to the services specified in the foregoing Sections.\nQuestions.\nWhat are the respective Allowances to which the Officers of the Customs are entitled for the several services Specified in those Sections \u2018vizt\u2019 the 25. 26. 27. & 28th?\nA HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury\nNew York November 9, 1789\nSamuel Jones\nEsquires\nRichard Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0300", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Alexander Macwhorter, 9 November 1789\nFrom: Macwhorter, Alexander\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNovember 9, 1789. \u201cBeing informed that there are some offices under you and in your department which are not supplied with clerks, I take the liberty of addressing \u2026 to you in behalf of Mr. Samuel Beebee a citizen of New York and son in law of mine as a person I believe well qualified to be a clerk in some such place. He has been unfortunate in the sea trade during the war and since, and thereby exceedingly reduced in his circumstances.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0304", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jedediah Huntington, 11 November 1789\nFrom: Huntington, Jedediah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New London, Connecticut, November 11, 1789. On November 24, 1787, Hamilton wrote to Huntington: \u201cI acknowledge the receipt of your\u2019s of the 11th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0306", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Wadsworth, [12\u201314 November 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\n[New York, November 12\u201314, 1789]\nNovember 12. 1789\nThe above is a copy of a letter transmitted you some days since. I am just favoured with your\u2019s of the 6th instant; and have informed Mr. Butler of the train in which the business has been put and referred him to you. I did not think it adviseable to take arrangements with him here, as I could not be certain, but that in consequence of my letter you would commence operations. You will understand from the foregoing that the crime in question is punishable with death by our laws. If a better use therefore cannot be made of Willard and any offence committed in this state can be traced, it will be well to send him here to suffer his deserts. But the dread of it may possibly induce him to enter in earnest into measures; by which the detection and apprehension of more significant persons may be effected. I remain\nYr. friend & servant\nA Hamilton\nNew York Nov 14. 1789\nMy last will inform you of Mrs. Church\u2019s Departure for England. I shall not forget the bill you mention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0308", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Morris, 13 November 1789\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Novemr 13th. 1789\nDear sir\nI had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 6th Instant, and should have replyed to the Contents by the last Mail, had not other Engagements prevented it. I always understood that if the Bank stock was to be replaced, I was to pay the Dividends, but as Interest must be allowed on the amount of the Warrants deposited, during the time that payment is delayed, I also understood that the payments to be made on those Warrants would be admitted as satisfactory in point of time both in replacing the Stock and discharging the dividends, therefore I made no other provision for this object. I do not know how productive the Impost may prove in other ports, but I am told it will exceed all expectation here, and consequently I expect that you will soon find yourself possessed of the means to discharge these Warrants, when the Dividends may be retained and the Stock replaced, but if you require payment of the Dividend sooner I will comply with your desire. Since my return to this City I could have disposed of some shares of Bank stock with little, if any loss, and I am from a full consideration of the matter, enclined to purchase the remainder of Mr Churchs Shares. My object is to obtain a Convenience to myself without suffering any loss, or exposing Mr Church or you to any disappointment. I therefore propose to your Consideration as follows.\nI will take the whole of his Shares at par\u2014Those which I have already received with the Dividends to be paid for out of the Deposited Warrants and securities now in your hands, and the sooner you can make that payment the better for all Parties.\nThe Shares now in your possession I will only call for as I can dispose of them, taking ten shares at a time, for the amount of which I will deposit in your hands Continental securities, say Loan office Certificates, Nourses Certificates, Final settlements, Facilities &ca. to the full value of the Shares as called for, computing the Certificates or Securities at the Market price, and these to remain in your hands untill I pay for the shares; for this payment, I ask as long time as you can give me, say twelve or Eighteen Months or longer if you please and I will pay the Bank Dividends on those Shares punctually as the Bank does, until the Cost is discharged. By this mode Mr Church will sell his stock, at the full value, without any charge of Commission Brokerage &ca. He will untill it is paid for be on the same footing as if no Sale had been made and ample Security will be in your hands, for you must be sensible, that the Value of these securities will rise as we proceed in making provision for discharging the annual Interest on them. It will not do to force the sale of Shares or it must be done at considerable Discount, but by the close attention I shall pay to this object I shall find means to place them gradually without loss, and by the time to be fixed for my Payments to you, I shall have the means of doing it with Convenience, but should any disappointments occur, then the deposited securities shall be sold rather than Mr Church shall suffer any disappointment; this however you may depend I will take care to prevent by my Payments.\nI think this proposition rests upon such a solid Basis that it must meet your approbation, and if so, I will immediately send forward my note for four thousand Dollars, accompanied by a Sufficient Value of the Securities as a Deposit for that amount and you will send in return Ten Shares with a power for making the Transfer & by letter agree that I am to have the whole as fast as I make the deposits, for you must not be at liberty to part with any of them to others, or my Plan may be defeated by Competition in the sale.\nI hope to hear from you soon in reply and that you will agree to this plan as it is calculated to serve all concerned & particularly\nDear sir \u2003 Your most obedient & humble Servant\nRobt Morris\nThe Honble Alexr Hamilton Esqr New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0309", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Habersham, 14 November 1789\nFrom: Habersham, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSavannah, November 14, 1789. \u201c\u2026 In answer to your letter of the 1st. ultimo, I have to inform you, that the only public Convenience we have in this Port and Harbour, is a Light House on the Island of Tybee.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0311", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 14 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[New York, November 14, 1789. On November 18, 1789, Willing wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have just received your Favor of the 14th Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0314", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Mungo Mackay, 16 November 1789\nFrom: Mackay, Mungo\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, November 16, 1789. \u201cA very respectable Body of the Merchants of this Metropolis having thought proper to communicate to us, the Members of the Boston Marine Society, a Copy of their proposed application to the President of the United States on the subject of the Pilotage of this Bay & Harbour, accompanied by a request that the Society wou\u2019d state the present defects of that Business with the Causes & Remedy thereof for the consideration of the President of the Union. And the Society having also before, had a Letter laid before them, addressed by you as Secretary of the Treasury \u2018To the Wardens of the Port of Boston respecting the repairs of Light-Houses Beacons & Buoys\u2019. We find ourselves compell\u2019d by Motives of Publick Duty to observe to you Sir, that a Reform is necessary in the Pilotage, &c of this Harbour.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0317", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 16 November 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, November 16, 1789. Encloses \u201cWeekly return of receipts and payments to the 14th instant.\u201d Asks if duties are to be calculated on the basis of a ship\u2019s manifest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0318", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jedediah Huntington, 17 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Huntington, Jedediah\nTreasury Department Novemr 17th 1789\nSir\nI perceive by your Letter of the 4th instant that I misapprehended you in respect to the question referred to in Your Letter of the 26th of September. I thought it related to the going from one port to another to deliver the inward Cargo which certainly cannot be done without previously paying or securing the Duties at the first port. But there is clearly no color for the idea that foreign vessels are restricted to any particular ports as to their outward Cargo.\nThe Comptrollers distance from this place made it impracticable for him to be here \u2019till very lately. This has prevented the sending on a form for the bonds; and most of them have now been forwarded to this Office. Under these circumstances it is his desire that you transmit your bonds in such form as shall appear to you proper.\nThe boat you mention to have been procured by you was indispensable. I approve your caution in not allowing boats at Midleton and Stonington untill you shall be satisfied that they are really necessary. A general spirit of oeconomy is essential.\nI am glad to find you think the provision of two such vessels as you describe would not be disagreeable to your merchants; as I feel a strong conviction that a certain number of cruising vessels will be found equally beneficial to the fair trader and to the Revenue\nI remain \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obt servt\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nJedediah Hunting Esqr Collector of the Customs for New London", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0319", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 17 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nTreasury Department, November 17, 1789. \u201cSeveral of the Officers of the different Ports within your State, have applied at this Office for Registers for Vessels. I find that there was a Delay in your receiving those which were forwarded to you.\u2026 As I presume however that all, which have been forwarded, have now come to hand, I am to request your Attention (if not already done) in distributing the same amongst the different Officers of the Customs within the State of Virginia.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0321", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Harison and Samuel Jones, [18 November 1789]\nFrom: Harison, Richard,Jones, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, November 18, 1789]\nIn Consequence of the Application of the ninth Instant made to us by the Secretary of the Treasury, we have considered the several Questions proposed upon the Act for registering & clearing of Vessels &ca. passed the 22d Day of last September, and are of Opinion\n1. That Vessels of less than twenty Tons licenced as the Act directs, are exempt from Tonnage, because the Act having declared that they shall be at Liberty to trade without entring or clearing, the Duty of Tonnage, which is payable only upon the Entry of Vessels, can never arise.\n2. We think that no Fee is demandable for the Licence directed to be given to such Vessels, because the Fee provided for Licences to Trade appears to be appropriated to the particular Description of Licences specified in the 23d. Section of the Act, which the Legislature seems to have cautiously distinguished from those directed to be given to smaller Vessels.\n3. We are of Opinion that by the 25th & 26th Sections only the Fee of 25 Cents for a Permit to proceed to the Place of Destination is demandable\u2014that by the 27th. Section the Collector is entitled to recieve only the Fee of Sixty Cents for the Services mentioned in the Act, and by the 28th. Section the Fee of twenty Cents for the Permit to land or unload where it comprehends foreign Goods.\nWe are aware that this Construction of the Act will involve a Consequence, probably not intended by the Legislature, to wit, that Vessels bound from one District to another in the same, or the next adjoining State with American Produce only will have higher Fees to pay, than those which come from a greater Distance and are loaded with foreign Goods. If therefore we could have found any other Construction of the Act, which would have been warranted by the Mode of Expression, we should readily have adopted it. But as we think that the Subject requires a strict Interpretation, as the Services are precisely designated for which the Fees are recievable, and it is expressly declared that no other or greater Fees shall be taken by the several Officers of the Customs, we suppose that no other Construction of the Act is admissible except the one which we have mentioned.\nThe Wisdom of the Legislature will, without Doubt, be exerted to remedy any Defects which may be found in their Laws, and it is better that Recourse should be had to them, than an arbitrary Latitude of Interpretation admitted.\nN York 18 Novr. 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Smith, 18 November 1789\nFrom: Smith, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, November 18, 1789. \u201cI have the honor to inclose you a Letter from the Boston Marine Society with a Letter for the President of the United States from the Merchants of Boston.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Madison, 19 November 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nOrange (Virginia) Novr. 19. 89\nDear Sir\nI was too much indisposed for some time after the receipt of your favor of the 12 Octr. to comply with the request in it, and since my arrival here and recovery I have till now been without a conveyance to the post office.\nThe supplemental funds which at present occur to me as on the whole most eligible are 1. an excise on home distilleries. If the tax can be regulated by the size of the Still it will shun every objection that renders excises unpopular or vexatious. Such an experiment was made in Scotland; and as a Scotch tax I have not understood that the mode was disapproved. The complaint against it was founded on a comparison with the different mode established in the other part of the Kingdom, by which the burden was rendered disproportionate. 2. an augmentation of the duty on spirituous liquors imported. This will not only be compatible with the former, but in a manner required by it. 3. a land tax. This seems to be recommended by its simplicity, its certainty, its equity, and the cheapness of collecting it. It may be well also for the General Govt. to espouse this object before a preoccupancy by the States becomes an impediment. It is an essential branch of national revenue; and when once in the hands of the National Govt. the States will of course turn their attention to those miscellaneous objects which can be more easily managed by them than by Congress, and by which they can as they like equalize the burden on their respective Citizens. Some difficulty may perhaps arise from the different rules of assessment in the different States, but it will only require an adoption of their diversities until the way shall be prepared for uniformity. 4. a Stamp tax on proceedings in the federal Courts, as soon as experience shall have supplied the prerequisite information, and as far as will make the Establishment support itself.\nI do not add a General Stamp tax, because with some it would be obnoxious to prejudices not yet worne out, because it could not be so framed as to fall in due proportion on the States without more information than can be speedily obtained, and because it would not for some time be productive in the State Courts, unless extended to suits for antecedent debts &c, in which case the debtors on whom the tax would fall, would make it a fresh topic of clamor.\nThe modification of the public debt is a subject on which I ought perhaps to be silent, having not enough revolved it to form any precise ideas. I take it to be the general expectation that the foreign part of the debt is to be put on the most satisfactory footing, and it will no doubt equally gratify the public wish, if it can by that means be turned into a debt bearing a reduced interest. The domestic part is well known to be viewed in different lights by different classes of people. It might be a soothing circumstance to those least favorably disposed, if by some operation the debt could be lessened by purchases made on public account; and particularly if any impression could be made on it by means of the Western lands. This last is a fund which, tho\u2019 overrated by many is I think capable of aiding the redemption of the capital of the debt. A further reason for keeping the lands at market is that if the appetite for them be not regularly fed, it may produce licentious settlements, by which the value of the property will not only be lost, but the authority of the laws impaired.\nI consider it as very desireable that the provision to be made should be such as will put the debt in a manifest course of extinguishment. There are respectable opinions I know in favor of prolonging if not, perpetuating it. But without entering into the general reasonings on that subject, there are two considerations which give a peculiarity to the case of the U. States\u2014one, that such a policy is disrelished to a degree that will render heavier burdens for discharging the debt more acceptable than lighter ones not having that for their object\u2014the other, that the debt however modified must, as soon as the interest is provided for, or the permanent views of the Govt. ascertained, slide into the hands of foreigners. As they have more money than the Americans, and less productive ways of laying it out, they can and will pretty generally buy out the Americans.\nI need not apprize you that some of the ideas I have hazarded may proceed not only from an inaccurate view of the subject but from a mistake of local for general sentiments with regard to it. The less deserving however I may think them of being communicated to you the more they will prove by their being so, my unwillingness to disobey your commands.\nWith affect & regards I am My dear Sir \u2003 Your friend & servt\nJs. Madison Jr\nA. Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 19 November 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, November 19, 1789. Encloses for Samuel Meredith one thousand dollars in \u201cthe previous parts of the Notes mentioned in the within list.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0329", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 20 November 1789\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay [District of Maine] November 20, 1789. \u201cReceived yours of the 14th. of September this day.\u2026 I must inform you there is but one vessel belonging to this District that follows coasting, neither is there one that follows foreign trade. The vessels in this Port consist of fishing and as it is forbidden that no foreign vessel shall bring or land goods in this District you must conceive there is but little business for a Collector here at present. But the law does not deny foreigners to enter this District in ballast.\u2026 I should be very glad to know whether I can be allowed a Boat at the expense of the Revenue to tend at this Office as there may be a running of Goods which I must use every means to prevent.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0330", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 20 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 20th. 1789\nSir\nInclosed are copies of two letters, one Circular to the several Collectors of your State, yourself excepted; the other to the Directors of the Bank of Massachusetts.\nYou will perceive the intimation I have given respecting yourself. It is my wish to have an eye on the spot to attend to the operations of the Bank, \u27e8in order that the meas\u27e9ure now adopted may be continued \u27e8or discontinued, as co\u27e9nsiderations of safety shall \u27e8dictate. My own sit\u27e9uation with regard to Philadelphia and New York answers this end; but I am too far distant from Boston to have it in my power to pay the same attention there. This hint you will of course perceive to be confidential and designed only for yourself.\nShould you therefore at any time perceive it to be unsafe to continue the receipt of the Notes of the Bank of Massachusets or to make that Bank the depository of the public Monies received in your State, I authorize you not only to discontinue the receipt yourself but as from me to countermand that receipt at, and also the proposed remittance of the Monies received, from, the other ports.\nThis discretion I confide in you from the intire confidence I have in your prudence and judgement.\nI am Sir, Your Obedt. Servant\nBenjamin Lincoln Esqr.Collector of the Customs for Boston, &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Madison, [20\u201328 November 1789]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDr Sir\nThe bearer will deliver two of your books which have been some time in my hands. I add to them a pamphlet recd. not long since from France. I can not recommend it because I have not read it. The subject tho\u2019 a hackneyed is an interesting one, and the titles of some of the chapters promising. You will soon discover how far it may be worth your perusal.\nThe inclosed letter to Genl. Schuyler requests the favor of him to make some enquiries relating to a man in his neighbourhood with whom Monroe had some dealings which concern me as well as himself. Be so good as to forward the letter by the conveyance you think best.\nThere is a young man here of the name of Reuben Burnley, who comes from Virga. with the accts. of that State agst. the U. States. His father, a neighbour of mine is anxious to get him into some of the offices as a Clerk, and has written pressingly to me on the subject. I mention the circumstance under the fullest impression of the multiplicity of similar applications which you must experience. Perhaps the Auditors office which will require a number of Clerks, may not yet be entirely filled. The young man is well recommended to me for his diligence fidelity and capacity.\nYrs. sincerely\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0332", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Massachusetts Bank, 20 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Massachusetts Bank\nTreasury DepartmentNovemr 20th 1789\nSirs\nInclosed is a copy of instructions lately sent to the Collectors of the Several Ports in your State except that of Boston. I presume the object of it will be acceptable to you; as it must be Serviceable to the institution under your direction.\nIf as I take it for granted will be the case, the arrangement meets your approbation; I am to request you will concur in it by furnishing to each Collector the indications mentioned in the inclosed, to guard them against impositions by counterfeits; and will also direct your Cashier to give duplicate Receipts for each sum deposited, expressive of its being on account of the united States.\nThe Monies deposited are to be carried to the credit of the united States; and are to be paid upon his drafts as they Shall be presented; to cover which regular Warrants Shall from time to time issue.\nIt will also be necessary for my government that I Should have a weekly Return from the Bank of the receipts and payments on account of the united States: This I trust will not appear a matter of inconvenience\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect \u2003 Gentn \u2003 Your Obt Servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nThe President & Directors of the Bank of Boston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0333", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs in Massachusetts, 20 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: \nTreasury Department Novr. 20th. 1789.\nSir\nI have heretofore directed you to receive in payment of the duties the notes of the Banks of North America and New York. I now desire that you will also receive those of the Bank of Boston, and will exchange whatever specie you may at any time have in your hands for those notes. In order to guard you against Counterfeits in this instance, I shall request the Directors of that Bank to send you the signatures of the President and Cashier, together with a description of the marks of their notes.\nYou will also remit from time to time whatever money may come to your hands in Specie or the notes of the Bank of Boston to that Bank; taking duplicate receipts of its Cashier for each deposit, specifying that it is on account of the United States one of which you will transmit to the Treasurer and the other retain yourself. These receipts will discharge you at the Treasury for whatever sums you shall remit. It is my wish that whenever you have a sum amounting to one hundred dollars, over and above what may be requisite for current Expences, that you forward it by the first safe conveyance to the Bank. Your Weekly returns must specify your remittances.\nThese measures are intended to enable me as far as possible to avail the public of the revenues arising in your State without drawing the Specie out of it, by facilitating the negociation of drafts, for which there is rarely any demand except upon Boston: And they are to continue until you receive a Countermand from me or from Benjamin Lincoln Esqr Collector of the Port of Boston, through whom I may find it convenient to convey my instructions on this particular.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0336", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 21 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nTreasury Department, November 21, 1789. \u201cI have received the letter which you enclosed to me in yours of this date.\u2026 I shall pay due attention to the information it conveys.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0337", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Governors of the States, 21 November 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Governors of the States\nTreasury Department Novembr 21st 1789\nSir\nNot having received any acknowledgement of my Letter of the 26th Septr, transmitting the Copies of two resolutions of the house of Representatives of the 21st of the Same month; and conceiving the information which relates to the debts of the Several States, and the public securities of the union in their Treasuries, to be an object of a very important nature, I have the honor to inclose duplicates of my letter and of the resolutions accompanying it.\nI can only add, that as the period fixed for the next meeting of Congress is hastening on, if any thing can be done to accelerate the transmission of the information desired, it will greatly promote the public service\nI have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Obt & humble servt\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0339", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sylvanus Bourne, [22 November 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bourne, Sylvanus\n[New York, November 22, 1789]\nSir\nYour letter of November 1st duly came to hand as did your two former letters; though from the peculiarily of my situation, at one time, & my hurry at another, they were not acknowleged.\nI did however, as Mr. Ames communicated to you, inform him, that nothing then was in my power. The same is the case now; and the rules I prescribe myself with regard to the future will only permit me to assure you that I shall bear your application in remembrance. Propriety requires that I should keep myself in a situation to weigh every circumstance at the moment & to act as shall then appear for the public interest\nI remain with esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nNew York Novr. 22d. 1789\nSil Bowen Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0340", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Davidson, 24 November 1789\nFrom: Davidson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Annapolis, November 24, 1789. On December 8, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Davidson: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 24th of November.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0341", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathaniel Gorham, 24 November 1789\nFrom: Gorham, Nathaniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[November 24, 1789. On December 8, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Gorham: \u201cI am favored with your Letter of the 24th of last Month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Grymes, 23 November 1789\nFrom: Grymes, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSomerset, Virginianear Fredericke.Novr. 23th. 89\nDear Col.\nI have to address you on an interestg subject to my self, and am happy that fortune has placed you in the station, to render your Country the service you will undoubtedly do her. I am to acquaint you that I am entitled to 1/6 of a Ship called the Aurora chartered 10 or 12 years past by Mr. Morris in behalf of the Country, Mr. Morris inform me he is likely to get his accts settled this winter when he shall obtain a Certificate for the owners, and has directed his clerk Mr. John Richards to purchase my claim and one other, as I wish to sell, I have to request of you to inform me by the first Stage the present value of such Certificates and what prospect there is of their appreciating. If Mr. Morris has not proceeded in settlement of his accts. as far as I am interested, pray inform me when you expect he will and if he has what you would advise me to take for my proportion.\nI had a letter from your old fd. Meade two days past he has just had another Son which gave him two Sons & as many daugts and all well. The Old Sec. live just opposite on the other side of the Potk has been long wedded but no children I have only five living and family all well my wife joins me heartily for your welfare and am yrs\nsincerely\nB Grymes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0343", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jedediah Huntington, 24 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Huntington, Jedediah\nTreasury Department Novr. 24th. 1789.\nSir\nI acknowledge the receipt of your\u2019s of the 11th. instant.\nThe privileges allowed to Vessels under twenty Tons appear to me in the same light in which they do to you. I should be obliged by your ideas of the most proper arrangement with regard to that description of Vessels; as the thing is perhaps not without difficulties.\nI have no doubt that the Importer must make entry, as well with regard to enumerated as non-enumerated articles.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nJedidiah Huntington Esqr.Collector of the Port of New-London.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Frenchman\u2019s Bay, District of Maine, November 25, 1789. On December 24, 1789, Jordan wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI wrote you the \u2026 25th of November last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0347", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Timothy Pickering, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilaa. Novr. 25th. 1789.\nSir\nI have this day recd. your letter of the 19th. instant. It is in some sort anticipated by mine of last week. But the inclosed letter to Mr. Peter Anspach is to request him with Mr. Wolfe\u2019s assistance to present you with a statement of the debts intended to have been provided for by the anticipation you mention, & which yet remain unsatisfied. The documents are in his hand. I remarked in my former letter, that their accuracy & fidelity might be relied on. If however you deem it more proper that the statement should have my signature annexed, Mr. Anspach will transmit it to me for that purpose.\nI suppose that many debts which were to have been paid in specie, have been settled with certificates by the state Commissioners\u2014the claimants rather choosing something in hand than wait for cash at an uncertain & perhaps distant period. Mr. Anspach will comprehend in his statement no debts but such as were promised to be discharged with cash, & which he knows remain due.\nT.P.\nTo A Hamilton Esqr.Secy. of the Treay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0348", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department Novr. 25th. 1789.\nSir\nI request you to procure and send me without delay the revenue laws of your State in force immediately preceding the Act of Congress laying a duty on imports; as well those relating to imports as others: the whole being wanted for information. Should it not be practicable to obtain the Revenue laws distinct from the other laws of the State, you will be pleased to procure and forward the whole, with all the dispatch possible.\nI am, Sir, Your obedt. Servt.\nA. HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0349", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department Novemr 25th 1789\nSir\nThe last post brought me your letter of the 14th instant. The bill you inclosed will be presented by Mr Meredith for payment.\nHaving drawn upon you for nearly all the Specie in your hands, I should have directed it to be returned, did I not Suppose that this might produce inconvenience to the parties. You are too sensible of the necessity of conformity to general regulations to make it necessary to dwell on the propriety of avoiding occasions of Substituting bills to the mode of remittances prescribed. While I Say this I am not sure that it may not become adviseable hereafter to give some latitude in this respect.\nWith regard to your question respecting the registry of vessels, I am of opinion that you cannot register any vessel whose husband or acting owner does not usually reside at or near some port within your district.\nI am not intirely without doubt as to the extent of the cases in which Surveyors may claim the fee of two thirds of a Dollar. I will examine the acts somewhat more accurately than I have leisure for at this time and will write you my opinion.\nI remain Sir Your Obt servt\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nO H. Williams EsqrCollector for the Port of Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[New York, November 25, 1789. On November 30, 1789, Willing wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYours of the 25th did not reach me till yesterday noon.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 26 November 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, November 26, 1789. Asks that a uniform ruling be made on \u201cthe propriety of measuring Foreign Vessels that have Registers.\u201d Requests instructions on the levying of tonnage and import taxes on foreign ships that enter Portsmouth but also intend to call at other United States ports.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Hanson Harrison, [27 November 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harrison, Robert Hanson\n[New York, November 27, 1789]\nMy Dear Friend.\nAfter having laboured with you in the common cause of America during the late war and having learnt your value, judge of the pleasure, I felt in the prospect of a reunion of efforts in the same cause for I consider the business of America\u2019s happiness as yet to be done.\nIn proportion to that sentiment has been my disappointment at learning that you had declined a Seat on the Bench of the U. States. Cannot your determination, My Dr. Friend, be reconsidered?\nOne of your objections I think will be removed\u2014 I mean that which relates to the nature of the establishment. Many concur in opinion that its present form is inconvenient, if not impracticable. Should an alteration take place your other objection will also be removed, For you can then be nearly as much at home as you are now.\nIf it is possible, My Dr. Harrison, give yourself to us. We want men like you. They are rare in all times.\nAdieu. Your affect. friend & obedt Sevt\nA. Hamilton\nR. H. Harrison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0355", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Mifflin, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, November 27, 1789. \u201c\u2026 the Comptroller General of this State hath made considerable Progress in the Statement of the public Debts of Pennsylvania \u2026 and I \u2026 will \u2026 transmit to you in four weeks from this Date all the Information required.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0356", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States Novr. 28th. 1789.\nSir.\nThe President of the U States being very desirous that the several Accots. of those Articles which were furnished by directions of Saml. Osgood & William Duer Esqr. in pursuance of a resolution of both houses of Congress of the 15th. of April 1789. and deposited in the house provided for the President of the United States, for his use, should be settled & paid. He has therefore, directed me to inform you that it is his wish that the money appropriated to that purpose might be applied thereto as soon as may be; and that you should employ a competent person to examine & settle said Accounts, and previous to their being paid that the person so employed shou\u2019d compare the Accounts rendered in, with the Articles actually in the house to prevent any abuse.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with perfect respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obt. Servant\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the President US.\nThe Honorable The Secretary of the Treasury of the US", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0357", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Osgood, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, November 28, 1789. Acknowledges Hamilton\u2019s letter of November 16, 1789. Sends a detailed report on the present condition of the Post Office Department with suggestions for improving its efficiency and increasing postal revenue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Beverley Randolph, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond November 28th. 1789.\nSir,\nSevere Indisposition prevented my answering your Favour of the 29th. of October, sooner than the present Moment. I now do myself the Honour to transmit an Abstract of the Public Debt of Virginia. No Funds have ever been established for the redemption of any part of the Principal, but the Legislature have heretofore made annual provision for the payment of the Interest. While the state possessed the right to lay duties on Goods imported, this was attended with no difficulty. It is impossible, at present to say whether the Funds which may be now established will be sufficiently productive to answer so large a demand, and it seems to be the general Opinion, that the Taxes, which are now levied upon the people, are fully equal to their Ability to pay. Two years ago, a small sum of money was set apart as a Sinking Fund. I have not thought it proper to forward a special statement of the Operation of this Fund as its effect has not been such as to produce any great diminution of the Principal of the Public Debt, and does not at all decrease the Annual Interest. I am &c.\nBeverley Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0359-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Schedule of the Accounts of the Several States], [29 November 1789]\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSchedule of the accounts of the several States, stated upon the principles of the act of Congress of the 22d. of Nov: 1777. in such manner as to make them Creditors to the U States for a supposed excess of actual payments, beyond their proportions\nProportions of 500. as required by the Act of Congress of the 22d. of Nov. 1777.\nBalances of Recs. and expenditures as stated by Comrs. of Accounts\nBalances chd. as quotas of the several States\nCredits on final settlemt. not transferable.\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPensylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nSouth Carolina\nNorth Carolina\nGeorgia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0360", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Boston Marine Society, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Boston Marine Society\n[New York, November 30, 1789. On November 30, 1789, Hamilton wrote to William Smith: \u201cI send you herewith a letter in answer to that \u2026 from your Society which I request may be presented.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0361", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, November 30, 1789\nDear Sir,\nIt was my wish to have forwarded to you sooner, the enclosed paper, No. 6, by way of answer to the queries I had the honour to receive from you, the 26th of last month, but I could not revise the facts with sufficient care, till this time.\nYou will observe, I have pursued a mode different from that which the form of the queries pointed out, thinking that \u201ca present state of the navigation of Pennsylvania,\u201d which should comprehend the information you desired, would be more useful than short answers, going merely to the points specified. I have, besides, this private reason, that I wish by these investigations and statements, as they occur, to extend or digest my own knowledge, and, as far as I am able, to place the several subjects in my own mind on their true principles.\nAs the gentlemen in the senate, for Pennsylvania, and some of those in the house of representatives, have been pleased to request my communications on the subjects that from time to time arise in the legislature, I have taken the liberty to show this paper to one or two of them; and indeed it seems to be a matter, both of propriety and prudence, as I am a citizen of Pennsylvania, and they are the guardians of her interests. I anxiously desire the detection of any errors in either the facts or reasonings, which I may bring forward; and in order completely to guard against their ill effects, I wish them unreservedly subjected, as well to the examination of these well informed judges, as to gentlemen of similar character and stations from the other states. As I may, in future, avail myself of the permission you have given me, to communicate with you as I shall see occasion, I apply these wishes to all such communications, leaving it in your discretion to determine to whose eye observations on points that require secresy may be safely confided.\nI have the honour to be, with great respect, dear sir, your most obedient servant,\nTench Coxe.\nP.S. As it may throw some light upon the subject, I have enclosed a paper of mine, (No. 1) which you have seen before. To this copy, I have added some manuscript notes; also a paper (No. 2), to which I have likewise added some notes. The latter is not immediately interesting to your present enquiry, but may be thrown among your documents belonging to the subject.\nTo the Honourable Alexander Hamilton, Esq. New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0363", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Smith, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Smith, William\nTreasury Department, November 30, 1789. \u201cI duly received your letter of the 18th. instant.\u2026 I send you herewith a letter in answer to that for myself from your Society which I request may be presented.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0364", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department Novr. 30th. 1789.\nSir\nHaving been applied to by the Collectors of several Ports, for my opinion on various points, which are of general concern, and in respect to which it is important that the same rules should be every where observed, I have concluded to make my answers to their inquiries the subject of a Circular letter.\nSome of those inquiries relate to the allowances to which the officers of the Customs are intitled for Services performed in pursuance of the twenty second, twenty fifth, twenty sixth, twenty seventh & twenty eighth Sections of the \u201cAct for registering and clearing vessels, &c\u201d\nAs the proper construction of these clauses is of importance to the Interest and Safety of the Officers, that consideration was an additional motive for care in the investigation. And thinking it expedient in a case of mere construction, to assist my own judgement by the advice of professional men, I stated the questions which had been submitted to me to two Gentlemen of the Law in this City, eminent for their ability, and I herewith transmit a Copy of the opinion they have given.\nThe truth of that opinion as it respects the four last of the enumerated Sections must depend on the meaning of that clause of the thirty first Section of the same act which allows \u201cFor every entry of inward Cargo directed to be made in conformity to that act, and for receiving of, and qualifying to every manifest of vessels licensed to trade as aforesaid, sixty cents.\u201d The entry of an inward Cargo, and the receiving and qualifying to manifests, being coupled together by the word \u201cand\u201d appears to be parts of one Service, for which sixty Cents are allowed, of course where there is no Entry of inward Cargo one part of the Service is wanting, and therefore this allowance cannot apply.\nViewing that point in this light it is only necessary for me to add, that my own Judgement upon full reflection, corresponds in every particular with the opinion given to me, though I perceive that the consequence will be in some instances an unequal apportionment of reward to Service.\nBut it appears to me an important principle of public policy that allowances to officers should not be extended by implication or inference; as discretion on that head, must from the nature of the thing be liable to great abuses.\nAs far as the Construction now given may tend to a disparity between the Service and the compensation, I shall esteem it my duty, at a proper moment, to propose to the Legislature, an alteration of the Provision. In the mean time, that consequence must of necessity be disregarded.\nAnother Question which has been submitted to me, respects the mode of calculating the allowance in favor of Goods imported in American bottoms, specified in the fifth Section of the \u201cAct for laying a duty &c\u201d when those Goods are subject to duties ad valorem.\nThe following appears to me the true one. Add the rate per Cent specified in the seventeenth Section of the Collection Law, in the respected cases, to the Cost of the article at the place from whence it is imported. Calculate the duty according to its rate on that amount, and deduct from the amount of the duty so calculated ten per Cent.\nTo explain this by an example: Suppose Goods subject to a duty of five per Cent ad valorem, brought in an American bottom from England and the Cost there, one hundred Dollars: the process for ascertaining the duty payable on these Goods, would be this.\nDollars\nCents\nThe Cost of the Goods being stated at\nAdd to this Sum ten \u214c cent, agreably to the seventeenth Section of the Collection bill, which is\n And the amount Dollars\nUpon this Sum of One hundred and ten Dollars, to\nDolls.\nCents\nbe considered as the Value, at the time and place of Importation, compute the amount of the duty at the rate of five \u214c cent, which is\n\u2003\u2002Deduct from this amount ten \u214c Ct. on account of the goods being brought in an American bottom\n\u2003\u2002There remains\nDollars\nwhich sum of Four Dollars and ninety five Cents is the true amount of the duty to be paid in the case supposed.\nA third question regards the mode of calculating the discount allowed for prompt payment by the nineteenth Section of the Collection Law. That is whether it ought to be on the technical or arithmetical principle of discount or on that of a simple abatement or deduction. The difference between the two principles will best appear by an example: Suppose the duty on the article to amount to one hundred pounds and to be payable in six months.\nOn the first principle the calculation would be thus. As 105 is to 100 so is 100 to the sum which ought to be paid; say \u00a3 95. 4.9\u00b9\u2075\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2085.\nOn the second principle, there would be merely a deduction of five pounds from a hundred pounds, which would leave ninety five pounds to be paid.\nThe Result of the first calculation is the true present value of One hundred pounds payable in six months allowing the interest or value of money to be ten per Cent per Annum: as may be proved\nby adding to\n\u2003\u200210 \u214c Cent \u214c annum for six months or\nResult\nIndependent of usage or the common apprehension of the thing, I should not hesitate to pronounce in favor of that principle not only because the Revenue would benefit by it, but chiefly because it answers to what appears to me in the abstract to be the true question\u2014that is what sum ought to be paid now for a given sum payable six months hence; allowing money to be worth ten Per Cent \u214c annum.\nBut not withstanding this Bias of my judgment I am induced to decide in favor of the other mode, for the following reasons.\nFirst because I find upon full inquiry that the common understanding of the thing among men of business is agreable to it.\nSecondly, because the usage of business is in most cases conformable to it: particularly the general practice of banks.\nThirdly because in the practice of the british Customs, where similar allowances are to be found in the laws (though perhaps with some difference of expression) there has been an uniform adherence to this mode.\nAnd lastly Because in conformity to the prevailing sense, far the greater number of our officers of the Customs, if my Information be right, have adopted it.\nThe most obvious or popular sense of the words of a law, are always of great force in their Construction. And it is to be apprehended that a departure from them in the present instance would not only have the aspect of too much refinement; but if contested would in deference to the general understanding & usage be overruled by the Courts.\nIn mentioning the practice of the british Customs I have two objects; one is to shew what has been the Construction among a nation from whom we derive our language & in a great measure our usages of business. The other to infer, that that practice may have given a Law-sense to the provision.\nIn a question of this kind where there are such strong reasons for a different decision, I have thought it fit to accompany my opinion with the Considerations upon which it has been formed.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedt. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, November 30, 1789. Asks \u201cwhether Bonds for Duties shall be put in Suit immediately after they shall fall due or whether one or more days notice shall be given.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-05-02-0368", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, [November\u2013December 1789]\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, November\u2013December, 1789]\nDear Sir\nAt our last interview you expressed a wish that I would make such remarks on the impost laws as in my opinion would have a tendency to increase the revenue in a way as little burdensome and as conformable to the wishes of the people as possible.\nThe cheerfulness discovered by the merchants in general doing business at this Port in paying the established duties on merchandise evinces to me that the system is in general right and that the impost is not on the whole too high even for the first experiment. There are however some complaints Madeira Wine stands at 18 Cents p Galn. all other wines at 10 Cents in this case small wines pay nearly 50 \u214c Cent duty while the best pays about 16 \u214c Cent. only. This will have a tendency to check the importation of the small wines and leave the inhabitants under the necessity of using those, in many instances, of a higher sale where a less wine would answer. Would it not on the whole be best to establish the duty \u214c centum ad valorem.\nIf it was intended by the law to give the preference to our own fisheries when 75 Cents was laid on each barrel of Pickled fish and 50 Cents on each Quintal of dryed fish imported in to the United States, the Fish so imported should not be intittled to the drawback if sent abroad within one year after their importation. There are many articles which in my opinion would bear a much higher impost than the ones with which they are now covered and it might be well to add it immediately was it not that a general excise will probably soon take place. The duty can in that way be better collected than then by impost if they are heavy. We can by a moderate impost secure the entery of the articles. When this is done we shall then have gained such a knowledge & controul of the articles as to make it difficult to evade payment of the excise. Under well constructed laws and a faithful execution of them I think it will not be difficult so to combine the operation of the impost & excise Laws as that they shall come in aid to each other and render the collection of the duties easey and certain. This view of the matter will prevent my making more than a general observation on duties on impost. That it is not enough in common cases to say that we ought to let people atone, that a regard to their interests will point out to them the line of conduct which they ought to pursue This I think is a very mistaken idea to those who have paid but little attention to the influence of long habits have upon the mind. People become prejudiced in favour of old pursuits & the long trodden path. They do not forsake their old employments and enter upon new ones with any kind of confidence and it is from necessity or some thing very alluring which will lead them in general to forsake a practice sanctified by time and endeared by long usage", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Lee, [1 December 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Henry\n[New York, December 1, 1789]\nMy Dear Friend\nI have just received your letter of the 16th instant.\nI am sure you are sincere when you say, you would not subject me to an impropriety. Nor do I know that there would be any in my answering your queries. But you remember the saying with regard to Caesar\u2019s Wife. I think the spirit of it applicable to every man concerned in the administration of the finances of a Country. With respect to the Conduct of such men\u2014Suspicion is ever eagle eyed, And the most innocent things are apt to be misinterpreted.\nBe assured of the affection & friendship of Yr.\nA Hamilton\nNew York December 1st 1789\nH Lee Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Randall and William Heyer, 1 December 1789\nFrom: Randall, Thomas,Heyer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, December 1, 1789. \u201cWe have been informed by the Pilots that the Beacon on Sandy Hook has been blown down, and entirely destroyed by the late Storm.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0006", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 3 December 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, December 3, 1789. Sends abstracts of all Maryland laws \u201crelated to Imposts, and Tonnage.\u201d Promises to send all \u201cActs which relate to other branches of the revenue.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 3 December 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, December 3, 1789. \u201c\u2026 not knowing whether it may not be expedient for you to draw for the Specie reported in my last weekly return, I have omitted, to remit the Bank Notes. If no Warrant from you should be presented in two days; I will remit the bank Notes by the next post.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0008", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 3 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[New York, December 3, 1789. On December 9, 1789, Willing wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe Reced your favor of the 3 Inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0009", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Stephen Smith, 4 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Smith, Stephen\nTreasury Department Decr. 4 1789\nSir\nYour letter of the 30th of October came to hand a few days since. Your transmission of the money in your hands to Boston, was influenced by prudent considerations, and corresponds in its general object with my instructions of the 20th ultimo of which I enclose a Copy. Yet, without meaning to censure, what was evidently dictated by proper motives, it is necessary I should remark that every unauthorised disposition of the Public money ought to be avoided.\nIt is impossible for me to authorise, or for the officers of the Customs to allow, the indulgence concerning which you desire my opinion; it would be a direct contravention of the last section of the Collection law, with which there is no discretion to dispense. The inconveniencies which may attend a prohibition, are proper only for the consideration of the Legislature.\nThat part of your letter which relates to your Bond has been communicated to the Comptroller, who I presume will forward a form by this Post.\nI am, Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nStephen Smith EsqrCollector for Machias", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Peter Anspach, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Anspach, Peter\nTreasury Department.Decr 5. 1789\nSir:\nEnclosed you will receive a Letter from Colo. Pickering late Quarter Master General of the Army: in which he desires you to make out a Statement of the Debts intended to have been provided for by the Anticipation made for the use of his Department, by the late Super Intendant of the Finances; and of the Claims remaining Unsatisfied under it. I have to desire that you would furnish me with a Copy of this Statement as soon as possible; and transmit the Original to Colo. Pickering in order that the same, if approved of and Countersigned by him, may be transmitted to me in his late official Capacity. It is of Importance to ascertain with as much Precision as possible, what, if any Part of these Debts have been taken up by the Respective State Commissioners, or settled as the Treasury by the Issue of Certificates. For which Purpose, you may (should you find it Necessary) have access to any papers in the Office of the Treasury, which may be proper for this Investigation. As the next Sessions of the Legislature (when this Paper will be Necessary) approaches fast, I wish to have it as soon as possible.\nI am Sir, Your obedt. Hble. Servt.\nA. HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nTo. Mr. Peter Anspatch.late an Assistant toColo Pickering Dep: Quar: Master General &a. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0013", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Beverley Randolph, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond December 5th. 1789.\nSir,\nI did myself the Honour on the 28th. of last Month to transmit to you an abstract of the Public Debt of Virginia. Lest by any Accident, that Letter should miscarry I now forward a Duplicate of it as well as of the Abstract.\nI beg leave to observe in addition to my former letter that there is a debt due from this state which is not included in the Estimate because it cannot be accurately stated.\nThis Debt arises from Warrants issued for militia and other services and for provisions &c. impressed for the use of the Army. These Warrants did not carry Interest but certain Taxes were specially levied for their redemption, which have not as yet taken up the whole of them nor can we say certainly whether the balances due from public Debtors on this score will be adequate to the purpose, although I believe the sum which may remain in the Hands of our Citizens after the Completion of the Collection will not be of great amount.\nI have &c.\nBeverley Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0015", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Davidson, 8 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Davidson, John\nTreasury Department, December 8, 1789. \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 24th of November and thank you for the information it contains.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0018", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Willing, 9 December 1789\nFrom: Willing, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBank of No America [Philadelphia] Dec 9. 1789\nSir,\nWe Reced your favor of the 3 Ins with its inclosures. One of the 15th being your Official Article of Agreement Respecting the third Loan being for twenty thousand Dollars the Recet of which you now acknowledge and say that the Treasr would by the same post send us a warrant for the Amot. We have only this moment Reced the Warrant from the Treasurer which has prevented our Returning [it] till this time; One of the Articles of Agreement confirmd under our Signature and Seal you now have it enclosed herewith.\nOur Cashier writes to Mr Meredith on a Subject not only very disagreeable but very injurious to the Circulation of Treasury dfts on the Collectors. The Drafts on Norfolk are Returnd this day under protest, to the very great detriment of the Gentlemen who bot them of us\u2014as you will be advised we beleive by Mr Sims himself.\nI have the honor to be Sir for the Prest Directors & Co of the Bank of No America \u2003 Your Obedt Servt\nAlexr Hamilton EsqrSecrety of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0019", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 14 December 1789\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, December 14, 1789. \u201cI have the Honor to enclose an account of monies we are now actualy in advance, on acct. of the united states, for support of the several establishments in the Bay and River Deleware, amounting to six hundred and Ten pounds Seven shillings and seven pence.\u2026 I need only add that being thus much in advance on account of the united states, we are left without means of complying with our other engagments now due, or of supporting the contingent expences of our office.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0022", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 16 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, December 16, 1789. \u201cThe Register of the Treasury transmitted to you lately in pursuance of my Directions \u2026 Registers for Vessels.\u2026 You will oblige me in distributing them with as much dispatch as possible.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0026", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHartford Decr 17th 1789\nDear Sir\nLast night a Man returned from Ruport in the State of Vermont with information that the two Cranes were their & had counterfeited the Bank Notes of New York. One of them had been taken & let go on his securing the party he had cheated, but the true reason for leting him go was that he was the Second in the business & a plan is laid to catch the principal but I shall delay sending after them till I see you when I will state to you all the facts I knew.\nThe Author of the Observer has in veiw to procure the good will of the Cittizens of this State to the National Government & to have the state debts adopted. He will go on if none of his projects oppose yours. Have you read him? The next week will produce an observer which proposes a Land tax & reprobates on [the] mode of Collection. I wish you would read them & if you find nothing which you disapprove say so.\nThe time draws near when Congress meet. I shall be called on for a Militia Bill\u2014you know who I expect it from. Hithertoo the Merchants of this State have been nearly unanimous in their support of the impost\u2014but they are greatly agitated at the prospect of being oblidged to pay the duties which arose before the Office was opened. Their will be so many Actions brot & such disgust given that I fear the evil will be greater than ye good. I am dear sir sincerly \u2003 Your freind\nJere Wadsworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States Decr. 17th. 1789.\nSir\nAs I am uncertain of the condition & even the Office in which the papers containing accounts of our disbursments for subsistence of British prisoners remain; and as it is not improbable that some negotiations may (whenever our Union under the General Government shall be completed) take place between the United States & Great Britain, in which an accurate understanding of those Accots. will become necessary\u2014I have therefore thot, proper to suggest the expediency of having some immediate attention paid to them.\nNotwithstanding, on as fair a statement of Expenditures as could now be made, much property must undoubtedly be lost by the United States for want of Vouchers and by reason of the negligence with which the business was conducted on our part; yet I was always impressed with an idea, that, under all these disadvantageous circumstances, a very considerable balance would still be found in our favor. My present wish is, to have the subject so far investigated, as that we might not commit ourselves, by bringing forward Accounts, which had better continue dormant. Shou\u2019d there be no danger of that Kind, it would then be desirable to have the business placed in a state, which might enable us to speak from a general knowledge of facts, and in a proper tone; in case a demand of the American posts held by the King of Great Britain should draw pecuniary subjects into discussion. I believe Lists of property carried away by the British, at the time when they evacuated the posts they had occupied during the late War, are lodged in the office of Foreign Affairs.\nI am sir \u2003 with great esteem \u2003 Your most obt. Servant\nG. Washington\nThe HonbleThe Secretary of the Treasury of the US.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0028", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[New York, December 17, 1789. On December 24, 1789, Willing wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI reced by the last post yours of the 17th Inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0029", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 18 December 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States Decr. 18th. 1789.\nSir\nI am directed by the President of the United States to send you the enclosed letter from General Hazen dated Decr. 16th. and likewise a Memorial from the same person of the 12th. inst. together with the Copy of a letter written by the Presidents command in answer to the enclosed Memorial.\nI have the honor to be with perfect consideration Sir Your most Obedt. Servt.\nTobias Lear.Secy. to the President U S.\nThe Honble The Secretary of the Treasury of the Ud. States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0030", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 18 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nTreasury Department, December 18, 1789. \u201cI have received your Letter of the 6th instant, with the laws of Virginia accompanying it.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0031", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 18 December 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department 18 Decr. 1789\nSir\nAs one of the periods for the payment of Bonds taken for Duties is arrived, it is proper that the respective Collectors should be apprised of my expectation with regard to the conduct to be observed by them. It is, that if the Bonds are not paid, as they fall due they be immediately put in Suit. On this point, the most exact punctuality will be considered as indispensable. And accordingly it will be expected that every bond, which shall appear in a Monthly return, after the period at which it was payable, be accompanied with a note at foot of the Return, signifying that it is in suit & expressing time of the commencement of the Suit. I am not unaware that the relaxations in this respect, which obtained in many instances un\u27e8der\u27e9 the State Laws, may give an Air of rigor to this Ins\u27e8truct\u27e9ion; but I consider its strict observance as essenti\u27e8al\u27e9, not only to the order of the finances, but even to the \u27e8pro\u27e9priety of the indulgence, which the Law allows \u27e8of\u27e9 procrastinated terms of payment of the Duties, an\u27e8d\u27e9 hence I regard this Strictness, as eventually mos\u27e8t\u27e9 convenient to Individuals, as well as necessary \u27e8to\u27e9 the Public.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedt. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0036", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 21 December 1789\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 21, 1789. \u201c\u2026 I have recd the different forms from the Comptroller and shall proceed immediately as therein directed, I would remark on two of them, that of the Tonnage Abstract directed to be countersigned by the N officer which I imagine was intended to be the Surveyor, for the N: O: has no documents to warrant him. In the weekly returns of Cash it is directed to specify in what the balle. on hand consists, such as Bank notes &c &c. on this I would observe, the 30th Secto restricts the Collector from receiving anything but specie.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 21 December 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, December 21, 1789. \u201c\u2026 I now inclose my Weekly Return to the 19th instant agreeably to the new Form leaving out Bonds &c. In the Forms recd. I do not observe any mention of Goods deposited for the security of the duties which the Law admits of. I shall therefore place them till otherways directed in Accots. with Bonds which I conceive will be the proper place for them. It has been contended by some importers that their Bonds given for Duties should bear date when the Amount of Duties could be ascertain\u2019d 5 to 15 days after the entry of the Vessel which in some instances when the goods could not be landed sooner I have complied with\u2014I should be glad of your directions on this point.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 22 December 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston Decr. 22 1789\nSir\nOn my return from Georgia I met on file in our office your questions concerning the navigations of the several States and foreign nations. An answer to those questions has been delayed from various causes. No one however has contributed more to produce it than a want of information in me, respecting some of them at the time I first saw them. I have since had an opportunity of knowing many facts relative to them, to which I was formerly a stranger; a knowledge of which was necessary prior to my attempting such an answer as I know you have a right to expect.\nOn your first question I would observe that the Ships built in the Massachusetts are so constructed as to combine the great objects of burthen, fast sailing & safe transportation. There is a point in which these unite. To fix it is the great art of building. Whether it has been fully investigated, or not, is quite uncertain. Although two vessels of equal tonage may not carry an equal burthen; yet the Ship carrying the least may be preferred, as the most valuable. The advantages arising from having a fast sailing Ship that will beat well to the windward and is what the mariners term a good sea boat are great. Such a Ship will have the preference to one which shall carry more if destitute of those advantages; for they will make a voyage in less time & with greater safety, therefore with more ease will they obtain freight; & the insurance will be much lower. We have here very few vessels from the Netherlands, Rusia, Denmark & Sweden; in consequence of which I am quite unable to determine their construction. Those from Great Britain & France do not differ very materially from those built in this State, which carry about as many tons in wight, as the Number of tons they measure.\n2d. Question\nAnswer The original cost of vessels built here varies according to the size of them. Those which are employed in the Cod fishery & coasting, from 45 to 100 tons, cost from five pounds ten, to six pounds \u214c ton. Those of one hundred and fifty tons will cost about seven pounds a ton. Those from one hundred and fifty, to two hundred and fifty, ten pounds \u214c ton, including sails rigging and all appurtenances.\nAnswer to the 3d Question\nThe vessels in this part of the State are built of white oak timber and planks, saving in some instances, timber of an inferior oak is put into the bottom of a vessel and some times used for Cieling planks. The decks are always of white pine. The standing masts are of white pine & the smaller sparrs generally of spruce. If our timber has been previously prepared by seasoning, or what is to be preferred soaked in sea water, for eight months, or a year, those particles of sap which soon become corrupt and produce early rottenness in the timber, are destroyed. Vessels built with materials thus prepared will last from twelve to fifteen years & with little repairs twenty years. The above observations refer to ships built in this State, at the westward of Penobscot river. The timber & planks of vessels built at the eastward of that, is generally black birch; the knees are spruce and the planks of the deck are white pine. The birch is a very handsome wood and, when the sap is taken off, as it should be in all cases, when used for timber, it very much resembles the mahogany. It is said that vessels built with this timber will indure as long as if built of the best white oak; but of this fact I have not all that proof which gives me full satisfaction. The British, however, seem much in favor of these vessels. A large number of them are annually built, in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, by the Carpenters hired from this State; upon the building of some of which, a very handsome bounty is given. I think these vessels would be better, if the builders would substitute some spruce planks in the place of the birch, which is very brittle and very liable to injury, in working; while the spruce is very tough and being a lighter wood a four inch plank of this might be used in the place of a three inch of birch. These planks will bear caulking exceedingly well and are not so liable to shrink and swell as the birch and oak.\nAnswer to the 4th. The larger vessels from one hundred and fifty tons and upward have been differently employed. Some between this State, great Britain & Ireland, Which make two voyages in a year. For three years past many have made voyages directly to the cape of Good-Hope, the Isle of France, Bourbon and the several parts of the heither India. There cargoes have consisted chiefly of lumber & provisions, such as beef butter, chiese, a few fish &c. For some of these vessels a market has been found, at the different ports. The greatest part of them return with coffe, cotten & other articles of produce; and some with manufactures, especially of the cotton. In a few instances vessels have proceeded to Canton, from whence they have returned with Bohea Teas & others of a better quality &c. The adventurers to the Isle of France, the theither Indies &c succeeded well the first year; but in the two last many have been unfortunate, owing principally to the markets being overstocked. Many vessels of the kind, above mentioned, are employed in the west India trade, (together with a number of Sloops & Schooners from seventy five, to one hundred & fifty tons). Some in exporting our prime fish to the European Markets. In these employments two voyages are made in a Year. A large number of our vessels from one hundred and Eighty tons & upward are employed in circuitous Voyages, first to the southern States, where they generally obtain freight for Europe. Many of those Vessels from the want of stock to procure cargoes more valuable return with salt, while some pass up the Baltic & thence return with Cargoes of Iron, duck, hemp &c. These make one voyage only in a year.\nAnswer to the 5th. Question\nVessels of one hundred and fifty tons are navigated by one seaman to eighteen tons and vessels above, one man to twenty tons. A large proportion of these should be good sea men; some may be taken from the plows.\nAnswer to the 6th & 7th Questions\u2014The pay of the master varies from twenty to fifty dollars \u214c month, being governed by circumstances, where he is not the assignee.\nMasters are some times allowed 3\u00a3 \u214c month and a priviledge in the Ship of 5\u214c Cent with other small perquisites. In voyages to the West Indies & Africa they are commonly the assignee, and receive a commission from 5 to 7\u00bd \u214c Cent upon sales and returns: and, when this doth not happen, they are sometimes allowed: primage on owners goods & those taken on freight: masters in European employments have six pounds \u214c month and a privilege in the vessel of 5 \u214c Cent and an allowance of two shillings & six pence \u214c day while in port abroad.\nThe pay of the mariners if from five to eight dollars pr. month. They are allowed, for subsistence, beef, pork, bread, and pulse; and, occasionally, sugar tea, coffe and rum.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0040", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 23 December 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department 23 Decr. 1789.\nSir\nMy opinion having been several times asked on the following points, I think it proper in order to produce uniformity of practice to convey it in a Circular Instruction.\nFirst\u2014Whether the tonnage of foreign vessels ought to be taken from the Registers, or ascertained by admeasurement according to the principles of the third Section of the act for registering &c.\nI am of opinion that the latter ought to be the case, not only because it is agreable to the letter of that Section which is general, but because it cannot be presumed that the Legislature intended to favor foreign vessels in this respect, which would be the case, if the Tonnage expressed in their registers should govern; as the mode of admeasurement prescribed by our law makes the Tonnage greater than that which prevails in other Countries.\nSecondly. Whether a vessel not licensed as a Coaster, or for the fishing trade, going from one district to another shall enter & pay tonnage at the last? And at what rate?\nI am of opinion that there must be an entry in each district and that the entry will draw with it the payment of Tonnage in each. But the rate will depend on the circumstances. If there be nothing to constitute a trading between the districts within the meaning of the last clause of the twenty third Section of the Coasting Act, the rate of tonnage in each district will be the same & will be determined by the particular description of the Tonnage Act, under which the Vessel may fall.\nBut if there be such a trading between the districts the rate of tonnage will be fifty Cents.\nThe question then is\u2014What is to be deemed a trading between the districts? Without attempting a precise definition of the thing, I will state, as a guide, some cases which in my opinion are, or are not so.\nFirst\u2014If a vessel arriving from abroad at one district with a Cargo proceeds with the whole or a part of that identical Cargo to another district, I do not conceive this to be a trading between the districts.\nSecondly\u2014If a vessel bound to a foreign port takes in part of her outward Cargo at one district and proceeds to another to take in another part of her outward Cargo, this also is not in my opinion, a trading between the districts.\nBut Thirdly\u2014If in any case a vessel not licensed as aforesaid take in a freight at one district to be delivered at another, this is to be deemed a trading between the districts and subjects her to the rate of foreign Tonnage.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedt. Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0041", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nNew York, December 24th, 1789.\nDear Sir,\nYour obliging favours of the 30th of November, and 16th instant, with the communications accompanying them, have been duly received.\nAccept my best acknowledgments for the attention you have paid to my request; and believe that I mean not a mere compliment, when I say that your compliance with it has procured me much useful information, and many valuable observations.\nI have not leisure to add more, than that I am, with sincere esteem and regard, dear sir, your obedient servant,\nA. Hamilton.\nTench Coxe, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0043", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay [District of Maine] December 24, 1789. \u201c\u2026 I wrote you the 20th. & the 25th. of November last.\u2026 In my last I gave you some particular information of the situation of this District. There is but one Vessel in this District at present that consists of more than 30 tons burden or thereabouts, our vessels are small and follow what we call shore fishing & as it is the law of the wise Congress that no foreign ship or vessel shall unload any foreign goods in this Dist. in consequence of which all vessels of that kind trade in other districts which makes the business of a Collector exceedingly small.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0044", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Beverley Randolph, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Beverley\nTreasury Department 24 Decr. 1789\nSir\nI have been duly honored with your favors of the 28th. of November & 5th. of December, with their inclosures. And I beg leave to make my acknowledgments for the attention which has been paid to their early transmission.\nI presume in the account transmitted the arrears of Interest have been added to the principal. Should the contrary be the case, permit me to request, that a statement of those arrears if any exist may be forwarded as speedily as possible.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great respect, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedt. & hble Servt.\nA HamiltonS of the Treasy\nHis ExcellencyBeverly Randolph Esqr.Govr. of the State of Virginia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0045", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Willing, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Willing, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] Dec 24th. 1789\nSir\nI reced by the last post yours of the 17th. Inst with all its enclosures respecting the protest of the Treasury Drafts on Norfolk & this day they have been laid before the Directors. I thank you for the trouble you have taken in your free and full explanation of this disagreeable transaction. The mistake made in the Office considering the early State of the business, was a natural One, & I think with you that Mr Lindsey should have paid the drafts & coverd himself under the directions, to the Collector of Norfolk especially with the additional circumstance, that he could not doubt the Signatures of either The Treasurer or Cashier. Its plain that he had the Money and therefore the conclusion must be, either that he was overcautious, being young in his Office, or else, that he meant it as a reproof to the Treasury for their mistake. However, I think you have Stated the whole transaction to him in such Strong & pointed terms, that his feelings must be roused and he will be more Cautious in future. Your resolution of calling on him for an explanation before any formal complaint was made to the president, was certainly proper, and I hope he may give you such satisfaction as to render Such complaint quite unnecessary. I now Send you Mr Hunters Letter of the 1st. of October with both the Original returns from Norfolk & Portsmouth & thank you for the having so confidentially troubled them for our Inspection. The duplicate letter for Mr Lindsey has been Sent forward with Some of the drafts which have been Sold to Mr Taylor\u2014but here too, perhaps Mr Lindsey may plead a misdirection, for you have not in these latter drafts, given the full description of him as Collector, which he takes when he Signs his Official returns, to which he adds\u2014Collectors Office Norfolk & Portsmouth. The Treasurer has only directed his drafts to him as Collector of Norfolk you\u2019l excuse me for mentioning this very trifeling Circumstance, it argues a Suspecion perhaps, which nothing could warrant, except Mr Lindsays past conduct\u2014which certainly marks him as a man of nice puntillio.\nI am Sir \u2003 Most respectfully \u2003 Yr Obdt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 25 December 1789\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Frenchman\u2019s Bay, District of Maine, December 25, 1789. On March 15, 1790, Jordan wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI did myself the pleasure to write you the 24th. 25th. & 29th. December.\u201d Letter of December 25 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0047", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 26 December 1789\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 26th 1789\nSir\nThe Cashier of the Banks receipts for  dollars is inclosed, with the opinion of some of our Merchants & Ship Carpenters on the Queries I had the honour of receiving from You. I expect further opinions from others which shall forward next post. In my return of Exports, You will have a thorough view of our Trade, as I shall give each place separate. Mr Bingham says he wrote You largely on the above subjects. I must once more Sir mention the pain I feel in being deprived making succh communications as I could wish being yet very unwell, & incapable of doing it in the manner I could wish. I am however much better, and hope soon to have sufficient strength to comply with every duty of my Office in Person.\nI have the honor to be &c\nS D\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Scott, 26 December 1789\nFrom: Scott, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Chester, Maryland, December 26, 1789. \u201cI beg the favor of you to give me your advice & direction in the following matter. A Ship arrives at Baltimore District, lands her Cargo and then comes into this District to load, brings a permit for that purpose from the office of Baltimore, the Ship\u2019s papers are stop\u2019t there, & the officers there oblige the Capt. of the Ship to return to their office for his clearance, and a refusal is made to clear or pay fees here. Is this agreeable to the Law?\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0050", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 28 December 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] December 28, 1789. \u201cBy the direction of the President of the United States, I have the honor to transmit to you all the letters & certificates which have come to his hands from, or relating to, Mr. Samuel Caldwell of Philadelphia upon the subject of his application for an Office under the United States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0051", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Mifflin, 28 December 1789\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, December 28, 1789. On December 31, 1789, Hamilton wrote to Mifflin: \u201cI have the honor of your letter of the 28th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 29 December 1789\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay [District of Maine] December 29, 1789. Repeats information contained in his letter of December 24, 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0054", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 29 December 1789\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, December 29, 1789. On January 25, 1790, Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe had the Honor to address you the 29 Ulto.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0055", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Anspach, 30 December 1789\nFrom: Anspach, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, December 30, 1789. Transmits an account of the debt owed by the United States to the creditors of the quartermaster general\u2019s department.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0056", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Clay, 30 December 1789\nFrom: Clay, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSavannah, December 30, 1789. \u201cI received your very obliging favour of the 2d. Octr last respecting a claim of the United States on me for a sum of money of the new emission & tho\u2019 under the peculiar circumstances of this business I can\u2019t think myself responsible yet \u2019tis my wish to see the United States secured in the same as soon as possible & shall do every thing in my power for that purpose. The person who received the money and appropriated it to his own use (as he says prompted by penury & want) is I am told at this time in very good circumstances & writes that he only waits to know what money will be received in payment & at what rate.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0057", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathaniel Fosdick, 30 December 1789\nFrom: Fosdick, Nathaniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Portland, District of Maine, December 30, 1789. On February 8, 1790, Hamilton wrote to Fosdick\u201cYour letter of the thirtieth of December, 1789.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0058", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 30 December 1789\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department Decr. 30. 1789.\nSir\nIn my Circular letter of the 31st. of October last I directed you to claim the duties which had arisen on Imports since the first day of August last, and prior to the organisation of the Customhouses in the respective districts, and if the same was controverted by the parties liable thereto to prosecute this claim to a legal determination.\nAs the decision in one case will probably form a rule in the others, it is my desire that no more than one action should be brought on this account (if any should be found necessary) and that in conducting it, you will not fail to observe (as I before recommended) all the moderation which is compatible with the end in view.\nIt is not necessary that the progress of the suit should be hastened at present, as it is highly probable that the subject will come under the consideration of the Legislature of their approaching meeting.\nI am, Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0059", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 31 December 1789\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Alexandria, Virginia, December 31, 1789. On February 12, 1790, Hamilton wrote to Lee: \u201cYour letter of the 31st. of December came duly to hand.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0060", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Mifflin, 31 December 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nTreasury Department, 31st Dec\u2019r, 1789.\nSir,\nI have the honor of your letter of the 28th instant, inclosing one to you from the Comptroller General of your State. I can only regret, that my delay has accrued, and take it for granted, that the business will receive all the dispatch which may be practicable.\nI shall be sorry if any inconvenience results to the public Creditors of your state from the cessation of the payment of Indents within the State; but I considered myself as going very far when I determined to continue such a number of officers at the public expence, perhaps in strictness, without authority, for the sole purpose of paying indents, even to the end of the present year, especially, as so much time had elapsed, during which the Creditors might have availed themselves of the provision. I will only add, that the exchanging of old certificates for new ones, and paying of Indents at the Treasury will go on as heretofore.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 With great respect, Sir, \u2003 your obedt. hble. Servt.,\nA. Hamilton,Sec\u2019y of the Trea.\nHis Excellency, Thos. Mifflin, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0061", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 31 December 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, December 31, 1789. Plans to send to Hamilton copies of Maryland\u2019s revenue laws, information \u201crespecting the Commerce and Shipping of this state,\u201d and the answers to Hamilton\u2019s \u201cdemands upon the subject of the Impost Laws.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0063", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, [1789]\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, 1789.] Discusses the difficulty of distinguishing between goods on which duties have been paid and those on which they have not been paid. Proposes a system of branding casks, chests, and boxes, and marking bales to prevent smuggling.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0064", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [1789\u20131795]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nMr. Hamilton will with pleasure execute the command of the President by the time appointed and have the honor of waiting upon him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0076-0002-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Schedule B, [31 December 1789]\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nSCHEDULE B\nA General Statement of the Foreign Loans, Shewing in Abstract, the Capital Sums Borrowed, and the Arrearages of Interest to the 31st December, 1789.\nCapital sums borrowed\nLivres.\nDollars.\nCts.\nOf the Royal French Treasury, on Interest at 5 per cent.\nIn Holland, guaranteed by the French Court, at 4 per cent.\nLivres,\nOf the Royal Spanish Treasury, at 5 per cent.\nLenders in Holland,\nFlorins.\nFirst Loan,\n5 per cent.\nSecond ditto,\n4 per cent.\nThird ditto,\n5 per cent.\nFourth ditto,\n5 per cent.\nFlorins,\nCapital,\nArrearages of Interest to 31st December, 1789.\nOn the French Loan.\n\u2007\u2007Livres.\nDollars.\nCts.\n1789, Jan. 1, Five Years Interest\non the\nSept. 3, Six do.\non the\nNov. 5, Four do.\non the\nOn the Spanish Loan.\nArrearages on the Spanish Loan of 174,011 Dollars,\nto 21st March, 1782, at 5 per cent.\nMarch 21, Seven Years Interest on do.\nTotal dollars,\nNote. There were certain parts of the Capital of the Dutch guaranteed Loan of 10,000,000 Florins, and of the French Loan of 18,000,000 Livres, which became due at the following periods, and remain unpaid, viz.\nDollars.\nCts.\nSept. 3, First Payment\nof the\nNov. 5, First do.\nof the\nSept. 3, Second do.\nof the\nthe same\nNov. 5, Second do.\nof the\nSept. 3, Third do.\nof the\nthe same\nNov. 5, Third do.\nof the\nDollars\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 31st Dec. 1789.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nTo the Arrearage of Interest to 31st December, 1789, above stated, Amounting to\nAdd one year\u2019s Interest from 1st January, to 31 December, 1789, on 186,427, dollars, and 69 cents, being the Amount Principal Sum due to foreign officers, employed in the service of the United States, which Interest is annually payable at the House of Mons. Grand Banker at Paris, at 6 per cent.\nArrearages of Interest to 31st December, 1789,\nDollars,\nThe above Addition was adverted to, after the conclusion of the Report; but as it makes no material difference, an alteration in consequence of it, is deemed unnecessary.\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0076-0002-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Schedule D, [31 December 1789]\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nSCHEDULE D\nAn Estimate of all the Interest Which Will Accrue on the Domestic Debt of the United States, From Its Formation to the 31st December 1790, of Such Partial Payments As Have Been Made on Account Thereof, and of the Balance Which Will Remain to be Provided for, to Pay Up the Interest Fully to That Period.\nDollars.\n\u2007Cts.\nThe total amount of interest arising on the loan-office debt, from the opening of the several offices in 1776, to the 31st of December, 1790,\nThe total amount of interest arising on the army debt, from the several periods of its drawing interest, to the 31st December, 1790,\nThe total amount of interest arising on certificates issued by the thirteen state commissioners, estimated at\nThe total amount of interest arising on certificates issued by the commissioners for the commissaries, quarter-masters, marine, cloathing and hospital departments, estimated at\nThe total amount of interest arising on the debt registered at the treasury, estimated at\nThe total amount of interest on debts entered in the treasury books, but for which certificates have not been issued by the Register, so as to become a part of the registered debt, estimated at\nTotal\nDollars.\n\u2007Cts.\nFrom this total amount of interest, the following deductions are to be made, viz So much paid on the loan-office debt, in old emission, equal to\nIn new emissions, as specie,\nIn bills of exchange, as ditto,\nSo much paid by the several states in indents, paid into the treasury on account of their quotas on the existing requisitions of the late Congress,\nSo much paid by the state of New-Jersey to their own citizens, on the domestic debt, not included in the schedule of taxes,\nSo much paid by the state of South-Carolina, being two years interest on 222,465 dollars, and 9\u201390ths, the amount of certificates issued to the line of that state, at 6 per cent. is\nTotal amount of Interest paid,\nDeduct three years interest, estimated in the foregoing, on 960,915 dollars, and 42\u2013100ths, being so much of the capital of the domestic debt received in payment for lands and other public property,\nTotal amount of deductions,\nLeaves a balance of thirteen million and thirty thousand one hundred sixty-eight dollars, and 20 cents, which will accrue on the domestic debt, and for which provision is to be made to pay the interest fully up to the 31st December, 1790,\nIt is to be observed, that as the certificates which have been issued for the principal of a debt of more than twenty-seven millions of dollars, are in themselves exceedingly numerous; and that as those several certificates bear an interest from different periods, it has not been practicable to form a statement of arrearages, but by ascertaining in the most accurate manner, the different periods of time from which the several parts of the domestic debt bear interest, and therefrom calculating the interest to 31st December, 1790.\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 31st December, 1789.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0087-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 27 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nParis Aug. 27. 1789.\nSir\nI am honoured with your favor of June 19. informing me that permission is given me to make a short visit to my native country, for which indulgence I beg leave to return my thanks to the President, and to yourself, Sir, for the expedition with which you were so good as to forward it after it was obtained. Being advised that October is the best month of the autumn for a passage to America, I shall wish to sail about the first of that month: and as I have a family with me, and their baggage is considerable, I must endeavor to find a vessel bound directly for Virginia if possible. My last letters to you have been of the 5th. and 12th instant. Since these I have received information from our bankers in Holland that they had money in hand sufficient to answer the demands for the Foreign officers, and for the captives: and that moreover the residue of the bonds of the last loan were engaged. I hereupon wrote to Mr. Grand for an exact estimate of the sum necessary for the officers. He had stated it to me as being 45,653 \u20b6-11s-6d a year, when I was going to Holland to propose the loan to Mr. Adams, and at that sum you will see it was stated in the estimate we sent you from Amsterdam. He now informed me it was 60,393 \u20b6-17s-10d a year. I called on him for an explanation. He shewed me that his first information agreed with the only list of the officers and sums then in his possession, and his last with a new list lately sent from the Treasury board on which other officers were set down who had been omitted in the first. I wrote to our bankers an account of this error, and desired to know whether, after reserving the money necessary for the captives they were in condition to furnish 254,000. \u20b6 for the officers. They answered me by sending the money, and the additional sum of 26,000. \u20b6 to complete the business of the medals. I delivered the bills to Messrs. Grand & co. to negociate and pay away, and the arrears to the officers to the 1st. day of the present year are now in a course of paiment. While on this subject I will ask that an order may be forwarded to the Bankers in Holland to furnish, and to Mr. Grand to pay the arrearages which may be due on the 1st. of January next. The money being in hand, it would be a pity that we should fail in paiment a single day merely for want of an order. The bankers further give it as their opinion, that our credit is so much advanced on the exchange of Amsterdam that we may probably execute any money arrangements we may have occasion for on this side the water. I have the honor to send you a copy of their letter. They have communicated to me apprehensions that another house was endeavoring to obtain the business of our government. Knowing of no such endeavors myself, I have assured them that I am a stranger to any applications on the subject. At the same time I cannot but suspect that this jealousy has been one of the spurs at least to the prompt completion of our loan. The spirited proceedings of the new Congress in the business of revenue has doubtless been the principal one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-06-02-0087-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Wilhelm and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard to Thomas Jefferson, 13 August 1789\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 13th. August 1789\nWe had the honor to remit Your Excellency\n\u00a3169,718.16 the 10th. Inst. in 23 Bills of Exchange and now inclose\n110,281.\u20074 in 22 Do. \u214c inclosed List.\ntogether \u00a3280,000 for accounts of the United States; being the Amount requisite for payment of the Arrears of Interest due to Foreign Officers and for completing the Article of Medals; The Receipt whereof We request Your Excellency\u2019s Acknowledgment to us, and to the Board of Treasury.\nYour Excellency was regularly acquainted by us, that One of the Conditions which the Necessities of the United States and the then state of their Credit compelled our Submission to, to raise Monies for Payment of the last Interests, was, A Freedom to the Subscribers for 200 Bonds, to receive during all the current Year as many Bonds as they might chose at the same price, until the whole of the last Loan should be run off; Facility which the Subscribers availed themselves of, to keep the Price of this Effect low, more so than Circumstances and their Solidity merited. Desirous of remedying this evil and to augment the Respectability of the Claims upon the United States, We proposed to a very few of the first Dealers in Loans, to reserve for their joint account the remaining 280 Bonds of this Loan, allowing them what time they chose to receive them, as We should have no immediate need of the Money. Impressed equally with us of the propriety of our Views, and the probability of their speedy Realisation, They readily consented, and We have now publickly declared We have no more Bonds for sale; Which will We trust, so enable them to better the Price and to establish the Credit of the United States, as to render practicable at a more reasonable rate, the Negotiation of any future Loans, the United States may think it their Interest or wish to open here, The success whereof can be but little if at all doubted, after the Organisation and Operation of their New Federal Government, Which We experience to have given already great Strength and Stability to their Credit; More especially when it is considered, that under Circumstances not only less encouraging but even sometimes dismaying, We have always paid the Interests to the Day, and by this constant regularity during Seven Years, the Money Lenders are so accustomed to the punctual Receipt of their Interests at our Houses, as well as confident of its Continuance that they now rank the Americans among the most certain and solid Effects circulating here; An Advantage We deem so improveable, that an Opportunity may soon offer for transferring at least a considerable Share of the Debt due by the United States to the Court of Versailles, An Object We Know Your Excellency and believe the United States to have much at heart, as independant of doing France at this Juncture a considerable service, by Payment of the debt due to that Country, without loss at least material to the United States. Its final Reimbursement by such Shifting, would be prolonged to a Period, when it must be supposed its Discharge will be very easy to the United States. In this Situation of Things, We are of opinion Your Excellency would do well, to obtain from the United States with the least possible delay, sufficient Powers to Your Excellency or His Successor, for negotiating this Business with the Court of Versailles, and passing the Bonds here, So that We might seize the first favorable Moment of putting the Plan into Execution. Should Your Excellency\u2019s Absence be for any length of time, and the Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires not be acquainted with Business of this Nature or competent to transact it, The necessary Powers might be given to us to pass the Bonds and settle the Matter with the French Ministry; To which We would readily attend, being desirous on all occasions, to evince our Zest to promote the Interests of the United States. We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obd & very hble Servts,\nWilhem & Jan WillinkN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0141", "content": "Title: Certificate of Clerkship for Joseph Strong, [20 January 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Strong, Joseph\n[New York, January 20, 1789]\nI certify that Joseph Strong has served a clerkship of three years in my office in the business of an Attorney and that he is of good moral character.\nAlexander Hamilton\nNew York January 20th 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0142", "content": "Title: Certificate of Good Character for Peter Ogilvie, [13 February 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ogilvie, Peter\n[New York, February 13, 1789. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description of this document reads: \u201ccertifying the character of Peter Ogilvie.\u201d Document not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0143", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Isaac Ledyard, [18 February 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ledyard, Isaac\n[Jamaica, New York, February 18, 1789]\nDr. Sir:\nI understand you are to have a meeting at this place to morrow on the subject of the ensuing elections and accordingly inclose you to be laid before the meeting an address to the Inhabitants of your Township in regard to the appointment of a Governor. It is much to be wished the meeting may agree with their fellow citizens in New York and come to a resolution on the subject\u2014For in Politics as in war the first blow is half the battle. The sooner we declare the better.\nI am on my way to Huntington as a Messen\u27e8ger\u27e9 from the committee of New York to the Supervisors of the two Count\u27e8ies\u27e9 who are to assemble there.\nYrs. with great regard\nA Hamilton\nJamaica Feby 18 89", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0144", "content": "Title: Conveyance to George Anthon, 25 April 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Anthon, George\nNew York, April 25, 1789. Conveys to Anthon in return for eight hundred pounds \u201cAll that certain messuage or dwelling house and lot of Ground situate lying and being in the dock Ward of the City of New York on the Easterly side of a Certain Street there called and known by the name of Broad Street.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0146", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Jones, [5 August 1789]\nFrom: Jones, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, August 5, 1789]\nThe Duties to be collected are imposed only upon Goods imported into the United States after the first of August. Consequently no Goods imported on or before that Day are charged with those Duties. And I am of Opinion that all such Goods may be carried to and landed at any other Port of the United States Duty free. The Act regulating the Collection of the Duties requires the Master or Person having the Charge or Command of any Ship or Vessel (Ships and Vessels of War excepted) coming into any Port of the United States to make Report, and deliver Manifests of the Loading to the Collector and take an Oath therein prescribed And provides that no Goods shall be unladen without a Permit. These Regulations are necessary to prevent Frauds; And in my Opinion apply as well to Vessels coming from one Port of the United States to another as to Vessels coming from a foreign Port and must be complied with by the master of all Vessels coming into this Port. I think all Goods imported into any of the United States on or before or since the first of august may be carried to any other port in the United States duty free. It may be doubtful what is an Importation, particularly whether a Vessel\u2019s going to a Port is an Importation of her Cargoe without entering or landing it But I should suppose that a Clearance from any Port of the United States under the present Regulations would be sufficient Evidence that the Goods cleared out had been imported into such Port.\nSamuel Jones\nNew York 5 August 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0148", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury OfficeNew York September 13th. 1789.\nSir\nMr. Duer my assistant goes to Philadelphia to transact some business with the bank there in which your co-operation will probably be wanted. He will give you the necessary explanations; and I doubt not will have your acquiescence in whatever may be requisite to complete his arrangments. The other principal Officers of the Department not being on the spot some informality may be unavoidable. But the necessity will justify it; and as soon as the Comptroller and Treasurer arrive, things will be put in their proper train.\nI am, Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury\nSharpe Delaney Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0150", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Jones, [September 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jones, Samuel\n[New York, September, 1789]\nI\nAre the duties recoverable on goods imported between the first of August and the time the custom house was organised in a state recoverable?\nII\nMay vessels arriving in any port leave that port without paying or securing the duties prior to the expiration of 48 hours and go where they please or not?\nIII\nMay they only go prior to the same period to another state?\nIV\nMay they after that period go to another state? If in any case must it appear that they were originally bound to that other state or not.\nV\nCan a vessel go from one district to another in the same state before or after the 48 hours without paying or securing the duties in the first district?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0152", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jedediah Huntington, 7 October 1789\nFrom: Huntington, Jedediah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom House N London [Connecticut]7 Octor. 1789\nSir\nI have this day the Honour of receiving your Letter of the 1st. inst. Upon my entering into Office I found the Light house at this Port furnished with Oil for three or four days only and no Provision made for further Supply. I immediately purchased a little for temporary use and have since laid in a Stock for the Winter. The Light House is built of Stone & the walls are good but the Roof was very leaky and that & the inner work in a ruinous Condition. I therefore thought it prudent to have a thorough Repair of the Roof which will be completed as soon as I can procure some more Sheet Lead. The Lamps requires abt. Eight hundred Gallons of Oil in a year which costs abt. three hundred Dollars & 50 dols the hire of a Man to tend the Lamps & contingent Expences arise to abt. 100 dollars yearly. The Superintendance of the whole was under the State Naval Officer. I am willing to take the Charge of it for the present. Sir\nI remain most respectfully \u2003 your obedt. Servant\nJ H\nThe Genl. Assembly of this state last May ordered some Buoys to be fixed in the Harbour but nothing has been done in Consequence of their Act although the Merchants are very anxious that it should be complied with.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0153", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Wadsworth, [9\u201315 October 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\n[New York, October 9\u201315, 1789]\nCol Hamilton requests Col Wadsworth as often as convenient to make inquiry and take minutes of the circumstances relating to the navigation of different nations\u2014the construction and quality of their ships with respect to bulk duration and expedition\u2014the expence of materials construction & equipment\u2014the number of men with which they are navigated\u2014the wages to the seamen, subsistence &c., so as to form a general idea of the comparitive advantages for navigation between this and other countries.\nAH", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0154", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jedediah Huntington, [11 October 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Huntington, Jedediah\n[New York, October 11, 1789. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0155", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 17th 1789\nSir\nAs some of the Circular Letters to the Collectors of the Different Ports containing an Instruction to receive Notes of the Bank of New York, as well as of that of North America\u2014may have been sent to you among others, either through hurry, or from its having been blended with other matters which were equally applicable to you\u2014You will be pleased to understand that so much of any such instruction as relates to the Notes of New York is inapplicable to you, being inconsistent with the arrangements taken with the Bank of North America.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedient Servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nSharp Delany EsquireCollector of the CustomsFor Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0156", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jedediah Huntington, 29 October 1789\nFrom: Huntington, Jedediah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew London [Connecticut] October 29, 1789. \u201cHaving just returned from the Genl Assembly of this state where a public Engagement called me & the post going out I have only to acknowledge the Honour of your several Communications.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0157", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, [October 1789]\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, October, 1789.] Sends \u201cEstimate of Debts contracted by the State of Connecticut during the late War and remaining unpaid September 1, 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0159", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 21 November 1789\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] 21st. November 1789.\nSir\nUpon the River Powtomack there are five Collectorships, two in Maryland and three in Virginia. I will forbear to give my opinion till more mature consideration, what alterations ought to be made, but, at present I can venture to say that they are not all necessary, either for mercantile convenience, or for the better collection of the revenue. The distance from Georgetown to Alexandria is seven miles and from Alexandria to Dumfries twenty five miles. The trade of the Powtomack being dispersed and not brought to a point does not appear to a stranger to be so considerable as it really is, and especially the exports are immensely great. From the highest tide water which is about twelve miles from this Town to the mouth of the river 160 miles from thence to the Capes is  miles from the highest tide water to Fort Cumberland (which is expected to be made navigable for boats and the work is already considerably advanced and in a probable way of success) is  miles. The extensive country through which this river passes is remarkably fertile and well inhabited with industrious and healthy people. The trade of the Powtomack is considerable now\u2014at this moment there are 40 sea vessels at this Town and what is very pleasing it is daily increasing. I observe by the Judiciary establishments that the State of Virginia is made a district whereby this river is a boundary, and its inhabitants are remote from the places of holding the Courts and from the Officers of such Courts. This will be found very inconvenient to the Revenue Officers in cases of seizure as well as to the Merchants. To send 100 miles or perhaps 150 miles in all cases for the process of the Court and to the officers of the court will be very expensive and tedious for though the district Judge may hold a Court for some purposes whenever he shall please yet the inconveniences in the first instance will not be removed. While Virginia remains a district some parts of it will be subject to great expenses and inconveniences and as I conceive it to be too large for a speedy and energetic execution of the continental laws, it ought to be otherwise modified from what it is now. As to the Powtomack Country an agreeable form at once offers itself for a district and the other part of Virginia will be as large as a district should be. Let the western shore of Maryland and the northern neck of Virginia make a district: the law of the revenue might then be executed with certainty dispatch and convenience and unless this should be done I fear many offences will probably pass unprosecuted and unpunished on account of the trouble and expense which will arise to prosecutors and witnesses. Some time ago I had occasion to seize a cask of wine of mean quality it happened to be and not of the value of fifty dollars. The owner was content that the same should be forfeited, and therefore by his consent it may perhaps be sold as condemned goods. To have prosecuted for this under the present system, would have cost more than the wine would sell for. This also may serve to show that though a district court be appointed for the Country on the Potowmack which is almost the unanimous wish of its inhabitants there should be some tribunal more convenient than a district court to try seizures under the value of a certain sum for instance 200 dollars. The district I am suggesting is larger than the State of Maryland, and the eastern shore of Maryland might be united (as indeed it is by nature) to Delaware State\u2014such a modification in this as well as other instances would tend to confirm and consolidate the powers of the present government of the United States. Under the state laws the bonded duties were recoverable in a summary way in our courts, viz: on ten days notice and motion. By the act of congress it seems they are to be sued for in the ordinary and tardy forms of law which is a mode of recovery that will be unseasonable some time hence I apprehend. I have been at a loss in what manner the Bonds were to be made payable and I now enclose a copy of the form used in my Office which appeared to me to be the most proper. I have not allowed any discount on the bonded duties and shall act according to your letter on this subject. Under the State regulations there were two sloops employed concerning the revenue which were armed with a few small cannon and swivels and manned with a few Marines, they drew a small depth of water being intended to penetrate as high as possible up all our tide waters and were under the direction of the executive who occasionally sent them whenever it might be required and generally employed them in the Bay and at the mouths of the great rivers. I think the expense of these vessels, was about six thousand dollars annually and I am of opinion that such an establishment would be of use in preventing frauds that I fear will otherwise be attempted some time hence upon the revenue when the Bonds shall be coming due. The masters of these vessels were in duty bound to examine such vessels as they met with and to know whether the laws had been complied with by inspecting the papers on board each vessel: three vessels would be sufficient for Maryland and Virginia, whether the vessels belonging to Virginia have been sold or not I am not sure but I believe they have been sold. At this port there was in use under that state laws a small row boat for the purpose of boarding vessels which I think is necessary in order that upon an emergency the public officers may not be dependent on the courtesy of others, this boat cost one hundred dollars and one person was hired to take care of her and was paid by the public Officer. As the public revenue hath not yet needed a boat the business having been conducted without much difficulty or embarrassment I have not applied for it, and shall wait your orders as to purchasing any boat of this kind. The 16th section of the act to regulate the collection of the duties &c which obliges all vessels to stop at the mouth of our river viz: at St Mary\u2019s or Yeocomico excited a general uneasiness and complaint among the merchants and others on the Patowmack. The regulations was conceived to have a most injurious effect in diverting foreign commerce to Baltimore or Norfolk, where it might freely go without any similar interruption. The regulation was thought useless and unnecessary with respect to protecting the public revenue from fraud or evasion of the laws. It was thought oppressive and detrimental to the merchants, as it would create delay and expense to their vessels in their voyages as it would expose their ships in time of bad weather to danger, as in case of a mistake in the master it would be very troublesome, embarrassing and tedious to rectify the same in consequence of the great distance from their residence to the mouth of the river; for no entry can be made but exactly according to the certified manifest. It was moreover thought partial as a similar regulation was not made as to other parts of America to which with equal reason it might have been applied for example the river Delaware, and to many it appeared unaccountable as the Virginia representatives well knew that a regulation somewhat like it had been made by one assembly and repealed by the next after a trial and conviction of its impropriety impolicy and injustice. These sentiments produced a memorial from the people of the Patomack to the Congress who suspended this obnoxious regulation till May next but they still hope it will be repealed at the next session as in their opinion it will produce the most ruinous consequences to their commerce. For my own part I have no difficulty in declaring that this regulation appears to me to be useless as to the public revenue oppressive as it respects the merchants and in itself unjust and offensive for its partiality. The allowances of drawbacks under any terms is objectionable as it will tend to introduce confusion in the Custom House books than which nothing ought to be more plain and correct. I will only observe at present that the term of twelve months is unreasonably long for the exportation of dutied goods. Under the State laws only three months was allowed. It is thought by some uncertain what fees are due in some cases to the surveyor and in this respect a collector is placed in a most disagreable situation. On the one hand he is liable to public censure or perhaps to individual loss or punishment if he demands and receives for the surveyor any fees not lawfully due and on the other hand he is liable to a suit from the Surveyor if he omits to receive all that is due. I own if the surveyors fees were ever so explicitly ascertained, I should feel it the most irksome part of my duty to be his cashier and clerk and therefore wish that the law could be so altered as to make the Surveyor his own receiver subject in cases of difference with the masters of vessels to the direction of the Collector. I have no difficulty with respect to the fees due to a collector, they being plainly expressed: But the Surveyor of my district conceives and others think with him, that every Licensed Vessel coming from one district into another should pay a fee of two thirds of a dollar to the Surveyor and also all fees under the coasting law: my opinion is that a Licensed Vessel ought not to pay any fees excepting directed by the coasting law. The fee of two thirds of a dollar claimed by the Surveyor is under the collection law which I think does not apply to licensed Vessels. I am uneasy that the Surveyor here may possibly be losing any thing to which the law entitles him and there being no counsel for the United States to whom I could apply to with propriety on this subject I have taken the liberty to make this representation hoping that your instruction will settle the doubt. I have been induced to do this also because in a public point of view, it is important that it be universally understood what are the fees of the public Offices that there may be a uniformity. I must beg pardon for this long letter which I fear will be more tiresome than useful and am Sir most respectfully your obedt. servant,\nCharles Lee.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0160", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Smith, 21 November 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Smith, Thomas\nTreasury Department Novr. 21st. 1789\nSir\nIn Consequence of your Application, I have this day issued a warrant in your Favor on the Treasurer of the United States for 22.250 Dollars in Indents of Interest, which he is directed to forward without Delay.\nI am, Sir, Your Obedt. & humble Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nFor Thomas Smith Esqr.Commr. of the Loan-Office for the State of Pensilvania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0161", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Peyton Short, [1 December 1789]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, Peyton\n[Treasury Department, December 1, 1789. In his \u201cMemd. Book begun the 6th March 1792,\u201d Short stated: \u201cWrote a Letter in Ansr. to one recd. from the Secy of the Treasy. of the U. S. acquainting him with my resignation & desiring him to acquaint the President therewith, provided he has not recd. my letter to him, to the same effect. The above Letter from the Secy. of the Treasy. dated \u2018Treasury Departmt. Decr. 1st. 1789.\u2019\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0162", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] December 24, 1789. \u201c\u2026 Having sent a copy of your queries to some of the principal merchants in this state, I have the answer of one of them Mr. Alexander Donald of Richmond, this Gentleman formerly and since the American Independence has been extensively engaged in the Commerce of this State, and I take the liberty to enclose his letter as one containing a description of our Trade.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0164", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 31 December 1789\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] 31st. December 1789.\nSir!\nThe people here concerned in trade have been long accustomed to a due execution of Impost laws and have been in the habit of punctuality in payment of their duties so that I hope there will seldom be occasion to apply to legal remedies. Your instruction as expressed in your letter to me of the 18th. Instant shall be duly obeyed. A Vessel which was Registered in Rhode Island in the year 1787 and appears to be the property of two Citizens of that State and one of Virginia claims the benefit of the Act passed the 16th. September 1789, so as to pay only American Tonnage and to have a deduction of ten per cent on the Duties on the Goods, but as the vessel is not the property of Citizens of Rhode Island only, I am at a loss what ought to be done. It has been treated as an American Vessel as to the Tonnage, which I apprehend is an error. There have several instances occurred at this Office which have exposed me to some uneasy sensations as my conduct has appeared rigid, and the Merchants have not been well pleased. I have demanded from an American Vessel lately Registered at New York, and transporting American produce from that District to this without a License, the same Tonnage as a foreign Vessel in such a case is liable to pay, that is to say 50 Cents per Ton. under the 23rd Section of the Coasting Law. The New Yorkers particularly think it hard on them, because they come from the Metropolis where the Laws should be best understood, and they were not told at the Custom House there, that a License was necessary, or useful on such a Voyage.\nI am, most respectfully Sir! \u2003 Your most Obedt. Humble Servant.\nCharles Lee, Collectorat Alexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/02-01-02-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jedidiah Huntington, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Huntington, Jedediah\n            Treasury Department. Octr. 13th. 1789\n          I am favord with your Letter of the 7th. in Answer to mine of the 1st. I approve of the Measures you have taken relative to the Lighthouse\u2014and shall be obliged to you to SuperIntend whatever relates to this Business, for the present; taking Care that the Disbursements be made with \u0152conomy; and that the accounts for the same be regularly Vouched\u2014\n          I am, Sir, Your most Obedt. Humble Servant.\n            Alex Hamilton\n            Secy of the Treasury\n          Jedh. Huntingden Esqr. Collector for the Port of New-London\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 1st. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201447 at Noon and 47 at Night. Clear Morning and wind tho\u2019 not much of it at No. Wt.\u2014clear all day & pleasant. Went out after breakfast to lay of or rather to measure an old field which is intended to be added to Muddy hole Plantation\u2014after which marked out a line for the New road across from the Tumbling Dam to little Hunting Creek to begin [th]e Post and rail fence on.  In the Evening Mr. Bushrod Washington & his wife and Miss Polly Blackburn came in.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 3d. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning 40 at Noon and 40 at Night. Wind still at No. Et. with the same kd. of weather as yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 4th. Thermometer at 40 in the morning\u201444 at Noon and 40 at Night. In the Morning the Wind was at So. West but soon shifting to No. Wt. it cleared and was tolerably & not cold overhead but exceedingly sloppy & deep under foot. The Revd. Mr. Fairfax came here in the evening and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 6th. Thermometer at 31 in the Morning\u201444 at Noon and 40 at Night. In the Morning the Wind was Southerly\u2014but it soon shifted to No. west. Rid to the Ferry & Frenchs Plantations\u2014and to Dogue run and Muddy hole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Wednesday 7th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201439 at Noon and 39 at Night. Calm all day, but raw & chilly. Went up to the Election of an Elector (for this district) of President & Vice President when the Candidates polled for being Doctr. Stuart and Colo. Blackburn the first recd. 216 votes from the Freeholders of this County and the second 16 Votes. Dined with a large company on venisen at Pages Tavn. and came home in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 9th. Thermometer at 28 in the Morning\u201431 at Noon and 27 at Night. Wind fresh from No. Wt. all day and cold\u2014in the evening calm. Finished gathering Corn this day only at French\u2019s\u2014quantity  Barrels of yellow which is an indifferent sort\u2014much shrivelled & rotten.  Barrls. of White Corn of the kind had in 1787 from Colo. Richard Henry Lee and  Barrls. of rotten or faulty. I remained at home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 10th. Thermometer at 28 in the Morning\u201429 at Noon and 28 at Night. Wind Southerly, but cold notwithstanding. At home all [day.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 11th. Thermometer at 25 in the Morning\u201427 at Noon and 27 at Night\u2014Abt. Nine Oclock last Night it began to Snow, and continued to do so, more or less all Night & till about 10 oclock to day when it ceased but did not clear. The ground was covered about 4 Inches deep.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Monday 12th. Thermometer at 16 in the Morning\u201425 at Noon and 25 at Night\u2014Clear and cold\u2014with the Wind at No. Wt.\u2014towards Night it lowered again. This day sowed Clover & Timothy Seed (6 pints of the first & 2 of the latter on an acre) at bothe the Ferry & Muddy hole Plantations\u2014On the Wheat\u2014beginning at the South end of the field at the Ferry and by the Gate at Muddy hole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 13th. Thermometer at 25 in the Morning\u201428 at Noon And 29 at Night. Wind at So. Wt. with a mixture of Snow, hail, and sometimes drops of Rain till about Noon when the Clouds broke and the weather promised to be fair.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 14th. Thermometer at 29 in the Morning\u201432 at Noon and 30 at Night. Variable wind, with a little Snow in the Morning but clear about Noon. The Sleet, or hail that fell yesterday making a hard crust on the Snow to day, I discontinued sowing grass-Seeds as they could not bury themselves, & were liable to be blown of the surface of the Snow and drifted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 15th. Thermometer at 26 in the Morning\u201430 at Noon and 27 at Night\u2014Clear (with the Wind at No. Wt.) till after Noon when the Weather lowered with appearances of Snow. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry and Frenchs and to Dogue run & Muddy hole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 16th. Thermometer at 21 in the Morning\u201426 at Noon and 26 at Night. Clear all day; with the Wind at No. Wt. in the forenoon, & So. Wt. in the Afternoon. Brought from Dogue run Plantation 15 Mares which were supposed to be with fold; and one that was thought not to be so to the Mann. Ho. Left 3 there to be added to the Plow horses\u2014sent one to Muddy hole\u2014and one to the Ferry for the same purpose And also brot. from the Ferry  Young Horses & Mares to the Mansion House to be fed. Began to put Ice into the Ice Ho. this day. Doctr. Craik dined here & returned to Alexandria afterwards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 17th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 32 at Night. Wind Southerly in the Morning & forenoon with great appearances of Snow\u2014Afternoon clear with the Wind at No. West. Rid to the Plantations in the Neck and at Muddy hole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 19th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201437 at Noon and 40 at Night. Heavy lowering Morning and little Wind\u2014drops of rain afterwards with the Wind at South and thawing. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry & Frenchs and to Dogue run and Muddy hole. At Muddy hole, finding the top of the Snow to be sufficiently softened\u2014I directed the Overseer to renew the sowing of grass Seeds on the Wheat.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 21st. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 42 at Night. Very heavy Morning, tho\u2019 last night was very clear\u2014more favourable afterwards but not perfectly clear. At home all day. Mr. Lund Washington dined here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 22d. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 32 at Night. Snowing, hailing & raining more or less all day\u2014with the Wind at No. Et.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 23d. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 37 at Night. Clear & calm in the Morning & continued to be so & very pleasant all day. Rid to the Ferry & French\u2019s Plantations and to Dogue Run & Muddy hole. At the first began to ditch across the New Meadow to inclose or rather seperate fields No. 1 & 2. At Dogue run the People were fencing in field No. 7. Doctr. Stuart came here to Dinner & stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 24th. Thermometer at 36 in the morning\u201440 at Noon and 40 at Night\u2014Morning heavy & lowering with the Wind at So.\u2014Moderate all day with Sun shine at times. Went into the Neck\u2014measured some fields there and laid off 8 Acres for Tobacco.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Sunday 25th. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning 40 at Noon and 40 at Night. Lowering more or less all day with rain after dark. Colonels Fitzgerald Lee & Gilpin dined here, and returned to Alexandria in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 26th. Thermometer at 45 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 44 at Night. A good deal of rain fell in the course of the Night\u2014Varable Winds & Weather through the day, with rain again at Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 28th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 32 at Night. Wind at No. Et. Raw & cold. About Noon it began to Snow & continued to do so fast for about half an hour, but it soon disappeared\u2014and in the Night rained hard again. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry Frenchs & to those at Dogue run and Muddy hole. Renewed the Plowing in the two first\u2014in field No. 4 at the Ferry\u2014& finished breaking up field No. 5 at Muddy hole & began abt. Noon to plow No. 4 for Buck Wheat at the same place. Major Washington set out for Berkley to see his father who had informed him of the low state of health in which he was.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 29th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning\u201435 at Noon and 44 at Night. So. Wt. & very lowering all day\u2014towards Night it began to brighten a little and the sun set clear. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 30th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201435 at Noon and 34 at Night. Heavy morning with the Wind at No.\u2014which afterwards getting to No. Et. brought on a fine Snow which continued. Visited the Plantations at the Ferry & Frenchs and Dogue run & Muddy hole. At the first two added another Plow to their number.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0013-0031", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 31 January 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Saturday 31st. Thermometer at 29 in the Morning\u201426 at Noon and 27 at Night. The Snow which began yesterday afternoon continued without through the whole of last Night and till about Sun rising this Morning by which it was near a foot deep. Wind blowing hard all day from No. Wt. it became very cold.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0014-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 February 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 1st. Thermometer at 14 in the Morning\u201422 at Noon And 20 at Night. Clear morning with the Wind at No. Wt. where it continued fresh & very cold, all day. Mr. & Mrs. Herbert\u2014Mr. & Mrs. Young and Mr. George Calvert came here to Dinner and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0014-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 February 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 2d. The Mercury was in the Ball of the Thermometer in the Morning\u2014at 26 at Noon and 20 at Night. Mr. Herbert and Mr. Young and their Ladies went away after breakfast. I went up to the Election of a Representative to Congress for this district. [V]oted for Richd. Bland Lee Esqr. Dined at Colo. Hooes & returned home in the afternoon. On my way home met Mr. George Calvert on his way to Abingdon with the Hounds I had lent him\u2014viz.\u2014 \nVulcan\u2014& Venus\nFrom France\nRagman & two other dogs\nFrom England\nDutchess & Doxey\nFrom Philadelpha.\nTryal Jupiter & Countess\nDescended from the French Hounds", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0004-0014", "content": "Title: February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 1st. Thermometer at 14 in the Morning\u201422 at Noon And 20 at Night. Clear morning with the Wind at No. Wt. where it continued fresh & very cold, all day.\nMr. & Mrs. Herbert\u2014Mr. & Mrs. Young and Mr. George Calvert came here to Dinner and stayed all Night.\n   Hugh Young, a Baltimore merchant, assisted GW several weeks later by forwarding some Irish gooseberry cuttings that arrived for him in Baltimore (Young to GW, 16 Feb. 1789, and GW to Young, 3 Mar. 1789, DLC:GW).\nMonday 2d. The Mercury was in the Ball of the Thermometer in the Morning\u2014at 26 at Noon and 20 at Night.\nMr. Herbert and Mr. Young and their Ladies went away after breakfast.\nI went up to the Election of a Representative to Congress for this district. [V]oted for Richd. Bland Lee Esqr. Dined at Colo. Hooes & returned home in the afternoon.\nOn my way home met Mr. George Calvert on his way to Abingdon with the Hounds I had lent him\u2014viz.\u2014\nVulcan\u2014& Venus\nFrom France\nRagman & two other dogs\nFrom England\nDutchess & Doxey\nFrom Philadelpha.\nTryal Jupiter & Countess\nDescended from the French Hounds\n   All ten of Virginia\u2019s allotted representatives were elected today. The district in which Fairfax County was located also included King George, Stafford, Prince William, Loudoun, and Fauquier counties. Everyone qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly was entitled to vote in this election (HENINGWilliam Waller Hening, ed. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619. 13 vols. 1819\u201323. Reprint. Charlottesville, Va., 1969., 12:653\u201356). Richard Bland Lee, a Federalist, won and was subsequently reelected twice.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0001-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 April 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[16 April 1789] About ten o\u2019clock I bade adieu to Mount Vernon, to private life, and to domestic felicity; and with a mind oppressed with more anxious and painful sensations than I have words to express, set out for New York in company with Mr. Thompson, and colonel Humphries, with the best dispositions to render service to my country in obedience to its call, but with less hope of answering its expectations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0001-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 April 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[23 April 1789] The display of boats which attended and joined us on this occasion, some with vocal and some with instrumental music on board; the decorations of the ships, the roar of cannon, and the loud acclamations of the people which rent the skies, as I passed along the wharves, filled my mind with sensations as painful (considering the reverse of this scene, which may be the case after all my labors to do good) as they are pleasing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0001", "content": "Title: [April 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[16 April 1789] About ten o\u2019clock I bade adieu to Mount Vernon, to private life, and to domestic felicity; and with a mind oppressed with more anxious and painful sensations than I have words to express, set out for New York in company with Mr. Thompson, and colonel Humphries, with the best dispositions to render service to my country in obedience to its call, but with less hope of answering its expectations.\n   Although GW evidently kept a diary for at least part of the spring and summer of 1789, the diaries for this period have disappeared. Only two entries for these months are presently available, both in printed form. The entry for 16 April 1789 is taken from MARSHALL [3]John Marshall. The Life of George Washington, Commander in Chief of the American Forces, during the War which established the Independence of His Country, and First President of the United States. 5 vols. 1804\u20137. Reprint. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1850., 5:154; it also appears in SPARKSJared Sparks, ed. The Writings of George Washington; Being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and Other Papers, Official and Private, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts. 12 vols. Boston, 1833\u201337., 10:461. The entry for 23 April is from IRVINGWashington Irving. Life of George Washington. 5 vols. New York, 1857\u201359., 4:505\u20136.\n   On 4 Feb. presidential electors of those states which had ratified the Constitution\nwere scheduled to meet in specified cities to vote for the president and vice-president. The announcement of the results of the election was to be made by the new federal Congress, which was to convene in New York on 4 Mar. On the appointed day Congress failed to achieve a quorum and it was not until 6 April that the electoral votes were counted (DE PAUWLinda Grant De Pauw et al., eds. Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789-March 3, 1791. 20 vols. to date. Baltimore, 1972\u2013., 1:6\u201311). Throughout the month, however, reports reaching GW from various sources made it clear that his election was virtually a certainty, and he reluctantly began preparations to leave Mount Vernon, feeling, as he informed Henry Knox, not unlike \u201ca culprit who is going to the place of his execution, so\nunwilling am I, in the evening of a life nearly consumed in public cares, to quit a peaceful abode for an Ocean of difficulties\u201d (1 April 1789, DLC:GW). On 14 April Charles Thomson, secretary of Congress, arrived at Mount Vernon, bringing GW the awaited confirmation of his election. Thomson had \u201cleft New York on Tuesday, the 7th of the present month; and though much impeded by tempestuous weather, bad roads, and the many large rivers I had to cross, yet, by unremitted diligence I reached Mount Vernon, the seat of his excellency General Washington, on Tuesday, the 14th, about 12 o\u2019clock. I found his excellency at home; and after communicating to him the object of my mission and the substance of my instructions, I took an opportunity, on the day of my arrival, to address him as follows:\n   \u201c\u2018Sir, the President of the Senate, chosen for the special occasion, having opened and counted the votes of the electors in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives, I was honored with the commands of the Senate to wait upon your excellency with the information of your being elected to the office of President of the United States of America. . . .\n   \u201cTo this his excellency was pleased to make the following reply:\n   \u201c\u2018Sir, I have been long accustomed to entertain so great a respect for the opinion of my fellow-citizens, that the knowledge of their unanimous suffrages having been given in my favor, scarcely leaves me the alternative for an option. Whatever may have been my private feelings and sentiments, I believe I cannot give a greater evidence of my sensibility for the honor they have done me, than by accepting the appointment. . . .\n   \u201cUpon considering how long time some of the gentlemen of both Houses of Congress have been at New York, how anxiously desirous they must be to proceed to business, and how deeply the public mind appears to be impressed with the necessity of doing it immediately, I cannot find myself at liberty to delay my journey. I shall therefore be in readiness to set out the day after to-morrow, and shall be happy in the pleasure of your company\u2019\u201d (ASP, Miscellaneous,Walter Lowrie et al., eds. American State Papers. Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. 38 vols. Washington, D.C., Gales and Seaton, 1832\u201361. 1:5\u20136).\n   For the ceremonies attending GW\u2019s journey north and his reception in New York City, see FREEMANDouglas Southall Freeman. George Washington: A Biography. 7 vols. New York, 1948\u201357., 6:167\u201384; BAKER [2]William Spohn Baker. Washington after the Revolution: MDCCLXXXIV - MDCCXCIX. Philadelphia, 1898., 121\u201329; BOWENClarence Winthrop Bowen. The History of the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Washington as First President of the United States. New York, 1892., 19\u201336.\n[23 April 1789] The display of boats which attended and joined us on this occasion, some with vocal and some with instrumental music on board; the decorations of the ships, the roar of cannon, and the loud acclamations of the people which rent the skies, as I passed along the wharves, filled my mind with sensations as painful (considering the reverse of this scene, which may be the case after all my labors to do good) as they are pleasing.\n   Today\u2019s diary entry is a fragmentary account of GW\u2019s reception in New York City. The New York Daily Advertiser, 24 April 1789, was more explicit. \u201cYesterday arrived the illustrious George Washington, President of the United States, amidst the joyful acclamations of every party and every description of citizens. . . . The President was received at Elizabeth-Town, by a deputation of three Senators, five Representatives of the Congress of the United States, and three officers of the State and Corporation; with whom he embarked in the barge, built . . . and rowed by thirteen pilots of this harbour, dressed in white uniform; Thomas Randall, Esq. acting as cockswain.\n   \u201cNo language can paint the beautiful display made on his excellency\u2019s approach to the city. The shores were crouded with a vast concourse of citizens, waiting with exulting anxiety his arrival. His Catholic Majesty\u2019s sloop of war the Galviston, (Mr. Dohrman\u2019s) ship North-Carolina, and the other vessels in port, were dressed and decorated in the most superb manner. His excellency\u2019s barge was accompanied by the barge of the Hon. Gen. Knox, and a great number of vessels and boats from Jersey and New-York, in his train. As he passed the Galviston, he received a salute of thirteen guns, and was welcomed by an equal number from the battery. . . .\n   \u201cOn his excellencys arrival at the stairs, prepared and ornamented, at Murray\u2019s wharf, for his landing; he was received and congratulated by his excellency, the Governor of this State, and the officers of the State and Corporation, and [a] . . . procession was formed . . . followed by an amazing concorse of citizens.\n   \u201cThe procession advanced through Queen street to the house fitted up for the reception of his Excellency, where it terminated, after which, he was conducted without form to the house of Governor Clinton, with whom his Excellency dined. In the evening the houses of the citizens were brilliantly illuminated.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 2d. Dispatching Commissions &ca. as yesterday for the Judiciary. The Visitors to Mrs. Washington this evening were not numerous.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 3d. Sat for Mr. Rammage near two hours to day, who was drawing a miniature Picture of me for Mrs. Washington. Walked in the Afternoon, and sat about two Oclock for Madam de Brehan to complete a Miniature profile of me which she had begun from Memory and which she had made exceedingly like the Original.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 5th. Dispatched the Commissions to all the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; & to the Marshalls and Attorneys and accompanied them with all the Acts respecting the Judiciary Department. Exercised on horse back between the Hours of 9 and 11 in the forenoon and between 5 and 6 in the Afternn. on foot. Had conversation with Colo. Hamilton on the propriety of my\nmakg. a tour through the Eastern states during the recess of Congress to acquire knowledge of the face of the Country the growth and Agriculture there of and the temper and disposition of the Inhabitants towards the new government who thought it a very desirable plan and advised it accordingly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 7th. Exercised on horseback; & called on the Vice President. In the afternoon walked an hour. Mr. Jay communicated the purpt. of the Instructions received by Sir John Temple British Consul from the Duke of Leeds Secretary for Foreign affairs\u2014viz. Trade. How many foreign Vessels\u2014of what Nations\u2014whether from Europe or their Colonies. What Tonnage\u2014whether any and what difference between British and others\u2014what on American. What Port charges on foreign Vessels\u2014whether any and what difference &ca. What duties on foreign Goods\u2014whether any and what difference as to the Countries producing, and Vessels bringing them\u2014Number of Vessels built where &ca. Staple Commodities. Whether they encrease or diminish\u2014which\u2014in what degree\u2014and why. Manufactures\u2014What\u2014Where\u2014Whether and how encouraged. Emigrations\u2014From Europe in what numbers\u2014from where\u2014whether and how encouraged &ca. From United States\u2014to British and Spanish Territories &ca. Population\u2014whether generally, or partially encreasing or diminishing and from what causes. Justice\u2014Whether there be any, and what obstructions, and where, to the recovery of British Debts according to Treaty. Upon consulting Mr. Jay on the propriety of my intended tour into the Eastern States, he highly approved of it\u2014but observed, a similar visit wd. be expected by those of the Southern. With the same Gentlemen I had conversation on the propriety of takg. informal means of ascertaining the views of the British Court with respect to our Western Posts in their possession and to a Commercial treaty. He thought steps of this sort advisable, and mentioned as a fit person for this purpose, a Doctr. Bancroft as a man in whom entire confidence might be placed.  Colo. Hamilton on the same subject highly approved of the Measure but thought Mr. Gouvr. Morris well qualified.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 8th. Mr. Gardoqui took leave, proposing to embark to morrow for Spain. The following Company dined with Me to day. viz. The Vice-President his Lady & Son and her Niece with their Son in Law Colo. Smith & his Lady. Governor Clinton & his two eldest daughters\u2014Mr. Dalton and his Lady their Son in law Mr. Dubois and his lady and their other three daughters. In the Evening the Count de Moustier & Madam de Brehan came in and sat an hour. Mr. Madison took his leave to day. He saw no impropriety in my proposed trip to the Eastward; but with respect to the private agent to ascertain the disposition of the British Court with respect to the Western Posts & Commercial treaty he thought if the necessity did not press it would be better to wait the arrival of Mr. Jefferson who might be able to give the information wanted on this head\u2014and with me thought, that if Mr. Gouvr. Morris was employed in this business it would be a commitment for his appointment as Minister if one should be sent to that Court or wanted at Versailles in place of Mr. Jefferson\u2014and Moreover if either of these was his Wish whether his representations might not be made with an eye to it. He thought with Colo. Hamilton, and as Mr. Jay also does, that Mr. Morris is a man of superior talents\u2014but with the latter that his imagination sometimes runs a head of his judgment\u2014that his Manners before he is known\u2014and where known are oftentimes disgusting\u2014and from that, and immoral & loose expressions had created opinions of himself that were not favourable to him and which he did not merit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 9th. Exercised on horse-back between the hours of 9 and 11. Visited in my rout the Gardens of Mr. Perry and Mr. Williamson. Received from the French Minister, in Person, official notice of his having recd. leave to return to his Court and intended embarkation\u2014and the orders of his Court to make the following communication\u2014viz.\u2014That his Majesty was pleased at the Alteration which had taken place in our Government and congratulated this Country on the choice they had made of a Presidt. He added that he should take care to make a favourable representation of the present State of things here to his Master who he doubted not would be much pleased therewith. Hitherto he observed that the Government of this Country had been of so fluctuating a nature no dependence could be placed on its proceedings; whh. caused foreign Nations to be cautious of entering into Treaties &ca. with the United States\u2014But under the present Government there is a head to look up to\u2014and power being put into the hands of its Officers stability will be derived from its doings. The Visiters this evening to Mrs. Washington were respectable both of Gentlemen and Ladies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 10th. Pursuant to an engagement formed on Thursday last\u2014I set off about 9 Oclock in my Barge to Visit Mr. Prince\u2019s fruit Gardens & shrubberies at Flushing on Long Island. The Vice President\u2014Governor of the State, Mr. Izard, Colo. Smith and Majr. Jackson accompanied me. These Gardens except in the number of young fruit Trees did not answer my expectations\u2014The shrubs were trifling and the flowers not numerous. The Inhabitants of this place shewed us what respect they could, by making the best use of one Cannon to salute. On our return, we stopped at the Seats of General, and Mr. Gouvernr. Morris and viewed a Barn of which I have heard the latter speak much belonging to his farm\u2014but it was not of a Construction to strike my fancy\u2014nor did the conveniencies of it at all answer the cost. From hence we proceeded to Harlaem where we were met by\nMrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith\u2014Dined at the Tavern kept by a Captn. Mariner and came home in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 12th. Received the Compliments of the Count de Pentheve, commanding his most Christian Majestys Squadron in\nthe harbour of Boston\u2014these were sent by the Marquis de Traversy in the Active Frigate; who with all his Officers, were presented by the French Minister about One clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 15th. Commenced my Journey about 9 oclock for Boston and a tour through the Eastern States. The Chief Justice, Mr. Jay and the Secretaries of the Treasury and War Departments accompanied me some distance out of the City. About 10 Oclock it began to Rain, and continued to do so till 11, when we arrived at\nthe house of one Hoyatt, who keeps a Tavern at Kings-bridge  where we, that is Major Jackson, Mr. Lear and myself, with Six Servants which composed my Retinue, dined. After dinner through frequent light Showers we proceedd. to the Tavern of a Mrs. Haviland at Rye;  who keeps a very neat and decent Inn. The Road for the greater part, indeed the whole way, was very rough and Stoney, but the Land strong, well covered with grass and a luxurient Crop of Indian Corn intermixed with Pompions [pumpkins] (Which were yet ungathered) in the fields. We met four droves of Beef Cattle for the New York Market (about 30 in a drove) some of which were very fine\u2014also a flock of Sheep for the same place. We scarcely passed a farm house that did not abd. in Geese. Their Cattle seemed to be of a good quality and their hogs large but rather long legged. No dwelling Ho. is seen without a Stone or Brick Chimney and rarely any without a shingled roof\u2014generally the Sides are of Shingles also. The distance of this days travel was 31 Miles in which we passed through (after leaving the Bridge) East Chester New Rochel & Marmeroneck; but as these places (though they have houses of worship in them) are not regularly laid out, they are scarcely to be distinguished from the intermediate farms which are very close together and seperated, as one Inclosure from another also is, by fences of Stone which are indeed easily made, as the Country is immensely Stony. Upon enquiry we find their Crops of Wheat & Rye have been abundant\n\u2014though of the first they had sown rather sparingly on Acct. of the destruction which had of late years been made of that grain by what is called the Hessian fly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 16th. About 7 Oclock we left the Widow Havilands, and after passing Horse Neck [Greenwich] Six Miles distant from Rye, the Road through which is hilly and immensely stoney and trying to Wheels & Carriages, we breakfasted at Stamford which is 6 miles further (at one Webbs)  a tolerable good house, but not equal in appearance or reality, to Mrs. Havilds. In this Town are an Episcopal Church and a Meeting house. At Norwalk which is ten miles further we made a halt to feed our Horses. To the lower end of this town Sea Vessels come and at the other end are Mills, Stores, and an Episcopal and Presbiterian Church. From hence to Fairfield where we dined and lodged, is 12 Miles; and part of it very rough Road, but not equal to that thro\u2019 horse Neck. The superb Landscape, however, which is to be seen from the meeting house of the latter is a rich regalia. We found all the Farmers busily employed in gathering, grinding, and expressing the Juice of their Apples; the Crop of which they say is rather above Mediocrity. The Average Crop of Wheat they add, is about 15 bushels to the Acre from their fallow land\u2014often 20 & from that to 25. The Destructive evidences of British cruelty are yet visible both in Norwalk & Fairfield; as there are the Chimneys of many burnt houses standing in them yet. The principal export from Norwalk & Fairfield is Horses and Cattle\u2014Salted Beef & Porke, Lumber & Indian Corn, to the West Indies\u2014and in a small degree Wheat & Flour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 17th. A little after Sun-rise we left Fairfield, & passing through Et. Fairfield breakfasted at Stratford, wch. is ten Miles from Fairfield, and is a pretty village on or near Stratford Rivr. The Road between these two places is not on the whole bad (for this Country)\u2014in some places very gd. especially through Et. Fairfield wch. is in a plain, and free from Stone. There are two decent looking Churches in this place\u2014though small\u2014viz.\u2014an Episcopal and Presbeterian, or Congregationalist (as they call themselves). At Stratford there is the same. At this place I was received with an effort of Military parade; and was attended to the Ferry which is near a mile from the Center of the Town, by sevl. Gentlemen on horse back. Doctr. Johnson of the Senate visited me here, being with Mrs. Johnson in this Town (where he formerly resided). The Ferry is near half a Mile; and sometimes much incommoded by Winds and cross tides. The Navigation for Vessels of about 75\nTonns extends up to Darby, ten Miles higher, where it is said there is a pretty brisk trade. At Stratford they are establishing a Manufactury of Duck, and have lately turned out about 400 bolts. From the Ferry it is abt. 3 Miles to Milford, which is situated in more uneven and Stoney grd. than the 3 last Villages through wch. we passed. In this place there is but one Church, or in other words but one steeple\u2014but there are Grist & saw Mills and a handsome Cascade over the Tumbling dam; but one of the prettiest things of this kind is at Stamford occasioned also by damming the water for their Mills; it is near 100 yds. in width, and the water now being of a proper height, and the Rays of the Sun striking upon it as we passed, had a pretty effect upon the foaming Water as it fell. From Millford we took the lower road through West haven, part of which was good and part rough, and arrived at New haven before two Oclock; We had time to Walk through several parts of the City before Dinner. By taking the lower Road, we missed a Committee of the assembly, who had been appointed to wait upon, and escort me into town\u2014to prepare an Address and to conduct me when I should leave the City as far as they should judge proper. The address was presented at 7 Oclock and at Nine I received another address from the Congregational Clergy of the place. Between the rect. of the two Addresses I received the Compliment of a Visit from the Govr. Mr. Huntington \u2014the Lieutt. Govr. Mr. Wolcot  and the Mayor Mr. Roger Shurman. The City of Newhaven occupies a good deal of ground, but is thinly, though regularly laid out, & built. The number of Souls in it are said to be about 4000. There is an Episcopal Church and 3 Congregational Meeting Houses and a College in which there are at this time about 120 Students under auspices of Doctr. Styles. The Harbour of this place is not good for large Vessels\u2014abt. 16 belongs to it. The Linnen Manufacture does not appear to be of so much importance as I had been led to believe\u2014In a word I could hear but little of it. The Exports from this City are much the same as from Fairfield &ca. and flax seed (chiefly to New York). The Road from Kings bridge to this place runs as near the Sound as the Bays and Inlets will allow, but from hence to Hartford it leaves the Sound and runs more to the Northward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 19th. Left New haven at 6 oclock, and arrived at Wallingford (13 Miles) by half after 8 oclock, where we breakfasted and took a walk through the Town. In coming to it we passed thro East haven about mid way; after riding along the river of that name 6 Miles on which are extensive Marshes Now loaded with hay stacks\u2014the ride is very pleasant, but the Road is Sandy which it continues to be within a Mile of the Tavern (Carringtons which is but an ordinary house) at Wallingford. This and about five Miles of the Road beyond\u2014that is West of New haven\u2014is all the Sand we have met with on the journey. These Sandy Lands afford but ordinary Crops of Corn\u2014nor has the Crops of this grain East of Stratford River appeared so heavy as on the West side of it. The Lands (Stone being less) are in part enclosed with Posts & Rails. At this place (Wallingford) we see the white Mulberry growing, raised from the Seed to feed the Silk worm. We also saw samples of lustring (exceeding good) which had been manufactured from the Cocoon raised in this Town, and silk thread very fine. This, except the weaving, is the work of private families without interference with other business, and is likely to turn out a benificial amusement. In the Township of Mansfield they are further advanced in this business. Walling ford has a Church & two meeting houses in it, which stands upon high and pleasant grd. About 10 Oclock we left this place and at the distance of 8 Miles passed through Durham. At one we arrived at Middletown on Connecticut River being met two or three Miles from it by the respectable Citizens of the place, and escorted in by them. While dinner was getting ready I took a walk round the Town, from the heights of which the prospect is beautiful. Belonging to this place I was informed (by a Genl. Sage)  that there was about 20 Sea Vessels and to Weathersfield higher up 22 and to Hartford the like number. Other places on the River have their proportion, the whole amounting to about 10,000 Tonns. The Country hereabouts is beautiful and the Lands good. An average Crop of wheat from an Acre of fallowed Land is estimated at 15 bushels; sometimes\nthey get as high as 25 and 30 bushls. to the Acre from their best lands\u2014Indian Corn from 20 to 40 bushls. pr. Acre. Their exports are the same as from other places; together with Pot ash. Having dined, we set out with the same Escort (who conducted us into town) about 3 Oclock for Hartford, and passing through a Parish of Middletown & Weathersfield, we arrived at Harfd. about Sun down. At Weathersfield we were met by a party of the Hartford light horse, and a Number of Gentlemen from the same place with Colo. Wadsworth  at their head, and escorted to Bulls Tavern where we lodged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Wednesday 21st. By promise I was to have Breakfasted at Mr. Ellsworths at Windsor on my way to Springfield, but the Morning proving very wet and the rain not ceasing till past 10 Oclock I did not set out till half after that hour; I called however on Mr. Ellsworth and stay\u2019d there near an hour. Reached Springfield by 4 Oclock, and while dinner was getting, examined the Continental Stores at this place which I found in very good order at the buildings (on the hill above the Town) which belong to the United States. The Barracks (also public property) are going fast to destruction and in a little time will be no more without repairs. The Elaboratory, wch. seems to be a good building is in tolerable good repair and the Powder Magazine which is of Brick seems to be in excellent order and the Powder in it very dry. A Colo. Worthington, Colo. Williams (Adjutant General of the State of Massachusetts), Genl. Shepherd, Mr. Lyman and many other Gentlemen sat an hour or two with me in the evening at Parson\u2019s Tavern where I lodged and which is a good House. About 6 Miles before I came to Springfield I left the State of Connecticut and entered that of Massachusetts. The Distance from Hartford to Springfield is 28 Miles\u2014both on Connecticut River. At the latter the River is crossed in Scows, set over with Poles and is about 80 rod wide. Between the two places is a fall and ten miles above Springfield is another fall and others above that again\u2014notwithstanding which much use is made of the Navigation for transportation in flats of about five tonns burthen. Seven miles on this side Hartford is Windsor a tolerable pleasant but not a large Village. Between Windsor and Suffield you pass through a level, barren & uncultivated plain for several Miles. Suffield stands high & pleasant\u2014the Lds. good. From hence you descend again into another plain where the Lands being good are much better cultivated. The whole Road from Hartford to Springfield is level & good, except being too Sandy in places & the Fields enclosed with Posts & Rails generally their not being much Stone. The Crops of Corn, except on the Interval Lands on the River are more indifferent (tho\u2019 not bad) in the Eastern than we found them in the Western part of the State of Connecticut. There is a great equality in the People of this State\u2014Few or no oppulent Men and no poor\u2014great similatude in their buildings\u2014the general fashion of which is a Chimney (always of Stone or Brick) and door in the middle, with a stair case fronting the latter, running up by the side of the latter [former]\u2014two flush Stories with a very good shew of Sash & glass Windows. The size generally is from 30 to 50 feet in length and from 20 to 30 in width exclusive of a back shed which seems to be\nadded as the family encreases. The farms by the contiguity of the Houses are small not averaging more than 100 Acres. These are worked chiefly by Oxen (which have no other feed than Hay) with a horse & sometimes two before them both in Plow & Cart. In their light Lands and in their sleighs they work Horses, but find them much more expensive than Oxen. Springfield is on the East side of Connecticut River; before you come to which a large branch of it called Agawam is crossed by a Bridge. It stands under the Hill on the interval Land and has only one Meeting house\u201428 Miles from Hartfd.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 23d. Commenced our course with the Sun, and passing through Leicester met some Gentlemen of the Town of Worcester on the line between it and the former to escort us. Arrived about 10 Oclock at the House of  where we breakfasted\u2014distant from Spencer 12 Miles. Here we were received by a handsome Company of Militia Artillery in Uniform who saluted with 13 Guns on our Entry & departure. At this place also we met a Committee from the Town of Boston, and an Aid of Majr. Genl. Brooke of the Middlesex Militia who had proceeded to this place in order to make some arrangements of Military & other Parade on my way to, and in the Town of, Boston; and to fix with me on the hours at which I should pass through Cambridge, and enter Boston. Finding this ceremony was not to be avoided though I had made every effort to do it, I named the hour of ten to pass the Militia of the above County at Cambridge and the hour of 12 for my entrance into Boston desiring Major Hall, however, to inform Genl. Brookes that as I conceived there was an impropriety in my reviewing the Militia, or seeing them perform Manoeuvres otherwise\nthan as a private Man I could do no more than pass along the line; which, if he thought proper might be under arms to receive me at that time. These matters being settled the Committee and the Aid (Colo. Hall) set forward on their return and after breakfast I followed; The same Gentlemen who had escorted me into, conducting me out of Town. On the Line between Worcester and Middlesex I was met by a Troop of light Horse belonging to the latter, who Escorted me to Marlborough (16 Miles) where we dined, and thence to Weston (14 More where we lodged). At Marlborough we met Mr. Jonathan Jackson the Marshall of this State who proposed to attend me whilst I remained in it. A good part of the Road from Spencer to Worcester is Hilly, & except a little nearest the latter, very Stoney. From Worcester to Marlborough the road is uneven but not bad and from Marlborh. to Weston it is leveller with more Sand. Between Worcester & Marlborough the Town of Shrewsbury is passed and between Marlborough and Weston you go through Sudbury. The Country about Worcester, and onwards towards Boston is better improved & the lands of better quality than we travelled through yesterday. The Crops it is said have been good\u2014Indian Corn, Rye Buck Wheat & grass\u2014with Beef Cattle & Porke are the produce of their Farms.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 24th. Dressed by Seven Oclock, and set out at eight. At ten we arrived in Cambridge According to appointment; but most of the Militia having a distance to come were not in line till after eleven; they made however an excellent appearance with Genl. Brook at their Head. At this place the Lieutt. Govr. Mr. Saml. Adams, with the Executive Council met me and preceeded my entrance into town\u2014which was in every degree flattering &\nhonorable. To pass over the Minutiae of the arrangement for this purpose it may suffice to say that at the entrance I was welcomed by the Select men in a body, Then following the Lieutt. Govr. & Council in the order we came from Cambridge (preceeded by the Town Corps very handsomely dressed) we passed through the Citizens classed in their different professions, and under their own banners, till we came to the State House; from which, across the Street, an Arch was thrown; in the front of which was this Inscription\u2014\u201cTo the Man who unites all hearts\u201d and on the other\u2014\u201cTo Columbia\u2019s favourite Son\u201d and on one side thereof next the State House, in a pannel decorated with a trophy, composed of the arms of the United States\u2014of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts\u2014and our French Allies, crowned with a wreath of Laurel was this Inscription\u2014\u201cBoston relieved March 17th. 1776.\u201d This arch was handsomely ornamented, and over the Center of it a Canopy was erected 20 feet high with the American Eagle perched on the top. After passing through the Arch, and entering the State House at the So. End & [as]cending to the upper floor & returning to a Balcony at the No. end\u2014three\ncheers was given by a vast concourse of people who by this time had assembled at the Arch. Then followed an ode composed in honor of the President; and well sung by a band of select Singers\u2014after this three Cheers\u2014followed by the different Professions, and Mechanics in the order they were drawn up with their Colours through a lane of the People which had thronged abt. the Arch under which they passed. The Streets, the Doors, Windows & Tops of the Houses were crouded with well dressed Ladies and Gentlemen. The procession being over I was conducted to my lodgings at a Widow Ingersolls (which is a very decent & good house) by the Lieutt. Govr. and Council\u2014accompanied by the Vice-President where they took leave of me. Having engaged yesterday to take an informal dinner with the Govr. to day (but under a full persuation that he would have waited upon me so soon as I should have arrived) I excused myself upon his not doing it, and informing me thro his Secretary that he was too much indisposed to do it, being resolved to receive the visit. Dined at my Lodgings, where the Vice-President favoured me with his Company.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 25th. Attended Divine Service at the Episcopal Church whereof Doctor Parker is the Incumbent in the forenoon, and the Congregational Church of Mr. Thatcher in the Afternoon. Dined at my Lodgings with the Vice President. Mr. Bowdoin accompanied me to both Churches. Between the two I received a visit from the Govr., who assured me that Indisposition alone had prevented his doing it yesterday, and that he was still indisposed; but as it had been suggested that the expected to receive the visit from the President, which he knew was improper, he was resolved at all hazds. to pay his Compliments to day. The Lt. Govr. & two of the Council to wit Heath & Russel were sent here last Night to express the Govrs. Concern that he had not been in a condition to call upon me so soon as I came to Town. I informed them in explicit terms that I should not see the Govr. unless it was at my own lodgings.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 26th. The day being Rainy & Stormy\u2014myself much disordered by a Cold and inflamation in the left eye, I was prevented from visiting Lexington (where the first blood in the dispute with G. Britn.) was drawn. Recd. the Complimts. of many visits to day. Mr. Da\u27e8l\u27e9ton and Genl. Cobb dined with me and in the Evening I drank Tea with Govr. Hancock & called upon Mr. Bowdoin on my return to my lodgings.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 27th. At 10 Oclock in the Morning received the Visits of the Clergy of the Town\u2014at 11 went to an Oratorio and between that and 3 Oclock recd. the Addresses of the Governor and Council\u2014of the Town of Boston; of the President &ca. of Harvard College; and of the Cincinnati of the State; after wch., at 3 Oclock, I dined at a large & elegant dinner at Fanuiel Hall, given\nby the Govr. and Council, and spent the evening at my lodgings. When the Committee from the Town presented their Address it was accompanied with a request (in behalf they said of the Ladies) that I would set to have my Picture taken for the Hall, that others might be copied from it for the use of their respective families. As all the next day was assigned to various purposes and I was engaged to leave town on Thursday early, I informed them of the impracticability of my doing this, but that I would have it drawn when I returned to New York, if there was a good Painter there\u2014or by Mr. Trumbull when he should arrive; and would send it to them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 28th. Went after an early breakfast to visit the duck Manufacture which appeared to be carrying on with spirit, and is in a prosperous way. They have manufactured 32 pieces of Duck of 39 or 40 yds. each in a week; and expect in a short time to encrease it to . They have 28 looms at work & 14 Girls spinning with Both hands (the flax being fastened to their waste). Children (girls) turn the wheels for them, and with this assistance each spinner can turn out 14 lbs. of thread pr. day when they stick to it, but as they are pd. by the piece, or work they do, there is no other restraint upon them but to come at 8 Oclock in the Morning and return at 6 in the evening. They are the daughters of decayed families, and are girls of Character\u2014none others are admitted. The number of hands now employed in the different parts of the work is  but the Managers expect to encrease them to . This is a work of public utility & private advantage. From hence I went to the Card Manufactury where I was informed about 900 hands of one kind and for one purpose or another. All kinds of Cards are made; & there are Machines for\nexecuting every part of the work in a new and expeditious manr. especially in cutting & bending the teeth wch. is done at one stroke. They have made 63,000 pr. of Cards in a year and can under sell the Imported Cards\u2014nay Cards of this Manufactury have been smuggled into England. At 11 Oclock I embarked on board the Barge of the Illustrious Captn. Pentheve Gion, & visited his Ship & the Superb, another 74 Gun Ship in the Harbour of Boston, about 4 Miles below the Town. Going & coming I was saluted by the two frigates which lye near the Wharves and by the 74s after I had been on board of them; as also by the 40 Gun ship which lay in the same range with them. I was also saluted going & coming by the fort on Castle Isld. After my return I dined in a large Company at Mr. Bowdoins and went to the Assembly in the evening where (it is said) there were upwards of 100 Ladies. There appearance was elegant and many of them very handsome; the Room is small but neat, & well ornamented.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 29th. Left Boston about 8 Oclock. Passed over the Bridge at Charles Town and went to see that at Malden, but proceeded to the college at Cambridge, attended by the Vice President, Mr. Bowdoin, and a great number of Gentlemen: at this place I was shewn by Mr. Willard the President  the Philosophical Aparatus and amongst others Popes Orary (a curious piece of Mechanism for shewing the revolutions of the Sun, Earth and\nmany other of the Planets) \u2014The library (containing 13,000 volumes) and a Museum. The Bridges of Charles town and Malden are useful & noble\u2014doing great credit to the enterprizing spirit of the People of this State. From Boston, besides the number of Citizens which accompanied me to Cambridge, & many of them from thence to Lynn\u2014the Boston Corps of Horse escorted me to the line between Middlesex and Essex County where a party of Horse with Genl. Titcomb  met me, and conducted me through Marblehead (which is 4 Miles out of the way, but I wanted to see it) to Salem. The Chief employmt. of the People of Marblehead (Males) is fishing\u2014about 110 Vessels and 800 Men and boys are engaged in this business. Their chief export is fish. About 5000 Souls are said to be in this place which has the appearance of antiquity. The Houses are old\u2014the streets dirty\u2014and the common people not very clean. Before we entered the Town we were met, & attended by a Comee. till we were handed over to the Select Men who conducted us saluted by artily. in to the Town\u2014to the House of a Mrs. Lee where there was a cold Collation prepared \u2014after partaking of which we visited the Harbour\u2014their fish brakes for curing fish\u2014&ca. and then proceeded (first receiving an Address from the Inhabitants) to Salem. At the Bridge, 2 Miles from this Town, we were also met by a Committee\u2014who conducted us by a Brigade of the Militia, & one or two handsome Corps in Uniform, through several of the Streets to the Town or Court House\u2014where an Ode in honor of the President was sung\u2014an address presented to him amidst the acclamations of the People\u2014after which he was conducted to his Lodgings\u2014recd. the compliments of many differt. Classes of People \u2014and in the evening between 7 and 8 Oclock went to an assembly, where there was at least an hundred handsome and well dressed Ladies. Abt. Nine I returned to my Lodgings. The Road from Boston to this place is here and there Stoney tho\u2019 level; it is very pleasant: from most parts you are in sight of the Sea. Meads\u2014arable Land and Rocky hills are much intermixed\u2014the latter chiefly on the left. The Country seems to be in a manner entirely stripped of wood. The grazing is good\u2014the Houses stand thick. After leaving Cambridge at the distance of 4 Miles we passed through Mistick\u2014then Malden\u2014next Lynn (where it is said 175,000 pairs of Shoes (womens chiefly) have been made in a year by abt. 400 workmen). This is only a row of houses & not very thick on each side of the Road. After passing Lynn you enter Marblehead wch. is 4 Miles from Salem. This latter is a neat Town and said to contain 8 or 9000 Inhabitants. Its exports are chiefly Fish Lumber & Provisions.\nThey have in the East India Trade at this time 13 Sale of Vessels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 October 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 30th. A Little after 8 Oclock I set out for Newbury-Port and in less than 2 Miles crossed the Bridge between Salem and Beverly, which makes a handsome appearance, and is upon the same plan of those over Charles & Mistick Rivers; excepting that it has not foot ways as that of the former has. The length of this bridge is 1530 feet and was built for about \u00a34500 lawful money\u2014a price inconceivably low in my estimation, as there is 18 feet water in the deepest parts of the River over which it is erected. This Bridge is longer than that at Charles town, but shorter by  feet than the other over Mistick. All of them have draw bridges by which Vessels pass. After passing Beverley 2 Miles we come to the Cotton Manufactury which seems to be carrying on with Spirit by the Mr. Cabbots (principally). In this Manufactury they have the New Invented Carding and Spinning Machines\u2014one of the first supplies the work; and four of the latter; one of which spins 84 threads at a time by one person. The Cotton is\nprepared for these Machines by being first (lightly) drawn to a thrd. on the common wheel. There is also another Machine for doubling and twisting the threads for particular cloths. This also does many at a time. For winding the Cotton from the spindles, & preparing it for the Warp, there is a Reel which expedites the work greatly. A number of Looms (15 or 16) were at work with Spring shuttles which do more than dble. work. In short the whole seemed perfect, and the Cotton stuffs wch. they turn out excellent of their kind. Warp & filling both are now of Cotton. From this place with escorts of Horse I passed on to Ipswich about 10 Miles\u2014at the entrance of which I was met and welcomed by the Select Men and received by a Regemt. of Militia. At this place I was met by Mr. Dalton and some other Gentlemen from Newbury-port\u2014partook of a Cold Collation, & proceeded on to the last-mentioned place where I was received with much respect & parade, about 4 Oclock. In the evening there were Rockets & some other fire-works and every other demonstration to welcome me to the Town. This place is pleasantly situated on Merimack River, and appears to have carried on (here & about) the Ship-building business to a grt. extent. The number of Souls is estimated at 5,000.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0002", "content": "Title: October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 1st. Exercised in my Carriage in the forenoon.\nThe following company dined here to day. viz.\u2014\nMr. Read of the Senate, Colo. Bland and Mr. Madison of the House of Representatives\u2014Mr. Osgood and his Lady Colo. Duer his Lady and Miss Brown Colo. Lewis Morris & Lady\u2014Lady Christiana Griffin and her Daughter and Judge Duane & Mrs. Greene.\nMr. Thomas Nelson joined my Family this day.\nDispatched Many of the Comns. for the Judiciary Judges, Marshalls and Attorneys this day with the Acts.\n   George Read (1733\u20131798) was United States senator from Delaware. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, Read was a member of the Continental Congress 1774\u201377 and a delegate from Delaware to the Constitutional Convention where he represented the interests of the small states. He served in the Senate from 1789 to 1793 when he became chief justice of Delaware.\n   Theodorick Bland had been elected to the House of Representatives from Virginia in 1789.\n   James Madison had been elected to the House of Representatives from Virginia in 1789 with GW\u2019s quiet support. During the early months of his administration GW had frequently called upon Madison for advice on matters pertaining to appointments and protocol and requested his aid in drawing up such official papers as his first inaugural and other addresses and statements to Congress. In these months Madison assumed the role of an unofficial cabinet member and administration whip in the House (see BRANTIrving Brant. James Madison. 6 vols. Indianapolis, and New York, 1941\u201361., 3:276\u201389).\n   Samuel Osgood (1748\u20131813) had been a member of the Continental Congress\n1781\u201384 and of the Board of Treasury 1785\u201389. Although he opposed ratification of the Constitution, GW appointed him postmaster general 26 Sept. 1789, a post he retained until the federal government moved to Philadelphia in 1790. In 1786 he married Maria Bowne Franklin, widow of Walter Franklin of New York. Upon GW\u2019s arrival in New York he occupied a house facing Franklin Square built by Walter Franklin and now owned by Osgood. The house, \u201csquare, five windows wide, and three stories high,\u201d had previously been occupied by the president of the Continental Congress (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 117). Congress had ordered Osgood 15 April 1789 to \u201cput the same, and the furniture therein, in proper condition for the residence and use of the President of the United States, to provide for his temporary accommodation\u201d (Annals of CongressJoseph Gales, Sr., comp. The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States; with an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature. 42 vols. Washington, D.C., 1834\u201356., 1st Cong., 1st sess., 149\u201350).\n   William Duer (1747\u20131799) was born in Devonshire, Eng., educated at Eton, and served in India as aide-de-camp to Lord Clive. He emigrated to America in 1768 and settled in New York where he became active in business and politics. Duer was a member of the Continental Congress in 1777 and 1778 and in Mar. 1786 was appointed to the Board of Treasury. His appointment as assistant secretary of the treasury in 1789 was one of GW\u2019s more controversial appointments since Duer\u2019s speculative ventures had already excited the suspicions of the Antifederalists. In 1779 Duer married Catherine Alexander, usually called Lady Kitty, daughter of William Alexander, Lord Stirling.\n   Anne Brown (Browne), who was born in 1754, was a daughter of William and Mary French Browne of Salem, Mass. (Some members of the family dropped the \u201ce\u201d from the family name.) Her parents died while she was still a child and she was sent to New York to live with relatives. In Dec. 1773 she and her older half-brother William Burnet Browne visited Mount Vernon (see entry for 11 Dec. 1773). In 1764 William Burnet Browne married Judith Walker Carter, daughter of Charles Carter of Cleve in King George County. Browne and his family lived at Elsing Green in King William County, Va. In the early 1790s the Brownes\u2019 daughter Judith Walker Browne married GW\u2019s nephew Robert Lewis. Anne Brown (Browne) was a cousin of Lady Kitty Duer.\n   Lewis Morris (1726\u20131798), a half brother of Gouverneur Morris, was born at the family estate, Morrisania, in Westchester County, N.Y., and educated at Yale. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, he served in the Continental Congress 1775\u201377 and in the New York legislature 1777\u201381, and as a member of the New York Ratifying Convention he had vigorously supported the Constitution. In 1749 he married Mary Walton, daughter of Jacob and Maria Beekman Walton. At his father\u2019s death in 1762 Morris had received the half of the estate of Morrisania lying west of Mill Brook, and in 1789 he was still engaged in restoring his property which had been extensively damaged by the British during the Revolution.\n   Lady Christina (Christiana) Griffin (1751\u20131807) was the wife of Cyrus Griffin (1748\u20131810), a prominent Virginia jurist and the last president of the Continental Congress. In 1770 Griffin had married Lady Christina (Christiana) Stuart, daughter of John Stuart, sixth earl of Traquair, in Edinburgh. In Aug. 1789 Griffin had been appointed a member of the commission to negotiate with the southern Indians (see entry for 16 Nov. 1789) and was now absent from New York. In Feb. 1790 GW appointed him federal judge of the district of Virginia.\n   James Duane (1733\u20131797), of New York City, was a member of the Continental\nCongress from 1774 to 1783 where he was particularly active in financial and Indian affairs. He was mayor of New York City from 1784 to 1789 and a member of the New York Ratifying Convention where he strongly supported the Constitution. In 1759 Duane had married Mary Livingston, daughter of Robert Livingston, third lord of Livingston Manor. GW appointed him first federal judge for the district of New York in Sept. 1789.\n   Catharine Littlefield Greene (1755\u20131814), a native of Shoreham, R.I., had married Nathanael Greene in 1774. During the Revolution the Greenes became close friends of the Washingtons. Greene died in 1786, leaving a plantation in Georgia and a legacy of debt to his wife and five children. At\nthis time Mrs. Greene was spending part of her time in Newport, R.I., and part in New York City.\n   Thomas Nelson, Jr., was the son of Gov. Thomas Nelson of Virginia. Governor Nelson had died in Jan. 1789 leaving his wife and children impoverished and with extensive debts. David Stuart wrote GW, 14 July 1789, suggesting that some government position might be found for young Thomas. Since the governor had been an \u201cold friend and acquaintance,\u201d GW decided to appoint the young man as one of his secretaries, although \u201cI must confess there are few persons of whom I have no personal knowledge or good information that I would take into my family, where many qualifications are necessary to fit them for the duty of it\u2014to wit, a good address, abilities above mediocrity\u2014secresy and prudence\u2014attention and industry\u2014good temper\u2014and a capacity and disposition to write correctly and well, and to do it obligingly\u201d (GW to Stuart, 26 July 1789; GW to Nelson, 27 July 1789; Nelson to GW, 13 Aug. 1789, DLC:GW). Nelson resigned from GW\u2019s family in Nov. 1790 (Nelson to GW, 24 Nov. 1790, DLC:GW).\n   acts: These officers had been appointed under the provisions of \u201cAn Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States\u201d (1 STAT.Richard Peters, ed. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845 . . .. 8 vols. Boston, 1845-67. 73\u201374 [24 Sept. 1789]).\nFriday 2d. Dispatching Commissions &ca. as yesterday for the Judiciary.\nThe Visitors to Mrs. Washington this evening were not numerous.\n   Martha Washington held her levees, lasting about three hours, on Friday evenings at 8:00, and GW usually attended. \u201cShe gives Tea, Coffee, Cake, Lemonade & Ice Creams,\u201d Abigail Adams noted. \u201cThe form of Reception is this, the servants announce & Col. Humphries or Mr. Lear, receives every Lady at the door, & Hands her up to Mrs. Washington to whom she makes a most Respectfull courtsey and then is seated without noticeing any of the rest of the company. The Pressident then comes up and speaks to the Lady, which he does with a grace dignity & ease, that leaves Royal George far behind him. The company are entertaind with Ice creems & Lemonade, and retire at their pleasure performing the same ceremony when they quit the Room.\u201d Frequently the receptions were \u201cas much crowded as a Birth Night at St. James, and with company as Briliantly drest, diamonds & great Hoops excepted\u201d (Abigail Adams to Mary Cranch, 9 Aug. 1789, 5 Jan. and 27 July 1790, MITCHELLStewart Mitchell, ed. New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788\u20131801. Boston, 1947., 18, 35, 55).\nSaturday 3d. Sat for Mr. Rammage near two hours to day, who was drawing a miniature Picture of me for Mrs. Washington.\nWalked in the Afternoon, and sat about two Oclock for Madam de Brehan to complete a Miniature profile of me which she had begun from Memory and which she had made exceedingly like the Original.\n   John Rammage (1763\u20131802), a skilled miniature painter and silversmith, had been a lieutenant in the Royal Irish Volunteers in Boston in 1775 and subsequently served in the British army in Halifax and New York, where he settled after the Revolution. Rammage, an Irishman, was \u201ca handsome man of the middle size,\u201d a contemporary noted, who \u201cdressed fashionably . . . a scarlet coat with mother-of-pearl buttons\u2014a white silk waistcoat embroidered with colored flowers\u2014black satin breeches and paste knee buckles . . . a gold-headed cane and gold snuff box, completed his costome\u201d (DUNLAPWilliam Dunlap. History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States. 3 vols. 1834. Reprint. New York, 1965., 1:267\u201368). Rammage\u2019s debts eventually forced him to flee to Canada where he remained until his death. The miniature Rammage was working on today was probably the Betty Washington\u2014Stabler miniature, painted on ivory (see EISENGustavus A. Eisen. Portraits of Washington. 3 vols. New York, 1932., 2:487).\n   The marquise de Br\u00e9han and the comte de Moustier, who had visited GW at Mount Vernon in 1788 (see entry for 2 Nov. 1788) now lived in the Macomb House on Broadway, soon to be occupied by GW. Both Moustier and his sister were widely unpopular in the United States. \u201cWe have a French minister now with us,\u201d John Armstrong complained, \u201cand if France had wished to destroy the little remembrance that is left of her and her exertions in our behalf, she would have sent just such a minister: distant, haughty, penurius, and entirely governed by the caprices of a little singular, whimsical, hysterical old woman, whose delight is in playing with a negro child, and caressing a monkey\u201d (GRISWOLDRufus Wilmot Griswold. The Republican Court or American Society in the Days of Washington. New York, 1855., 93; see also John Jay to Jefferson, 25 Nov. 1788, JEFFERSON [1]Julian P. Boyd et al., eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 41 vols. to date. Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013., 14:291). The marquise was a skilled miniaturist and had worked on a portrait of GW on her visit to Mount Vernon in 1788. She may have begun the work from one of Houdon\u2019s busts in Paris, and continued it at her visit to Mount Vernon and at this sitting. \u201cHer painting was in cameo-relief in blue, white, and black, and looks like carved reliefs, though painted profiles. She made a number of copies\u201d (EISENGustavus A. Eisen. Portraits of Washington. 3 vols. New York, 1932., 2:454\u201355, 591\u201392).\nSunday 4th. Went to St. Pauls Chappel in the forenoon. Spent the remainder of the day in writing private letters for tomorrows Post.\n   St. Paul\u2019s Chapel, opened in 1766, was one of two Protestant Episcopal chapels which had been established when Trinity Church needed additional parish facilities (SMITH [4]Thomas E. V. Smith. The City of New York in the Year of Washington\u2019s Inauguration, 1789. 1889. Reprint. Riverside, Conn., 1972., 136). GW attended St. Paul\u2019s regularly in 1789 and early 1790, probably because the rebuilding of Trinity, which had been destroyed by fire in 1776, was not yet completed. When the new building, erected on its original site at Broadway and Wall Street, was consecrated in Mar. 1790, it contained a pew for the president, and GW frequently attended Trinity for the remainder of his stay in New York.\nMonday 5th. Dispatched the Commissions to all the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; & to the Marshalls and Attorneys and accompanied them with all the Acts respecting the Judiciary Department.\nExercised on horse back between the Hours of 9 and 11 in the forenoon and between 5 and 6 in the Afternn. on foot.\nHad conversation with Colo. Hamilton on the propriety of my\nmakg. a tour through the Eastern states during the recess of Congress to acquire knowledge of the face of the Country the growth and Agriculture there of and the temper and disposition of the Inhabitants towards the new government who thought it a very desirable plan and advised it accordingly.\n   GW had appointed Alexander Hamilton secretary of the treasury on 11 Sept. 1789.\nTuesday 6th. Exercised in a Carriage with Mrs. Washington in the forenoon.\nConversed with Genl. Knox (Secretary at War) on the above tour who also recommended it accordingly.\nSigned Letters of Instructions to the Governor of the Western Territory respecting the situation of matters in that Quarter. And authorized him, in case the hostile disposition of the Indians was such as to make it Necessary to call out the Militia, & time would not allow him to give me previous notice of it, to apply to the States of Virginia & Pennsylvania for a Number not exceeding 1500; one thousand of which to be taken from the former and 500 from the latter.\n   Henry Knox had been appointed secretary of war by GW 11 Sept. 1789.\n   letters of instructions: Section 5 of \u201cAn Act to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United States the establishment of the troops raised under the Resolves of the United States in Congress assembled, and for other purposes therein mentioned\u201d (1 STAT.Richard Peters, ed. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845 . . .. 8 vols. Boston, 1845-67. 95\u201396 [29 Sept. 1789]) authorized the president to call state militia into service if needed to protect the frontier from Indian raids. A copy of GW\u2019s letter to Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, is in DNA: RG 233, Records of Reports from Executive Depts.\u2014War Dept.\nWednesday 7th. Exercised on horseback; & called on the Vice President. In the afternoon walked an hour.\nMr. Jay communicated the purpt. of the Instructions received by Sir John Temple British Consul from the Duke of Leeds Secretary for Foreign affairs\u2014viz.\nTrade. How many foreign Vessels\u2014of what Nations\u2014whether from Europe or their Colonies.\nWhat Tonnage\u2014whether any and what difference between British and others\u2014what on American.\nWhat Port charges on foreign Vessels\u2014whether any and what difference &ca.\nWhat duties on foreign Goods\u2014whether any and what difference as to the Countries producing, and Vessels bringing them\u2014Number of Vessels built where &ca.\nStaple Commodities. Whether they encrease or diminish\u2014which\u2014in what degree\u2014and why.\nManufactures\u2014What\u2014Where\u2014Whether and how encouraged.\nEmigrations\u2014From Europe in what numbers\u2014from where\u2014whether and how encouraged &ca.\nFrom United States\u2014to British and Spanish Territories &ca.\nPopulation\u2014whether generally, or partially encreasing or diminishing and from what causes.\nJustice\u2014Whether there be any, and what obstructions, and where, to the recovery of British Debts according to Treaty.\nUpon consulting Mr. Jay on the propriety of my intended tour into the Eastern States, he highly approved of it\u2014but observed, a similar visit wd. be expected by those of the Southern.\nWith the same Gentlemen I had conversation on the propriety of takg. informal means of ascertaining the views of the British Court with respect to our Western Posts in their possession and to a Commercial treaty. He thought steps of this sort advisable, and mentioned as a fit person for this purpose, a Doctr. Bancroft as a man in whom entire confidence might be placed.\nColo. Hamilton on the same subject highly approved of the Measure but thought Mr. Gouvr. Morris well qualified.\n   Vice-President John Adams and his family were now living in a mansion on Richmond Hill, near Lispenard\u2019s Meadows at the corner of Varick and Van Dam streets (BOWENClarence Winthrop Bowen. The History of the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Washington as First President of the United States. New York, 1892., 18). \u201cThe House is situated upon a high Hill which commands a most extensive prospect. . . . You turn a little from the Road and enter a Gate. A winding Road with trees in clumps leads you to the House. . . . You enter under a piazza into a Hall & turning to the right Hand ascend a stair case which lands you in an other of equal dimensions of which I make a drawing Room. It has a Glass door which opens into a gallery the whole Front of the house which is exceeding pleasant. . . . The House is not in good repair, wants much done to it\u201d (Abigail Adams to Mary Cranch, 12 July 1789, MITCHELLStewart Mitchell, ed. New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788\u20131801. Boston, 1947., 17\u201318).\n   John Jay, secretary of foreign affairs under the Confederation, had been named chief justice of the Supreme Court by GW on 24 Sept. 1789. GW had appointed Thomas Jefferson secretary of state 25 Sept. 1789, but Jefferson was on his way to America from his post as United States minister to France before he could be notified and did not learn of his appointment until his arrival in Norfolk, Va., 23 Nov. 1789. Jay continued in charge of the State Department until Jefferson arrived in New York 21 Mar. 1790 (MALONE [2]Dumas Malone. Jefferson and His Time. 6 vols. Boston, 1948\u201381., 2:243, 254\u201355).\n   Dr. Edward Bancroft (1744\u20131821), a native of Westfield, Mass., studied medicine in England and was living in London in 1776 when he became an unofficial agent for the American commissioners in Paris and remained a confidant of Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane until the end of the war. At the same time, he was pursuing a highly successful career as a spy for the British ministry. Although considered ill-mannered and indiscreet by such contemporaries as John Adams (ADAMS [1]L. H. Butterfield, ed. Diary and Autobiography of John Adams. 4 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1961., 4:71\u201374), only Arthur Lee seriously considered his activities treasonable. In 1789 Bancroft was living in London.\n   Hamilton\u2019s suggestion was undoubtedly a welcome one to GW. In addition to his own frequent and pleasant contacts with Morris after the Revolution, Morris\u2019s abilities had been prominently displayed at the Constitutional Convention where he had led the fight for a strong and independent presidency. He was already in Europe, having arrived in Paris in early 1789 to attend to the problems arising out of business associate Robert Morris\u2019s tobacco contract with the Farmers General and to engage in a highly speculative attempt to purchase the American debt to France. Since the mission to Britain was unofficial, the appointment would not have to run the gamut of the Senate where there was considerable suspicion of Morris\u2019s political principles and personal morality. GW wrote Morris two letters 13 Oct. 1789 [1] [2] requesting that he undertake the unofficial mission to London to discuss with the British ministry the possibility of a commercial treaty between Great Britain and the United States and attempt to reach an understanding on the major grievances between the two countries: the failure of American citizens to pay debts owed to British creditors and the retention by the British government of seven frontier posts in American territory (WRITINGSJohn C. Fitzpatrick, ed. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745\u20131799. 39 vols. Washington, D.C., 1931\u201344., 30:439\u201342). On the same day the president sent Morris a personal request that he procure for him \u201cmirrors for a table, with neat & fashionable but not expensive ornaments for them;\nsuch as will do credit to your taste\u201d and \u201chandsome & useful Coolers for wine at & after dinner\u201d (DLC:GW).\nThursday 8th. Mr. Gardoqui took leave, proposing to embark to morrow for Spain.\nThe following Company dined with Me to day. viz.\nThe Vice-President his Lady & Son and her Niece with their Son in Law Colo. Smith & his Lady. Governor Clinton & his two eldest daughters\u2014Mr. Dalton and his Lady their Son in law Mr. Dubois and his lady and their other three daughters.\nIn the Evening the Count de Moustier & Madam de Brehan came in and sat an hour.\nMr. Madison took his leave to day. He saw no impropriety in my proposed trip to the Eastward; but with respect to the private agent to ascertain the disposition of the British Court with respect to the Western Posts & Commercial treaty he thought if the necessity did not press it would be better to wait the arrival of Mr. Jefferson who might be able to give the information wanted on this head\u2014and with me thought, that if Mr. Gouvr. Morris was employed in this business it would be a commitment for his appointment as Minister if one should be sent to that Court or wanted at Versailles in place of Mr. Jefferson\u2014and Moreover if either of these was his Wish whether his representations might not be made with an eye to it. He thought with Colo. Hamilton, and as Mr. Jay also does, that Mr. Morris is a man of superior talents\u2014but with the latter that his imagination sometimes runs a head of his judgment\u2014that his Manners before he is known\u2014and where known are oftentimes disgusting\u2014and from that, and immoral & loose expressions had created opinions of himself that were not favourable to him and which he did not merit.\n   Don Diego de Gardoqui, Spanish representative in the United States, lived in the Kennedy House at No. 1 Broadway where he entertained lavishly. Accompanied by his son and one of his secretaries, Gardoqui sailed for Bilboa on 10 Oct. on board the snow San Nicholas (Gaz. of the U.S., 14 Oct. 1789).\n   Abigail Adams (1744\u20131818), born in Weymouth, Mass., married John Adams in 1764. From 1784 to 1787 she was in Europe with her husband during his diplomatic service at The Hague and in Paris and London. The Adams family had moved in the summer of 1789 from their home in Braintree to Richmond Hill in New York City (see entry for 7 Oct. 1789). Abigail quickly became Mrs. Washington\u2019s staunch social ally in the new capital. \u201cWe live upon terms of much Friendship & visit each other often,\u201d Abigail noted. \u201cMrs. Washington is a most friendly, good Lady, always pleasent and easy\u201d (MITCHELLStewart Mitchell, ed. New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788\u20131801. Boston, 1947., 30). The Adams\u2019s son is either Charles Adams (1770\u20131800), who had accompanied the family to New York and was studying law\nwith Alexander Hamilton, or John Quincy Adams (1767\u20131848), also living at Richmond Hill. her niece: Louisa Smith, the daughter of Abigail Adams\u2019s brother William Smith, lived with the Adamses.\n   William Stephens Smith (1755\u20131816) had served as one of GW\u2019s aides-de-camp 1781\u201383 and had married the Adamses\u2019 daughter Abigail Amelia in London in 1786 while he was John Adams\u2019s secretary of legation. After touring Europe he returned to America in 1788 where he soon became heavily involved in land speculation. GW appointed him marshal for the district of New York in 1789.\n   George Clinton (1739\u20131812) had been governor of New York since 1777. A vigorous Antifederalist, he led the fight against ratification of the Constitution in the New York Convention. In 1789 he was the victor in a bitterly contested campaign against the Federalist candidate Robert Yates for the governorship. Clinton\u2019s two eldest daughters were Catharine Clinton (b.1770) and Cornelia Clinton (b.1774).\n   Tristram Dalton (1738\u20131817), merchant and farmer of Newburyport, Mass., graduated from Harvard in 1755, served in the Massachusetts legislature 1782\u201388, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1789. His wife was Ruth Hooper Dalton, daughter of Robert \u201cKing\u201d Hooper, a wealthy Marblehead, Mass., merchant. mr. dubois: The Daltons\u2019 daughter, Ruth Hooper Dalton, had married Lewis Deblois, a Boston merchant, 21 July 1789 (NEWBURYPORT VITAL RECORDSVital Records of Newbury, Massachusetts, to the End of the Year 1849. 2 vols. Salem, Mass., 1911., 2:125).\nFriday 9th. Exercised on horse-back between the hours of 9 and 11. Visited in my rout the Gardens of Mr. Perry and Mr. Williamson.\nReceived from the French Minister, in Person, official notice of his having recd. leave to return to his Court and intended embarkation\u2014and the orders of his Court to make the following communication\u2014viz.\u2014That his Majesty was pleased at the Alteration which had taken place in our Government and congratulated this Country on the choice they had made of a Presidt.\nHe added that he should take care to make a favourable representation of the present State of things here to his Master who he doubted not would be much pleased therewith. Hitherto he observed that the Government of this Country had been of so fluctuating a nature no dependence could be placed on its proceedings; whh. caused foreign Nations to be cautious of entering into Treaties &ca. with the United States\u2014But under the present Government there is a head to look up to\u2014and power being put into the hands of its Officers stability will be derived from its doings.\nThe Visiters this evening to Mrs. Washington were respectable both of Gentlemen and Ladies.\n   \u201cPerry\u2019s garden was on the west side of the Bloomingdale road, west of the present Union Square. [David] Williamson\u2019s was a flower and nursery garden,\nand a place of public resort, on the east side of Greenwich Street, extending about three squares up from Harrison Street\u201d (BAKER [2]William Spohn Baker. Washington after the Revolution: MDCCLXXXIV - MDCCXCIX. Philadelphia, 1898., 149).\n   The comte de Moustier had written to John Jay on 6 Oct. 1789 requesting an appointment to take leave of the president since he had received permission to return to France to improve his health and attend to private business (DNA: RG 59, Domestic Letters). Moustier sailed for France around 12 Oct. (SMITH [4]Thomas E. V. Smith. The City of New York in the Year of Washington\u2019s Inauguration, 1789. 1889. Reprint. Riverside, Conn., 1972., 243).\nSaturday 10th. Pursuant to an engagement formed on Thursday last\u2014I set off about 9 Oclock in my Barge to Visit Mr. Prince\u2019s fruit Gardens & shrubberies at Flushing on Long Island. The Vice President\u2014Governor of the State, Mr. Izard, Colo. Smith and Majr. Jackson accompanied me.\nThese Gardens except in the number of young fruit Trees did not answer my expectations\u2014The shrubs were trifling and the flowers not numerous.\nThe Inhabitants of this place shewed us what respect they could, by making the best use of one Cannon to salute.\nOn our return, we stopped at the Seats of General, and Mr. Gouvernr. Morris and viewed a Barn of which I have heard the latter speak much belonging to his farm\u2014but it was not of a Construction to strike my fancy\u2014nor did the conveniencies of it at all answer the cost.\nFrom hence we proceeded to Harlaem where we were met by\nMrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith\u2014Dined at the Tavern kept by a Captn. Mariner and came home in the evening.\n   William Prince\u2019s Linnean Botanic Garden at Flushing, Long Island, had been established by his father, also William Prince, in 1737. Although Prince\u2019s extensive nurseries for plants and trees had been severely decimated by British depredations during the Revolution, the gardens and orchards had largely recovered by 1789, and GW often ordered fruit for his table from Prince (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 62, 93).\n   Ralph Izard (1742\u20131804) was born near Charleston, S.C., and owned extensive lands in the state. When the Revolution began Izard was traveling in Europe and in 1777 Congress appointed him commissioner to Tuscany. He was never received at that court and the time until his recall in 1779 was spent in Paris squabbling with Benjamin Franklin over his accounts and his diplomatic prerogatives. He returned to America in 1780, served in the Continental Congress 1782\u201383, and was United States senator from South Carolina 1789\u201395. A staunch Federalist, his connection with GW dated from 1780 when he had visited the commander-in-chief at headquarters (see GW to Samuel Huntington, 6 Sept. 1780, DNA:PCC, Item 152).\n   seats of general, and mr. gouvernr. morris: Lewis Morris was now living on the portion of Morrisania, the family estate, lying west of Mill Brook, which he had received under the terms of his father\u2019s will. On the elder Lewis Morris\u2019s death in 1762, the eastern half of the estate and the manor house went to Morris\u2019s second son, Staats Long Morris, although Morris\u2019s second wife, Sarah Gouverneur Morris, and her children were permitted to occupy the house during her lifetime. Staats Long Morris had remained loyal to the crown during the Revolution and was living in England when, in 1787, his half brother Gouverneur Morris purchased from him his portion of the estate including the manor house, Morrisania (MINTZMax M. Mintz. Gouverneur Morris and the American Revolution. Norman, Okla., 1970., 13\u201316, 173\u201375).\n   Abigail Adams described this outing in a letter 11 Oct. 1789 to her sister Mary Cranch: \u201cWe yesterday had a very pleasant party together. The whole family of us dinned with the President on Thursday, and he then proposed an excursion to long Island by water to visit Princes Gardens, but as Mrs. Washington does not Love the water we agreed that the Gentlemen should go by water and the Ladies should meet them at a half way House and dine together, and yesterday we had a most Beautifull day for the purpose. The President, [the] V.P., Col. S[mith], Major Jackson, Mr. Izard &c. went on Board the Barge at 8 oclock. At Eleven the Ladies, namely Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Smith, Miss Custos [Custis] set out in Mrs. Washingtons coach & six & met the Gentlemen at Harlem where we all dinned together & returnd in the same manner\u201d (MITCHELLStewart Mitchell, ed. New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788\u20131801. Boston, 1947., 29\u201330).\n   William Mariner had been active in whaleboat warfare in the waters around New York during the early part of the Revolution. His tavern, sometimes called the Ferry House, was at present-day 126th Street and First Avenue. He may also have kept a tavern for a time on Ward\u2019s Island (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 69; BAKER [2]William Spohn Baker. Washington after the Revolution: MDCCLXXXIV - MDCCXCIX. Philadelphia, 1898., 149).\nSunday 11th. At home all day\u2014writing private Letters.\nMonday 12th. Received the Compliments of the Count de Pentheve, commanding his most Christian Majestys Squadron in\nthe harbour of Boston\u2014these were sent by the Marquis de Traversy in the Active Frigate; who with all his Officers, were presented by the French Minister about One clock.\n   A squadron of the French navy consisting of two ships of 74 guns and four frigates, under the command of Henri Jean Baptiste, vicomte de Pont\u00e8ves-Giens (1738\u20131799), had arrived in Boston harbor on 3 Sept. Jean Baptiste Pr\u00e9vost de Sansac, marquis de Traversay, and the Active had been dispatched to New York by Pont\u00e8ves \u201cto present the respects of the Officers of the squadron to the Chief Magistrate of the United States.\u201d During the Yorktown campaign the marquis had served with de Grasse\u2019s fleet on the Chesapeake. The Active anchored in New York harbor on Sunday 11 Oct. (Gaz. of the U.S., 14 Oct. 1789; Pa. Packet, 3 Nov. 1789; CONTENSONBaron Ludovic Guy Marie du Bessey de Contenson.  La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d\u2019Am\u00e9rique, 1778\u20131783. Paris, 1934., 245, 273).\nTuesday 13th. At two Oclock received the Address from the People called Quakers.\nA good many Gentlemen attended the Levee to day.\n   the address: presumably a statement of support for GW by \u201cthe Religious Society called Quakers, from their Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania, NewJersey, and the western Parts of Virginia and Maryland\u201d (NHyF: Collection of Naval and Marine Manuscripts). The meeting was held 28 Sept.\u20143 Oct. 1789. A copy of GW\u2019s undated reply is in NHyF: Collection of Naval and Marine Manuscripts.\nWednesday 14th. Wrote several Letters to France and about 7 Oclock in the afternoon made an Informal visit (with Mrs. Washington) to the Count de Mostier and Madame de Brehan to take leave of them. Into the hands of the former I committed these letters\u2014viz.\u2014to the Count de Estaing\u2014Count de Rochambeau\u2014the Marqs. de la Fayette and the Marqs. de la Rouirie.\nHaving resolved to write to Mr. Gouvr. Morris, to request, as a private Agent that he wd. sound the intention of the British Ministry with respect to their fulfilment of the Treaty and dispositions towards a Commercial Treaty with us the letters were prepared and lodged in the hands of Mr. Jay to forward.\n   letters to france: These letters, >to the comte de Rochambeau, to the marquis de Rouerie, and to the comte d\u2019Estaing, are all dated 13 Oct. in GW\u2019s letter books (DLC:GW). The letter to Lafayette is dated 14 Oct. (DLC:GW). For the letters to Gouverneur Morris, see entry for 7 Oct. 1789.\nThursday 15th. Commenced my Journey about 9 oclock for Boston and a tour through the Eastern States. The Chief Justice, Mr. Jay and the Secretaries of the Treasury and War Departments accompanied me some distance out of the City. About 10 Oclock it began to Rain, and continued to do so till 11, when we arrived at\nthe house of one Hoyatt, who keeps a Tavern at Kings-bridge  where we, that is Major Jackson, Mr. Lear and myself, with Six Servants which composed my Retinue, dined. After dinner through frequent light Showers we proceedd. to the Tavern of a Mrs. Haviland at Rye;  who keeps a very neat and decent Inn.\n   The Road for the greater part, indeed the whole way, was very rough and Stoney, but the Land strong, well covered with grass and a luxurient Crop of Indian Corn intermixed with Pompions [pumpkins] (Which were yet ungathered) in the fields. We met four droves of Beef Cattle for the New York Market (about 30 in a drove) some of which were very fine\u2014also a flock of Sheep for the same place. We scarcely passed a farm house that did not abd. in Geese. Their Cattle seemed to be of a good quality and their hogs large but rather long legged. No dwelling Ho. is seen without a Stone or Brick Chimney and rarely any without a shingled roof\u2014generally the Sides are of Shingles also. The distance of this days travel was 31 Miles in which we passed through (after leaving the Bridge) East Chester New Rochel & Marmeroneck; but as these places (though they have houses of worship in them) are not regularly laid out, they are scarcely to be distinguished from the intermediate farms which are very close together and seperated, as one Inclosure from another also is, by fences of Stone which are indeed easily made, as the Country is immensely Stony. Upon enquiry we find their Crops of Wheat & Rye have been abundant\n\u2014though of the first they had sown rather sparingly on Acct. of the destruction which had of late years been made of that grain by what is called the Hessian fly.\n   Caleb Hyatt had purchased this inn from George Dyckman.\n   Mrs. Haviland was Tamar Haviland, who kept an inn called the Square House at Rye in Westchester County. She was the widow of Dr. Ebenezer Haviland, who had served as surgeon to several New York regiments during the Revolution.\nFriday 16th. About 7 Oclock we left the Widow Havilands, and after passing Horse Neck [Greenwich] Six Miles distant from Rye, the Road through which is hilly and immensely stoney and trying to Wheels & Carriages, we breakfasted at Stamford which is 6 miles further (at one Webbs)  a tolerable good house, but not equal in appearance or reality, to Mrs. Havilds. In this Town are an Episcopal Church and a Meeting house. At Norwalk which is ten miles further we made a halt to feed our Horses. To the lower end of this town Sea Vessels come and at the other end are Mills, Stores, and an Episcopal and Presbiterian Church. From hence to Fairfield where we dined and lodged, is 12 Miles; and part of it very rough Road, but not equal to that thro\u2019 horse Neck. The superb Landscape, however, which is to be seen from the meeting house of the latter is a rich regalia. We found all the Farmers busily employed in gathering, grinding, and expressing the Juice of their Apples; the Crop of which they say is rather above Mediocrity. The Average Crop of Wheat they add, is about 15 bushels to the Acre from their fallow land\u2014often 20 & from that to 25. The Destructive evidences of British cruelty are yet visible both in Norwalk & Fairfield; as there are the Chimneys of many burnt houses standing in them yet. The principal export from Norwalk & Fairfield is Horses and Cattle\u2014Salted Beef & Porke, Lumber & Indian Corn, to the West Indies\u2014and in a small degree Wheat & Flour.\n   In 1788 Jacques (Jean) Pierre Brissot de Warville had traveled through the same area of western Greenwich on his way to New York. \u201cThe agreeable part of our journey ended at Fairfield,\u201d Brissot noted. \u201cFor thirty-three miles from this town to Rye we had to fight our way over rocks and precipices. I did not know which to admire more, the driver\u2019s daring or his skill. I cannot conceive how he succeeded twenty times in preventing the carriage from being shattered, or how his horses could check the coach when going down the veritable stairways of rocks. The word \u2018stairways\u2019 is no exaggeration. One of these, known as Horseneck, is nothing but a steep slope of boulders; if the\nhorses slipped, the coach would tumble 200 or 300 feet down into the valley below\u201d (BRISSOTJ. P. Brissot de Warville. New Travels in the United States of America, 1788. Translated by Mara Soceanu Vamos and Durand Echeverria. Edited by Durand Echeverria. Cambridge, Mass., 1964., 121).\n   Webb\u2019s tavern was at the corner of Main and Bank streets in Stamford, Conn. According to local tradition Mrs. Washington stayed at the tavern on her way to join GW at Cambridge in 1775 (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 1:150).\n   In their attack on Norwalk 11 July 1779, the British burned over 100 houses and virtually destroyed the town. Brissot noted in 1788 that the \u201cscars left by their infernal rage can still be seen. Most of the houses have been rebuilt, but those who knew the town before the war say that it was much finer then and that it was noted for its prosperous, even opulent, appearance\u201d (BRISSOTJ. P. Brissot de Warville. New Travels in the United States of America, 1788. Translated by Mara Soceanu Vamos and Durand Echeverria. Edited by Durand Echeverria. Cambridge, Mass., 1964., 121).\nSaturday 17th. A little after Sun-rise we left Fairfield, & passing through Et. Fairfield breakfasted at Stratford, wch. is ten Miles from Fairfield, and is a pretty village on or near Stratford Rivr. The Road between these two places is not on the whole bad (for this Country)\u2014in some places very gd. especially through Et. Fairfield wch. is in a plain, and free from Stone. There are two decent looking Churches in this place\u2014though small\u2014viz.\u2014an Episcopal and Presbeterian, or Congregationalist (as they call themselves). At Stratford there is the same. At this place I was received with an effort of Military parade; and was attended to the Ferry which is near a mile from the Center of the Town, by sevl. Gentlemen on horse back. Doctr. Johnson of the Senate visited me here, being with Mrs. Johnson in this Town (where he formerly resided). The Ferry is near half a Mile; and sometimes much incommoded by Winds and cross tides. The Navigation for Vessels of about 75\nTonns extends up to Darby, ten Miles higher, where it is said there is a pretty brisk trade. At Stratford they are establishing a Manufactury of Duck, and have lately turned out about 400 bolts. From the Ferry it is abt. 3 Miles to Milford, which is situated in more uneven and Stoney grd. than the 3 last Villages through wch. we passed. In this place there is but one Church, or in other words but one steeple\u2014but there are Grist & saw Mills and a handsome Cascade over the Tumbling dam; but one of the prettiest things of this kind is at Stamford occasioned also by damming the water for their Mills; it is near 100 yds. in width, and the water now being of a proper height, and the Rays of the Sun striking upon it as we passed, had a pretty effect upon the foaming Water as it fell. From Millford we took the lower road through West haven, part of which was good and part rough, and arrived at New haven before two Oclock; We had time to Walk through several parts of the City before Dinner. By taking the lower Road, we missed a Committee of the assembly, who had been appointed to wait upon, and escort me into town\u2014to prepare an Address and to conduct me when I should leave the City as far as they should judge proper. The address was presented at 7 Oclock and at Nine I received another address from the Congregational Clergy of the place. Between the rect. of the two Addresses I received the Compliment of a Visit from the Govr. Mr. Huntington \u2014the Lieutt. Govr. Mr. Wolcot  and the Mayor Mr. Roger Shurman. The City of Newhaven occupies a good deal of ground, but is thinly, though regularly laid out, & built. The number of Souls in it are said to be about 4000. There is an Episcopal Church and 3 Congregational Meeting Houses and a College in which there are at this time about 120 Students under auspices of Doctr. Styles. The Harbour of this place is not good for large Vessels\u2014abt. 16 belongs to it. The Linnen Manufacture does not appear to be of so much importance as I had been led to believe\u2014In a word I could hear but little of it. The Exports from this City are much the same as from Fairfield &ca. and flax seed (chiefly to New York). The Road from Kings bridge to this place runs as near the Sound as the Bays and Inlets will allow, but from hence to Hartford it leaves the Sound and runs more to the Northward.\n   William Samuel Johnson (1727\u20131819) was a prominent Connecticut lawyer, who had served in the colony\u2019s legislature in the 1760s and from 1767 to 1771 was colonial agent for Connecticut in London. After the Revolution he served in the Continental Congress 1784\u201387. One of the ablest proponents of the Constitution in the Constitutional Convention, he was elected United States senator from Connecticut in 1789. At this time he was also president of Columbia College. In 1749 he had married Ann Beach (d. 1796) of Stratford.\n   The manufactory at Stratford for the production of duck, a closely woven durable fabric often made of cotton, was still largely a cottage industry (CLARK [4]Victor S. Clark. History of Manufactures in the United States. 3 vols. New York, 1929., 1:530; HAMILTON [2]Harold C. Syrett et al., eds. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 27 vols. New York, 1961\u201387., 9:321).\n   The committee of the Connecticut legislature waited for GW at Woodruff\u2019s tavern, about five miles from New Haven (John Chester to GW, 17 Oct. 1789, DLC:GW).\n   The assembly\u2019s address and GW\u2019s reply, dated 17 Oct., are in DLC:GW. The address \u201cof six Congregational Ministers\u201d was presented by Ezra Stiles (STILESFranklin Bowditch Dexter, ed. The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale College. 3 vols. New York, 1901., 3:369). The address, 17 Oct., is in DLC:GW. GW\u2019s reply is in CtY: U.S. President\u2019s Collection. Both the addresses and GW\u2019s replies are printed in Pa. Packet, 29 Oct. 1789.\n   Samuel Huntington (1731\u20131796) was a native of Windham, Mass. He was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1758 and served the colony in various judicial capacities and in the legislature in the 1760s and 1770s. Huntington was a member of the Continental Congress 1775\u201384, serving as president 1779\u201381, and upon his resignation because of ill health GW had written him a warm letter of appreciation (25 July 1781, DLC:GW). In 1786 he was elected governor of Connecticut, a post he held for 11 years. A firm supporter of the Constitution, he had campaigned vigorously in his state for its adoption.\n   Oliver Wolcott, Sr. (1726\u20131797), a native of Windsor, Conn., and a Yale graduate, had been active in Connecticut politics before and during the Revolution and had led Connecticut militia in the campaign against Burgoyne. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 and, except for one term in 1779, served until 1783, although his attendance was interrupted periodically by his military service. He was elected lieutenant governor of Connecticut in 1787 and succeeded Samuel Huntington as governor in 1796. Although GW apparently had relatively little contact with the elder Wolcott, his son Oliver Wolcott, Jr. (1760\u20131833), was now serving as auditor of the treasury and in 1795 succeeded Hamilton as GW\u2019s second secretary of the treasury.\n   Roger Sherman (1721\u20131793), a native of Newton, Mass., moved to Connecticut in 1743. He was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1754 but by the 1760s had become a leading merchant in New Haven and Wallingford. Sherman was a conservative during the Revolution but supported the Patriot cause and served in the Continental Congress 1774\u201381, 1783\u201384. Although he at first favored strengthening the Confederation, he supported the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention. At this time Sherman represented Connecticut in the federal House of Representatives.\n   Ezra Stiles (1727\u20131795) was born in New Haven, Conn., and educated at Yale. After some years as a tutor at Yale while he studied both law and theology, he was admitted to the bar in 1753 and in 1755 was ordained as a minister in the Congregational Church. A staunch Patriot during the Revolution, he became president of Yale in 1778 and held the post until his death.\n   The linen factory at New Haven was under the management of Josiah Burr, and a large portion of the coarse linen produced there was shipped to the southern states and the West Indies. It was probably the same establishment visited in the mid\u20131790s by the duc de La Rochefoucauld, who described\nit as \u201ca cotton-work at the distance of two miles from the town. The spinning engine is put in motion by water; but the dereliction of this manufacture may be foretold, as its success is opposed by all the obstacles common in similar cases. Besides the expence upon the buildings has been far too considerable\u201d (HAMILTON [2]Harold C. Syrett et al., eds. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 27 vols. New York, 1961\u201387., 9:319, 321; LA ROCHEFOUCAULDDuke de La Rochefoucauld Liancourt. Travels through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797; with an Authentic Account of Lower Canada. 2 vols. London, 1799., 2:322).\nSunday 18th. Went in the forenoon to the Episcopal Church and in the afternoon to one of the Congregational Meeting Houses\u2014attended to the first by the Speaker of the Assembly Mr. Edwards, & a Mr. Ingersoll, and to the latter by the Governor, the Lieutt. Governor, the Mayor & Speaker. These Gentlemen all dined with me (by Invitation) as did Genl. Huntington, at the House of Mr. Brown, where I lodged & who keeps a good Tavern. Drank Tea at the Mayors (Mr. Sherman\u2019s). Upon further enquiry I find that there has been abt.  yards of course Linnen manufactured at this place since it was established and that a Glass work is on foot here for the manufacture of Bottles. At 7 Oclock in the evening many Officers of this State, belonging to the late Continental Army, called to pay their respects to me. By some of them it was said that the people of this State could, with more ease pay an additional 100,000\u00a3 tax this year than what was laid last year.\n   Pierpont Edwards (1750\u20131826), a New Haven lawyer and Yale graduate, served in the Connecticut legislature 1777, 1784\u201385, 1787\u201390, and was speaker in 1789. He was a strong supporter of the Constitution.\n   Mr. Ingersoll is probably Jonathan Ingersoll, a member of the Connecticut legislature and a successful New Haven lawyer. In 1816 he was elected deputy governor of the state.\n   Jedediah Huntington (1743\u20131818) was a graduate of Harvard who had served with considerable distinction during the Revolution as a brigadier general in command of various Connecticut regiments. GW had appointed him collector of the customs at New London, Conn., in Aug. 1789.\n   Jacob Brown had opened his tavern in 1786 and in 1787 moved to the Hubbard House which stood at the intersection of George, Church, and Meadow streets in New Haven (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:638).\nMonday 19th. Left New haven at 6 oclock, and arrived at Wallingford (13 Miles) by half after 8 oclock, where we breakfasted and took a walk through the Town. In coming to it we passed thro East haven about mid way; after riding along the river of that name 6 Miles on which are extensive Marshes Now loaded with hay stacks\u2014the ride is very pleasant, but the Road is Sandy which it continues to be within a Mile of the Tavern (Carringtons which is but an ordinary house) at Wallingford. This and about five Miles of the Road beyond\u2014that is West of New haven\u2014is all the Sand we have met with on the journey. These Sandy Lands afford but ordinary Crops of Corn\u2014nor has the Crops of this grain East of Stratford River appeared so heavy as on the West side of it. The Lands (Stone being less) are in part enclosed with Posts & Rails. At this place (Wallingford) we see the white Mulberry growing, raised from the Seed to feed the Silk worm. We also saw samples of lustring (exceeding good) which had been manufactured from the Cocoon raised in this Town, and silk thread very fine. This, except the weaving, is the work of private families without interference with other business, and is likely to turn out a benificial amusement. In the Township of Mansfield they are further advanced in this business. Walling ford has a Church & two meeting houses in it, which stands upon high and pleasant grd. About 10 Oclock we left this place and at the distance of 8 Miles passed through Durham. At one we arrived at Middletown on Connecticut River being met two or three Miles from it by the respectable Citizens of the place, and escorted in by them. While dinner was getting ready I took a walk round the Town, from the heights of which the prospect is beautiful. Belonging to this place I was informed (by a Genl. Sage)  that there was about 20 Sea Vessels and to Weathersfield higher up 22 and to Hartford the like number. Other places on the River have their proportion, the whole amounting to about 10,000 Tonns. The Country hereabouts is beautiful and the Lands good. An average Crop of wheat from an Acre of fallowed Land is estimated at 15 bushels; sometimes\nthey get as high as 25 and 30 bushls. to the Acre from their best lands\u2014Indian Corn from 20 to 40 bushls. pr. Acre. Their exports are the same as from other places; together with Pot ash. Having dined, we set out with the same Escort (who conducted us into town) about 3 Oclock for Hartford, and passing through a Parish of Middletown & Weathersfield, we arrived at Harfd. about Sun down. At Weathersfield we were met by a party of the Hartford light horse, and a Number of Gentlemen from the same place with Colo. Wadsworth  at their head, and escorted to Bulls Tavern where we lodged.\n   This tavern was kept by Jeremiah Carrington and was later called the Washington Hotel (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:654).\n   Comfort Sage (1731\u20131799) was a native of Middletown Upper House in the area of present-day Cromwell, Conn. He had served in the Connecticut militia during the Revolution. Under the Confederation, Sage had held the post of naval officer for the port of Middletown, Conn., and in the summer of 1789 had written GW asking that he be retained in the revenue service (31 July, 8 Aug. 1789, DLC:GW). On 18 Aug. 1789 GW replied, expressing his regret that the post for Middletown had already been filled (DLC:GW). According to local tradition, Sage was confined to his bed at the time of GW\u2019s visit (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:469). Since Sage\u2019s pretensions were supported by such prominent citizens of Connecticut as Gov. Samuel Huntington (Huntington to GW, 19 Dec. 1789, DLC:GW), it is likely that GW\u2019s call was intended to soften his refusal. In Feb. 1790 the incumbent of the Middletown post resigned and Sage received the appointment (EXECUTIVE JOURNALJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America: From the commencement of the First, to the termination of the Nineteenth Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1828., 1:38, 40).\n   Jeremiah Wadsworth was at this time a congressman from Connecticut. In the late 1780s he had turned increasingly from his more speculative business enterprises to the development of manufacturing and banking in Connecticut. He was interested in a distillery and a glassworks and was an investor in Josiah Burr\u2019s linen manufactory at New Haven. Wadsworth\u2019s major concern in 1789 was the Hartford Woolen Manufactory, founded in 1788, of which he was the largest shareholder. In 1789 he was living in the Wadsworth mansion at the corner of Asylum and Trumbull streets in Hartford (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 1:238).\nTuesday 20th. After breakfast, accompanied by Colo. Wadsworth, Mr. Ellsworth  and Colo. Jesse Root, I viewed the Woolen Manufactury at this place which seems to be going on with Spirit. There Broadcloths are not of the first quality, as yet, but they are good; as are their Coatings, Cassimers, Serges and everlastings. Of the first that is broad-cloth I ordered a suit to be sent to me at New York and of the latter a whole piece to make breeches for my servants. All the parts of this business are performed at the Manufactury except the Spinning\u2014this is done by the Country people who are paid by the cut. Hartford is more compactly built than Middletown and contains more Souls; the computed Number of\nwhich amount to about dble. The number of Houses in Middletown are said to be 250 or 60. These reckoning eight persons to a house would make two thousand at least. The depth of Water which Vessels can bring to the last place, is about ten feet; and is as much as there is over Seabrook bar. From Middletown to Hartford there is not more than 6 feet Water. At Middletown there is one Episcopal & two Congregational Churches. In Hartford there is none of the first and 2 of the latter. Dined and drank Tea at Colo. Wadsworth and about 7 Oclock received from, & answered the Address of the Town of Hartford.\n   Oliver Ellsworth (1745\u20131807) was at this time Federalist senator from Connecticut. A native of Windsor, he had attended Princeton, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1771. A delegate to the Continental Congress 1777\u201384, he served on a number of committees which had brought him into contact with GW. Ellsworth was a member of the Connecticut delegation at the Constitutional Convention and played a prominent role in the convention\u2019s activities, particularly in negotiating the so-called Connecticut compromise. His home, Elmwood, was at South Windsor, Conn., where his wife, Abigail Wolcott Ellsworth (1756\u20131818), was a noted hostess.\n   Jesse Root (1736\u20131822), a Hartford lawyer, was a delegate to the Continental Congress 1778\u201383. In 1776, when Root was in command of a company of Connecticut militia, GW had sent him to inform Connecticut officials of Howe\u2019s landing on Staten Island (GW to Root, 7 Aug. 1776, and GW to Jonathan Trumbull, 7 Aug. 1776, DLC:GW).\n   The Hartford Woolen Manufactory began with a capital of \u00a31,200 which by 1791 had been expanded to \u00a32,800 and, although not incorporated, had received encouragement from the state of Connecticut in the form of tax exemptions and bounties. GW\u2019s examination of the new textile manufactory increased his interest in the possibility of introducing such a system of manufacturing in his own state or at least offering inducements to Virginia farmers to increase the number of sheep. He wrote Gov. Beverley Randolph of Virginia: \u201cBy a little Legislative encouragement, the Farmers of Connecticut have, in two years past, added one hundred thousand to their former stock. In my late tour thro\u2019 the Eastern States, I found that the Manufacturers of Woolens (for the Manufacture of Woolens is carried on there to very considerable extent and advantage) preferred the Wool raised in Virginia for its fineness, to that raised in more Northern parts of the Continent. If a greater quantity of Wool could be produced and if the hands (which are often in a manner idle) could be employ\u2019d in the manufacturing it; a spirit of industry might be promoted, a great diminution might be made in the annual expences of individual families, and the Public would eventually be exceedingly benefitted\u201d (GW to Randolph, 22 Nov. 1789, DLC:GW). In the spring of 1789 GW had received from the directors of the Hartford Manufactory \u201cA Pattern of fine Cloth of our Fabrick which the Company flatter themselves Your Excellency will Receive as A Token of their support & Esteem\u201d (Daniel Hinsdale to GW, 23 Mar. 1789, and GW to Hinsdale, 8 April 1789, DLC:GW).\n   The address of the mayor, aldermen, and common council of Hartford and GW\u2019s reply are in DLC:GW.\nWednesday 21st. By promise I was to have Breakfasted at Mr. Ellsworths at Windsor on my way to Springfield, but the Morning proving very wet and the rain not ceasing till past 10 Oclock I did not set out till half after that hour; I called however on Mr. Ellsworth and stay\u2019d there near an hour. Reached Springfield by 4 Oclock, and while dinner was getting, examined the Continental Stores at this place which I found in very good order at the buildings (on the hill above the Town) which belong to the United States. The Barracks (also public property) are going fast to destruction and in a little time will be no more without repairs. The Elaboratory, wch. seems to be a good building is in tolerable good repair and the Powder Magazine which is of Brick seems to be in excellent order and the Powder in it very dry. A Colo. Worthington, Colo. Williams (Adjutant General of the State of Massachusetts), Genl. Shepherd, Mr. Lyman and many other Gentlemen sat an hour or two with me in the evening at Parson\u2019s Tavern where I lodged and which is a good House. About 6 Miles before I came to Springfield I left the State of Connecticut and entered that of Massachusetts. The Distance from Hartford to Springfield is 28 Miles\u2014both on Connecticut River. At the latter the River is crossed in Scows, set over with Poles and is about 80 rod wide. Between the two places is a fall and ten miles above Springfield is another fall and others above that again\u2014notwithstanding which much use is made of the Navigation for transportation in flats of about five tonns burthen. Seven miles on this side Hartford is Windsor a tolerable pleasant but not a large Village. Between Windsor and Suffield you pass through a level, barren & uncultivated plain for several Miles. Suffield stands high & pleasant\u2014the Lds. good. From hence you descend again into another plain where the Lands being good are much better cultivated. The whole Road from Hartford to Springfield is level & good, except being too Sandy in places & the Fields enclosed with Posts & Rails generally their not being much Stone. The Crops of Corn, except on the Interval Lands on the River are more indifferent (tho\u2019 not bad) in the Eastern than we found them in the Western part of the State of Connecticut. There is a great equality in the People of this State\u2014Few or no oppulent Men and no poor\u2014great similatude in their buildings\u2014the general fashion of which is a Chimney (always of Stone or Brick) and door in the middle, with a stair case fronting the latter, running up by the side of the latter [former]\u2014two flush Stories with a very good shew of Sash & glass Windows. The size generally is from 30 to 50 feet in length and from 20 to 30 in width exclusive of a back shed which seems to be\nadded as the family encreases. The farms by the contiguity of the Houses are small not averaging more than 100 Acres. These are worked chiefly by Oxen (which have no other feed than Hay) with a horse & sometimes two before them both in Plow & Cart. In their light Lands and in their sleighs they work Horses, but find them much more expensive than Oxen. Springfield is on the East side of Connecticut River; before you come to which a large branch of it called Agawam is crossed by a Bridge. It stands under the Hill on the interval Land and has only one Meeting house\u201428 Miles from Hartfd.\n   Springfield had been, because of its central location, a convenient depot for arms and ammunition during the Revolution and by 1779 Congress had established a permanent installation there. Both cannon and small arms were manufactured at the site after the war.\n   John Worthington was a Springfield lawyer and a 1740 graduate of Yale University.\n   GW is presumably referring to William Dennison (Fitzpatrick, DiariesJohn C. Fitzpatrick, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748\u20131799. 4 vols. Boston and New York, 1925., 4:29).\n   William Shepherd (1737\u20131817), a farmer from Westfield, had seen military service during the French and Indian War. During the Revolution his position as lieutenant colonel and colonel of the 4th Massachusetts Regiment had brought him into frequent contact with GW. In 1786 he was appointed major general in the Massachusetts militia and defended the Springfield arsenal against the attack of the insurgents during Shays\u2019s Rebellion.\n   William Lyman (1755\u20131811), a Yale graduate, was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1789. He had acted as major and aide-de-camp to General Shepherd during Shays\u2019s Rebellion. In 1793 he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate.\n   Parsons\u2019s tavern was on Elm Street. It may have been operated by Zenas Parsons (HEADS OF FAMILIES, MASS.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Massachusetts. 1908. Reprint. Baltimore, 1964., 125).\nThursday 22d. Set out at 7 Oclock; and for the first 8 Miles rid over an almost uninhabited Pine plain; much mixed with Sand. Then a little before the road descends to Chicabi River it is hilly, Rocky & Steep, & continues so for several Miles; the Country being Stony and Barren; with a mixture of Pine and Oak till we came to Palmer, at the House of one Scott where we breakfasted, and where the Land though far from good, began to mend, to this is called 15 Miles. Among these Pines are Ponds of fresh Water. From Palmer to Brookfield, to one Hitchcocks;  is 15 Miles; part of which is pretty good, and part (crossing the Hills) very bad; but when over, the ground begins to get tolerably good and the Country better cultivated tho\u2019 the Crops of Corn do not look well and have been injured it is said by an early frost in September. A beautiful fresh water pond & large, is in the Plain of Brookland [Brookfield]. The fashion of the Houses are more deversified than\nin Connecticut, though many are built in their stile. The Inclosures have but indifferent fences\u2014wood or Stone according as the Country abounds with the latter\u2014of which it is full after passing the pine levels. At Brookland [Brookfield] we fed the Horses and dispatched an Express which was sent to me by Govr. Hancock\u2014giving notice of the measures he was about to pursue for my reception on the Road, and in Boston\u2014With a request to lodge at his House. Continued on to Spencer 10 Miles further through pretty good roads, and lodged at the House of one Jenks who keeps a pretty good Tavern.\n   Presumably this was William Scott, who was a resident of Palmer, Hampshire County, Mass., with nine members in his household (HEADS OF FAMILIES, MASS.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Massachusetts. 1908. Reprint. Baltimore, 1964., 120).\n   Probably either Moses or David Hitchcock, both listed in HEADS OF FAMILIES, MASS.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Massachusetts. 1908. Reprint. Baltimore, 1964., 214, as residents of Brookfield with a suitable number of retainers.\n   John Hancock to GW, 21 Oct. 1789 (DLC:GW). On 22 Oct. GW replied, agreeing somewhat reluctantly to the plans for his reception. \u201cBut could my wish prevail I should desire to visit your Metropolis without any parade, or extraordinary ceremony. From a wish to avoid giving trouble to private families, I determined, on leaving New York, to decline the honor of any invitation to quarters which I might receive while on my journey and with a view to observe this rule, I had requested a Gentleman to engage lodgings for me during my stay at Boston\u201d (DLC:GW).\n   Isaac Jenks (c.1750-1818) kept this tavern. He served as a selectman in 1779 and as representative to the Massachusetts General Court, 1782-1785.\nFriday 23d. Commenced our course with the Sun, and passing through Leicester met some Gentlemen of the Town of Worcester on the line between it and the former to escort us. Arrived about 10 Oclock at the House of  where we breakfasted\u2014distant from Spencer 12 Miles. Here we were received by a handsome Company of Militia Artillery in Uniform who saluted with 13 Guns on our Entry & departure. At this place also we met a Committee from the Town of Boston, and an Aid of Majr. Genl. Brooke of the Middlesex Militia who had proceeded to this place in order to make some arrangements of Military & other Parade on my way to, and in the Town of, Boston; and to fix with me on the hours at which I should pass through Cambridge, and enter Boston. Finding this ceremony was not to be avoided though I had made every effort to do it, I named the hour of ten to pass the Militia of the above County at Cambridge and the hour of 12 for my entrance into Boston desiring Major Hall, however, to inform Genl. Brookes that as I conceived there was an impropriety in my reviewing the Militia, or seeing them perform Manoeuvres otherwise\nthan as a private Man I could do no more than pass along the line; which, if he thought proper might be under arms to receive me at that time. These matters being settled the Committee and the Aid (Colo. Hall) set forward on their return and after breakfast I followed; The same Gentlemen who had escorted me into, conducting me out of Town. On the Line between Worcester and Middlesex I was met by a Troop of light Horse belonging to the latter, who Escorted me to Marlborough (16 Miles) where we dined, and thence to Weston (14 More where we lodged). At Marlborough we met Mr. Jonathan Jackson the Marshall of this State who proposed to attend me whilst I remained in it. A good part of the Road from Spencer to Worcester is Hilly, & except a little nearest the latter, very Stoney. From Worcester to Marlborough the road is uneven but not bad and from Marlborh. to Weston it is leveller with more Sand. Between Worcester & Marlborough the Town of Shrewsbury is passed and between Marlborough and Weston you go through Sudbury. The Country about Worcester, and onwards towards Boston is better improved & the lands of better quality than we travelled through yesterday. The Crops it is said have been good\u2014Indian Corn, Rye Buck Wheat & grass\u2014with Beef Cattle & Porke are the produce of their Farms.\n   John Brooks (1752\u20131825) was a physician in Reading, Mass., at the beginning of the Revolution. He was appointed a major in the Continental Army in 1776 and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel by the end of the war. In 1786 Gov. James Bowdoin appointed him major general in the Middlesex militia where he served during Shays\u2019s Rebellion.\n   On 21 Oct. Brooks had sent his aide, Maj. Joseph Hall, with a letter to GW explaining plans for his reception in Boston. As a testimony of the city\u2019s respect, Brooks proposed that \u201ca body of about 800 men, will be under arms at Cambridge on the day of your entering into Boston. The troops will occupy the ground on which the continental army was formed for your reception in the year 1775\u201d (DLC:GW).\n   The committee at Worcester consisted of Joseph Barrell, Samuel Breck, and William Eustis, \u201ca sub-committee of the committee of the town\u201d (Mass. Centinel, 24 Oct. 1789). The party breakfasted at the United States Arms, a Worcester tavern. For a detailed account of GW\u2019s stay in Worcester, see Conn. Courant, 2 Nov. 1789.\nSaturday 24th. Dressed by Seven Oclock, and set out at eight. At ten we arrived in Cambridge According to appointment; but most of the Militia having a distance to come were not in line till after eleven; they made however an excellent appearance with Genl. Brook at their Head. At this place the Lieutt. Govr. Mr. Saml. Adams, with the Executive Council met me and preceeded my entrance into town\u2014which was in every degree flattering &\nhonorable. To pass over the Minutiae of the arrangement for this purpose it may suffice to say that at the entrance I was welcomed by the Select men in a body, Then following the Lieutt. Govr. & Council in the order we came from Cambridge (preceeded by the Town Corps very handsomely dressed) we passed through the Citizens classed in their different professions, and under their own banners, till we came to the State House; from which, across the Street, an Arch was thrown; in the front of which was this Inscription\u2014\u201cTo the Man who unites all hearts\u201d and on the other\u2014\u201cTo Columbia\u2019s favourite Son\u201d and on one side thereof next the State House, in a pannel decorated with a trophy, composed of the arms of the United States\u2014of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts\u2014and our French Allies, crowned with a wreath of Laurel was this Inscription\u2014\u201cBoston relieved March 17th. 1776.\u201d This arch was handsomely ornamented, and over the Center of it a Canopy was erected 20 feet high with the American Eagle perched on the top. After passing through the Arch, and entering the State House at the So. End & [as]cending to the upper floor & returning to a Balcony at the No. end\u2014three\ncheers was given by a vast concourse of people who by this time had assembled at the Arch. Then followed an ode composed in honor of the President; and well sung by a band of select Singers\u2014after this three Cheers\u2014followed by the different Professions, and Mechanics in the order they were drawn up with their Colours through a lane of the People which had thronged abt. the Arch under which they passed. The Streets, the Doors, Windows & Tops of the Houses were crouded with well dressed Ladies and Gentlemen. The procession being over I was conducted to my lodgings at a Widow Ingersolls (which is a very decent & good house) by the Lieutt. Govr. and Council\u2014accompanied by the Vice-President where they took leave of me. Having engaged yesterday to take an informal dinner with the Govr. to day (but under a full persuation that he would have waited upon me so soon as I should have arrived) I excused myself upon his not doing it, and informing me thro his Secretary that he was too much indisposed to do it, being resolved to receive the visit. Dined at my Lodgings, where the Vice-President favoured me with his Company.\n   The revolutionary statesman Samuel Adams (1722\u20131803) served as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts 1789\u201393 and succeeded John Hancock as governor 1794\u201397.\n   The Massachusetts Magazine, Oct. 1789, noted that \u201cAt one o\u2019clock, the President\u2019s approach was announced by federal discharges from . . . artillery at Roxbury\u2014from the Dorchester artillery posted on the celebrated heights of that town\u2014from . . . artillery at the entrance of the town\u2014and from Castle William; by a royal salute from the Ships of his most Christian Majesty\u2019s squadron, and by the ringing of all the bells.\u201d The Pennsylvania Packet, 18 Nov. 1789, observed that the \u201cPresident\u2019s dress, on his arrival . . . was the American uniform, with two rich apaulets. His other dress is black velvet.\u201d\n   The \u201cOde to Columbia\u2019s Favorite Son: Great Washington, the Hero\u2019s Come . . .\u201d is printed in Pennsylvania Packet, 4 Nov. 1789. It was sung by the Independent Musical Society. To some observers GW appeared uncomfortable: \u201cA gentleman who was present at his arrival in Boston observed that when he came out of the State House to hear the Ode that was sung on the occasion, every muscle of his face appeared agitated, and he was frequently observed to pass . . . his handkerchief across his eyes\u201d (Hist. Collections of the Essex Institute, 67 [1931], 299\u2013300).\n   Tobias Lear had written on 15 Oct. to Christopher Gore, a Boston attorney and member of the Massachusetts legislature, to engage lodgings in Boston for the presidential party. Gore replied, 22 Oct., that he had arranged lodgings at \u201cMrs. [Joseph] Ingersoll\u2019s house; at the corner of Court & Tremont Streets. . . . In the house are three parlours in the lower floor\u2014three bed chambers on the second\u2014and sufficient on the third to accomodate servants. In the neighborhood is a very good livery stable\u201d (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 80).\n   After GW had refused Hancock\u2019s offer of lodging while the president was in Boston (see entry for 22 Oct. 1789), the governor had replied, 23 Oct., extending an invitation to GW and \u201cthe Gentlemen of your suit\u201d to dine with him \u201cen famille, at any hour that the circumstances of the day will admit\u201d (DLC:GW). On the same day GW replied from Weston accepting the invitation (DNA: RG 59, Misc. Letters). The president had, however, assumed that the governor would make the first call. When it became apparent that Hancock\u2019s illness, real or feigned, would not be an acceptable excuse to the president, he sent GW a note stating that \u201cthe Governor will do himself the honor of paying his respects in half an hour. This would have been done much sooner had his health in any degree permitted. He now hazards every thing as it respects his health for the desirable purpose\u201d (26 Oct. 1789, DLC:GW). Hancock\u2019s illness was reported to be gout. For public furor over the incident, see Boston Gaz., 26 Oct., 2 Nov. 1789, and Mass. Centinel, 28 Oct. 1789.\nSunday 25th. Attended Divine Service at the Episcopal Church whereof Doctor Parker is the Incumbent in the forenoon, and the Congregational Church of Mr. Thatcher in the Afternoon. Dined at my Lodgings with the Vice President. Mr. Bowdoin accompanied me to both Churches. Between the two I received a visit from the Govr., who assured me that Indisposition alone had prevented his doing it yesterday, and that he was still indisposed; but as it had been suggested that the expected to receive the visit from the President, which he knew was improper, he was resolved at all hazds. to pay his Compliments to day. The Lt. Govr. & two of the Council to wit Heath & Russel were sent here last Night to express the Govrs. Concern that he had not been in a condition to call upon me so soon as I came to Town. I informed them in explicit terms that I should not see the Govr. unless it was at my own lodgings.\n   Rev. Samuel Parker (1744\u20131804), of Portsmouth, N.H., graduated from Harvard in 1764, was made rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in 1779, and in 1804 became second bishop of Massachusetts (SIBLEYJ. L. Sibley et al. Sibley\u2019s Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College. 18 vols. to date. Boston, 1873\u2013., 16:76\u201384). Rev. Peter Thacher (1752\u20131802), a native of Milton, Mass., was a 1769 Harvard graduate. Ordained before the Revolution, he served in several military capacities in 1775 and wrote an account of the Battle of Bunker Hill. In 1785 he became minister of the Brattle Street Congregational Church, one of New England\u2019s most distinguished pulpits, and remained there until his death (SIBLEYJ. L. Sibley et al. Sibley\u2019s Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College. 18 vols. to date. Boston, 1873\u2013., 17:237\u201347).\n   James Bowdoin (1726\u20131790) was the revolutionary leader and former governor (1785\u201387) of Massachusetts. There was some comment in the press that GW had favored Bowdoin\u2019s company above that of Governor Hancock (Mass. Centinel, 14 Nov. 1789). Bowdoin\u2019s home was on Beacon Street near the corner of Bowdoin Street.\n   William Heath and Thomas Russell.\nMonday 26th. The day being Rainy & Stormy\u2014myself much disordered by a Cold and inflamation in the left eye, I was prevented from visiting Lexington (where the first blood in the dispute with G. Britn.) was drawn. Recd. the Complimts. of many visits to day. Mr. Da\u27e8l\u27e9ton and Genl. Cobb dined with me and in the Evening I drank Tea with Govr. Hancock & called upon Mr. Bowdoin on my return to my lodgings.\n   GW was apparently one of the early victims of an epidemic of colds and influenza that followed his visit to Boston. Because it afflicted many of the spectators who stood in the bitterly cold wind during the festivities, the ailment was thereafter referred to as the \u201cWashington influenza.\u201d In fact, it was part of a widespread epidemic of respiratory ailments which had already swept through the central and southern states and was now spreading into New England (Pa. Packet, 18 Nov. 1789; Am. Mercury, 9 Nov. 1789).\n   David Cobb (1748\u20131830), a graduate of Harvard, was practicing medicine at Taunton, Mass., at the beginning of the Revolution. In 1777 he became lieutenant colonel of Jackson\u2019s Regiment and was promoted to colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment in Jan. 1783. Cobb was one of GW\u2019s aides-de-camp 1781\u201383 and was brevetted brigadier general in Sept. 1783. After the war he held a number of judicial posts in Massachusetts, was appointed major general in the state militia in 1786, and in 1789 was speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. At this time he was living in Taunton with his wife, Eleanor Bradish Cobb, and nine children (SIBLEYJ. L. Sibley et al. Sibley\u2019s Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College. 18 vols. to date. Boston, 1873\u2013., 16:351).\nTuesday 27th. At 10 Oclock in the Morning received the Visits of the Clergy of the Town\u2014at 11 went to an Oratorio and between that and 3 Oclock recd. the Addresses of the Governor and Council\u2014of the Town of Boston; of the President &ca. of Harvard College; and of the Cincinnati of the State; after wch., at 3 Oclock, I dined at a large & elegant dinner at Fanuiel Hall, given\nby the Govr. and Council, and spent the evening at my lodgings. When the Committee from the Town presented their Address it was accompanied with a request (in behalf they said of the Ladies) that I would set to have my Picture taken for the Hall, that others might be copied from it for the use of their respective families. As all the next day was assigned to various purposes and I was engaged to leave town on Thursday early, I informed them of the impracticability of my doing this, but that I would have it drawn when I returned to New York, if there was a good Painter there\u2014or by Mr. Trumbull when he should arrive; and would send it to them.\n   The oratorio was held at King\u2019s Chapel (Stone Chapel) to raise money for an addition to the chapel (Mass. Centinel, 24 Oct. 1789). According to the Pennsylvania Packet, 5 Nov. 1789, \u201con account of the indisposition of several of the first performers, the music was postponed until Wednesday next. Several pieces were however given, which merited and received applause.\u201d\n   These addresses and GW\u2019s replies, 27 Oct., are in DLC:GW.\n   According to the Pennsylvania Packet, 5 Nov. 1789, Hancock \u201cowing to severe indisposition,\u201d did not attend the dinner at Faneuil Hall.\n   In spite of GW\u2019s refusal, Christian G\u00fcllager (1759\u20131826), a Danish artist living in Boston, apparently made some preliminary sketches in Boston which GW later approved. On 3 Nov., while in Portsmouth, N.H., he gave the artist a sitting for the Portsmouth Bust Portrait which G\u00fcllager probably completed\nfrom memory and which was eventually presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society (EISENGustavus A. Eisen. Portraits of Washington. 3 vols. New York, 1932., 2:427\u201328). The painter John Trumbull (1756\u20131843) was in Europe at this time but planned to return to the United States at the end of 1789.\nWednesday 28th. Went after an early breakfast to visit the duck Manufacture which appeared to be carrying on with spirit, and is in a prosperous way. They have manufactured 32 pieces of Duck of 39 or 40 yds. each in a week; and expect in a short time to encrease it to . They have 28 looms at work & 14 Girls spinning with Both hands (the flax being fastened to their waste). Children (girls) turn the wheels for them, and with this assistance each spinner can turn out 14 lbs. of thread pr. day when they stick to it, but as they are pd. by the piece, or work they do, there is no other restraint upon them but to come at 8 Oclock in the Morning and return at 6 in the evening. They are the daughters of decayed families, and are girls of Character\u2014none others are admitted. The number of hands now employed in the different parts of the work is  but the Managers expect to encrease them to . This is a work of public utility & private advantage. From hence I went to the Card Manufactury where I was informed about 900 hands of one kind and for one purpose or another. All kinds of Cards are made; & there are Machines for\nexecuting every part of the work in a new and expeditious manr. especially in cutting & bending the teeth wch. is done at one stroke. They have made 63,000 pr. of Cards in a year and can under sell the Imported Cards\u2014nay Cards of this Manufactury have been smuggled into England. At 11 Oclock I embarked on board the Barge of the Illustrious Captn. Pentheve Gion, & visited his Ship & the Superb, another 74 Gun Ship in the Harbour of Boston, about 4 Miles below the Town. Going & coming I was saluted by the two frigates which lye near the Wharves and by the 74s after I had been on board of them; as also by the 40 Gun ship which lay in the same range with them. I was also saluted going & coming by the fort on Castle Isld. After my return I dined in a large Company at Mr. Bowdoins and went to the Assembly in the evening where (it is said) there were upwards of 100 Ladies. There appearance was elegant and many of them very handsome; the Room is small but neat, & well ornamented.\n   Boston Sailcloth Manufactory had been established in 1788 by a group of Boston merchants and businessmen under the leadership of Samuel Breck and Thomas Alkers, in hope of profiting from a bounty offered by the Massachusetts legislature in Mar. 1788 on the production of duck and sailcloth. The factory was erected in the area of what was then Nassau Street and Frog Lane (Boylston Street), and production was underway by early 1789. By 1792 \u201cthere were four hundred employees, and the weekly product was not less than fifty pieces of duck\u201d (BAGNALLWilliam R. Bagnall. The Textile Industries of the United States including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufactures in the Colonial Period. Cambridge, Mass., 1893., 116). One observer noted that GW \u201cmade him self merry on this Occasion, telling the overseer he believed he collected the prettiest girls in Boston\u201d (WEBB [2]Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb. 3 vols. New York, 1893\u201394., 3:142\u201344).\n   Presumably this was the cotton and wool card factory of Giles Richard and Co., on Hanover Square, supposedly the largest such establishment in Massachusetts. In 1791 Nathaniel Gorham, supervisor of the revenue for Massachusetts, reported that the company\u2019s improvements in machinery for carding had developed to such an extent that \u201cmodels of two of their principal machines, were lately purchased by an English Gentleman for nearly one hundred pounds sterling. . . . At present the works are in such perfection, that Eight men can turn out Fifty dozen [cards] per day\u201d (Gorham to Hamilton, 13 Oct. 1791, HAMILTON [2]Harold C. Syrett et al., eds. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 27 vols. New York, 1961\u201387., 9:375).\n   See entry for 12 Oct. 1789. The French captain and his officers, accompanied by the French consul, Philippe Andr\u00e9 Joseph de L\u00e9tombe, had already paid a visit on 24 Oct. to GW at his lodgings (Pa. Packet, 4 Nov. 1789). For a further description of GW\u2019s visit to the French squadron, see Pa. Packet, 19 Nov. 1789.\n   The fort on Castle Island was Castle William or Fort Adams, later Fort Independence.\n   According to Joseph Barrell, a member of the Boston committee that had met GW at Worcester, \u201cthe Hall was elegantly decorated, behind his majesty was hung my handsomest Tapestry & before him as a Carpet the other. He was seated on a Crimson Settee with the Vice President, our Governor and Governor Bowdoin, the Ladies were very handsomely dressed, and\nevery one strove here as every where else, who should pay the most respect. We had a very pretty Desert for Supper with 3 fine Cakes (one for each set) at 150\u00a3\u201d (Barrell to Samuel B. Webb, 1 Nov. 1789, WEBB [2]Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb. 3 vols. New York, 1893\u201394., 3:142\u201344).\nThursday 29th. Left Boston about 8 Oclock. Passed over the Bridge at Charles Town and went to see that at Malden, but proceeded to the college at Cambridge, attended by the Vice President, Mr. Bowdoin, and a great number of Gentlemen: at this place I was shewn by Mr. Willard the President  the Philosophical Aparatus and amongst others Popes Orary (a curious piece of Mechanism for shewing the revolutions of the Sun, Earth and\nmany other of the Planets) \u2014The library (containing 13,000 volumes) and a Museum. The Bridges of Charles town and Malden are useful & noble\u2014doing great credit to the enterprizing spirit of the People of this State. From Boston, besides the number of Citizens which accompanied me to Cambridge, & many of them from thence to Lynn\u2014the Boston Corps of Horse escorted me to the line between Middlesex and Essex County where a party of Horse with Genl. Titcomb  met me, and conducted me through Marblehead (which is 4 Miles out of the way, but I wanted to see it) to Salem. The Chief employmt. of the People of Marblehead (Males) is fishing\u2014about 110 Vessels and 800 Men and boys are engaged in this business. Their chief export is fish. About 5000 Souls are said to be in this place which has the appearance of antiquity. The Houses are old\u2014the streets dirty\u2014and the common people not very clean. Before we entered the Town we were met, & attended by a Comee. till we were handed over to the Select Men who conducted us saluted by artily. in to the Town\u2014to the House of a Mrs. Lee where there was a cold Collation prepared \u2014after partaking of which we visited the Harbour\u2014their fish brakes for curing fish\u2014&ca. and then proceeded (first receiving an Address from the Inhabitants) to Salem. At the Bridge, 2 Miles from this Town, we were also met by a Committee\u2014who conducted us by a Brigade of the Militia, & one or two handsome Corps in Uniform, through several of the Streets to the Town or Court House\u2014where an Ode in honor of the President was sung\u2014an address presented to him amidst the acclamations of the People\u2014after which he was conducted to his Lodgings\u2014recd. the compliments of many differt. Classes of People \u2014and in the evening between 7 and 8 Oclock went to an assembly, where there was at least an hundred handsome and well dressed Ladies. Abt. Nine I returned to my Lodgings. The Road from Boston to this place is here and there Stoney tho\u2019 level; it is very pleasant: from most parts you are in sight of the Sea. Meads\u2014arable Land and Rocky hills are much intermixed\u2014the latter chiefly on the left. The Country seems to be in a manner entirely stripped of wood. The grazing is good\u2014the Houses stand thick. After leaving Cambridge at the distance of 4 Miles we passed through Mistick\u2014then Malden\u2014next Lynn (where it is said 175,000 pairs of Shoes (womens chiefly) have been made in a year by abt. 400 workmen). This is only a row of houses & not very thick on each side of the Road. After passing Lynn you enter Marblehead wch. is 4 Miles from Salem. This latter is a neat Town and said to contain 8 or 9000 Inhabitants. Its exports are chiefly Fish Lumber & Provisions.\nThey have in the East India Trade at this time 13 Sale of Vessels.\n   Joseph Willard (1738\u20131804), a member of a prominent New England family and an ardent Federalist, was president of Harvard from 1781 to 1804. Through his extensive writings and correspondence he became well known as a scientist and mathematician and led the college out of the financial and academic disorganization caused by the Revolution. GW was received at Harvard in the \u201cPhilosophy-room of the University\u201d (Pa. Packet, 13 Nov. 1789).\n   The orrery at Harvard was the work of Joseph Pope, Boston watchmaker, who had worked on it from 1776 to 1787. \u201cIt was an elaborate structure based on the design of the grand orreries produced by the great English makers of the period, measuring 6\u00bd feet in diameter and 6\u00bd feet in height. It was covered with a glass dome with the signs of the zodiac painted on the glass side panels, and was supported on a hexagonal frame of mahogany in the Chippendale style. Twelve figures adorned its corners; these were said to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze by Paul Revere.\u201d The instrument had been purchased for Harvard through a lottery sponsored by the Massachusetts legislature in Mar. 1789 (BEDINISilvio A. Bedini. Thinkers and Tinkers: Early American Men of Science. New York, 1975., 384\u201385).\n   Jonathan Titcomb of Newburyport, Mass., had been in command of a Massachusetts regiment in 1775 and charged with securing supplies for the army during GW\u2019s tour of duty at Cambridge. By the end of the war he was a major general in the state forces. In June 1789 he solicited the post of naval officer for Newburyport, and GW appointed him in August (Titcomb to GW, 19 June 1789, DLC:GW; EXECUTIVE JOURNALJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America: From the commencement of the First, to the termination of the Nineteenth Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1828., 1:9, 12). Two members of the Titcomb family of Newburyport\u2014Michael and Zebulon\u2014had been members of the Commander-in-Chief\u2019s Guard during the Revolution (GODFREYCarlos E. Godfrey. The Commander-in-Chief\u2019s Guard: Revolutionary War. Washington, D.C., 1904., 259\u201360).\n   Mrs. Lee was Martha Swett Lee (d. 1791), daughter of Joseph and Hannah Swett of Marblehead and wife of Col. Jeremiah Lee, a prominent Marblehead shipowner. The Lee house, on Washington Street, was an elegant mansion constructed in 1768, and Mrs. Lee was a noted hostess. According to local tradition, silhouettes of eagles were placed in the windows of the house during GW\u2019s visit so they would show against the lighted candles (LORDPriscilla Sawyer Lord and Virginia Clegg Gamage. Marblehead: The Spirit of \u201976 Lives Here. Philadelphia, 1972., 234\u201336).\n   These military units included the Salem town regiment, \u201cjoined by a Regiment from Lynn, with the Horse from Ipswich, the Independant Company, & the Artillery. The Ipswich Horse were in blue with hats, the Independants in red, & the Artillery in black uniforms. The Militia were partly in Rifle frocks\u201d (Bentley, DiaryThe Diary of William Bentley, D.D. 4 vols. Salem, Mass., 1905\u201314., 1:130).\n   To one observer GW\u2019s progress to the courthouse seemed less than triumphant: \u201cHis appearance as he passed thro\u2019 Court Street in Salem was far from gay, or making anyone else so. He looked oppressed by the attention that was paid him, and as he cast his eye around, I thought it seemed to sink at the notice he attracted. When he had got to the Court House, and had patiently listened to the ditty they sung at him, and heard the shouts of the multitude, he bowed very low, and as if he could bear no more turned hastily around and went into the house\u201d (Hist. Collections of the Essex Institute, 67 [1931], 299\u2013300).\n   While in Salem, GW lodged at the imposing Ward House on Court (now Washington) Street, constructed between 1781 and 1785 by Samuel McIntire, and presently owned by Joshua Ward. For GW\u2019s stay in Salem, see Bentley, DiaryThe Diary of William Bentley, D.D. 4 vols. Salem, Mass., 1905\u201314., 130\u201331; Gaz. of the U.S., 14 Nov. 1789; rantoul, 68:1\u201319).\n   The inhabitants of Salem had sent GW an invitation to attend the entertainment, 23 Oct. 1789 (DLC:GW).\nFriday 30th. A Little after 8 Oclock I set out for Newbury-Port and in less than 2 Miles crossed the Bridge between Salem and Beverly, which makes a handsome appearance, and is upon the same plan of those over Charles & Mistick Rivers; excepting that it has not foot ways as that of the former has. The length of this bridge is 1530 feet and was built for about \u00a34500 lawful money\u2014a price inconceivably low in my estimation, as there is 18 feet water in the deepest parts of the River over which it is erected. This Bridge is longer than that at Charles town, but shorter by  feet than the other over Mistick. All of them have draw bridges by which Vessels pass. After passing Beverley 2 Miles we come to the Cotton Manufactury which seems to be carrying on with Spirit by the Mr. Cabbots (principally). In this Manufactury they have the New Invented Carding and Spinning Machines\u2014one of the first supplies the work; and four of the latter; one of which spins 84 threads at a time by one person. The Cotton is\nprepared for these Machines by being first (lightly) drawn to a thrd. on the common wheel. There is also another Machine for doubling and twisting the threads for particular cloths. This also does many at a time. For winding the Cotton from the spindles, & preparing it for the Warp, there is a Reel which expedites the work greatly. A number of Looms (15 or 16) were at work with Spring shuttles which do more than dble. work. In short the whole seemed perfect, and the Cotton stuffs wch. they turn out excellent of their kind. Warp & filling both are now of Cotton. From this place with escorts of Horse I passed on to Ipswich about 10 Miles\u2014at the entrance of which I was met and welcomed by the Select Men and received by a Regemt. of Militia. At this place I was met by Mr. Dalton and some other Gentlemen from Newbury-port\u2014partook of a Cold Collation, & proceeded on to the last-mentioned place where I was received with much respect & parade, about 4 Oclock. In the evening there were Rockets & some other fire-works and every other demonstration to welcome me to the Town. This place is pleasantly situated on Merimack River, and appears to have carried on (here & about) the Ship-building business to a grt. extent. The number of Souls is estimated at 5,000.\n   The Beverly Cotton Manufactory was established in 1787\u201388 with John Cabot and Joshua Fisher as managers and George and Andrew Cabot as leading stockholders. In its early years the factory received considerable encouragement from the Massachusetts legislature\u2014a grant of land in 1789 and a state lottery in 1791. It was incorporated 3 Feb. 1789 (BAGNALLWilliam R. Bagnall. The Textile Industries of the United States including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufactures in the Colonial Period. Cambridge, Mass., 1893., 93\u201394).\n   For GW\u2019s reception in Newburyport, see Essex Jl. and New Hampshire Packet, 4 Nov. 1789; Gaz. of the U.S., 14 Nov. 1789; Pa. Packet, 19 Nov. 1789). According to local tradition, GW left his carriage just outside of town and, mounting his horse, proceeded to South (Bromfield) and High streets where, accompanied by considerable fanfare, an ode dedicated to the president was sung. The party then proceeded to Tracy House, originally owned by Nathaniel Tracy but now occupied by Joseph Prince, where GW was to lodge (CURRIERJohn J. Currier. History of Newburyport, Mass., 1764\u20131905. Newburyport, Mass., 1906., 408\u201310).\nSaturday 31st. Left Newbury-port a little after 8 Oclock (first breakfasting with Mr. Dalton)  and to avoid a wider ferry\u2014more inconvenient boats\u2014and a piece of heavy Sand, we crossed the River at Salisbury two Miles above; and near that further about\u2014and in three Miles came to the Line wch. divides the State of Massachusetts from that of New Hampshire. Here I took leave of Mr. Dalton and many other private Gentlemen who accompanied me\u2014also of Genl. Titcomb who had met me on the line between Middlesex & Essex Counties\u2014Corps of light Horse and Many officers of Militia\u2014And was recd. by the President of the State of\nNew Hampshire\u2014the Vice-President; some of the Council\u2014Messrs. Langdon & Wingate of the Senate\u2014Colo. Parker Marshall of the State, & many other respectable characters;  besides several Troops of well cloathed Horse in handsome Uniforms, and many Officers of the Militia also in handsome (white & red) uniforms of the Manufacture of the State. With this Cavalcade we proceeded and arrived before 3 Oclock at Portsmouth, where we were received with every token of respect and appearance of Cordiallity under a discharge of Artillery. The Streets\u2014doors and windows were Crouded here, as at all the other Places\u2014and, alighting at the Town House, odes were Sung & played in honor of the President. The same happened yesterday at my entrance into New-bury-port\u2014Being stopped at my entrance to hear it. From the Town House I went to Colonel Brewsters Ta[ver]n  the place provided for my residence and asked the President, Vice-President, the two Senators, the Marshall and Majr. Gilman  to dine with me, which they did\u2014after which I drank Tea at Mr. Langdons.\n   Tristram Dalton\u2019s farm, where he engaged in extensive experimental gardening, was five miles from Newburyport on the Merrimack River. A contemporary traveler noted that it \u201cis one of the most beautiful spots imaginable and the view, one of the grandest I have ever seen, embraces a panorama stretching over more than seven leagues. His farm is well kept; I saw thirty cows, a good number of very fat pigs, some sheep, a well-stocked larder, and a big vegetable garden\u201d (BRISSOTJ. P. Brissot de Warville. New Travels in the United States of America, 1788. Translated by Mara Soceanu Vamos and Durand Echeverria. Edited by Durand Echeverria. Cambridge, Mass., 1964., 368).\n   On his way from Newburyport to Portsmouth, GW \u201cpassed through the towns of Amesbury and Salisbury where several companies of Militia were paraded which saluted as he passed. The Marine Society of this town prepared and decorated a handsome Barge, for the purpose of carrying the President across Merrimack River, which was previously sent . . . opposite to Amesbury Ferry, where it waited his arrival. The Barge men were all dressed in white\u201d (Essex Jl. and New Hampshire Packet, 4 Nov. 1789).\n   John Sullivan (1740\u20131795) had been president of New Hampshire in 1786 and 1787 and was reelected in 1789. Appointed major of the New Hampshire militia in 1772 and brigadier general in the Continental Army in 1775, he brought his brigade to join GW\u2019s army outside Boston in 1775, where he served throughout the siege of the city. He was promoted to major general in Aug. 1776. His stormy military career during the Revolution included controversies with Congress and with the French command during the Rhode Island campaign in 1778 and command of the expedition against the Iroquois in western Pennsylvania and New York in 1779. Sullivan had served intermittently in the Continental Congress during the Revolution, and in Sept. 1789 GW appointed him federal judge for the district of New Hampshire (EXECUTIVE JOURNALJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America: From the commencement of the First, to the termination of the Nineteenth Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1828., 1:29\u201330).\n   John Pickering (c.1738\u20131805), one of New Hampshire\u2019s leading jurists, was now vice-president of the state. In 1790 he was appointed chief justice of the New Hampshire superior court and in 1795 GW named him to succeed\nSullivan as federal judge for the district of New Hampshire (EXECUTIVE JOURNALJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America: From the commencement of the First, to the termination of the Nineteenth Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1828., 1:172).\n   John Langdon (1741\u20131819) and Paine Wingate (1739\u20131838) were New Hampshire\u2019s two United States senators. Langdon, a former Portsmouth merchant, had seen military service at Saratoga during the Revolution and was a member of the Continental Congress 1775\u201376, 1783. At this time he was president pro tempore of the Senate. Wingate lived at Stratham, N.H., had served in the Continental Congress 1787\u201388, and was a United States senator until 1795.\n   In Sept. 1789 GW had appointed John Parker United States marshal for the district of New Hampshire (EXECUTIVE JOURNALJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America: From the commencement of the First, to the termination of the Nineteenth Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1828., 1:29\u201330).\n   The tavern was kept by William Brewster.\n   Nicholas Gilman (1755\u20131814), of Exeter, N.H., was appointed as regimental adjutant to the 3d New Hampshire Regiment in 1776 and served with New Hampshire Continental regiments to the end of the Revolution. From 1786 to 1788 he was a member of the Continental Congress. At this time he was a United States congressman.\n   John Langdon\u2019s mansion, built in 1784, was on Pleasant Street in Portsmouth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 2d. Having made previous preparations for it\u2014About 8 Oclock attended by the President, Mr. Langden & some other Gentlemen, I went in a boat to view the harbour of Portsmouth;\nwhich is well secured against all Winds; and from its narrow entrance from the Sea, and passage up to the Town, may be perfectly guarded against any approach by water. The anchorage is also good & the Shipping may lay close to the Docks &ca. when at the Town. In my way to the Mouth of the Harbour, I stopped at a place called Kittery in the Provence of Main, the River Piscataqua being the boundary between New Hampshire and it. From hence I went by the Old Fort (formerly built while under the English government) on an Island which is at the Entrance of the Harbour and where the Light House stands. As we passed this Fort we were saluted by 13 Guns. Having Lines we proceeded to the Fishing banks a little with out the Harbour and fished for Cod\u2014but it not being a proper time of tide we only caught two\u2014with wch. about 1 Oclock we returned to Town. Dined at Col. Langdons, and drank Tea there with a large Circle of Ladies and retired a little after Seven O\u2019clock. Before dinner I recd. an address from the Town\u2014presented by the Vice-President and returned an answer in the Evening to one I had recd. from Marblehead and an other from the Presbiterian Clergy of the State of Massachusetts & New Hampshire delivered at Newbury Port; both of which I had been unable to answer before.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 3d. Sat two hours in the forenoon for a Mr.  Painter of Boston, at the Request of Mr. Brick of that place; who wrote Majr. Jackson that it was an earnest desire of many of the Inhabitants of that Town that he might be endulged. After this setting I called upon President Sullivan, and the Mother of Mr. Lear and having walked through most parts of the Town, returned by 12 Oclock when I was visited by a Clergyman of the name of Haven, who presented me with an Ear, and part of the stalk of the dying Corn, and several small pieces of Cloth which had been died with it, equal to any colours I had ever seen & of various colours. This Corn was blood red & the rind of the stalk deeply tinged of the same colour. About 2 Oclock I recd. an Address from the Executive of the State of New Hampshire; and in half an hour after dined with them and a large Company at their Assembly room which is one of the best I have seen any where in the United States. At half after Seven I went to the Assembly where there were about 75 well dressed, and many of them very handsome Ladies\u2014among whom (as was also the case at the Salem & Boston Assemblies) were a greater proportion with much blacker hair than are usually seen in the Southern States. About 9 I returned to my Quarters. Portsmouth it is said contains abt. 5000 Inhabitants. There are some good houses (among wch. Colo. Langdons may be esteemed the first) but in general they are indifferent; and almost entirely of wood. On wondering at this, as the Country is full of Stone and good Clay for Bricks I was told that on acct. of the fogs and damps they deemed them wholesomer and for that reason prefered wood buildings. Lumber\u2014Fish and Pot ash with some Provisions compose the principal Articles of Export. Ship building here & at Newbury Port has been carried on to a considerable extent. During & for sometime after the War\nthere was an entire stagnation to it; but it is beginning now to revive again. The number of Ships belonging to the Port are estimated at .", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 5th. About Sun rise I set out, crossing the Merimack River at the Town over to the Township of Bradford and in nine Miles came to Abbots Tavern in Andover where we breakfasted, and met with much attention from Mr. Philips President of the Senate of Massachusetts, who accompanied us thro\u2019 Bellarika [Billerica] to Lexington, where I dined, and viewed the Spot on which the first blood was spilt in the dispute with great Britain on the 19th. of April 1775. Here I parted with Mr. Philips, and proceeded on to Watertown, intending (as I was disappointed by the Weather & bad Roads from travvelling through the Interior Country to Charlestown on Connecticut River) to take what is called the Middle Road from Boston. The Country from Haverhill to Andover is good, and well cultivated. In and about the latter (which stands high) it is beautiful. A Mile or two from it you descend into a pine level pretty Sandy, and mixed with Swamps; through which you ride several Miles till you begin to ascend the heights on which the Town of Bellarika stands, which is also pleasantly situated 10 Miles from Andover. From hence to Lexington\u20148 Miles and thence to Watertown 8 More the Country is very pleasant, and the roads in general good. We lodged in this\nplace at the House of a Widow Coolidge near the Bridge, and a very indifferent one it is.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 6th. A little after Seven oclock, under great appearances of Rain or Snow, we left Watertown, and Passing through Needham (five Miles therefrom) breakfasted at Sherburn which is 14 Miles from the former. Then passing through Holliston 5 Miles, Milford 6 More, Menden 4 More, and Uxbridge 6 More, we lodged at one Tafts 1 Miles further; the whole distance of this days travel being 36 Miles. From Watertown till you get near Needham, the Road is very level\u2014about Needham it is hilly\u2014then level again, and the whole pleasant and well cultivated \u2019till you pass Sherburn; between this and Holliston is some Hilly & Rocky ground as there is in places, onwards to Uxbridge; some of\nwch. are very bad; Upon the whole it may be called an indifferent Rd.\u2014deversified by good & bad land\u2014cultivated and in woods\u2014some high and Barren and others low, wet and Piney. Grass and Indian Corn is the chief produce of the Farms. Rye composes a part of the culture of them, but wheat is not grown on Acct. of the blight. The Roads in every part of this State are amazingly crooked, to suit the convenience of every Mans fields; & the directions you receive from the People equally blind & ignorant; for instead of going to Watertown from Lexington, if we had proceeded to Waltham we should in 13 Miles have saved at least Six; the distance from Lexington to Waltham being only 5 Miles and the Road from Watertown to Sherburn going within less than two miles of the latter (i.e. Waltham). The Clouds of the Morning vanished before the Meridian Sun, and the Afternoon was bright and pleasant. The House in Uxbridge had a good external appearance (for a Tavern) but the owner of it being from home, and the wife sick, we could not gain admittance which was the reason of my coming on to Tafts; where, though the people were obliging, the entertainment was not very inviting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 7th. Left Tafts before Sunrise, and passing through Douglas wood breakfasted at one Jacobs in Thompson 12 Miles\u2019 distant\u2014not a good House. Bated the Horses in Pomfret at Colo. Grosveners, distant 11 Miles from Jacobs and Lodged at Squire Perkins in Ashford (called 10 Miles, but must be 12). The first Stage with a small exception is intolerable bad Road, & a poor and uncultivated Country covered chiefly with woods\u2014the largest of Which is called Douglass, at the foot of which on the East side\nis a large Pond. Jacobs\u2019s, is in the State of Connecticut, and here the Lands are better, and more highly improved. From hence to Pomfret there is some woods & indifferent Land, but in General it is tolerably good and the Farms look well. In and abt. Pomfret they are fine, and from thence to Ashford not bad; but very hilly and much mixed with Rock Stone. Knowing that General Putnam lived in the Township of Pomfret, I had hopes of seeing him and it was one of my inducements for coming this Road; but on enquiry in the Town I found that he lived 5 Miles out of my road, and that without deranging my plan & delaying my journey, I could not do it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 9th. Set out about 7 Oclock and for the first 24 Miles had hilly, rocky and disagreeable Roads. The remaining 10 was level and good, but in places Sandy. Arrived at Hartford a little before four. We passed through Mansfield (which is a very hilly Country and the Township in which they make the greatest qty. of Silk of any in the State) and breakfasted at one Brighams in Coventry. Stopped at Woodbridges in Et. Hartford where the level land is entered upon & from whence through East Hartford the Country is pleasant, and the Land in places very good\u2014in others Sandy and Weak. I find by Conversing with the Farmers along this Road that a medium Crop of Wheat to the Acre is about 15 bushels\u2014of Corn 20\u2014of Oats the same\u2014and in their strong & fresh Lands they get as much Wheat as they can Rye to the Acre\u2014but in worn, or Sandy Land the latter yields most. They go more however upon grasing than either; & consequently Beef Butter & Cheese\u2014with Porke are the articles which they carry to Market.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 12th. A little before Sunrise we left Marvins and breakfasting at Stamford 13 Miles distant, reached the Widow Havilands 12 Miles further; where, on acct. of some lame horses, we remained all Night. The badness of these Rds. having been described as I went, I shall say nothing of them now.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 14th. At home all day\u2014except taking a Walk round the Battery in the Afternoon. At 4 Oclock received and answered an Address from the President & Corporation of Dartmouth College and about Noon sundry visits.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 15th. Went to St. Pauls Chapel in the forenoon and after returning from thence was visited by Majr. Butler Majr. Meridith and Mr. Smith So. Cara. Received an Invitation to attend the Funeral of Mrs. Roosevelt (the wife of a Senator of this State) but declined complying with it\u2014first because the propriety of accepting any invitation of this sort appeared very questionable and secondly (though to do it in this instance might not be improper) because it might be difficult to discriminate in cases wch. might thereafter happen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 18th. Took a walk in the forenoon, & called upon Mr. Jay on business but he was not within. On my return paid Mr. Vaughan Senr. a visit\u2014informal. Sent a Commission as District Judge of So. Carolina to the Honble. William Drayton of that State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 19th. The following Company dined here today\u2014viz.\u2014Mrs. Adams (Lady to the Vice President) Colo. Smith & Lady & Miss Smith Mrs. Adams\u2019s Niece\u2014Govr. Clinton and Lady & Miss Cornelia Clinton and Majr. Butlar, his Lady and two Daughters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 21st. Received in the Afternoon the Report from the Commissioners appointed to Treat with the Southern Indians. Gave it one reading & shall bestow another and more attentive one on it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Sunday 22d. Went to St. Pauls Chappel in the forenoon\u2014heard a charity Sermon for the benefit of the Orphans School of this City. Had a good deal of conversation in the Evening with the above Commissioners on the more minute part of their transactions at the Treaty with the Creek Indians and their opinion with respect to the real views of Mr. McGillivry\u2014The principles of whose conduct they think is self-Interest, and a dependence for support on Spain. They think also, that having possessed himself of the outlines of the terms he could Treat with the United States upon, he wished to Postpone the Treaty to see if he could not obtain better from Spain. They think that, though he does not want abilities, he has credit to the full extent of them and that he is but a short sighted politicion. He acknowledges however, that an Alliance between the Creek Nation & the United States is the most Natural one, & what they ought to prefer if to be obtained on equal terms. A Free port in the latter seems to be a favourite object with him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 24th. A good deal of Company at the Levee to day. Went to the Play in the Evening. Sent Tickets to the following Ladies and Gentlemn. & invited them to Seats in my Box viz.\u2014Mrs. Adams (Lady of the Vice-President) Genl. Schuyler & Lady, Mr. King & Lady, Majr. Butler and Lady, Colo. Hamilton & Lady Mrs. Green\u2014all of whom accepted and came except Mrs. Butler who was indisposed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 25th. Exercised on Horse-back between Breakfast & dinner\u2014in which returning I called upon Mr. Jay and Genl. Knox on business and made informal visits to the Govr., Mr. Izard, Genl. Schuyler, and Mrs. Dalton. The following Company dined with me. viz. Doctr. Johnson & Lady and daughter (Mrs. Neely)\u2014Mr. Izard & Lady & Son\u2014Mr. Smith (So. Carolina) & Lady\u2014Mr. Kean & Lady and the Chief Justice Mr. Jay. After which I went with Mrs. Washington to the Dancing Assembly at which I stayed until 10 Ock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 26th. Being the day appointed for a thanksgiving I went to St. Pauls Chapel though it was most inclement and stormy\u2014but few people at Church.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 30th. Went to the Play in the Evening and presented Tickets to the following persons\u2014viz.\u2014Doctr. Johnson and Lady\u2014Mr. Dalton & Lady\u2014The Chief Justice of the United States and Lady\u2014Secretary of War & Lady\u2014Baron de Steuben and Mrs. Green.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0003", "content": "Title: [November 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nNovember 1st. Attended by the President of the State (Genl. Sullivan) Mr. Langdon, & the Marshall; I went in the fore Noon to the Episcopal Church under the incumbency of a Mr. Ogden and in the Afternoon to one of the Presbeterian or Congregational Churches in which a Mr. Buckminster Preached. Dined at home with the Marshall and spent the afternoon in my own room writing letters.\n   Rev. John Cosens Ogden was pastor of St. John\u2019s Episcopal Church from 1786 to 1793. Ogden had written GW, 30 Oct., extending an invitation to tea and mentioning, as an added inducement, that his mother-in-law was the widow of Brig. Gen. David Wooster and his sister the widow of Col. Francis Barber (DNA:PCC). GW attended services in Queen\u2019s Chapel of the church (Pa. Packet, 25 Nov. 1789). Rev. Joseph Buckminster became pastor of the North Congregational Church in Portsmouth in 1779 and held the post for 33 years (GURNEYC. S. Gurney. Portsmouth . . . Historic and Picturesque. Portsmouth, N.H., 1902., 140).\n   Several newspaper accounts, including the Pennsylvania Packet, 19 Nov. 1789, state that on Sunday, 1 Nov., Tobias Lear was married in Portsmouth \u201cto an amiable young lady of that town\u201d and that GW attended the wedding. This is clearly in error since Lear did not marry Mary Long of Portsmouth until 18 April 1790. However, Lear family tradition holds that GW attended the engagement party on this day (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 128).\nMonday 2d. Having made previous preparations for it\u2014About 8 Oclock attended by the President, Mr. Langden & some other Gentlemen, I went in a boat to view the harbour of Portsmouth;\nwhich is well secured against all Winds; and from its narrow entrance from the Sea, and passage up to the Town, may be perfectly guarded against any approach by water. The anchorage is also good & the Shipping may lay close to the Docks &ca. when at the Town. In my way to the Mouth of the Harbour, I stopped at a place called Kittery in the Provence of Main, the River Piscataqua being the boundary between New Hampshire and it. From hence I went by the Old Fort (formerly built while under the English government) on an Island which is at the Entrance of the Harbour and where the Light House stands. As we passed this Fort we were saluted by 13 Guns. Having Lines we proceeded to the Fishing banks a little with out the Harbour and fished for Cod\u2014but it not being a proper time of tide we only caught two\u2014with wch. about 1 Oclock we returned to Town. Dined at Col. Langdons, and drank Tea there with a large Circle of Ladies and retired a little after Seven O\u2019clock. Before dinner I recd. an address from the Town\u2014presented by the Vice-President and returned an answer in the Evening to one I had recd. from Marblehead and an other from the Presbiterian Clergy of the State of Massachusetts & New Hampshire delivered at Newbury Port; both of which I had been unable to answer before.\n   Fort William and Mary, later called Fort Constitution, was on Newcastle Island in Portsmouth harbor.\n   According to tradition in Tobias Lear\u2019s family, \u201cOn the trip down the Piscataqua River, Washington landed for a few minutes on the opposite\nbank at Kittery, or rather Kittery Point, Maine, and made a short call on the Reverend Dr. Stevens, the pastor of the old Kittery Church. The President landed on the old stone dock.\u201d Rev. Dr. Benjamin Stevens (1720\u20131791) had been pastor of the First Church in Kittery, Maine, since 1751. His daughter Sally was married to Rev. Joseph Buckminster whose church GW had attended on 1 Nov. GW\u2019s first attempt at deep-sea fishing was apparently even less successful than he intimates. One of the two cod \u201cwas hooked by a fisherman named Zebulon Willey, who was trying his luck in a neighboring boat. Getting a bite, he handed his line to the President, who landed the fish and rewarded Zebulon with a silver dollar. When returning to town, the President saw an old acquaintance. This was Captain John Blunt, the helmsman of the boat during the famous crossing of the Delaware\u201d (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 84; DEXTERFranklin Bowditch Dexter, ed. Extracts from the Itineraries and other Miscellanies of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., 1755\u20131794, with a Selection from His Correspondence. New Haven, 1916., 562).\n   These addresses and replies are in DLC:GW.\nTuesday 3d. Sat two hours in the forenoon for a Mr.  Painter of Boston, at the Request of Mr. Brick of that place; who wrote Majr. Jackson that it was an earnest desire of many of the Inhabitants of that Town that he might be endulged. After this setting I called upon President Sullivan, and the Mother of Mr. Lear and having walked through most parts of the Town, returned by 12 Oclock when I was visited by a Clergyman of the name of Haven, who presented me with an Ear, and part of the stalk of the dying Corn, and several small pieces of Cloth which had been died with it, equal to any colours I had ever seen & of various colours. This Corn was blood red & the rind of the stalk deeply tinged of the same colour. About 2 Oclock I recd. an Address from the Executive of the State of New Hampshire; and in half an hour after dined with them and a large Company at their Assembly room which is one of the best I have seen any where in the United States. At half after Seven I went to the Assembly where there were about 75 well dressed, and many of them very handsome Ladies\u2014among whom (as was also the case at the Salem & Boston Assemblies) were a greater proportion with much blacker hair than are usually seen in the Southern States. About 9 I returned to my Quarters. Portsmouth it is said contains abt. 5000 Inhabitants. There are some good houses (among wch. Colo. Langdons may be esteemed the first) but in general they are indifferent; and almost entirely of wood. On wondering at this, as the Country is full of Stone and good Clay for Bricks I was told that on acct. of the fogs and damps they deemed them wholesomer and for that reason prefered wood buildings. Lumber\u2014Fish and Pot ash with some Provisions compose the principal Articles of Export. Ship building here & at Newbury Port has been carried on to a considerable extent. During & for sometime after the War\nthere was an entire stagnation to it; but it is beginning now to revive again. The number of Ships belonging to the Port are estimated at .\n   Samuel Breck, a Boston merchant, was interested in various manufacturing concerns in the city including the Boston Duck Manufactory and the Boston Glass House. See also entry for 27 Oct. 1789.\n   According to Portsmouth tradition, GW visited Sullivan and the New Hampshire council at the William Pitt Hotel on Pitt Street, kept since 1770 by John Stavers. Mrs. Mary Lear, the widow of Capt. Tobias Lear, lived on Hunking Street in Portsmouth with her daughter and son-in-law Samuel Storer, a Portsmouth merchant.\n   Rev. Dr. Samuel Haven (1727\u20131806), a native of Framingham, Mass., and a Harvard graduate, had come to Portsmouth in 1752 to become the vigorous and popular pastor of South Congregational Church. During the Revolution he had operated a small saltpeter works in Portsmouth \u201cusing earth which he dug from under the meetinghouse,\u201d and was noted for the support he extended out of his own meager salary to the victims of the war in the area (SIBLEYJ. L. Sibley et al. Sibley\u2019s Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College. 18 vols. to date. Boston, 1873\u2013., 12:382\u201392; BREWSTERCharles W. Brewster. Rambles about Portsmouth. Vol. 1. 1873. Reprint. Somersworth, N.H., 1971., 1st ser., 96, 322\u201326).\n   Letter book copies of an address of welcome from the New Hampshire council, signed by John Sullivan on 3 Nov., and GW\u2019s reply are in DLC:GW.\n   After visiting New Hampshire, GW had apparently originally intended to continue into Vermont and return to New York City by way of Albany. However, on 3 Nov. a heavy fall of snow blanketed Albany and the surrounding area and GW decided to return to the capital by the most direct route (Gaz. of the U.S., 11 Nov. 1789; Pa. Packet, 20 Nov. 1789; WEBB [2]Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb. 3 vols. New York, 1893\u201394., 3:144).\nWednesday 4th. About half after seven I left Portsmouth, quietly & without any attendance, having earnestly entreated that all parade & ceremony might be avoided on my return. Before ten I reached Exeter 14 Miles distance. This is considered as the 2d. Town in New-Hampshire and stands at the head of the tide water of Piscataqua River but Ships of 3 or 400 Tonns are built at it. Above (but in the Town) are considerable Falls which supply several Grist Mills\u20142 Oyl Mills A Slitting Mill and Snuff Mill. It is a place of some consequence but does not contain more than 1000 Inhabitants. A jealousy subsists between this Town (where the Legislature alternately sits) and Portsmouth, which, had I known it in time, would have made it necessary to have accepted an Invitation to a Public dinner, but my arrangements having been otherwise made I could not. From hence passing through Kingstown (6 Miles from Exeter) I arrived at Haverhill about half past two & stayed all Night. Walked through the Town which stands at the head of the Tide of Merrimack River and in a beautiful part of the Country. The Lands over which I travelled to day are pretty much mixed in places with Stone And the growth\nwith Pines\u2014till I came near to Haverhill where they disappeared, & the land had a more fertile appearance. The whole were pretty well cultivated but used (principally) for Grass and Indian Corn. In Haverhill is a Duck Manufactury upon a small but ingenious scale under the conduct of Colo. . At this Manufactury one small person turns a Wheel which employs 8 Spinners, each acting independently of each other so as to occasion no interruption to the rest if any one of them is stopped\u2014Whereas at the Boston Manufactury of this Article, each Spinner has a small girl to turn the Wheel. The Looms are also somewhat differently constructed from those of the common kind, and upon an improved plan. The Inhabitts. of this small Village were well disposed to welcome me to it by every demonstration which could evince their joy.\n   The Sailcloth Manufactory at Haverhill, under the supervision of Samuel Blodgett, began operation in 1789. By 1790 flax for sailcloth was being processed by \u201ca multiple spinning-machine, operated by power, containing 4 heads of 8 spindles each.\u201d As in the case of other New England duck manufactories, the Haverhill establishment prospered as long as state bounties were available. After their expiration around 1795, production gradually declined (CLARK [4]Victor S. Clark. History of Manufactures in the United States. 3 vols. New York, 1929., 1:425, 531).\n   GW lodged at Harrod\u2019s tavern in Haverhill (Fitzpatrick, DiariesJohn C. Fitzpatrick, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748\u20131799. 4 vols. Boston and New York, 1925., 4:46, n.1).\nThursday 5th. About Sun rise I set out, crossing the Merimack River at the Town over to the Township of Bradford and in nine Miles came to Abbots Tavern in Andover where we breakfasted, and met with much attention from Mr. Philips President of the Senate of Massachusetts, who accompanied us thro\u2019 Bellarika [Billerica] to Lexington, where I dined, and viewed the Spot on which the first blood was spilt in the dispute with great Britain on the 19th. of April 1775. Here I parted with Mr. Philips, and proceeded on to Watertown, intending (as I was disappointed by the Weather & bad Roads from travvelling through the Interior Country to Charlestown on Connecticut River) to take what is called the Middle Road from Boston. The Country from Haverhill to Andover is good, and well cultivated. In and about the latter (which stands high) it is beautiful. A Mile or two from it you descend into a pine level pretty Sandy, and mixed with Swamps; through which you ride several Miles till you begin to ascend the heights on which the Town of Bellarika stands, which is also pleasantly situated 10 Miles from Andover. From hence to Lexington\u20148 Miles and thence to Watertown 8 More the Country is very pleasant, and the roads in general good. We lodged in this\nplace at the House of a Widow Coolidge near the Bridge, and a very indifferent one it is.\n   Abbot\u2019s Tavern, at 70 Elm Street in Andover, was established by Isaac Abbot in 1776. Samuel Phillips (1752\u20131802), of Andover, Mass., a Harvard graduate, had served intermittently in the Massachusetts legislature since 1775. During the Revolution he had operated a powder mill at Andover, which was still in operation in 1789, and was also involved in the manufacture of paper. In 1778, in cooperation with his uncle John Phillips, he was a founder of what was later to become the Phillips Andover Academy. He served as president of the Massachusetts Senate 1775\u20131802 and as lieutenant governor of the state in 1802 (SIBLEYJ. L. Sibley et al. Sibley\u2019s Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College. 18 vols. to date. Boston, 1873\u2013., 17:593\u2013605).\n   This tavern was kept by the widow of Nathaniel Coolidge (Fitzpatrick, DiariesJohn C. Fitzpatrick, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748\u20131799. 4 vols. Boston and New York, 1925., 4:48).\nFriday 6th. A little after Seven oclock, under great appearances of Rain or Snow, we left Watertown, and Passing through Needham (five Miles therefrom) breakfasted at Sherburn which is 14 Miles from the former. Then passing through Holliston 5 Miles, Milford 6 More, Menden 4 More, and Uxbridge 6 More, we lodged at one Tafts 1 Miles further; the whole distance of this days travel being 36 Miles. From Watertown till you get near Needham, the Road is very level\u2014about Needham it is hilly\u2014then level again, and the whole pleasant and well cultivated \u2019till you pass Sherburn; between this and Holliston is some Hilly & Rocky ground as there is in places, onwards to Uxbridge; some of\nwch. are very bad; Upon the whole it may be called an indifferent Rd.\u2014deversified by good & bad land\u2014cultivated and in woods\u2014some high and Barren and others low, wet and Piney. Grass and Indian Corn is the chief produce of the Farms. Rye composes a part of the culture of them, but wheat is not grown on Acct. of the blight. The Roads in every part of this State are amazingly crooked, to suit the convenience of every Mans fields; & the directions you receive from the People equally blind & ignorant; for instead of going to Watertown from Lexington, if we had proceeded to Waltham we should in 13 Miles have saved at least Six; the distance from Lexington to Waltham being only 5 Miles and the Road from Watertown to Sherburn going within less than two miles of the latter (i.e. Waltham). The Clouds of the Morning vanished before the Meridian Sun, and the Afternoon was bright and pleasant. The House in Uxbridge had a good external appearance (for a Tavern) but the owner of it being from home, and the wife sick, we could not gain admittance which was the reason of my coming on to Tafts; where, though the people were obliging, the entertainment was not very inviting.\n   GW apparently found these accommodations adequate. On 8 Nov. he wrote Samuel Taft: \u201cBeing informed that you have given my name to one of your Sons, and called another after Mrs. Washington\u2019s family. And being moreover very much pleased with the modest and innocent looks of your two daughters Patty and Polly I do, for these reasons, send each of these Girls a piece of chintz. And to Patty, who bears the name of Mrs. Washington, and who waited more upon us than Polly did, I send five guineas, with which she may buy herself any little ornaments she may want, or she may dispose of them in any other manner more agreeable to herself. As I do not give these things with a view to have it talked of, or even to its being known, the less there is said about the matter the better you will please me; but that I may be sure the chintz and money have got safe to hand, let Patty, who I dare say is equal to it, write me a line informing me thereof directed to \u2018The President of the United States at New York\u2019\u201d (DLC:GW). Patty, whose given name was Mercy rather than Martha, acknowledged the gifts in a letter to GW, 28 Dec. 1789 (DLC:GW).\nSaturday 7th. Left Tafts before Sunrise, and passing through Douglas wood breakfasted at one Jacobs in Thompson 12 Miles\u2019 distant\u2014not a good House. Bated the Horses in Pomfret at Colo. Grosveners, distant 11 Miles from Jacobs and Lodged at Squire Perkins in Ashford (called 10 Miles, but must be 12). The first Stage with a small exception is intolerable bad Road, & a poor and uncultivated Country covered chiefly with woods\u2014the largest of Which is called Douglass, at the foot of which on the East side\nis a large Pond. Jacobs\u2019s, is in the State of Connecticut, and here the Lands are better, and more highly improved. From hence to Pomfret there is some woods & indifferent Land, but in General it is tolerably good and the Farms look well. In and abt. Pomfret they are fine, and from thence to Ashford not bad; but very hilly and much mixed with Rock Stone. Knowing that General Putnam lived in the Township of Pomfret, I had hopes of seeing him and it was one of my inducements for coming this Road; but on enquiry in the Town I found that he lived 5 Miles out of my road, and that without deranging my plan & delaying my journey, I could not do it.\n   This tavern, just off the main road between Hartford and Boston, was kept by John Jacobs (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:863).\n   Thomas Grosvenor (1744\u20131825), a Pomfret, Conn., attorney, had graduated from Yale in 1765 and practiced law until 1775 when he joined the 3d Connecticut Regiment as a second lieutenant. He ended the war as lieutenant colonel commandant of the 1st Connecticut Regiment.\n   This tavern was kept by Isaac Perkins (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 1:65, 2:792).\n   Israel Putnam (1718\u20131790), one of the most colorful of Revolutionary War generals, was born in Salem Village (Danvers), Mass., but moved to Brooklyn, Conn., as a young man. Putnam served in the French and Indian War. In 1775 he was appointed major general in the Continental Army where he was an active and popular but controversial soldier, his habit of independent action proving an irritant to GW on more than one occasion. A paralytic stroke in 1779 had forced his retirement to his Connecticut home. Putnam\u2019s farm, which he had purchased from Gov. Jonathan Belcher, was about a mile from present-day Pomfret, Conn. In 1767 after his marriage to Deborah Lothrop Avery Gardiner, he moved to her home in present-day Brooklyn where the Putnams operated a tavern which became a favorite meeting place for Patriots. After Putnam moved to Brooklyn, his farm was occupied by Israel Putnam, Jr., but the elder Putnam had purchased the adjoining farm and it is likely he was living here, rather than in his Brooklyn house, when GW visited the area in 1789 (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:834).\nSunday 8th. It being contrary to Law & disagreeable to the People of this State (Connecticut) to travel on the Sabbath day and my horses after passing through such intolerable Roads wanting rest, I stayed at Perkins\u2019s Tavern (which by the bye is not a good one) all day\u2014and a meeting House being with in a few rod of the Door, I attended Morning & evening Service, and heard very lame discourses from a Mr. Pond.\n   GW correctly interpreted New England attitudes toward travel on the Sabbath. The Pennsylvania Packet, 3 Nov. 1789, noted with approval that Tristram Dalton and John Adams, on their way to Boston, broke their journey at Springfield in order not to travel on Sunday. \u201cHow pleasing the\nidea, that the most venerable and respectable characters of our Federal Legislature, pay such strict attention to the Sabbath.\u201d See also Mass. Centinel, 24 Oct. 1789.\n   Rev. Enoch Pond (1756\u20131807) had been ordained only the year before (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:827).\nMonday 9th. Set out about 7 Oclock and for the first 24 Miles had hilly, rocky and disagreeable Roads. The remaining 10 was level and good, but in places Sandy. Arrived at Hartford a little before four. We passed through Mansfield (which is a very hilly Country and the Township in which they make the greatest qty. of Silk of any in the State) and breakfasted at one Brighams in Coventry. Stopped at Woodbridges in Et. Hartford where the level land is entered upon & from whence through East Hartford the Country is pleasant, and the Land in places very good\u2014in others Sandy and Weak. I find by Conversing with the Farmers along this Road that a medium Crop of Wheat to the Acre is about 15 bushels\u2014of Corn 20\u2014of Oats the same\u2014and in their strong & fresh Lands they get as much Wheat as they can Rye to the Acre\u2014but in worn, or Sandy Land the latter yields most. They go more however upon grasing than either; & consequently Beef Butter & Cheese\u2014with Porke are the articles which they carry to Market.\n   Presumably Gershom Brigham, who had been licensed in 1778 to keep a tavern in Coventry, Conn. (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 2:792).\n   Deodatus and Esther Woodbridge kept a tavern at present-day Manchester Green in Hartford County (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 1:299).\nTuesday 10th. Left Hartford about 7 Oclock & took the Middle Road (instead of the one through Middleton which I went). Breakfasted at Worthington in the Township of Berlin, at the House of one Fuller. Bated at Smiths on the plains of Wallingford 13 Miles from Fullers, which is the distance Fullers is from Hartford\u2014and got into New Haven which is 13 Miles more, about half an hour before Sun-down. At this place I met Mr. Gerry in the Stage from New York who gave me the first certn. acct. of the health of Mrs. Washington.\n   The Fuller with whom GW breakfasted is probably Ephraim Fuller, listed in the 1790 census as a resident of Berlin (HEADS OF FAMILIES, CONN.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Connecticut. 1908. Reprint. Spartanburg, S.C., 1964., 34).\n   Elbridge Gerry, United States congressman from Massachusetts, was probably on his way to his home, Elmwood, in Cambridge, where he had lived since 1787.\nWednesday 11th. Set out about Sunrise, and took the upper Road to Milford, it being shorter than the lower one through West haven. Breakfasted at the former\u2014Bated at Fairfield and dined and lodged at a Majr. Marvins 9 Miles further; which is not a good House, though the People of it were disposed to do all they cou\u2019d to accomodate me.\n   Ozias Marvin\u2019s tavern was located \u201con the Westport-Norwalk road, at the intersection of the King\u2019s Highway with the turnpike. Washington is said to have eaten only bread and milk\u201d (CROFUTFlorence S. Marcy Crofut. Guide to the History and the Historic Sites of Connecticut. 2 vols. New Haven, 1937., 1:162).\nThursday 12th. A little before Sunrise we left Marvins and breakfasting at Stamford 13 Miles distant, reached the Widow Havilands 12 Miles further; where, on acct. of some lame horses, we remained all Night. The badness of these Rds. having been described as I went, I shall say nothing of them now.\nFriday 13th. Left Mrs. Havilands as soon as we could see the Road and breakfasted at Hoyets Tavern this side Kings-bridge and between two and three Oclock arrived at my House at New York where I found Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family all well. And its being Mrs. Washington\u2019s Night to receive visits a pretty large Company of Ladies and Gentlemen were present.\nSaturday 14th. At home all day\u2014except taking a Walk round the Battery in the Afternoon.\nAt 4 Oclock received and answered an Address from the President & Corporation of Dartmouth College and about Noon sundry visits.\nSunday 15th. Went to St. Pauls Chapel in the forenoon and after returning from thence was visited by Majr. Butler Majr. Meridith and Mr. Smith So. Cara. Received an Invitation to attend the Funeral of Mrs. Roosevelt (the wife of a Senator of this State) but declined complying with it\u2014first because the propriety of accepting any invitation of this sort appeared very questionable and secondly (though to do it in this instance might not be improper) because it might be difficult to discriminate in cases wch. might thereafter happen.\n   Pierce Butler (1744\u20131822), United States senator from South Carolina, was a native of Ireland and came to America in the early 1770s as a major in the British army. After holding various posts under the state government, he was elected to the Continental Congress in 1787 and represented South\nCarolina at the Federal Convention. He was elected to the Senate as a Federalist in 1789 and served until 1796.\n   Samuel Meredith (1741\u20131817), of Philadelphia, was an active Patriot before the Revolution and served in the Pennsylvania militia until 1778 when he resigned to resume his career in business and politics. In 1788 he was appointed surveyor of the Port of Philadelphia, and in Mar. 1789, anticipating GW\u2019s election, he wrote him requesting an appointment in the \u201cImpost Department\u201d (Meredith to GW, 23 Feb. 1789, DLC:GW). GW replied 5 Mar. stating that if he assumed the presidency, he had resolved \u201cto go into it, perfectly free from all engagements of every nature whatsoever. A conduct, in conformity to this resolution, would enable me in ballancing the various pretentions of different Candidates for appointments, to act with a sole reference to justice and the public good. This is, in substance, the answer that I have given to all applications (and they are not few) which have already been made\u201d (DLC:GW). See also entry for 20 June 1787.\n   William Loughton Smith (1758\u20131812), congressman from South Carolina, had studied at the Middle Temple and also at Geneva. Before the Revolution he practiced law in Charleston and was elected to the state legislature. In 1789 he was elected as a Federalist to Congress where he served until 1797, rapidly becoming one of the administration\u2019s most reliable supporters, especially in financial matters.\n   Isaac Roosevelt\u2019s wife was Cornelia Hoffman Roosevelt (1734\u20131789), daughter of Martinus Hoffman of Dutchess County, N.Y.\nMonday 16th. The Commissioners, who had returned from the proposed Treaty with the Creek Indians before me, to this City dined with me to day, as did their Secretary Colo. Franks and young Mr. Lincoln who accompanied them.\n   During the summer of 1789 an increasing stream of reports came from state officials and frontier settlers telling of Indian attacks by war parties from southern tribes, particularly urged on by the Creek chief Alexander McGillivray. The administration in Aug. 1789 appointed Benjamin Lincoln, Cyrus Griffin, and David Humphreys United States commissioners to open negotiations with the southern tribes on behalf of the government and \u201cestablish peace between the State of Georgia and the Creeks\u201d (ASP, Indian Affairs,Walter Lowrie et al., eds. American State Papers. Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. 38 vols. Washington, D.C., Gales and Seaton, 1832\u201361. 1:65\u201368). The commissioners arrived in Savannah 10 Sept. and conducted negotiations with state officials and Indian leaders over the next three weeks. By 10 Nov. they were back in New York. On 17 and 20 Nov. they reported to Knox that the Creek were determined not to make a treaty; however, as McGillivray and the other Creek chiefs \u201chave given strong assurances in their talks, and by writing, that no further hostilities or depredations shall be committed on the part of their nation; and as the Governor of Georgia . . . will prevent the commission of hostilities and depredations upon the Creek nation, on the part of Georgia, the commissioners, in the best of their judgment, report, that all animosities with the Creek nation should henceforth cease.\u201d In obedience to their instructions, however, they included detailed information on the Creek country and plans for \u201coffensive and defensive measures\u201d in case hostilities should break out (ASP, Indian Affairs,Walter Lowrie et al., eds. American State Papers. Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. 38 vols. Washington, D.C., Gales and Seaton, 1832\u201361. 1:78). The reports and the commissioners\u2019 journal containing their correspondence with Creek leaders and Georgia officials are in ASP, Indian Affairs,Walter Lowrie et al., eds. American State Papers. Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. 38 vols. Washington, D.C., Gales and Seaton, 1832\u201361. 1:68\u201380.\n   mr. lincoln: probably Abner Lincoln, Benjamin Lincoln\u2019s son-in-law (Mattern, Benjamin LincolnDavid B. Mattern. Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution. Columbia, S.C., 1995., 190).\n   David Salisbury Franks (c.1740\u20131793), son of John Franks, a prominent Jewish merchant of Philadelphia, served as aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold 1778\u201380, with the rank of major, but was acquitted of complicity in Arnold\u2019s treason. In 1781 he was designated an official courier by Robert Morris to carry dispatches to John Jay in Spain and served as vice-consul at Marseilles from 1784 to 1787. In 1789 he asked GW to appoint him to a foreign diplomatic post, preferably that of consul general in France, but instead received the minor appointment of secretary to the commissioners (Franks to GW, 12 May, 11 June 1789, DLC:GW; STRAUSOscar S. Straus. \u201cNew Light on the Career of Colonel David S. Franks.\u201d Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 10 (1902): 101\u20138., 101\u20138). After his return from the mission to the Creek, he served as assistant cashier of the Bank of the United States. He died of yellow fever during the 1793 epidemic in Philadelphia (see also WOLFEdwin Wolf II and Maxwell Whiteman. The History of the Jews of Philadelphia from Colonial Times to the Age of Jackson. Philadelphia, 1957., 158\u201364).\nTuesday 17th. The Visitors at the Levee to day, were numerous.\nWednesday 18th. Took a walk in the forenoon, & called upon Mr. Jay on business but he was not within. On my return paid Mr. Vaughan Senr. a visit\u2014informal.\nSent a Commission as District Judge of So. Carolina to the Honble. William Drayton of that State.\n   Samuel Vaughan (1720\u20131802), formerly a London merchant, had been living in Philadelphia since 1783 where, with his son John, he was conducting the family\u2019s mercantile business and was extensively involved in elaborate plans for the planting of trees and shrubs in the city. He was particularly noted for his role in ornamenting the State House Yard. Vaughan had recently corresponded with GW concerning the possibility of a federal appointment for his son Samuel Vaughan, Jr. (GW to Vaughan, 21 Mar. 1789, Vaughan to GW, 28 May 1789, DLC:GW; STETSON [3]Sarah P. Stetson. \u201cThe Philadelphia Sojourn of Samuel Vaughan.\u201d Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 73 (1949), 459-74., 459\u201374).\nThursday 19th. The following Company dined here today\u2014viz.\u2014Mrs. Adams (Lady to the Vice President) Colo. Smith & Lady & Miss Smith Mrs. Adams\u2019s Niece\u2014Govr. Clinton and Lady & Miss Cornelia Clinton and Majr. Butlar, his Lady and two Daughters.\n   Gov. George Clinton\u2019s wife, whom he had married in 1770, was Cornelia Tappen Clinton, a connection of the prominent Wynkoop family of Ulster County, N.Y.\n   Pierce Butler\u2019s wife was Mary Middleton Butler, daughter of Thomas Middleton of Prince William\u2019s Parish, S.C.\nFriday 20th. The Visitors of Gentn. and Ladies to Mrs. Washington this evening were numerous & respectable.\nSaturday 21st. Received in the Afternoon the Report from the Commissioners appointed to Treat with the Southern Indians. Gave it one reading & shall bestow another and more attentive one on it.\n   See entry for 16 Nov. 1789.\nSunday 22d. Went to St. Pauls Chappel in the forenoon\u2014heard a charity Sermon for the benefit of the Orphans School of this City.\nHad a good deal of conversation in the Evening with the above Commissioners on the more minute part of their transactions at the Treaty with the Creek Indians and their opinion with respect to the real views of Mr. McGillivry\u2014The principles of whose conduct they think is self-Interest, and a dependence for support on Spain. They think also, that having possessed himself of the outlines of the terms he could Treat with the United States upon, he wished to Postpone the Treaty to see if he could not obtain better from Spain. They think that, though he does not want abilities, he has credit to the full extent of them and that he is but a short sighted politicion. He acknowledges however, that an Alliance between the Creek Nation & the United States is the most Natural one, & what they ought to prefer if to be obtained on equal terms. A Free port in the latter seems to be a favourite object with him.\n   This benefit was conducted to aid the Charity School operated by Trinity Church. The school consisted of \u201ceighty-six scholars, viz. fifty-six boys and thirty girls. The children are instructed in the principles of the Christian Religion and in Psalmody; they constantly attend divine service at church on week days as well as on Sundays and the greatest attention is paid to their morals. . . . The school is regularly visited the first Monday in every month, and the children carefully examined by a committee of the Corporation of Trinity Church.\u201d The sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. Benjamin Moore, and \u00a380 8s. 10d. was collected for the Charity School (N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 16 and 23 Nov. 1789).\nMonday 23d. Rid five or Six miles between Breakfast & dinner. Called upon Mr. Vanberkel & Mrs. Adams.\n   Franco Petrus Van Berckel had succeeded his father as minister to the United States from the Netherlands in Aug. 1788 and presented his credentials in May 1789 (Van Berckel to Jay, 11 May 1789, letter of credence, 1 Aug. 1788, DNA:PCC, Item 126). He was generally popular in New York, although Sen. William Maclay termed him \u201cgaudy as a peacock\u201d (MACLAYCharles A. Beard, ed. The Journal of William Maclay: United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789\u20131791. 1927. Reprint. New York, 1965., 41).\nTuesday 24th. A good deal of Company at the Levee to day. Went to the Play in the Evening. Sent Tickets to the following Ladies and Gentlemn. & invited them to Seats in my Box viz.\u2014Mrs. Adams (Lady of the Vice-President) Genl. Schuyler & Lady, Mr. King & Lady, Majr. Butler and Lady, Colo. Hamilton & Lady Mrs. Green\u2014all of whom accepted and came except Mrs. Butler who was indisposed.\n   The play GW attended was a performance of a comedy The Toy; or a Trip to Hampton Court which, with several shorter pieces, was performed by the Old American Company at the John Street Theatre (FORD [5]Paul Leicester Ford. Washington and The Theatre. New York, 1899., 37\u201338). The Gazette of the United States noted that \u201cOn the appearance of The President, the audience rose, and received him with the warmest acclamations\u201d (28 Nov. 1789).\n   Philip Schuyler was now United States senator from New York. In 1755 he had married Catherine Van Rensselaer (1734\u20131803), daughter of John Van Rensselaer of Claverack. Their second daughter, Elizabeth Schuyler (1757\u20131854), had married Alexander Hamilton in 1780.\n   Rufus King (1755\u20131827) had graduated from Harvard in 1777, studied law with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Mass., and served in the Massachusetts General Court 1783\u201385. As a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and the Massachusetts Ratifying Convention he provided invaluable support in securing the adoption of the Constitution in Massachusetts. He was elected United States senator to the First Congress. In 1786 King had married Mary Alsop (c.1770\u20131819), daughter of John Alsop, a prominent New York merchant.\nWednesday 25th. Exercised on Horse-back between Breakfast & dinner\u2014in which returning I called upon Mr. Jay and Genl. Knox on business and made informal visits to the Govr., Mr. Izard, Genl. Schuyler, and Mrs. Dalton. The following Company dined with me. viz.\nDoctr. Johnson & Lady and daughter (Mrs. Neely)\u2014Mr. Izard & Lady & Son\u2014Mr. Smith (So. Carolina) & Lady\u2014Mr. Kean & Lady and the Chief Justice Mr. Jay.\nAfter which I went with Mrs. Washington to the Dancing Assembly at which I stayed until 10 Ock.\n   mrs. neely: William Samuel Johnson\u2019s eldest daughter Charity Johnson (d. 1810) had married Rev. Ebenezer Kneeland of Stratford, Conn. (GROCEGeorge C. Groce, Jr. William Samuel Johnson: A Maker of the Constitution. New York, 1937., 39).\n   In 1767 Sen. Ralph Izard had married Alice Delancey (1745\u20131832) of New York. The son who accompanied them today was Henry Izard (1771\u20131826), George Izard (1776\u20131828), or, less likely, their youngest son, four-year-old Ralph Izard (1785\u20131824). Also in the party was the Izard\u2019s second daughter Charlotte Izard (1770\u20131792), who had married Sen. William Loughton Smith in 1786 (ROGERSGeorge C. Rogers, Jr. Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758\u20131812). Columbia, S.C., 1962. [1], 404).\n   John Kean (1756\u20131795), of South Carolina, had served in the Continental Congress 1785\u201387, and in Aug. 1789 GW appointed him one of the commissioners for settling accounts between the United States and the individual states (EXECUTIVE JOURNALJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America: From the commencement of the First, to the termination of the Nineteenth Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1828., 1:17). He married Susan Livingston (d. 1833), a niece of New Jersey Governor William Livingston, in 1786.\nThursday 26th. Being the day appointed for a thanksgiving I went to St. Pauls Chapel though it was most inclement and stormy\u2014but few people at Church.\n   On 25 Sept. 1789 the House of Representatives resolved that the president should recommend a day of thanksgiving and prayer to the people of the\nUnited States acknowledging divine favor and especially the \u201copportunity peaceably to establish a Constitution of government for their safety and happiness.\u201d The Senate concurred on 26 Sept. (DE PAUWLinda Grant De Pauw et al., eds. Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789-March 3, 1791. 20 vols. to date. Baltimore, 1972\u2013., 3:226; Annals of CongressJoseph Gales, Sr., comp. The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States; with an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature. 42 vols. Washington, D.C., 1834\u201356., 1st Cong., 1st sess., 92). The wording of the resolution did not escape comment. Rep. Aedanus Burke of South Carolina objected to the \u201cmimicking of European customs.\u201d Thomas Tudor Tucker, of South Carolina, felt that Congress had no right to ask for a day of thanksgiving. Citizens \u201cmay not be inclined to return thanks for a Constitution until they have experienced that it promotes their safety and happiness. We do not yet know but they may have reason to be dissatisfied with the effects it has already produced; but whether this be so or not, it is a business with which Congress have nothing to do. . . . If a day of thanksgiving must take place, let it be done by the authority of the several States; they know best what reason their constituents have to be pleased with the establishment of this Constitution\u201d (Annals of CongressJoseph Gales, Sr., comp. The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States; with an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and All the Laws of a Public Nature. 42 vols. Washington, D.C., 1834\u201356., 1st Cong., 1st sess., 949\u201350). GW issued the proclamation on 3 Oct., assigning 26 Nov. as the first Thanksgiving Day under the Constitution (DLC:GW). In celebration of the day the president contributed \u00a37 10s. 4d. for \u201cprovisions & beer\u201d to prisoners confined for debt in the New York City jail (DECATURStephen Decatur, Jr. Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary. Boston, 1933., 91; N.Y. Journal, 3 Dec. 1789).\nFriday 27th. Not many Visitors this evening to Mrs. Washington.\nSaturday 28th. Exercised on Horseback.\nSunday 29th. Went to St. Pauls Chapel in the forenoon.\nMonday 30th. Went to the Play in the Evening and presented Tickets to the following persons\u2014viz.\u2014Doctr. Johnson and Lady\u2014Mr. Dalton & Lady\u2014The Chief Justice of the United States and Lady\u2014Secretary of War & Lady\u2014Baron de Steuben and Mrs. Green.\n   On 30 Nov. 1789 the Old American Company gave a benefit performance of Cymon and Sylvia, an \u201cOpera or Dramatic Romance,\u201d at the John Street Theatre (FORD [5]Paul Leicester Ford. Washington and The Theatre. New York, 1899., 40\u201343). GW noted in his letter of invitation to the Jays that \u201cthis is the last night the President proposes visiting the theatre for the season\u201d (NNC: Jay Papers). Sarah Livingston Jay, the lovely and vivacious daughter of Gov. William Livingston of New Jersey, had become one of New York\u2019s leading hostesses while her husband was secretary for foreign affairs during the Confederation. Lucy Flucker Knox was the daughter of Thomas Flucker, who had been royal secretary of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Mrs. Knox\u2019s social ambitions were occasionally noted derisively by her contemporaries (see Jefferson\u2019s \u201cAnas,\u201d BERGHAlbert Ellery Bergh, ed. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Memorial Ed. 20 vols. Washington, D.C., 1903\u20134., 1:357). Abigail Adams Smith wrote her mother, 15 June 1788, that Mrs. Knox is \u201cneat in her dress, attentive to her family, and very fond of her children. But her size is enormous; I am frightened when I look at her\u201d (GRISWOLDRufus Wilmot Griswold. The Republican Court or American Society in the Days of Washington. New York, 1855., 95).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday Decr. 1st. A pretty full Levee to day\u2014among the Visitors was the Vice President and all the Senators in Town. Exercised on Horseback betwn. 10 and 12. Read the Papers relative to our Affairs with the Emperer of Morocco and sent them to Mr. Jay to prepare answers to them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 2d. Exercised in the Post Chaise with Mrs. Washington. Visited on our return the Vice-President and family. Afterwards walked to Mr. Kings\u2014Neither he nor his Lady were at home; or to be seen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Thursday 3d. The following Gentlemen & Ladies dined here\u2014viz.\u2014Genl. Schuyler, his Lady & daughter (Mrs. Ranselaer)\u2014Mr. Dalton and his Lady, the Secretary of the Treasury & his Lady\u2014Genl. Knox and Lady & Mrs. Green\u2014Baron de Steuben, Colo. Osgood (Postmaster Genl.) & the Treasurer Majr. Meridith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 5th. Exercised on Horseback between 10 and 12 oclock. The Vice President & Lady and two Sons\u2014Colo. Smith & Lady & his Sister, & Mrs. Adam\u2019s Niece dined here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 8th. Finished my Extracts from the Commissioners Report of their proceedings at the Treaty with the Creek Indians and from many other Papers respecting Indian matters and the Western Territory. A full Levee today.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 10th. Exercised on Horseback\u2014between 10 and 12 Oclock. The following Company dined here to day\u2014viz.\u2014Mrs. King and Mrs. Few\u2014Mr. & Mrs. Harrison\u2014Mr. & Mrs. Wolcot\u2014Mr. Duer, his Lady and Miss Brown\u2014Mr. Griffin & Lady and Lady Christiana and her daughter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 12th. Exercised in the Coach with Mrs. Washington and the two Children (Master & Miss Custis) between Breakfast & Dinner\u2014went the 14 Miles round.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 16th. Dined with Mrs. Washington and all the family (except the two Children) at Governor Clintons\u2014where also dined the Vice-President, his Lady Colo. & Mrs. Smith\u2014The Mayor (Colo. Varick) and his Lady and old Mr. Van Berkel and his Daughter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 17th. The following Company dined here\u2014viz.\u2014The Chief Justice of the U. States and his Lady; Mr. King, Colo. and Mrs. Lawrence\u2014Mr. Gerry, Mr. Egbert Benson, Bishop Provost and Doctr. Lynn & his Lady.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 18th. Read over, and digested my thoughts upon the subject of a National Militia, from the Plans of the Militia of Europe\u2014those of the Secretary at War & the Baron de Steuben.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 21st. Framed the above thoughts on the subject of a National Militia into the form of a Letter and sent it to the Secretary for the Department of War. Sat from ten to one Oclock for a Mr. Savage to draw my Portrait for the University of Cambridge in the State of Massachusetts at the request of the President and Governors of the said University.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 23d. Exercised in the Post-Chaise with Mrs. Washington to day. Sent the dispatches which came to me from the Assembly of Virginia and from the Representatives of several Counties therein respecting the State of the Frontiers and depredations of the Indians to the Secretary for the Department of War requesting his attendance tomorrow at 9 Oclock that I might converse more fully with him on the subject of these communications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 24th. The Secretary at War coming according to appointment, he was instructed, after conversing fully on the matter, what answers to return to the Executive of Virginia and to the Representatives of the Frontier Counties.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 25th. Christmas day. Went to St. Pauls Chapel in the forenoon. The Visitors to Mrs. Washington this afternoon were not numerous but respectable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 26th. Exercised on Horseback in the forenoon. Chief Justice Morris and the Mayor (Colo. Varick) and their Ladies, Judge Hobart, Colo. Cole, Majr. Gilman, Mrs. Brown, Secretary Otis, & Mr. Beckley dined here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0005-0004-0031", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 31 December 1789]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 31st. Bad weather and close House. The Vice Presidt. & Lady, Colo. Smith & Lady Chanr. Livingston Lady & Sister\u2014Baron Steuben Messrs. White, Gerry Patridge & Tucker of the Ho. of Representatives\u2014dined here today.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0158", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Ballard, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Ballard, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBaltimore January 1st 1789\nI flatter myself the period is not far distant when we shall see the new Government in motion, and your Excellency elected President of the United States by the unanimous Voice of their grateful Citizens. I entreat your forgiveness in thus early soliciting\nan appointment under the new Constitution. I have been urged to the measure by a sad reverse of Fortune, and emboldened by the Idea of your disposition, to relieve the sufferings of the unfortunate soldier.\nMy Attachment and Love for my Country have been uniformly ardent and sincere, and though I presume not to claim equal distinction with many other Officers who had the Honor of serving under your Excellency\u2019s Command, yet I humbly hope even my services will not be wholly forgotten. Early in the late glorious Struggle for Peace, Liberty and Safety, sacraficing as well pecuniary as other Considerations, I steppd forth a Volenteer to oppose the Depredations of Lord Dunmore, near Williamsburg; after which I received an appointment to command a Company in the First Regiment raised in Virginia, which I speedily recruited and marched to Camp\u2014resigning at the same time the Clerkship of Mecklenburg County, a lucrative place which I purchased of John Tabb Esqr. the then Clerk after serving five years.\nDuring the infatuation which generally prevailed in this Town for purchasing Lots, I was unfortunately drawn in to speculate to my distruction, and by one ill-fated step, I lost all I had acquired, which hath left me, with a Wife and a number of small Children, destitute of the means of a comfortable support. Thus circumstanced, Sir, if I might venture to name the Office I should prefer, I would solicit the Clerkship of the Federal Court, as I flatter myself my past Experience would enable me to discharge its Duties with propriety. If I should be so fortunate as to meet your Excellency\u2019s Patronage on this occasion, I shall consider it the happiest Event of my Life, and my Children may live to thank their generous Benefactor. I fear your Excellency will think me premature in thus early addressing you on this subject\u2014but I trust my necesstous situation will plead my excuse.\nI will no further obtrude on your Excellency\u2019s Time than to add the anxious hope that my true Federal Principles will have some Influence with the Friends of the Federal Constitution, and that I am with the greatest Deference Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obet hum. Servt\nRobert Ballard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0160", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fairfax, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, John\nMount Vernon January 1. 89.\nA View of the work at the several Plantations in the Year 1789. and general directions for the Execution of it.\nFrom the Plans of the Plantations. From the Courses of the Crops which are annexed to these Plans. And from the mode of managing them, as there prescribed\u2014may be derived a full and comprehensive view of my designs, after the rotation is once perfectly established, in the succession proposed. But as this cannot, at all the Plantations, be adopted this year; everything in the meantime must be made to tend to it against the next, as far as circumstances will admit.\nFor Muddy-Hole.\nThe Plows belonging to this Plantation, together with those from Dogue Run, are to continue without intermission or delay (when not prevented by frost or rain) to break up field No. 5 for Indian Corn. and when that is accomplished. Next to break up No. 4 for Buck Wheat, which is to be sowed in April and plowed in before harvest, as a manure for the Crop of Wheat which is to be sown therein in the month of August next. After these plowings are performed.\nThen, as there is no field at this Plantation which can, with convenience, be appropriated for spring grain\u2014or for the Crop of Sundries this year, and as the Plows at Dogue Run (especially if the winter should prove hard & unfavourable) will not be able of themselves to break up fields No. 4 & 6 at their own Plantation, and at the same time prepare those of No. 3 for Barley & Oats\u2014and No. 7 for Indian Corn in due season; the whole may go to Dogue Run (\u2019till the Corn at Muddy Hole shall want them) and work in No. 6 if the condition of it is such as to admit thereof; or in No. 4 at the same place if it is not; for the respective Crops which are designed for them.\nThe fence on the Ferry road, from the division between the fields 4 & 5 to the lane on the Mill Road must be repaired with new rails\u2014but from thence to the gate leading to the barn from the Overseer\u2019s house should be made tolerably secure with Rails which may be taken from the opposite side, round field No. 7. But this last mentioned fence must not be stripped so bare\nas to render it altogether unfit for a pasture by becomming a Common.\nAs the days are short\u2014walking bad\u2014and the different Kinds of Stock will require careful attendance; it may, perhaps, be best to relinquish the idea of the people of this place having anything further to do with the New Ground at the Mansion, and when not employed (in open weather) with their fencing, to be thrashing out grain. But there is a work of great importance if the weather, and other circumstances, would concur for the execution of it in season. I mean that of getting up rich mud from the most convenient part of the Creek and laying it in small heaps (for amelioration) to be carried over the poor parts of No. 5 which will be in Corn. If this last mentioned work can now be accomplished (and it must be done soon if any effect is expected from it this year, in order that the frost may have time to operate) the Cart may be employed in hauling it to the ground.\nAnother piece of work to be done here (as I propose to make a small quantity of Tobacco at this, as well as at my other plantations) is to hill the ground that is marked off for it in time. But previous to hilling, it must be laid off with the plow into 3 feet squares, that the hills may be made directly on the Cross; so as in the early stages of the growth of the Tobacco, it may be tended with a plow each way.\nIf these several kinds of work should not afford sufficient employment for the Hoe people, with the cultivation of the ground which will be marked out for potatoes & carrots, and which ought to be plowed up immediately, they may be preparing field No. 6 on the Creek for Corn in 1790. In the execution of this work, the Cedar trees are not to be cut down, but trimmed only; and other trees left here & there for shades. The brush and rubbish of all sorts are to be thrown into the Gullies, and covered over so as to admit the Plows to pass.\nBoth parts of field No. 1 should, from this time, be withheld from Stock of all kinds, that there may be, in the spring, food for the ewes and lambs\u2014and calves.\nThe field No. 3 now in Wheat and Rye, must be sown with Clover & Timothy on the first snow that falls\u20146 pints of the first and two of the latter per acre.\nFor Dogue-Run.\nThe Plows belonging to this Plantation, when they have performed what has already been directed for them at Muddy-Hole\u2014together with those of the latter, are to begin, if the ground will admit of it, to break up No. 6 for Buck Wheat; to be sown in April. But if this, on account of the levelness of the field, and the water which may stand on it, cannot be done\u2014then to plow No. 4 for the Crop of Sundries. But as it is of essential importance that the Oats & Barley should be sown early\u2014and the working of the fields for Indian Corn not so much delayed as to endanger the prospect for that Crop\u2014the plowings of both 6 and 4 must be delayed\u2014at least till the Oats and Barley are in\u2014if they cannot be broke up in season for the above purposes. The Oats ought to be sown in Feby next the Post & Rail fence; and the Barley as soon after as possible, on the other side adjoining the Corn. With both, Clover & Timothy in the proportions already mentioned, are to be sown.\nAfter the above work is accomplished, it will be time to cross plow and sow such parts of No. 4 as is intended for Carrots; and this is to be done in drills, four feet asunder; and, if the ground is dry enough, in the month of March\u2014and for flax which should be sown in April.\nBy the time these are done, possibly before it, the fields for Corn will want listing. This Corn in the South part of the field (next the woods) may be planted at five feet\u2014each way\u2014with two stalks in a hill\u2014and in the North part\u2014next Colo. Mason\u2019s\u2014at four feet each way, with one stalk in a hill. The Plowings and Harrowings necessary for which, without going into detail, with respect to manner & times, must be given when wanted.\nThe sowing of Buck Wheat (in April) for manure seems to be the next thing which calls for the Plows. Because it ought to be in the ground as soon as all danger of frost is over, that it may be in the proper state (full bloom) for plowing before harvest.\nAfter Buck-Wheat, pease will come next; and the ground for these, as for Tobacco, must be laid off in squares for hilling, that they may, before they begin to run & spread, be plowed each way. These ought to be planted in May.\nPumpkins, Potatoes, Turnips and Buck Wheat for a Crop, in\nthe order they are mentioned, will next claim the assistance of the Plows. The first should be planted in May, in hills, eight feet apart, and to be well manured. The second in June, in drills four feet apart and one foot asunder in the Rows, with a large handful of dung on each potatoe which let be uncut and of the largest sort. The third, that is Turnips, to be sown partly in June and partly in July. And the 4th (Buck Wheat) as near as may be about the 10th of July.\nThis field of Sundries may be thus apportioned.\n            Potatoes\n            Pumpkins\n            Buck-Wheat\n            being the remainder.\nThat it may be ascertained by repeated experiments whether Carrots or Potatoes is the most productive and valuable root\u2014I would have the ten Acres allotted for them in one square, and the rows for each alternate through the whole square, and each to have the same quantity of dung allowed to it.\nThe work which has been enumerated for the Plows\u2014together with the plowing in of the Buck Wheat before Harvest\u2014the wheat after harvest\u2014with the workings of the several species of Crops during their growth, is all the employment that can be recollected at present for this part of the force of the Plantation, until the Autumn plowing for the next year\u2019s Crop commences. But as these, till the System is brought more into practice, and the preceeding Crop is a better preparation of the ground for the succeeding one than is the case at present will require much exertion and an addition of Plows\u2014one may be added to the number at Dogue Run, which will make 5 there\u2014and another to Muddy Hole, which will make four there.\nMuch fencing is necessary at this Plantation before it can be said to be advantageously laid off, and in good order.\nThose which require to be first done\u2014are, the one which divides field No. 4 from the meadow\u2014but as the rails which are about the Stacks will be most convenient for this work, it may be\ndelayed \u2019till they can be spared. In the meantime no heavy stock must run in that field, to trample & poach the Meadow.\nThe next that requires doing is the line from the head of the meadow to the new-Road (which is to be laid off)\u2014thence with the road to the Tumbling dam; and then round field No. 7 agreeably to the plowing, and the Rails which have been laid there.\nNext after these, the cross fence between field No. 5 and the wood should be done\u2014and\nThen the fence which was begun last year (but not finished) between fields No. 2 & 3. The fence which divides the first of these, that is No. 2 from the Great Meadow requires doing also.\nAll these are essential, as it also is to strengthen the Post and Rail fence which divides No. 1 from 2 & 3; but as this can never be made a good one until the whole is taken down and both Posts & Rails shortened; it must be postponed \u2019till there is time to do this\u2014righting it up in such a manner as to make it answer for the present, being all that can be attempted this year.\nLastly, when time will admit, after the Posting & Railing from the Tumbling dam to the Mill is compleated, the Rails which at present run upon that line may serve to seperate the great Meadow into three divisions; as will be marked out.\nEvery thing that the Hoe people can do in the course of the winter towards getting the old Crop off hand, and preparing for the new one, ought to be the first objects of consideration; and must be closely attended.\nCarrying out dung, when the Cart can be spared, and the ground is in order for its reception either for Carrots, Potatoes, Tobacco &ca is not to be neglected.\nGrubbing and filling up Gullies in the fields which are to receive Crops this year is also essential.\nAnd if this should not afford sufficient employment the overplus time may be spent in clearing swamps, or the sides of them, so as that they may hereafter, when drained effectually, be tended in Tobacco previous to their being laid down in Grass.\nAt this place I propose to plant about thirty thousand Tobacco plants, in field No. 4 round the houses and stacks, where they will \u27e8be\u27e9 most convenient to manure; and where the ground is not very rich I would give a Gallon\u2014or a large double handful\nof manure to each hill\u2014The ground for this Crop ought to be broke up (either with the Plows or Hoes) early, that the green sward may have time to rot. If 30,000 cannot be got here, that is proper, the deficiency may be made up by the Gate that goes into No. 5.\nRiver-Plantation.\nEarly and good plowing at this place is indispensably necessary\u2014The field No. 7, intended for Spring Grain (that is Barley & Oats) would, was justice done to it, call for a second, or cross plowing by the time the Plows will begin to break it up. Consequently field No. 1 designed for Corn will hardly get more than a listing\u2014and the field No. 4 which ought to have received a crop of Sundries must go altogether uncultivated, this year.\nAfter field No. 7 is sown, with Barley, Oats and Grass-seeds (the latter in the proportion mentioned at other places)\u2014if the preparation of No. 1 for Corn cannot be postponed without involving injurious consequences to that Crop, the Plows must go there next; and do all that is necessary for getting it planted in time, and in good order.\nBut as I do not mean to plant Potatoes or Carrots among Corn this year, as was the case last year, inclining to allot seperate Spots for this purpose\u2014these spots and that which is intended for Tobacco, ought to be immediately plowed, that the weeds & grass (where there are any) may have time to rot and the ground be in order to receive manure. The spot which I would principly appropriate for Carrots & Potatoes, is that whereon the flax grew last year\u2014but if more can be conveniently obtained elsewhere, it ought, as that spot is insufficient. The Ground for Tobacco (40,000 plants) I mean to lay off in a long square from the Farm pen up to field No. 2 which when plowed & checquered will be ready to receive dung at times when the Carts can, with convenience, carry it out.\nAll the plowings which are here enumerated, being accomplished; the season, probably, will have arrived when No. 8 will require to be cross plowed and sowed with Buck-Wheat for manure (in April). This is, in all respects, to be managed as has been directed for Dogue-Run\u2014and after harvest is to receive Wheat (in August) as there mentioned.\nThese, with the necessary workings of the several spe\u27e8cie\u27e9s of\nCrops, which must not be neglected, will, it is presumed, give sufficient employment for the plows\u2014If not there can be no difficulty in finding work for them.\nMuch fencing is wanting on this Plantation before it can be in the order I wish to see it; but among the most essential of these \u27e8is the fence which\u27e9 is to enclose field No. 1 for Corn.\nThat which runs from the second Gate (going into the Plantation) to the Creek dividing my land from Colo. Mason\u2019s, and\nThat which is to form the lane which is to lead from the Barn into the lane, which now goes to Johnson\u2019s, and which must continue the other way, so as to open a Communication with fields No. 1, & 4.\nAs Timber is very scarce on this tract, it must, in fencing, as well as in other things, be made to go as far as possible\u2014consequently Posts & Rails (of a good & substantial kind) must be substituted instead of the usual kind of worm fences.\nTo point out all the work for the Hoe people of this Plantation is unnecessary. To finish the old, and prepare for the new Crop. To put up fences. To heap up the dung early, that it may get well and soon rotted. To carry it out and lay it in the furrows intended for Carrots & Potatoes\u2014and on the ground intended for Tobacco. Making hills for the Tobacco\u2014Grubbing and filling up Gullies in the fields which are to receive crops this year (with old rails, old Stumps, old Trees and such other rubbish as can be had conveniently. Levelling the bank on which a fence formerly run through Field No. 8, will, with the cultivation of the Crops that will be planted & sown, and gathering them in compose the greater part, if not all of their labour. But if there should, notwithstanding, be time for other things I know of nothing in which they could be more advantageously employed than in getting up rich mud from the branches in No. 8 to spread over the poor and washed parts of that field before it is sown in Wheat next August.\nMansion House.\nThe Ditchers, after the Post & Rail fence which they are now about to the Tumbling dam, is compleated, and a strong one put up across the Mill-run (as will be marked off) may continue on to the Mill by the line of stakes which will be set up\u2014but are not to use (for this purpose) those Posts which were got by Manley\u2019s\nHouse as they will be more convenient for the lane which is to form the New Road from the Ferry by the Mill as authorized by the \u27e8court.\u27e9 After this work is performed it will be time enough to point out more.\nTo say what the other part of the force at this place shall be employed about is next to impossible as there is such a variety of jobs for them to attend to besides fishing\u2014Hay making\u2014and the Grain Harvest in their respective Seasons which must unavoidably employ them while they last.\nBut as it is designed to raise Tobacco, and to tend that part (at least) of the New-Ground in front of the house, which was cleared last year in Corn; in order that it may be laid down in the fall in wheat and Orchard-Grass\u2014they must prepare for them accordingly\u2014and under the circumstances above mentioned, attempt as much of the first (that is Tobacco) as there is a moral certainty of their tending well. The men may be employed in getting Posts & Rails of a good kind for the purpose of enclosing this Tobacco. But it is essential if any labour is expected from the Girls & Boys which are about this house, to keep some person with them which will not only make them work but who will see that the work is well executed\u2014and that the idleness which they appear every day in \u27e8the\u27e9 practise of, may be avoided\u2014for, at present, to skulk from house to \u27e8house\u27e9 under some frivolous pretence or another seems to be the principal employment of most of them.\nTo request that my people may be at their work as soon as it is light\u2014work \u2019till it is dark\u2014and be diligent while they are at it can hardly be necessary, because the propriety of it must strike every manager who attends to my interest, or regards his own Character\u2014and who on reflection, must be convinced that lost labour can never be regained\u2014the presumption being, that, every labourer (male or female) does as much in the 24 hours as their strength, without endangering their health, or constitution, will allow of\u2014but there is much more in what is called head work\u2014that is in the manner of conducting business than is generally imagined. For take two Managers and give to each the same number of labourers and let those labourers be equal in all respects. Let both these managers rise equally early\u2014go equally late to rest\u2014be equally active, sober & industrious\u2014\nand yet in the course of the year one of them, without pushing the hands which are under him more than the other, shall have performed infinitely more work. To what is this owing. Why, simply to contrivance resulting from that fore thought and arrangement which will guard against the mis-application of labour and doing it unseasonably; For in the affairs of Farming or planting\u2014more, perhaps than in any other\u2014it may justly be said there is a time for all things. Because if a man will do that kind of work in clear and mild weather which can as well be done in Frost, Snow or Rain\u2014when these come he has nothing to do\u2014consequently\u2014during that period there is a total loss of labour. In plowing too, though the field first intended for it, or in which the plows may actually have been at work, should, from its situation be rendered unfit (by rain or other Causes) to be worked; and other spots, even though the call for \u27e8them\u27e9 may not be so urgent, can be plowed, this business ought to go on because the general operation is promoted by it. So with respect to other things, and particularly carting; where nothing is more common than, when loads are to go to a place, and others to be brought from it, though not equally necessary at the same moment, to make two trips when one would serve. These things are only enumerated to shew that the Manager who takes a comprehensive view of his business will throw no labour away.\nFor this reason it is, I have endeavoured to give a general view of my plans\u2014with the business of the Year\u2014that the concerns of the several plantations may go on without application daily, for orders unless it be in particular cases, or where these directions are not \u27e8clear\u27e9ly understood.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0161", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Jany 1st [1789].\nI have received by the last Mail your favour dated the 21st of Decr and hasten to return this acknowledgment, together with the enclosed Certificate of Service for Major Haskell. I give that testimony with the greater alacrity, because it always affords me satisfaction, when I can gratify the wishes of a worthy man, in perfect conformity to my own judgment.\nI am much pleased to find that the Accts, which I had heard from different quarters of the encrease of f\u0153deral sentiments, are confirmed by your letter. The appointment of Senators taken collectively is certainly very happy. I suppose the two gentlemen appointed by this State are looked upon at the Eastward as being included in that class of antif\u0153deralists, who wish to cause such great and premature amendments, as will render the government abortive. This idea I have the best reason to believe, will be found untrue. My belief is founded upon the unequivocal assertions of Colo. Grayson previous to his election; and those of Mr R. Henry Lee posterior to his election; as handed to me from men of veracity who have heard them expressed. It is also pretty well ascertained, that, if any considerable proportion of the pains shall be taken by the f\u0153deralists which will be by the antif\u0153deralists, a majority of the representation from this State to Congress would undoubtedly be composed\nof the former description. At present, however, it appears very uncertain whether that will be the case or not: as several f\u0153deralists, who might in all probability be chosen, have, on account of their private affairs, declined standing as Candidates. Insomuch that it is to be feared, in some instances, the Votes of the advocates for the Constitution will be scattered & lost.\nFrom different channels of information it seems probable to me (even before the receipt of your letter) that Mr John Adams would, be chosen Vice President. He will doubtless make a very good one: and let whosoever may occupy the first seat, I shall be entirely satisfied with the arrangement for filling the second Office.\nColo. Humphreys, who accepts most cordially your kind remembrance, says that he has nothing of consequence sufficient to trouble you with a letter, & therefore requests me to present his best respects to you. Mrs Washington joins me in presenting the Compliments of the Season to Mrs Knox & yourself & in best wishes for those of the family who by your last letter were indisposed. With sentiments of the sincerest regard & friendship\u2014I am\u2014as ever Your affectionate\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0162", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Emanuel Lutterloh, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lutterloh, Henry Emanuel\nSir\nMount Vernon Janry 1st 1789\nI have regularly received your letter dated the 27th of Novr.\nIt would take up more time than I could well spare, to notice the applications which have been made to me in consequence of the new government. In answer to as many, as I have been at\nleisure to acknowledge, I have invariably represented the delicacy of my situation, the impropriety of bringing such things before me, the decided resolution I had formerly made, and the ardent wishes I still entertain of remaining in a private life. You will not then expect that I should commit myself by saying any thing on a Subject, which has never failed to embarrass & distress me beyond measure, whensoever it has been forced upon my consideration.\nI can therefore have nothing to add, but that, with wishes for your prosperity, I am, with due regard & esteem Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0163", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pierce, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pierce, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon Janry 1st 1789\nAs it would be altogether improper for me to anticipate any thing on the event which you suppose may happen; I only write to let you know that I have duly received your letter of Novr 1st. I most sincerely & fervently hope it will be found, that I shall not be in a situation to have any agency in the disposal of federal appointments. For you will permit me to say, that the choice is as yet very far from being certain; and that should it (Contrary to all my wishes) fall upon me, I shall certainly be disposed to decline the acceptance, if it may, by any means, be done consistently with the dictates of duty.\nIn this to me unpleasant state of affairs, when I cannot but\nfeel myself disagreeably affected by having the Subject even obliquely forced upon my mind\u2014you will be pleased to consider my studied reserve as not in the least intended to militate against your pretensions, and as not having any referrence, in the remotest degree, to an office, for which I perceive there will be several Competitors.\nAlthough I have thought, it would ill become me at present to be more explicit with any person on public matters; yet in all personal considerations I take a pleasure in subscribing myself with sentiments of great respect & esteem Sir Your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0165", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 2 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Jany 2d 1789\nThe letters which will accompany this, for you, came to my hand by the Post on Tuesday. The direction of them is altered; and they are fowarded to Alexandria to receive a conveyance in the Mail tomorrow.\nIs there any safe, and tolerably expeditious mode by which letters from the Post Office in Fredericksburgh are conveyed to you? I want to write a private & confidential letter to you, shortly, but am not inclined to trust to an uncertain conveyance, so as to hazard the loss or inspection of it. With the most sincere & perfect friendship, I remain, My dear Sir Your Affectionate\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0166", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Stephen Sayre, 3 January 1789\nFrom: Sayre, Stephen\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLondon 3d Jany 1789\nConvinced, that your Excellency will be unanimously chosin President of the United States of America, before, or soon after, the receipt of this Letter, it is address\u2019d to you, as such. I request it may be understood, that my continuance in this Country, is necessary for the settlement of my private affairs, and those honorable engagements, to some freinds here, which can never be alter\u2019d by the Ties: or the disputes of Kings, or Nations. The principles of Justice, and rules of honor, are so far above all political contest, or general convulsions, as to leave me the right of observing them with my former Enemies; and yet preserve all due love for my native Country.\nThe Records of Congress will furnish some proposals, I made them, in 1785, for improving their Navy\u2014the merits were, by Resolution, left to the single opinion of General Knox according to my particular Request.\nBeing made to understand, soon after, that Congress were unable to give me any thing, or any situation adequate to the object: I have, till this moment, waited Events.\nIt is now to be supposed, that the thirteen States, will immediately make some Efforts to establish a naval Force equal to their ability, if not equal to their wants: they must therefore, have one, or more Commissioners to effect it\u2014I am now pretty well acquainted with the business of it, but if Congress should\nthink me worthy of this Commission, I could yet make myself more perfectly master of the Science, by attending the Dock Yards here or in France.\nMy advice would be to confine the present establishment to small Ships, & such a number of Frigates, as may be thought necessary, for peace only. In case of war, I can build them the only effective fighting Ships in the Universe\u2014these shall not cost one half the money, which Ships of the Line now cost other Nations.\nAmerica may not be soon involved in war: but I should think it my duty to deposit a perfect Model, in case of death, in such manner, as may be thought most secure for if once the Idea finds its way into the world, all nations will, according to their abilities, embrace it.\nPlease to observe that, tho I think myself every way intitled to the high Commission before mentioned, I make no condition, but upon a decided favourable Report: as to the Invention offer\u2019d.\nIf Congress should think it expedient to name a Consul General for this Country, I would endeavour to fulfill that Trust till farther orders and as I have some property here, I should require no advances with the Appointment.\nTrusting your Excellency will think it your duty, to lay this Letter before the great Assembly of the States; I request the earliest Reply may be made thro the Ambassador at Paris or my Bankers here, Messrs Newenham & Co. I am most devotedly your Excellencys very obt Servt\nStephen Sayre", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0167", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 4 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 4 Jany 1789.\nI shall want to procure about 250 Bushels of Buck Wheat, in addition to what I now have, to sow the ensuing spring & summer\u2014and will thank you to inform me (as soon as may be after receiving this) upon what terms I could obtain the above quantity in Philadelphia, and what would be the freight of it round here, that I may know precisely the cost of it\u2014and determine, upon the receipt of your answer, whether it will be best for me to procure it there or in this neighbourhood.\nI found I could obtain Clover-seed in New York upon much better terms than it could be had in Philadelphia and have\ntherefore written for a supply from that place. You will, however, accept my thanks for the trouble you have been at in making inquiries about it. With great esteem, I am, Dear Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. By a letter that I lately recd from Mr Smith I expect he will shortly deposit some money in your hands on my acct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0169", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 4 January 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBoston Jany 4th 1789\nI mentioned in my last that our Senators were chosen\u2014This common wealth has been divided into Eight districts each having a right to chuse one representative to the general Government. Each town was directed to return the name of two persons for electors of President & vice President from the two highest in each district the General court are to chuse one this will make Eight and two are to be chosen by the Court at large in the State.\nBy our mode of voting, the person chosen must have a majority of all the votes put in so that by the first attempt we shall not chuse more than five at most perhaps but four. Those elected are Mr Partridge, formerly member of Congress, Mr Leonard, Mr Ames, known in our convention, and Mr Thatcher, now a member in Congress, It is probable Mr Sedgwick is elected but we cannot be certain of that untill to morrow evening, if he is not now chosen he doubtless will be the next attempt\u2014All the Gentlemen elected are federal\u2014If Mr Sedgwick is chosen, the divisions unrepresented are the Essex, Middlesex & Worcester\u2014Essex votes are in favor of Mr Goodhue of \u27e8Sale\u27e9m, Mr\nJackson of Newbury port, Mr Dane \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Congress of Beverly, and your old friend \u27e8mutilated\u27e9ten\u2014Goodhue is the highest & will \u27e8proba\u27e9bly be the man. In Middlesex Mr Gerry stands high, perhaps the highest, and Mr Gorham next\u2014Mr Gorham suggested to his friends that he would not accept the appointment or probably he would have been elected[.] Brooks & Hull are put up one or the other will be pushed the next attempt\u2014Worcester are very much divided\u2014The struggle there finally will be, I think, between Mr Paine, who was one of the mandamus counsillors a Gentleman of abilities and a good federalist and a Colo. Grout of a different character\u2014We can I think promise our selves that six and perhaps seven of the Eight representatives will be firmly attached to the constitution.\nBy the returns of Gentlemn for electors of President and vice President we cannot have a bad set indeed we must have a good one\u2014What we call good here are Gentlemen who love the constitution & who will vote for ----- President and Mr J. A----s vice president\u2014The other candidate could not act if he was elected his want of health is such as to prevent his attending to the duties of so important a station he has not been abroad but a very few times for two months past and is now confined to his Chamber and it is quite uncertain whether he will be able or not to see the General court which met here on Wednesday last.\nWe feel exceedingly the ill eff\u27e8ects\u27e9 of the late rebellion in this State, not \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 from the temper of the people, they \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 generally quiet, as from the derangment the expence of it caused in the system of finance. It not only broke in upon appropriations but it led to a mode of drawing orders upon back taxes for debts due from government & for interest by this means orders have been multiplied and much exceeded the sum \u27e8illegible\u27e9 the consequence of this has been a great depreciation of them and a proportionate discontent among the people interested in them\u2014The question is now what shall be done with them Government can establish a system by which the common expence of it can be discharged as well as the interest of our debt but the system will not be so productive as to pay of these orders in addition[.] It has been proposed to borrow these outstanding orders but the \u27e8ho\u27e9lders object; so that whether any system will be adopted or not is uncertain the people cannot bear a tax equal to the redemption of all those outstanding\norders the expences of Government and the interest of our outstanding debt We are also much embarrassed respecting a system of finance for this State as we cannot determine how far the general government will find it necessary to excise\u2014I am very apprehensive that unless the state debts, contracted by the war, are embraced by the United States that we shall have constant bickering between the parts and the whole that different interests will be created and one \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 cement, necessary to a firm union of \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 whole, totally lost. I have the honour of being my dear General with the most perfect esteem your Obt Sevt\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0170", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 5 January 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Robert Morris, 5 Jan. 1789. On 15 Jan. GW acknowledged Morris\u2019s \u201cfavor of the 5th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Powel, 6 January 1789\nFrom: Powel, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jany 6. 1789\nA few Days since I had the Pleasure of hearing from you by Mr Fairfax, whose Modesty & Apprehensions of being troublesome prevented his delivering your Letter earlier\u27e8.\u27e9 From the very short Time that we have been acquainted both Mrs Powel & myself promise ourselves much pleasure from our Intercourse with your Godson, to whom we shall most chearfully render every Service in our power. He purposes to be inoculated for the small Pox Tomorrow.\nI have taken the Liberty to enclose a Letter for your Nephew, which I should not have done but that several of my Letters to him have miscarried.\nOur Friend Mr Gouverneur Morris is probably, by this Time nearly arrived in France. I wish it was in my Power to say any\nthing acceptable on the interesting Subject of Politics. The antifed\u0153ralists are still exerting every Nerve, in this State, to defeat the new Constitution; but I trust the good Sense and Virtue of Pennsylvania, as well as of the whole Continent, will confound & bring their Machinations to nought.\nMrs Powel begs Leave to join me in most sincere presenting the Compliments of the Season to yourself, Mrs Washington, the Major & his amicable Lady with all our little Friends under your Roof. I have the Honor to be dear Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nSamuel Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0172", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hanson, 7 January 1789\nFrom: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexa. 7th Jany, 1789\nWith the utmost diffidence I am constrained to trespass, once more, upon your politeness & indulgence, in addressing you with regard to a difficulty, of considerable consequence to myself & family.\nI am informed that the only objection to my appointment in the English School of the Academy is my unwillingness to contract positively, for more than one quarter. In my application I stipulated for the privilege of retiring at any time, upon giving 1 Month\u2019s notice. You, Sir, are acquainted with the reasons that prevent my engaging for a longer term. Since I took the liberty of addressing you upon the subject of my application to the New Government, I have been advised to procure the advocation of influential characters with the Fcederal Senate. This advice I have pursued, and have received the most flattering & obliging promises of recommendation & Service from Gentlemen of the first respectability in several States. Sir, I beg you to consider this address as made to you in your present, private, station. It was chiefly upon the hopes of your patronage that my expectations were founded. It is through your influence, whether in a public or private capacity, that I have any chance of\nsucceeding. In the former, without your nomination, the Senate can have no opportunity of serving me. In the latter, I conceive that, having lived so long in your own neighbourhood, and enjoyed the honour of your personal Acquaintance, the want of your recommendation would be an \u27e8impassable\u27e9 defect in my pretensions. The object of this Letter is not to gratify an impertinent or impatient curiosity, but to request the favour of you to advise me how, in my situation, it will be prudent to act with regard to the School: whether it were better to accept, while I can, a certain, but scanty, provision for my family, or continue my application to the new government.\nWell acquainted with your repugnance to injure the feelings of any one, even in the lowest station, permit me to assure you, Sir, that as, on one hand, no determination you can make in my favour, can encrease my respect; so, on the other, your rejection of my suit, cannot, in the smallest degree, diminish it. I am not so partial to my own pretensions as not to know that a Gentleman may be entitled to my esteem & gratitude, though he should think me unqualified to hold an office under the united States. I therefore, neither expect, or wish, any apology for an unfavourable determination; satisfied that it will be dictated by perfect propriety, and an unerring regard for the Publick Good. I have only to request a short line, intimating your opinion whether, with flattering hopes of favour from the Senate, it will be prudent to relinquish those hopes, and accept the School.\nThe particular crisis of my affairs will, I hope, excuse the purport of this address, which in a situation less delicate, nothing could have extorted. It is occasioned by my extreme reluctance to consign myself, for Life, to an employment, the drudgery of which is, in my mind, more irksome than that of a Common Ploughman. With Sentiments of unalterable respect & Esteem, I have the honour to remain Sir Your much obliged & most obedient Servant\nS. Hanson of Saml", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0174", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Hanson, 10 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nSir,\nMount Vernon January 10, 1789\nThe letter with which you favored me on Wednesday was handed whilst I was at Dinner at Pages when it was not in my power to give it an acknowledgment. and this is the first day since, that I have had an occasion to send to Town.\nIt is painful to me to be called upon to give an opinion upon a matter to which I feel myself incompetent\u2014The first wish of my Soul is to spend the evening of my days on the bar of a private citizen on my farm but if circumstances which are not yet sufficiently unfolded to form the judgment on the opinion of my friends, will not allow me this last boon of temporal happiness and I should once more be led into the walks of public life It is my fixed determination [to] enter there not only unfettered by promises but even unchargeable with creating or feeding the expectation of any man living for my assistance to Office. And sure I am, a Gentleman of your candour and Judgment will approve the resolution\u2014first because all offices are yet to be created, by Law; and consequently are, as yet uncertain. 2dly because the appointment of Officers may, possibly be left to the heads of departments\u2014or in many instances referred to the Executives of the respective States. And 3dly because the ear of the nominator ought to be open to the Coments or the merits of each candidate and to be governed primarily by the abilities which are most peculiarly adapted to the Nature and duties of the Office which is to be filled. If unhappily for me it should be my lott to have any share in the execution of the government it will be under the influence of these sentiments, and the best knowledge I can obtain of characters, that I shall invariably act with respect to appointments, and with respect to my conduct as a private man I do verily believe I never shall interfere in the appointment to any office\u2014whatsoever, beyond a general certificate of facts.\nThe candid and cautious line of conduct which has been the\nrule of my past life, and which I mean shall be my government to the end of it, must apologize for the frankness of this declaration\u2014not Sir, that I wish it to be considered as any dereliction on my part to promote your interest in any matter wherein I can do it with perfect consistency and propriety but rather because I will never put it in the power of any to say that I have deceived or missled him by assurances or hopes which on the completion I might find myself embar[rasse]d. With very great esteem and regard I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0175", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hanson, 10 January 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Samuel Hanson, 10 Jan. 1789. On 16 Jan. GW wrote Hanson that his letter \u201cof the 10th . . . came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0177", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Chambers, 14 January 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Chambers, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Robert Chambers, 14 Jan. 1789. On 28 Jan. GW wrote to Chambers: \u201cI have received your letter of the 14th Instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0178", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nOrange [Va.] Jany 14th 1789.\nYour favor of the 2d instant with the letters attending it never came to hand till last evening. I have good reason to believe that the delay happened between Alexanda & Fredg, rather than at or from the latter place. Mr F. Maury pays particular attention to all letters which arrive there for me, and forwards them to Orange by opportunites which are frequent & safe. I apprehend there will be no impropriety in committing a confidential letter to that channel. As an additional precaution, I will desire him to be particularly attentive to any letter which may have your name on it.\nI have heard from two only of the returns from the Electoral districts, the one in favor of Mr Gilchrist\u2014the other of General Stephens. He succeeded agst Col: Cabel by a majority of 82 votes. He owes his success to the coalition between the two parties in Spotsylva. My situation is unfavorable for intellegence from the State at large, and therefore I can say little of the prospects as to the Feby election. I fear, from the vague accounts which circulate that the federal candidates are too likely to stand in the way of one another. This is not the case however in my district. The field is left entirely to Monroe & myself. The event of our competition will probably depend on the part to be taken by two or three descriptions of people, whose decision is not known, if not yet to be ultimately formed. I have pursued\nmy pretensions much farther than I had premeditated; having not only made great use of epistolary means; but actually visited two Counties, Culpeper & Louisa, and publicly contradicted the erroneous reports propagated agst me. It has been very industriously incalcated that I am dogmatically attached to the Constitution in every clause, syllable & letter, and therefore not a single amendment will be promoted by my vote, either from conviction or a spirit of accomodation. This is the report most likely to affect the election, and most difficult to be combated with success, within the limited period. There are a number of others however which are auxiliaries to it. With my respectful compliments to Mrs Washington & the others of your family, I remain Dear Sir, your most obedt & affecte Servt\nJs Madison Jr\n            Stephens\n            82 bal: in favor of Stephens\nP.S. I this moment hear that Mr Zachy Johnson is the Elector for his district.\n*The unanimity in Amherst was produced by a previous declaration as I am told, of Col: Cabel on the subject of the Presidt which satisfied the federal party. Little attention seems to have been paid any where to the vice-president. Among the bulk of the people, the choice of a President has been regarded as the sole object of the election.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0180", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Morris, 15 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Robert\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Jany 15th 1789\nI pray you to receive my thanks for your favor of the 5th and for the obliging attention which you have given to the Flour matting from China. The latter is not yet arrived at the Port of Alexandria nor is the navigation of the River at this time open for the Passage of any Vessel\u2014while the frost has much the appearance of encreasing and continuing.\nIn every wish that can contribute to the happiness of Mrs\nMorris yourself and family I am most cordially joined by Mrs Washington and all under this Roof, and with Sentiments of sincere regard and friendship I am Dr Sir Yours &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 17 January 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nAlexa. Jany 17th 89\nInclosed you have the patents for the land sold to you. I have Doer Skinners deed with me which is recorded in the general court, therefore when you please my conveyance can be made\u2014It is my custom to convey only with special warrantee viz. against me & all claiming under me\u2014this I hope will be satisfactory to you\u2014the title I have not the smallest doubt of, should you think differently I will give you other lands for those sold.\nBeing lately from Richmond I will detail the political information collected, for your amusement.\nMr Thek Bland will be elected into Congress from his district.\nFrom the Norfolk district Mr Matthews is considered certain; from the Richmond district Mr B. Harrison probable, tho\u2019 great expectations are entertained in favor of Mr S. Griffin.\nFrom the Westmoreland district, Mr Page I beleive to be sure, Mr Corbin Mr Roan & Mr M. Smith contend. Mr Madison is gaining ground fast but still he is involved in much doubt & difficulty. Powerful & active supporters appear in every county for him\u2014his presence has done good & will do more.\nHere, Mr Lee or Mr Pope\u2014my information induces me to consider the event doubtful.\namong the electors will be many antifederal characters, but not one of them will act on the principles you suggested in their\nchoice of the president\u2014I beleive in the election of the V. President their hostility to the govt will sway them\u2014Mr \u27e8\u2003\u27e9 Lees ill health forced him to decline in his district & two of the countys have in consequence thereof voted for Mr F. of Chatham who I beleive is the elector.\nMrs Lees better health will permit me in a few days I trust, to ride to Mt Vernon. With the highest respect I am always yours truely\nH:Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0184", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 18 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMount Vernon 18th Jany 1789.\nI have reed your letter of the 19th Ulto and, <in com>pliance with your request, have taken, from Colo. Fairfax\u2019s <ledger a> Copy of Colo. Warner Washington\u2019s Acct which is here enclos<ed. There is no> Acct in his Book with Mr Lee\u2014neither father nor <Son>.\n I am very sorry that indisposition<, or any other cau>se should have prevented you from coming down <at the time> you proposed; for it is my earnest wish and <desire> to have the Acct of my Lands &c. which are under your care <brought> into a degree of regularity that will enable me to see upon <what> footing they stand, and what my expectations from that quarter may be. It is so long since this request was first <m>ade to you\u2014it has been so often repeated\u2014and the time which would <be required to do it> is so trifling, that it would even justify <a suspicion that> this delay arose from some cause which ought not to exist; However, I trust that a speedy compliance with my repeated requests in this particular will place the matter in such a situation as to make it perfectly satisfactory to us both.\n The immediate payment of such rents <as are> due to me would be essentially serviceable at this time <and I doubt n>ot, therefore, but you will use your utmost end<eavours to c>ollect them as soon as possible. I am, Sir, Yr most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bushrod Washington, 18 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, Bushrod\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Uncle\nAlexandria Jany 18th 1789\nI was not at home when your Letter arrived yesterday, or Should then have thanked you, as I now sincerely do, for your kind offer\u2014previous to the rect of it, I had rented an office of\nMr Watson, at the exorbitant price of \u00a315. Your Stable I will put into repair & make use of until you may want it. I very readily accept your offer of Hay, as it is both difficult to procure it Here, and when got comes very dear. Wishing you health & happiness\u2014I am with Love to my Aunt Dr Uncle Your very affect. Nephew\nB. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0188", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 20 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 20th January 1789.\nI have received your letters of the 27th Ulto and 4th Inst.\u2014the former enclosing an acct of the Herrings, which I am sorry did not turn out better\u2014however I am certain there was nothing wanting on your part to dispose of them to the best advantage.\nNeither of the Vessels on board of which you shipped articles for me have arrived. If they got out of the Delaware they could not have reached Alexandria, for the River has been impassable\nfor several weeks; but there is now a prospect of its being soon open.\nEnclosed is a Memorandum from Mrs Washington respecting some shoes which she wishes Mr Palmer to make for her, and I have sent a slipper herewith as a pattern which she will thank you to send to Mr Palmer.\nIf there are any homespun Cloths in Philadelphia which are tolerably fine, that you can come readily at, I would be obliged to you to send me patterns of some of the best kinds\u2014I should prefer that which is mixed in the grain, because it will not so easily discover its quality as a plain Cloth. With great esteem, I am, Dear Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nThe Memo, mentd above is in the Slipper\u2014for Mr Palmer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0189", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 20 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Jany 20th 1789\nYour favor of the 17th enclosing two Patents for 5000 Acres of Land on Rough Creek in Jefferson Couty (and rough indeed they appear principaly to be) came duly to hand, but I am sorry to say that the specialty of the conveyance proposed by you neither meets my inclination nor expectation. I neither buy nor sell (and I have done both) without a general Warrantee. If their is no dispute with respect to the title, no possible injury can result from giving a general Warrantee. If contrary to your knowledge & belief there should appeare an other and better claimants of these Lands of what avail, to me, is a special Warrantee? Will that afford compensation when it is against the claim of yourself and heirs only that I am indemnified? In that case shall I get anything for the horse, the original cost of which was five hundred pounds and with the hire of the groom there keeping and other incidental charges cannot I should suppose\nstand me in much if any less than Seven hundred pounds? There would be no equallity in such a Bargain, you say if I have any doubt of your Title to these Lands you will give others in place of them. I have nothing but report of the general confusion of Landed property in that Country to form any opinion on\u2014& this with me operates equally with respect to all\u2014having made no enquiry into the rights of any; never having speculated in an Acre there.\nI thank you for the information respecting Elections. A little time now will bring the whole to a close\u2014It gives us much pleasure to hear that Mrs Lee is better, and will always do so to see you at Mount Vernon. Being with sincere friendship and regard Yours &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0190", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Eager Howard, 23 January 1789\nFrom: Howard, John Eager\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nAnnapolis [Md.] Jany 23. 1789\nI have the honor to inclose a proclamation which will inform you of the result of the late elections in this state. The federal ticket has been carried by a very large majority. Knowing that this circumstance will give you pleasure I have taken the earliest opportunity of communicating it. One circumstance I will add that in the county which bears your name out of 1164 taken there was not one for the antifederal ticket. I am, Sir, Yr most obt sert\nJ.E. Howard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0191", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Powel, 26 January 1789\nFrom: Powel, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jany 26 1789\nI have taken the Liberty to enclose a Letter for your Nephew, in which I know not how far I may have acted agreeably to you. My reason for doing it is the fear of its being delayed by any other Mode of Conveyance, which it is of Consequence to him should not happen in the present Instance.\nI do not recollect any Topic which at present, occupies the Conversation of Men, so much as the Insanity of the King of Great Britain. I am told, & I believe truly, that Dr Franklins observation upon hearing the Report was that he had long been of Opinion that the King of Great Britain was insane, tho\u2019 it had not been declared to the World till now.\nMrs Powel begs Leave to add her best Wishes for Mrs Washington, yourself, the Major & his amiable Partner, with our little Friends to those of dear Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nSamuel Powel\nI have the pleasure to inform you that Mr Fairfax is recovered from the small Pox and goes abroad.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0192", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Armstrong, 27 January 1789\nFrom: Armstrong, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\nCarlisle [Pa.] 27th Janry 1789\nYour very Obligeing letter of the 25th of April last came only to hand, and yeilded much Satisfaction to several Gentlemen of the Federal cast occasionally at this place, to find your decided opinion that Virginia would adopt the Constitution; and I cannot\nsuppress my Obligation to acknowledge the receit of that letter, otherwise \u2019tis matter of doubt whether any part of your time ought to be given to the consideration of what is to follow, but to avoid the light compliment of a blank sheet, I must send you the best I can.\nI hope before this time, Sir, you have determined to yeild your services to the providential voice of God expressed in the voice of your country which I think appears to be an event morally certain: and whatever embarrasments you may apprehend to attend your acceptance, if a refusal involves still greater (as you will doubtless see) the consequent duty is thereby apparent. to this I shall add nothing, but as your day is, so may your strength be.\nIt is said that a large number & amongst them men of distinction too, are still harping on sudden or early amendments as they call them\u2014this at the outsetting of the new Government & in our national situation, is not a little absurd, true there is wisdom requisite in hitting the proper medium of time for a revission\u2014but perhaps some promisary good words early thrown out, assigning for delay a few of the many reasons that exist, may command the patience of the disquiet, as to this effect I have heard some of them ready to give their assent. I have at present no intention to mention any alterations or amendments that may be supposed to do good & which have frequently been spoken of, but beg leave to take notice of a certain defect which I humbly conceive belongs to most of our State Constitutions & to the newly adopted national Constitution also; but must prefix, wch I do with regret, that of all other alterations or amendments, this supposed defect is according to the present taste of too many men, the least likely to be supplyed.\nThe thing I mean is a religious Test or declaration, in a moderate, but significant extent or degree, our various Creeds need not be carried to any great length in this matter, but a Solemn acknowledgement of the One living & true God, who pervades the minds of all men, and shall judge us righteously at the end of this world, is perhaps the least (and perhaps enough) that should be required of those to whom we commit the important trust of which I need not give a detail: and seems at once to correspond to the reverence we owe to the deity, and that security\nwhich may reasonably be expected by our fellowmen. If God is the Ruler of the universe, the Author & patern of all order & good Government, it seems highly becoming in constituting a National Government, that notice should be taken of his cognizance, as well as of his patronage in the execution of it: and the omission of it we may rather fear to be displeasing to him, who requires us to acknowlege him in all our ways. at best the Omission has but a lax, if not a cowardly appearance, and leaves no favourable aspect of the religion of America, either to posterity or to the nations of the world\u2014farther the Omission leaves an open door for men of the most licentious principles to possess the first offices in the union, and altho\u2019 some such might possibly be good Statesmen & even true to their particular trust, yet all such are in their measure a national reproach, and cannot be trusted thro\u2019 process of time; so that the laxity complained of, virtually throws an unfavourable aspect not only on future policy, but on the Christian religion also. Deists & Socinians, who in this country are likely to do more injury to Christianity than any other Sect we know, are the avowed enemies of all tests, Articles & Creeds, civil or Religious; and for what purpose they are so, is no secret. the Test mentioned above lays no obstacle in these mens way to office (and perhaps therefore deficient) it only acknowledges the being of one God & that we are finally accountable to him\u2014which in my opinion would at least be more respectable & give more Satisfaction to many of the Citizens, than as the Constitution now stands. I am aware of a variety of Objections to this doctrine, and some of them specious too, which doubtless may have influenced the conduct of many well disposed men on the point in question, but am obliged to consider them collectively, as light in the ballance.\nThus far am I gone in the forlorn hope, before I once recollected the strong Negative to any Religious Test expressed in the Constitution! and therefore for the present conclude this head, in full assurance of your candid construction & forgiveness. Very lately casting an eye on Mr Jeffersons Notes of Virginia\u2014that Gentlemans Solutions of what he calls his 17th Query gives me considerable surprize & in short excited the thoughts on the foregoing Subject\u2014to you I need quote but little of that query, being persuaded it has not passed your notice\n\u2014his catholick possition wherein with great ease & indifference he allows his fellow citizen the belief of \u201cOne God, twenty Gods, or no God at all\u201d is without any parallell that I have met with and am much mistaken if it is not alike replete with ill policy as with very bad divinity\u2014nor is this the only dangerous & exceptionable part of that Query, written as it is in the high taste of the Gentry mentioned above. the belief & experience of honest Socrates stands opposed to Mr Jefferson, for he lost his life because he would not reject the belief of one God and adopt or avow, that of a multiplicity of Gods! \u2019tis no small stigma on the Christian Religion that many of our younger Gentn some of whom possess fine talents too, should discover a greater attachment to the sentiments of Priestly & Price\u2014Hume, Voltaire, & Rossau\u2014than to those of the holy Scriptures themselves, or any of all the writings deduced from them! this dear Genl is what we have the greatest reason to fear, & prudently (I wish our Zeal would admit the word couragiously) guard against in our small measure as well as we can. I point at no individual amongst us, their own conversation & writings will but too probably point them out.\nSoon after the existance of the new Government, Congress will receive various local representations, as so many candidates for the Seat of the Federal Town. I am no way sanguine on this point, but least this should be my last to you, beg leave to say that the two leading objects to a wise decision on that point, are Safety, and a practical, or accomodating reach of the Western Country. You have dilated on both yourself, there fore I shall not. There are a variety of lesser considerations involved in the question & some of very considerable moment which are also familiar to every one; but if the two things mentioned above, are allowed to preponderate there are no spots within my knowledge that will equally agree to them as Carlisle, or Watkins\u2019s Ferry on Potomack\u2014each of these have their respective circumstantial advantages, & if my opinion is free from prejudice as I think it is, these in a comparative view are clearly in favour of Carlisle. In opposition to any place remote from the Sea, I might tell you a fable of the forseable address & irresistable locution of Oysters & fish, which some modern thinkers have got into their heads, but how the discovery or efficacy of\nthis phenomenon should thus early become a leading trait in the patriotick character, is yet to be discussed. I have dear General the honor to be, your Sincerely Affectionate And most humble Servt\nJohn Armstrong\nOur Representatives are I believe all Federal, but in some other important respects the choice is not thought so respectable as the State admitted of & the weight of the business requires In yr situation I look for no acknowlegement of this letter. may God sustain & direct you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0193", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, 27 January 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John,Gilpin, George\n\tLetter not found: to John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, Mount Vernon, 27 Jan. 1789. The dealer\u2019s catalog quotes from this letter: \u201cAs the business of the Poto\u2019k Company seems, in some measure, to have come to a crisis\u2014I have thought (since you left this on Sunday) whether a Full meeting of the Board is not More desirable than to write to Messrs. Johnson & Lee.\u2014No communications can be so full and satisfactory as verbal ones\u2014nor any measures so well devised as those which may be agreed on in such an Interview.\u2014If in this instance you coincide with me in sentiment, and will request their attend\u2019e at the Seneca falls (which is about central) I will make it a point to be there.\u2014The sooner this happens after the General Election on Monday next (sooner it can not) the better it will suit me\u2014and, according\nto your Acc\u2019t the affairs of the Company also.\u2014Do not trust the summons to accidental conveyances\u2014but act, if you approve the Measure, on sure ground\u2014and let me know the day that is fixed on. . . .\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0195", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Embree & Shotwell, 28 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Embree & Shotwell\nGentlemen,\nMount Vernon January 28th 1789\nYour letter of the 19th Instt came duly to hand; and as the time of payment for the Seed, which you mention will answer my purpose I must request you to ship it by the first Vessel that sails for Alexandria as the season for sowing is fast approaching\u2014with esteem\u2014I am Gentn &c.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0196", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Canon, 29 January 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Canon (Cannon), John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Canon, 29 Jan. 1789. On 22 Mar. GW wrote to Canon: \u201cI have received your letter of the 29th of January.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0198", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 29 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy dear Marqs\nMount Vernon Jany 29 1789\nBy the last Post, I was favored with the receipt of your letter, dated the 5th of September last. Notwithstanding the distance of its date, it was peculiarly welcome to me: for I had not, in the mean time received any satisfactory advices respecting yourself or your country. By that letter, my mind was placed much more at its ease, on both those subjects, than it had been for many months.\nThe last letter, which I had the pleasure of writing to you, was forwarded by Mr Gouverneur Morris. Since his departure from America, nothing very material has occurred. The minds of men, however, have not been in a stagnant State. But patriotism, instead of faction, has generally agitated them. It is not a matter of wonder, that, in proportion as we approached to the time fixed for the organization and operation of the new government, their anxiety should have been encreased, rather than diminished. The choice of Senators, Representatives and Electors, whh (excepting in that of the last description) took place at different times, in the different States, has afforded abundant topics for domestic News, since the beginning of Autumn. I need not enumerate the several particulars, as I imagine you see most of them detailed, in the American Gazettes. I will content myself with only saying, that the elections have been hitherto vastly more favorable than we could have expected, that federal sentiments seem to be growing with uncommon rapidity, and that this encreasing unanimity is not less indicative of the good disposition than the good sense of the Americans. Did it not savour so much of partiality for my Countrymen I might add, that I cannot help flattering myself the new Congress on account of the self-created respectability and various talents of its Members, will not be inferior to any Assembly in the world. From these and some other circumstances, I really entertain greater hopes, that America will not finally disappoint the expectations of her Friends, than I have at almost any former period. Still however, in such a fickle state of existence, I would not be too sanguine in indulging myself with the contemplation of scenes of uninterupted prosperity; lest some unforeseen\nmischance or perverseness should occasion the greater mortification, by blasting the enjoyment in the very bud.\nI can say little or nothing new, in consequence of the repetition of your opinion, on the expediency there will be, for my accepting the office to which you refer. Your sentiments, indeed, coincide much more nearly with those of my other friends, than with my own feelings. In truth my difficulties encrease and magnify as I drew towards the period, when, according to the common belief, it will be necessary for me to give a definitive answer, in one way or another. Should the circumstances render it, in a manner inevitably necessary, to be in the affirmative:Be assured, my dear Sir, I shall assume the task with the most unfeigned reluctance, and with a real diffidence for which I shall probably receive no credit from the world. If I know my own heart, nothing short of a conviction of duty will induce me again to take an active part in public affairs\u2014and, in that case, if I can form a plan for my own conduct, my endeavours shall be unremittingly exerted (even at the hazard of former fame or present popularity) to extricate my country from the embarrassments in which it is entangled, though want of credit; and to establish, a general system of policy, which, if pursued will insure  permanent felicity to the Commonwealth. I think, I see a path, as clear and as direct as a ray of light, which leads to the attainment of that object. Nothing but harmony, honesty, industry and frugality are necessary to make us a great and happy people. Happily the present posture of affairs and the prevailing disposition of my countrymen promise to co-operate, in establishing those four great and essential pillars of public felicity.\nWhat has been considered at the moment as a disadvantage, will probably turn out for our good. While our commerce has been considerably curtailed, for want of that extensive credit formerly given in Europe, and for fault of remittance; the usefull arts have been almost imperceptibly pushed to a considerable degree of perfection. Though I would not force the introduction of manufactures, by extravagant encouragements, and to the prejudice of agriculture; yet, I conceive, much might be done in that way by woman, children & others; without taking one really necessary hand from tilling the earth. Certain it is, great savings are already made in many articles of apparel, furniture\nand consumption. Equally certain it is, that no diminution in agriculture has taken place, at the time when greator and more substantial improvements in manufactures were making, than were ever before known in America. In Pennsylvania they have attended particularly to the fabrication of cotten cloths, hats, and all articles in leather. In Massachusetts they are establishing factories of Duck, Cordage, Glass and several other extensive and useful branches. The number of shoes made in one town and nails in another is incredible. In that State and Connecticut are also factories of superfine and other broad cloths. I have been writing to our friend Genl Knox this day, to procure me homespun broad cloth, of the Hartford fabric, to make a suit of cloaths for myself. I hope it will not be a great while, before it will be unfashionable for a gentleman to appear in any other dress. Indeed we have already been to long subject to British prejudices. I use no porter or cheese in my family, but such as is made in America\u2014both those articles may now be purchased of an excellent quality.\nWhile you are quarreling among yourselves in Europe\u2014while one King is running mad\u2014and others acting as if they were already so, by cutting the throats of the subjects of their neighbours: I think you need not doubt, My Dear Marquis we shall continue in tranquility here\u2014And that population will be progressive so long as there shall continue to be so many easy means for obtaining a subsistence, and so ample a field for the exertion of talents and industry.\nAll my family join in Compliments to Madam la Fayette and yours. Adieu, my dear Marqs believe me, what I am\u2014With &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0199", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Rochambeau, 29 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\nMy dear Count,\nMount Vernon Jany 29th 1789\nBy some unusual delay in the conveyance of your kind letter\ndated the 15th of June last, I had not the satisfaction of receiving it before this time. As I am always happy in hearing of your prosperity, I would not defer expressing my obligations, by the first occasion.\nI had long Judged from the different public accounts I had seen, relative to the affairs of France, that you were nearly in the moment of a Crisis; when your Constitution would assume, in some respects, a new form. By intelligence of a more recent date than your letter, I learn there has been a change in administration, and that an Assembly of the States was to be convoked on the first of January. The upright intentions, which I have always been taught to believe were possessed by the present King of France, and the unbounded affection, which the Inhabitants of that country are accustomed to entertain for their monarch; persuade me that affairs will all go right, and that the temporary derangment will ultimately terminate in the permanent welfare of the Kingdom. For if the interests and resources of that Kingdom should be Judiciously managed, you can hardly fail of being the happiest and most powerful people in the world.\nIn the strange situation of political affairs in the North of Europe, and in the midst of the various changes of alliances which have taken place, between the most considerable nations in your quarter of the globe; one is left to wander in a labyrinth of uncertainties in regard to the result. The Nations seem to be so entangled by different ties, that it will require all the skill of their Statesmen to dissolve or all the force of their Warriors to cut the Gordian Knots. Calculating upon the known superiority of civil institutions and discipline over ignorance and brutal force; and I am astonished to find, that the two Imperial Powers have made so little progress against the Turks, in their first Campaign. As to the general issue, though we should use all the fixed principles for making the calculation, much will doubtless depend upon contingency. For example, the fate of the King of England may make some important alterations in the European system. Notwithstanding it might probably, in a commercial view, be greatly for the advantage of America that a war should rage on the other side of the Atlantic; yet I shall never so far divest myself of the feelings of a man, interested in the happiness of his fellow-men, as to wish my country\u2019s prosperity\nmight be built upon the ruins of that of other nations. On the contrary, I cannot but hope, that the Independence of America, to which you have so gloriously contributed, will prove a blessing to mankind, It is thus you see, My dear Count, in retirement, upon my farm, I speculate on the fate of nations; amusing myself with innocent Reveries, that mankind will, one day, grow happier and better.\nI had the honor of writing to you, some time ago, by Mr Gouverneur Morris. He will have told you every thing important concerning the affairs of this Country, untill his departure. Since which, little worthy of notice has happened, Our prospects have been gradually meliorating. Unanimity encreases. Economy has succeeded to profusion. Industry prevails. Such is the general picture of the United States. We are on the point of seeing the completion of the new Government, which, by giving motives to labour and security to property, cannot fail to augment beyond all former example the capital Stock: that is to say, the aggregate amount of property in the Country. I speak with the more confidence, because so many of the elections of Senators and Representatives to Congress are already made, that there is the best reason to believe, the wisdom, the patriotism, and the virtue of America will be conspicuously concentered in that Body. I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0200", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Armand, 31 January 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de La Rou\u00ebrie, 31 Jan. 1789. On 13 Oct. 1789 GW wrote to Armand: \u201cI have been honored with the receipt of your letters of the 31st of January and 17th of February last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0201", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 31 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Jany 31 st 1789\nYour two letters of Decr 20th & Jany 4th are before me. I am much obliged to you for the intelligence contained in them: because it enabled me to contradict a report, in circulation among the Antifederalists, that your State had made choice of only one Representative to Congress, that no more would probably be appointed, & that every thing was in very great confusion. Though facts will ultimately become known; yet much mischief to the federal cause may be done, by suffering misrepresentations to pass unnoticed or unrefuted. Last winter the Antifederalists in Philadelphia published, \u201cthat Connecticut had been surprized into an adoption of the Constitution, while a great majority of the freemen were opposed to it.\u201d Now, it is certain, nothing can fix the stigma of falsehood upon that assertion, better than the late respectable appointments in that State. Much the same thing has happened in Maryland. The federal Ticket has been carried by the majority of thousands.\nBy the best information I can obtain, federal sentiments are spreading, perhaps, faster than ever in this Commonwealth. It is generally supposed that six, if not seven, of the Representatives from it to Congress will be decided fr[ien]ds to the Constitution\u2014Monday next will however, confirm or contradict this opinion; it being the day of election throughout the State. I will only add, that, in Maryland & this State, it is probable Mr John Adams will have a considerable number of the votes of the Electors. Some of those gentlemen will have been advised that this measure would be entirely agreeable to me, and that I considered it to be the only certain way to prevent the election of an Antifederalist. With sentiments of the greatest esteem & regard. I am My dear Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affe. Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0203", "content": "Title: Statement concerning George Mercer\u2019s Estate, 1 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMount Vernon Feby 1st 1789.\nFrom such parts of the following statement of facts (as are applicable to the case) the answer of George Washington must be drawn, to the Bills of complaint exhibited by both Brown and Owens.\nColo. George Mercer when he left this Country for England vested (as I have been informed, and as the proceedings of the General Court I believe will prove) his brother, James Mercer Esqr., with a power of Attorney to Manage & dispose of his property according to circumstances & his best discretion.\nIn consequence, & to satisfy some heavy claims on the Estate of the said George Mercer\u2014or securities which were some how or another involved therewith; the said James Mercer by virtue of the Power under which he acted, Mortgaged part of the said George\u2019s estate to Messrs Dick & Hunter of Fredericksburgh.\nNearly about the same time (to the best of my remembrance)Colo. George Mercer\u2014in order to secure the payment of large Sums which he had borrowed in England\u2014also mortgaged the said premises\u2014with other parts of his estate to a certain Richard Gravatt Banker, of London & Mary Wroughton of Bath, Spinster. and, in conjunction with these, sent a Power of Attorney to the Honble John Tayloe, Colo. George Mason & myself to sell & dispose of the whole Mortgaged effects for their use, & to apply the monies arising from such Sales agreeably to the directions contained in the said Power.\nA doubt arising, whether the whole Estate of the said George Mercer would be adequate to the payment of his English & Virginia debts\u2014and the priority, or validity of one of the Mortgages (given in England) being questioned, it became a matter interesting (in case of deficiency) for the said James to establish the one which he had given to Messrs Dick and Hunter. Accordingly, an amicable suit in chancery was instituted by him, for this purpose: Not to stay the Sale, but to subject the money arising therefrom to the further Order of the Court, as will appear by the Interlocutory Decree of the 5th of November 1773.\nUnder these circumstances Colonel Tayloe & myself (Colo. Mason having refused to act) Advertised the Estate of the said George Mercer to be sold agreeably to the Decree of the Court\u2014which sale was accordingly made in Novr 1774 by me, Colo. Tayloe not attending; & Bonds for the amount were taken, payable in Novr 1775 to Tayloe & Washington.\nIn the interim, between the sales which were made in Novr 1774 and the time at which the Bonds were to become due in Novr 1775. I obeyed a call of my Country in attending the Con-gress\nwhich met at Philadelphia in the Month of May in the latter year. From whence (being appointed thereto) I proceeded in the latter part of June following, to take upon myself the Command of the American Army at that time Assembled in Cambridge in the State of Massachusetts.\nSeeing no prospect from the then situation of our Affairs of being any longer useful to Colo. Mercer or any of the Parties concerned; about, or very soon after the expiration of the period at which the Bonds became due, I wrote in very decided terms to Colo. Tayloe informing him that I should no longer consider myself as the Attorney of Colo. Mercer and his Mortgagees; or be responsible for any future transactions respecting that trust. So far then from having left, at the time of my departure from home, the Bonds in the hands of Mr Lund Washington with authority to Collect and give acquittals thereon, that, at or about the time I wrote to Colo. Tayloe to the purport abovementioned, I directed him the said Lund to deliver into the hands of that Gentleman, the whole of these Bonds; & take his receipt for the same\u2014recommending it to the latter (that is, Colo. Tayloe) to put them into the hands of Colo. Francis Peyton (a person not only well qualified from his knowledge & attention to business for the purpose, but as one who was privy to all the proceedings at the Sale) to collect. This however was not done; and applications thereafter being made to Mr Lund Washington (in whose hands the Bonds still remained)\u2014I informed Colo. Tayloe in a subsequent Letter, as he had it seems requested the said Lund to receive the money, that I should not, on acct of its interference with my business, oppose his doing it; as I was sure he would act with fi\u27e8de\u27e9lity.\nFrom \u27e8the\u27e9 date of my first \u27e8letter\u27e9 to Colo. Tayloe I constantly refused to have any farther Agency in this business, until the death of that Gentleman, when I was informed (and upon taking the best advice was satisfied) of the indispensable necessity that existed, for my making a report of the proceedings with respect to the Sale, and such other matters as were my own immediate acts to the Court, in order to the final settlement; which report was accordingly made; but as It was known that I meant to proceed no farther in the business\u2014a second Interlocutory Decree bearing date the 9th day of Novr 1782 took the\nBonds out of my hands & placed them in those of John Francis Mercer Esquire, to collect; subject nevertheless, as in the former case, to the future Decree of the Court.\nUnder this authority it is, that Suits (thoug\u27e8h\u27e9 instituted in my name) have commenced\u2014and though I am convinced that Mr Lund Washington was authorized by Colo. Tayloe (notwithstanding my recommendation of Colo. Peyton for this business) to collect the Money which was due by Bonds, yet, as this authority did not proceed from me, the Interrogatories which are founded \u27e8thereon\u27e9 must fall. And those others which depend upon the appropriation of the monies arising from the Sales, are with the Court to decide. To sell the Estate, and to submit the proceeds thereof to its future Decree, was what was required of the Attorneis.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0204", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 1 February 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Clement Biddle, 1 Feb. 1789. On 11 Feb. GW wrote to Biddle: \u201cI have now before me your letters of the 19th Ultimo & 1st Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0205", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Eager Howard, 2 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Howard, John Eager\nSir,\nMount Vernon Feby 2d 1789\nI have been duly honored with your polite favor of the 23d Ulto enclosing you[r] Excellency\u2019s proclamation of the Representatives and Electors returning by the State of Maryland.\nThe whole number of Representatives being federal and the large majority by which they were chosen, is the most decisive proof that could be given of the attachment of the people of your State to the general Government\u2014and must effectually silence any assertions that may be made in future declaring that the sentiment of the People was not in unison with that of the Convention which adopted the Constitution by so large a majority. It is somewhat singular that among so large a number of votes as you mention to have been found opposed to the federal ticket\u2014it was a circumstance not to be expected in any County.\nThe Election of Representatives to Congress takes place in this State today\u2014upon the most moderate calculation it is thought at least one half of the number will be friends to the Constitution\u2014the more sanguine speak with confidence of 6 or 7 out of the ten. I have the honor to be Yours &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0206", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lotbini\u00e8re, 2 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chartier de Lotbini\u00e8re, Michel, marquis de\nSir,\nMount Vernon February 2d 1789\nI have received your polite letter of the 2d Ulto and am much obliged to you for your kind wishes for my health and welfare\u2014you will be so good as to accept of my best wishes for the reestablishment of your health which I am sorry to hear has been so much impaired of late\u2014The keen air of the season, will, it is to be hoped, militate with your disorder and produce a favourable change in your Constitution. I am Sir with due respect Yr Most Obedt Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0207", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Polson, 4 February 1789\nFrom: Polson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLondon 4th Feby 1789\nYour obliging favor of the 28th of Septr last  came to my hands the 21st Ulto under cover from Captain Milford of Date\nthe 22d of Novr. He also sent me the letter you were so good as [to] write to him on the Subject of my Lands in Virginia. I want words to express my gratitude to you for the uncommon pains you have taken to put him in the way of geting the necessary information, for which I return you my best thanks. I am well convinced that my letter of 1783, to you, miscarried, which may turn out to be very detrimental to me. I find by a letter of the Captain to me dated from York Town the 23d Octr that he had found out the Executors of my late friend Mr Craig, who were ready to give him every information they could; and told him my Lands were not Confiscated, and that they were still my property, and now in the heart of a Settled Country: He says that he was going in a few days to Richmond to find out a proper person to be my Attorney, and wod write me all the particulars by the next Ship: But by his last letter, I find he had been Sick, which prevented his going to Richmond, but promised to do it as soon as he could. I hope my Lands are not Sold for Quit Rents and that they will be of benefit to my Family.\nYour old Acquaintance Colo. Robert Stewart is at Bath. He has been much of an Invalid for years past, but has had very bad health since last October.\nI only came here about a fortnight ago, to apply for compensation for my Property Sold by the State of Georgia, to the amount of \u00a33997. My Lands & my Brors Sold for that Sum; but I am convinced that if our Attorney had represented our Case, that our property would Not have been Sold.\nI beg you will Accept my best thanks for all the favors you have done me, and believe me, it wod give me infinite pleasure to have it in my power to serve you or any of your Friends. believe me to be with great regard and respect Sir your much obliged and most Obedient Humble Servt\nJno. Polson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0209", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James and Edward Penman, 5 February 1789\nFrom: Penman, James,Penman, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharleston So. Carola 5th February 1789.\nThe Situation of our friend Mr Wedderburn\u2019s health, preventing him from following out his original Intention of paying his Respects to you in person, he has requested us to forward the inclosed, which We embrace the earliest Opportunity of \u27e8doi\u27e9ng and are, very respectfully, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servts\nJas & Ed. Penman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0210", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Powel, 5 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Samuel\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Feby 5th 1789\nThe letters which you did me the honor of writing to me on the 6th & 26th of last month, came duly to hand; and their enclosures were safely delivered to my Nephew, Bushrod Washington, who has lately become a resident of Alexandria\u2014where, and at the Courts in its vicinity, he means to establish himself in the practice of the Law. No apology, my dear Sir, on this or any other occasion was, or will be, necessary for putting any letter you may wish to have safely conveyed to a friend in these parts, under cover to me.\nAll the political man\u0153uvres which were calculated to impede, if not to prevent the operation of the new government, are now brought to a close until the meeting of the new Congress; and although the issue of all the Elections are not yet known, they are sufficiently displayed to authorise a belief that the opposers of the government have been defeated in almost every instance. Although the elections in this State are over, it will be sometime (from the extent of it) before the Representatives to Congress can be finally announced. From conjecture however, it is supposed the majority will be federalists\u2014some are so sanguine as to believe that seven out of the ten will be so\u2014but this, as I have already said, is altogether conjecture\u2014and vague conjecture\u2014for much pains has been taken\u2014and no art left unessayed to poison the mind, and alarm the fears of the people into opposition. In the list of the Electors which has been published by the Executive authority of this State, there appears (as far as I am acquainted with the characters of the gentleman) eight decided friends to the New Constitution.\nBe the cause of the British Kings insanity what it may, his situation (if alive) merits commiseration. Better, perhaps, would it have been for his nation, though not for ours (under present prospects) if this even had happened at the time Doctr Franklin,\nyou say, supposes his Majestys constitution was first tinged with the malady under which he is now labouring.\nMrs Washington, the Major & Fanny, and others under this roof, write in best wishes & affectionate regard for Mrs Powell and yourself\u2014and I am Dear Sir Your Most Obedt and very humble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0214", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 11 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 11th Feby 1789.\nI have now before me your letters of the 19th Ultimo & 1st Inst. The Vessels from Philadelphia have arrived, and the articles shipped on my Acct come safe to hand.\nYou inform me in your\u2019s of the 19th of January that the freight of Buckwheat will be 3/ per barrel; but I do not know whether you mean that a barrel is to contain 5 bushels, as we measure Corn here, or only the quantity of a common flour barrel\u2014if the latter, the freight will be very high. I will thank you to inform me, as soon after your receive this as possible, what will be the exact price of it per bushel del[ivere]d here, that I may be able to determine whether it will be cheaper for me to get it from Berkley or Louden Counties in this State, or from Philadelphia; and if I should procure it at the latter place I think it would be better for me to have it sent in Sacks than barrels (provided it cannot be brot round without either) as the former will be serviceable to me\u2014and the latter almost a total loss. I should likewise imagine that the freight would be something less for Sacks than barrels as they can be stowed in a smaller space.\nMrs Washington is much obliged to you for your agency in obtaining her slippers, which arrived last evening, and will thank you to have two pair more, of stuff, made for her by Mr Palmer, of the same size\u2014and a pair of Clogs to fit them. She will likewise thank you to get 20 lb. of the shells of Cocoa nuts, if they can be had of the Chocolate makers.\nYou will please to accept my thanks for your attention to my\nletter sent to Mr Smith \u2014and for your inquiries respecting the Cloth & Barley, with great esteem, I am, Dear Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If the Vessel, which you mention in your last was about to load for Alexandria, has not sailed, and the Buck wheat can be obtained and put on board her I should wish it to be done. If it cannot be brought in bulk I should prefer good sacks to barrels. Should the Vessel have sailed, or the Buck wheat not procured in time to put on board her, I will then thank you for the information respecting it which I before requested.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0215", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Gibbon, 12 February 1789\nFrom: Gibbon, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPetersburgh Virga Feby 12 th 1789\nTis not without reluctance I am about to trouble you on a Subject, in which, if rightly inform\u2019d you will shortly become the arbiter.\nWhen I offer it at this early period, I offer it upon a hope that my motive will be consider\u2019d as favourably of as that of other candidates.\nThe new Government, over which, we are led to hope you will preside, will necessarily have many offices in their gift\u2014From my situation, I\u2019m led, for the first time in my life to offer myself a candidate for public favour\u2014I have hitherto avoided it from an idea that it was incansistant in a young man having few friends to interest in my behalf, having little in myself to recommend me to it, I have only to trust to generall character for success; The little merrett, however, sir, which has heretofore apparantly been necessary to the attainment of it in some degree encourage me now to offer.\nFrom the Elections to Congress of this state an immediate vacancy occurs, in the instance of Coll J. Parker, Collector and navall officer for James river district; this Vacancy will I judge\nnecessarily be early filld up, for this sir I offer; as a place in which the little abillity I possess may be made serviceable.\nIf there is any thing in yr little knowledge of me which can justify yr putting me in nomination for this place, I trust there will be nothing in my conduct which will cause you to regrett the good office. Being Sir unaccustom\u2019d to that style, by which men are most likely to succeed in attempts like mine being at the same time perswaded it wou\u2019d be illy applied to you, I offer no appology for the direct manner in which I have introduc\u2019d the subject; to your candour, and a character that is, I trust, at least, free from more than common blemish I rest my pretensions, And Am sir with respect yr Mo. Obt Hmb. Servt\nJ. Gibbon\nP.S. Shou\u2019d I fail in this instance, as there will no doubt be many candidates of superior pretensions, I shall be happy if any thing can afford me the countenance in any other instance of public employ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0216", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 12 February 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 12 February 1789.\nI had the pleasure by the post of Yesterday to receive your favor of the 29th ultimo.\nI immediately sent to the store where the american cloths were advertised for sale, and to all other stores where it was probable there were any, but was exceedingly chagrined to learn there were none in Town at present. Four peices are however expected hourly, the invoice being received, and information of the goods being on their way, as far as New Haven. They are of the following colors and widths.\n            Light Grey\n            Hartford ditto\n            Bottle green\n            dark brown\nI shall have the choice of them and will secure the quantity you request for yourself and Mrs Washington and forward the same by the stage. But I am a little apprehensive You will be disapointed with respect to the fineness, it being about the quality of a second english cloth.\nI have been confined to my chamber and mostly to my bed for three weeks past by a severe attack of an accute Rheumatism. I am now getting better fast and hope in a few days to be able to go abroad. This circumstance has prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your esteemed favor of the 28th of December which I received a few days before my confinement.\nMrs Knox unites in presenting our affectionate respects to Mrs Washington and I am my Dear Sir Your respectful Affectionate\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0217", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Marshall, 12 February 1789\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nFayette County [District of Ky.] \nDear General12th Feby 1789  \nThe nature of the subject upon which I do myself the honor to address you will I hope be admitted as an excuse for the\ntrouble you will have in reading this letter. The political situation of this western country appears to me to be something crittical & there therefore I have undertaken tho\u2019 reluctantly to give you a state of facts preceeding our present situation so far as they have fallen within my knowledge.\nIn the spring 1787 Genl Wilkinson went to New Orleans with a cargo of Tobo. &c. And was requested by the Governor of that place to give his sentiments freely in writing respecting the political interest of Spain and the Americans of the United States inhabiting the western waters. This he did in an Essay as he calls it contain\u2019d in about 15 or 20 sheets of paper. I saw the Governors letter to him acknowledging the receit of it & informing him that he would lay it before the King of Spain; A copy of this essay he produced and read in our late convention held for the District, and as well as my memory (which I acknowledge is not very accurate) serves me the substance of it as follows.\nHe urges our natural right of following the current of rivers flowing through our country into the Sea. He states the extent of our country, the richness of our soil abounding in choice productions proper for foreign markets, to which we have no means of conveying them should the Missisipi be shut up against us. He states the advantages Spain might derive from allowing us the free use of that river. He goes on to shew the rappid population of this country and the eagerness with which every individual looks forward to that navigation. He states the general abhorrence with which the people of the western waters recieved the intelligence that Congress was about to sacrifice their dearest interest by ceeding to Spain the navigation of the Missisippi for 29 or 30 years, and represents it as a fact that they are on the point of seperating themselves totally from the union on that account. He addresses himself to their fears by a pompous display of our force & urges that should Spain be so blind to her true interest as to refuse us an amiable participation in the navigation of that river, & thereby forces us into violent measures \u201cGreat Britain stands with her arms expanded ready to recieve us\u201d & assist our efforts for the accomplishment of that object, and quotes a conversation he had a few years ago with a member of the British Parliament to that effect. He states the facility with which their province of Louisana might be invaded by the united forces of the British and Americans by\nmeans of the river Illinois, and the practicability of proceeding from thence to their province of New Mexico, it not being more than twenty Days. Britain he says will in that case aim at the possession of Louisana & New Orleans for herself & leave the freedom of the navigation to America; and urges pretty forcibly the great danger the Spanish interest in North America would be in from the British power should that nation possess herself of the mouth of the Missisippi and thereby hold the two grand portals of North America\u2014that river and the St Lawrence; and concludes with an apology for the freedom with which he has treated the subject, and adds that it has at their own particular request been drawn from a man \u201cwhose head may err but whose heart cannot decieve\u201d.\nThis essay has I am told been laid before the Court of Madrid; and as a violent seperation from the United States seems to be laid down as the ground work upon which every other consequence depends, I think probably has produced instructions from that Court to the Spanish resident at Congress that if the western Country should declare itself seperate from the Union, to avail himself of that event. I found this conjecture upon Mr Browns confidential letters from Congress to his friends in this District, some of those letters I have seen. He mentions that in a private conversation which he had with Don Gardoqui he was informd that so long as this country remained a part of the Union we had nothing to expect from Spain; but were we to declare ourselves seperate from & independant of the United States he was authorised to treat with us respecting commerce and the navigation of the Missisipi. Mr Brown having returnd from Congress was called upon in conversation in Novr last to give such information respecting our affairs in Congress as might be proper for us to know. He told us that he did not think himself at liberty to mention what past in private conversation between himself and Don Gardoqui respecting us: but this much in general he would venture to inform us, that provided we were united in our councils every thing we could wish for was within our reach, meaning as it appeard fully to me that if we would assume government and declare seperate from the union Spain would give us every indulgence we could ask for.\nAbout this time arived from Canada the famous Doctor (now\nColonel) Connelly his ostensible business was to enquire after & repossess himself of some lands he formerly held at the falls of Ohio, but I believe that his real business was to sound the disposition of the leading men of this district respecting this Spanish business. He knew that both Colonel Muter & myself had given it all the opposition in Convention we were able to do, & before he left the District paid us a visit tho\u2019 neither of us had the honor of the least acquaintance with him. He was introduced by Colonel John Cambell formerly a prisoner taken by the Indians & confined in Canada, who previously inform\u2019d us of the proposition he was about to make. He (Connelly) presently enterd upon his subject, Urged the great importance the navigation of the Missisipi must be of to the inhabitants of the western waters, shew\u2019d the absolute necessity of our possessing it and concluded with assurances that were we dispos\u2019d to assert our right respecting that navigation Lord Dorchester was cordially dispos\u2019d to give us powerful assistance; that his Lordship had (I think he said) four thousand British Troops in Canada beside two Regiments at Detroit, & could furnish us with arms ammunition cloathing & money: that wth this assistance we might possess ourselves of New Orleans fortify the Balise at the mouth of the river & keep possession inspight of the utmost efforts of Spain to the contrary. He made very confident professions of Lord Dorchesters wishes to cultivate the most friendly intercourse with the people of this country and of his own desire to become serviceable to us & with so much seeming sincerity that had I not before been acquainted with his character as a man of intrigue and artful address I should in all probability have given him my confidence. I told him that the minds of the people of this country were so strongly prejudiced agains[t] the British, not only from circumstances attending the late war, but from a persuasion that the Indians were at this time stimulated by them against us, and that so long as those Savages continued to commit such horrid cruelties on our defenceless frontiers & were recieved as friends and allies by the British at Detroit it would be impossible for them to be convinced of the sincerity of Lord Dorchesters offers let his professions be ever so strong; and that if his Lordship would have us believe him really dispos\u2019d to be our friend he must begin by shewing his disapprobation\nof the ravages of the Indians. He admitted of the justice of my observation and said he had urged the same to his Lordship before he left Canada. He denied that the Indians are stimulated against us by the British & says Lord Dorchester observ\u2019d that the Indians are free & independant nations & have a right to make peace or war as they think fit, and that he could not with propriety interfere. He promisd however on his return to Canada to repeat his arguments to his Lordship on the subject; and hopes, he says, to succeed. At taking his leave he beg\u2019d very politely the favor of our corrispondance: we both promis\u2019d him provided he would begin it and devise a means of carrying it on. He did not tell me that he was authorised by Lord Dorchester to make us these offers in his name, nor did I ask him; but General Scott informs me that he told him that his Lordship had authorised him to use his name in this business.\nIt appears plain to me that the offers of Lord Dorchester as well as those of Spain are founded on a supposition that it is a fact, that we are about to seperate from the Union: else why are these offers not made to Congres\u27e8s? we\u27e9 shall I fear never be safe from the machinations of our Enemies as well internal as external until we have a seperate state and are admitted into the union as a federal member. I have the honor to be with the most respectful esteem and regard Your most obedient and very humble servant\nT. Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0219", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 13 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Feby 13th 1789\nHaving found that there is a vessel on the point of sailing from Alexandria for Havre de Grace I would not forego so good an opportunity of addressing a letter to you; although nothing very material has occurred since the date of my last, which was transmitted by Mr Gouverneur Morris. As you will doubtless have seen in the Gazettes the Measures taken by the different States for carrying the new government into execution, I will not, therefore, enter upon any report of News or discussion of political topics. Exclusive of these things, the greatest & most important objects of internal concern, which at present occupy the attention of the public mind, are manufactures &\ninland navigation. Many successful efforts in fabrics of different kinds are every day made. Those composed of Cotton, I think, will be of the most immediate and extensive utility. Mr Milne, an English Gentleman, who has been many years introducing those manufactures into France, and whose father is now carrying them on (under the protection of government) at the Royal Chateau of Muette in Passy, was at my House this Week & is of opinion that they may be prosecuted in America to greater advantage than in France & England. He has been almost two years in Georgia stimulating & instructing the Planters to the production of Cotton. In that State, & So. Carolina, it is said, the Cotton may be made of a most excellent quality, and in such abundt quantities as to prove a more profitable species of agriculture, than any other Crop. The encrease of that new material and the introduction of the late-improved Machines to abridge labour, must be of almost infinite consequence to America. A desire of encouraging whatever is useful & \u0153conomical seems now generally to prevail. Several capitol artists, in different branches, have lately arrived in this Country. A factory of Glass is established, upon a large scale on Monocasy, near Frederick-Town in Maryld. I am informed it will this year produce Glass of various kinds, nearly to the amount of ten thousand pounds value. This factory will be essentially benefitted, by having the navigation of the Potomac completely opened. But the total benefits of that Navigation will not be confined to narrower limits, than the extent of the western territory of the U: States.\nYou have been made acquainted, my dear Sir, with my ideas of the practicability, importance & extent of that navigation, as they have been occasionally, though fully expressed, in my several letters to you, dated the 29th of March 1784, the 25th of Febry 1785, the 26th of Septr 1785, the 30th of May 1787, the 1st of Jany 1788, & the 31st of Augt in the same year. Notwithstanding my constant & utmost endeavours to obtain precise information, respecting the nearest & best communication between the Ohio & Lake Erie, I am not yet able to add any thing more satisfactory to the observations which I had the honor to make on the subject, in my letter of the 1st of January 1788. But I have lately received a correct Draught executed principally\nfrom actual Surveys, of the Country between the sources of the Potowmac and the navigable waters, that fall into the Ohio. The Roads; & Rivulets at the places where they are crossed by these roads, together with the mouths of the latter (but not the meanders) are laid down from actual surveys. Hence the approximation of the Eastern & western waters, in those parts, is discovered with certainty. It is, however, supposed by some\u2014not professional men I should add\u2014that the navigation of Potowmac from the Mouth of Savage to Stoney river, is impracticable, on account of the many falls, rapid water and rugged banks which are to be found in its course: But as there is an abundance of water, I should conceive that with the aid of Canals & Locks, it might be accomplished. From hence thro\u2019 the Glades, to the principal stream of the Yohiogany River, the portage is not more than 8 or ten Miles: and this distance, if little Yough affords water sufficient, might be reduced to five miles. From the mouth of little Yough to Pittsburgh there is no want of water: but it is said there are falls, & many rapid places in the River (not insurmountable one would suppose). It is conjectured by many that Savage River and Green glade Creek\u2014or the former and little Yough, are capable of being improved\u2014if so, the course is more direct\u2014but of this I can say nothing for want of better information, or a more accurate examination of these streams. Of the Draught  wch has been sent me, I enclose you such a rough sketch, as my avocations would permit me to make: my principal object therein being to shew, that the distance between the Eastern & Western Waters is shorter, and that the means of communication are easier, than I had hitherto represented or imagined. I need not describe what & how extensive the rivers are which will be thus in a wonderful manner connected, as soon as the Potomac shall be rendered entirely passable. The passage would have been opened from Fort Cumberland to the Great Falls (nine Miles from tidewater) before this time, as I mentioned in my letter of the 31st of Augt last, had it not been for the unfavourableness of the Season. In spite of that untoward circumstance, I have the pleasure to inform you, that two or three boats have actually arrived at the last mentioned place; one with 50, & another with near 100 Barrl of flour.\nI am going on Monday next to visit works, as far as the Seneca Falls. Could I have delayed writing this letter untill my return from thence & afterwards availed myself of the same conveyance, I might have been more particular in my account of the state of the several works, & especially of the situation of the Land adjoining to the Canal at the Great Falls. Whensoever the produce of those parts of the Country bordering on the sources of the Potomac & contiguous to the long rivers that run into it (particularly the Shanandoah & South Branch) shall be waterborne down to Tide-water for exportation, I conceive this place must become very valuable. From the conveniency of the Bason a little above the Spot where the Locks are to be placed, & from the inducements which will be Superadded by several fine Mill-Seats, I cannot entertain a doubt of the establishment of a Town in that place. Indeed mercantile People are desirous that that event should take place as soon as possible. Manufactures of various commodities & in iron particularly will doubtless be carried on to advantage there. The Mill Seats, I well know, have long been considered as very valuable ones. How far buildings erected upon them may be exposed to injuries from freshes, or the breaking up of Ice, I am not competent to determine from my own knowledge: but the opinion of persons better acquainted with these matters than I am, is, that they may be rendered secure. On the commodiousness of Alexandria for carrying on the Fur trade throughout the whole western Country, I treated, in a very minute and I may say almost voluminous manner, in my communication to you of the 30th of May 1787. Probably George-Town & the place which I have just mentioned, will participate largely & happily in the great emoluments to be derived from that and other valuable articles, through the inland navigation of the upper & Western Country. With sentiments of the highest esteem & regard\u2014I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your Most Obedt and very Humble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0220", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 13 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Feby 13th 1789\nI send you the letter you requested for Mr Jefferson under a flying seal, which, af\u27e8ter\u27e9 perusal, you will be pleased to have closed for transmission. After revolving the subject in many different points of view, I could find no expedient for communicating the information in question, in so unexceptionable a manner, as by making the latter a continuation of my corrispondence on the inland Navigation of America. I hope that the sentiments contained in it, which are the result of some reflection,\nwill not be the less useful \u27e8to\u27e9 you, for being delivered in this Manner; and, at the same time, in case of any undesirable event, that I shall avoid the imputation of having interfered in the business from selfish or improper motives. For I ho\u27e8ld\u27e9 it necessary that one should not only be conscious of the purest intentions; but should also have it in his power to demonstrate the disenterestedness of his Words & Actions at all times & upon all occasions. With very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obed. & Affecte S\u27e8ervt\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0221", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 14 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon February 14th 1789\nI shall pass through Alexandria Monday on my way to George Town\u2014and thence to the Great and Seneca Falls\u2014And shall bring with me the Plats and Pattents for the Land on Rough Creek in Kentucke; in order to receive a Conveyance in the usual and accustomed mode or to return them to you. With my usual esteem and regard\u2014I am Dear Sir Yr Obedt & Affecte Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0222", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 14 February 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n14h Feby 89 Alexa.\nI am most thankful my dear General for your transmission of this day\u2014the mode you have adopted, is certainly unexceptionable, & the information you communicate will doubtless answer our wish, which is to acquaint our friend in Europe from the most respectable source, of the advantages of the scite at the great falls.\nPermit me however to add, that I cannot conceive it possible for the most envenomed malignity, in the most profligate hour of society to accuse with shadow of proprity your assistance of your countrymen to improve the advantages which nature has bestowed on us.\nI will be ready on Monday to execute conveyances for the Kentucke Land\u2014I am my dear General unalterably yours\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0223", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lachlan McIntosh, 14 February 1789\nFrom: McIntosh, Lachlan\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General,\nSavannah in Georgia 14th February 1789\nFrom circumstances which made me Sufficiently easy and Independent I am reduced, by the fortune of the late War, to Apply the first time in my Life, and much against my grain, for some public Office, which a Man past Sixty two years of Age, as I am, can execute for the support of myself and the helpless part of my Family during the short remainder of my Life.\nIt is unnecessary to trouble you my dear General with the particulars of the Loss of my Active Property, which I readily foresaw from the beginning was Unavoidable, as I was the Southern frontier Settler in the United States who stood forth early for our present happy Revolution, amongst a great Majority of diferent Sentiments and Principles. I will only mention that I have little else now left, than some Lands I held before the War, which I am not able to improve and the Tax upon them is far beyond my Ability to pay, and must Shallow the whole up in a short time being. I conceive much Overated, as the predicament we stand in, with the Spaniards, and our imprudent Quarrel with the Indians, both of whom bound us on the South & West, have rendered Lands in these Quarters of our State of Little Value, and altogether Unsalable for my present relief.\nI have had, it is true, Certificates for the Comutation of my half pay, and arrears of pay, with Moneys I advanced for raising and Supporting our quota of Continental Troops when our\nState was not able, or not so willing as I could then wish to do it. These Certificates have at times appreciated above twenty for one, yet I have been obliged to part with most of them for a scanty Subsistance, which I still stand in need of.\nI cannot complain of the Gratitude of my Country who have amply acknowledged the small services I was Capable of, which had little other merit than the early and continued efforts and Zeal with which they were performed. Most of our public Offices did not suit my time of Life, and all of them, in the gift of this State, have lost much of their respectability in the Mode of Annual Elections by the Legislature, and the Management and Intrigues by which they are generally obtained, which some Men cannot Submit to.\nI therefore take this Liberty of Applying directly to you without the interferance of any others, as there can be no doubt of you being Unanimously Elected President of the United States, for the Appointment of Collector of the Customs for the Port of Savannah, or all the Ports in this State, which I conceive myself Qualified for, if you can place Sufficient Confidence in my Integrity from your former experience and knowledge of me.\nI am informed that Mr Reuben Wilkinson a young Man of North Carolina, the present possessor of that Office and several Gentlemen from other States are making great Interest for it, but I will Submit to you alone Sir whether a Residency Since the first Settlement of the State, now fifty Six years, Long and hard Services Since I was a Boy in all its Struggles and difficulties untill I am worn out, and now unfit for any Active department with the Losses and Suffering which have brought me to distress in my old Age, does not deserve some Consideration. I am my Dear General Your faithful and most Obt Humble Servt\nLachn McIntosh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0225", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Monroe, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nFredericksburg [Va.] Feby 15. 1789.\nI take the liberty to submit the enclos\u2019d to your perusal. It was written before the meeting of the late Convention, but being inaccurately printed and delay\u2019d in the press untill the week it assembled, it was for those reasons at that time suppressed. Had not the propriety of making my sentiments known upon a late occasion, suggested this mode, in that situation it would have remain\u2019d. Having suffer\u2019d it to escape me, it is with pleasure that I enclose you a copy. I am not aware that it contains any thing worthy of attention. It was however written in haste, and whilst other ingagments imploy\u2019d much of my attention\u2014Be so kind as [to] present my most respectful compts to Mrs Washington and be assur\u2019d of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be your very humble servant\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0226", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 16 February 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Clement Biddle, 16 Feb. 1789. On 15 Mar. GW wrote to Biddle: \u201cI have now before me your letters of the 16th Ulto\u27e8.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0227", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nRingwood in Hampshire (97 miles from London) \nMy Dear SirFeby 16. 1789 \nI have at length finished that arduous undertaking, in which I have been engaged for many past years. I shall have peculiar pleasure in learning that it meets with your Excellency\u2019s approbation; & that you are not disappointed in that reliance you exercised on my honor & prudence, when you admitted me to a free inspection of your valuable papers. I apprehended it to be often necessary to introduce sentiments & information, while I suppressed the names of the writers from whose letters they were taken, & at times inserted them as though they were originally my own.\nThe binding, the paper, the print & the quality, will I hope satisfy the Subscribers to the History that I meant not to make a penny of them. The maps I doubt not will meet with their approbation. The benefit accruing to me from the advance of the money will be compensated for, by the insurance upon the books, & the freight which I pray you to deduct from the subsequent payments.\nThe cost I have been at, exclusive of the trouble, has been very great. The charges of the present edition will not fall short, I expect, of seven hundred pound sterling. One thousand sets have been printed of the demy paper, & two hundred & fifty of the best wire-wove. A set of the latter has been ordered to be very elegantly bound, & if it can be got in readiness to be sent with the forty & two sets. I beg your Excellency\u2019s acceptance of it, as a small token of the sincere & warm affection that the writer entertains for you: which leads him to wish that your answer of May 22. 1782 to a certain proposal might appear in print in case of a second edition, while the name of the\nproposer is concealed; that so the United States may have the fullest possible proof of their having made a right choice of your Excellency to the Presidency in the new Constitution, which is an event that has undoubtedly taken or will take place; & with which, I hope, you will concur notwithstanding your attachment to domestic life, upon the same principle that induced you to accept of the appointment of congress to the military command\u2014a true patriotic desire of promoting the welfare & freedom of America.\nI am warranted in looking out for another edition from the sale of the present. This makes me desirous, that if your Excellency discovers any capital mistakes, you would be so obliging as to point them out in order to future correction. Whatever alterations or additions may be made hereafter & wrought into the body of the work, I propose having printed likewise on a single sheet or more for the service of the first purchasers, that the encouragers of the work may not be the sole sufferers. Very few copies, besides those subscribed for, are or will be sent to America. Should the work be approved of on your side the water, so as to occasion any considerable demand would wish to know it that the more may be printed. The greater the number the larger the profits the expence of setting the press is the same. Was any trader to order a number, upon his sending a bill to pay for the same when ready for delivery, he should be charged only seventeen shillings ster. a set in sheets\u2014if bound the binder\u2019s demand in addition, beside the cost of care & putting them on board. Should particular maps, or whole sets be wanted, he should be supplied upon the most reasonable terms.\nI have not yet got settled. Congregations prefer younger persons; & individuals, who have influence & are anti-Americans naturally cooperate in preventing my being chosen. But notwithstanding this & the dislike that many have entertained to me for the part I took during the late war, I am far from repenting the little share I had in the Revolution, which I consider as being a glorious part of my life. Though I have done with all public interference in politics; yet I now & then say to those protestants who do not relish the Revolution\u2014Before many years you may be glad that it has taken place; & the United States may prove an asylum to you or your children.\nNotwithstanding all the assertions in the house of commons, & Mr Fox\u2019s declaration, there are numbers who believe that the prince has been married both by a popish & protestant priest:& no sensible man who has considered the matter & been conversant with history, but knows that the same parliamentary omnipotence that made marriage without the king\u2019s consent illegal, can reverse a former act & legitimate a bastard, if so minded. The highest incomiums have been passed upon the prince in the debates of both houses by each party. Who but will worship the rising sun, unless he has a singularly independent spirit! Princes & Nobles possess virtues, as maids of honor do beauty by their places.\nFox & his party fairly outrun themselves, & by their over eagerness to gain too much fell into a Pitt, in which they have been held fast without being once able to get out, with all their strugglings, or to procure a single alteration in the ministerial plan of regency.\nThe visitation with which his majesty has been afflicted, happened at a time when the whole nation was engaged in the centurial commemoration of that Revolution which placed the Brunswick family on the throne; \u27e8and\u27e9 his derangement furnished the occasion & opportunity for the two houses to declare in favor of the Majesty of the people to fill up the executive branch when the same was interrupted, by supporting their right, \u27e8of\u27e9 doing it as the representatives of the last Majesty. I have laughed in this my retirement, upon observing how whigs have turned tories & tories whigs in the business of the regency: but been fully gratified that this occurrence has produced a new edition of the people\u2019s rights, with some important additions to serve as precedents to future generations. I have enjoyed my absence from the capital during the general conversation on the subject, which has secured me from taking a part in it.\nWhen I had seen to the delivery of the History in & about London, I retired with Mrs G. to this place, that I might escape impertinent questions; & leave every one to vent his observations upon the work at pleasure, without being betrayed into any meannesses by the censures of some & the commendations of others.\nHere we have been since the 12th of December. I mean to\npitch my tent at Ipswich in Suffolk, 70 miles from the capital, where we settled in the early part of life & have many friends. Should we be spared expect to be there by the middle of May: but till you hear of my being fixed, pray you to direct all such letters as you may honor me with to the care of Mr Thos Field No 11. Cornhill London. Our not having the opportunity of enjoying the benefits of a congregation, makes it prudent in me to think of some way of adding to our present stock; & induces me to mention that if any traders or gentlemen should want any number of books from this quarter, I might find my account in supplying them, & have it in my power to do it as cheap & as completely as a bookseller by exchanging copies of my history for what I should want from them. But then I should be desirous of an order to receive the money upon sending the books, making the usual allowance for prompt payment. I should be particularly attentive to their being bound well & agreeable to direction. Should not the set of my history be in readiness to accompany the others shall forward it in a parcel to Mr Hazard the Post Master General at New York.\nMrs Gordon\u2019s nephew Mr John Field, being now settled in a house his father has built for him I have made bold to send you four of his cards. So far as you can promote his interest without interfering with previous engagements, you will oblige me greatly by attending to it.\nI trust you will find nothing in the History leading you into a suspicion of my being unfriendly to the United States of America. I can safely say that it is my daily prayer, that good government may be established among them, & that they may be an holy free & happy people.\nMrs Gordon joins most Sincerely in wishing your Excellency, your Lady, & your other dear connexions the best of blessings\u2014many more happy & honorable days on earth & a glorious immortality as the gift of God through Jesus Christ. My respectful compliments to Dr & Mrs Stewart & children, to Mr Lund Washington & family, to the last married Mr Washington & Lady & to the young Washington who startled me at the table, before I had time for recollection, by saying that he loved the devil. I hope he will hate all that goes under that name, except the broiled & peppered gizzard or what is equally innocent.\nI would wish to be remembered to all other friends, & remain my Dear Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient servant\nWilliam Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0228", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 16th February 1789.\nThe cloths have not yet arrived although expected by the first wind. The moment they come to hand I will forward those for you and Mrs Washington by the stage.\nIt appears by the returns of elections hitherto obtained which is as far as Maryland southward that your Excellency has every vote for President, and Mr John Adams 28 for Vice President exclusively of New Jersey and Delaware whose votes for Vice are not Known. I am My Dear Sir Your affectionate\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0229", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Feby 16th 1789\nHaving heard of your Election by a respectable majority of the suffrages of the District for which you stood and conceiving it probable that you would soon be on your journey to New York\u2014possibly before my return from the Seneca Falls\u2014for which place, by appointment, I am this moment setting off by the way of George Town; where I expect to meet Governors Johnson & Lee. I take the liberty of submitting the Papers herewith enclosed, for your perusal, in case of that event.\n  You have the rough draught only of the letter I had in contemplation to write to you\u2014so soon as I should have received your answer to the one I had written to you, soon after you left this. But having heard nothing from you since, I concluded that the intercourse between this & Orange was not very regular although, ultimately, it might be safe. Therefore, & because I expected you would soon be on, I gave up the intention of forwarding the enclosures you will now receive.\nI shall certainly be back on Friday\u2014probably on Thursday\u2014when if you should in the mean time have arrived, it would give me much pleasure to see you at this place\u2014being always with the sincerest regard & friendship Your Most Obedient & Affectionate Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If it should be your own desire, I have not the smallest objection to your conversing freely with Colo. H\u2014\u2014 on all matters respecting this business.\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0230", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable Sir,\nFebruary 16th 1789\nSince I wrote To you by Magor George Washington\u2014I have Sent Expresly To Every Tenant under me altho they all had been Called on the First of January yet they have not Provided Payment at this Time.\nI have received only \u00a317.3 9\u2014I have not the Least Expectation of receiveing any money until april and then but Little Considering the Ballance due I have several replivey Bonds been due last fall\u2014the Bad Execution of the Law Prevented my Puting the Bonds in Force also I expected the People would Pay\nSooner than I could recover it by Law\u2014I Shall do Every thing in my Power to Collect the rents\u2014I am Sir your Very Hble Servant\nBattaile Muse\n  I inclose a Bill on Mr Wales for \u00a320 which I expect He will discharge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0231", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hugh Young, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Young, Hugh\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected Sir\nBalto. [Md.] 16th Feby 89\nIt\u2019s with pleasure I inform you, your Goosberry Slips are in excellent Order  Captn Dwyer has taken such care of them & kept them so warm that notwithstanding the intense cold Season they have now buds near an inch long. I find it will not answer to send them by the Land Stage, as the Jolting would effectually destroy the\u27e8m\u27e9.\nYou may therefore expect them by the first Packett after the Navigation is Open which I hope will soon take place, at present but little prospect of it.\nCaptn Dwyer behaves very polite & refusd accepting any freight.\nMrs Young Joins in most respectful Compts to you & Good Lady, With, Sir Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\nHugh Young", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Armand, 17 February 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de La Rou\u00ebrie, 17 Feb. 1789. On 13 Oct. 1789 GW wrote to Armand: \u201cI have been\nhonored with the receipt of your letters of the 31st of January and 17th of February last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rochambeau, 17 February 1789\nFrom: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nParis february the 17th [1789]\nI have seen with great pleasure, my Dear General, the Governor morisse and I have been charmed with the good News he gave me of your health\u2014We hope that you are going to put yourself again at the head of a fine and good government\u2014I expected not when I left you that your Constitution would be sooner and more solidly setled than our[s]. our Generals States are to begin at the end of april\u2014I Set out \u27e8illegible\u27e9 at all the commanders of provinces to go in our respectives provinces, to maintain good order and the liberty in all the elections and convocations. I hope they will be made with tranquillity in Picardie, Boulounois, Calaisis and artois: Which is the extent of my Command\u2014our heads there are more cold than in the province of Bretagne, at last god will my Dear General, that all this have a good End\u2014our Sovereing and his people desire franckly the public good, but We have aristocratical men which will not be So easy to bring back at the Reason. I am with the most inviolable attachment, my Dear General your most obedient and Very humble Servant\nle Cte de Rochambeau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0234", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Barclay, 18 February 1789\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 18 Feby 1789\nI never was more Embarrassed about the propriety of writing a letter than I am at this Moment and nothing but the information which I have received that some Applications will be made to you on the same subject by others, wou\u2019d have induced me\u2014at this time to take the liberty which I Now do\u2014Fearing therefore\nthat the omission of writing to you might operate against me at a future day, I am Bold enough to tell you that it has been for a long time my intentions to Endeavor to prevail on the President General of the New Government to nominate me for the office of Collector of the Imposts at this place.\nShou\u2019d I be so happy as to succeed in those Endeavors, I have little doubt but I will be supported by many of the Senators to whom my Exertions to discharge the several Trusts that have been Committed to my Care, with attention are known and I hope the sentiments of Mr Jefferson, Mr Jay, Doctor Franklin and Mr Adams on that subject will shew that I am not altogether unworthy of the Confidence of my Countrymen.\nShou\u2019d there appear any thing improper or provacative in what I have written I trust to your known goodness to forget and forgive it\u2014I am Very respectfully Sir Your very obed. Humble Servant\nThos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0236", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hanson, 19 February 1789\nFrom: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexa. 19th Feby 1789\nI was in hopes there would be no occasion to trouble you again with Complaints against your Nephews. But it is unavoidable.\nI cannot persuade them that Morning Hours are as profitable for Study as those of the Night. I conceived that 10 O\u2019Clock was late enough for students to be out of bed; and that to rise with the Sun was more commendable than to sleep till 9 O\u2019Clock. They, however, are of a different opinion, and wish to sit up after my family have retired to rest. If they gained any time by their late hours, I would be inclined to indulge them, though it would entirely derange the order of my family. But it is plain, from their time of rising, that their fondness for late hours does not arise from a passion for their Studies. George informs me you directed him (on the day of the late Election) to tell me \u201cit was your desire that they should sit up as late as they please.\u201d In this I am confident there is a mistake. However, Sir, if you think 10 O\u2019Clock too early, you will please to mention some other hour. For I am persuaded you will agree with me that there ought to be some fixed time, after which my doors should not be open, nor the Boys suffered to disturb my family; who may go to bed indeed, but it is impossible they should go to rest, while the Boys are up. They have lately made a practice of applying to Mr McWhir for leave to be out of an Evening, and though he has granted it to them, it was upon the express condition of obtaining my Concurrence. But they do not now think proper to pay me the Complement of asking it. I have been with Mr McWhir to see if he would interpose his Authority with regard to getting them to bed; but he says this is a Care which does not come within the sphere of his duty; though I should suppose that if his Authority extends to giving them permission to leave their lodgings of an Evenings, it might with equal propriety, be exerted to make them behave themselves well there. I thought it necessary you should know upon what footing my Authority over them is at present; and that you should say who is to have the direction of their conduct out of School, Mr McWhir or myself.\nIf at any time I remonstrate with George upon the impropriety\nof his Conduct, I am threatened with the loss of them as Boarders, whether the execution of this threat ought to be considered by me as an inconvenience or a blessing, I am at some loss to determine; while, on one hand, your removing them would hold out an idea that my house is not an eligible situation for Students; and, on the other, it would most certainly relieve me & my family from a grievous Burthen. If Mr McWhir, who took them merely to oblige, has declared (as he frequently has) that no Consideration should benefit him to take them again; and that they gave him more trouble than 10 other Boys it is not surprizing that they should behave amiss with me, who took them at my own request, and with a view to my own Convenience. The fact is, except beating Mrs H., and striking myself, there is no outrage or indecorum they have not committed. Neither my Servants nor my children have escaped their fury and violence. I had the misfortune lately to incur George\u2019s displeasure by attempting to check his irregularities He evidently grows more & more impatient of those restraints which are in my apprehension, absolutely necessary to save him from ruin. I beg you, Sir, not to impute what has been said to any improper motive, but merely to the desire of preserving the peace of my family, and at the same time of discharging the duty \u27e8owed\u27e9 to those you were pleased to place under my Care. With the utmost respect & esteem I am Sir your most obedt & most humble Servant\nS. Hanson of Saml", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 19 February 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 19 February 1789\nI forward you by the stage which sets out this day 13 1/2 yards\nof 3/4 Wide bottle green cloth of the Hartford manufacture \u2014I would there were more of it for your and Mrs Washingtons purposes but it was all of the color which came\u2014The greys & the dark browns were too mean and coarse either for you or Mrs W.\nThere will probably be enough for a coat and waiscoat for you and for Mrs Washingtons riding dress. The price is not very high only two shillings \u214c yard New York paper & pet below pur[chase].\nAs it is packed in a box I hope you will Receive it safely and speedily as I have addressed it to the proprietors of the Stages at Philadelphia Baltimore and Alexandria\u2014I am my dear Sir Your affectionate\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0238", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 19 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\n\u27e8Sir,\n[Mount Vernon, 19 February 1789]\nI have received your letter of the 7th Inst. together with your account, a List of my Tenants, and \u00a38.19.4 in Cash.\nIt was not my intention to have wounded your feelings by my last letter, as you say I did\u2014I only meant to express my earnest desire to have a Rent Roll of my lands under your care, and not knowing the causes which prevented its being made out, I conceived that so long a delay of it was improper.\nI have examined the statement of my tenants which you sent me, and will be applicable to every individual, as the tenor of the leases are the same, or nearly the same. In those cases where you have desired my particular direction I will give it now; but request that in future, the leases may govern your conduct, as I am determined to adhere strictly to the covenants of them and will not relinquish any thing therein specified.\nWhen I gave leases of those lands my great object was to have such improvements made on them as would encrease their Value and enable me to dispose of them to advantage hereafter the Rents were consequently very low\u2014Now, as the Rent of Land in that part of the Country has risen to 3 or 4 times the\namount of the rent required by my leases, I shall not only be frustrated in my main design with respect to improvements, if the covenants of the leases are not complied with, but am likewise deprived of the benefit which I could draw from the land by leasing it at this time if it was unoccupied: and shall very probably suffer greatly by its being imporvished I am therefore determined to set aside every old Lease where the covenants, with respect to the Orchards and buildings, are not complied with; if there is reason to believe that the Lotts will let for more than their present Rent; and I desire that you will have this done: But previous to your attempting it, I would have you take the opinion of some eminent Lawyer upon the matter (not that of a young County Court Lawyer but that of some man who has been much conversant with business of this kind and whose Judgement can be depended upon) and if you should be advised to put the leases to issue\u2014the determination upon one will be a [rule] by which you can govern yourself with respect to the others. The sooner this matter is determined the better\u2014and if these leases are set aside and new ones given I will not have them for lives, because it can never be determined (without disputes) when they end\u2014neither would I give them for a longer term of years than will be sufficient to induce the tenant to make such improvements and cultivate the land in such a manner as may redound to the advantage of the Landlord as well as himself; for I think there can be no doubt but the Rent of land in that and every other part of the Country, will rise in a few years much above what it is at present.\nIf any of the tenants pretend that they have been released from any covenant in their leases by me, or any person acting for me, let them produce proof of it, and without that you must pay no regard to assertions. Certain I am I have never released any and as certain that Lund Washington never did.\nI observe (by your notes) that several tenants have agreed to pay the Land tax in consequence of their being released from complying with some covenant in their leases with respect to improvements\u2014where this composition has been made it must, I suppose, be complyed with on my part; but I had rather that nothing of this kind had taken Place, for it is my wish and desire to comply with every thing that is incumbent on me\u2014and it\nis my intention to oblige them to do the like. When the matter is any ways disputable whether the Land tax is to be paid by the Landlord or Tenant\u2014I had much rather pay it than relinquish any part of the lease, for they on the other, may suppose that the smallest concession is adequate to it.\nI would, henceforward, have you give no indulgences in the Collection of the Rents; but destrain as soon as they become due, unless the Tenant, by some act of Providence\u2014Fire or unavoidable events is disabled; for I am convinced that a delay in the payment of the Rent from year to year is as prejudicial to the Tenant as the Landlord. To indulge a person whose inability to pay arises from laziness would only encourage him to continue in it, and the final distress for Rent After it has been accumulating 3 or 4 years may compleatly ruin the Tenant without satisfying the Landlord; whereas, when it is known that no favor will be granted (except under the circumstances above mentioned) every man will make an exertion to pay his rent when it becomes due, and the sum is so small that it will hardly be felt if paid annually.\nI would wish you to settle the Arrears of Rent in the best manner you can where the persons owing cannot pay the whole take such a part as you can get and make a final settlement of them\u2014and in future let there be no arrers; whenever a Tenant is disabled by some a[c]t of Providence\u2014Fire, or unavoidable event from paying the whole of his Rent, you must settle with him upon the best terms that his situation will admit of\u2014but those who delay payment from any other cause must expect no favor.\nI will never take any thing but the specific Rents. This will avoid disputes, and suspicion of allowing too little for the Commodity. The Tenant may as well dispose of this produce as for me to do it.\nThe foregoing is my General determination with respect to the lands under your care, and a reference to the leases will always direct you what to do when any obsticle arises in the collection of the Rents or management of the business.\u27e9\nThomas Truman Greenfield\u2019s r\u27e8eser\u27e9ve must be laid off at my expense; but previously endeavour to annul his Lease if he will not comply with the Covenant for planting Orchards.\nIf John Dimmitt does not work more than the number of hands allowed\u2014and the Lease does not restrain him from keeping Sub-Tenants nothing is to be done in the case.\nIf Joseph Winsor thinks he has not got his quantity of Land, let him employ the County (sworn) Surveyor, at his own expense; and if the payment by the lease is according to the quantity of Land he holds it must govern.\nAbner Grig\u2019s quibble with respect to the error in filling up the blank is inadmissable; put the Lease to issue.\nGet what arrears you can from Lemart\u2014the whole if he is able to pay it.\n[Enoch] Furr must be made to comply with the Covenants of the lease.\nRobt McWherter is not to have the place gratis to encourage laziness; if he is sickly it may be a reason for favouring him in the back rents\u2014and in that case he should quit the place or I shall always be plagued with him.\nIt is of little avail what Hansbury says. Let him produce from under mine, or Lund Washington\u2019s hand what he asserts, and the matter will be then ascertained. Without proof pay no regard to assertions.\nLet Lott No. 9 in Fauquier County upon the best terms you can.\nNo. 1 on Chattins Run may be divided and leased for a number of years as proposed.\nI am willing to refer my dispute with Scott to the Gentlemen mentioned in your letter, viz. Colo. Francis Peyton, Colo. Leven Powell and Mr Morse D.C.S. of Fauquier.\nTen per Cent (and charges) is, in my opinion, a very high Commission to be given for the Collection of Rents, and such an one as I never heard of before: but if it is given by others I cannot expect to have my business done for less. Quare. Are not some extra Services requred for this 10 p. Ct.\nThere is another part of the business no less essential than the Collection of the Rent, and which, I trust, you pay a proper attention to\u2014I mean that of visiting each tenement once or twice a year to see that no waste is made by the Tenant or others, and that everything is kept in due order according to the tenor of the Leases. But for this I should have no occasion\nfor a Collector, for if the Rents were not punctually paid at a given time the Sheriff would answer the purpose.\nAs you have now furnished me with a statement of my Lands I shall have them entered agreeably to their numbers; and I expect that you will transmit me annually (in the month of March, for Instance, when I suppose all collections for the preceeding year will be settled) an Acct of the receipts for each Tenement\u2014the charges which may arise from destraining &c. (which must be paid by the Tenant) together with any changes that may take place in the Tenants. I shall then have them en\u27e8ter\u27e9ed in their proper places, and shall always be able to see upon what footing they stand.\nAs you express yourself much hurt by the report of your having been concerned in locating some Land belonging to the Estate of the late Colo. Fairfax which was under your care, and have requested me to give you my opinion upon the mode which you propose to take for finding out the Author of it, or to obviate any aspersions which might have been thrown upon your Character in consequence of it, I have enclosed you the form of a publication which I conceive will either bring forth the propagator of it or sufficiently clear you from the Charge.\nIt is my duty to deliver whatever papers are in my hands belonging to the Estate of the late Colo. Fairfax whenever required by an Order from the Executors; but as there are among them many papers of considerable consequence, which do not relate immediately to the Estate that is under your care, I should advise you to have the desk in which they are contained put into the hands of the Revd Mr Bryan Fairfax, Father to the young Gentleman who is heir to the Estate, and receive, from time to time, such papers only as you may have occasion for; at least \u2019till the above mentioned report is fully obviated; for although the persons for whom you act may have the highest confidence in you, yet if any paper of consequence should, by any means, be lost you must feel yourself very much hurt at not being able to account for it. With due Regard I am, Sir, Yr most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. You have herewith the Leases which you requested might be sent.\nWhatever Cash you have, or may collect for me I should be glad to have on or before the 10th of March.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0241", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 20 February 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBoston Feby 20th 1789\nI had the last evening the pleasure of receving your Excellencys very kind and welcome favour of the 31st Ulto\u2014It will be pleasing indeed to our citizens, when they find that federal ideas increase in your part of the United States. Things here wear a complexion, which evince, that a large majority of our people are friends to the new constitution, and I am confident they will embrace the government with affection. Esteem it not, my dear sir, the language of adulation, when I tell your Excellency, that the late elections of President, and vice President, are so perfectly agreeable to the general voice of the people, that joy flashes in the countenance of every real federalist, whilst those of a different character, feeling a security therein, cannot but unite in applauding the wisdom of the electors.\nWhen I left public life I had not the least idea of ever returning to it again, or that I should much interest my self in the affairs of this, or of the United States. I then supposed, that by the exercise of industry and \u0153conomy, in the habits of which I was early educated, I should be able to give bread to my family in\nthe evening of life\u2014But painful to relate, Things are changed from causes over which I had no controul.\nFrom the deranged state of the continental funds, I was induced to vest the property I had therein, in uncultivated lands in the eastern part of this State, these will not now sell, or yeild any considerable profit\u2014and from the disordered state of the finances of this common wealth, that little property I had in State securities, from which I expected to draw aid equal to the interest at the least, is no longer productive; and it seems to be the wish of many to annihilate the State debt, or pay it off in a manner as dishonest and unjust as have been the debts of Rhode Island. Many attempts have been made with success, to depreciate our public securities, and in proportion as they succeeded, is the aversion of many increases to the payment of them at any rate\u2014Finding my self thus embarrassed, for I entered this war with no other property than a small New-England farm, a considerable part of which I spent during the contest, I accepted the office of Lieutenant Governour of this common wealth as the emoluments of that office, with the command of the Castle annexed, gave an honourable support to my predecessor\u2014The command of the Castle was in the Gift of the Governour, I was not a favorite, consequently the office was withheld from me, though it had been a perquisite enjoyed by the Leiut. Governour from the first establishment of the Garrison\u2014A committee of the General court was appointed to consider what would be a proper support for the Lieutenant Governour, they reported three hundred pounds, which was to be in addition to his pay as councillor, but from a certain influence in the house, joined with the aversion of many to grant monies however necessary, it was reduced to one hundred and sixty pounds, and I left to feel the chagrin, and mortification, arising from the great distinction made between me and my predecessor in office, with little hope that it would ever be altered. Thus sir after forty years close application to business, a number of them under your Excellencys eye, I am stripped of those means of support, upon which I had leaned with too much confidence, for my own interest and happiness; the consequence of which is that I must as a farmer, at this late hour of life, begin the world anew, in our eastern country, or offer my self as a candidate for some office in the new government; was I unconnected with a\nfamily, I should not hessitate one moment which to do, but the change of removing would be painful to them, I must therefore adopt the latter. To your Excellency I am as fully known as to any one gentleman in the States\u2014If there should be an opening for me to enjoy an office, which in your Excellencys opinion, I can fill with advantage to the public, and honour to my self, and one to which I can approach, with equal pretentions in every respect, as any other, permit me to hope for your Excellencys patronage.\nNothing I hope has been offered improper for me to say as it relates to my self\u2014Nor can your Excellencys delicacy be wounded by this application, as it is now reduced to a certainty, that you are elected President of the United States\u2014In the important event none enjoys more real happiness than him who has the honour of being with the highest esteem My dear General Your Excellencys most obedient humble servant\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0243", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Denis-Nicholas Cottineau de Kerloguen, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cottineau de Kerloguen, Denis-Nicolas\nSir,\nMount Vernon February 21st 1789\nI have had the honor to receive your letter of the 4th September 1788 which was handed to me by your friend Captn Zellickoffer\u2014to whom I fully delivered my sentiments upon the purport of your letter, and who will undoubtedly take every necessary step towards your legal or honorary admission into the Society of the Cincinnati.\nIt is not in my power to say anything decidedly upon the propriety of your claim, as I was at the last General Meeting of the Society, exonerated from the duties of the Presidency\u2014have not the Institution by me\u2014and it will not be expected that I shall attend the next General Meeting, which will take place on the first Monday in May 1790 in the City of Philadelphia, nor perhaps any future meeting of the Society\u2014I have therefore transmitted your letter to the Secretary General Genl Knox to\nbe laid before the next Genl Meeting where the merits of your pretentions will claim that attention which they deserve. I have the honor to be Sir, Your Most Obedt & Most humble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0244", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon 21 February 1789\nI have the honor to enclose a letter from Monsr Cottineau de Kerloquin requesting an admission into the Society of the Cincinnati\u2014and one from the Chevalier D\u2019Anmours setting forth the services of that Gentleman and his pretensions to admission. Both of which I must beg you to lay before the Society at their next General Meeting that they may take the necessary steps thereon; unless it shall appear (by the Institution) that he is a member of right. I am, my dear Sir, very affectionately, Yr most Obedt & Hbe Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0245", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 21 February 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nLetter not found: to Battaile Muse, 21 Feb. 1789. On 12 Mar. GW wrote to Muse: \u201cI wrote to you on the 21st Ulto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0246", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Dawson, 23 February 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Dawson, 23 Feb. 1789. On 5 Mar. GW wrote to Dawson: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 23d of last Month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0247", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Gordon, 23 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gordon, William\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon February 23d 1789\nIn a letter which, I had the pleasure of addressing to you lately, I mentioned my private business and numerous avocations\nas an apology for the concisness and irregularity that might be observable in my correspondence. I shall therefore be excused for only acknowledging the receipt of your favor dated the 28th of Octr last, and thanking you for the Maps enclosed in it. Not having been able to compare them minutely with other plans of the same places, or to bestow that attention upon them which would be requisite for forming a correct Judgement; I am not at liberty to give any opinion as to their accuracy. They appear to be engraved with sufficient neatness, and to augur well as to the execution of the mechanical part of your publication. I shall only add, that the present state of tranquility in this Country affords no topics of importance for communication, and that I remain\u2014with great respect & consideration Dr Sir yrs &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0248", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Meredith, 23 February 1789\nFrom: Meredith, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGreen Hill [Pa.] February 23, 1789\nAs the Unanimous voice of America will very soon call you to a Station which I flatter myself you will not decline filling, I hope this application (which perhaps I ought to have deferred till this universally wished for event had realy taken place) may not appear indelicate in your Eyes\u2014The Fall of Landed property, added to losses occasioned by a too great confidence in Continental money, have so extreemly diminished my income as to render it necessary I should do something for the present support of my Family, I therefore take the Liberty of requesting the favour of your Interest in order to procure some office under Congress, in which I may be of service to the Publick, & at the same time benefit myself\u2014It is generally supposed the import will immediately in the meeting of Congress engage\ntheir attention, and as an Officer will be required for that department; I should esteem myself very fortunate if thro your Influence I could be appointed, and be assured Sir I shall endeavour by a faithful discharge of the duties of the Office to make some returns for the Obligation your friendship will lay me under on this particular occasion\u2014As for the unspeakable one I and all America owe you as the Preserver of your Country they must ever remain in full force\u2014Mrs Meredith joins me in respectful compliment to yourself & Mrs Washington I am Sr most Sincerely Your very humble Servt\nSam. E. Meredith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 23 February 1789\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\nParis 23 Feby 1789\nUpon my Arrival at this Place I spoke to Mr Jefferson on the Subject of your Watch. He told me that the Man who had made Maddison\u2019s was a Rogue and recommended me to another\u2014Romilly\u2014But as it might happen that this also was a Rogue I enquired at a very honest Man\u2019s Shop, not a Watch Maker, and he recommended Gregson. A Gentleman with me assured me that Gregson was a Rogue and both of them agreed that Romilly is of the old School, and he and his Watches out of fashion. And to say that of a Man in Paris is like saying he is an ordinary Man among the friends of Philadelphia. I found at last that Mr L\u2019Epine is at the Head of his Profession here; and in Consequence asks more for his Work than any Body else; I therefore waited on Mr L\u2019Epine and agreed with him for two Watches exactly alike one of which will be for you and the other for me. This is the best Excuse I can make for putting you to a greater Expence than was necessary. To alleviate it in some Degree I have disposed of your Bill at the best Exchange and am in Consequence your Debtor 657.7s.10d. being better than twenty seven Louis for your twenty five Guineas.\nI will not have the Presumption to say any Thing about the Politics of this Country. Mr Jefferson will doubtless convey the best information on that Subject and you will I hope and beleive be (by the time this Letter arrives) officially possest of his Communications. I say, I hope so and more (if possible) since I am here than before I left America Our new Constitution has greatly raised our Reputation in Europe. But your appointment and Acceptance would go far to fix the general opinion. I shall not in this Place, discuss the Question whether Mankind is right or wrong in that universal Idea: but you who have so long been devoted to your Country ought not to be ignorant of the fact. By the Bye, in the melancholy Situation to which the poor King of England has been reduced there were, I am told, in Relation to you some whimsical Circumstances His first Outset was to seize Mr Pitt by the Collar and, with outrageous Language addressed to the Rebel General, had nearly strangled him before he could get Help. Afterwards the Defender of the faith,\nin one of his Capricios, conceived himself to be no less a Personage than George Washington at the Head of the american Army. This shews that you have done Something or other which sticks most terribly in his Stomach And the Prince of Wales, I am told, intends (no Doubt from filial Piety and Respect) to be very good freinds with the Country and the Man who have turned his fathers Head.\nAdieu my dear Sir. That you may long be alike hated by the Enemies and beloved by the freinds of America is the sincere Wish of your most obedt humble Servant\nGouvr. Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 23 February 1789\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Ever respected Friend\nDublin 23 Feby 1789\nI did not Know of a Vessell being to sail for Philadelphia, untill this moment, or I should have collected the news papers for you, but I send one, that contains the Important debates on the Regency buisiness, & the Severe censure on the Lord Lieutenant; so that Virtue still remains in this Island; it was a Glorious act; I attended, but was so ill with a Cough, that I could not Speak; I had a long Speech prepared but could not Venture to rize\u2014how our Embassadors will be received in London, I Know not; Various opinions are circulated; Some talk of their being Sent to the Tower\u2014others, that the Prince will not receive them\u2014others, that, he will tell them, he cannot accept of their offer, untill a Bill from the Irish Parliament for Such an appointment, passes the Great Seal of England\u2014others, that the Embassadors will not Enter London, untill the Prince has acted as Regent of England, by a Speech from the Throne.\nThe King has been gradualy mending Eleven days, but great Doubts, whether he will soon Venture to assume the reins of Government\u2014he is certainly much weakned in body, & the drain is very great from the Sore in his Neck, but which sore breaking out is imagined to have begun his Recovery\u2014Ireland & England act diametricaly opposite\u2014This makes a Grand Precedent for our Independancy\u2014the whole Nation is on the side of the Parliaments\u2014Bishop divided against Bishop\u2014a Circumstance that never happnd in this Kingdom, but once, these Sixty years\u2014how this grand affair will End, Time only determine\u2014we have gone so far, that we Cannot recede\u2014as Mansfield Said the Rubicon is passed\u2014& we Cannot retreat.\nThe state of Politics in Europe seems to portend an almost General war, unless Peace is made Early in the Spring\u2014no Answer can or has been given to foreign Courts these 3 Months\u2014much depends on the Part Little-Brittain will take.\nI return you my most Sincere thanks for your last Letter\u2014your Name was Needless, for none but a Washington could have wrote those Sentiments\u2014they are his Sentiments; it is possible to Equal them, in the Globe, but impossible in past, present or future Times to Exceed them for Philanthrophy, Virtue & Sence.\nThe Captain has Twice called for this Letter, & given me Time to Collect a few Scattered Papers, which I Send to the Care of Mr John Chaloner of Philadelphia.\nLady Newenham joins in the most Sincere & perfect Respect to you & Mrs Washington. I have the Honor, to be, My Ever Respected & Esteemd Freind your most obt & obliged Humble Sert\nEdward Newenham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0253", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Montlezun, 25 February 1789\nFrom: Montlezun, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois du Moulin de La Barthette, chevalier de\nTo: Washington, George\nBordeaux, France, 25 Feb. 1789. Forwards to GW papers supporting his eligibility for membership in the Society of the Cincinnati and requests GW\u2019s support for his request to join the society.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0254", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Spotswood Moore, 25 February 1789\nFrom: Moore, John Spotswood\nTo: Washington, George\nDr sir,\nWest point Virginia Feb. 25th 1789\nI take the Liberty of addressing Yr Excellency in order to Sollicit Yr Interest in continuing me in a post which I have for some time enjoyed under the present Constitution of Government, but which, I am now informed, devolves on Yr honourable Body to conferr\u2014namely the office of Searcher at the Port of West point\u2014Tho\u2019 the Sallary annexed thereto is but small being \u00a350 per Annum, Yet to a person of a Small fortune, & a growing family, it becomes an Object with worthy attention.\nIf an honest attention & unremitted to the various & often irksome duties of this office can entitle me to Yr Excellency\u2019s Suffrage, as I am Sure they will, I have a confidence that this application will not be fruitless\u2014Shou\u2019d however the Post here be discontinued I shall think myself happy on any other appointment which Yr Excellency shall please to confer; and in every Event I hope Yr Excellency will believe me to be with sentiments of the highest Esteem Yr Obt Hble\nJohn Spotswood Moore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 25 February 1789\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable Sir,\nFeby 25th 1789\nBy Maj. Geo. Washington I expect you received your rentroll & accts, about the 16th of Instant I wrote you To the Care of Mr W. Hodgson in Alexandria Inclosed a Bill for \u00a320 on Mr Wales, I have only received \u00a317.3.9 To this day, Since I Sent down my accts altho I have been Pushing For the rents, as I expected you wanted Money Knowing that but Little Can be made From the Farming or Planting Business I have distressed the Tenants Last week in Frederick which may be recovered next august\u2014in April I shall distress all the Tenants that will not Pay, I do not Expect but a Very Few will Pay unless Competed by Law as I have now replevey Bonds that has been Long Standing, yet they will not Pay\u2014I Should have got Judgements on those Bonds only that I expected they would Pay Sooner than the sheriffs who will Probably detain the money or make no Sales\u2014I am Frequently Served in that manner. I have Exerted myself For redress\u2014none to be had, nor do I expect to see any amendment untill the corn Laws are Put on a Better footing when that will be I am not able to Judge, not untill their is better Councils than has been for Some Time\u2014You will Please To give me answers To my Several applications and your Commands Shall be Executed To the Utmost of my abilities\u2014Should you think Proper To Continue me in the Collection\u2014Please To advise me what is To be done with those Tenants in Fauquier & Loudoun that has Come Into the Tenaments without Leases\u2014they will Suffer a Law Suit rather than Take one of the Late Leases, the old ones being on a Better footing I allowed one Tranceferrence To a Man\u2014on His Entering into a written agreement with me To Pay the Land Tax\u2014which If all would that Come on do; it would be a Small Saveing and prevent Law Suits If they are to be Sued the Sooner the Better receiving rents From them will acknowledge them Tenants, a Letter on this Subject Shewn them From you might have weight\u2014as they think its not your desire that they Should Comply with their Leases. I will Pay to the Sheriff of Fairfax the 1st day of may next in Interest warrants \u00a3200\u2014or \u00a3250 for your Taxes and will run the risk in the chance of the Collection of the rents you to allow me Six pr Sent on the Collection as us[u]al\u2014or 200\nBarrels Flour for \u00a3260 as above 100 Barrels delivered on Sight of my order, & 100 Barrels in three or Four weeks From this date Burr Flour, that is my Price on Credit, or I Ship it on my own acct & Risque\u2014Cash is not to [be] had at any reasonable price\u2014I am Sir your Hble Servt\nBattaile Muse\nI expect I have 100 Barrels at Mr Wales & 100 more Can be delivered in Two or three weeks if the roads are Passable as the wheat is now \u27e8grinding\u27e9 To make that Quantity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0256", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Harrison, 26 February 1789\nFrom: Harrison, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nBerkley Feby 26. 1789\nIt is long since I had the pleasure of any of your favors; which I hope does not proceed, from any alteration in your friendship for me; as I am not conscious of any cause that could produce such an alteration, in a breast so perfectly liberal, as I know yours to be. That we have differ\u2019d in sentiments is true; yet as that difference arose from the same pure motives in both of us; that is, what we both thought was for the general good of the whole community; a friendship of such standing, and so cemented, can not be shaken on that account.\nThat you will be call\u2019d to the helm of government by the unanimous voice of america, I hope and believe; the gratitude we all owe you, and our own happiness, point to the choice. Whether we shall be gratified or not, rests with you to determine. When I consult the welfare of america, it is my most ardent wish that you should accept the trust; but there I must pause. Your own good sense will dictate to you, what you owe to the community, and to yourself, in a much stronger light than I can pretend to do. To that good sense, and the protecting hand of providence that has guided us hither to, I shall therefore leave it.\nwhen I had the pleasure of seeing you last, I had little thoughts of ever being reduced to the necessity of wishing to become a placeman; but the depredations of the enemy during the war,\nand the great fall of property in this country, owing to the scarcity of money, will in a very short time, bring on me and my deserving family, very deep distress; thinking that I have some claim on america for assistance, as my attachment to her cause mark\u2019d me out to the enemy as a particular object of vengeance; I ask of her the appointment to the naval office of Norfolk, Portsmouth, and that district. I make the application to you my friend with confidence, as you have a perfect knowledge of me, and of every step I have taken, from the beginning of the dispute with Great Britain, to the end of the war; from which you will determine whether my pretensions are well founded or not. Colo. Parker who held the place, is chosen to congress, and has resign\u2019d the office, and our executive have appointed a Capt. Lindsay to it. I believe he was a good officer, but as such he has been amply rewarded; or if not, he is young, and may wait a little longer. If I obtain the appointment I shall certainly remove down.\nIt gives me pain my dear sir, to make this application, as I well know you will be pester\u2019d with them from every quarter; and I hope you will believe me when I say, that nothing but dire necessity, could have prevailed with me to do it.\nMrs Harrison has been for a long time in a bad state of health, she is however well enough to request her compliments to you, and your lady, to whom you will be so obliging as to present mine, and believe me to be with every sentiment of perfect esteem and friendship Dear Sir your most obedient Humble Servant\nBenj. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Donald, 28 February 1789\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond 28th Feby 1789\nI hope you will have the goodness to pardon me, for embracing the oppertunity by Doer Le Mayeur, of returning you my thanks for the unmerited kindness & attention you have been pleased to honour me with. and which has made such an impression, as never can be obliterated from my memory.\nIt will give me much pleasure to be able to pay my personal respects to you at Mount Vernon, before you go to New York, You observe Sir, that I make no doubt of your accepting the High and Honourable Office of President, I am confident that in point of Happiness, & enjoyment, you will be a great looser by your change of situation, as every person of your rural turn of mind must be, in relinquishing the pleasures of Mount Vernon, for the fatigue & bustle of business, which you must unavoidably experience at New York. But still I am satisfied you cannot resist the unanimous wish of United America, especially if you could be brought to think as all other good men do, That The Happiness & Prosperity of the Thirteen United States, intirely depends on your acceptance of the President\u2019s Chair. Allow me to add, that it is the general opinion of the Friends to the New Government, that if you decline being at the Head of it, It never can, or will take effect.\nI intend returning to London in a few months, where I carry on business under the Firm of Donald & Burton, Give me leave to say, that my House will consider it as a high honour to be favoured with your commands for any thing you may want\nfrom thence, Be so good as present me most respectfully to your Lady. I am with great respect Sir Your very obedient & obliged Servant\nA. Donald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0261", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Travers Nash, 1 March 1789\nFrom: Nash, Travers\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable Sir\nDumfries [Va.] March 1st 1789\nIn the arrangement of civil Government under the new proposed System I have no doubt but that a Number of lucrative offices will be created & as a needy beggar I do in the most humble manner beg leave to introduce myself to your memory\u2014I do not mean honorable Sir, to Solicit your Honor for this that or the other post perticularly\u2014but in the midst of your wise deliberations, should any then cast up that you think will suit me, I sha\u27e8ll\u27e9 forever be thankfull to find I am not forgot\u2014it is with reluctance & a modest diffidence that I am induced to address you on this Subject should I be so happy as to merit your attention, it will forever lay the greatest obligation of gratitude\nupon the mind of \u27e8you\u27e9r Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient & \u27e8m\u27e9ost obliged hble Servt\nTravers Nash", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0262", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Barclay, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\nSir\nMount Vernon March 2nd 1789\nThe letter which you addressed to me, on the 18th of last month, has come to hand; and requires that I should write to you a few words on the subject of it.\nPrevious to the receipt of your letter, I had been apprised of your desires by Colo. Humphreys, and made acquainted with the favorable opinion of your services, entertained by the several public Characters from America in Europe. You will permit me to say; that, although I have reason to coincide with them in sentiment, yet it would be a departure from a rule, which I had laid down for myself, to go beyond the acknowledgment of having received applications of a similar nature. For should it become indispensable for me to occupy the office, in which your letter pre-supposes me, I shall endeavour to enter upon it as free from all kinds of prejudices, as I shall certainly be from all pre-engagements of every possible description. As my sole object would be to adhere strictly to justice & my country\u2019s good, I should wish to be in a predicament, which would allow me to weigh with the utmost impartiality the pretensions of the different Candidates for appointments. This being my general manner of thinking, you will be pleased to consider this answer as in no respect intended to affect your particular claims to the public attention.\nI request, in all personal considerations, you will be persuaded that, I remain, with the greatest regard & esteem Sir Your Most obedient & Most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0263", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Harry Innes, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Innes, Harry\nSir.\nMount Vernon March 2nd 1789.\nI have been favored by the receipt of your obliging letter, dated the 18th of Deer last, just in time to send my acknowledgment by a person, who is immediately returning to Kentucky. This circumstance prevents me from expressing, so fully as I might otherwise have done, the sense I have of the very patriotic sentiments you entertain respecting the important matter, which is the subject of your letter. As a friend to United America, I embrace, with extreme satisfaction, the proposals you are pleased to offer of transmitting farther intelligence. For which purpose, I will endeavour to arrange & send you a Cypher by the earliest safe conveyance. In the mean time, I rely implicitly upon that honour which you have pledged, & those professions which you have made; and sincerely hope, that your activity & discretion will be successful, in developing the machinations of all those, who, by sowing the seeds of disaffection, may attempt to seperate any portion of the United States from the Union. I will only add; for myself, I have little doubt, but that a perseverance in temperate measures & good dispositions will produce such a system of national policy, as shall be  mutually advantageous to all parts of the American Republic. I am, Sir, With much esteem, your Most obliged & Most Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0265", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Newenham, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newenham, Edward\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 2d 1789\nI am taking up my pen to present my acknowledgment for your letter of the 10th of Octobr last; and wish I had any thing to communicate in return, which might make mine equally acceptable to you. Notwithstanding my various endeavours to procure the articles I was desirous of transmitting to you, I have only been able to succeed in obtaining a couple of opossums, of the different sexes. I have been prevented from sending them, for some time, for want of a direct opportunity. The[y] will be forwarded by the first conveyance.\nWe had last summer, in some parts of this country, as rany a season, I believe as you had in Ireland; though it was not perhaps attended with such destructive consequences here, as it was with you. Indeed the seasons with us have been uncommonly in opposite extremes for two years past. The summer before the last was so dry, and last summer so wet, as to prevent me from acquiring any accurate result from many of my agricultural experiments. I have only been made more sensible, upon every new tryal, that this county is susceptible of various and great improvements in its agriculture. It is on that resource it must depend essentially for its prosperity. The useful arts and commerce ought not, however, to be altogether neglected. Nor are they\u2014though they have been hitherto a subordinate concern, in comparison with the tillage of the earth. Much good to the community is predicted from the spirit of industry and economy, which begins to prevail (by the best information I can obtain) more extensively, than it has ever before done. Our direct trade to the East Indies, which has encreased very considerably, I am led to believe has been successful in every instance, More Manufactures of cotton, wool, and iron have been introduced within eighteen months past, than perhaps, ever before existed in America. Our settlements on the Western waters are progressing with unexampled rapidity. We are surrounded by the blessings of nature: and, in short, it seems as if we should want little, besides common sense and common honesty, to make us a great and a happy People.\nI have just been returning my thanks for his Gooseberry plants to your friend Colonel Persse, who I perceive is a fond admirer of a Country life, as well as myself.\nThe request that you will have the goodness to offer the joint respects of Mrs Washington and myself to Lady Newenham concludes me, with sentiments of the highest regard and esteem Dear Sir &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0266", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Persse, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Persse, William\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 2d 1789\nYour polite letter, dated the 11th of October last, has been duly received; & merits my particular acknowledgment. I have also to thank you very sincerely for the Gooseberry plants, which have arrived at Baltimore, from whence I have not yet been able to obtain them on account of the ice in our river. I shall have your directions as to the mode of culture particularly observed, and hope the plants may succeed as happily as in your climate. For you may be assured the greater care of them will be taken, because it is a natural circumstance for us, to feel a predilection for whatever comes from one, whose ordinary pursuits and political principles are consonant to our own.\nI am not without hopes that Sir Edward Newenham and yourself will find time, at some period in your lives, to make a visit to America, for which you have both witenessed so ardent an attachment.\nI cannot conclude this letter without expressing my great obligations for your kind offers of contributing, by the transmission of other natural productions of your Country, to my rural amusement; and assuring you that I have the honor to be with great consideration Dr Sir Yr &c.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0267", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Adams, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Adams, Robert\nSir,\nMount Vernon 3d March 1789\nI have received your Letter of the 18th of Octr 1788 informing me of your having shipped a box of plants for me by desire of Sir Edward Newenham & Colo. Persse. The Box has arrived\nat Baltimore, and, I am informed, the plants are in good order; but the severity of the season has closed our Rivers and prevented their being sent round.\nYou will please, Sir, to accept my thanks for your attention to this Commission, and for the polite offer of your future services. I am, Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Hopkinson, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nPhilada March 3d 1789\nI could, if the Subject was worth so much Attention, justify my Musick against your Complaints\u2014for I insist that it is as good melting Musick as could be expected at that severe Season of the Year, and would have found its way to you by water if you had but allowed a reasonable Time. A Lover who is all over Flames will require two & sometimes three years to melt the frozen heart of his Mistress, which is but a little affair, and you would not indulge a few simple Songs with even two or three months to dissolve the whole Ice of the Potowmack\u2014which I think very unreasonable\u2014and, besides, you seem not to be acquainted with a modern Discovery respecting ancient Musick, made by Dr Burney\u2014or if not by him, by somebody else\u2014that all those Passages in the ancient Poets which mentions the Miracles wrought by the Musick of their Ancestors were founded in an Error occasioned by an accidental Transposition of Words in the original Text\u2014when we read of Forests being cleared and Cities built by the magical operation of Musick\u2019s silver Sound it should have been written by the musical Sound of Silver\u2014and this brings the Matter within the Compass of any reasonable Persons Belief. But I have another way of getting rid of the Difficulty\u2014Orpheus was a Legislator and a civilizer of his Country. In those Days Laws were promulgated in Verse and sung to the Harp, and the Poets by a Figure in Rhetoric have attributed the salutary Effects of his Laws to the Tunes to which they were\nplay\u2019d and sung\u2014as to the Story of Hell & the Devil and his Wife I confess I do not understand it: but sincerely hope I may never have Occasion to compose Musick for such a melancholy Purpose.\nI now send you a little Rhime and a little Reason. I would have mix\u2019d them for your immediate use, but as I did not know how much Reason you might expect in Rhime or how much Rhime you could in Reason expect I thought it best to send them seperate.\nI have been careful to keep accurate Reports of all the litigated Cases determined in the admiralty of Pennsylvania since my administration which is now Nine Years. The little Book I enclose contains a few of those Cases selected for the Information of Merchants & others whom they may concern the whole work will probably be published hereafter.\nMy Attention has now been so long fixed in this Department that I should find myself very unfit at this Time of Life for any new Pursuit\u2014My present Commission will shortly expire by the Commencement of our new Government\u2014As it can be no longer in Doubt but that you will (most worthily) be placed at the Head of that Government I am encouraged by some of my Friends & urged by my own Wishes to make an early Application for the Admiralty Department under the United States. Should your Judgement coincide with my Views I shall be happy in spending the Remainder of my Days in the Service of a Government whose Establishment I have so anxiously desired and in a Line wherein I think myself best qualified to render those Services.\nIn whatever Situation my future Lot may be cast I shall always endeav\u27e8or\u27e9 to merit & be always happy in the Enjoyment of your Friendship I am, Dear Sir, Your truly affectionate and very humble servant\nFras Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nParis 3d March 1789\nThe above is Copy of what I had the Honor to write the twenty third of last Month. Since that Period there are Advices here which announce the ReEstablishment of the King of Great Britain\u2019s health, but from a Letter I have just now received from the Marquis de la luzerne, I am disposed to Doubt of the fact.\nThe other Day I saw the Duc de Castries who served in America under the Title of the Comte de Charlu he desired to be remembered to you and so did General DuPlessis who has been promoted lately and who desires that you and every Body else should be informed of it. Our friend the Marquis de la fayette is now in Auvergne attending his Election. This Country presents an astonishing Spectacle to one who has collected his Ideas from Books and Information half a dozen Years old. Every Thing is a l\u2019Anglois and a Desire to imitate the English prevails alike in the Cut of a Coat and the form of a Constitution. Like the English too all are engaged in Parliamenteering\nand when we consider how novel this last Business must be I assure you their Progress is far from contemptible.\nPoor Genl de Chattellux is no more. I have seen his Widow an amiable Woman who is not the less lovely for the Tears she sheds to his Memory. A fine Boy remains as the Pledge of connubial Tenderness. I think it would give her great Pleasure if you took the Trouble to mingle in a short Letter Condolence for one Event, and Congratulations for the other. You would in that Case oblige me by confiding the Letter to my Care. Excuse me I pray for dropping this Hint and do me the Justice always to beleive that with sincere Esteem & Respect I am yours\nGouvr. Morris\nP.S. My most respectful Compliments await Mrs Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0270", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Francis Peyton, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peyton, Francis\nSir,\nMount Vernon March 3d 1789\nI have received your letter of the 12th Ulto enclosing your Account with me\u2014The Balance of \u00a312.9.4\u00bd due to you, I shall direct to be paid as soon as I can make it convenient\u2014The reason of its not having been discharged before must be owing to the order being involved (in my books) with the Account of Colonel Mercers Estate from whence the wheat was brought\nand of course not coming so immediately under my observation as it would have done if not connected with that Account. I am, Sir, Yr Most Obedt Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0271", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Hugh Young, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Hugh\nSir,\nMount Vernon March 3d 1789\nYour letter of the 16t Ulto came duly to hand and I must beg you to accept of my thanks for your polite attention to the little commission which you was so good as to offer to execute for me. I am very glad that the Goosberry slips are in so good a condition, and hope they will arrive here without any injury.\nYou will be so kind as to thank Captn Dyer, in my name, for his attention to the slips and his politness in refusing to accept any freight for them, which, however is contrary to my wishes.\nMrs Washington joines me in Compliments to Mrs Young and yourself. I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0272", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Conway, 4 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Conway, Richard\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 4th 1789\nNever \u2019till within these two yrs have I experienced the want of money. Short Crops, & other causes not entirely within my Controul, make me feel it now, very sensibly. To collect money without the intervention of Suits (and those are tedious) seems impracticable. And Land, which I have offered for Sale, will not command cash but at an under value.\nUnder this statement I am inclined to do what I never expected to be reduced to the necessity of doing\u2014that is, to borrow money upon interest. Five hundred pounds would enable me to discharge what I owe in Alexandria &ca; and to leave the State (if it shall not be permitted me to remain at home in retirement)\nwithout doing this, would be exceedingly disagreeable to me. Having thus fully & candidly explained myself\u2014permit me to ask if it is in your power to supply me with the above, or a smaller sum? Any security you may best like, I can give; and you may be assured, that it is no more my inclination, than it can be yours, to let it remain long unpaid. Could I get in one fourth part of the money which is due to me by Bonds\u2014or sell any of the landed property which I am inclined to dispose of, I could do it with ease; but independently of these\u2014my Crops and Rents if I am tolerably successful in the first, or have common justice done me in the latter would enable me to do it. Your answer will much oblige\u2014Dr Sir Yr most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0273", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 5 March 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Clement Biddle, 5 Mar. 1789. On 15 Mar. 1789 GW wrote to Biddle: \u201cI have now before me your letters of the 16th Ulto \u27e8&\u27e9 the 5th & 8th Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0274", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Dawson, 5 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dawson, John\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 5th 1789\nI have duly received your letter of the 23d of last Month; and thank you for the information contained in it. I think with you that the subject is of great moment; and hope such measures may be adopted, respecting the Western Country, as will prevent the United States from receiving any detriment. I am with sentiments of great regard Dr Sir Your most Obedt & Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0277", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 5 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore March 5th 1789\nOn our journey hither we have fallen in with the Bearer of the Electoral votes of Georgia. They are unanimous as to the President and are all thrown away on individuals of the State as to the Vice President. The Representatives were not chosen when the Gentleman set out, but the election was to take place in a day or two after. General Matthews, he tells us will be one, Mr Baldwin another, & the third either Osborne, or Genl Jackson. All the Candidates I understand are well affected to the Constitution. In South Carolina the Votes for Presidt were also unanimous, as the Gentleman informs us. Of the others 5 were given to Mr Rutlidge and the remaining two not to Mr Adams. The badness of the Roads & the weather prevented our getting to this place sooner than last Evening, by which means we lose two days. R.H. Lee left this on his way to New York on Monday morning. Mr White had preceded him a day or two. With the highest esteem & mo: affect, attacht I am Dr Sir Yours\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0279", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Conway, 6 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Conway, Richard\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 6th 1789\nI am much obliged by your assurance of Money\u2014Mr Lear waits upon for it, and carry\u2019s a Bond, drawn in the manner you requested. I am very well satisfied to allow 6 per Cent (the Interest of Maryland) because I have not the smallest doubt of the readiness with which you could lend any sum on those terms. If it is necessary that the Bond should be taken in Maryland I will exchange the one now sent for another to be given at George Town or opposite to Alexandria (at which ever Ferry I may pass) I would have done it this day but being to set of tomorrow for Fredericksburg in order probably to discharge the last Act of personal duty, I may, (from her age) ever have it in my power to pay my Mother it would be very inconvenient for me.\nUpon collecting my Accounts by Mr Lear the other day, it was found that though 500\u00a3 will enable me to discharge them, yet it is incompetent to this and the other purpose the expences of my Journey to New York if I go thither; If therefore you could add another hundred pound to the former sum it would be very acceptable. Mr Lear is provided with a Bond for this sum also.\nAs you said nothing about security, in your letter, none is given, but I am not less willing and ready notwithstanding to include it in another Bond if you desire it. I am Dear Sir &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lund Washington, 6 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, Lund\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nMarch 6th 1789\nI was this Day inform\u2019d by my nephew Lund Washington, that he was a few Days past in the Cty of Stafford, when he was told by Mr John James and his sons, that it was frequently mentioned by people in that Cty, that we shoud have a very pretty President at the head of our new Government, one Who had pd of his Debts within the time of the war with paper money altho it had been lent to him in specia.\nNow Sir if this report be true you may readily tell where it originated and proves beyond a Dobt that Colo. Mason is no Friend of you[.] your bond to him for the Land you had of him was pd in paper Money altho at the time of payment he made no objection to receiveg it, yet some time after he mention\u2019d in a Letter to me his haveg sustained a loss by that payment, which Letter I remember to have shew\u2019d \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 I was in Alexandria when I received the above information, soon after I see Mr Lear who told me you intended early tomorrow for Fredericksburg thinking I might not see you I have wrote that you may so soon as possible know your secret Enemy & Am Dr Sir. your sincere Friend & very Hbl: Servt\nLund Washington\nP.S. the Mr James\u2019s father said that they beleived the report was first propogated by Colo. Coock who is Colo. Masons son in Law.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0282", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick Phile, 7 March 1789\nFrom: Phile, Frederick\nTo: Washington, George\nMost Honored Sir\nPhilada March 7th 1789\nI know well that your Excellency\u2019s Goodness will induce You to excuse me for troubling you, on a Subject which is very interesting to me, and on which the future welfare of my Family very much depends; the United Suffrages of confederated America, have named you as President under the new Constitution, and I have no doubt your known Attachment to your Country, will make you obey its calls, and that you will accept of this important Office; If so, Your Excellency will have the nomination of the persons to fill the different Offices in the United States, and as the new Congress will have the sole power of levying Imposts and regulating Commerce, a Collector, and a Naval Officer, will be among the earliest of the Appointments.\nI therefore presume to solicit your Excellency to be pleased to nominate me as Naval Officer for the Port of Philadelphia, which Office I have filled (I flatter myself with reputation) either as a Deputy, or Principal, upwards of thirty five Years; more than twenty Years previous to the revolution, I acted as Deputy Naval Officer for the Port of Philadelphia under Doctor Thomas Graeme, and did the Duties of the Office, I continued as Deputy under his Successor Mr Richard Hockley, and afterwards untill the declaration of Independence, under Mr Richard Penn, of these Gentlemen I received a Salary for my Service, and by that, and the Practice of Medicine (which is my\nProfession) I supported my family; Soon after the revolution, and the Organization of Government in Pennsylvania, His Excellency the President and honorable Supreme Executive Council appointed me Naval Officer to the Port of Philadelphia, which Office I have continued to hold, and have the Appointment at this time, but as all Appointments under the State must cease in a very short period, it depends on your Excellency\u2019s Goodness in a great measure Whether or not, I shall be continued under the new Constitution.\nThe present duties of my Office are now to enter and clear out all Vessels, to grant Registers for Vessels, to qualify Captains to the Truth of their Manifests (which are lodged in my Office) and have the Same Power as the Collector to seize smuggled Goods, I also examine all the Entries of Goods imported, and Invoices which pay a Duty after their having being first examin\u2019d, by the Collector, or his Deputy, in order to see whether the Duties have been properly settled at the Collectors, and of which I keep a registry in my Office, the Naval Officer thus acting as a Check to the Collector. I did the Duties of both the Offices from the begining of the Year 1781 untill the Year 17\u27e8\u2003\u27e9 when the Legislature thought proper to new model the Department and Mr Sharp Delany was appointed Collector, and I was continued Naval Officer. Your Excellency will therefore observe, that I have from a very long Practice had every Opportunity of acquiring an intimate Knowledge of the duties of the Office, and with respect to my Conduct in executing the duties of said Office, I flatter myself I am able to produce the most ample Testimonials from the Executive of the State, I will only add, that I took an early and decided part in favor of the late Glorious revolution; I was with the Militia in the Field, and was an Exile from the City of Philadelphia, whilst it was possessed by the British; I suffered considerably in my Property during the Contest for American Liberty, I have a numerous family to support (consisting of seven Daughters) and have lately met with some heavy losses; I have many Years ceased to practice as a Physician on Account of the Office, as I could not attend both, and it would be very difficult ever to recover my Practice again, it therefore would be of the utmost importance to me and my helpless Family, to be continued in the Said Office.\nI hope Your Excellency will forgive my troubling you with so long a letter on this Subject, and have not the least doubt but your Excellency will take such measures, as will be most likely to promote the real Interest of that Country for which you have so often manifested your Attachment; and should you think proper to favor me with your Sanction and Patronage in the present Business, it would ever be remembered with the most lively Gratitude. I am with the greatest Respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient and very humble Servant\nFredck Phile", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0284", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilada March 8th 1789\nWe arrived here yesterday evening where we have met with Mr Dawson just from New York. When he left it, 18 Representatives and 8 Senators had assembled. It is not certain when the deficiencies will [be] made up. The most favorable conjectures postpone it to Monday Sennight. The members attending are chiefly from the Eastward. I do not learn that a single member except Mr White is from a State South of Pennsylva, unless indeed Dr Tucker is to be included in the exception. The N. Jersey Reps, are not yet announced. Mr Clarke it is supposed will be one. Mr Cadwallader, Mr Boudinot, and Mr Shureman, are talked of as the others.\nI find that the communication made you from Kentuckey corresponds with an official letter to Congs from Govr St Clair, which speaks of the same emissary, and the same errand. Notice has been transmitted of the affair to the Executive of Virga in order that regular steps may be taken, if sufficient ground be afforded, for apprehending the incendiary. The project of G. M\u2014n for establishing a Colony beyond the Mississippi is also going on. It is the opinion of Mr Brown, as explained to Mr Griffin, that em[i]grations to the Spanish territory will be enticed\nfrom Kentuckey, as rapidly, as the allurements of the latter place, have obtained them from the Atlantic States. All these circumstances point out the conduct which the New Govt ought to pursue with regard to the Western Country & Spain.\nI dropped you a few lines from Baltimore mentioning the unanimity of the Electoral Votes of S. Carola & Georgia for a Presid. & the manner in which the Secondary votes were disposed of. I am Dr Sir Yr truly affecte\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0285", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable Sir.\nLeesburg [Va.] March 8th 1789\nYour Letter with three Counterparts of Leases by Magor Willis I received a few days ago\u2014For which I am much oblige To you. I shall attend To your Commands & will do Every thing in my Power To Serve you.\nI have Endeavoured To Collect a Sum of money for you\u2014I have not received one Shilling Since I wrote you Last\u2014the Tenants in Frederick are distressed\u2014they will not Pay untill their Repleveys are out\u2014I shall go To Fauquier the Last of this month To Collect what I can before I can make distresses, as To\nmakeing the Tenants all Comply with their Leases it Cannot be done untill our Laws are Better Executed\u2014which I wish To See in my Life Justice Prevail Bettween Man & Man.\nI am willing that Colo. Fairfaxes Papers Should be Lodged with the Reverend Mr B. Fairfax for Him To Furnish me with Such Papers as may be required from Time to Time[.] I Proposed To Colo. Nicholas To Let the Bulk of them Stay at Mount vernon\u2014He gave for answer they aught to be with me\u2014I have Sent To Him For and order\u2014He is now in Kentuckey and will not return untill June\u2014Colo. Fairfaxes Book of accts Leases and Tittle Papers\u2014may be Necessary for To be in my hands\u2014ready in Case of need\u2014the Leases I wish to receive as Perhaps \u27e8tho\u27e9 Some of them are Expired about the First day of may. I Shall Call at Mount vernon on yours & Colo. Fairfaxes Business if I get well\u2014In the Intrim you will Please To advise me of what may be necessary as before that Time I hope you will be at the head of Congress[.] I am Sir, with Every Sentiment of Regard your Most Obedient Hble Servant\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0287", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 9 March 1789\nBy the last post on the 5th instant I informed you of the number of Members of the new government who had assembled here. There are no additions since, excepting one representative from New Hampshire, and one from Massachusetts. \nThere is some competition between east and West Jersey, respecting\nthe election for representatives, which have delayed the members from that state Appearing\u2014None from Delaware & Maryland\u2014were they present, the two houses could be formed with the addition of Jersey.\nThe Legislature of this state have broken up without appointing Senators The house insisted the Senators should be chosen by the two houses assembled in convention, while the senate were of opinion that each house should have a negative on the other\u2014The house consisted of a Majority of Antifederals\u2014The Senate of federals\u2014The latter have in the judgement of people exhibited an honorable fir\u27e8m\u27e9ness, hazarding a local injury, by the removal of Congress, for want of their Senators, rather than saddle the government with two antifederals\u2014The representatives for this state are chosen, but the choice will not be declared for some time\u2014It is probable there will be 4 Opposers, and 2 supporters of the government. I am dear Sir Your respectfully Affectionate\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 10 March 1789\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York 10th March 1789\n\u27e8Mutilated\u27e9 more than probable that, when the Result of the late Election for President of the United States shall be disclosed, your Excellency\u2019s Presence will be required in this City\u2014Under this Impression permit me Sir to sollicit the Honor of your Company at my House until suitable Accomodations can be provided for you\u2014Should Mrs Washington accompany you, it will give additional Pleasure to my Familly.\nI shall be greatly gratified by being apprized seasonably of your Excellency\u2019s Approach to this City that I may be prepared to receive you in a manner which will accord as well with the high Respect due to you as the personal Attachment & Esteem I have for you.\nWith most respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington in which Mrs Clinton joins me, I have the Honor to be Dear Sir your most Obedient Servant\nGeo: Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Gorham, 10 March 1789\nFrom: Gorham, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York March 10th 1789\nI sincerly congratulate your Excellency upon the unanimous call which you have received from your Country to preside over its Councill & to execute its Laws\u2014that it may be an event conducive to the wellfare of the People and of happiness and honor to yourself is my most earnest wish.\nIt would have afforded me great pleasure to have taken a part in the Legislature of the new Government had my private affairs admited thereof\u2014but the necessary attention to a large and young Family forbad it.\nMy situation however is such that it would be very agreable and convenient to me to execute the duties of the principal Revenue Officer in Massachusetts\u2014provided I might be so happy as to meet your Excellencys approbation and nomination to that Office.\nAs I can easily conceive Sir that you may be much incommoded with applications of this kind I shall endeavour to give your Excellency as little trouble as possible.\nAnd shall therefore only observe that I have been nineteen years in the public service. that I lost a large proportion of my property by the destruction of Charlestown in the begining of the late War\u2014and that I have a Family of nine Children.\nAny of the Gentm. from Massachusetts will be able Sir to inform you in what light my appointment woud probably be\nviewed by the People of that State\u2014praying that the best of heavens blessings may attend you\u2014I remain with every sentiment of esteam and respect Your Excellencys most Humble Servant\nNathaniel Gorham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Caleb Gibbs, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Gibbs, Caleb\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston March 11th 1789\nSuffer me Dear Sir to congratulate your Excellency on the appointment to the first seat in this Republic, more especially when called to fill this important station by the united voice of a free people. In this Office by the tener of the constitution, It is with your Excellency, from whence will orriginate many appointments under the New Government; and in the distribution of which, may an old servant flatter himself that he shall not be forgotten. I have no family except the most amiable of Women for my wife. Business at present I am not so engaged in but what with the least disadvantage could leave and at the shortest notice. If it is possible I shall visit New York and take Mrs Gibbs with me by the first or second week in April, when I once more promise myself the real happiness of seeing your Excellency, and satisfying Mrs Gibbs in this pleasing event; In the mean time If ought in my life claims your Excellency\u2019s least attention may I venture at a lasure hour of being honored by a Line from you. If this should meet your Excellency at Mount\nVernon I pray you t\u27e8o\u27e9 offer me in terms of Respect to Mrs Washington & family. With the sincerest attachment I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient humble Servant\nC. Gibbs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0292", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nMy Dear Sir\nMount Vernon March 11th 1789\nI was favored last evening by yours of the 20th Ulto and am glad to be confirmed in the idea that a spirit of unanimity is becoming still more prevalent.\nMy having company with me at present & my being occupied with my private concerns, will be considered by you as sufficient reasons for my writing in a laconic manner. I will therefore reply to the principal scope of your letter with all that brevity, frankness & friendship, which, in such cases, one friend has a right to expect from another.\nShould it become inevitably necessary for me to go into the chair of government, I have determined to go into it, free from all positive engagements of every nature whatsoever. This is the answer I have already given to a multiplicity of applications; and I have assigned as the true reason of my conduct, the predominant desire I had of being at liberty to act with a sole reference to justice & the public good. But without deviating from that line of proceeding which I had chalked out for myself, I may be permitted to say to you, my dear Sir, that you need not doubt my inclinations are very sincere & very strong to serve you, if I can do it, consistently with my duty to the public. This I say, because I have known you in public life: for I do not intend to be swayed, in the disposal of places, by motives arising from the ties of friendship or blood.\nWhat offices there may be under the new Government, or what pretensions may be urged in favor of the different candidates I cannot pretend to foretell: all I will add at present, is, that you may rest assured I am, with sentiments of real affection Your friend and Very Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0293", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Walton, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Walton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Augusta, Ga.] 11th March 1789.\nIn execution of an act of the Legislature of this State, and in conformity to my own wishes, I do myself the honor to enclose a copy of the said act, together with copies of the several papers, on which it was founded, and to which it refers.\nIt is needless for commentaries on transactions so extraordinary and flagitious: but I cannot forbear to observe, that, whilst proceedings of this kind are permitted, it will be wholly out of the power of this State to preserve that Peace with the Savages which, it would seem, is so much the object of the Union\u2014It has, unfortunatly, been some time the lot of the good people of this County to be made the subject of much calumny & opprobrium abroad, when the true cause was ascribable to men invested with public trust. And who, instead of pursuing the objects of their appointment, have suffered themselves to be lured into the debauching principles of Speculation, tempted by the rich taritory, easy navigation, and salubrious climate, within the limits of our Republic: so that our advantages, afforded to us by the liberal hand of Nature, and of our exertions in the late War, have become our curse. I have no doubt, Sir, of your feeling sensibly for our situation, and that you will, by your Vigilence and Zeal for the safety and general welfare of the United States, point out effectual measures in our behalf in future\u2014Inclosed is a Copy of my letter of this date to the Governor of North Carolina. I am &c.\nGeo. Walton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0294", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John V. Weylie, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Weylie, John V.\nTo: Washington, George\nHonoured Sir,\nAlexandria 11th March [1789]\nI have made bold to write these few lines to you to Thank you for my Education my Parents being Poor were unable to Give me much So that had it not been for your Generosity to Which I owe for my Learning I Might have remained without any all My life But since You have been so Bountiful to The Poor Inhabitants of this town As to set up A free School for the benifit of the poor Children Whose parents were not able to Give them a proper Education I being one of them that Reap the benifit of your bounty have here made bold to write this Letter to you for I understand you are going to New York therefore my Good wishes shall forever attend you for the Lord to bless you in your going out and in your coming in The prayers of all the poor Children in the free school as well as those of their parents Should be on you night and morning to protect you and your Lady from all perils and dangers, however Mine in particular shall be offered up to heaven for your safety for the Lord to vanquish all your Enemies in this world and to Crown you with everlasting life in the world to come I shall enlarge no farther but shall conclude by styling myself your most obedient most humble and most Devoted svt till death\nJohn V. Weylie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0295", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 12 March 1789\nIt is a circumstance of great chagrin to the members of the new government who are assembled here, that they have received no additionals since my last. They remain at 8 senators and 18 Representatives.\nLetters are forwarded to the absent members of Maryland\nDelaware and Virginia; but if the two houses are not formed untill effected in consequence of those letters, a month at least will elapse. The south Carolina Members are not expected in less Time than a month. I am my Dear sir with the greatest respect & affection Your most Obedient humble Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0296", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMount Vernon March 12th 1789\nYour Letters of the 16th and 25th Ullto are before me. The draft upon Mr Wales for \u00a320 enclosed in the former was duly discharged by him. The order for one hundred barriels of flour enclosed in the letter is herewith returned\u2014Altho\u2019 the Cash, as any thing that could produce it, would be very acceptable to me at present, yet I am not so much in want of it as to sink 20 per Cent to obtain it\u2014which I must have done, had I taken your flour @ 26/ when the highest price that can be got for it in Alexandria is 21/6 or 22/ if the cash is paid immediately.\nAs I do not yet know what will be the Amount of my taxes for this year and have some certificates of my own I must decline your offer to lodge a sum in the hands of the Sheriff in Interest Warrants to discharge my taxes.\nI wrote to you on the 21st Ulto by Colo. Willis, and gave you my instructions very fully with respect to the management of my Lands under your care\u2014I must therefore refer you to that letter for any information you wish upon this head.\nI have enclosed you a bond of Kennedy\u2019s and Speake\u2019s which I would wish you to put in suit immediately if there is any prospect of recovering either from the principal or Security\u2014I have also sent you the draft of an advertisement which I will thank you to have inserted in the Winchester paper for four weeks and pay the printer therefor.\nI mentioned in my last my acceeding to ten per Cent on your collection of my Rents &ca if that rate was allowed by others of the same business, but I presume that you are to get in what\nis now due on the usual rate of 6 per Cent, and that the ten percent will commence upon the collection of future Rents. I am. &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0297", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hopkinson, Francis\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 13th 1789\nYour good humour of the 3rd, which made me laugh heartily, has fairly driven me out of the field, not, indeed, into the Potowmac, but into a resolution not to strain my wits in making one word of reply, except in sober earnest.\nThis preliminary being settled\u2014I will tell you all I have to say, in three words: though one might perhaps suffice, for you know they say \u201ca word to the wise is enough\u201d\u2014and why not to the witty? Be assured then, that my inclinations to serve you are sincere & strong\u2014not because I have a friendship for you (for friendship ought to have nothing to do with the matter) but because I think you capable of serving the Public well. Yet you will suffer me to add, that, from the time when I began to fear it would become unavoidably necessary for me to go again into public life, I determined in that case to go into it free from all possible engagements of every kind whatsoever. To this determination, I have faithfully adhered. For I conceived my own reputation, as well as the interest of the community required,\nthat I should be totally at liberty, when in office, to act with a sole reference to justice & the public good. In all cases\u2014I am, dear Sir, Your friend & Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0299", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dick, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Dick, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBladensburgh [Md.] 14th March 1789\nThe enclosed paper has been some time in my possession. Thinking that at this time, it may possibly be of some service to the united States, that the contents of it should be known to you, I have presumed to give you this trouble, as it is probable You may never have seen a copy of it. You will perceive some inaccuracies in it, but these were in the copy I took it from. With great respect I am Sir Your Most Obedt hum. Servant\nRobt Dick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0301", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Mar: 14th 1789\nYour letter of this date, was put into my hands on my return from a ride at the moment dinner was waiting; for wch reason I have only time to express\u2014in a single word\u2014my love & thanks for the sentiments contained in it; and to assure you, that my best wishes, in which Mrs Washington unites, are presented to Mrs Lee; and that with sincere regard and affection I am ever Yours\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If we have any thing which can be of service to Mrs Lee on her passage please to commd it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0302", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 15th March 1789\nI have now before me your letters of the 16th Ulto & the 5th & 8th Inst. Mrs Washington\u2019s Slippers and Clogs have come safe to hand, the latter, however, are not such as she wished to have\u2014she intended to have had leathern Gloshoes made, and will, by the first convenient opportunity, return the Clogs to Mr Palmer and get a pair of Gloshoes.\nI am very sorry that you did not get the quantity of Buckwheat which I wrote for in time to ship on board the Sloop\nwhich you say has sailed for Alexandria. The season is now so far advanced that I have not time to procure it from any other quarter, and must therefore have it from Philadelphia at any rate. A disappointment would be of inconceivable detriment to me. I should sustain a loss of its utility as a manure and derange my system of Crops thereby\u2014I must therefore request that you will delay no time in procuring it, that it may be sent round by the next vessel.\nI will thank you to send me four flax wheels\u2014and a box of the Havannah Sugar containg 150 lb. or 200 lbs. as the box may be, if there is any to be had on reasonable terms with you.\nAs Mr Smith has not remitted any money to you on my Acct I have enclosed a bank Note for One hundred dollars which you will pass to my Credit. With great esteem I am, Dear Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0303", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Embree & Shotwell, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Embree & Shotwell\nGentlemen,\nMount Vernon March 15th 1789\nI wrote to you on the 28th of January, according to the terms upon which you proposed to procure a quantity of Clover seed for me\u2014and have laterly becom very impatient for its arrival\u2014A disappointment in obtaining the Seed seasonably would lay me under an unspeakable disadvantage\u2014much greater than the total loss of the seed would do\u2014for I shall not only be deprived of the benefit which might accrue from it this year but shall be deranged in the system of Cropping which I have determined to persue, and the ill effects thereof would be severely felt for many years to come\u2014I must therefore beg Gentlemen that you will not fail to ship the Clover and Timothy Seed on board the first Vessel bound for Alexandria as my fields are\npreparied for receiving the spring grain with which they are to be sown and will wait for them. I am Gentlemen Yr Most Obedt Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Walton, 15 March 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Walton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from George Walton, 15 Mar. 1789. On 29 May GW wrote to Walton: \u201cI have received by Colonel Gunn your honors letters of the 11th and 15th of March.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0306", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 16 March 1789\nThe members of the government are the same as when I wrote you last, excepting Mr Maddison Mr Page and Mr B. Lee from Virginia\u2014But it is expected from information received, that a sufficient number of members will be assembled in the course of this week to form a quorum. I am my dear Sir Your respectfully affectionate humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0307", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jeremiah Olney, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Washington, George\nProvidence [R.I.] 16th March 1789.\nPermit, great Sir, an humble Individual to congratulate you on the pleasing and singular circumstance of the unanimous election of your Excellency to the dignified Station of the first\nMagistrate of the United States; and, at the same time, to felicitate the Union on your acceptance of that important Office as an Omen of their approaching prosperity, happiness and glory.\nYour Excellency has probably, since the knowledge of your appointment, anticipated many applications similar to that which occasions this address, particularly from Persons who, with me, esteem it their greatest honor in having taken an active part in the late glorious Revolution, Served under your immediate Command in the Army, and met with your approving Notice and Attention. I am perswaded therefore, that your Excellency will not expect any other apology for my thus intruding on your important Moments, than the Reason which urges me to do it: and this is, the Desire, natural to all Mankind, of being placed in such a situation, with respect to Business, as/ will enable me to preserve my Independency, by a competent acquisition of Property.\nThe Collectors of the several States in the Union are to be nominated, if not solely appointed, by your Excellency as President. The State of Rhode-Island, tho\u2019 it has hitherto refused, will undoubtedly ere long adopt the federal Constitution, when a Collector must be appointed for the State. It is an Office I am anxious to obtain: if your Excellency should be under no engagement in consequence of a prior application; and your knowledge of my Character will, in your own estimation, warrant my appointment to it, I will endeavour to manifest my Gratitude by an upright, impartial, and faithful discharge of the Trust reposed in me; which I am sure would be infinitely more pleasing and satisfactory to a Mind, like yours, fraught with the sincerest Wishes for the public Weal, than any private testimony thereof could possibly prove.\nI intended to have done myself the honor, and gratified the great inclination I have of again seeing your Excellency, to have made this application in Person; but an unfortunate Fall, by dislocating two Fingers and breaking a Bone of my right Hand, has deprived me of that pleasure; and I fear my Name, written with my left, will scarcely be legible. I have the honor to be, with the highest Veneration and Respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Humble & Most Obedt Servant\nJereh Olney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0308", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Stevens, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Stevens, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCulpeper County [Va.] March 16th 1789\nThe Privilege taken in addressing you with this Proceeds from a presumption that new regulations in the Commercial affairs of the United States will shortly take place, which perhaps may cause a diferent arrangement of the Customs (from those at Present) in this State, and make an appointment of Officers to carry the same into effect necessary Should any such thing happen. I now take the Liberty of offering my Service for an appointment in that Line. It is natural to wish for that which is most Productive. The Norfolk district, I am vain enough to think I might once have obtained from the Legislature of this State but at that time it was out of my power to enter on the Office. Colo. Parker who was then appointed has now given it up by taking a Seat in Congress. Should no Person offer that may be thought more worthy and deserving I shall be thankfull for it. And can venture to declare none will be more attentive or desirous of a Punctual and faithfull discharge of the Trust. I am most respectfully Sir Your very Obedt hum: Servt\nEdward Stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Lewis, 18 March 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Uncle:\nFredericksburg, March 18, 1789.\nWe received yours of the 15th instant, and are happy to here that all your family are well. I shall ever consider myself under a thousand obligations for the proffered post, and think the confinement you speak off rather a pleasure, and hope from my assiduous attention to merit that station. I wrote my aunt the proposals you had made, and, at the same time, my readiness to accompany her at a minute\u2019s notice. My grandmother was very well disposed to lend the carriage, but on condition that it should be returned when of no further use to my aunt. All the family join in love to you, and believe me in the interim to be yours Very affectionately,\nRobert Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0312", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Mercer, 18 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, James\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon, March 18. 1789\nIn receiving you cannot feel more pain than I do by communicating the following information; but as necessity, it is said, has no law, we both must submit to it.\n It is now several years since I have been looking for payment of the debt which is due to me from the estate of your deceseased father John Mercer Esquire\u2014I have been promised it is true considerable sums from time to time by Colonel John Mercer; but it is equally true that I have either not received the money, or received, in such a manner, so disproportionable to his promises, as to be of very little service to me. and for the last twelve months I have not obtained a shilling, nor heard one tittle from him\u2014although at his own request I agreed to receive money in small driblets merely to accomodate him\u2014a mode by no means answering the most valuable purposes for which it was wanted.\nThis being a true state of the case, and my necessities growing more and more pressing (which I have repeatedly in a full and friendly manner communicated to that Gentleman) candor obliges me to declare to you that unless matters are placed upon a very different footing than what they now are and in a very short time too, I shall resort to other expedients than fruitless applications.\nDid it suit my purposes to lend money at interest, that interest, it will be granted, ought to be paid with punctuality\u2014but lending money is so far from being the case with me, that I have been obliged from dire necessity to borrow money at 6 \u214cct, with very hard conditions annexed to it, and even under these disadvantages I am unable to supply my urgent wants \u2014I am thus explicit for the purpose of evincing to you that necessity alone prompts me to make this plain, and unequivocal declaration, and because I would not if the bond &ca are put in suit have improper motives ascribed to the act\u2014more especially as it can be proved that I have done, and am still willing to do every thing which in reason can be expected from me, under the circumstances I have mentioned to avoid it. with very great regard and esteem, I am Dear Sir &ca\nG. Washington\nP.S. If the deed of confirmation for the land on 4 mile-run which I bought from the attornies of your Brother Colo. George Mercer, is in your possession I should be glad to receive it \u2014and if you can inform me from recollection whether Deeds passed to me, at the sale of the Shenandoah land, for the two lots I bought there it would oblige me \u2014I can find none among my land papers, and could wish to have the title to it secured.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0314", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Craik, 19 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Craik, William\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 19th 1789\nThis letter will be handed to you by Mr Dunnington (my tenant in Charles City) who can, more fully than I, explain to you the nature and circumstances of some disputes in which the land he lives on is involved. To enable him to do it more clearly I enclose you a plot of the Land. Two matters it seems will call for your attention\u2014namely to dispossess one Perry of part of my property which he holds under a younger Patent\u2014and to secure for my benefit vacant land within the heart of my tract, which one Stromat has surveyed; but not having complied with the tenor of your Laws is subject to a Proclamation warrent\u2014by which I may still avoid the evil which his possession of the Land would incur. To effect the last, will require secrecy and dispatch; for should it transpire that I am about to take out a Proclamation Warrent he would no doubt be beforehand with me. I submit these matters to you, under the uncertainty of not knowing what Steps are proper for me to take\u2014and indeed, circumstanced as I am at this moment, because I have not time to take them\u2014The Proclamation Warrent Mr Dunnington says will cost 31/3 but as I have no certainty that it can be obtained; as I mean to proceed upon sure ground in both cases; and for a stranger reason than either, because I have it not; I send you no money at this time, to prosecute these matters if in your Judgment it shall appear advisable to prosecute them\u2014For the fact is, it would have been for my interest to have sunk my demand altogether upon Adams rather than to have taken his Land having paid more than the worth of it to others to relieve it from the Incumbrances which were on it. Under these circumstances I feel sore and very unwilling to open more sources of expenditure. I am Dr Sir Yr Friend & Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0315", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 19 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 19th March 1789\nI thank you for your favor of the second instant which I received by the last post.\nThe extreme badness of the roads is given as the reason that the number of members necessary to form a quorum of both houses are not yet assembled. Mr Patterson of the Senate, and Mr Griffin and Mr Moore of the representatives are the only additional since my last \u2014The number therefore at present nine senators and 22 Representatives. No Jersey members present excepting Mr Patterson\u2014& none from Maryland or Delaware\u2014\nbut it is probable a sufficient number will be assembled by the 27th instant. I am With great respect Your most Obedent humble Sevt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0317", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bushrod Washington, 19 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, Bushrod\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Uncle\nAlexandria March 19th 1789\nI was very sorry that Business at Court obliging me to be in Town on Monday last, prevented me from calling at Mount Vernon on my way up. Since then I have been, & I suppose shall continue to be under the necessity of attending Court all the week; should you not leave Home before Sunday, I shall on that day wait on you.\nThe Letter which accompanies this, I Recd a few days ago with a request to forward it to you. I am not intimately acquainted\nwith Mr Scott & can therefore say nothing from my own Knowledge with regard to his pretensions to the office for which he is a candidate. I have been informed by those upon whose candour & Judgment I can rely, that he stands high in the line of his profession, & has practised long with reputation & success. His character in private life I believe, stands fair. He has had a very liberal Education, & has this to recommend him, that his circumstances are disencumbered, easy & Independent. I have taken the liberty of communicating to you the character which I have had of this Gentleman, concieving that you would wish to recieve all the information which can be given respecting those who are candidates for office. If the application at this time be improper, I must bear the blame, as he requested me if it appeared to me to be so, to suppress it, and in that case I have to beg your pardon as nothing would distress me more than to give you offence. Wishing you in every Situation of Life Health & happiness I am Dr Uncle Your affect. Nephew\nB. Washington\nN.B. I have applyed to Colo. Lee for your Deed he says that it is executed & in the hands of Mr Chs Lee who goes to Rich. next week & will have it proved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0318", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hudson Muse, 20 March 1789\nFrom: Muse, Hudson\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency\nVirginia Urbanna March 20. 1789\nI have the favour to request of you to continue me in my present appointment as Naval Officer for The District of Rappahannock River flattering myself from the \u27e8exper\u27e9iance I have had it will be in my power to discharge the du\u27e8ties\u27e9 of the \u27e8of\u27e9fice as well, if not better than others who have not had \u27e8the same\u27e9 oppertunity\u2014and with Gentlemen acquainted with the Cir\u27e8cum\u27e9stances may I presume it would appear in my favour; it having been hitherto the pleasure of our Assembly so frequently\nto remove the Office backwards and forwards from Tappahannock, to this place (which is the present Port of Entrance & Clearance for all Vessels) as to occasion me considerable expence & trouble in moving & processing Lotts & Houses Suitable for the purpose. Add to which, shoud a recommendation of my past, or present conduct be requisite, I have not a doubt, but I coud readily procur one from the Gentlemen in Office before whom my Accots have been laid, to satisfie the Honorable Gentlemen, that not an Office in the State has been better attended, or conducted with more propriety, Since I have had the management\u27e8.\u27e9 The favour will be most thankfully acknowledged by Your Excellencys Most Obedt Servant\nHudson Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0319", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Ruston, 20 March 1789\nFrom: Ruston, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada March 20th 1789\nThe bearer of this, Mr John Churchman, is the person so well known for his discoveries in order to ascertain the method of finding out the Longitude at sea. Encouraged by a communication he has had from Sir Joseph Banks, (the President of the Royal Society) and others, he is very intent on prosecuting his researches for this purpose, with wch view he is going to New York, and as he is ambitious of being known to your Excellency, I take the liberty of troubling you with this leter of introduction from Dr Sr your obliged and obedient humble Servant\nThos Ruston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0320", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dick, 21 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dick, Robert\nSir,\nMount Vernon, March 21. 1789.\nI am much obliged to you for the trouble you was so good as to take in forwarding to me the report of the Committee of Council at Quebec to Lord Dorchester. The paper contains many things of importance, and, although I do not doubt in the least its authenticity; yet, if there should not appear to be any thing indiscreet in the request, I should be glad to be more particularly ascertained of the evidence, or circumstances indicative of its authenticity. With great regard, I am Sir, Your obliged and humble Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 21 March 1789\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable Sir,\nBerkeley County [Va.] March 21st 1789\nYour Letter of advice dated the 19th of Last month by Major Willis I received by that Gentleman with three Counter Part of Leases\u2014I shall attend to your Instruction and act in all Cases To the Best of my Knowledge and as tho for my Self. the Laws and Costoms of this Country must be on another Footing to Compel Tenants or others To fulfill their Engagement than they are in at this Time, I do not Expect To See this a happy Country in my Time\u2014I do not Know where To Find a Lawer whose advice I can depend on\u2014I am this day Seting out To your Estate in Fauquier and while their I shall Try To get advice respecting one or Two Leases and act acordingly, unless I should think Colo. Charles Simms the Best Councller & the district Court of Dumfries the Best Court To Try the Cases before, I am of opinion that Colo. Simms is the best Counceller & that the Circuit Court the Proper place for Tryal, therefore I shall wait I Beleave untill I see Him on that Business.\nScott desires a Suit may be Brought To Fauquier Court on Him respecting the Line, To may Court, To make the Business Perfect. the Court may, He Sayes, Grant and order Immediatly\nfor the Following Gentlemen To Settle the matter\u2014Colo. Peyton & Powell Capn Moffitt & Turner and Mr Morze\u2014I think they may Settle the matter & the sooner I suppose the Better\u2014Please To advise me & say how Long I Shall Grant Leases for that Land as well any Vacant Lotts in Fauquier; the Lands there are not Very Valuable nor durable; I suppose 21 years would be the Best. as For the Lands in Berkeley and Frederick a shorter Time would be more advisiable unless and addequate rent should be offered. In order To have the renting of the Lands fixed To a Certainty Leases should be given on the spot To Prevent any dispute or unnessary Trouble, therefore I wish you To Sign a few Leases before you go to Congress Least Some should be wanting the Summer and Leave them (authenticated) with Mr Lear I have not altered any Covenant in the Leases on acct of their Paying Land Taxes\u2014I only Excused them To Such a Time, on their Paying the Land Taxes, for not makeing their Orchards & Fulfilling their Leases\u2014I considerd it was for your Interest\u2014for during the war they Complained of Such distress was what prevented their compliance\u2014Since which they have no reasonable Excuse\u2014yet they will not do it\u2014as To my Visiting them once or Twice a year\u2014I have many of them Four & five Time yet they will not Comply\u2014Perhaps your Letter may have some weight with them, I wish it may, To Prvent a Law suit Perhaps of Ten years when I shall be draged as a witness on the Business\u2014which \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Sent will not Compensate me\u2014a commission of 10 \u214c Sent is not in my opinion Extravagant or unreasonable I have sufficiently Experienced To the Contrary\u2014therefore I expect you will think as I do and allow it to me on the present Collection as well for next year, yet it\u2019s not and object I shall Contend about the Mr Mercers gave me 6 \u214c Sent for many years\u2014Exclusive of waggess for Lookeing after their Personal Estate\u2014Docr W.C. Selden gave the same\u2014all this Business I Kept as Long as I wanted and have given up many Estates under that Commission\u2014and So I would all if I could do without it\u2014their is Men that will do business for Less\u2014no Doubt but the Gentlemen I have Served Found me Worthy of that Commission or they would not have Continued me as Long as I thought Proper to Serve them\u2014I am now obliged to attend your Suit in Frederick Court agt Charles Rector \u2014which will\nPut me much out of my way besides Very Fatigueing, and after all I Fear he will not be able To Pay should He be Cast\u2014the Bond of Covenants with David Kennady & Speake is a Proof of the acct you Sent me some years ago I Suppose\u2014I have Kennadys assumed for \u00a328. He is not able To Pay\u2014& His Liveing in the Prison Bounds Prevented my seeing Him\u2014I never heard of Speake\u2014I will Enquire for Him\u2014and if He is able I will do as you direct\u2014I have applyed & thretned Kennady at Least Ten Times\u2014the Advertisement shall be Sent to the Printer at Winchester\u2014I expect I shall get my price for my Flour as well Warrents before the 1st day of June\u2014I received a Sum of money yesterday From Mr Ariss & a Man From Fauquier makes me Stand in your Debt about \u00a347\u2014in order To be before hand (as I am Genly with Every Man) I enclose a Draft on Mr Josiah Watson for \u00a3100. Should He Fail the money will be Paid to your order at my House the 1st day of april\u2014if not, the Sum \u00a3100 shall be Paid the 1 st day of may To any Person you will direct To receive it in Alexandria on that Day I expect To receive a Sum in that Town\u2014I ex\u27e8pect\u27e9 Mr Watson will Pay\u2014Perhaps Capn Geo. Slacum is in Town if I desire my Letter to Mr Watson may be presented To Him in Case Mr Watsons Fails Payment as Perhaps He can Take it up.\nI wish you To allow Mr Lear or your Manager To Shew me your Line between you & Colo. Fairfax when I run Colo. Fairfax Line as I am directed To Lott of & rent out the Belvoir Lands I am Sir with Every Sentiment of Regard your Most obedient Hble Servt\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0323", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Stevens, 21 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stevens, Edward\nDear Sir.\nMount Vernon March 21. 1789\nThe letter which you was pleased to address to me, on the 16th of this month, has been duly received; & in the acknowlegment thereof, I find myself at liberty only to make a few observations on the general subject of appointments to offices under the new government.\nShould it inevitably prove my lot to hold the Chief Magistracy, I have determined to go into the office, without being under any pre-engagements, to any person, of any nature whatsoever. This answer I have already often given, & especially to some very importunate applications for the naval office in the district of Norfolk. And this line of conduct I have observed, because I thought (if I should be in the predicament before alluded to) the justice I owed to my own reputation & the justice I owed to my country, required that I should be perfectly free to act, while in office, with a supreme & undeviating regard for individual merit & the public good. Although I can easily conceive that the general principles on which nominations ought in good policy & equity to be made may be easily ascertained; still I cannot possibly form a conception of a more delicate & arduous task, than the particular application of those principles to practice. For no reasonable man will, I suppose, deny that the fitness of characters to fill offices & the comparative validity of the claims of different candidates, together with, perhaps some political considerations of a local nature, are objects principally to be attended to in making those nominations:\nyet, every reasonable man must conclude, that, with the best possible intentions, it will be impossible to give universal satisfaction. You will perceive these observations are not designed to apply to any particular case; from them, however, you may collect my manner of thinking on the subject.\nAs from your known respectability in the State it was probably in your power to have obtained the office at Norfolk on the resignation of Colo. Parker; and as the circumstance of actual occupancy would undoubtedly have brought a great additional weight to your other claims, I almost wonder you had not taken that previous, and, apparently, essentially necessary step. For it appears to me, it will be a most unpleasant thing to turn out of office one man, against whom there is no charge of misconduct, merely to make room for another, however conspicuous his integrity & abilities may be.\nIn the mean time these considerations are barely suggested, with all that frankness which I trust would be expected from me\u2014and under all the impressions of real respect & esteem with which, I am, dear Sir, Your most obt & very hum. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0325", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Vaughan, 21 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Vaughan, Samuel\nMy dear Sir\nMount Vernon March 21st 1789\nI have just now been favored with the receipt of your letter, dated the 10th of Octor last; and would not delay to make my acknowledgments by the earliest opportunity. While I appreciate with gratitude the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express for me; I flatter myself, in the communication of the following ideas which have occurred on the subject of your letter, you will be persuaded I am influenced alone by that genuine frankness, which is most consistent with friendship & which I desire may ever be a characteristic feature in my conduct through life.\nThe event which I have long dreaded, I am at last constrained to believe, is now likely to happen. For that I have, during many months, been oppressed with an apprehension it might be deemed unavoidably expedient for me to go again into public life, is known to all, who know me. But from the moment, when the necessity had become more apparent, & as it were inevitable, I anticipated, in a heart filled with distress, the ten thousand embarrassments, perplexities & troubles to which I must again be exposed in the evening of a life, already near consumed in public cares. Among all these anxieties I will not conceal from you, I anticipated none greater, than those that were likely to be produced by applications for appointments to the different offices, which would be created under the new government. Nor will I conceal, that my apprehensions have already been but too well justified. Scarcely a day passes in which applications of one kind or another do not arrive. Insomuch, that had I not early adopted some general principles, I should before this time have been [wholly occupied in this business]. As it is, I have found the number of answers, which I have been necessitated to give in my own hand, an almost insupportable burden to me. The points in which all these answers have agreed in substance are: that should it be my lot to go again into\npublic office, I would go into it, without being under any possible engagements of any nature whatsoever: that, so far as I knew my own heart, I would not be in the remotest degree influenced, in making nominations, by motives arising from the ties of amity or blood: and that, on the other hand, three things, in my opinion, ought principally to be regarded, viz., the fitness of characters to fill offices, the comparative claims from the former merits & sufferings in service of the different Candidates, and the distribution of appointments in as equal a proportion as might be to persons belonging to the different States in the Union; for without pre-cautions of these kinds, I clearly foresaw the endless jealousies, and, possibly, the fatal consequences, to which a government, depending altogether on the good will of the people for its establishment, would certainly be exposed in its early stages. Besides I thought, whatever the effect might be in pleasing or displeasing any individuals at the present moment, a due concern for my own reputation not less decisively than a sacred regard to the interests of the Community, required that I should hold myself absolutely at liberty to act, while in office, with a sole reference to justice & the public good. It is true, in such a fallible state of existence [and from the want of a compet. knowledge of character] I may err [in my nominations]: but my errors shall be such as result from the head\u2014and not from the heart.\nThe hurry I am at present in will not permit me to be so particular, as I wished to have been. Nor would the limits of a letter suffice to describe the difficulties which I fear might occur in conferring important offices upon persons, however meritorious they may really be, who have resided but a little while, & are consequently but little known in America. A single disgust excited in a particular State on this account, might, perhaps, raise a flame of opposition that could not easily, if ever, be extinguished. For the fact, I apprehend, will be found to be, that there will be a hundred competitors for every office of any kind of importance. Indeed, the number of offices will, in our \u0153conomical management of the affairs of the Republic, be much fewer, as I conceive, & the pretensions of those who may wish to occupy them much more forcible; than many well informed men have imagined. In all events, so much I can with truth declare,\nthat several of the Candidates, who have already come forward, have claims to the public attention & gratitude which cannot be set aside without a palpable act of injustice. Some of them are men of unquestionable talents, who have wasted the flower of their lives, in the civil or military service of their country: men who have materially injured their properties, and excluded themselves from obtaining a subsistence for their families by the professions they were accustomed to pursue. There are some, I may add, who have shed the\u27e8ir\u27e9 blood, & deserved all that a grateful country has to bestow. Nor are they, in my judgment, incap\u27e8able\u27e9 of reflecting lustre on the most dignified stations.\nFrom this simple, but just state of circumstances, you will perceive, my dear Sir, on what an oc\u27e8ean\u27e9 of troubles I am likely to be embarked. In the mean time, you will suffer me to observe, that, from the very satisfactory accounts I have been able to obtain of your Son\u2019s abilities, accomplishments & dispositions, I am thoroughly persuaded he is capable of discharging the duties of a public office, with the greatest reputation to himself & advantage to the government which might employ him. But, however, I may be convinced of his merits; or, however, I may be disposed to serve him: you will be able to comprehend, from what I have already said, a part of the serious obstacles which will oppose themselves to the success of any Candidate, so partially known in America as he is. I have no conception of a more delicate task than that which is imposed by the Constitituion on the Executive. It is the nature of Republicans, who are nearly in a state of equality, to be extremely jealous as to the disposal of all honorary or lucratrive appointments. Perfectly convinced I am, that, if injudicious or unpopular measures should be taken by the Executive under the new Government with regard to appointments, the Government itself would be in the utmost danger of being utterly subverted by those measures. So necessary it is, at this crisis, to conciliate the good will of the people: and so impossible is it, in my judgment, to build the edifice of public happiness, but upon their affections.\nYour good sense & native candour must serve me as an apology, for being thus explicit. Mrs W. & the family desire their most respectful Complts may be presented to you. I add no\nmore than that you may ever count upon the friendly sentiments & best wishes of him who has the pleasure to subscribe himself with real esteem & respect My dear Sir, Your Most obedient Most hble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0326", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Canon, 22 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Canon (Cannon), John\nSir,\nMount Vernon March 22d 1789\nI have received your letter of the 29th of January enclosing a statement of the Rents paid by the tenants occupying my Land which is under your care\u2014The price of flour in your neighbourhood (which I am informed by Majr McCormack is 25/Virginia currency per bbl) will make me some amends for receiving the Rents in wheat instead of Cash which could not be obtained from the tenants for the rate at which those Lands are leased is so low, that it would require a considerable number of years to reimburse the monies which I have been obliged to pay to recover my property, if the price of produce was not higher than it has generally been in those parts.\nI am not inclined to incur any more expences upon my mill in Fayette County, for it has already been such a source of expence & vexation to me that I am discouraged from making any attempt to repair it if money must be laid out for that purpose\u2014However if it Can be put in order and made profitable to me by allowing the person who repairs it a share of the profits for a limited time, I should have no objection to its being done, provided an unreasonable length of time was not demanded for the person to receive a share of the profits.\nThe great distance that I am from my Land, and the little knowledge I have of its present state will not enable me to give\nyou any particular instructions respecting the management of it. As you are upon the spot\u2014are acquainted with the particular circumstances\u2014and, I have no doubt, are desireous of promoting my interest\u2014you will take such steps as will conduce to the advantage of my property which is under your care. I would only observe generally, 1st That I would not wish to have the land incumbered with long leases (ten years is the extent of time that I am inclined to give a lease for) because it is probable that the rate at which it would now rent will not be so high as it may command a few years hence or if I dispose of it long leases will injure the sale very essentially. 2d I have found from long experience, that a punctual payment of the Rent, and a pointed compliance with the covenants of the leases are extreemly beneficial both to the Landlord and Tenant\u2014for if the latter omits the payment of the Rent from year to year he will find it very difficult to accumulate enough at the end of 3 or 4 years to pay off his arrearages; where as, if he is convin[c]ed that he must do it at the experation of every year he will exert himself for that purpose, and the Rents are so low that an industrious man will never feel it, and no indulgence that can be given to a lazy person will ever be to his advantage\u2014it will rather encourage his idleness\u2014I would therefore never have the Rents postponed unless in some particular cases where the Tenant has suffered by fire, or is disabled by some act of providence. 3dly I observe in your Statement of the rents that some of the tenants have a deduction made in consequence of their getting, and putting up a number of Rails. I cannot see the propriety or Justice of this, because it is a matter by which the tenant alone is to be benefitted; if improvements of a durable kind were made there would be some plea for an abatement of the rent because I might receive an advantage of its inhancing the real value of the property; but it should always be certain that the allowance made does not exceed the value of the improvements.\nYou will be so good as to transmit me an annual account of the Rents\u2014The disposal of the produce, and the money you may from time to time send me\u2014This will enable me to keep a regular account of my Tenements and see in what situation they stand\u2014You may remit money to me when safe opportunities offer eithe[r] to my Nephew Majr George A. Washington at this\nplace, or to New York, and give me leave to add, that it can at no time be more acceptable than the present. With due regard and esteem I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0327", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Craik, 22 March 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Craik, William\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William Craik, 22 Mar. 1789. On 27 Mar. GW wrote to Craik: \u201cYour favor of the 22d has been handed to me.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0328", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 22 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon [March] 22d 1789\nYour favors of the 5th & 8th came duly to hand; the first from Baltimore, the latter from Philda. The design of this is merely to acknowledge the receipt of them, and to forward the enclosed; but I will add, as I have my pen in my hand, that Col. Bland, after having lain a weak with the Gent. at Gunston, after having been shipwrecked & land-wrecked, mired, fatigued with walking, &C. &C. arrived here on Saturday afternoon, and left us yesterday, probably to encounter new disasters in the Stage to Newyork. But as he is hastening to get there, he may arrive before this tale of his misfortunes, & will be able and willing to give them in detail himself. I am, &C.\nGeo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] March 23d 1789\nYesterday I received your favour of 15th Inst. Mr Palmer took his directions from Mrs Washingtons Memorandum, but I will speak for the Goloshoes when the Clogs are returned with the New Directions. I have pd his Bill. As there is a Vessel goes this week for Alexandria I will get as much of the Buckwheat as I can onboard her & the whole in time to prevent Disappointment as there are several vessels going to Potowmack in the Course of a mon\u27e8th.\u27e9 The Flax Wheels shall be sent by the Present Opportunity and I will endeavour to get a Box of Spanish Sugar or some as nearly of that Quality as possible, if it not to be had as I have heard of none arriving lately The 100Ds. are to your Credit I am Sir Your Excellency\u2019s mo. obed. Servt\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0331", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 23 March 1789\nThe Jersey election being decided, the four members from that State will be here tomorrow or next day\u2014Two members from Pensylvania who have hitherto attended the Assembly of that state which has now adjourned will also be here tomorrow evening\u2014With the above and Mr Smith who has arrived here from Maryland the house of representatives will be formed on Wednesday or Thursday next.\nThe senate now consists of ten, and Mr Elmer is expected to arrive from Jersey tomorrow evening\u2014Mr Reed of Delaware has been written to, and if he should arrive on Wednesday evening as expected, both houses will be formed on the 26th instant.\nThe opinions are various as to the manner of notifying the President of his appointment\u2014At present it appears probable that Mr Charles Thomson will have the honor of announcing to the President his appointment\u2014and when he shall arrive within a certain short distance of this City, that he be met by a committee of both houses. I am my dear Sir Your respectfully affectionate humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0332", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Mason, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mason, George\nSir,\nMount Vernon March 23d 1789\nYour Coachman applied to me yesterday (through my Nephew) for employment. I informed him it was not my custom to treat with any one in the service of another unless it was well ascertained that a seperation was about to take place\u2014nor then unless sufficient testimonials could be produced of sobriety\u2014of Skill honesty and industry in the occupation that was followed. To the First, he replied that last fall he had given you notice of his intention to leave you, and that his design (before he made application to me) was to have gone to the Northward next month; Moreover that he had taught one of your own Servants to drive and his services now were of little use to you. And with respect to the latter, that he had no doubt of obtaining a character from you.\nAs the mans person and character are entirely unknown to me, I take the liberty of enquiring if this account be true? for I shall make no overtures to him, nor will I employ him (altho\u2019 I want a Coachman) unless it is with your knowledge and consent he leaves you\u2014nor then, as I have observed before, unless he can obtain such a character as will satisfy me. a perfect one is not to be expected\u2014Information in this matter would, at this time, be very acceptable to me\u2014I send therefore on purpose to obtain it\u2014and if the man is at liberty to engage I should be glad (if it is convenient to you) to see him immediately. From motives\nof delicacy when [he] was here, I refused to have any conversation with him, untill I first knew from you on what footing he stands\u2014If to part, I would in that case thank you for information with respect to the wages and previledges you allow him and the services expected for them. To enter my service three weeks or a month hence would answer my purposes but to be ascertained of it, is immedeately necessary, that I may either depend upon him, or look out elsewhere. With compliments in which Mrs Washington joine\u2014I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0333", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Mason, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Mason, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nGunston-Hall March 23d 1789.\nI thank you exceedingly for your very candid & friendly Letter, & will state to you exactly my Coachman\u2019s Situation with me, as well as his Character; by which you will be able to judge whether he will be fit for your Service or not. He came into Baltimore, a Redemtioner from Germany, & entered into an Indenture to Colo. Fitzhugh (who thereupon paid his passage;) to serve him four years; he lived with Colo. Fitzhugh two years in Maryland, when upon hearing me say I was at a Loss for a Coachman, he recommended him to me, as an exceeding good Driver, & careful of Horses, but lazy and quarelsom among the Servants, told me that he had then little use for him, & if I chose to take him, with these Qualifications, & Faults, he cou\u2019d very conveniently let me have him, for the two years of his remaining Service, at the proportionable price he had paid for him; I accepted the offer, & had an Assignment of his Indenture; which expired in Octor 1787; when he desired to continue in my Service, & being without any other Driver, I agreed with him for a year at \u00a315 wages, besides his clothes; he was to serve me as a Coach-Man, wait at Table, & occasionally work in the Garden, take Care of my Stable & Horses, keep the Key of my Corn House, & give out the Corn: at the End of the first Year, I agreed with him again, upon the same Terms for another Year; but in neither Instance bound him by an Indenture,\nor written Agreement; nor shou\u2019d I have employed him the second Year, if I cou\u2019d have got another Coachman, or had any Servant of my own capable of driving; he has never taught, or attempted to teach, any of my People to drive, except that a little Boy of mine has ridden one of the four Horses as Postilion; nor has he given me any notice that he intended to leave me, further than sometimes, upon quarreling with the Servants, or being reprimanded for misbehaviour, Neglect, or Idleness, I have heard in the Family, that he had threatned to leave me, & having also heard that he had offered to hire himself to McDaniel, the Tavern-keeper in Dumfries. As to his character, I think him an excellent Driver, & careful of Horses, if he has any body to do the Drudgery of the Business for him, and I believe him honest; he is also, if he pleases, a handy Servant in waiting at Table, but exceeding lazy, incorrigibly addicted to Liquor, and very turbulent & quarrelsom among the Servants, insufferably so when in Liquor, tho\u2019 he has never presumed to be insolent to me; as to any other Service than as a Coachman, I have for some time past, given over the Expectation, finding than it was more trouble to extra\u27e8ct\u27e9 any other kind of Service whatever from him, than it was worth. This Sir, according to the best of my Judgement, is an exact & true Character of the man; and tho\u2019 when he leaves me, I shall be without a Driver, I am not at all desirous of keeping him; as well on account of the above mentioned Faults as that he is a man of such restless & disatisfied Disposition, that no Dependen\u27e8ce\u27e9 can be placed in him. If therefore You chuse to employ him, I have no objection to parting with him, as I am sure will be the Case soon, if you do not. I beg my Compliments & Mrs Mason\u2019s to your Lady & Family; and am with the greatest Respect & Regard, Dr Sir Your affecte & obdt Sert\nG. Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0334", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Steptoe Washington, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Steptoe\nDear George,\nMount Vernon 23d March 1789\nAs it is probable I shall soon be under the necessity of quitting this place, and entering once more into the bustle of publick life, in conformity to the voice of my Country, and the earnest entreaties of my friends, however contrary it is to my own desires or inclinations; I think it incumbent on me as, your Uncle & friend, to give you some advisory hints, which, if properly attended to, will, I conceive, be found very useful to you in regulating your conduct and giving you respectability not only at present but through every period of Life.\nYou have now arrived to that age when you must quit the trifling amusements of a boy, and assume the more dignified manners of a man. At this crisis your conduct will attract the notice of those who are about you; and as the first impressions are generally the most lasting, your doings now may mark the leading traits of your Character through life. It is therefore, absolutely necessary, if you mean to make any figure upon the Stage, that you should take the first steps right. What these steps are\u2014and what general line is to be pursued to lay the foundation of an honorable and happy progress, is the part of age and experience to point out. This I shall do, as far as is in my power, with the utmost chearfulness; and I trust, that your own good sense will shew you the necessity of following it.\nThe first and great object with you at present is to acquire, by industry and application, such knowledge as your situation enables you to obtain, and as will be useful to you in life. In doing this two other important objects will be gained besides the acquisition of knowledge\u2014namely, a habit of industry, and a disrelish of that profusion of money & dissipation of time which are ever attendant upon idleness. I do not mean by a close application to your Studies that you should never enter into those amusements which are suited to your age and station. They may be made to go hand in hand with each other\u2014and, used in their proper seasons, will ever be found to be a mutual assistance to each other. But what amusements are to be taken, and when, is the great matter to be attended to. Your own judgement, with the advice of your real friends who may have an opportunity\nof a personal intercourse with you can point out the particular manner in which you may best spend your moments of relaxation, much better than I can at a distance. One thing, however, I would strongly impress upon you, viz., that when you have leisure to go into Company that it should always be of the best kind that the place you are in will afford; by this means you will be constantly improving your manners and cultivating your mind while you are relaxing from your books; and good Company will always be found much less expensive than bad. You cannot offer, as an excuse for not using it, that you cannot gain admission there\u2014or that you have not a proper attention paid you in it; this is an apology made only by those whose manners are disgusting, or who\u27e8se character\u27e9 is exceptionable; neither of which I hope, will ever be said of you.\nI cannot enjoin too strongly upon you a due observance of economy & frugality\u2014as you well know yourself the present state of your property & finances will not admit of any unnecessary expense. The article of clothing is now one of the chief expenses you will incur; and in this, I fear, you are not so economical as you should be. Decency & cleanliness will always be the first objects in the dress of a judicious & sensible man. A conformity to the prevailing fashion in a certain degree is necessary\u2014but it does not follow from thence that a man should always get a new Coat, or other clothes, upon every trifling change in the mode, when, perhaps, he has two or three very good ones by him. A person who is anxious to be a leader of the fashion, or one of the first to follow it, will certainly appear, in the eyes of judicious men, to have nothing better than a frequent change of dress to recommend him to notice. I would always wish you to appear sufficiently decent to entitle you to admission into any company where you may be; but I cannot too strongly enjoin it upon you\u2014and your own knowledge must convince you of the truth of it\u2014that you should be as little expensive in this respect as you properly can; you should always keep some clothes to wear to Church, or on particular occasions, which should not be worne every day; this can be done without any additional expense; for whenever it is necessary to get new Clothes, those which have been kept for particular occasions will then come in as every day ones, unless they should be of a superior quality to\nthe new. What I have said, with respect to Clothes, will apply, perhaps, more pointedly to Lawrence than to you; and as you are much older than he is, and more capable of judging of the propriety of what I have here observed, you must pay attention to him, in this respect, and see that he does not wear his clothes improperly or extravagantly.\nMuch more might be said to you, as a young man, upon the necessity of paying a due attention to the moral virtues; but this may, perhaps, more properly be the subject of a future letter when you are about to enter into the world. If you comply with the advise herein given to pay a diligent attention to your studies, and employ your time of relaxation in proper company, you will find but few opportunities and little inclination, while you continue at an Academy, to enter into those scenes of vice & dissipation which too often present themselves to youth in every place, & particularly in towns. If you are determined to neglect your books, and plunge into extravagance & dissipation nothing I could now say would prevent it\u2014for you must be employed, and if it is not in pursuit of those things \u27e8which are\u27e9 profitable it must be in pursuit of those which are \u27e8destructive\u27e9.\nAs your time of continuing with Mr Hanson will expire the last of this month, and I understand Doctor Craik has expressed an inclination to take you & Lawrence to board with him, I shall know his determination respecting the matter; and if it is agreeable to him & Mrs Craik to take you I shall be pleased with it, for I am certain that nothing will be wanting on their part to make your situation agreeable & useful to you. Should you live with the Doctor I shall request him to take you both under his peculiar care\u2014provide such clothes for you, from time to time, as he shall judge necessary\u2014and do by you in the same manner as he would if you were his own children; which if he will undertake, I am sensible, from the knowledge which I have of him, and the very amiable Character & disposition of Mrs Craik, that they will spare no proper exertions to make your situation pleasing a[nd] profitable to you; should you or Lawrence, therefore, behave in such a manner as to occasion any complaints being made to me\u2014you may depend upon losing that place which you now have in my affections\u2014and any future hopes you may have from me. But if, on the\ncontrary, your conduct is such as to merit my regard you may always depend upon the warmest attachment & sincere regard of Your affectionate friend & Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0335", "content": "Title: To George Washington from H. Z., 24 March 1789\nFrom: H. Z.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nAlbany 24th March 1789\nThe object which I have in contemplation, in addressing this Letter to you, is to caution you, to beware of the artful designs, and machinations of your late Aid de Camp; Alexander Hamilton; who, (like Judas Iscariott) would for the gratification of his boundless Ambition, betray his Lord, and Master. It is, Sir, an undoubted fact, that this Man, while he was in your Excellency\u2019s Family, did artfully endeavour, to lessen you in the estimation of the Officers of the army, and others, by holding your Abilities cheap; merely to induce an opinion, that he was your Oracle; and that your General Orders, and Letters, were the production of his Masterly Pen.\nA high respect for your person, and a veneration for your Patriotism, and Military Character, heightened by the strong tie of gratitude (which I personally owe you) has prompted me, to give you this information; to prevent your being deceived, by\nthe fawnings of this wicked Man; who can readily assume any shape, to suit his nefarious purposes. With the most profound respect, I am, your Excellency\u2019s Obedient Servant\nH. Z.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Lewis, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Bob.\nMount Vernon Mar. 24th 1789.\nYour letters of the 18th to your Aunt and myself, found me at this place\u2014where it is not likely I shall remain much longer.\nIt is not very probable, as I shall want to be well fixed at New York before I send for your Aunt\u2014and the same Horses will have to carry us both there\u2014that she will be able to commence her journey, for that place before the first of May. But in this, as in every dependent event of your life, I would advise you to prepare for it in time. If you are ready before it happens no possible injury w\u27e8ill\u27e9 be sustained thereby; but if the event is too forward for your preparations, very great inconveniences may. As soon as your Aunt is advised by me, of the time my horses will set out, your Couzen George will give you notice of it, that you may be here in time to commence your Squire-ship.\nShe joins me in love to my Sister, & requests that she & Mrs Willis may be informed of the pleasure she shall have in their companies. I am\u2014Your Affecte Uncle\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I should be glad if you would send the enclosed Letter to Mr Fitzhugh.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nKingston [N.Y.] 24. March. 89\nThe warmest thanks for your Excellency\u2019s Kind wishes! indeed I believe my Situation happy\u2014it answers my expectations perfectly, So that I want no more if I may enjoy it without interruption. I formed before, as it Seems to me at present, a wrong judgment of the retirement of a Camillus, a Sylla, a Diocletian\u2014I thought it a great a heroic act, and perhaps it was So with the glorious Camillus; the other two acted rather as prudent and wise man, for the first time, after having all Sacrificed to their ambition. The illustrious Washington who Seems not indifferent, concerning the fate of my family, wil easily pardon this digression. I intended this Letter to accompagny Some Seed of Mangoul-Root, which the Rev. Dr D\u00f6ll Spared for your Excellency. Every day I expected garden Seeds of different Sort from Holland\u2014if they are Safe arrived, their participating with your Excellency will be me greatest Satisfaction. as I am with Sentiments of due respect Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient Servant\nVDKemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0338", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 25 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Clinton, George\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Mar. 25th 1789.\nWith very great sensibility I have recd the honor of your letter dated the 10th instt and consider the kind & obliging invitation to your House until suitable accomodations can be provided for the President as a testimony of your friendship & politeness; for which I shall ever retain a grateful sense\u2014But if it should be my lot (for heaven knows it is not my wish) to appear\nagain in a public station, I shall make it a point to take hired lodgings, or Rooms in a Tavern until some house can be provided. Because it would be wrong, in my real judgment, to impose such a burden on any private family, as must unavoidably be occasioned by my company: and because I think it wd be generly expected, that, being supported by the public at large, I shd not be burdensome to Individuals.\nWith respect to the other part of yr let\u27e8ter,\u27e9 which is expressive of a wish to be apprised of the time of my approach to the City, I can assure you, with the utmost sincerity, that no reception can be so congenial to my feelings as a quiet entry devoid of ceremony, be the manner of it what it may. With sincere good wishes, & respectful compliments to Mrs Clinton, in which I am joined by Mrs Washington I have the honr to be Dr Sir Yr most obedt Hbe Ser\u27e8vant\u27e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0340", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 25 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon March 25th 1789\nPermit me, in one line, to acknowledge the receipt of your polite and obliging favors of the 9th 12th & 16th instt and to thank you for the information they contain. Public affairs seem to be in an awkward interregnum\u2014and among other irksome circumstances, can not be quite congenial with the feelings of the attending members of the New Congress.\nMy best wishes, in which Mrs Washington unites, are presented to Mrs Knox & your family; and with sentiments of sincere friendship and great affection. I am ever Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0341", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Mercer, 25 March 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, James\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from James Mercer, 25 Mar. 1789. On 4 April GW wrote to Mercer: \u201cI have received your letter of the 25th Ulto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0342", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Dandridge, 26 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dandridge, John\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 26th March 1789\nThe enclosed letters will shew you the reason of my not having written to you sooner upon the subject of the Land which you offered me. If the valuation mentioned by Colonel Lewis is agreeable to you I will take it at that; but if you think the price too low I am willing to wait for the payment of the debt due from\nyour fathers Estate until you can discharge it by some other means more agreeable to yourself at a more convenient time.\nYour Sister Patty is well and joins your Aunt, myself and the others under my roof in love and best wishes to you and the family. With very sincere regard I am, Dear Sir\u2014your Affecte friend & Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0343", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 26 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nNew York March 26. 1789\nThe inclosed copy of Morgan\u2019s invitation to his fellow Citizens was obtained from one of his friends, and forwarded to me from Pennsylvania. It is the most authentic & precise evidence of the Spanish project that has come to my knowledge. The instrument referred to as retained in Morgan\u2019s hands in order to be signed by the adventurers, would still further explain the transaction.\nNo Quorum is yet formed in either House. The Senate want two Members: The House of Reps. four. It is probable that the members from N. Jersey who are at length proclaimed, two remaining members from Penna and Col: Coles who halted in Philada will come in this evening and supply the deficiency in one branch. The Senate have no precise prospect of the small addition required to their present numbers. With unfeigned attachment I am Dear [Sir], respectfully Your obedt hble servt\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0345", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Milnor, 26 March 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Milnor, William\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William Milnor, 26 Mar. 1789. On 1 April GW wrote to Milnor: \u201cI have been duly favored with yr Letter of the 26th Ult.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0346", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Craik, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Craik, William\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 27th March 1789\nYour favor of the 22d has been handed to me, and I beg you to accept my thanks for the prompt and decisive measure you have taken with respect to the Proclamation Warrant\u2014and other matters relative to my Land in Charles County. I have no particular derection to give concerning the first except to proceed safely but not precipitately, as the latter though it may not involve greater expence than safe delay, May yet throw me into an advance of Money before I am prepared for it\u2014for the truth, my expences have run so high of late years that I want a little time to breath\u2014But I would not be understood by this to hazard any thing. I therefore leave the matter to your own Judgment. In a little Time, if the call for Taxes, do not devour\nwhat is expected from my Rents, &c., My Nephew George A. Washington will be enabled to comply with the calls as they may arise.\nThe Surveyor, it is presumed, notwithstanding from Survey of the Vacancy will recharge, tho\u2019 I do not see that he will have occasion to stretch a chain on the land\u2014perhaps in this case some compromise may be made with him. I do not however mean by this to exempt from common usage, with esteem I am &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0347", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Dawson, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria Friday Eveng [27 March 1789]\nThe hurry of the Stage will deprive me of the honour of waiting on you agreeably to my intention.\nOn monday Last two senators & four members of the house of delegates were wanting to make a Congress\u2014on that day Mr Elmer from New Jersey, Messrs Climer, Fitzsimons, Scott & Carrol left Philadelphia, & Mr Reid, Wilmington; we may therefore conclude, with certainty, that both houses were formed, on Wednesday or yesterday\u2014Mr Chs Thompson will probably be sent forward to announce to the President his appointment. With much respect, I am Yr most Obt\nJ. Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0348", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 27 March 1789\nThe house of Representatives want Yet four members and the Senate two. The first will not be formed until Monday, and the senate probably not untill Wednesday next the first of April.\nColo. Hanson of Alexandria is so good as to take charge of the cloth sent you from the Hartford manufactory, and also of some federal buttons manufactored in this City, both of which will I hope safely reach you.I am Dear Sir Your most Obedient humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0349", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Marshall, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Marshall, John\nSir,\nMount Vernon Mar. 27th 178\u27e89\u27e9\nI have reasons for wishing that the enclosed letter could be conveyed with safety and expedition; but no opportunity offering from these parts, I take the liberty of committing it to your care on a supposition that the intercours\u27e8e\u27e9 between Richmond & the Western District will soon furnish one. With very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0351", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Providence Merchants, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Providence Merchants\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nProvidence [R.I.] 27th March 1789\nYour Excellency by the Unanimous Voice of a Free People is now placed at the Head of that Honorable Body to whom the well disposed Citizens of this unhappy State can alone look for Advice or ask for Such Assistance which may extricate us from the fallen Situation into which the mistaken policy of our present Rulers have reduced us.\nOur Application at a Time when Affairs of the greatest Magnitude within your own particular Jurisdiction demand Attention may be Judged Hasty & premature And we Should be Silent on this Occasion was there not a Flattering Prospect that your interposition by an Address from Congress or your Excellency to the Freemen of this State to be distributed thro the Several Towns at or previous to their Annual Meeting on the 15th of April next for the Choice of the Governor & Council for One Year, and Represantives for Six Months would have a happy Effect and may we conceive cause a Majority to Let Such Men as would agree to Call a Convention at the Meeting of the General Assembly the first Wednesday in May next & join their Sister States in the Adoption of the New Constitution.\nIncompetent as we are to determine what Measures would most effectually obtain this desirable Object, we shall with the greatest chearfulness & Confidence adopt the Advice your Excellency and the Honorable Gentlemen of the Senate & House of Representatives may give, assuring you that it is our Opinion that an Address to the People will be productive of that change in our next Election which every good citizen must Ardently wish and without which Our Rulers may continue their present System with a full confidence that Some Obstacles may be yet thrown in the Way to impede the Operations of the Federal Government.\nOur Vessells will be endanger\u2019d abroad, Our property is now insecure at Home, in Fact a detail of our Misfortunes is unecessary when our paper Money now purchased at Twelve for one is Still tender\u2019d for Specie Debts at par; which with the addition of the prohibitory Laws of the Two Neighbouring States will Sufficiently Convey an Idea of our deplorable Situation.\nIf on the Receipt of this it Should be thought that an address cannot arrive in Time for the Town Meetings on the 15th of April we pray your Benevolent & Friendly Advice pointing the Line which the Federalists of this State Should pursue.\nWith the Sincerest Wishes that your Interposition at this Crisis of Affairs may restore our State to its pristine Rank in th\u27e8e mutilated\u27e9 and Consequently to Honor & prosperity\u27e8.\u27e9\nWe remain with every Sentiment of Respect and Unfeigned Regard Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient & most Humble Servts\nP.S. If your Excellency or Congress Shou\u2019d form an Address please to Order one Directed to Govr Collins and a Duplicate to Govr Bowen least the former may not reach this part of the State in Time for the desir\u2019d purpose, Govr Bowens\u2019s Son will be desir\u2019d to receive & forward them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0352", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dick, 28 March 1789\nFrom: Dick, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBladensburgh [Md.] 28th March 1789\nYour favour of 21st instant came to my hands Yesterday: and I now comply with your request as far as in my power.\n The report of the Committee of Council at Quebec to Lord Dorchester was sent early in the last Spring by a Gentleman of Glasgow to a friend of mine, as an authentick paper transmitted to the British Ministry. It seems Canada is now divided into two Provences, and the part of it from Lake Ontario inclusive upwards, is denominated the New Provence. The person who sent the report is, with others, concerned in the fur trade from that upper-Country; and they wished to know how far it might be practicable to communicate with that country through Potowmack or Susquehannah rivers, by transporting West India goods by one or other of those rivers.\nIn order to lay before your Excellency some of the ideas entertained by the commercial people of Britain on the subject, I here transcribe a part of the letter which accompanied the report. Although it was not communicated to me as any secret, farther than schemes or plans of trade, in their first formation, and desired to be concealed, yet I would wish it understood to be in confidence. I communicated to my friend in writing, my\nopinion of the impracticability of the plan, on account of the duties that I thought would probably be laid on the importation of W. India goods into the United States; which I conceived would be much greater than any laid by the British Government in Canada; and I believe the matter is droped.\n\u201cAs to the track through Susquehannah there would appear some favourable circumstances, particularly the Seat of Government for Pennsylvania being now removed to Harrisburg on this river, the navigation of which though naturally not good is however improved, and its upper branches open a convenient and direct passage towards Oswego through a country that seems to be all the way peopled and cultivated. Possibly a first trade might be made most easily here, though in time the best course will probably be from Fort Cumberland on Potowmack, towards Lake Erie, the waters of which embrace nearly the whole of upper Canada, now denominated the New Provence. It is to be observed that the general design proposed is like to be favoured equally by the inhabitants of the New Provence and those of the American States. The latter would become the general carriers for the whole Consumpt. of Canada; the former besides a conveniency in receiving their own supplies, might also profit by furnishing those of lower Canada. The lower Canadians would no doubt wish to continue as formerly, to carry all supplies to the upper country; but liberal principles in commerce are in vogue, and Government must be sensible that they can never expect to hold the New Provence unless the people are contented with their condition, which they can never be if not left free to provide for themselves on the best terms. It is imagined much of the reasoning in the inclosed report may be used with adventage in behalf of the New Provence; as for instance, if the restrictions on W. India produce be hardship on lower Canada, they must be allowed much more so on the New provence, and especially if it be true, as it seems to be, that such produce can not come through St Lawrence to them, but much to their prejudice\u2014and farther if a free intercourse towards Vermont be of importance by conciliating good will in that quarter, may it not be of still greater higher consequence to encourage a free intercourse with the people behind Alleganey, who are much more numerous, and appear no less disposed than the Vermontese to act for themselves independent of Congress?\nKentucky and other States inland have given proofs of this in their infancy, and as they advance in growth more may well be expected. Kentucky and the greater part of the lands on the Ohio produce Tobacco better than Wheat: What is to hinder a commercial treaty between people there and in the new provence, founded on an exchange of Tobacco for Wheat? Supposing the Tobacco conveyed through the Lakes and St Lawrance (a conveyance surely not impracticable) how flattering and profitable for us to have the carrying trade of all the inland growth, while by a friendly Union with those inland parts we might have a market for the produce of the New Provence; not only with them, but with the Spanish Settlements. You will observe we have by treaty a right to the Navigation of the Mississippi, and though the Spainards may be too many for the inland States alone, yet if once protected by us, the Spainards must find themselves obliged to respect and give them fair terms; and farther the weight of the Union being sufficient to bear down all unnatural & invidious restrictions, the consequence must be that the Spainards must be contented to give out their Dollars and see them circulate for the cultivation of interior America, however unpleasing and unpropitious the prospect may be to them. Thus there would seem in this quarter, the most substantial foundation for a communication of interest and good will.\nThings however may not yet be ripe enough for making such considerations enter immediatly into any scheme of business; and all I want is for you to consider and advise as you can, what may appear practicable as to pushing a traffick in W. India produce, through Susquehannah and Potowmack towards the Lakes.\u201d\nFrom this extract, together with the internal evidence of the report itself, I am led to believe it to be authentick; but I have no other evidence of its being so.\nThe report and the above letter, taken together, may give rise to many serious reflections in the mind of an American, anxious for the welfare of his Country; but to you, Sir, it would be impertinent in me to take up your time in pointing them out. I cannot help however just observing, that the Kentucky settlers would appear not to be the only people, who have an eye to an intercourse with the Spainish settlements, and that intercourse too, to be carried on with a strong arm; and, that our having so\nearly established a regular Government on the Mushingum, may prove very fortunate, more especially if the coercive powers of Congress, and of that Government are fully established in proper time.\nA commercial intercourse between the Eastern States and Nova Scotia and lower Canada, and also between the new western States and upper Canada, might no doubt, be advantagious to all; but it must be by particular stipulations between the two general Governments, and those stipulations strictly adhered to, as far as circumstances can admit. Such an intercourse as is suggested in the above letter, and hinted at in the report, if submitted to, would soon, in my humble opinion, prove greatly injurious to America, or at least might embroil again the two Nations. This consideration, would appear, from many circumstances, to require the utmost attention of Congress to the Western Country; and their embracing every prudent measure for conciliating the affections and attachment of its settlers to the general Union. In this view, it certainly would be for the general good, if the State of Virginia will consent to let Kentucky come into the Union as a seperate State, on liberal, and even on generous terms; and the same observation may apply to the States immediatly connected with Vermont.\nI beg you will have the goodness to forgive my presumption in mentioning these things to you, whose judgment on the subject is so far superior; and that you, will believe me to be, with great respect, Sir Your Most Obedt & hum. Servant\nRobt Dick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0353", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Gilpin, 28 March 1789\nFrom: Gilpin, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir.\nAlexandria March 28th 1789\nThe Gentleman who will hand this to you is Mr Joseph Shallcross of Wilmington a perticular freind and acquintance of mine I have taken the liberty to introduce him to you.\nMr Shallcross has a favor to ask of you there are a great number of candidates for the Navel Office under the New Government for the district of New Castle, this office has been kept at New castle hitherto although almost all the business has been done in Wilmington and the Vessels belong there\u2014the Gentlemen of Wilmington think the office aught to be kept where the greater part of the business is done, Mr Shallcross is I believe well qualified for this office and will present to you a Very respectable recommendation from the Gentlemen of his Neighbour hood, any favor done Mr Shallcross will be an Obligation confer\u2019d on me, and permit me to Say that my best wishes attend you in the great and Ardious business you are about to engage in. I am Sir your most Obedient Hume Servt\nGeorge Gilpin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0354", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne, 28 March 1789\nFrom: Hartshorne, William\nTo: Washington, George\nGeneral Washington\nStrawberry Hill March 28th 1789\nAs it seems to be the general Opinion of your Friends in this quarter that you will comply with the wishes of our Countrymen and accept of the presidency, I take the liberty of laying before you an extract of a Letter I recd lately from a relation of mine in\nPhiladelphia, and as it concerns a Numerous people in that City, who suffered much in the propperty, had their persons insulted and were in danger of their lives from the Outrages of a Mob at the last General illumination, I have no doubt you will pay that attention to the Subject which it seems to deserve.\n\u201cWe are now contemplating the proposed Advantages of f\u0153deral measures; at the same time we are led to anticipate with equal concern, the effect which may probably take Place, when General Washington passes thro\u2019 the City, at which time an illumination is intended; when perhaps some innocent acquaintances may immediately if not eventually fall a victim to the unqualifyed rage of a mob. how Contemptible Government appears doubting their ability to restrain their fury? which a timely exertion woud appease\u2014The Worst of Malefactors have as little dread of the Punishment annexed to the perpetration of their heinous o\u27e8illegible\u27e9 as many of us have to expect from the secret and open designs of our Neighbours whom we never Offended at al\u27e8l\u27e9 such is our envied situation in the City of Philadelphia\u2014Unhappy City! Thy natives who ought to respect will learn to depricate thee.\u201d\nIt is scarce necessary to Add that this is from one of the People called Quakers and as I have not heard the designs illuminating in Philadelphia was laid aside, thought it my duty to lay this information before you and at this time (tho\u2019 it may appear premature) least it should be too late to answer any purpose\u2014I can only say this address is intended to do good, which I belive is the best Apology I can make for the freedom of it.\nThat the Lord of the Universe may take you under his holy Protection and assist you with his Wisdom to Govern this people and in his own time take you to himself is the prayer of Your very respectfull Friend\nWm Hartshorne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0355", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Lewis, 28 March 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Uncle,\n[Fredericksburg, Va.] March 28th 1789\nYour favor of the 26th Instant came duly to hand\u2014the inclosed was dispatched instantly to Mr Fitzhugh\u2014who I expect has answered it before this, as he proposed writing by the stage\u2014Your caution with regard to my getting in readiness I can assure you, I have been guarded against\u2014as I am prepared to accompany my Mother and Mrs Willis on Thursday or Friday next from this to Mount Vernon where I shall remain untill the horses you carry to New York returns for my Aunt\u2014We flatter ourselves with the Idea of finding you at Mount Vernon when we arrive. I am Dr Uncle Yours Affectiony\nRobt Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0356", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gustavus Brown Wallace, 28 March 1789\nFrom: Wallace, Gustavus Brown\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFredericksburg [Va.] March 28th 1789\nAs there will be a change in the naval office department in this State, <under> the new goverment I wish to inform your Excellency, I stand as a Candidate for the port of Rappahannock, hoping if no person more deserving offers to meet with your Excellencies approbation. I have the honor to be Your Excellence\u2019s most obedient And Very Humble Servant\nGustavus Brown Wallace", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0358", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 29 March 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Francis Mercer, 29 Mar. 1789. On 5 April GW wrote to Mercer: \u201cThe letter with which you was pleased to favor me, dated the 29th Ulto came to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0359", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Montgomerie, 29 March 1789\nFrom: Montgomerie, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nDumfries [Va.] 29th March 1789\nI find Mr Dunlop had not parted from any of the money in his hands\u2014he has however been dispppointed, as yet, in receiving the sum expected from Govr Lee\u2014notwithstanding which there is still a considerable sum of money collected, which is either paid into your hands by this time, or will be with you in a few days\u2014It is however difficult to procure money for bills at this time, and I mentioned to him the facility of passing drafts on Phila., where I have money ready, to the amount of the Baltimore payment you mentioned\u2014you will probably be informed by this time of the extent of the remittance you desire to make to Baltimore, which you will be pleased to communicate to Mr James Dunlop of George Town on application, who will in every respect endeavour to facilitate that or any other payments in whatever quarter you desire\u2014I have reason to believe from Mr Dunlops correspondence that in a few Months the amount of the whole Bond may be discharged\u2014It will give me pleasure that a speedy period should be put to transactions you seem so desirous should be terminated\u2014I have the honor to be with great regard Dear Sir Your most Obt Servt\nThos Montgomerie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0360", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 30 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 30th March 1789\nI have received your letter of the 23d Inst. and am in hopes that the Buckwheat will arrive in season.\nI will thank you to send me, by the first post after this reaches you, fourteen yards of Livery lace agreeably to the enclosed pattern; and let it be directed to me, or, in my absence, to Major George Augne Washington at this place. With great regard, I am, Dear Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0361", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 30 March 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 30th March 1789\nThe chagrin of the members who first arrived still exists, one senator and two representatives being yet wanted\u2014The latter will arrive certainly in a day or two from Jersey and Pennsylvania, but unless Mr Reed from Delaware shall come on, the senate may be deficient during the whole of the present week.\nThe tardiness of the members is more unfortunate at this season than at any other\u2014The spring impost amounting by computation to 300 000 Dollars will be lost to the General Government by its not meeting at the time appointed. I am with perfect attachment your\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0364", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Green, 31 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Green, Thomas\nMount Vernon 31st March 1789\nI am about to leave my home whether for a length of time, is more than I can tell at present. But be this as it may I expect the agreement to which we have subscribed, will be as strictly complied with on your part as it shall be punctually fulfilled on mine to enable you to do this, you would do well to keep two things always in remembrance\u2014First that all Bargains are intended, for the Mutual benefit of and are equally binding on both the Parties, and are either binding in all their parts or are of no use at all\u2014If then a man receives [pay] for his labour and he withholds that labour or if he trifles away that time for which he is paid, it is a robbery\u2014and a robbery of the worst kind because it is not only a fraud but a dishonourable, unmanly and a deceitful fraud\u2014but it is unnecessary to dwell on this because there is no Man so ignorant of the common obligations of Justice, as not to know it\u2014altho\u2019 there are hundreds who do not scruple to practice it at the same time that they would think\nhard, on the other hand if they were to be deprived of their money. The other matter which\u2014I advise you to keep always in remembrance is the good name which common policy as well as common honesty, makes it necessary for every workman who wishes to pass thro\u2019 life with reputation and to secure employment\u2014Having said thus much by way of exhortation I shall inform you in the most serious and positive terms that I have left strict orders with the Major my Nephew, who is vested with full powers to transact all my business, that if he should find you unfaithful to your engagements\u2014either from the love of liquor from a disposition to be running about\u2014or from proneness to idle when at your work\u2014to discard you immediately and to remove your family from their present abode. The sure means to avoid this evil is\u2014first to refrain from drink which is the source of all evil\u2014and the ruin of half the workmen in this Country\u2014and next to avoid bad Company which is the bane of good morals \u0153conomy and industry you have every inducement to do this\u2014Reputation\u2014the care and support of a growing family\u2014and society which this family affords within your own doors whch may not be the case with some of the idle (to say nothing worse of them) characters who may lead you into temptation\u2014Were you to look back, and had the means, either from recollection, or accounts to ascertain the cost of the liquor you have expended it would astonish you\u2014In the manner this expence is generally incurred that is by getting a little now\u2014a little then the impropriety of it is not seen in as much as it passes away without much thought. But view it in the aggregate you will be convinced at once whether any man who depends upon the labour of his hands not only for his own support but have that of an encreasing family can afford such a proportion of his wages to that article. But the expence is not the worst consequence that attends it for it naturally leads a man into the company of those who encourage dissipation and idleness by which he is led to by degrees to the perpetration of acts which may terminate in his Ruin\u2014but supposing this not to happen a disordered frame\u2014and a body debilitated, renders him unfit (even if his mind was disposed to discharge the duties of his station with honor to himself or fidility to his employer) from the execution of it. an aching head and trimbling limbs which are the inevitable\neffects of drinking disincline the hands from work hence begins sloth and that Lestessness which end in idleness\u2014but which are no reasons for withholding that labour for which money is paid.\nI have no other inducement for giving you this advice (in this my hour of hurry) but your own good\u2014for the wages and priviledges which you have I well know would obtain for me the best workmen in this Country which the charges of such a family as yours but as it has been a custom with me through life to give a preference to those who have long lived with [me] and my wish to see them do well I have taken the trouble of writing You this letter. if you have gratitude, or a mind capable of reflection, it will make such an impression on it as may be serviceable to you thro life\u2014if not, I have my labour for my pains.\nWhilst the Negro Carpenters work at the same spot where you are, they will be subject to your inspection and orders\u2014and at other times if it should be found necessary to put them under yr care it will be expected that you see that they do their duty. I am &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0366", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Lewis, 31 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Thomas\nSir\nMount Vernon 31st March 1789\nThe bearer of this, Mr Caleb Stone, is desireous of settling on some of my lands on the Kanawa, and will probably carry several others out with him to settle thereon; As I would wish to\nhold out such terms to settlers as will induce them to set down upon my lands (provided the terms are not very unreasonable for the Landlord) I will thank you to let him view the land; and if he should incline to fix there, and will bring a number of others to do the like I would willingly give them such encouragement as may induce them to go out. With great esteem I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0367", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 31 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMount Vernon 31st March 1789\nI have received your letters of the 17th & 21st Insts. the latter containing a Draft on Mr Josiah Watson for one hundred pounds, which he informs me shall be paid agreeably to the sight mentioned.\nI have no objection to the Gentlemen who are proposed to settle the line between Mr Scott and myself; and I think with you that the sooner it is done the better. When it is completed I would wish you to lease my vacant Lots in Fauquier on the best terms you can; if a term less than 21 years will not enable you to rent them to advantage you may do it for that time. I shall leave some blank leases with my Nephew George Augustine Washington, who will be empowered to transact my business during my absence from home, and to whom you will, from time to time, remit the rents which you may collect on my account.\nThe best (and I conceive sufficient) information I can give you respecting the line between the Belvoir Estate and my Land (without having recourse to papers which are put up & which I have not time now to examine) is, that the Road leading from my Mill to Colchester divides us on the hill\u2014and descending the hill Towards my Mill, to a large Gully near the Spring\u2014from thence in a straight line down to the Creek to a tree standing on the Creek, which was the original corner of the tract of Land, called the Chapel land.1 am, Sir, Yr most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0368", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 31 March 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nMount Vernon 31st Mar. 1789\nHaving given very full & ample details of the intended crops\u2014and my ideas of the modes of managing them at the several Plantations, little, if these are observed, need be added on this subject. But as the profit of every Farm is greater, or less in proportion to the quantity of manure which is made thereon, or can be obtained; and by keeping the fields in good condition. These two important requisites ought never to be lost sight of. To effect the first\u2014besides the ordinary means of Farm yards\u2014Cowpens\u2014Sheep folds\u2014Stables\u2014&ca it would be of essential use if a certain proportion of the force of each Plantation could be appropriated in the Summer or early part of Autumn to the purpose of getting up mud to be ameliorated by the frosts of Winter for the spring crops wch are to follow, and to accomplish the latter the Gullies in these fields (previous to their being sown with Grain & Grass-seeds[,] ought, invariably to be filled up. By so doing and a small sprinkling of manure thereon they will acquire a green-sward, and strength of soil sufficient to preserve them; and these are the only means I know of by which exhausted Land can be recovered, and our Estates rescued from destruction.\nAlthough a precise number of Tobacco Hills is, by my general directions, allotted to each Plantation yet my real intention is, that no more ground shall be appropriated to this Crop than what is either naturally very good (for which purpose small spots may be chosen) or which can be made strong by manure of some kind or another for my object is to labour for profit, and therefore to substitute quality instead of quantity there being (except in the article of manuring) no difference between attending a good Plant and an indifferent one\u2014but in any event let the precise number of hills be ascertained that an estimate may be formed of their yield to the thousand.\nBeing thoroughly convinced, from experience, that embezzlement & waste of Crops (to say nothing of various accidents to which they are liable by delays) are encreased proportionately to the time they are suffered to remain on hand\u2014my wish is, as soon as circumstances will permit after the Grain is harvested\u2014that it may be got out of the Straw (especially at the Plantations where there are no Barns) and either disposed of in proper deposits, or sold if the price is tolerable (after, if it is wheat, it has been converted into flour). When this work is set about as the sole, or as a serious business it will be executed properly. But when a little is done now, and a little then, there is more waste, even if there should be no embezzlement than can well be conceived.\nThere is one or two other matters which I beg may be invariably attended to. The first is, to begin Harvest as soon as the grain can be cut with Safety; and the next, to get it in the ground in due season. Wheat should be sown by the last of August\u2014at any rate by the 10th of Septr\u2014and other fall Grain as soon after as possible. Spring grain & Grass Seeds should be sewn as soon as the ground can possibly (with propriety) be prepared for their reception.\nFor such essential purposes as may absolutely require the aid of the Ditchers they may be taken from that work. At all other times they must proceed in the manner which has been directed formerly. A\u27e8nd\u27e9 in making the New Road from the Ferry to the Mill\u2014and from the Tumbling Dam across the Neck till it communicates with the Alexandria Road, as has been pointed out on the spot. The Ditch from the Ferry to the Mill along this Road may be a common four feet one\u2014But from the Mill to the Tumbling dam and thence across to the head of the old field by Muddy hole farm must be five feet wide at top\u2014but no deeper than the four feet one & the same width at bottom as the latter.\nAfter the Carpenters have given security to the old Barn in the Neck, they must proceed to the completion of the New one at the Ferry, according to the Plan & the explanations which have been given. Gunner & Tom Davis should get Bricks made for this purpose; and if John Knowles could be spared (his work, not only with respect to time, but quantity & quality to be amply returned) to examine the bilged walls, & the security of\nthem; but to level & lay the foundations of the other work when the Bricks are ready it would be rendering me an essential service and as the work might be returned in time & proper season would be no detriment to your building.\nWhen the Brick work is executed at the Ferry Barn, Gunner & Davis must repair to D[ogue] Run & make Bricks there; at the place & in the manner which has been directed that I may have no sammon bricks in that building.\nOyster shells should be bought wherever they are offered for Sale\u2014if good & reasonable.\nSuch monies as you may receive for Flour\u2014Barley\u2014Fish\u2014as also for other things wch can be spared & sold\u2014As also for Rents\u2014the use of the Jacks &ca\u2014And for Back debts which may be tried though little is expected from the justice of those who have been long endulged\u2014May be applied to the payment of workmens Wages as they arise, Fairfax\u2014and the Taxes\u2014and likewise to the payment of any just debts which I may be owing (in small sums) & have not been able to discharge previous to my leaving the State\u2014The residue may await further orders.\nAs I shall want shingles\u2014Plank\u2014Nails\u2014Rum for Harvest\u2014Scantling\u2014& such like things which would cost me money at another time, Fish may be bartered for them. The Scantling (if any is taken) must be such as will suit for the Barn now about, or that at Dogue run, without waste and of good quality.\nI find it is indispensably necessary for two reasons, to save my own clover & Timothy seed\u2014first, because it is the only certain means of having it good & in due season\u2014and secondly because I find it is a heavy article to purchase.\nSave all the honey locust seed you can of that which belongs to me\u2014if more could be obtained the better. and in the fall plant them on the Ditches where they are to remain about 6 Inches apart one Seed from another.\nThe Seeds which are on the case in my Study ought without loss of time to be sown & planted in my Botanical garden\u2014& proper memos kept of the time & places.\nYou will use your best endeavors to obtain the means for support of G. & L. Washington, who I expect will board (till something further can be decided on) with Doctr Craik; who must\nbe requested to see that they are decently, and properly provided with Cloths from Mr Porter\u2019s Store, who will give them a credit on my becoming answerable to him for the payment. And as I know of no resourse that Harriott has for Supplies but from me; Fanny will, from time to time as occasion may requ\u27e8ire\u27e9 have such things got for her, on my account as she shall judge necessary. Mrs Washington will I expect, leave her tolerably well provided with common articles for the present.\nMy Memorandum books, which will be left in my study, will inform you of the times and places when, & where, different kinds of Wheat, Grass Seeds &ca were sown\u2014Let particular attention be paid to the quality, & quantity of each sort, that a proper judgmt of them may be formed. To do this great care must be taken to prevent mixture of the several sorts as they are so contiguous to each other.\nThe general superintendence of my Affairs is all I require of you, for it is neither my desire nor wish that you should become a drudge to it\u2014or, that you should refrain from any amusements, or visitings which may be agreeable either to Fanny or yourself to make or receive. If Fairfax, the Farmer & Thomas Green, on each of whom I have endeavoured to impress a proper sense of their duty will act their part with propriety & fidelity nothing more will be necessary for you to do than would comport with amusement & that exercise which is condusive to health. Nor is it my wish that you should live in too parsimonious and niggardly a manner. Frugality & \u0153conomy are undoubtedly commendable and all that is required. Happily for this Country, these virtues prevail more & more every day, among all classes of Citizens\u2014I have heard of and I have seen with pleasure, a remarkable change in the mode of living from what it was a year or two ago\u2014and nothing but the event, which I dreaded would take place soon, has prevented my following the example. Indeed necessity (if this had not happened) would have forced me into the measure as my means are not adequate to the expence at which I have lived since my retirement to what is called private life. Sincerely wishing you health & happiness\u2014I am ever your warm friend and Affectionate Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-01-02-0369", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Peachey, March 1789\nFrom: Peachey, William\nTo: Washington, George\nGentlemen\nRichmond County [Va.] March 1789\nI have served the Publeck in some or other Capacity ever since I was twenty years old, now forty years, without any Emolument except a Bounty of Land, as a field-Officer, under the Proclamation of the King of Great Britain in the Year 1763; during the late Revolution I never quitted an active part as far as my Health and Abilities did admit, nor untill after the new Constitution of America was ratified by the State of Virginia; through all which time I never held a post of Profitt or did I sollicit one. But having now two Sons whom I wou\u2019d wish, by giving them liberal Education, to make usefull Citizens of the united States, and the Expences thereof exceeding my Finances, I am induced to sollicit your Honorable Body for the Appointment of Collector of Import duties on Rappahanock River. Altho advanced in Years, I may venture to say that my Powers are still equal to the Business. Shoud I be indulged with the Appointment, it may answer the good purpose afore mentioned and will oblige a faithful Citizen. I am, Gentlemen, with the most profound Respect your most obedt Servt\nWillm PeacheyVirginia, Richmond Co.Rappahanock River", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dick, 1 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dick, Robert\nSir,\nMount Vernon, April 1st 1789.\nIn acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favor of the 28 ult. I pray you to be assured that no improper use shall be made of the important disclosure it contains, and of the sense I have of the confidence reposed in me by the communication.\nYour sentiments with respect to the policy which ought to be observed towards the Settlers of the Western Country appear to be exceeding just; and, as the subject merits it, so I have little doubt of its obtaining the serious attention of the new Government. With great esteem, I am Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0002", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Hartshorne, 1 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hartshorne, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon April 1st 1789.\nAs it seems that it will be my unavoidable lot to be again brought into publick life, however contrary to my inclinations, I must prepare myself to meet with many occurrences which will be painful and embarrassing; but I can truly say that few events would distress me more than the realizing of the apprehensions of so respectable a body of my fellow Citizens as the Quakers of Philadelphia; as mentioned in your letter of the 28th Ulto.\nIf I must go on to New-York, and my wishes & inclinations were consulted on the occasion, they would lead me to proceed in as quiet & peaceable a manner as possible. But, situated as I am at present, and knowing nothing of the intentions of the people respecting my passing through the several towns, more than what the publick papers inform me of\u2014and these may be conjecture\u2014I do not see how I can, with any degree of propriety or delicacy, interfere, at this moment, to prevent the ill effects which are feared from an illumination of the City of Philadelphia. Could any way be pointed out to me by which I might ward off the evil dreaded by the Quakers, I would, with peculiar pleasure, take every proper step to prevent it; for altho\u2019 I have no agency in these matters, yet nothing would be\nmore painful to me than to be the innocent cause of distress or injury to any individual of my Country.\nI must beg you to accept of my best thanks and warmest acknowledgments for your kind wishes for my happiness\u2014and believe me to be\u2014with very great esteem & regard Sir, Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0004", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 1 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon April 1st 1789\nWith a heart duly impressed with a sense of the kind invitation you have been pleased to give me to your House I receivd your favor of the 29th ult., and pray you to accept my thanks for this farther testimony of your polite attention to me; but at the same time I offer you this tribute of my gratitude, I must beg your excuse for not complying with the request. For, however pleasing it might be to me, on any other occasion, to render this proof of my regard for you, I cannot consistently with my ideas of propriety (under the existing circumstances) consent to give so much trouble to a private family. The party that may possibly attend me\u2014the crowd that always gather on novel occasions\u2014and the compliment of visiting (which some may incline to pay a new character) all contribute to render a public house the fittest place for scenes of bustle & trouble.\nMrs Washington joins me in compliments & best wishes, and with sentiments of very great esteem & regard I remain Dear Sir Yr most Obedient and Affecte Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0005", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Milnor, 1 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Milnor, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon Apl 1st 1789\nI have been duly favored with yr Letter of the 26th Ult.\u2014and had before seen a letter from you to Mr Lund Washington on the same subject. In answer to them both I can say no more to you at present than what I have already invariably said to many\u2014very many others\u2014that if it should be my lot to administer the Government, I am resolved to enter upon my office totally free from every engagement whatsoever\u2014and that in all appointments to Offices as far as my agency in the matter is required\u2014one only rule shall guide me, and that is to consult the\nfitness of characters and the public good: for however strong my friendships or however great my inclination towards individual may be, they will never make me swerve knowingly from this rule. I do not say this as any discouragement to your application\u2014on the contrary it would give me great pleasure to see you placed in a situation agreeable to your wishes and merits\u2014As a step towards it (your conduct, & walk of life having for many years been unknown to me) I would advise you to obtain the most ample testimony of your sobriety Industry &ca from the well known & respectable characters of your City this would be a proper ground for recommendation to any Office to be built on. I am &ca\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0006", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] April 2d 1789\nBy Capt. Earle of the Sloop Union who is sailed for Alexandria I shipped the Articles noted at foot and directed them to the Care of Messrs Porter & Ingraham, the Captn has the Certificate of their being american Manufactured, there was no Spanish to be had & I sent a Barrel refined at our Sugar Houses which is the nearest of that quality\u2014I could get only sixty three & \u00bd Bushels of the Buckwheat in time & agreed for the freight at 8d. \u214c Bushels Pennsa Cury. I had Engaged the 250 Bushels but several days Rain prevented its Coming in but I hope to have it all in time for Capt. Ellwood who is here & Sails next week for Alexandria. The Letter for Thomas Smith Esqr. was sent on immediately by the western Post.\nI have spoke for the Hatt of Mr Parish who promises it shall be done\u2014he has the measure. I am &c.\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0007", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Dandridge, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Dandridge, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew Kent [Va.] April 2d 1789\nI received your letter of the 26th Ultmo, yesterday, with the inclosures\u2014I assure you, that I am sensible of the indulgence you have continually afforded to my Father\u2019s Estate and of your present offer to extend it: But so sensible, also, am I, of the great difficulty in raising cash at present, and so anxious am I to adjust the claims against the Estate, that I shall take the price\nfixed on by Colo. Lewis as the value of my land in Gloucester, and shall hold myself ready to make a conveyance agreeable to your directions.\nI purchased the land with a view of securing a bad Debt to the Estate, at the price of eight hundred and fifty pounds, about twelve months since\u2014At that time it was thought a low price, and land of the same quality, near it, has since been sold on credit for three pounds the acre: However, rather than sell on credit and be at the expence and risk of collection, I think myself justifiable in conveying it to you on the terms of your Letter.\nHarry Innes esqr. of Kentuckey, who contracted with my Father for a moiety of his Land in that country, promised to make me some considerable payments this Spring, thro\u2019 the hands of Genl Wilkinson, who has gone down to the Spanish Settlements with Tobacco: Whatever I shall receive on that account will be reserved for your use, to be applied to discharge your demands against Mr Custis\u2019s Estate, and my Fathers\u2019.\nYou will be so good as to present my duty to my Aunt & my Love to my Sister & cousins. I am, Sir, with sincere respect your obliged, obt Sert\nJ. Dandridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0008", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Heath, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRoxbury [Mass.] April 2nd 1789\nAfter receiving the congratulations of Public Bodies, and public Officers, permit an individual from the private walks of life to approa[c]h your Excellency, and from an heart warmed with esteem affection, and gratitude present his sincere congratulations on your advancment to the first seat of Government in the United States of America, no one more highly participates of the mark of the publick confidence again placed in your Excellency nor can any one more ardently wish you those smiles of Heaven, which shall enable you by a wise and able administration of the Government committed to you, fully to answer\nthe most sanguine expectations of your fellow countrymen, and again yield the satisfaction of your own mind, that your endeavours for the public good are crowned with desired success.\nIf in the course of your Excellencys administration of the Government of the United States, you should at any time think proper to honor me with any commands civil, or military, within the compass of my small abilities, I shall be happy if by any exertions in my power, I can in the least aid your administration, or merit your approbation.\nWishing you confirmed health, wise and able counsellors, an agreable and prosperous administration I have the honor to be with every Sentiment of respect Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient Servant\nW. Heath\nP.S. Major Henry Sewall who was one of my aids de camp has for some time resided at New York your Excellency will probably recollect him\u2014for abilities as a pen man, a man of strict integrity, and attention to business, I can bear full testimony; I beleive he wishes to devote himself to the Service of the publick, if any place within his sphere should be vacant at any time unless a candidate more eligible should present to fill it, permit me to recommend Major Sewall to your Excellencys notice confident that you will not be disapointed in him\u2014General Knox has knowledge of Major Sewall and of his abilities. I am as before\nW.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0011", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Broom, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Broom, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWilmington [Del.] April 3rd 1789.\nI congratulate you upon the success of that inestimable Constitution, which I had the honor to witness your weighty and influential support and approbation of; and it is with singular pleasure I stand informed, that you have the unanimous suffrages of the Electors, to fill the Chair of first President.\nI take the liberty to solicit Your Excellency for an appointment as Collector or receiver of duties and imposts; this being the only Commercial Town within the State, I conceive it extremely probable, Your Excellency will consider it as the proper place for the residence of such an Officer.\nYour Excellency may be assured, I could have procured a very general recommendation in my favor; but as I had the honor to be one of the Deputies to the F\u0153deral Convention, and am, at present a Member of Assembly (a seat which I have filled for several years) I flatter myself Your Excellency will be pleased to consider those situations, as marks of the confidence of my Fellow Citizens, as well as favorable and sufficient testimonials of my Character and Capacity; and which added to your own knowledge of me, will give me a place in your esteem as worthy of such a trust.\nThe Merchants concerned in the Shipping Business, have desired me to transmit to Your Excellency the enclosed Memorial; which I flatter myself will give additional weight to my application.\nIf I should be so happy, in the opinion of Your Excellency, as to merit the appointment, the Honor done me shall be held in the most grateful remembrance. I have the honor to be, Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, Your Excellencys most Obedient, and most Humble Servant\nJaco: Broom", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0014", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Harrison, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Harrison, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nBerkley Apr. 3d 1789\nYour favor of the 9th ulto did not reach me till yesterday, the postmaster having by mistake, sent it to the Williamsburg office.\nThe sentiments you express, and the motives you assign, for taking on you the administration of the American government, I am sure proceed from the heart; and indeed they are such as I knew could alone govern you. If we could always be in such hands, my fears would vanish; but alass, that is not to be expected. My feeble aid, for the short time fate will continue me here, shall most assuredly be given, to render your situation comfortable, and prosperous. It has ever been my line of conduct, to combat every system of government, that my judgment disapproved, with firmness, and decency; but being over ruled, to acquiesce, and indeavour by a prompt obedience to the laws, to carry the opinions of others, into execution.\nI can very readily conceive that too much of your time would have been taken up, by pointedly answering your numerous correspondents; and therefore very readily excuse, the trifling neglect of me; from a certainty that it could not proceed from a suspicion, of my entertaining the public, with any of your confidential communciations, either verbal, or by letter. We formerly had a long, and very interesting correspondence, every paragraph of which has been long since buried in oblivion; nor has the public eye ever had a glance at a single sentence of them. That you have been ill treated in that way I know, but you must look nearer home for the authors.\nWhen I took the liberty to communicate to you, my desire of becoming a place man, I had not the most distant idea of extorting a promise of assistance; but only thought it necessary to inform you of my wishes, that your attention might in some degree be turn\u2019d to me. If Colo. Parker, to whom the place was properly given, had continued in it; you would have found me\namongst the last men in the world, that would have attempted to displace him; but the present case is widely different. On his being chosen a member of congress, he unexpectedly resign\u2019d his commission, about ten days before the new government was to take place, which there was no kind of necessity for his doing; and Lindsay was appointed before his resignation was known to a hundredth part of the country. The executive council, was at that time composed of six members only, five of which were present; three of them were in his favor, and the other two with the absent member against him; this being a true state of facts, I did not conceive the application improper; more espcially when I was of opinion, that if the establishment of him had been left to the assembly, that it was next to impossible that he could have got himself confirm\u2019d. The idea of being a place man under any government is disagreable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0015", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jesse Higgins, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Higgins, Jesse\nTo: Washington, George\n[Newcastle] Delaware State April 3d 1789.\nThe humble and respectful Application of Jesse Higgins of the Town and County of Newcastle in the State aforesaid, seteth forth.\nThat your Applicant resigned a considerably valuable employ, to accept the appointment of the Legislature of said State, to the Office of Collector of the Revenue in said County, from the prospect of its affording constant employ and at least a competency for himself & Family\u2014that by the change of Governments, the Revenue is expected to change from the direction of the State Legislatures to the Legislature of the United States, and from direct Tax\u2019s, to duties collected under the title of Impost & Excise. Therefore your Applicant anxious to avoid\nbeing put in a worse situation from the change of Governments and that he may not be deprived of an employment upon which he had depended, but that he may be continued in the same capacity, doth humbly pray for the honorable appointment of Collector of the Revenue of the United States within the Delaware State arising from the Impost and Excise upon Goods &Ca\u2014that not only the conscious discharge of duty hath flattered your Applicant that he merits a continuation, but he hath also obtained the Recommendations of the first official and private Charaters in the State, among whom are the President, sundry of the Legislature, the Treasurer &Ca and is provided with (as he apprehends) sufficient and unexceptionable Securities for the due and faithful execution and discharge of said Commission, the attainment of which shall ever be remembered and acknowledged with unfeigned Gratitude, by your humble Applicant\nJesse Higgins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0017", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rochambeau, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nCalais [France] april the 3th 1789.\nThe king of England, my Dear general, has recovered his health, and the humour which Was in his head has retaken its ordinary Course\u2014he has retaken his fonctions and works with all his ministers and gives his audiences\u2014the marquis of La Luzerne our ambassador which has Seen him half an hour, did write me that he had found him perfectly well and not even lean\u2019d as he was told\u2014M. Pitt and his ministry, more firm than ever, Enjoys of his triumph and of his good Conduct\u2014the party of the opposition is throwed down, and has no other resource than to wait for a new reign\u2014I believe that the End of this will be peaceable, the fear of a return in that crisis and the situation of our affairs in france Seems to require it\u2014all the North and the East is in fire and I believe it will be made yet a campaign against the turks in spite of the mediation of the Spain.\nall the elections for the general States of our kingdom make with very much order and harmony excepted in the provinces of Provence and Bretany where every thing dos with much warmth between the two privileged orders and the third State\u2014yet I hope very much of this general states to restore our finances and to consolidate a good constitution.\nWe are retained in our commands to maintain good order\u2014every thing dos well in mine in Picardy and Boulonnais, the artois has not yet begun and has more troubles between the orders.\nLet me hear of you, my dear general, I hope you have now taken up the Place that all your contrymen were to intrust to you.\nmy Respects to madame Washington\u2014I have the honour to\nbe with the most inviolable attachment, My Dear general Your most obedient and very humble servant\nle Cte de Rochambeau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0019", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Brodhead, 4 April 1789\nFrom: Brodhead, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\nPhiladelphia April 4th 1789.\nI most sincerely congratulate you upon your election to the most dignified station in the nation, and I pray God to continue your services to your Country for many years.\nAs you will soon be involved in a multiplicity of Business, I take the liberty to beg the favor of such Testimonial of my Services in the late army, as you may think me entitled to. I have with reluctance made this application, but as circumstance may render it necessary, trust I shall be excused. With most respectfull Compliments to your Lady I have the Honor to be with the most perfect attachment & respect Dear General your most Obedt Servt\nDaniel Brodhead", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0020", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Mercer, 4 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, James\nSir,\nMount Vernon 4th April 1789\nI have received your letter of the 25th Ulto and likewise one from your Brother Colo. J.F. Mercer of the 29th As nothing can be more disagreeable to me than to put the securities which I have against the Estate of your deceased father John Mercer Esqr. in suit, I have provided he shall fulfill the terms of payment, which he has proposed himself\u2014Namely \u00a3200 by the 20th of May\u2014half the remainder by the first of March 1790\u2014and the residue in twelve months from that date. But I must still beg of you my good Sir to use your influence to urge a\npointed performance of this proposal\u2014for to be candid, I must confess that I do not rely implicitly upon these promises\u2014having been repeatedly disappointed after The most unequivocal assurances from that quarter; and I have moreover, good reason to believe that monies have been applied to other purposes which should, agreeably to promises, have been soley appropriated to the discharge of this debt; I am therefore determined, if there should be any failure in either of the payments mentioned above, to put the securities in suit without delay.\nThe deed which you mention to have delivered to Major Washington was by him it seems put into the Clerk\u2019s Office\u2014but why it has not been sent to me (as I lately requested the Clerk to send all my deeds in his Office) I dont know.\nI will thank you to get the deed for the Land bought of your brothers Estate from the Clerk of the General Court, which you was so obliging as to offer to do\u2014and to send it to my Nephew Major George A. Washington (who will transact my business in my absence). With very great esteem & regard I am Sir Yrs &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0022", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 5 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nMount Vernon 5th April 1789\nThe letter with which you was pleased to favor me, dated the 29th Ulto came to hand. For proof of my unwillingness to put the securities I have for the debt due to me for your fathers estate, in suit, I need only appeal to the length of time the money has been due\u2014to the frank and friendly manner in whh I have, from time to time, exposed my want of it; and to the returns which have been made me. What passed between us in Philadelphia on this subject will not, I am persuaded, have escaped your recollection; for I was then assured, in unequivocal terms, that as soon as you returned to Annapolis I might expect to receive \u00a3200 cash which you had by you, or could command in a few hours, as part of a large Sum. Instead of which I need not remind you of the small part of this sum which was paid in the month of March following; and that no further notice was taken of the matter till now.\nHaving seen, you say, the letter which I wrote to your Brother, it is unnecessary for me to add ought to it, to prove the urgency of my present wants. Notwithstanding, to give one more, and the last proof of my disinclination to put the securities in suit, I will suspend the matter upon the payments which are proposed in your letter of the above date, and which you say I may absolutely rely on\u2014Namely\u2014\u00a3200 by the 20th of May, or, as I mean to be pointed, say the first of June next\u2014half the remainder by the first of March 1790\u2014and the residue in twelve Months from that date. This being your own proposal, proceeding from resources, you add, entirely within yourself; and on which\nI may punctually and faithfully rely\u2014I accede to them; with this assurance, that if there is a failure in either of the payments, I shall not consider myself as bound by this consent. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0023", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elias Boudinot, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Boudinot, Elias\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York April 6th 1789\nI do most sincerely & affectionately congratulate my Country, on the unanimous election of your Excellency to the Presidency of the united States.\nThe importance of this transaction, is so great in my estimation that I consider it, under Providence, as the key-Stone to our political Fabrick. It is from this Consideration alone, that I can rejoyce with you Sir, as a private Friend, on your elevation to this dignified but difficult Office; by which you must again leave, all the sweets of domestic Felicity, which to yourself individually considered, cannot be repaid by all the honors of the world\u2014I feel your delicate Situation\u2014You have no choice in this great Business\u2014Providence & your Country call, and there is no place for a refusal\u2014The Sacrifice is required & the Offering must be made.\nMy design in troubling you with this Letter, is to assure your Excellency of my sincere respect & good Wishes, with the Share I take in the universal Joy on this Occasion; as well as to remind you Sir of the immense importance of your speedy arrival at the head of the government of the united States\u2014From the shameful delay of some of the Members of Congress, in convening on the day appointed, we are likely to loose the benefit of the Duties on the spring importations\u2014This on a rough Calculation, will amount to twenty, if not thirty Thousand Pounds\u2014The\nembarressments which will naturally flow from this Source, need not to be mentioned\u2014I hope that a Bill for raising an immediate temporary Revenue, will be ready against your Excellency\u2019s arrival: every day is big with important Consequences.\nIf you should make Elizabeth Town a Stage for a Night, I hope Sir, you will not forget that we have Beds and Hearts open for your reception\u2014If your Stage should be at New Ark, my Brother begs the honor of receiving you at his House\u2014I shall try hard to meet your Excellency at Elizabeth Town, if I can obtain leave of Absence.\nMrs Boudinot joins me in partaking deeply & sincerely in Mrs Washingtons feelings on this very important Event, and beg most particularly to be remembered to her. I have the honor to be with every Sentiment of Esteem & Friendship Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt & most Hble Servt\nElias Boudinot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0025", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Levinus Clarkson, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Clarkson, Levinus\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nNew Brunswick St. New Jersey 6th Aprill 1789\nShould your Excey find by a mature investigation of the subscriber character, during the late War, & Life past to merrit an office under the United States, for wc. information I refer your Excy to Govr Livingston Honr Wm Paterson, Ralph Izard, Pierce Butler, Robt Morris, Jno. Jay, Doctor Samuel Johnson, & Chancelor Livingston & other\u27e8s.\u27e9 It will afford relief to a numirous family who have suffered considerably by the late glorious revilution\u2014That it may meet wth your Exceys Approbation is the sincear wish off\u2014Your Exy Most Obediant & Hume Sert\nLevs Clarkson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0026", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Dunlop, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dunlop, James\nSir,\nMount Vernon 6th April 1789\nYour letter of the 3d has been duly received\u2014The Bond of Messrs Montgomerie, Willson, Stewart &ca is in the possession of Mr Keith of Alexandria, along with other papers belonging to the Estate of the decd Colo. Colvil\u2014and the \u00a3600 which you propose to pay, towards the discharge of it, may go into the hands of Colo. Robert T. Hoe (The attorney of Lord Tankerville\nand his brother Mr Bennett, to the last of whom a considerable debt is due).\nFor whatever Sterling Sum Colo. Hoe shall pass his rect, the bond will be credited, further than this I dare not go; because as the Bond is for Sterling it can hardly be expected that I should convert the payments into currency at the par of Exchange, if that part should be below the selling price of Bills; or that I can pay as I receive unless there is some Law of this State that will authorize such an act\u2014of which I have had no opportunity, since the receipt of your letter, to make enquiry.\nIf after the above sum of \u00a3600, & a further sum of one hundred pounds sterling, is paid to Colo. Hoe in the manner above mentioned, more money should come into your hands on the above Acct and advice thereof is given to me, I will, if it should suit at the time, receive a draft on Philadelphia or New York\u2014as proposed. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0027", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, Bryan\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 6th April 1789\nSometime ago Mr Muse informed me by letter\u2014that he expected an order for the delivery to him of the Papers belonging to the Estate in my possession\u2014I answered they were subject to, and ready for that order whenever presented but as a friend\nI would advise him to let them remain in your hands and draw out such only as he might want. To this he seems perfectly agreeable and I mention the matter before I leave home, that if you incline to take charge of them they will be delivered by my Nephew Majr George A. Washington at any time you may call for them.\nOld as the date of the enclosed letter is, it has been but lately received. It is my sincere wish that this tedeous and irksome business could be brought to a close; but less then ever will it be in my power now, to afford any aid towards the accomplishment of it. Mrs Bomford must therefore turn her attention to some others as an Attorney, for the purpose of receiving her money, if it ever should be recovered\u2014With best wishes for Mrs Fairfax and your family, and with sentiments of sincere regard and friendship. I am Dr Sir, Yr Most Obedt & Affect. Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0028", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Langdon, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Langdon, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York, 6th April, 1789.\nI have the honor to transmit to your Excellency the information of your unanimous election to the Office of President of the United States of America. Suffer me, Sir, to indulge the hope, that so auspicious a mark of public confidence will meet your approbation, and be considered as a sure pledge of the affection and support you are to expect from a free and an enlightened people. I am, Sir, with sentiments of respect, Your obedient humble servant.\nJohn Langdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0031", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Montgomerie, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Montgomerie, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 6th April 1789\nYour favor of the 29th Ulto came duly to hand, since which I have received a letter from Mr Dunlop informing me that he had about \u00a3600 Sterling which he was ready to pay on account of the Bond of Messrs Montgomerie, Stewart[,] Wilson &ca but that he had been instructed to do this in Current Money at the par of Exchange. The meaning of which I know not unless there is an act of Assembly authorizing of it (of which, having had little to do in matters of this sort of late years, I profess myself ignorant)\u2014For I conceive if the Exchange was below par this instruction would not have been given and If above it, that it was improper; unless, as I have said before there is an operative law of this State to that effect equally applicable to Debtor and Creditor. As I am only an agent in this business, & shall pay as fast I receive the money it behoves me to act with circumspection; I have, Therefore, requested Mr Dunlop to pay the sum he has in hand to Colo. Hooe, who is the Attorney of Lord Tankerville and his Brother Mr Bennett; to the last of whom there is due from the Estate of Colo. Colvil \u00a3900 Sterling independent of interest; informing him, that for whatever Sterling sum Colo. Hooe shall pass his rect, the Bond shall be credited;\nfor it matters not with me in what manner they settle so I can charge what is receipt for.\nIn order that there may be a clear understanding of the parties with respect to the payment of interest, on this Bond, I should be glad to know whether it is the determination of the Obligeors to dispute this point, or not: and upon what principle if they do? Between Citizen & Citizen, I am told there is not a single instance in this State, or Maryland that denies it on the contrary, that in the latter some late law has passed exprsly recognizing and directing it: In what then does this case differ from the latter? The Assignees of Mr Semple now the Obligeors in the Bond, are in this case as I conceive his Representatives; was Semple then, in this bargain considered as an alien? or, does others, by becoming paymasters for him, make it a British debt? and even in this supposition, is there any decision in point, by which interest has been stopped? I ask these questions for information, for the principal object of my enquiry is to know, decidedly, the intention of the Obligeors whether they do, or do not mean to allow it. With very great esteem and regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0032", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nNew York April 6th 1789\nThis will be delivered by Mr Charles Thompson, who has the honour to be charged with the Public Dispatches which announce your Election to the first Office in the American Empire\u2014Permit me on this occasion to congratulate your Excellency, not on the appointment to Office, for your honors and happiness were compleat without it, but upon this unequivical\nproof of the gratitude of Millions whose sense of your services and virtues is fully manifested by their unanimous Suffrage.\nMay you, Sir, long continue an instrument in the hands of Providence to dispense happiness to the People who have received Liberty at your hands, and may they ever continue equally sensible of, and grateful for, your Services. You have an arduous task to perform, in which you will have a right to call forth all the assistance which your Friends & the Friends of their Country, can supply\u2014As one of this description I pray you to beleive that every exertion I am capable of will ever be devoted to your aid in the noble attempt to establish an energetic Government for the United States, beleiving as I do that such a Government is absolutely necessary to perpetuate the Liberties, promote the Interests, and secure the happiness of this People. I conclude that the unanimous voice of America is irresistable and that you will soon set out on your journy for this City. Mrs Washington I hope, will accompany you, and as Philadelphia is in the route, Mrs Morris joins me in the request that you will honour us with your company during your stay in that City. And as the journy will be fatiguing, we hope you will make it a resting place of some days, when probably you may think it adviseable to proceed from thence to New York some time before Mrs Washington, in order to get through the first forms of etiquette, and in order to make the necessary arrangements of your Household, in that case Mrs Morris prays that Mrs Washington will gratify her wishes by remaining with us untill all things are ready for her reception here, and she will then have the pleasure to accompany her to New York. Assuring myself of your compliance with these requests, I remain with the highest Respect and sincerest Attachment Dear Sir Your most obedient & obliged hble servant\nRobt Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0034", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Shippen, Jr., 6 April 1789\nFrom: Shippen, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nDear & honord Sir\nPhiladelphia 6. April 1789.\nThe reason of my taking the liberty to enclose a part of my sons Letter to your Excellency & to give you the trouble of reading it you will see in the extract. The Letter is dated London Feby 2. 1789\u27e8.\u27e9 I have not shown the part relative to the treaty of commerce to any one. Mr Shippen will leave Europe in August.\nI rejoice with all the citizens of America at your appointment to the first seat in the Empire & am hon\u2019d Sir with the most profound respect & veneration Your obed. & humbe Servt\nW. Shippen, Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0035", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Wayne, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Wayne, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond State of Georgia 6th April 1789\nAccept of my warmest & sincerest congratulations, upon your appointment to the Presidency of the United States of America! & altho\u2019 it cannot add to the Illustrious Character, you have so justly merited & established through the World, yet it reflects additional honor upon the Western Empire\u2014by a display of her Wisdom\u2014prudence & Gratitude, in the choice she\nhas made of her greatest soldier\u2014ablest statesman\u2014& truest friend, to preside over her!\nThe task she has assigned you is ardious\u2014but you are equal to it\u2014the unbounded confidence placed in you, by every class of Citizens (which no other man cou\u2019d expect or hope for) will contribute to render it less difficult\u2014in fact\u2014it is a Crisis that requires a Washington! I am therefore tempted to take the liberty, as an individual, sincerely devoted to you, & to my Country, to pray you to accept of the trust now committed to your charge! & at the same time to offer my ready & best services, shou\u2019d they be at any time wanted, either in the Civil or Military line, in any quarter of America.\nhave the goodness to pardon this freedom as it flows from the heart of a sincere friend & also permit me to introduce Brigr Genl James Jackson (a representative from the State of Georgia) who I know to be a valuable Citizen\u2014a good Soldier, & an honest man.\nI hope to have the honor of paying my respects to you at the seat of Government in the course of the ensuing summer Interim I am with every sentiment of regard & Esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most Obt & very Hume Sert\nAnty Wayne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0036", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Curson, 7 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Curson, Richard\nSir,\nMount Vernon 7th April 1789\nI have just received a letter from Mr Shotwell of New York, surviving partner of the House of Embree and Shotwell\u2014informing me that he had shipped a quantity of Clover and Timothy seed to Baltimore for me (no vessel offering for Alexandria) and had directed it to you\u2014As soon as it may arrive I will thank you to have it sent round here in any manner that will be most expeditious, for it is necessary that it should get to hand in a very short time or the season for sowing will be over and an unspeakable disadvantage accrue to me thereby\u2014I have expected it for more than a month past and have delayed my farming business unreasonably for want of it\u2014I should therefore wish to have it immediately, and am willing to allow any reasonable extra expence which may arise from sending it immediately. I am &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0037", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Shotwell, 7 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Shotwell, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon 7th April 1789\nTo promise what one does not perform is at all times wrong but in the delay of the Grass-seeds with which you undertook to supply me, I have sustained an irrepairable injury in as much as that my whole system of husbandry is deranged by it. \u00a3500 would be no compensation for this disappointment\u2014My spring grain with which these seeds were to be sown, are now almost entirely in the ground and a large part of it up\u2014I have therefore but two alternatives to choose from\u2014viz.\u2014not to sow them this spring, and thereby to have my whole system entirely deranged or by Scattering them over ground which has got hard have little prospect of their vegitating\u2014or to be exposed in that case with little root to injuries from spring or Summer\ndroughts\u2014or the frosts of Winter\u2014The difference of price between which you were, to furnish these Seeds at and what you say you have now given is no object, though at less than the latter I could with certainty have been supplied from Philadelphia by a Gentleman who has never deceived me\u2014And strange it is that at this late period the seed should go to Baltimore when I have been informed two Vessels have arrived at Alexandria from New York within a few Days. I am Sir your Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0039", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Vincent Gray, 8 April 1789\nFrom: Gray, Vincent\nTo: Washington, George\nHonoured Sir,\nDumfries [Va.] 8th April 1789.\nFrom a report, I have understood, that you wanted in your Family a Steward, or rather wood want one it when you arrivd in New York, I have not had the Honour to be personnally known to you, but being sensible of the high & honourable\noffice which you are now appointed to, I take the liberty to offer my service, to serve you in that capasity, should you find me worthy & capable of executing that office, I expect you wood want a Character with me, before you would make any engagement which I wood wish, & can get you, I expect one from two Gentlemen which I will mention, will be a full sattisfactory one to you, one of them is General Smallwood of Maryland whom I am a neighbours Son of, & who is a perticular friend to me, & the other is the Honble Wm Grayson of Virga who has been acquainted with me for these six years, & who is the greatest friend to me, that I have in the States, & who I have had the Honour to be trusted with business of his, of the highest importance, should any others be necessary, I can get any one else you please, in this part of the Country, I also can inform you that I had the honour of a commission as Lieutenat in our County & Town Militia conferd on me Last year which commisn I now hold, & I also had \u27e8the\u27e9 honour to be appointed by the Governor & council of this state in a branch of the customs, as Searcher at the port of quantico, on Potomack River, which Commission I now hold, & executes, but as the new plan of Goverment will now be put into execution all our commissions as State officers will be abolished, Tho I have every assurety from my Friends the Honble Wm Grayson & the Honble R.H. Lee of geting an appointment in the customs or Militerry, with the honour of your signature, but as I have a desire to see as much of the world as I can I wood for experiance, perfer that birth in your Family to either, being concious at the same time Should you find me worthy & deserving of perferment you wood not be backward in perfering me, Should, only you not be supplyd yet, I flatter my self that I could fill that office much to your sattisfaction, and by droping a line to me, at the post office in Dumf\u27e8ries\u27e9 It shall be duly attended to, and answered emediately, with information of my abilities to entitle me to tha\u27e8t\u27e9 office, & at 12 or 15 dayes Notice, I could be ready to attend your call, leaving me only time to go to Richmond, to settle with the Auditer of public Acco\u27e8ts\u27e9 & write to & receive an answer from Colo. Grayson, which I expect could be done in twelve days, & should you be Supplyd with a Steward, & have any other office that such a person could fill, I shall be very happy\nto Serve you, & begs leave to subscribe my self with due respect, your Very Obt and most Humble Servant\nVincent Gray\nN.B. I am a young, & single person.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0041", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Marshall, 8 April 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Marshall, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Marshall, 8 April 1789. On 11 April GW wrote to Marshall: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 8 Instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0042", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ezekiel Forman, 9 April 1789\nFrom: Forman, Ezekiel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAuburn Pennsylvania 9th April 1789\nAltho\u2019 my time during the late War was much employed in the business of it, I have no confidence that your Excellency will recollect me, from my signature, and this is no time to urge upon any subject more than becomes absolutely necessary: for this, and other reasons, I must beg to refer your Excellency to others, for information respecting my character, and such requisites as you may be pleased to inform your self about, in consequence of my present application. Presuming the establishment of a Court of Law, under our Federal Government, must of necessity take effect, and expecting such establishment will require a Sheriff, or some Officer to act in that capacity: my present intention in giving your Excellency the trouble of this letter is, to solicit the favor of being appointed to that Office, under what-ever title or description it may assume. This favor I should have solicited in person, but from an apprehension and fear, that it might for a few moments have called your Excellencies attention from more important matters, which I wish not to interrupt.\nIf your Excellency will be pleased to keep me in mind, respecting this appointment, it will lay me under very great obligations; and if you shall judge this my request consistant with the public interest, which I am sure will govern all your determinations, upon this, and similar applications, I will hope for your Excellencies favourable decision. I have the Honor to be, with the greatest defference and respect, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient, And most Humble Servant,\nEzekl Forman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0043", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 10 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel-Guillaume St. Jean de\nSir,\nMount Vernon 10th April 1789.\nI had the honor to receive, by the last post, your very polite letter; and must beg you to accept of my warmest acknowledgments for the felicitations and good wishes which were contained in it.\nA combination of circumstances, and events, seems to have rendered my embarking again on the ocean of publick affairs, inevitable. How opposite this is to my own desires and inclinations,\nI need not say; those who know me are, I trust, convinced of it. For the rectitude of my intentions I appeal to the Great Searcher of hearts\u2014and if I know myself, I can declare, that no prospects however flattering\u2014no personal advantage however great\u2014no desire of fame however easily it might be acquired, could induce me to quit the private walks of life at my age and in my situation. But if, by any exertion, or services of mine, my Country can be benefitted, I shall feel more amply compensated for the sacrifices which I make, than I possibly could be by any other means.\nI am very happy to find, by the translations which you was so polite, as to send me, that there is so essential a change in the political opinions of the French Nation. Indeed, the American Revolution, or the peculiar light of the age, seems to have opened the eyes of almost every nation in Europe; and a spirit of equal liberty appears fast to be gaining ground everywhere, which must afford peculiar satisfaction to every friend of mankind. I have the Honor to be, with very great esteem, Sir Yr most Obedt & most Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0044", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hopkins, 10 April 1789\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond April 10 1789\nHaving been the Loan Officer of the United States in the State of Virginia since the Year 1780, by appointment of the Legislature\u2014and by subsequent arrangments of Congress, not only continued in that Office, but honored in the Year 1785 with an additional appointment of receiver of Continental Taxes within the State, my Views and habits have been formed on the expectaton of holding the Office so long as it may be necessary to the public Interest to continue it, & so long as my conduct shall entitle me to the approbation of Government.\nShould it be deemed proper to continue the Office, either under the present arrangments, or with some modifications, I conceive it incumbent on me to communicate to the President of the United States my wishes on this subject, least my silence\nmay be construed the effect of an inclination to withdraw from public business.\nTrusting entirely to my Conduct as a servant of the United States, which may be fully known from the Honble Board of Treasury, I feel a perfect confidence that no application whatever will come before the president of the United States, supported with little pretentions, than that of a public servant whose discharge of the trust reposed in him he ventures to say has Uniformly received the approbation of those under whom he acted. I have the honor to be Sir with the most profound respect the presidents most obedient & Most humble servant\nJno. Hopkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0045", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 10 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon April 10th 1789\nThe cloth & Buttons which accompanied your favor of the 30th Ult., came safe by Colo. Hanson; and really do credit to the Manufactures of this Country. As it requires Six more of the large (engraved) button to trim the Coat in the manner I wish it to be, I would thank you, my good Sir, for procuring that number and retaining them in your hands until my arrival at New York.\nNot to contemplate (though it is a serious object) the loss which you say the General Government will sustain in the article of Impost, the stupor, or listlessness with which our public measures seem to be pervaded, is, to me, matter of deep regret. Indeed it has so strange an appearance that I cannot but wonder how men who sollicit public confidence or who are even prevailed upon to accept of it, can reconcil\u27e8e\u27e9 such conduct with their own feelings of propriety. The delay is inauspicious to say the best of it\u2014and the world must contemn it. With sentiments of the sincerest friendship, I am Yr affectionate\nGo: Washington\nP.S. The advices by the Mail of this Evening will, surely, inform us of a Quorum in both Houses of Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0046", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Dandridge, 11 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dandridge, John\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 11th April 1789\nI have duly received your letter of the 2d Instt\u2014and in replying to it, again assure you, with great sincerity, that whatever my own wants of money may be if you think more than \u00a3800 can (by waiting till times get a little better) be had for your Land in Gloucester County it will be perfectly agreeable to me to let the debt due to me from your fathers Estate remain on its present footing. For I do not wish you to part from the land for one shilling less then you think it is worth\u2014nor that you should put the estate to the least in convenience to raise money for me by any other means. If after making this declaration which you may rely on is sincere\u2014you are still more disposed to part with the land at the price mentioned in Colo. Lewis\u2019s letter than to keep it, or to sell it on credit I can, and shall rely on you to make me a good and secure title to it and for having it recorded in the General Court\u2014The doing of which will exonerate the Estate from so much of the debt due from it to me.\nYour Aunt, Sister, and others of the family are all well\u2014and join me in every good wish for you, your Mother &ca with very great regard, I am Dr Sir Your Affecte Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0047", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Marshall, 11 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Marshall, John\nSir,\nMount Vernon 11th April 1789\nI have duly received your letter of the 8 Instt\u2014From a bad memory, I can recollect nothing of the circumstances relating to the payment of the money by Colo. Pendleton more than what is stated in my books. The Acct with the Executors of Mr Armstead was transmitted to you\u2014and I find the entry of the Cash paid by Colo. Pendleton to stand thus on my Cash Acct\u20141765 May 10th To Cash of Mr Edmd Pendleton on Acct of Armsteads Exectrs protest\u2014\u00a3100 Virginia Currency\u2014and the payment made by Mr Montgomerie was on the same acct\u2014I do no[t] know of any act by which I have discharged the Executors and taken Mr Armsteads for my debtor; if any such thing has been done the Executors will certainly be able to shew it.\nI have been lately informed that Mrs Armsteads sons are dead and have left their families not in very good circumstances. If this is the case\u2014and the payment of the debt due to me would distress them I must beg that you will not proceed any further in the matter, for however pressing my want of money is at present I had much rather lose the debt than that the widow and fatherless should suffer by my recovering it\u2014You will please to accept of my thanks for your attention to the letter which I wrote to your father. And believe me to be, with very great esteem. Sir yours &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0048", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Daniel Brodhead, 12 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brodhead, Daniel\nSir,\nMount Vernon, April 12th 1789\nYour letter of the 4th instant came duly to hand\u2014It would be an arduous, if not an impracticable, task for me to travel over\nthe ground of services rendered by all the Officers of the American Army (for no line of determination, when the business was once begun, could be drawn) in order to form certificates that would apply to every character, and do equal justice to merit on the one hand, and to candor on the other, nor indeed would my memory, if it is on this I am to depend, enable me to do it\u2014For these reasons, and because (viewing myself in the character of a private citizen) I have had doubts of the propriety of the measure, few, very few certificates have passed from me since my return to private life\u2014and these wholly, I believe, to Officers who were about to leave the country, and thence might have greater occasion for them than those who remained at home, where their conduct was known, and where their commissions would be sufficient evidence to posterity of the rank they sustained in the accomplishment of the revolution. I am Sir, Your most obedient, humble Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0049", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 12 April 1789\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir.\nBaltimore 12 April 1789.\nI have the honor to inclose you, in conformity with the desire of a committee of citizens of this place a copy of an address intended to be presented to you on your way to Congress. It is a small tribute, but I can assure you it contains nothing which every one here does not feel.\nI recd your letter of the 1st instant. I must confess your reasons are of the most considerate kind, but you did not know that my house is very large. You no doubt will be governed by circumstances, and should you stay for eight and forty hours will permit me to dispute the point with Mr Grant.\nMr Charles Thompson slept on this side the Susquehannah last night and is expected here this evening. With the most sincere respect and affection I am Dr Sir Your ob. st\nJames McHenry\nMr Thomson is arrived and leaves this tomorrow morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0050", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 13 April 1789\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilada April 13th 1789\nInclosed is Invoice of the Buckwheat shipped by the Sloop Charming Polly Capt. Ellwood who sails to morrow for Alexandria\u2014The Captain has not yet Called for the Bill of Lading but it shall be sent by the Vessel with the Certificate to save Duties.\nI informed your Excellency that I had again been disappointed (as I had twice before after positive Engagements) of a part of the Buckwheat but as I had so nearly accomplished the Order and no Opportunity again Offers before you will probably pass through I shall wait til then for your directions and am with great Esteem\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0051", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Archibald Moncrief, 13 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moncrief, Archibald\nSir,\nMount Vernon 13 April 1789\nI have in my possession a bill of Exchange f[or] 333 24/72 Dollars drawn upon you by Mr Donald of Richmond in favor of David Stuart Esqr. payable five days after Sight\u2014and will thank\nyou to have the money ready for me to receive when I pass through Baltimore. I am Sir your Most Obedt Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0053", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hickman, Jr., 14 April 1789\nFrom: Hickman, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria April 14th 1789.\nSince I had the Honour of waiting on your Excellency at your House for the purpose of soliciting a contrebution from you towards the erection of a Chapel or House of Worship (for the accomodation of the Methodist Episcopal Church) in this Town: I was flattered to hope we should be able to raise a sufficient sum of Money without calling on you, especially at a time when we are apprehensive you cannot with great convenience spare it: but being disappointed in our expectations (not from any unwillingness we discover in our fellow citizens to promote the undertakeing, but from the scarcity & difficulty of raising money) we are constrained tho\u2019 with the greatest reluctance to make this application: and I am authorised by the above society of people in this place, to assure you that whatever sum you may think proper to bestow for the above purpose will be thankfully received at any period during the ensuing Summer (should it not be perfectly convenient for you to give at present) and that it will ever be remembered by them as an additional mark (to the many already given) of your willingness & Zeal to promote every laudible undertakeing, as well as the Happiness & prosperity of this Town in particular\u2014we have been favoured with the subscription of the names of Colonel Hooe, Josiah Watson, George Gilpin, Richard Arell, & several other of the respectable Citizens for (generally) about from Ten to Twenty Dollars, & I have been promised, assistance whenever the building is begun, from Capt. Conway, Capt. Jno. Harper, Mr John Muir, Doctr Brown Colonel Fitzgerald, & indeed, from every\nGentleman but Two to whom I have apply\u2019d; I should have been happy to have seen you, but as I am Just seting out for Berkeley I presume you will be gone to the northward before my return home: should you be inclined to favour our wishes: you will be pleased to lodge some information for me with some of your friends in Alexandria either in writing, or verbally, that we may Know how to make our Calculations\u2014wishing you an agreeable Journey to the north, and all possible Happiness in every event of life. I am with very Great Respect Sir your Obedient Hbe Servt\nWm Hickman Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0054", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Jay, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nNew York 14 Ap. 1789\nOn my Return last Evening from a Fortnights absence in the country, I was informed that proper arrangements for your immediate accommodation were not yet made. Permit me therefore to take the Liberty of requesting the Favor of You to be with me in the mean Time; and if Mrs Washington should accompany you, we should be still more happy. As the measures which were in contemplation on this Subject, would have given an earlier Invitation the appearance of a mere Compliment, it was omitted. I really think you would experience at least as few Inconveniences with me, as in any other Situation here. Your Reluctance to give Trouble will doubtless suggest objections\u2014apprized of this, we shall be particularly careful to preserve such a Degree of Simplicity in our domestic managemt as will render you easy on that Head\u2014In a word\u2014you shall be recd and entertained exactly in the way which if in your place, I should prefer\u2014vizt with plain and friendly Hospitality\u2014You will soon want a Secretary, and it would be convenient to have him near You\u2014Let me therefore add, that I have a Room very much at his Service, and which may as well be occupied by him as remain as it now is\u2014empty.\nI cannot conclude this Letter without thanking You, as an american, for generously complying with the wishes of our Country at this interesting period. personal considerations\nstrongly recommend Retirement, and none but public and national ones could draw you from it. The People at large seem sensible of this, & do you Justice; & I am glad of it for their Sake as well as yours, for the more Justice they do you, the more good you will be able to do them. With the most perfect Esteem & Regard I am Dr Sir your affte & hble Servt\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0055", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Langdon, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Langdon, John\nSir,\nMount Vernon April 14th 1789.\nI had the honor to receive your Official Communication, by the hand of Mr Secretary Thompson, about one o\u2019clock this day. Having concluded to obey the important & flattering call of my Country, and having been impressed with an idea of the expediency of my being with Congress at as early a period as possible; I propose to commence my journey on thursday morning which will be the day after to morrow. I have the honor to be with sentiments of esteem Sir Your most obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0057", "content": "Title: Address to Charles Thomson, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Thomson, Charles,United States Senate\n[Mount Vernon, 14 April 1789]\nSir, I have been long accustomed to entertain so great a respect for the opinion of my fellow citizens, that the knowledge of their unanimous suffrages having been given in my favour scarcely leaves me the alternative for an Option. Whatever may have been my private feelings and sentiments, I believe I cannot give a greater evidence of my sensibility for the honor they have done me than by accepting the appointment.\nI am so much affected by this fresh proof of my country\u2019s esteem and confidence, that silence can best explain my gratitude\u2014While I realize the arduous nature of the task which is conferred on me and feel my inability to perform it, I wish there may not be reason for regreting the choice. All I can promise is only that which can be accomplished by an honest zeal.\nUpon considering how long time some of the gentlemen of both houses of Congress have been at New York, how anxiously desirous they must be to proceed to business and how deeply the public mind appears to be impressed with the necessity of doing it immediately I cannot find myself at liberty to delay my Journey\u2014I shall therefore be in readiness to set out the day after to morrow, and shall be happy in the pleasure of your company. For you will permit me to say that it was a peculiar gratification to have received the communication from you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0059", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Mayor, Corporation, and Citizens of Alexandria, 16 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mayor, Corporation, and Citizens of Alexandria\nGentlemen,\n[Alexandria, 16 April 1789]\nAlthough I ought not to conceal, yet I cannot describe, the painful emotions which I felt in being called upon to determine whether I would accept or refuse the Presidency of the United States. The unanimity in the choice, the opinion of my friends, communicated from different parts of Europe, as well as of America, the apparent wish of those, who were not altogether satisfied with the Constitution in its\u2019 present form, and an ardent desire on my own part, to be instrumental in conciliating the good will of my countrymen towards each other have induced an acceptance.\nThose who have known me best (and you, my fellow citizens,\nare from your situation, in that number) know better than any others my love of retirement is so great, that no earthly consideration, short of a conviction of duty, could have prevailed upon me to depart from my resolution, \u201cnever more to take any share in transactions of a public nature\u201d\u2014For, at my age, and in my circumstances, what possible advantages could I propose to myself, from embarking again on the tempestuous and uncertain ocean of public-life?\nI do not feel myself under the necessity of making public declarations, in order to convince you, Gentlemen, of my attachment to yourselves, and regard for your interests. The whole tenor of my life has been open to your inspection; and my past actions, rather than my present declarations, must be the pledge of my future conduct.\nIn the meantime I thank you most sincerely for the expressions of kindness contained in your valedictory address\u2014It is true, just after having bade adieu to my domestic connections, this tender proof of your friendship is but too well calculated still farther to awaken my sensibility, and encrease my regret at parting from the enjoyments of private life.\nAll that now remains for me is to commit myself and you to the protection of that beneficient Being, who on a former occasion hath happily brought us together, after a long and distressing separation\u2014Perhaps the same gracious Providence will again indulge us with the same heartfelt felicity. But words, my fellow-citizens, fail me: Unutterable sensations must then be left to more expressive silence: while, from an aching heart, I bid you all, my affectionate friends, and kind neighbours, farewell!\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0060", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Ward, 16 April 1789\nFrom: Ward, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston, April 16th 1789. \u201cAt this era, when every moment of your time is precious, I feel reluctance to call one tho\u2019t from public concerns\u2014but the impulse, kindled by the double ardour of affection to my Country, and to her beloved General, is irresistible. When I felt only for my General, I could not consent that his tranquility, and his fame, should again be put to hazard on the boundless ocean of labour, and the wild tempest of politicks\u2014but when I thought only of our Country, my ardour was unbounded for his advancement to guide the nation\u2014Providence, has determined the great question, by an event unparalleled in the world, the voice of a whole Continent\u2014In this Decision, I acquiesce with sensations too pleasurable and strong to be transcribed from the heart.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0061", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Citizens of Baltimore, 17 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of Baltimore\nGentlemen,\n[Baltimore, 17 April 1789]\nThe tokens of regard and affection, which I have often received from the Citizens of this Town, were always acceptable; because, I believed them, always sincere. Be pleased to receive my best acknowledgments for the renewal of them, on the present occasion.\nIf the affectionate partiality of my fellow Citizens has prompted them to ascribe greater effects to my conduct & character, than were justly due; I trust, the indulgent sentiment on their part, will not produce an overweening presumption on mine.\nI cannot now, Gentlemen, resist my feelings so much, as to withhold the communication of my ideas, respecting the actual situation and prospect of our national affairs. It appears to me, that little more than common sense and common honesty, in the transactions of the community at large, would be necessary to make us a great and a happy Nation. For if the general Government, lately adopted, shall be arranged & administered in such a manner as to acquire the full confidence of the American People, I sincerely believe, they will have greater advantages, from their Natural, moral & political circumstances, for public felicity, than any other People ever possessed.\nIn the contemplation of those advantages, now soon to be realized, I have reconciled myself to the sacrafice of my fondest wishes, so far as to enter again upon the stage of Public life. I know the delicate nature of the duties incident to the part which I am called to perform; and I feel my incompetence, without the singular assistance of Providence to discharge them in a satisfactory manner. But having undertaken the task, from a sense of duty, no fear of encountering difficulties and no dread of losing popularity, shall ever deter me from pursuing what I conceive to be the true interests of my Country. Yet after a consciousness of having been actuated by the purest motives alone, and after having made use of the most persevering endeavors in my power to advance the public weal, I shall consider it as next to a miracle, if I may be so fortunate as to go out of office with a reputation as unsullied by the breath of obloquy, as that which I flatter myself I have hitherto maintained. In all\ncontingencies you will remember, Gentlemen, when I was entering on the chief magistracy I told you \u201cthat it would be no unprecedated thing, if the close of a life, (mostly consumed in public cares) should be embittered by some ungrateful event[.]\u201d But in the present instance, that circumstance would be accounted by me of little moment, provided, in the mean time, I shall have been in the smallest degree instrumental in securing the liberties and promoting the happiness of the American People.\u201d\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0062", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Committee of Congress, 17 April 1789\nFrom: Committee of Congress\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York April 17th 1789\nThe Committee appointed in consequence of the Resolutions of both Houses of Congress, and which accompany this Note most respectfully communicate their appointment to the President of the United States, with a request that he will please to have it signified to them when they shall attend, with a Barge which has been prepared for that purpose, to receive him at Elizabeth Town or at such other place as he shall chose to embark from New-Jersey for this City.\nJohn Langdon\nCharles Carroll of Carrollton\nWm Samuel Johnson\nElias Boudinot\nTheodorick Bland\nThos Tudr Tucker\nEgbt Benson\nJohn Lawrance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0064", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 17 April 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir,\nBaltimore April 17th 1789\nI called at Mr Moncrieff\u2019s with the enclosed bill, and was informed that he went over to the Eastern Shore some time last week, and was not expected home for several days. I could find no person who transacted his business in his absence from whom I might have gained some information respecting the payment of the bill. I have therefore left it that you may do with\nit as you think best. Perhaps it might be well to leave it in the hands of some Gentleman here who will receive payment of it when Mr Moncrieff returns, and remit the money to New York.\nMr Curson informed me that he had shipped the seeds on board a vessel bound to Alexandria, which had sailed yesterday morning\u2014and that he had charged the Captain to land them at Mount Vernon on his way up the River.\nWith my best wishes for a pleasant Journey\u2014and in expectation of the happiness of seeing you shortly. I am, my dear Sir, Very respectfully & sincerely Your affectionate & Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 17 April 1789\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nBaltimore, 17 April 1789. Recommends for office Robert Purviance, Joshua Barney, and Robert Ballard. \u201cShould these persons be found acceptable I can assure you that it will give great joy to the federalists of this town. The cause in this place owes much to them and their friends. I have one other memorandum which I beg to deposit with you. When the inferior federal courts are organised I shall esteem it a favor done to myself, if you will consider a Mr John Caldwell, a lawyer, and my brother in law, as a candidate for the United States attorney to the Inferior federal court for this State. I view this office as more honorable than pecuniary, and pledge myself for his talents, prudence, and integrity. May god long preserve you, and continue you a blessing to the people and the honor of human nature. If I have any wish for myself, it is that you will sometimes condescend to remember one who is most affectionately and sincerely devoted to you.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0066", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter Jaquett, 18 April 1789\nFrom: Jaquett, Peter\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWilmington [Del.] 18th April 1789\nA series of misfortune since the conclusion of the late War oblidges me to trouble your Excellency with this application\u2014After having served to the end of the War, I returned to my farm in expectation of a convenient subsistance at least, but the winds and the waters have conspired to overwhelm my little Plantation, and the unrightious Government of Delaware has deprived me of the only fund, by which I could have fortified against these furious Elements. In short sir, the small parcel of Land which I hold, consists chiefly of the low grounds and meadows near Wilmington, which by the breaking of the Banks, have been constantly overflowed for several years, and I have not the means of repairing the Banks and reclaiming the marshes; those aids, which might have been expected from our publick securities, we have been deprived of, by the prevailing Politic\u2019s of this State.\nThis short history may serve to inform Your Excellency, that I am in a situation not very easy or happy, and will Appologize I hope for troubling you with an Application for some Appointment under the new Government.\nI confess to your Excellency, that the Naval Office and Collectorship of Wilmington, would be most agreeable to me, But, if I should not be so happy as to obtain either of them, a militery appointment would oblidge me much, And I flatter myself Sir, that there is yet in your Excellencys Breast, an Advocate in favour of those Officers of your Army who served through a Doubtfull War as good soldiers, and have lived since the Peace as honest and peaceable Citizens, And as I am the only Officer\nwho has served in the Line of the Delaware State that will make application to your Excellency at present, I flatter myself with success.\nWhen I recollect how accurately your Excellency used to recognize and discriminate each and every officer of your Army, I cannot but flatter myself that I am not entirely unknown as a soldier, notwithstanding the three last years of my service I was detached from your Excellency, under the more immediate Command of that verry excellent and respectable Officer Major General Green. I shall rely upon these recommendations to obtain Your Excellency\u2019s favour and Patronage, rather than on the influence of the great. I have the Honour to be with the greatest Affection, Your Excellencys, most Obt Humb. servt\nPeter Jaquett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0067", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 18 April 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBoston April 18th 1789\nI had the pleasure a few days since of receiving your Excellencys very kind favor of the 11 Ulto\u2014My letter to which you refer was of such a nature that I did not expect an answer for I was confident that there had been a great number of applications and that the line of conduct which your Excellency adopted was the one which you would pursue\u2014I expected no more than to be on the roll of those who would take a part in the administration of the general government if asked. I wish it success; and with all the partiality I have for my self, I do not nourish a desire of an appointment, which shall not be embraced by that equitable rule which you have so wisely chalked out for your self Sir that in all your nominations you would \u201cact with a sole reference to justice and the public good[.]\u201d Your Excellencys assurances of friendship and of a disposition to serve me merit my most cordial thanks and I should have met you at New York and personally have presented them and my best regards did there not at this moment circumstances exist which involve the matter in peculear delicacy. New York is now filled with a croud of applicants my taking this opportunity therefore to wait upon your Excellency would be considered as increasing the number and it might excite observations unpleasing if not unkind[.] Should there be a moment when I can go on with propriety I shall gladly embrace it.\nI am a little anxious lest failing in the first instance to change the nature of the constitution some will endeavour to establish an influence in the several States which shall controul, eventually, the general government and make it subservient to their views\u2014To effect this purpose they will not leave any measures untried. They begin already to suggest that the different States must be consulted and that Congress must not adopt measures which are unpopular with them. That the supream executive of each State must be consulted and have the naming of all officers to be appointed by Congress to act in the States respectively. A measure of this kind would effectually destroy the influence of the President and the general government which would have but little check upon officers so appointed their great concern would be to maintain their influence in that body in which their\nappointment oreginated. Congress has great points to carry they must progress slowly and with the utmost caution but I hope and trust that they will consider the absolute importance of Progressing for the moment they make one retrogade motion for the sake of a compromise with any State they will be laying the ax at the root of the constitution by which it will soon be hewen down should that be the case things will fall back into a state tenfold more perplexing than ever may Heaven avert the sad event. With sentiments of the highest esteem I have the honour of being My dear General Your Excellencys most humble servant\nB. Lincoln\nP.S. I know that the public concerns must engross every moment of your Excellences time I must therefore deny my self the pleasure of writing unless you will dispence as it relates to me, with your exact rule of answering all letters I know you cannot have time to do it.\nI have been requested to mention to your Excellency Majr Sewall Colo. Ward has given his character so fully and I believe justly that I have taken this Liberty to inclose his letter to me which will fully explain the Majors wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Otho Holland Williams, 18 April 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho Holland\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 18th April 1789.\nThe honor of being known to your Excellency will, I trust, excuse my omiting to mention the circumstances which have rendered me, in some degree, dependant upon Government for employment, and for support.\nYour Excellency has been informed that my public Services have been acknowledged by an appointment, in this state, to the most considerable office in the llection of the Imposts. As\nthat appointment will be superceeded by the powers vested in the new federal Government, I write to solicit your Excellency\u2019s gracious attention to my hopes of being continued.\nConscious that the Interest, and the Dignity, of Government will not admit of the influence of private friendship in public appointments I rest my hopes of your Excellency\u2019s approbation entirely upon my experience, and knowledge of the business, and upon a character for assiduity, and Integrity which, I flatter myself, I have been fortunate enough to establish. I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u27e8\u2019s\u27e9 most Obedient and Most Humble Servant\nO.H. Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0069", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Croxall, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Croxall, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nEden Park near Wilmington [Del.] 19 April 1789\nIt was my intention to have done myself the honor of waiting on your Excellency in person but finding you so crouded with applications on the same head, that it would be takeing too great a Liberty with your time.\nyour Excellency may recollect the addition of men I made to Colel Thomas Hartleys Redgt of Contanental Troops, and he can testify my activity both in and out of the Feild dureing the Campaign of 1777 untill the day of my being wounded and made a prisoner of war\u2014near four years expence, and irreparable injury, to my small private fortune, in Captivity and being dureing that period neglected or unjustly deranged, so as to Bar against my final Settlement certificatees, as oth\u27e8ers\u27e9 more fortunate in not being made Captives of injoyed\u2014misfortunes in Commerce since the year 1783 is the leading necessaty to my asking the honor of your Excellencies appointment in this State to the Collectors office of impost\u2014my being a Contanental officer and not in the service of one State more than an other, will I\nhope put me on a par with any State applicant\u2014my Connection with the Hon. Mr R. Morris, whose friendship for me will I hope, answer any further Satisfaction or Satisfactory inquirery you Sir may please to make, and to him I beg your Excellencies refering, for my conduct and character, should it be Sir your pleasure to notice this application. I have the Honor to be Sir Yr Most Humble & Obbdt Sert\nCharles Croxall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0070", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Jackson, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia April 19th 1789.\nAmidst the important cares which engage his attention, will my dear General permit the respectful intrusion of a private request on his goodness? it is the result of an implicit confidence in that goodness, dictated by necessity and declared with candor.\nHaving resolved to refer my wishes entirely to the graciousness of Your Excellency\u2019s disposition towards me, and to the knowledge which observation may have afforded you of my character and conduct, I shall employ no other advocation than the enclosed letter\u2014nor will I presume to trespass farther on your leisure than briefly to state the circumstances which have led to my present situation in life, and most respectfully to offer the reasons why I am solicitous to profit from the favorable sentiments which your Excellency has been pleased to express in my behalf\u2014I cannot doubt that you will pardon this freedom; and I fondly hope to experience the heartfelt satisfaction of receiving\nyour patronage, which is the first wish of my mind, either as it concerns my happiness or interests my ambition.\nEntering into the Army, at the early age of sixteen, it was my lot to pass eight years, the most interesting of my life, in the service of my country\u2014The expence, necessarily induced, to support the character of an officer nearly exhausted my patrimonial pittance, and left me no other consolation, at the close of the war, than the consciousness of having faithfully done my duty. Collecting the remnant of my property I embarked in commerce, which, being neither congenial to my temper, nor favorable to my fortune, I was forced to abandon. Pursuing the advice of my particular friends I then entered upon the study of the law; which profession I have prosecuted to admission into the inferior Courts: but, the rules requiring a longer term of two years probation before I can practice in the supreme-Court (to which a late act of the Legislature has nearly transferred all process) I find myself denied the opportunity of employing any talents I may possess, or of excercising that industry, which a slender fortune, spent in public employ, has left as my sole resource against indigence and unmerited misfortune.\nUnder these circumstances I have determined, my dear General, to resort to your friendship\u2014flattering myself that you will be equal\u27e8ly\u27e9 at liberty to exercise it consistently with your opinions \u27e8of\u27e9 public propriety and private regard. To say that \u27e8I\u27e9 cast myself entirely on your goodness, is but faintly to declare the confidence which my belief of your generous sentiments has inspired\u2014To go farther, and without the previous interference of a single friend, to express my anxious wish of being employed under your immediate and personal direction is indeed presumptious: but, as it engages every solicitude of my mind, I cannot resist the impulse of honorable ambition, which prompts the presumption.\nI should not, my dear General, have troubled you to peruse the enclosed letter, had not my station, in the southern department, denied me the honor of exercising my military functions under your immediate observance\u2014They were executed (I trust the declaration partakes not of vanity) in such manner as to obtain the approbation of my General, and to procure for\nme the inestimable friendship of my beloved Laurens. should they be crowned with the distinguished favor of Your Excellency\u2019s regard, I shall never regret that I have toiled, bled, and been impoverished, in the service of my country\u2014and the affliction that has followed the loss of my much lamented Friend will receive the grateful alleviation that Your Excellency\u2019s remembrance of his worth has conducted me to happiness and honor.\nMy endeavors to be useful to that best of friends in his special mission to the Court of Versailles\u2014and my subsequent agency in forwarding the supplies from Holland, are I believe known to Your Excellency\u2014should they, or any other of my services contribute to obtain a gracious acceptance of this address, I shall hope the honor of a short interview, in which I fondly and anxiously trust it will be my happiness to receive your commands. No consideration can enhance the respectful affection, with which I am, Your Excellency\u2019s obliged, faithful, and devoted Servant\nW.Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0071", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Lyles, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Lyles, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nShuters Hill 19th April 1789\nThis will be forwarded to your Excellency by Robert Young Esqr. of Nottingham, in Maryland, who has in view the appointment of the naval officers birth on patuxent river, his Situation and Knowledge of commercial transactions in every point of view, cannot fail to make him competent to such an appointment\u2014Permit me therefore to assure your Excellency, that from a long acquaintance with Mr Young, I beleive him to be a man, of the strictest probity and integrity, and who I am well persuaded, would afford as much Satisfaction in that office, as any person that could be appointed. with assurances of the highest respect, I have the honor to be, your Excellencies most obt Servt\nWm Lyles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0072", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Smith, 19 April 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Smith, 19 April 1789. On 23 Sept. 1789 GW wrote to Smith: \u201cI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the . . . 19th of April last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0073", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Officials of Wilmington, Delaware, 19\u201320 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Officials of Wilmington, Delaware\nGentlemen,\n[Wilmington, Del., 19\u201320 April 1789]\nIn the respectful address of the Burgesses and common council of the Borough of Wilmington, I recognise the friendly dispositions towards myself, and the patriotic sentiments for the Community at large which have always distinguished the Citizens of Delaware.\nWhen on a former occasion you intimated to me your expectation, that, if any event should again render my services necessary, I would not withhold them from the public, I did not conceive that such an event could exist. I have however been persuaded of the expediency of once more entering on the stage of public affairs. Heaven and my own heart are witnesses for me with how much reluctance I have yielded to that persuasion: But a sense of duty, in my conception, ought to supersede every personal consideration\u2014and the promises of support which I am daily receiving from my fellow-citizens, together with a reliance upon that gracious Providence, which sustained us through our struggle for Liberty, encourage me, (notwithstanding a diffidence in my own abilities) to hope for a happy issue from my present arduous undertaking.\nIn the meantime, I am extremely obliged to you, Gentlemen, for your kind wishes respecting my individual felicity, as well as for your fervent supplications in behalf of the public prosperity.\nG. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0074", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Delaware Society for Promoting Domestic Manufacturers, 19\u201320 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Delaware Society for Promoting Domestic Manufacturers\nGentlemen,\n[Wilmington, Del., 19\u201320 April 1789]\nI return you my sincere thanks for your congratulations and good wishes on my appointment to the Presidency of the United States.\nConvinced that the happy effects which may be derived from our government, must depend, in a considerable degree, on the determinations of the people to support the person entrusted with the administration; I shall rejoice to find that my acceptance has met with their approbation.\nThe promotion of domestic manufactures will, in my conception, be among the first consequences which may naturally be expected to flow from an energetic government\u2014For myself having an equal regard for the prosperity of the farming, trading, and manufacturing interests, I will only observe that I cannot conceive the extension of the latter (so far as it may afford employment to a great number of hands which would be otherwise in a manner idle) can be detrimental to the former\u2014On the contrary the concurrence of virtuous individuals and the combination of \u0153conomical Societies to rely as much as possible on the resources of our own country, may be productive of great national advantages, by establishing the habits of industry\nand \u0153conomy. The objects of your Institution are therefore, in my opinion, highly commendable\u2014and you will permit me to add, Gentlemen, that I propose to demonstrate the sincerity of my opinion on this subject, by the uniformity of my practice, in giving a decided preference to the produce and fabrics of America, whensoever it may be done without involving unreasonable expences, or very great inconveniences.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0075", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Committee of Congress, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Committee of Congress\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia April 20th 1789\nUpon my alighting in this City I received your communication of the 17th with the resolutions of the two Houses which accompanied it and in answer thereto beg leave to inform you that knowing how anxious both houses must be to proceed to business I shall continue my journey with as much dispatch as possible. Tomorrow evening I propose to be at Trenton\u2014the night following at Brunswick and hope to have the pleasure of meeting you at Elizabeth town point on Thursday at 12 Oclock. With the greatest respect & considn I have the Honr to be Gentn yr Most Obedt Hble ser\u27e8vant\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0076", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati\nGentlemen,\n[Philadelphia, 20 April 1789]\nThe Congratulations of my fellow Soldiers & faithful followers in the Military line of this State, on my Election to the Chief Magistracy of the Union, cannot but be exceedingly flattering and pleasing to me; For my mind has been so deeply affected with a grateful sense of the attachment and aid which I have experienced from them, during the Course of our arduous Struggle for Liberty, that the impression will never be effaced.\nHeaven alone can foretell whether any, or what, advantages are to be derived by my Countrymen from my holding the Office; which they have done me the Honor of Conferring upon me; not only without my Solicitations, but even Contrary to my inclinations.\nI promise nothing but an unremitted attention to the duties of the Office. If by that attention I may be so fortunate as still to Continue to possess the Affectionate regard of my fellow Citizens, and particularly of that Body of which you are the Representatives, it will be no small addition to my happiness. The\nSupport which they and you have promised cannot fail, under the smiles of Providence, to contribute largely to the Accomplishment of my wishes, by promoting the prosperity of our Common Country. In the meantime, I thank you, Gentlemen, for the interest you so kindly take in my personal Comfort and Honor, as well as in the prosperity and Glory of the General Government\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0077", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas McKean, 20 April 1789\nFrom: McKean, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 20th 1789.\nInclosed you will receive Addresses from the Trustees and Faculty of the University of the State of Pennsylvania, The Judges of the Supreme court, and the standing Committee of the State Society of Cincinnati.\nThese several Bodies request that you will be pleased to inform me when and where they may have the honor of waiting upon your Excellency with their respective Addresses aforesaid. I am, Sir, with the utmost attachment & regard, Your Excellency\u2019s, Most obedient and most humble servant\nThos McKean", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0078", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council of Philadelphia, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council of Philadelphia\n[Philadelphia, 20 April 1789]\nI consider myself particularly obliged to you, Gentlemen, for your congratulatory address on my appointment to the Station of President of the United States.\nAccustomed as I have been to pay a respectful regard to the Opinion of my Countrymen, I did not think myself at liberty to decline the Acceptance of the high Office, to which I had been called by their United suffrage\u2014When I contemplate the Interposition of Providence, as it was visibly Manifested, in guiding us thro\u2019 the Revolution in preparing us for the Reception of a General Government, and in conciliating the Good will of the People of America, towards one another after its Adoption, I feel myself oppressed and almost overwhelmed with a sence of the Divine Munificence\u2014I feel that nothing is due to my personal agency in all these complicated and wonderful Events, except what can simply be attributed to the exertions of an honest Zeal for the Good of my Country.\nI thank you sincerely for your kind wishes that my Administration may be honorable and happy to myself and Country.\nI Pray you Gentlemen, will accept on your own behalf, as well as that of the Citizens you represent, my heartfelt acknowledgments for the polite welcome I have received upon my arrival in your City; In tendering these acknowledgments I must also desire it may be fully understood: that I entertain the same reciprocal Sensations of Attachment for the Good People of Philadelphia which they have on all occasions evinced in my favor.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0080", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the President and Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: President and Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania\nGentlemen,\n[Philadelphia, 20 April 1789]\nI accept with peculiar pleasure the address of the university of the State of Pennsylvania upon my appointment to the first office in the union.\nNotwithstanding I had most seriously determined never more to take any part in transactions of a public nature; yet a conviction of duty would not suffer me, on the present occasion, to refuse a compliance with the unanimous call of my country\u2014nor could I remain insensible to the honor that was conferred upon me by this fresh and distinguished proof of it\u2019s approbation.\nProbably my fellow-citizens anticipate too many and too great advantages from the appointment\u2014It will however be an object, indeed near to my heart, to verify as far as may be in my power, those favorable presentiments, by endeavoring to secure the liberty and promote the happiness of the american People.\nI am not a little flattered by being considered by the Patrons of literature as one in their number\u2014Fully apprized of the influence which sound learning has on religion and manners, on government, liberty, and laws, I shall only lament my want of abilities to make it still more extensive. I conceive hopes, however, that we are at the eve of a very enlightened Era. The same unremitting exertions, which, under all the blasting storms of war, caused the arts and sciences to flourish in America, will doubtless bring them nearer to maturity, when they shall have been sufficiently invigorated by the milder rays of peace.\nI return you my hearty thanks for your devout intercession at the Throne of Grace for my felicity both here and hereafter.\nMay you also, Gentlemen, after having been the happy instruments of diffusing the blessings of literature and the comforts of religion, receive the just compensation for your virtuous deeds.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0084", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac Sherman, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Sherman, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew Haven [Conn.] 20th April 1789.\nNearly eleven years of the prime of life I have appropriated to the service of the public; eight years in the armies of the united states, and part of three years in the surveying department. Nearly the whole of the savings of eight years of uninterrupted military services I have expended in order to carry into effect the land ordinance of Congress\u2014This I did from an order to promote the public good, and from an expectation that my exertions would have been ultimately rewarded: but the reverse of this has happened. From these considerations I have been lead to hope; and from a desire to render my country every service in my power, I am induced to ask for an appointment under the new government. I have no particular office in view to solicit, for I do not know what appointments will be made. That your Excellency will not be unmindfull of me among the numerous applications for offices is my most sincere\nwish. With every sentiment of Esteem and respect, I have the Honor to be, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s Most humble Servant,\nIsaac Sherman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Bache, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Bache, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 21st 1789.\nI take the liberty to submit to Your Excellency\u2019s consideration & patronage, the inclosed Memorial.\nAs I propose shortly (if permitted) to pay my personal respects to Your Excellency at Newyork, I have only to add, that I have the honor to be, with the greatest Defference & respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt & very Humbe Servant\nRich. Bache\nApril 21st 1789\nThe Petition of Richard Bache respectfully sheweth\nThat in the year 1775 when the Honorable the Congress of the United Colonies (as they were then stiled) directed the Establishment of Post Offices throughout the Continent, and appointed Benjamin Franklin Esquire his Father in-law, Postmaster General. Your Petitioner was by him appointed Comptroller of the Post Offices, and deputy Postmaster of the Office\nthen established in the City of Philadelphia\u2014That your Petitioner continued in that station, untill Dr Franklin was by Congress, in the latter end of the year 1776 sent over to France as one of their Commissioners, when your Petitioner had the honor of being appointed Postmaster General in his stead, with a salary of one thousand Dollars a year. That your Petitioner continued to enjoy this Office until the begining of the year 1782. during which time, he with great application & industry improved the system of the Posts, so as to make them more productive, as well as to give greater Facility, Quickness & Extent to correspondence, when to his no small mortification, and without his ever knowing the cause, he was superseded, and one of his deputies put in his place, with additional emoluments of Office. Your Petitioner takes the liberty likewise to submit to Your Excellency\u2019s and the Honorable the Senate\u2019s consideration, the extreme difficulties & troubles, in addition to the common duties of office in the time of war, which naturally accrued to the Post Office department, whilst the Enemy were making frequent inroads into the Country; of these, as the head of the Department, your Petitioner had his share to struggle with; but as soon as the prospect to this Country began to brighten, and the War draw near to a conclusion, he was dismissed; and now stands upon the Records of Congress, a single Instance (he believes) of their exercising their power to the prejudice of an Individual, without a charge or even the colour of a charge of Malpractice, Misconduct, Neglect, or Incapacity\u2014Your Petitioner relying on the Justice, which he trusts & hopes will perpetually prevail, in the execution of our new Form of Government, respectfully submits the Premises to the consideration of those, now appointed to execute it\u2014And pray that he may be reinstated in his former office.\nRich. Bache", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0086", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Bayard, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Bayard, John Bubenheim\nTo: Washington, George\nBrunswick [N.J.] 21st April 1789\nAmidst the general joy that is diffused through the United states on your Excellency\u2019s unanimous election as President General, permit me to present you my most sincere & respectful compliments of congratulation.\nAt the same time, from my peculiar situation & by the advice of my friends both in Philada & New York I take the liberty to offer myself to your Excellency for your nomination to the Office of Collector of the Customs for the State of Pennsylvania.\nMy long residence in Philadelphia, near thirty years, in the mercantile line, the part I took in our late important contest, the various Offices of honor & confidence confer\u2019d on me by my fellow Citizens during that period & my having at the beginning of the War loaned almost the whole of my estate to the United States which still continues in their funds, are amongst the reasons that lead me to apply to your Excellency for this appointment.\nA letter which I received from the Chief Justice with a certificate from the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania accompany this letter.\nIf I am approved, I hope to discharge the duties of the Office with fidelity & am with the utmost respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt & very hmble Servant\nJohn Bayard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elias Boudinot, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Boudinot, Elias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York April 21st 1789\nThe Committee have just receiv\u2019d your Excellency\u2019s Letter of the 20th and will be at Elizabeth Town on Thursday Morning.\nI must beg your Excellency will alight at my House where the Committee will attend and where it will give me (in a particular manner) the utmost pleasure to receive you. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect Sir, Your most obedient & very humble Servant\nElias Boudinot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0088", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mathew Carey, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your excellency,\nPhiladelphia, April 21, 1789\nIn the prosecution of the American Museum\u2014a work which your excellency has honoured with the most flattering approbation\u2014I have begun & mean to continue a series of documents & public papers, respecting the most interesting circumstances, skirmishes, and battles of the revolution. For want of better resources, I am obliged at present frequently to recur to that corrupted publication, the Remembrancer. If your excellency\u2019s numerous avocations allowed to select from your papers those most interesting to the public, it would be of general benefit, besides conferring a particular favour on Your excellency\u2019s obliged hble servt\nMathew Carey.\nP.S. They shall be returned, if necessary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0089", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Jones, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sr\nRichmond 21st Apr. 1789.\nUnderstanding your election to the office of President of the united States has been announced to you by the proper authority and that you had set out for New York, I take the liberty of expressing to you the great satisfaction I feel in your being called to and accepting the important trust\u2014The establishment of order and good government is so much the wish and desire\nof every good citizin that I do not wonder you have once more embarked in the troublesome and busy scenes of public life, in the hope that under a wise and prudent administration of the government, those blessings may be attained and the fruits expected to be gathered from the glorious termination of the late war, not lost to America. The organizing, and forming a code of laws to put the government in motion, is an arduous undertaking when various interests and local prejudices prevail, but no doubt may be effected under the influence of the spirit of accommodation, which was found so essentially necessary in the late general convention and which will be found equally necessary in the New Congress, especially when it is considered that the new system is calculated to compromise and assimilate the various interests and remove the local prejudices of the Union. I sincerely wish your labours may be crowned with success, and that they may Give as universal satisfaction as your exertions in the military line produced.\nYou will no doubt be applied to by Mr Lindsay or some of his friends to be continued in the office to which he was lately appointed by the Executive here\u2014I can truly say of him that I believe he is an upright, honest man\u2014that he has a growing family and but a small fortune to provide for them, I think, too, he is qualified to discharge the duties of a naval officer\u2014His merit as an officer in the late War you are the best judge of yourself\u2014with great respect I am Dr Sr yr afft. hume Sert\nJos: Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0091", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Mifflin, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nCity-Tavern [Philadelphia]Tuesday morning April 21st 1789.\nGeneral Washington presents his compliments to the President of the State, and requests his Excellency to communicate the General\u2019s best thanks to the Officers and Gentlemen of the several Corps who did him the honor to form his escort to Philadelphia\u2014General Washington having made his arrangements to be at the place of embarkation for New York, at a particular\nhour, will find himself under the necessity of leaving this City about ten o\u2019clock\u2014But, as the weather is likely to prove unfavorable, he must absolutely insist that the military Gentlemen of Philadelphia will not attend him in the manner they had proposed\u2014He is so perfectly satisfied with their good intentions, that it will be impossible for them, by taking any unnecessary trouble, to make any addition to the proofs of their attachment, or the motives of his gratitude.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0093", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Pennsylvania Legislature, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pennsylvania Legislature\nGentlemen,\n[Philadelphia, 21 April 1789]\nI receive with great satisfaction the affectionate congratulations of the President and Supreme Executive council of Pennsylvania on my appointment to the Presidency of the United States.\nIf under favor of the divine Providence, and with the assistance of my fellow-citizens it was my fortune to have been in any degree instrumental in vindicating the liberty and confirming the independence of my country, I now find a full compensation for my services in a belief that those blessings will be permanently secured by the establishment of a free and efficient government. And you will permit me to say on this occasion, that as nothing could add to the evidence I have formerly received of the invariable attachment of your commonwealth to the interests and honor of the Union, so nothing could have been more agreeable to me at this time, than the assurances you have given me of the zealous cooperation of it\u2019s Executive Authority, in facilitating the accomplishment of the great objects which are committed to my charge.\nWhile I feel my sensibility strongly excited by the expressions of affection and promises of support, which I every where meet with from my Countrymen, I entertain a consolatory hope that the purity of my intentions, and the perseverance of my endeavors to promote the happiness of my country will atone for any of the slighter defects which may be discovered in my administration\u2014\nFor whatever may be the issue of our public measures, or however I may err in opinion, I trust it will be believed that I could not have been actuated by any interests separate from those of my country.\nSuffer me, Gentlemen, to conclude by assuring you that I am well pleased with the justice you have done to the motives from which I have acted, and by thanking you for the tender concern you have been pleased to manifest for my personal felicity.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0094", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Poole, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Poole, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nWilmington on Delaware April 21st 1789\nPermit me Sir to Join in the congratulations of my fellow Citizens on seeing your Excellency appointed to the first station in the Government of the United States by the sufrages of a large majority of their virtuous Inhabitants who all ardently wish to see a permanent Government carried into execution under your mild administration when faith and confidence shall once more be restord to this long divided Country and the Arts Sciences Agriculture and Comerce shall combine to make us a great and happy People.\nAs it is probable that the Revenue of the United States will early come under the consideration of the fedral Government and such arrangements take place as will make it necessary to establish a Custom House in this State where are present there is not Legal regulation and the Office of Collector of the Customs having been heretofore held by a non residenter has alway been considred as a grievance by the Merchants of this Place there being no Foreign Trade from any other Port in the State\u2014with every sentiment of respect and duty I beg leave to solicit your Excellency for the appointment of Collector of the Customs for this Port and its dependencies whenever such appointment shall take place.\nI have nothing to expect from your Excellencys personal knowledge of me having been brought up to the Sea\u2014But being an American a Native of this Place and a steady friend to the revolution for the success of which my small abilities have been constantly exerted I am induced to make this application to your Excellency\u2014and that you may live to participate largely\nin the blessings you have been so instrumental in confering on a gratefull People is the sincere prayer of Your Excellencys most Obedient & most humble Servant\nJoseph Poole", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0095", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Ladies of Trenton, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ladies of Trenton\nTrenton April 21st 1789\nGeneral Washington cannot leave this place without expressing his acknowledgments, to the Matrons and Young Ladies who received him in so novel & grateful a manner at the Triumphal Arch in Trenton, for the exquisite sensation he experienced in that affecting moment. The astonishing contrast between his former and actual situation at the same spot\u2014The elegant taste with which it was adorned for the present occasion\u2014and the innocent appearance of the white-robed Choir who met him with the gratulatory song, have made such impressions on his remembrance, as, he assures them, will never be effaced.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0096", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the President and Faculty of Princeton College and the Inhabitants of Princeton, 21\u201322 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: President and Faculty of Princeton College and the Inhabitants of Princeton\nGentlemen,\n[Princeton, N.J., 21\u201322 April 1789]\nAs your truly affectionate and solemn address to me on my late appointment merits, so it receives, the genuine acknowledgements of a grateful heart.\nUpon perceiving the unanimous voice of my countrymen had called me to occupy the first office in confederated America, I could not hesitate to determine that it was my duty to obey that call: notwithstanding I had at the close of the war, most seriously resolved to pass the evening of my days in peaceful retirement free from the toils and cares of public life\u2014If the sacrifice has been great, the occasion was still greater. After thanking you, Gentlemen, for the repeated testimonies I have, at different times, received of your affection, I pray that Almighty God will have you all in his holy keeping.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0099", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Elizabeth, New Jersey, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Citizens of Elizabeth, New Jersey\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nElizabeth Town [N.J.] April 22nd 1789\nThe citizens of Elizabeth desirous of evincing by every possible means the very great respect and affection which they entertain for your Excellency\u2019s person and character, have directed that a cold collation be prepared for the refreshment of your Excellency & suite on your arrival here, of which we as a Committee of arrangement are requested to give the information.\nIf your Excellency will be pleased to communicate to us by the bearer, who waits for the purpose, your determination as to the time of leaving New Brunswick tomorrow morning, it would aid us in the preparations it may be proper to make for your Excellency\u2019s reception & accommodation.\nThe Committee of Congress deputed to meet your Excellency\nat this place, are also invited & expected to partake of the collation. We have the honor to be with the highest respect your Excellency\u2019s hum. servt\nJona: Dayton\nAaron Ogden\nJonathan H. Lawrence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0101", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lyle, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Lyle, John\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please Your Excellency,\nNew Brunswick [N.J.] the 22d April 1789\nUnder an assurance that You will deign to read this address, and thereby be led to consider wether I am of sufficient amount in Your estimation to Make enquiry about.\nI presume to Make an offer of My service to Your Excellency and solicit such employ as You May after hearing My Character think proper to intrust Me with.\nI refer You to Colonel John Neilson, William Paterson Esqr., Colo. John Bayard, Colo. John Taylor, Doctr W. Scott & Doctr L. Dunham, of this place, all Gentlemen with whom Your excellency I believe is acquainted, a Number of other Gentlemen of this town I Might Mention equally well acquainted with My Character but probably strangers to Your Excellency.\nThe Gentlemen above Named (or some of them) will No doubt pay their respects to You when here, who You Can if expedient question with respect to My Character.\nMy origin and situation I beg leave to inform Your Excellency of\u2014I was born of respectable parents My Grandfather (Yet living) lost his estate, Except a little fast Property which he occupied in the Continental Depreciation. People to whom he had loaned Money Made tenders of payment which he receiv\u2019d without hesitation. My father his only Son was effected by such imposition which, added to his own loss, during the late war, has renderd him Unable to give Me the assistance I at present Need, & he would with pleasure give, was it in his power.\nMy Condition is Just this I am a Young Man, at present, destitute of employ, which is a dangerous situation to escape which I\nsolicit employ Under Your excellencies immediate inspection, Wishing thereby to be preserv\u2019d from ruin which is the Consequence of Idleness.\nShould Your Excellency incline to speak with Me, I will wait on You with Pleasure, & If I Am so fortunate as to Meet with the employment, I do ardently wish, I will remember with gratitude the favor Confer\u2019d on Me, and by a Constant attention to the business which May be intrusted to My Care, endeavour to Merit the Confidence Your Excellency May place in Me\u2014I have the Honor to be, with all dutiful respect Your Excellencie\u2019s Most obedient servant,\nJohn Lyle tertius", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0102", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Seely, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Seely, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellancey\nChatham New Jersey April the 22nd 1789\nIt gives me no small pleasure to see your Excellanacy once more place\u2019d in the first office in this country, well knowing it is the just reward of a virtious life mainly spent in its service and defence.\nAt the same time your excellancey will permit an Old Soldier, (although a young man) to look up to you as his pattron As he is sensible, that it will ever be pleaseing to a heart of sensibillity, to provide for the necessetious L\u2014\u2014r\u2014.\nYour excellancy will be please\u2019d, to suffer me to inform you that at an early period of life I entred into the Army where I had the honor to serve under your Excellancy\u2019s command, in the first Jersey Regiment during the whole war\u2014in the charrector of a Lieut.\nHaving no fortune to support me (at the same time wishing to appear in the charrector of an Officer) I made some contracts under those necesseties, Which I have been Oblige\u2019d to fulfill Since peace\u2014Willing to act like a man of honor, in those contracts, at the conclusion of the war, I was oblig\u2019ed to Sell the paper I had received from the publick at the low rate of two shillings and six pence in the pound\u2014I then attempted trade,\nas I suppos\u2019d industry was my only remudy\u2014unfortunate in that I am reduce\u2019d to the utmost Necessety.\nThis would easily be borne with, had I not an agreeable Laydy to share my distresses together with three little pledge\u2019s of our affections.\nThe favour I have to ask of your Excellancy is\u2014that should you think me worthy your attention\u2014I may have some appointment in the service of the public, Whereby I may receive a small Sallary\u2014and at the Same time may have it in my powe\u2019r to render Services addequate to the subsistance.\nShould it be writeing in some of the public Offuce\u2019s\u2014Or collector of the imposts, in any of the United States\u2014Necessity has drove me to troble your excellancy, on this buisness\u2014and at this early period.\nShould your Excellancy diegn in your multiplicity of buisness to remembor me\u2014I shall be in duty bound to hold in greatfull remembrance your favours For my sobriety and industry, I can refer your Excellancy to Mr [Elias] Buddenot, chief Justice Brairly [David Brearley], Genl [Elias] Dayton, Col. [Aaron] Ogden, Captn [Jonathan] Dayton, and Col. [Thomas] Hartly, this last Gentleman as well as, Mr Buddenot are now in New York.\nI shall forward to New York as soon as I can my charractor certifide by the above Gentlemen\u2014Untill then I remain your Excellancys Most Obedient Humle Sarvt\nSamuel Seely\nN.B. I should have done myself the pleasure to have waited on your exellancy passing through Elzthtown but am indisposed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0103", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Booth, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Booth, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNewcastle, State of Delaware, April 23. 1789.\nHaving been informed, that all applications for Offices under the Federal Government, must be made immediately to your Excellency, I beg leave to address you on that Subject.\nI hold under the Authority of the State, the Naval-Office of this County, to which I was appointed early in the Year 1777, and which has been regularly continued to me by several Re-Appointments. But as I conceive, that upon the Adoption of a System of Commercial Regulation and Impost by The United States, the State-Appointments in that Department will cease; I beg Permission to sollicit your Excellency for a Continuance in the Office I hold, and that I may be honoured with a Commission for the same, under the Executive Authority of the Union.\nDuring the Time I have exercised the Duties of that Office, I am persuaded, neither want of Attention, nor want of Fidelity will be imputed to me; and I flatter myself, that the Candour and Justice of the Senators from this State, will afford me a favourable Testimonial to your Excellency. With Sentiments of the utmost Deference & Respect, I have the Honour to be, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble Servant,\nJas Booth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0104", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nNew York 23d April 1789\nI have been honored with your Letter of the 25th of last Month\u2014I begg leave to assure your Excellency that had you found it convenient to have given us your Company at my House, instead of being Burdensome, it would have afforded my Familly the highest Pleasure and Sattisfaction. We must however acquiese in your Determination, and I do it with the\nless Reluctance as I observe the Arrangments made by the Senate & Representatives for your Reception appear to correspond with the Sentiments expressed by your Excellency.\nPermit me however Sir now to sollicit the Honor of the Company of your Excellency and Suite at Dinner on the Day of your Arrival in this City, and to request that you will take a Bed at my House that Night\u2014I flatter myself this will not be denied me as I presume it cannot interfere with any other Arrangment. I have the Honor to be with Sincere Respect & Esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt Servant\nGeo. Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0105", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Conway, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Conway, John\nTo: Washington, George\nWoodbridge [N.J.] Apl 23d 1789.\nColo. Conway Begs leave to Congratulate his Excellency General Washington on his appointment to the Presidency of the United States, and respectfully offers himself a Candidate for employment by the Honorable Congress, either as Collector of the Customs for New-Jersey, or any appointment to which he may be thought competent. Enclosed are Recommendations and Vouchers for the inspection of the President, if he will condscend to read them.\nJohn Conway.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0106", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Heth, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 23rd April 1789\nI leave this, to be presented to you at a proper season.\nUnaccustomed to solicit employment, and wishing, always to be governed by the strictest propriety and delicacy, so, I shall now, avoid becoming a Supplicant for Office, under the common acceptation of the word, Yet, that duty, which I owe to myself and a growing family, impells me to signify to you, Sir, my willingness, & my wish, to serve the United States in such department or office\u2014if any should be created peculiar to the different States\u2014as I may have talents to fill. My birth, & education; my pursuits, and conduct in life, are not unknown to you. Of the first I can boast nothing; nor has the other been markd with any thing conspicuous or extraordinary. Still\u2014I am vain enough to believe, that the part which I have borne in the revolution of my Native Country, from the hour of its commencement, to that, which gave Independence to America, has met with your approbation. Yet Sir\u2014I presume nothing upon this consideration, nor will I count any thing upon those marks of personal attention & respect with which you have been pleased to honor me for many years past; being well persuaded, they will have no influence with you, unless you should be well assured, that I also possess talants for business, in every respect equal to any person who may be proposed for the same office, & who may not have equal pretensions to the patronage of their Country. For information on the score of my capacity for public employment, permit me to refer you to the inclosed papers\u2014to Colonel [William] Grayson\u2014[Theodorick] Bland & [Josiah]\nParker, Messrs Madison\u2014[John] Page & [Alexander] White, & the other gentlemen representing Virginia.\nThat you may enjoy Health\u2014happiness & every possible comfort in your present exalted and arduous Station\u2014and that you may continue to possess the confidence and warmest affections of your Country, are among the most ardent prayers of Sir Your Most Obedient & Affectionate Servant\nWill. Heth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0108", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert French, 24 April 1789\nFrom: French, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSt Croix 24t Apl 1789\nHeads of a Petition from Rt French, Mariner of Philadelphia Confin\u2019d in the Fort, Island St Croix\nTo his Excellency the President and To The Right Honourable the senate and Congress of the United States the humble petition of Rt French respectfully Sheweth, that Your humble petitioner has a truly distress\u2019d Family of a Wife and two Children in Philadelphia, that he has been a true and faithful Subject\nof the United States since the Year 1778 the period when he arriv\u2019d there, from which period \u2019till his present Misfortune he has supported an irreproachable Character in every Capacity that a Mariner can serve on board, a Merchantman, and in all according to the Laws of Commerce\u2014your humble petitioner, hopes from a consideration of those Facts, and the following, that Your honours will cause him to be demanded from the Danish Government, to be sent for to Philadelphia there to be tried by the Laws of his Country.\nThe Cause of Your humble petitioners request is as follows\u2014In the Month June Last 88 I commanded a Sloop of Mr Jno. Wilcocks to this Island (Your humble Petitioner Previous to this Command had been involv\u2019d in Debt by the failure of a Mr Geo. Henry a Ship of whose he Commanded) in the Latter of sd Month being ready for Sea, I receiv\u2019d from Mr Wilcocks the Sum of 96 half Joannes\u2019s to be delivered here to Messrs Wm & Saml Newton Unexpected Demands coming on me the very Day I sail\u2019d from Philadelphia I Made Use of part of this Money, being well Assured I had Venture on board more than sufficient to reimburse the Money. I Navigated the Vessel & took Care of her & Cargo to the best of my Knowledge, And arriv\u2019d safe in this port, both Vessel and Cargo in good order, Notwithstanding the very severe Gales Wind we had and the Quantity of Water the Vessel made, which I think wou\u2019d have Justified me in putting in to any other port, where, had my intentions been to Defraud, I might have left the Vessel, immediately on my Arrival here I acquainted the Mr Newtons with the Sum I had received Delivered their Letters with Bill of Lading inclos\u2019d; I us\u2019d every Effort to dispose of my Venture in order to make up the Money but it all prov\u2019d ineffectual, three Days after my Arrival here I went to St Thomas a Danish Island 8 Leagues Dist. from St Croix in order to dispose of a few Articles which I compleated & was on the point of my return the Afternoon of the same Day I left this Island, when a Kings Sloop arriv\u2019d with Orders from his Exellency the General of those Islands to apprehend me, in Vain did I beg to be sent over to this Island to deliver up the Effects I had for the Benefit of Mr Wilcocks. I was carried to the Fort and close Confin\u2019d in a most miserable Room the description of which wou\u2019d strike terror into the breast of any Human being. I was continued there for 10 Days\nthen brought over here and lodg\u2019d in close Confinement no person being Admitted to See me. I was carried after some time under a Strong Guard to Court, where I acknowledg\u2019d the receipt of the Money Told the Necessities that Urdg\u2019d me to lay it out, & the Means I had of reimbursing it, inform\u2019d the Court that I appeal\u2019d to the laws of my Country for there, and against them I had transgress\u2019d and that not intentionally, after the expiration of 3 Months Judgment came out of the lower Court wherein it was declar\u2019d that nothing Criminal was in my Case, and that it did not come Under the Danish Law. his Excellency the General at whose option it lies whether to Ratify a Judgment or not, and at the Same time was my prosecutor, appeal\u2019d it to the upper Court here, after the expiration of three Months without ever been call\u2019d to Court, to Defend myself, there was a most Dreadful Sentance read off to me.\nIt is that I am to pay the Sum in the Bill Lading Viz. 96 Joes Double that to the King as fine, to be Whipt and Branded under the Gallows all my Effects to be forfeited to the King, then put in Irons & there to remain during Life.\nOh Merciful God to thee & the Laws of my Country I appeal for Mercy.\nI have appeal\u2019d to the Supreme Court in Copenhagen in order to gain time to lay my dreadful Situation before Your honours & most Humbly begs & prays for your humane interpositions, as I have never in the smallest matter Transgress\u2019d Against the Laws of Denmark. I will chearfully Submit to the Laws of my Country, and with a Christian like resignation receive the Judgt my unhappy Case may be deem\u2019d deserving of[.] I Humbly beg & pray that your Honours will be pleas\u2019d to take my Case into Consideration, that I may have the Benefit of those Laws, that I have Fought for & Bled to Support And in Duty I shall for Ever pray\nRt French", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0109", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moses Hazen, 24 April 1789\nFrom: Hazen, Moses\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Friday April 24. 1789\nGeneral Hazens most respectful Compliments to His Excellency General Washington begs to Inform him,\nThat on the 27th of April 1786, he was taken with a Violent fit of the Appoplexy, perhaps the Quantity of Blood the Doctors took from him saved his life, And terminated the Disorder\ninto a palsey, The first Year he got a Good deal better but the two latter he seams to be at a stand.\nGenl Hazen lodges in Great Dock street No. 28\u2014he will probably leave Town in the Course of Next Week.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0110", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Martin, 24 April 1789\nFrom: Martin, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBechmans Tavern N. York April 24th 1789\nI had the honor of being introduced to your acquaintance by Col. Hamilton in 79 at middlebrook. I then came from the W. Indies joined the Army and continued during the War. This is to request your Excellency to appoint me to some Office\u2014Nothing, Except being reduced to the lowest ebb coud induce me to this\u2014Col. Hamilton can inform you who I am. I have the Honor to be &c. &c. &c.\nRobt Martin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0111", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Thomson, 24 April 1789\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York April 24. 1789\nI intended to have waited upon you in person and submited to your inspection the enclosed report which I have prepared to send to the Senate but by the interruption of visits I was not able to finish it until it was your time of receiving visits. I meant to have submitted to your consideration whither the words \u201chowever that\u201d in the answer with which you were pleased to honor me might not be omitted.\nIf your Excellency should see any part of the report which is exceptionable or which you would wish altered & will permit me to visit you privately I will wait upon you at any time you will be pleased to fix.\nIn the mean time hoping your Excellency is recovered from the fatigues of your journey I have the honor to be with the most sincere Esteem and respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and Most humble Servt\nChas Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Tilton, 25 April 1789\nFrom: Tilton, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nDover [Del.] 25 April 1789.\nHowever unexceptionably I may have conducted the business of the continental loan-office of Delaware, I have reason to think I shall not be without a competitor in the appointments to be made under the new constitution of the United States. It is not surprising, indeed, amidst the present rage for office, that the modification necessary under the new government, should afford a pretext for a change of the officer, although the duties of the office may be substantially the same. As I believe & am confident, Sir, that you will act without favour, affection or partiality, in this important business; that your view in appointments will constantly be directed to the public good; with an eye to the encouragement of virtue & the suppression of vice; and that talents & integrity are the qualifications you will especially insist upon; I have only to intreat your Excellency, to give so much attention to my case, as to examine & determine for yourself; whether my past conduct shews me deserving of a continuance in my office, however modified hereafter.\nI believe the Honble Commissioners of the Treasury have been well satisfied with my past transactions; and I trust, they would not recommend a change. The Honble Robert Morris, while Financier, was pleased to express his good opinion of me, both as to talents & Integrity; I hope nothing has happened to change his Judgment of me, in one respect or another. The officers of the late Delaware Regiment, who are more interested\nin the appointment of a Loan officer, than any other class of citizens, I am persuaded would be unanimous for my reappointment. And I believe, that every disinterested untainted revolutionist in the state would favour the expectations I have of continuing in office. When through these channels it shall appear, that I am not unworthy of trust, & confidence, I shall hope for Your Excellency\u2019s nomination to the office I now hold, and that I shall not be rejected by the Senate.\nIt may be observed, that I do not refer your Excellency to the Delegates of Delaware; and I hope the reasons are obvious: for even in your private retreat, I am persuaded your fatherly regard for the common good & interest of America, has penetrated the continent, and that your patriotic attentions have extended to the politics of little Delaware, as well as the more important states. With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, Your Excellency\u2019s most obt Servt\nJames Tilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0113", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Augustin-Gabriel des Hayes de La Radi\u00e8re, 26 April 1789\nFrom: La Radi\u00e8re, Augustin-Gabriel des Hayes de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nOrbec in Normandy 26. April 1789.\nColonel Brillent de la Radiere, my Brother, died in 1779, in\nthe service of the United Colonies\u2014Congress was then indebted to him a depreciation, for which they are bound to me, his Heir, by a contract in the sum of 14800 and odd livres, bearing interest at the rate of 6\u214ccent payable in Paris at the House of Mr Grand, Banker.\nMr Grand, when I have called upon him, has always answered that he had no funds for this object\u2014The interest added to the principal makes at this day an amount of more then 20,000 livres. I will say nothing of the importance which such a succour would be to my moderate fortune: but, Sir, my country is in want of corn: The People are suffering, and they suffer much\u2014The scarcity of this article has occasioned an excessive rise in the price\u2014It abounds in the United Provinces, so that it would be very easy for Congress to acquit itself towards me, by ordering, for that purpose, a cargo of corn to be shipped for me to Havre to the address of Messrs Le Prevost, La Coudraie, Baudry & Co. Factors at Havre. This acquittance would be an act of beneficence, a solace to my district, an homage to the memory of the brave and generous Colonel la Radiere, and a slight consolation for his loss.\nI would then remit agreeably to your orders the claim which I have\u2014and it would be for me a real enjoyment to offer to Congress the tribute of my gratitude and that of my country\u2014together with the profound respect with which I shall always be, Sir, their admirer, and the most humble, and most obedient of your Servants\nLa Vadiere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0115", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 27 April 1789\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilad. April 27. 1789\nI have frequently called to see Billy he continues too bad to remove\u2014Doctor Smith was uneasy without some other experienc\u2019d Surgeon or Physician to look at his knee, and I called on Doctor Hutchinson They are of opinion that the present Sore reaches to the joint and that it would be very improper to remove him at least for a week or two, by which time he probably may be fit to send on by the Way of Bordentown but at present that he ought to be kept as still as possible And this prevents his being put to a private House, but you may depend on my care of, and attention to him, and that he shall be sent on without delay when his Surgeons think it safe.\nI have bespoke the Scythes and Spades and Shovels, which will be ready by the arrival of a Vessel which is expected this week from Alexandria, and returns there immediately, by which Opportunity they shall be Shipped\u2014Will you have the News papers continued to Mount Vernon or sent to you at Newyork\u2014with the greatest respect I have the Honor to be your excellency\u2019s Most Obed. sert\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0116", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Cebra, 27 April 1789\nFrom: Cebra, James\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York] April 27th 1789\nThe Petition of James Cebra of the City of New York humbly Sheweth.\nThat your Petitioner is a Native of this City, in which he has formerly sustained the Character of a reputable Merchant, to which Business he was regularly bred: that he lived untill the late War, reputably and comfortably, but from its Effects, has become at the age of Fifty Nine, unable to support a Wife and small infirm Family.\nFor Proof of your Petitioners stedfast Attachment to his Country, and that his Misfortunes have not arisen from want of Industry,\nand Prudence, he can chearfully appeal to the general Voice of his Fellow Citizens: as well as that he is fit to be entrusted with, and capable of serving his Country in the Office of a Tide Waiter in the Customs, which Employment he most humbly solicits, and Your Petitioner shall ever pray\nJames Cebra", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0117", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas McKean, 27 April 1789\nFrom: McKean, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 27th 1789\nI have an ambition to take a share in Your Excellency\u2019s administration, and know of no line in which I can render so good service as in the judicial department. Having expressed this, it will, I trust, not be deemed indelicate in me to give a short account of myself & my studies.\nI was born in Chester county in this State, and having been instructed for seven years in the latin and greek languages, and the arts & sciences usually taught in the schools, I commenced the study of the law at the age of sixteen in Newcastle; at the age of twenty I was admitted to the bar in the courts of common pleas and also in the supreme court of Delaware and soon after in the supreme courts of Pennsylvania & New Jersey. From that time to the present, the law has been my principal study and my only profession. It is true I have gone thro\u2019 the rotine of office, have been annually elected for seventeen years a member of Assembly for Newcastle county; was a member of Congress, first at New-York in 1765, and from 1774 until the day I had assurance that the preliminaries of peace were signed: But these employments added to and enlarged my legal knowledge.\nAmong the learned, I early in life received the degree of Master of Arts from the College of Philadelphia, and have since been honored with the degree of Doctor of Laws by two other Colleges & one University. I am also a Trustee of three incorporated\nseminaries of learning, and a member of several societies for the promoting the arts & useful knowledge.\nMy official rank may probably be known to you, I shall therefore only mention, that I have been Speaker of the Delaware Assembly both before and since the Revolution, and sometime President of Congress: In 1766 I first took a seat on the Bench at Newcastle, having before been in the commission of the peace & a Justice of the common pleas for that county, and had influence enough to have justice administered upon unstamped paper. When the Stamp-Act was repealed I returned to the Bar, & there remained until 1777, when I was appointed Chief Justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania; which station I have now held near twelve years, having been twice chosen by an unanimous ballot. These honors & offices were confered unsollicited by me, and most of them without my previous knowledge.\nMy character must be left to the World. I have lived in troublesome times, in an unsettled & tumultuous government: A good Judge cannot be very popular; but I believe, that my integrity has never been called in question, and it is certain, that no judgment of the supreme court of Pennsylvania since the Revolution has been reversed, or altered in a single Iotta. A book of reports, by Counsellor Dallas, is now in the press here and will be abroad in about two months, from which some judgment may be formed in the other States of our decisions. I will only add, that I am by habit and inclination the man of business.\nYour Excellency will be pleased to excuse this particular self-detail, when it shall be considered, that if you think fit to advance me to this station, my reputation will become in a degree your interest, and my pretensions should be known.\nHaving lost by depreciated Congress-money upwards of six thousand pounds of my own acquiring (for I have been the maker of my own fortune) I have a wish to recover in some honorable way at least a part of it, for the sake of eight promising children; however, tho\u2019 not affluent I am still above the fear of want, and I owe no man anything but good-will.\nThis having been a sudden resolution, I have not dropped the least hint of it to any person whomsoever. With respect to the Senators, I am personally known to most of them, and flatter myself not to my disadvantage; but in this opinion I may be\nmistaken, for the politics of some of them did not co-incide with mine. However I mean not to trouble them.\nFor this freedom I must trust to Your great goodness. It is (tho\u2019 I am not three years younger than Your Excellency) my first essay of the kind. If you shall approve of this overture, I promise you to execute the Trust with assiduity & fidelity and according to the best of my abilities; the only return that I can make, and that, I know, you wish for. There is but one thing more I have to say, and that is, if you should make a single Enemy, or loose a single friend by gratifying my desire, I most sincerely beg you will never spend a thought on the subject; for I profess myself to be, with the utmost attachment and regard, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble servt\nThos M: Kean", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Macpherson, 27 April 1789\nFrom: Macpherson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nApril 27th 1789\nI hope your Excellency will pardon my troubling you at this important moment, on a subject which relates solely to my\nself\u2014but necessity, and a reliance on the benevolence of your Excellencys disposition, induce me to use the liberty.\nHaving after the conclusion of the War connected my self in Life, I now find my self under very embarrassed circumstances, owing to causes a detail of which I shall not presume to trouble your Excellency with\u2014surrounded by large and increasing family, with the painfull reflection, of not being able to contribute to their support and advancement, owing to my never having been bred to any business\u2014I am therefore, urged by the advice of many of my friends, seconded by my own inclination, induced to offer my self a Candidate for some employment under the Government, which has now happily commenced its operation\u2014and understanding its probable, a System for the collection of the Revenue, some what similar to that which is now in operation in England, may perhaps be adopted, in which case\u2014in the Port of Philadelphia, a Comptroller, a Collector, and a Surveyor will be necessary; I hope I may be pardoned for offering my self for the last mentioned office, the duties of which do not require a knowledge of business; Integrity, attention, and activity, being the only requisites\u2014and which I trust I shall not deserve the imputation of vanity when I say I possess.\nTho I have used the freedom of mentioning this particular Office, which may perhaps never be created, shoud there be any other, among the numerous appointments that necessarily will be made, to the duties of which your Excellency may be pleased to think me competent, I hope your Excellency will pardon my hopeing I may be rememberd.\nI beg your Excellency will be pleased to pardon the presumption I am now guilty of, and that your Excellency will believe me to be with the most profound respect, your Excellencies most hble servant\nW. Macpherson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0119", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Milligan, 27 April 1789\nFrom: Milligan, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 27th 1789\nIt is with much diffidence and hesitation, that, I presume to address your Excellency at a period, when business and applications must croud upon your time and patience; But urged by some of my friends, and relying on Your Excellency\u2019s well known goodness, I am encouraged, with all possible deference and respect, briefly to put you in mind of an old and, I hope, not an unworthy Servant of the Public. Suffer me just to mention that, from July 1776 to November 1787, a period of more than Eleven years of the prime of my life, I had the honor of filling Confidential and respectable Offices, and, it is probable, might have continued to this time, had it not been thought proper to abolish that I last held, merely on a principle of Economy, Whether that economy was true or false, does not become me to say. At any rate, it was the Office that was objected to, not the officer. Should these, or other reasons, induce Your Excellency to think me worthy of a Suitable employment under the New Government, You would lay me under the Strongest obligations of duty to you, and to the Public. As I know not what Departments are to be formed, or Arrangements are to take place, I cannot Solicit anything in particular, but, durst I indulge a wish, my situation, connections, and habits, would lead me to prefer living in Philadelphia, could my Services there be useful and Acceptable; But this I venture, merely as a wish, and should it be impracticable, I would, as heretofore, follow where duty required.\nLest I should not be Sufficiently known to Your Excellency, I take the liberty of mentioning the Names of the Honble Robert Morris and Charles Thomson Esquires, who have had many years Official knowledge of me. More might be mentioned, but\nI hope these, with Such others as may occur to Your Excellency, may be deemed Sufficient for information.\nWhatever may be the fate of this first application I ever made, Suffer me to assure you Sir, I shall continue, as at all times heretofore, to respect your person, and to venerate your Virtues. I have the Honor to be with the greates[t] veneration Sir Your Excellencys Most devoted humble Servant\nJas Milligan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0121", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Beatty, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Beatty, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPrinceton [N.J.] 28th April 1789\nHaving been honoured, by the State of New Jersey, in the appointment, to several public Employments, and which I am flattered by my Friends, as having discharged with Fidelity and attention; I am induced, thro their Solicitation, to offer myself as a Candidate for public favor, Under Your Excellys Administration and to Entreat you, to place my name on the List of Nomination, for the Collectors Office in this State. In asking this indulgence, it is proper I should apologize to Your Excelly for the want of those Testimonials, which usually accompany applications of this kind; and which probably would have been obtained; had time permitted, since I had taken the resolution of soliciting the public patronage; but on this occasion, I am happy in having it in my power, to refer Your Excelly, for Every necessary Information to the worthy Gentlemen, who represent this State in the Senate of the United States: And I have only further, with the Utmost deference to suggest, that from the difusive State of Commerce in New Jersey and its Extensive Sea Coast; Vigilance and Activity, seems to be more peculiarly requisite: in these respects, my Central Situation in the State, and where the Earliest & daily information may be obtained from almost every part of the State & from the great trading Cities of New York & Philada, promise to be an advantage. With sentiments of the greatest Respect I have the Honor to be Your Excellencys most obededient Servt\nJohn Beatty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0122", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James B. Nickolls, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Nickolls, James B.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York, April 28th 1789.\nAmongst the numerous applicants for appointments to office, I beg leave to offer myself a Candidate for that of Collector of the Customs at the Port of Norfolk & Portsmouth in Virginia, the latter has been my residence for four Years past in which I have real property, & I flatter myself I possess so much the good will of the People, there, as to be perfectly agreeable to them in the Office I solicit.\n  For my Character, I beg leave to referr You to the Honble Robt Morris Esqr. Senator for the State of Pensa Thos Fitzsimons Esqr. representative for the same & Josa Parker Esqr. representative for Virginia. This mode of application, which involves the trouble of inquiry on your part, is Such, I am informd, as you desire to recieve in preferrance to letters of recommendation in favor of the persons applying. For this publick favour I acknowledge I have no further pretensions, than a Confidence in my ability to discharge the duties of the Office, & a Consciousness of my integrity, of which you will be more fully informd by the Gentlemen allready referr\u2019d to.\nI have only to add that the Security you may please to require from me, shall be given at any time you may think proper. With real respect I have the honor to remain Sir Yr Mo. Obedt & very Humble Servant\nJas B. Nickolls", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0123", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Walker, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Walker, George\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York April 28th 1789\nNo Doubt but you will be surprised to Receve a Letter of this sort from a stranger. The more so when you perseve the Author to be a soldier, but hope my Sittuation will Pleade an excuse. To be short, I\u2019m a Discharged Soldier from the Ohio, that I Receved sevon months ago; without, one Farthing, almost Naked, altho I had a Years Clothing Due, and a Journey of six hundred miles to New-York. I Have braved a sevear Winter, and began a Journey cross the Mountains from Pitts-Burgh in the Depth of Winter, without money, Depending upon the Humain Inhabitants, for a Subsistance all this I Bore with Pattience, expecting the Reward on my arival in York, but could only get three Months pay. A Number of my fellow suffrers have been Reduced to the Necessity of Selling their pay at half its amount. I have Mine Yet But my Financess are Nigh exhausted. My Request is Information when and how we are to be paid, then I shall know whether I shall Enjoy the Fruts of my Labour, or by Selling it Enrich some enervated Citizen who Lived Emmers\u2019d in Luxrey, while I Lay in a Hooling Wilderness Gnawing my scantey Pound, perhaps half Bone Deprived of the Last of Comfort Sleep, apprehencive of the Savage Foe. I Hope the Great Fredom will be excused taken by your Excellencys most Humble and obedient Servant\nGeorge Walker\nN.B. I Brought my Comerads Discharge and an order to Receve his pay, But Could not gett one Coper upon it, while the Man, that Came with me, with Exactley the same order for his Comerads pay has Receved the Whole of it Through the Intersession of a Delegate in Congress. But He is a Native of America I a Europian an alien and Strainger in this Countrey, and Need Expect no such Friendship unless Your Excellency Prove my Friend and Benefactor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0124", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Biscoe, 29 April 1789\nFrom: Biscoe, George\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected Sir\nMaryland April 29th 1789.\nBefore the late revolution I was for several years employed in three different Naval Departments, and since the Government was new modell\u2019d had the honor of the appointment by the Executive of this State to the Trust of Naval Officer for the District of Patuxent & presuming that an Appointment of the Several Naval Officers to the different Districts of the United States will under the F\u0153deral Goverment to be regulated by you. Permit me to offer you a respectfull tender of my Services and to assure you, (if accepted) that I will by unwearied diligence & a strict attention to the Trust merit your confidence. I have the Honor to be Your most Obedient & very Humble Servant\nGeo: Biscoe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0126", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abraham Baldwin, 30 April 1789\nFrom: Baldwin, Abraham\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 30th April 1789\nAn appointment from the State of Georgia as one of their representatives in congress lays me under the necessity of resigning my seat at the general board of commissioners for finally\nadjusting all accounts between the United States and the individual States. With the greatest possible respect I have the honour to be your most devoted humble Servant\nAbr. Baldwin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0128", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Lindsay, 30 April 1789\nFrom: Lindsay, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York April 30th 1789\nIf you are not already fatigued with the Numerous similar Applications that have already been made, I will with Permission make known to you it is my wish to be continued Naval Officer of Norfolk. for circumstances, I refur you to Col. Parker, who was present at my Appointment. having served in the Army\u2014the Executive thought my pretentions equal to any that offer\u2019d. Should you think that my past services, merit the attention of your Excellency, I will faithfully devote my best ability & endeavors to the public Service. I have the honor to be with every sentiment of gratitude & Respect Your Excellencys most Obt & very Humbe Servt\nWm Lindsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0129", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Reuben Wilkinson, 30 April 1789\nFrom: Wilkinson, Reuben\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew york the 30th of April 1789\nHaving had the honor of being annually appointed Collector of the Port of Savannah for two years by a very respectable majority of the Legislature of the State of Georgia\u2014\nmy desire of continuing in that situation induces me to trouble you on the subject of my reappointment; this trouble has been rendered necessary in as much as the Constitution of the United States has taken that power out of the State Legislature, and placed it in the President who by and with the advice of the Senate are to appoint revenue Officers. Therefore as a Candidate for the Office of Collector of the Port of Savannah I beg you to make the nomination in my favor; that you may be enabled to do this with the greater degree of Propriety I refer to the Senators from Georgia to assertain my conduct in that Office\u2014trusting if you find it agreeable you will comply with my request and confer in addition to the many oblga[tions] which in common with my other fellow Citizens I am under to your goodness, a favor that will ever be greatfully remembered, assureing\nyou at the same that no exertion on my part shall be wanting to discharge my duty with promptitude fidelity and punctuallity. I am Sir respectfully your Honors Obt Hble Sert\nR. Wilkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0130-0002", "content": "Title: Undelivered First Inaugural Address: Fragments, 30 April 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nIn the fragments of the discarded inaugural address, page numbers without brackets appear on the fragment; those page numbers enclosed in brackets are conjectural.\nWe are this day assembled on a solemn and important occasion\u2014[owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein, New York]\nnot as a ceremony without meaning, but with a single reference to our dependence [recto, privately owned (2014), photocopy supplied by Ronnie Paloger] upon the Parent of all good\u2014it becomes a pleasing commencement of my Office to offer my heart-felt congratulations on the happy [recto, end of page; privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nWe are now to take upon ourselves the conduct of that government. But be [verso, privately owned (2014), photocopy supplied by Ronnie Paloger] -fore we entered upon the performance of our several functions, it seemed to be our indispensable part, as rational Beings [verso, end of page; privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nfairs. It will doubtless be conceded [verso (?); privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nbeen happily diffused & fostered among \u27e8their\u27e9 [recto (?); privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nreputation and a decent respect for the sentiments of others, require that something should be said by way of apology for my [photocopy, DLC:GW]\nAt the beginning of the late War with Great Britain, when we thought our selves justifiable in resisting to blood, it was known to those best acquainted with the different condition of the combatants & the probable cost of the prize in dispute, that the expence in comparison with our circumstances as Colonists must be enormous\u2014the struggle protracted, dubious & severe. It was known that the resources of Britain were, in a manner, inexhaustible, that her fleets covered the Ocean, and that her troops had harvested laurels in every quarter of the globe. Not then organised as a nation, or known as a people upon the earth\u2014we had no preparation\u2014Money, the nerve of War, was wanting. The Sword was to be forged on the Anvil of necessity: the treasury to be created from nothing. If we had a secret resource of an nature unknown to our enemy, it was in the unconquerable resolution of our Citizens, the conscious rectitude of our cause, and a confident trust that we should not be forsaken by Heaven. The people willingly Offered [end of page; NjP: de-Coppet Collection]\noffered themselves to the battle; but the means of arming, clothing & subsisting them; as well as of procuring the implements of hositlity were only to be found in anticipations of our future wealth. Paper bills of credit were emitted: monies borrowed for the most pressing emergencies: and our brave tr[oo]ps in the field unpaid for their services. In this manner, Peace, attended with every circumstance that could gratify our reasonable desires, or even inflate us with ideas of national importance, was at length obtained. But a load of debt was left upon us. The fluctuations of and speculations in our paper currency, had, but in too many instances, occasioned vague ideas of property, generated licencious appetites & corrupted the morals of men. To these immediate consequences of a fluctuating medium of commerce, may be joined a tide of circumstances that flowed together from sources mostly opened during and after the war. The ravage of farms, the conflagration of towns, the diminution [end of page; NjP: De Coppet Collection]\naffairs were seen to decline. I will ask your patience for a moment, while I speak on so unpleasant a subject as the rotten part of our old Constitution. It is not a matter for wonder that the first projected plan of a foederal government, formed on the defective models of some foreign Confederacies, in the midst of a war, before we had much experience; and while, from the concurrence of external danger and [recto, end of page; owned (1983) by Mr. D. N. Diedrich, Muncie, Indiana]\nBut Congress, constituted in most respects as a diplomatic body, possessed no power of carrying into execution a simple Ordinance, however strongly dictated by prudence, policy or justice. The individual States, knowing there existed no power of coertion, treated with neglect, whenever it suited their convenience or caprice, the most salutary measures of the most indispensable requisitions of Congress. Experience taught [verso, end of page; owned (1983) by Mr. D. N. Diedrich, Muncie, Indiana]\nsituation could be so agreeable to me as the condition of a private citizen. I solemnly assert and appeal to the searcher of hearts to witness the truth of it, that my leaving home to take upon myself the execution of this Office was the greatest personal sa [privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein] crifice I have ever, in the course of my existence, been called upon to make. Altho\u2019 when the last war had become inevitable, I heartily concurred in the measures ta [facsimile, Paul C. Richards catalog no. 159, item 111] ken by my country for repelling force by force; yet it is known, I was so far from aspiring to the chief Military command, that I accepted it with unfeigned reluctance. My fellow-soldiers of the late patriotic Army will bear me testimony that when I accepted that appointment, it was not to revel [NjP: De Coppet Collection] in luxury, to grow proud of rank, to eat the bread of idleness, to be insensible to the sufferings, or to refuse a share in the toils and dangers to which they were exposed. I need not say what were the complicated cares, the cruel reverses or the unusual perplexities inseparable from my office, to [end of page; printed, The Collector, June 1904]\nto prove that I have prematurely grown old in the Service of my Country. For in truth, I have now arrived at that sober age, when, aside of any extraordinary circumstances to deter me from encountering new fatiegues, & when, without having met with any par [privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein] ticular shocks to injure the constitution the love of retirement naturally encreases; while the objects of human pursuit, which are most laudable in themselves and most [facsimile, Paul C. Richards catalog no. 159, item 111]\nas in their consequences, lose much \u27e8mutilated\u27e9n captivating lustre\u2014It is then high \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 to have learnt \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 the vanity of this \u27e8mutilated\u27e9ish dream of life. It is then high \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 to contract the sphere of action, to \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 the remnant of \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 our days peculiarly \u27e8mutilated\u27e9wn, and to compensate for inquie [NjP: De Coppet Collection] tude of turbulent scenes by the tranquility of domestic repose. After I had rendered an account of my military trust to congress and retired to my farm, I flattered myself that this unenviable lot was reserved for my latter years. I was delighted with agricultural affairs and excepting a few avocations [end of page; printed, The Collector, June 1904]\nmyself with the idea it was all that would ever be expected at my hand. But in this I was disappointed. The Legislature of Virginia in opposition to my express desire signified in the clearest terms to the Governor of that State, appointed me a Delegate to the federal Convention. Never was my embarrassment or hesitation more extreme or dis [privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel Stein] tressing. By letters from some of the wisest & best men in almost every quarter of the Continent, I was advised, that it was my indispensable duty to attend, and that, in the deplorable condition to which our affairs were reduced, my refusal would be considered a desertion of [recto, end of page; MHi: Washburn Papers]\nrest, neither life or reputation has been accounted dear in my sight. And, from the bottom of my Soul, I know, that my motives\non no former occasion were more innocent than in the present instance\u2014At my time of life & in my situation I will not suppose that many moments need [verso, end of page; MHi: Washburn Papers]\nneed be bestowed in exculpating myself from any suggestions, which might be made \u201cthat the incitement of pleasure or grandeur, or power have wrought a change in my resolution.\u201d Small indd must be the resources for happiness in the mind of that man, who cannot find a refuge from the tediousness of solitude but in a round of dissipation, the pomp of State, or the homage of his fellow Men. I am not conscious of being in that predicament. But if there should be single citizen of the United States, to whom the tenour of my life is so little known, that he could imagine me capable of being so smitten with the allurements of sensual gratification, the frivolities of ceremony or the baubles of ambition, as to be induced from such motives to accept a public appointment: I shall only lament his imperfect acquaintance with my heart, and leave him until another retirement (should Heaven spare my life for a little space) shall work a conviction [end of page; owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nviction of his error. In the meantime it may not, perhaps, be improper to mention one or two circumstances wch will serve to obviate the jealousies that might be entertained of my having accepted this Office, from a desire of enriching myself or aggrandising my posterity. In the first place, if I have formerly served the community without a wish for pecuniary compensation, it can hardly be suspected that I am at present influenced by avaricious schemes. In the next place, it will be recollected, that the Divine Providence hath not seen fit, that my blood should be transmitted or my name perpetuated by the endearing, though sometimes seducing channel of immediate offspring. I have no child for whom I could wish to make a provision\u2014no family to build in greatness upon my Country\u2019s ruins. Let then the Adversaries to this Constitution\u2014let my personal enemies if I am so unfortunate as to have deserved such a return from [owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nfrom any one of my countrymen, point to the sinester object, or to the earthly consideration beyond the hope of rendering some little service to our parent Country, that could have persuaded me to accept this appointment [recto, top of page; owned (1980) by Mr. Arthur C. Eilen, Great Neck, New York]\nto any favoured nation. We have purchased wisdom by experience. Mankind are believed to be naturally averse to the coertions of government. But when our Countrymen had experienced the inconveniences, arising from the feebleness of our [verso, top of page; owned (1980) by Mr. Arthur C. Eilen, Great Neck, New York]\nwhen they shall witness the return of more prosperous times. I feel the consolatory joys of futurity in contemplating the immense desarts, yet untrodden by the foot of man, soon to become fair as the garden of God, soon to be animated by the activity of multitudes & soon to be made vocal with the praises of the Most High. Can it be imagined that so many peculiar advantages, of soil & of climate, for agriculture & for navigation were lavished in vain\u2014or that this Continent was not created and reserved so long undiscovered as a Theatre, for those glorious displays of Divine Munificence, the salutary consequences of which shall flow to another Hemisphere & extend through the interminable series of ages! Should not our Souls exult in the prospect! Though I shall not survive to perceive with these bodily senses, but a small portion of the blessed effects which our Revolution will occasion in the rest of the world; yet I enjoy the progress of human society & human happiness in anticipation. I [end of page; NjP: De Coppet Collection]\nI rejoice in a belief that intellectual light will spring up in the dark corners of the earth; that freedom of enquiry will produce liberality of conduct; that mankind will reverse the absurd position that the many were made for the few; and that they will not continue slaves in one part of the globe, when they can become freemen in another.\nThus I have explained the general impressions under which I have acted: omitting to mention untill the last, a principal reason which induced my acceptance. After a consciousness that all is right within and an humble hope of approbation in Heaven\u2014nothing can, assuredly, be so grateful to a virtuous man as the good opinion of his fellow citizens[.] Tho\u2019 the partiality of mine led them to consider my holding the Chief Magistracy as a matter of infinitely more consequence than it really is; yet my acceptance must be ascribed rather to an honest willingness to satisfy that partiality, than to an overweening presumption upon my own capacity. Whenever a government is to be instituted or changed by Consent of the people, confidence in the person placed at the head of it, is, perhaps, more peculiarly necessary [NjP: De Coppet Collection]\nset up my judgment as the standard of perfection? And shall I arrogantly pronounce that whosoever differs from me, must discern the subject through a distorting medium, or be influenced by some nefarious design? The mind is so formed in different persons as to contemplate the same object in different points of view. Hence originates the difference on questions of the greatest import, both human & divine. In all Institutions of the former kind, great allowances are doubtless to be made for the fallibility & imperfection of their authors. Although the agency I had in forming this system, and the high opinion I entertained of my Colleagues for their ability & integrity may have tended to warp my judgment in its favour; yet I will not pretend to say that it appears absolutely perfect to me, or that there may not be many faults which have escaped my discernment. I will only say, that, during and since the Session of the Convention, I have attentively heard and read every [end of page; owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nevery oral & printed information on both sides of the question that could be procured. This long & laborious investigation, in which I endeavoured as far as the frailty of nature would permit to act with candour has resulted in a fixed belief that this Constitution, is really in its formation a government of the\npeople; that is to say, a government in which all power is derived from, and at stated periods reverts to them\u2014and that, in its operation, it is purely, a government of Laws made & executed by the fair substitutes of the people alone. The election of the differt branches of Congress by the Freemen, either directly or indirectly is the pivot on which turns the first wheel of the government\u2014a wheel which communicates motion to all the rest. At the sametime the exercise of this right of election seems to be so regulated as to afford less opportunity for corruption & influence; & more for stability & system than has usually been incident to popular governments. Nor can the members of Congress exempt themselves from the consequences of [end of page; owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nof any unjust & tyranical acts which they may impose upon others. For in a short time they will mingle with the mass of the people. Their interests must therefore be the same, and their feelings in sympathy with those of their Constituents. Besides, their re-election must always depend upon the good reputation which they shall have maintained in the judgment of their fellow citizens. Hence I have been induced to conclude that this government must be less obnoxious to well-founded objections than most which have existed in the world. And in that opinion I am confirmed on three accounts: first\u2014because every government ought to be possessed of powers adequate to the purposes for which it was instituted: Secondly, because no other or greater powers appear to me to be delegated to this government than are essential to accomplish the objects for which it was instituted, to wit, the safety & happiness of the governed: and thirdly because it is clear to my conception that no government before [end of page; NNPM]\nbefore introduced among mankind ever contained so many checks & such efficatious restraints to prevent it from degenerating into any species of oppression. It is unnecessary to be insisted upon, because it is well known, that the impotence of Congress under the former confederation, and the inexpediency of trusting more ample prerogatives to a single Body, gave birth to the\ndifferent branches which constitute the present general government. Convinced as I am that the balances, arising from the distribution of the Legislative\u2014Executive\u2014& Judicial powers, are the best that have been instituted; I presume not to assert, that better may not still be devised. On the article of proposed amendments I shall say a few words in another place. But if it was a point acknowledged on all parts that the late federal government could not have existed much longer; if without some speedy remedy a dissolution of the Union must have ensued, if without adhering to the Union we [NNPM]\non the one hand and an unalterable habit of error on the other, are points in policy equally desirable; though, I believe, a power to effect them never before existed. Whether the Constitutional door that is opened for amendments in ours, be not the wisest and apparently the happiest expedient that has ever been suggested by human prudence I leave to every unprejudiced mind to determine.\nUnder these circumstances I conclude it has been the part of wisdom to ad\u27e8opt\u27e9 it. I pretend to no unusual foresigh\u27e8t\u27e9 into futurity, & therefore cannot und\u27e8er\u27e9take to decide, with certainty, what may be its ultimate fate. If a promised good should terminate in an unexpected evil, it would not be a solitary example of disappointment in this mutable state of existence. If the blessings of Heaven showered thick around us should be spilled on the ground or converted to curses, through the fault of those for whom they were intended, it would not be the first instance of folly [end of page; MHi: Waterston Papers]\nfolly or perverseness in short-sighted mortals. The blessed Religion revealed in the word of God will remain an eternal and awful monument to prove that the best Institutions may be abused by human depravity; and that they may even, in some instances be made subservient to the vilest of purposes. Should, hereafter, those who are intrusted with the management of this government, incited by the lust of power & prompted by the supineness or venality of their Constituents, overleap the known barriers of this Constitution and violate the unalienable rights\nof humanity: it will only serve to shew, that no compact among men (however provident in its construction & sacred in its ratification) can be pronounced everlasting and inviolable\u2014and if I may so express myself, that no wall of words\u2014that no mound of parchmt can be so formed as to stand against the sweeping torrent of boundless ambition on the one side, aided by the sapping current of corrupted morals on the other. But [MHi: Waterston Papers]\nIt might naturally be supposed that I should not silently pass by the subject of our defence. After excepting the unprovoked hostility committed against us by one of the Powers of Barbary, we are now at peace with all the nations of the globe. Seperated as we are from them, by intervening Oceans, an exemption from the burden of maintaining numerous fleets and Armies must ever be considered as a singular felicity in our National lot. It will be in our choice to train our youths to such industrious & hardy professions as that they may grow into an unconquerable force, without our being obliged to draw unprofitable Drones from the hive of Industry. As our people have a natural genius for Naval affairs & as our materials for navigation are ample; if we give due encouragement to the fisheries and the carrying trade, we shall possess such a nursery of Seamen & such skill in maratime operations as to enable us to create a navy [end of page; anonymous donor]\nnavy almost in a moment. But it will be wise to anticipate events & to lay a foundation in time. Whenever the circumstances will permit, a grand provision of warlike stores, arsenals and dockyards ought to be made.\nAs to any invasion that might be meditated by foreigners against us on the land, I will only say, that, if the Mighty Nation with which we lately contended could not bring us under the yoke, no nation on the face of the earth can ever effect it; while we shall remain United & faithful to ourselves. A well organised Militia would constitute a strong defence; of course, your most serious attention will be turned to such an establishment. In your recess, it will give me pleasure, by making such reviews, as\nopportunities may allow, to attempt to revive the antient military spirit. During the present impoverished state of our Finances I would not wish to see any expence incurred by augmenting our regular [anonymous donor]\nof this government, it may be proper to give assurances of our friendly dispositions to other Powers. We may more at our leisure, meditate on such Treaties of Amity & Commerce, as shall be judged expedient to be propounded to or received from any of the\u27e8m\u27e9.\nIn all our appointments of persons to fill domestic & foreign offices, let us be careful to select only such as are distinguished for morals & abilities\u2014Som\u27e8e\u27e9 attention should likewise be paid, when [privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel Stein] ever the circumstances will conveniently admit, to the distribution of Offices among persons, belonging to the different parts of the Union. But my knowledge of the characters of persons, through an extent of fifteen hundred miles, must be so imperfect as to make me liable to fall into mistakes: which, in fact, can only be avoided by the disinterested aid of my coadjutors. I forbear to enlarge on the delicacy there certainly will be, in discharging this part of our trust with fidelity, and without giving occasion for uneasiness. It [end of page; privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nIt appears to me, that it would be a favorable circumstance, if the characters of Candidates could be known, without their having a pretext for coming forward themselves with personal applications. We should seek to find the Men who are best qualified to fill Offices: but never give our consent to the creation of Offices to accomodate men [privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nCertain propositions for taking measures to obtain explanations & amendments on some articles of the Constitution, with the obvious intention of quieting the minds of the good people of these United States, will come before you & claim a dispassionate consideration. Whatever may not be deemed incompatible\nwith the fundamental principles of a \u27e8free\u27e9 & efficient government ought to be done for the accomplishment of so desirable an object. The reasoning which have been used, to prove [end of page; privately owned (1958), photocopy supplied by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nprove that amendments could never take place after this Constitution should be adopted, I must avow, have not appeared conclusive to me. I could not understand, by any mathematical analogy, why the whole number of States in Union should be more likely to concur in any proposed amendment, than three fourths of that number: before the adoption, the concurrence of the former was necessary for effecting this measure\u2014since the adoption, only the latter. Here I will not presume to dictate as to the time, when it may be most expedient to attempt to remove all the redundances or supply all the defects, which shall be discovered in this complicated machine. I will barely suggest, whether it would not be the part of prudent men to observe it fully in movement, before they undertook to make such alterations, as might prevent a fair experiment of its effects?\u2014and whether, in the meantime, it may not be practicable for this Congress (if their proceedings shall meet with the approbation of three fourths of the Legislatures) in such manner to secure to the people all their justly- [end of page; owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\njustly-esteemed priviledges as shall produce extensive satisfaction?\nThe complete organization of the Judicial Department was left by the Constitution to the ulterior arrangement of Congress. You will be pleased therefore to let a supreme regard for equal justice & the inherent rights of the citizens be visible in all your proceedings on that important subject.\nI have a confident reliance that your wisdom & patriotism will be exerted to raise the supplies for discharging the interest on the national debt & for supporting the government during the current year, in a manner as little burdensome to the people as possible. The necessary estimates will be laid before you. A general,\nmoderate Impost upon imports; together with a higher tax upon certain enumerated articles, will, undoubtedly, occur to you in the course [owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\ncourse of your deliberations. I shall readily give my assent to any prudent measures. But my individual opinion would not be in favour of making frequent & rash experiments. I will only observe that it is commonly impolitic to lay duties so high, as to tempt the Importer to evade the collection by Smuggling. In whatsoever light smuggling may have been viewed heretofore, as it will now greatly injure the fair trader, & inasmuch as whatever it may detract from the revenues must be made good in some other way; it should not only be considered as an infamous practice, but even as a public robbery. The mode of collection, too, ought to be the simplest & most cogent that can be devised, without having any thing oppressive or vexatious in it. Every thing we can wish is to be expected from prudence & perseverance. The unlocated land, with good management, will be a permanent & productive fund for extinguishing the national debt. In the intermediate arrangements for the Treasury, it will belong [end of page; NNGL]\nbelong to you to see, that the strictest \u0153conomy shall be observed in the different departments; and that not one farthing of public money be wantonly squandered or wickedly misapplied. Whensoever the People shall be persuaded of this watchfulness over the pecuniary interests of the Community, I flatter my self, they will most chearfully contribute a part of their substance to supply the public demands. Especially as, under this system, taxes must be lighter in this Country, than in any other civilized country of the world. It is in my conception, worth the pains of an attempt, to endeavour to conciliate the good will of every description of honest men, when it can honestly be done. In conformity to this sentiment, I could wish to relieve the tender consciences of that industrious, frugal & valuable sect, who are religiously principled against supporting an armed force, by faithfully appropriating the whole monies which shall be collected from them, to the support of civil government, or the payment [end of page; NNGL]\nof the soil and the Sea, for the wares and merchandize of other Nations is open to all. Notwithstanding the embarassments under which our trade has hitherto laboured, since the peace, the enterprising spirit of our citizens has steered our Vessels to almost every region of the known world. In some distant & heretofore unfrequented countries, our new Constellation has been received with tokens of uncommon regard. An energetic government will give to our flag still greater respect: While a sense of reciprocal benefits will serve to connect us with the rest of mankind in stricter ties of amity. But an internal commerce is more in our power; and may be of more importance. The surplus of produce in one part of the United States, will, in many instances, be wanted in another. An intercourse of this kind is well calculated to multiply Sailors, exterminate prejudices, diffuse blessings, and encrease the friendship of the inhabitants of one State for those of another. While [end of page; owned (1985) by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Spiro, New York]\nWhile the individual States shall be occupied in facilitating the means of transportation, by opening canals & improving roads: you will not forget that the purposes of business & Society may be vastly promoted by giving cheapness, dispatch & security to communications through the regular Posts. I need not say how satisfactory it would be, to gratify the useful curiosity of our citizens by the conveyance of News Papers & periodical Publications in the public vehicles without expence.\nNotwithstanding the rapid growth of our population, from the facility of obtaining subsistence, as well as from the accession of strangers, yet we shall not soon become a manufacturing people. Because men are even better pleased with labouring on their farms, than in their workshops. Even the mechanics who come from Europe, as soon as they can procure a little land of their own, commonly turn Cultivators. Hence it will be found more beneficial, I believe, to continue to exchange [end of page; owned (1985) by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Spiro]\nchange our Staple commodities for the finer manufactures we may want, than to undertake to make them ourselves. Many articles, however, in wool, flax, cotton, & hemp; and all in leather, iron, fur and wood may be fabricated at home with great advantage. If the quantity of wool, flax, cotton & hemp should be encreased to ten-fold its present amount (as it easily could be) I apprehend the whole might in a short time be manufactured. Especially by the introduction of machines for multiplying the effects of labour, in diminishing the number of hands employed upon it. But it will rest with you to investigate what proficiency we are capable of making in manufactures, and what encouragement should be given to particular branches of them. In almost every House, much Spinning might be done by hands which otherwise would be in a manner idle [owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nIt remains for you to make, out of a Country poor in the precious metals and comparatively thin of inhabitants a flourishing State. But here it is particularly incumbent on me to express my idea of a flourishing state with precision; and to distinguish between happiness & splendour. The people of this Country may doubtless enjoy all the great blessings of the social State: and yet United America may not for a long time to come make a brilliant figure as a nation, among the nations of the earth. Should this be the case, and should the people be actuated by principles of true magnanimity, they will not suffer their ambition to be awakened. They should guard against ambition as against their greatest enemy. We shou\u2019d not, in imitation of some nations which have been celebrated for a false kind of patriotism, wish to aggrandize our own Republic at the expence of the freedom & happiness of the rest of mankind. The prospect that the Americans will not act upon so narrow a scale affords the most comfortable [end of page; owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nble reflections to a benevolent mind. As their remoteness from other nations in a manner precludes them from foreign quarrels: so their extent of territory & gradual settlement, will enable\nthem to maintain something like a war of posts, against the invasion of luxury, dissipation, & corruption. For after the large cities & old establishments on the borders of the Atlantic, shall, in the progress of time, have fallen a prey to those Invaders; the Western States will probably long retain their primaeval simplicity of manners & incorruptible love of liberty. May we not reasonably expect, that, by those manners & this patriotism, uncommon prosperity will be entailed on the civil institutions of the American world? And may you not console yourselves for any irksome circumstances which shall occur in the performance of your task, with the pleasing consideration, that you are now employed in laying the foundation of that durable prosperity [owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nIt belongs to you especially to take measures for promoting the general welfare. It belongs to you to make men honest in their dealings with each other, by regulating the coinage & currency of money upon equitable principles as well as by establishing just weights and measures upon an uniform plan. Whenever an opportunity shall be furnished to you as public or as private men, I trust you will not fail to use your best endeavors to improve the education and manners of a people; to accelerate the progress of arts & Sciences; to patronize works of genius; to confer rewards for inventions of utility; and to cherish institutions favourable to humanity. Such are among the best of all human employments. Such exertion of your talents will render your situations truly dignified & cannot fail of being acceptable in the sight of the Divinity.\nBy a series of disinterested services it will be in our power to shew, that we have nothing [owned (1974) by Mr. Nathaniel E. Stein]\nWhile others in their political conduct shall demean themselves as may seem \u27e8dear\u27e9 to them, let us be honest. Let us be firm. Let us advance directly forward in the path of our duty. Should the path at first prove intricate & thorny, it will grow plain and smooth as we go. In public as in private life, let the eternal line that seperates right from wrong, be the fence \u27e8to\u27e9 [recto, end of page; owned (1974) by Nathaniel E. Stein]\nI have now again given way to my feelings, in speaking without reserve, according to my best judgment, the words of soberness & affection. If any thing indiscreet or foreign to the occasion has been spoken, your candour, I am convinced will not impute it to an unworthy motive. I come now to a conclusion by addressing my humble petition to the [verso, end of page; owned (1974) by Nathaniel E. Stein]\nwhich will conduce to their temporal & eternal peace\u2014I most earnestly supplicate that Almighty God, to whose holy keeping I commend my dearest Country, will never offer so fair an inheritance to become a prey to avar [NcD: Rolfe Smith Saunders Papers, Autograph Album]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Oliver Bowen, April 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Oliver\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\n[Savannah, Ga., April 1789]\nIt is not, I presume, unusal or improper for persons to offer themselves as candidates for publick appointments. Under this impression, I take the liberty of mentioning to your Excellency, that I shall be happy to contribute my services in some office of the revenue department for the town and port of Savannh in the State of Georgia. From my long residince in that State, and from a diversified intercourse both in publick and private life, it has been in my power to acquire an intimate knowledge of its inhabitants and situation. If services or sacrifices in the cause of my country give any weight to an application of this kind, I can chearfully submit my pretentions, in those respects to an investigation. I refrain from making any remarks calculated to raise an opinion of my merits; as the honourable William Few of the Senate and the honourable James Jackson one of the Congress from Georgia are old inhabitants and acquainted with my charactor.\nI hope the liberty I have taken in addressing a letter on this occation will be excuseable. I remain Sr with the highest respect Your Excellencys most obediant Servant.\nOliver Bowen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0133", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the German Lutherans of Philadelphia, April\u2013May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: German Lutherans of Philadelphia\nGentlemen,\n  [New York, April-May 1789]\nWhile I request you to accept my thanks for your kind address, I must profess myself highly gratified by the sentiments of esteem and consideration contained in it. The approbation my past conduct has received from so worthy a body of citizens as that whose joy for my appointmt you announce, is a proof of the indulgence with which my future transactions will be judged by them.\nI could not however avoid apprehending that the partiality of my Countrymen in favor of the measures now pursued has led them to expect too much from the present Government; did not the same Providence which has been visible in every stage of our progress to this interesting crisis, from a combination of circumstances, give us cause to hope for the accomplishment of all our reasonable desires.\nThus partaking with you in the pleasing anticipation of the blessings of a wise and efficient government; I flatter myself that opportunities will not be wanting for me to shew my disposition to encourage the domestic and public virtues of Industry, \u0152conomy, Patriotism, Philanthropy, and that Righteousness which exalteth a Nation.\nI rejoice in having so suitable an occasion to testify the reciprocity of my esteem for the numerous People whom you represent. From the excellent character for diligence, sobriety and virtue, which the Germans in general, who are settled in America, have ever mantained; I cannot forbear felicitating myself on receiving from so respectable a number of them such strong assurances of their affection for my person, confidence in my integrity, and zeal to support me in my endeavours for promoting the welfare of our common Country.\nSo long as my Conduct shall merit the approbation of the Wise and the Good, I hope to hold the same place in your affections, which your friendly declarations induce me to beleive I possess at present: and, amidst all the vicisitudes that may await me in this mutable existance, I shall earnestly desire the continuation of an interest in your intercessions at the Throne of Grace.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0135", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moustier, 1 May 1789\nFrom: Moustier, El\u00e9anor-Fran\u00e7ois-Elie, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewyork the 1st of May 1789\nIt is truly mortifying to me to be under the disadvantage of using a foreign language in which I am so little versed. I conceive I must have committed errors, from the interpretation you have given, Sir, to my preceding letter, in regard to two points which were far from my intention. The first is relative to the application of the general principle on which I thought that a private audience from you, at the beginning of a new form of government (in order to talk in general terms of the situation in which this total change placed myself) would be proper. The peculiar circumstances to which I alluded were those resulting from the change of the representative of the collective Sovereignty of the United States. Their affections, principles and interests, I conceive have not ceased to be the same. But as they have had the wisdom to chuse a proper organ to express the first and cherish the others, I was eager to hear from that organ expressions similar to those which I had used formerly in different circumstances without having ever had an oportunity of receiving any of the same nature, but I had not either from personal impulse, nor from the direction of my Court, the least idea of making the most remote overture for any negociation whatsoever. And I happily know of no peculiar circumstance\nwhich might have occasion\u2019d them. I sincerely wish that the Situation of the United States may preserve them for ever from taking any share in the local politics of Europe. But we have been used to believe that the fire of war, was too easily spread over the four parts of the world by a cannon ball shot on the Seas of one of them, and most likely it is from that observation that the United States have stipulated with France the guarantee of their possessions. I quote this, Sir, only to shew that any distance of the fire is not an absolute, but only a probable reason to expect not to be concerned in it. But there has never existed, nor does there exist any ground for negociations relative to such an event, nor is any other negociation brought forward on the Side of France with the United States. They alone have made demands which have been received as readily and favoured as much as the circumstances enabled the King to listen to his affection towards the United States. What has been demanded in the Kings name, was no more but the conclusion of an act which had been predetermined by the Treaty, that is a convention to agree upon the functions of the Consuls in both Countries. Such an act is at least as necessary to the commercial interest of the United States as it is to the French Nation. And as it is concluded and has been signed lately by the respective plenipotentiariy, there is nothing left to be done but to send from here the ratification of the proper power. In mentioning this in conversation, I have given a proof that I did not mean to act officially with the President of the United States, for If I had received orders to take such a measure, I would certainly have either followed the only form which I knew, or have required to be previously officially inform\u2019d of the new form that would answer the purpose.\nThis is, I apprehend, the second error to which my unskillfulness in the English language has given rise. I was far from conceiving the least idea to introduce any form for the transaction of business between the Government of the United States and the representative of a foreign power. I have made it an object of my particular attention to Study the origin of the System establish\u2019d in Europe about the departments of the branches of Administration, and as it is in France that they were first introduced, I am confident that I may point out the advantages as\nwell as the inconveniences of the System. This might be a topick of an interesting conversation or of a pamphlet, but would be too long for a special letter. It may be enough to Say, that I highly approve and admire a proper distribution of power, and that when the officers are kept in due bounds as to their competence, nothing is more favourable to the expedition of business. I am also of opinion that Sovereigns have very wisely introduced the form of communication of business through the channel of persons intrusted with their confidence and power. But as I think at the same time that cases may happen in which it would be dangerous to employ those channels, it occurr\u2019d to me, that an absolute denial of an immediate communication would be a real abridgment of the powers of the Sovereign and of the most valuable prerogative of their Representatives abroad allowed by all writers on the functions of public Ministers, which is to have, when desired, an immediate communication with the Sovereign to whom they are sent. As to the application of this principle, it depends altogether on the prudence and a proper knowledge of the motives which may render such a measure or continuance of measure either necessary or proper. It is on that distinction that depends the facility of extending or restraining the practice of communication with all Diplomatic caracters. Public forms are not to vary, but confidential measures are adapted to circumstances, so that it is easier to quote facts on this question than to fix principles which serve rather for public forms. What has passed in the United States since their formation as an Independant and Sovereign Power, could furnish part of those facts.\nIf I have gone too far in suposing that at the establishment of forms adapted to a new Government, some people might, according to what history and modern times shew sufficiently, under various pretences, among which I only expressed the dignity of President of the United States, strive to enlarge the importance of their offices, I have been led to it by the consideration of possible things and by an apprehension of an event which, wherever it has happened, has been allmost imperceptible, which is the reason why at all times offices have become more or less important and analogous to their institutions, as the persons invested with them have made incroachments or\nlosses. I can assure you, Sir, that if the United States could be happy enough to have allways a Washington for their chief Magistrate I would not have conceived any such apprehension, which I have endeavoured to express by the figure of erecting walls. But as it is not in the course of nature to be prodigal of distinguish caracters, peculiarly in the highest stations, I have been induced to be perhaps too cautious. Thus when I am to embark though I would see the finest appearance of a favourable Sea, I would not forget the possibility of a Storm, and would in consequence provide against the effects of it as much as lay\u2019s in my power.\nThe object of my hazarding to intrude anew on your patience, Sir, was the desire of clearing myself even from the suspicion that I had presumed to influence in any way the measures of the Government of the United States. I wish I may have succeeded in clearing myself intirely of the suspicion of a presuming caracter. The only one which I seek to get here, is of the most sincere friend of a nation who is considered in the most friendly way by my Sovereign and my nation.\nYou may conceive, Sir, that this explanation could not be thought unnecessary by a man who knows how to value the sentiments and opinion of General Washington, to whom alone in the present circumstance he has addressed himself. I am with the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nCount de Moustier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0136", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Annis Boudinot Stockton, 1 May 1789\nFrom: Stockton, Annis Boudinot\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPrinceton [N.J.] the 1st of May 1789\nCan the muse, can the freind forbear! (for oh I must Call\nthee friend, great as thou art) to pay the poor tribute she is capable off, when she is so interested in the universal Congratulation\u2014I thought I Could testify my Joy when I saw you\u2014but words were vain, and my heart was so filled with respect, love, and gratitude, that I Could not utter an Idea.\nBe pleased to accept the enclosed sentiment of veneration, and add another oblagation to those, you have already confered, on your much obliged, and obedient Servant.\nA. Stockton\nEnclosure\nOft times when rapture swells the heart,\nExpressive silence can impart\nMore full the joy sublime\nThus Washington my wondering mind\nIn every grateful ardor joined\nThe words were out of time.\nThe muse of morvens peaceful shade\nGave way to all the gay parade.\nFor transport of her own.\nShe felt the tear of pleasure flow\nAnd gratitudes delightful glow\nWas to her bosom known.\nTriumphul arches, gratulating song\nAnd shouts of welcome from the mused throng,\nThy laurels can not raise\nWe raise our selves exalt our name\nAnd in the scroll of time we claim\nAn intrest in thy bays.\nFor erst on hudsons whiten\u2019d plain\nWhere the blue mists enshroud the slain\nAnd heroes spirits came\nAnxious to seal thy future fate\nEach on his cloud in awful state\nPronounc\u2019d thee good as well as great\nAnd fill\u2019d thy cup of fame.\nWhile we the favorites of heaven\nTo whom these western climes are given,\nAnd halcyon days await\nMay bless our selves, and bless our race\nThat God by his peculiar grace\nChose thee to rule the state.\nFame as she flies her trump shall sound\nTo all the admiring nations round,\nAnd millions yet unborn\nWill read the history of this day\nAnd as they read will pause and say\nHere nature took a turn.\nFor in the annals of mankind\nWho ever saw a compact bind!\nAn Empires utmost bound\nWho ever Saw ambition stand!\nWithout the power to raise her hand\nWhile one the people crown\u2019d.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0138", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Hancock, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoston May 2d 1789\nHaving had the honour of writing to your Excellency by Mr Allen, of expressing the pleasure I have recieved in common with my fellow citizens in general of your deserved elevation to the first place in the F\u0153deral Government of the American Country; this consideration would have precluded you the trouble of the present communication were it not for the paper accompanying, which I flatter myself will be highly agreable\u2014In addition to the general information respecting the state of the Union which you have undoubtedly recieved, you will derive a pleasure from the possession and examination of a very accurate and authentic abstract of the exports and imports of the metropolis of this Commonwealth, in a comparative view, for the two last years[.] By this you will observe the increase of Trade in this Town to be by no means inconsiderable. It is a new proof of our gradual recovery from the waste and calamities of war, to the enjoyment of these Commercial advantages, of which we have been so long destitute\u2014It is not in my power to inform you with precision of the relative proportion of the Trade of Boston to the aggregate Commerce of the State at\nlarge, or to that of the other Towns in particular\u2014But upon the moderate calculation of its being but half of the whole, it is nearly equal to what it ever has been even in the most prosperous year since the Country was settled.\nIn congratulating your Excellency on this very pleasing event I cannot omit the opportunity of doing justice to the merit of the Comptroller General (Leonard Jarvis Esquire) to whose zeal knowledge and industry we are almost altogether indebted for the present regular and systematic arrangement of this important concern\u2014His experience and integrity in the discharge of the duties annexed to his important office, together with his warm and ardent attachment to the cause of his Country\u2014the course of the revolution entitles him to considerations\u2014as a proof he still holds the Certificates of a Loan of near twelve thousand Pounds made by him personally to the Government in the first years of the war, and which are all of them in his own name.\nPermit me Sir to recommend him to your attention and favour as a person highly deserving the public confidence in the line of his present employment. I am with the highest sentiments of respect and esteem Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt & very Humble Servant\nJohn Hancock", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0140", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert R. Livingston, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Livingston, Robert R.\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nNew York 2d May 1789\nIt is not without regret that I reflect on the interruption that was given to the conversation I had the honor to hold with your Excellency on the subject of the etiquette which would be observed by the President of the United States, since I still find that this subject occupies much of the public attention, & I could have wished to have corrected my own opinions by a more perfect knowledge of your Excellencys sentiments. It seemed however from what I then collected to have been your wish to possess the Ideas of your friends upon the subject, who without hoping to add much to your reflections, might still be happy enough to furnish a hint which your Excellencys bettre judgment would improve. As my heart tells me that if the highest esteem & the most perfect & undeviating attatchment afford a title to that honourable distinction I may, however unworthy, rank myself among the number of your Excellencys friends & consider myself as called upon to examine a subject which in its influence upon your happyness & the interest of the community appears to me of considerable magnitude. And as it is not probable that during my short stay in town I shall have an opportunity of doing this in conversation I venture to put my thoughts on paper & the rather as by this means they will obtrude no further on your Excellencys time than you may find convenient.\nThe subject deserves to be examined in two points of view. As it may effect your Excellencys personal happiness & as it may interest the community\u2014As the last of these has alway been preferred to the first by your Excellency I shall in compliance with your example consider it first.\nThe principal object of the friends to good government is to correct its instability, & encrease its energy by giving weight to the executive: This weight must be derived from actual power & the opinion that the people conceive of the wisdom & preemine\u27e8nce\u27e9 of their Majistrates. The powers of our government being defined by the constitution it is unnecessary to speak of them further than to observe that those annexed to the Presidency are in themself of sufficient importance to inspire a great degree of dignity. The weight which the executive may derive\nfrom personal respect is the subject now under consideration. This in some sort depends on the chief majistrate & not less on those in the higher departments whose stations place them nearest to him. As an intimate & familiar communication with the people has been observed to diminish the respect due to high rank some have concluded that the utmost distance shd be maintained by the President & that he should avoid all social & free intercourse with the people. And I confess that the reasons urged on this head had considerable weight with me but on fuller reflection I find that this Idea if pressed too far may be productive of great inconveniences.\nAnd that it is not essentially necessary I infer from the unlimited respect which every rank of Citizens feels for your Excellency tho in your public life you indulged them in an easy access & perhaps much of their essteem arises from their having by this means obtained a personal knowledge of virtues which they could otherwise only have known from report. I feel however the difference of your present situation & acknowledge that it exacts more reserve & distance than was required in an army which inculcates submission as the principle of government, & where the commands that are hourly Issued call that principle constandly into action. If however it should be an established rule that the president is never to unbend never to mingle in the social circle never to converse with any but a small knot of friends on public matters of importance will it not follow that he must acquire a knowledge of the public sentiment from them? That his acquaintance with characters must be derived from the same sourse? Should this knot have no private views, should they not combine to promote each other, to conceal or varnish truths he might probably receive proper information thro\u2019 this channel. But how is he to enter into all their views, or to decern the principles on which they act? These observations apply with little force to your Excellency who has happily acquired from the great theatre on which you have acted a personal knowledge of most of those characters whose rank or station will place them near you, And from nature that accute decernment which will prevent your being deceived in your confidential friends. I take up the question on general grounds as it may affect a president who does not possess those advantages. It has been said that the conduct of limmited monarchs\n(whose powers do not greatly exceed those of the president of the united States so far as they influence the operations of government) may afford some light on this subject. But this should not be assumed without some reference to the circumstances in which they differ. Hereditary Monarchs must in the common course of things be freequently men of little abilities & often have great defects it is therefore necessary to surround them with guards & to dazel beholders with a false glare. Elective Magistrates are known before they are elected, their virtues are the cause of their elevation, the exposing these to [the] public can not tend to diminish the respect which they originally created. Besides that the splendor & pleasures of a court attract all those who by their wealth, their rank, or their abilities are entitled to share the smiles & favours of the sovereign. He sees them on many occasions & the great number of men of rank & character that are employed in domestic departments with who he converses freely enables him to judge of characters, to know the public sentiment & to chuse his council upon whom he devolves all his business as long as they can make themselves agreeable to himself & the people\u2014There is another view in which this subject appears more interesting to me than it will to your excellency who have been accustomed to sacrafice personal considerations to the interests of the community\u2014Already by accepting the important office you hold you have relinquish\u2019d your plans of retired & domestic happyness\u2014We feel the value of the sacrafice in one whose station can add no glory [to that] which he has acquired\u2014you have agn preferrd Your duty to your country to every other consideration[.] Is it right for us to exact also a relinquishment of all the social pleasures of the enjoyment that flow from a free & unreserved confidence in the persons you esteem?\nIf I might venture to hint at what I sh\u2019d suppose the middle line which would obviate the difficulties I have mentioned\u2014I shd agree in the sentiment that the president sh\u2019d (except on some great festival) give no formal dinners that he should accept no formal invitation that he sh\u2019d return no vissits\u2014but I wd not preclude him from asking occasionally so many of his friends as would form a social circle who might be invited verbally on the very day they were to have the honor to dine with\nhim\u2014I would wish him also to invite himself to the table of a freind to name the company he chose to have asked\u2014this would make him master of his own time enable him to see with his own eyes & at the same time banish the luxury of extravagant entertainment which afford little opportunity of decerning character But the respect due to the 1st magistrate will never be maintained unless those in high & con[fi]dential department circulate it by their example & by the most respectful attentions\u2014As these will undoubtly be men distinguished by their abilities rank & station who will of themself command respect that which they pay will be refused by no member of the community.\nAnother source of information & perhaps of amusement may be found in the composition of the presidents family\u2014His judgment will undoubtedly induce him as your Excellency has done to select men of business & distinguished abilities with whom he will entrust important & weighty concerns\u2014He may also retain in his service young men of gentle manners\u2014who will mix in every polite circle & if at certain hours these are encouraged to speak with freedom of what they have seen & heard to the triffles they detail & which will serve to amuse, the judgment of the president will select many things which it will be not unimportant for him to know\u2014I make no appology for having thus obtruded upon your Excellencys time I rely for my excuse on the polite attention which you have heretofore afforded me when a desire of furnishing a hint which your judgment wd improve has some times led me to impose on yr patience", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0141", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Randall, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randall, Thomas\nSir.\nNew York May 2nd 1789\nDesirous of being more particular in expressing my acknowledgments for the elegant Barge which was presented to me on my arrival in this City, than I could be at that moment; I must now request that you will be pleased to offer my best thanks to the Gentlemen who were Owners of it, and assure them in my name that I consider myself much honored by their polite attention. I am, Sir, Your Most obedt Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0143", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Philip Schuyler, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nAlbany [N.Y.] May 2d 1789\nBy yesterdays post we were advised of Your Excellencys arrival at New York, and If a variety of incidents did not concur to prevent me, I should have the honor in person to congratulate you, on the gratitude and confidence, which you so emminently experience from united America.\nUntil the adoption of the present system of national Government, It was a constant, and a painful reflection to every patriot, that the inifficacy of the late confederation, threatned to deprive America of those blessings, for which she was greatly indebted to your perservering exertions, in surmounting the obstacles which were opposed to her becoming Independant, and permit me to assure you that the distress of my feelings, were infinintely increased, from a contemplation of what I could realize must be yours on the sad occasion. But Anxiety is now at an end, the impending clouds are dispelled, and a happy prospect is presented to the view, for why should we doubt that the divine hand; which has so evidently interfered in favor of America, and so remarkably assisted and conducted you in every stage of life, will continue to guide and direct you in your endeavours for the happiness of your country.\nLet me Join my wish, to the universal one, that health, happiness and every blessing may be your portion. I am Dear Sir with affectionate and sincere Esteem and respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Servant\nPh: Schuyler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Warren, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Warren, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPlymouth Massachusetts May 2d 1789\nWhen your arrival at the head of the General Government is\nannounced, it is become my duty as it was before my inclination, to make my congratulations both to you & to my Country, which I most sincerely do, on this occasion: for however I may have been at first in opinion against the new Constitution before its ratification, I now think it the duty of every good citizen to rejoice in every measure calculated to carry it into operation agreable to the principles on which it was adopted; among which I can concieve of none more suited to the purpose than placing at the head of it a man who enjoys the unlimited & well-founded confidence of the whole country.\nI do not flatter you, Sir, when I assure you that my own particular wishes, founded on the greatest respect, esteem & friendship, are fully gratified by this event; nor do I deceive you, when I tell you that it will give me pleasure to do every thing in my power to make your Administration easy to yourself & happy to your country. Your Excellency will have no difficulty in believing me very sincere, notwithstanding any misrepresentations originating from party & founded in tory resentments, & when I assure you, Sir, that I am the same man, governed by the same principles, pursuing the same line of conduct I did when you was pleased to honour me with a considerable share of your confidence at Cambridge: I feel happy in contemplating that I never decieved you then in point of sincerity & zeal for the public good, or in attachment to your person.\nThe New Government, however untrodden & delicate the ground is on which the several branches have to act, seems to open with the auspicious omen of harmony; a circumstance very favorable to the hopes of their surmounting the many & great difficulties they have to encounter in the infancy of the Government when precedents are to be established with caution, & laws to originate without precedents.\nI will detain you no longer from your many & arduous avocations, than to wish you every blessing & success. I have the honour to be, Sir, with the greatest esteem & respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient hum: servant\nJas Warren", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0146", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Heth, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMount Vernon 3d May 1789\nI had the honor of presenting yesterday forenoon, your letter to Mrs Washington, together with the package committed to my care; and was happy to find her, & the family well.\nIt is with pleasure I inform you, that I have made such particular & pointed arrangements with the Proprietors of the Stages, as leaves me no reason to doubt, of Mrs Washingtons being extremely well accommodated on her Journey to New-York\u2014Indeed\u2014I flatter myself, that she will experience no other inconvenience from not having her own Coachman & Horses, than will naturally arise, from female apprehensions, on being drove by Strange coachmen, with Strange Horses. On this subject, I have assured her\u2014as I trust, she will not have any thing to fear\u2014For having agreed, that such coachmen as I might point out, should be employd on this occasion, she will\u2014if Van Horn & Co. should not deceive me\u2014be drove by very decent, attentive, sober & orderly men, most excellent drivers, with very good horses. I took the liberty also, to fix upon the terms, and as scrupulously as if I was to pay the expence myself\u2014leaving further compensation to Mrs Washingtons report of their attention, & any extra services which may be renderd. This I did, for two reasons\u2014the one, to prevent any attempts towards an imposition, after the Journey should be performed; and the other, to excite an ambition to execute their contract in the best manner possible. The terms are as follow\u2014From George Town to Susquehanna 24 Dlrs\u2014to be paid to Mr Van Horn. From thence to Phila. the same, to be paid to Mr Kerlin\u2014and the Same from Philadelphia to New-York\u2014to be paid to Mr Mercereau. The roads being worse on this side of Phila. than the other, was taken into consideration, which together with some peculiar inconvenience to the proprietors, was the reason why the terms were made equal.\nHoping you will pardon me, for thus interrupting you with a detail of the manner in which I have executed your commands\u2014permit me to wish you a happy meeting with Mrs Washington, and to pray sincerely, that you may both live long so. I have the honor to be, with the utmost respect & affection Yr Obedt Servant\nWill. Heth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Michael Morgan O\u2019Brien, 4 May 1789\nFrom: O\u2019Brien, Michael Morgan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nNew York 4th May 1789.\nBy the advice of my Friends, I am induced to apply to your Exellency for an Appointment in the Customs at the Port of Philadelphia.\nI am informed in that Arrangement, there will be a Surveyor, and a Searcher, in either of which Capacities I shoud be happy to serve, if I am thought worthy of the Appointment.\nI flatter myself it woud not be unacceptable to my fellow Citizens, and that I shoud be found to execute the Office with honour and fidelity.\nI beg leave to refer your Excellency to the Honble Robert Morris, George Clymer, and Thomas FitzSimons for my character. I have the honour to be with respect, Sir! Your Excellency\u2019s very hum: & most Obt Servant\nMichael Morgan O\u2019Brien", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0148", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Philadelphia County Society for Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, 4 May 1789\nFrom: Philadelphia County Society for Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 4 May 1789]\nOn the 4th day of May 1789 His Excellency George Washington Esqr. was elected a Corresponding member of the Philadelphia County Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestick Manufactures the Society inviting his Assistance.\nEdward Duffield JunrSecy\nN.B. To meet at the house of Mr Bennet in Frankford on the first Monday in June at 2 OClock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0149", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Annis Boudinot Stockton, 4 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stockton, Annis Boudinot\nDear Madam,\nNew York, May 4th 1789.\nI can only acknowledge with thankfulness the receipt of your repeated favors\u2014were I Master of my own time, nothing could give me greater pleasure than to have frequent occasions of assuring you, more at large, with how great esteem and consideration, I am dear Madam, Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0150", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Taylor, Jr., 4 May 1789\nFrom: Taylor, George Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York May 4th 1789.\nThe President being invested by the Constitution with the Appointment of Officers for the new Government, I hope it will not be deemed importunate in me to mention to your Excellency, my former Services, lest, by the numerous great and important Objects which must necessarily occupy your Attention, they may escape you. I will not presume to ask for any Office in particular, because, conscious of my Insufficiency to judge of my own Capacity, I might thereby be led into an Error. I would beg Leave only to observe, that I had the Honor of serving in the Office of Colonel Varick, while he acted as recording Secretary to, and particularly that of having confided to me by, the private Letters and Papers of your Excellency. That at the Reestablishment of the Department for foreign affairs, I was honored by Mr Jay with a Clerkship in his Office, in which Capacity I now serve, and I flatter myself to his Satisfaction, nor have I a Wish to part with that worthy Gentleman, unless I should meet Something more advantageous to me, in which Case, I am sensible it would give him Pleasure.\nPermit me also to observe, that I have made a tolerable Proficiency in the Study of the french Language.\nWith the most fervent Prayers that your Excellency and Family may long enjoy Health and Happiness, I have the Honor to be, with profound Respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and Most humble servant,\nGeo: Taylor Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0152", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Bush, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Bush, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 5th 1789\nIn answer to the questions you were pleased to put to me this day, I take the liberty to trouble you with the following detail.\nI was born in the Delaware State, my Father still lives there, & I have resided there ever since the dissolution of the Army. I served an Apprenticeship of four Years to a Merchant in Philadelphia, at the expiration of which in 1776 I was appointed a Liut. in the Troops of Delaware. In 1777 I was promoted to the Command of a Company in one of the 16. Regts Commanded by Coll Hartley, this as you well know was blended with Coll Pattons & formed the 11th Penna. Regt under the command of Coll Hubley.\nTo this Account I shall only add, as you are in general acquainted with my connexions & circumstances; that I am a Citizen of Delaware & that my health is much impaired. The Ports\nof Wilmington & New Castle, being of most importance, were by an Act of the Legislature made free to all vessels, of course there was no such Officer as Collector in the State, only a Naval Officer, he lived at New Castle, tho\u2019 Wilmington had eight or Ten Sea Vessels belonging to it & New Castle not more than One. Wilmington had also a great number of consignments from the British Islands; a Deputy resided at that Port, who entered and gave permits at the rate of from two to four Dollars each.\nI made a calculation before I left Wilmington, which shews that in two weeks at 15 Cents on the spirits, that was consign\u2019d in British Vessels to that Port would have produced Fifteen Hundred Pounds.\nThe Naval Officer at New Castle has at this time five or six offices of profit under the Goverment. I have the honor to be Sir Your Obedt & Oblig\u2019d Servant\nGeo. Bush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elias Dayton, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Dayton, Elias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nElizth Town [N.J.] 5th May 1789\nI take the liberty of introducing to the knowledge and notice of your Excellency, my son, who will have the honor of presenting this. He wishes to be so happy as to obtain the approbation & nomination of your Excellency to the appointment of Collector of imposts or duties for New Jersey.\nMotives of delicacy prevented my mentioning this matter either by letter or in person in the course of your Excellency\u2019s passage thro\u2019 this state and as the solicitation of an office, even for a friend, is a truly disagreeable undertaking I should, even now, have declined it could there have been any other less exceptionable method of making his wishes known to your Excellency whose province it is to nominate.\nI trust I shall be pardoned if I have failed in the style of my address as I have not yet hear\u2019d what title has been annexed by Congress to the office of President General. With the highest respect and esteem I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Very Humbe Servt\nElias Dayton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0154", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nDr. Sir\n[New York, May 5, 1789]\nIn conformity to the intimation you were pleased to honor me with on  evening last I have reflected on the etiquette proper to be observed by the President and now submit the ideas which have occurred to me on the subject.\nThe public good requires as a primary object that the dignity of the office should be supported. Whatever is essential to this ought to be pursued though at the risk of partial or momentary dissatisfaction. But care will be necessary to avoid extensive disgust or discontent. Men\u2019s minds are prepared for a pretty high tone as in the demeanour of the Executive; but I doubt whether\nfor so high a tone as in the abstract might be desireable. The notions of equality are yet in my opinion too general and too strong to admit of such a distance being placed between the President and other branches of the government as might even be consistent with a due proportion. The following plan will I think steer clear of extremes and involve no very material inconveniences.\nI\u2003The President to have a levee day once a week for receiving visits. An hour to be fixed at which it shall be understood that he will appear and consequently that the visitors are previously to be assembled. The President to remain half an hour, in which time he may converse cursorily on indifferent subjects with such persons as shall strike his attention, and at the end of that half hour disappear. Some regulation will be hereafter necessary to designate those who may visit. A mode of introduction through particular officers will be indispensable. No visits to be returned.\nII\u2003The President to accept no invitations: and to give formal entertainments only twice or four times a year on the anniversaries of important events in the revolution. If twice, the day of the declaration of Independence, and that of the inauguration of the President, which completed the organization of the Constitution, to be preferred; if four times, the day of the treaty of alliance with france & that of the definitive treaty with Britain to be added. The members of the two houses of the legislature Principal officers of the Government Foreign ministers and other distinguished strangers only to be invited. The numbers form in my mind an objection\u2014But there may be separate tables in separate rooms. This is practiced in some European Courts. I see no other method in which foreign Ministers can with propriety be included in any attentions of the table which the President may think fit to pay.\nIII\u2003The President on the lev\u00e9e days either by himself or some Gentleman of his household to give informal invitations to family dinners on the days of invitation. Not more than six or eight to be invited at a time & the matter to be confined essentially to members of the legislature and other official characters. The President never to remain long at table.\nI think it probable that the last article will not correspond with the ideas of most of those with whom Your Excellency may converse but on pretty mature reflection I believe it will be necessary to remove the idea of too immense an inequality, which I fear would excite dissatisfaction and cabal. The thing may be so managed as neither to occasion much waste of time, nor to infringe on dignity.\nIt is an important point to consider what persons may have access to Your Excellency on business. The heads of departments will of course have this privilege. Foreign Ministers of some descriptions will also be intitled to it. In Europe I am informed ambassadors only have direct access to the Chief Magistrate. Something very near what prevails there would in my opinion be right. The distinction of rank between diplomatic characters requires attention and the door of access ought not to be too wide to that class of persons. I have thought that the members of the Senate should also have a right of individual access on matters relative to the public administration. In England & France Peers of the realm have this right. We have none such in this Country, but I believe that it will be satisfactory to the people to know that there is some body of men in the state who have a right of continual communication with the President. It will be considered as a safeguard against secret combinations to deceive him.\nI have asked myself\u2014will not the representatives expect the same privilege and be offended if they are not allowed to participate with the Senate? There is sufficient danger of this, to merit consideration. But there is a reason for the distinction in the constitution. The Senate are coupled with the President in certain executive functions; treaties and appointments. This makes them in a degree his constitutional counsellors and gives them a peculiar claim to the right of access. On the whole, I think the discrimination will be proper & may be hazarded.\nI have chosen this method of communication, because I understood Your Excellency, that it would be most convenient to you. The unstudied and unceremonious manner of it will I hope not render it the less acceptable. And if in the execution of your commands at any time I consult frankness and simplicity more than ceremony or profession, I flatter myself you will not on that account distrust the sincerity of the assurance I\nnow give of my cordial wishes for your personal happiness and the success of your administration. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient & humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0156", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States House of Representatives, 5 May 1789\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[New York, 5 May 1789]\nThe Representatives of the people of the United States present their congratulations on the event by which your fellow citizens have attested the pre-eminence of your merit. You have long held the first place in their esteem: you have often received tokens of their affection. You now possess the only proof that remained of their gratitude for your services, of their reverence for your wisdom, and of their confidence in your virtues. You enjoy the highest, because the truest honor, of being the first Magistrate, by the unanimous choice of the freest people on the face of the Earth.\nWe well know the anxieties with which you must have obeyed a summons from the repose reserved for your declining years,\ninto public scenes, of which you had taken your leave forever. But the obedience was due to the occasion. It is already applauded by the universal joy which welcomes you to your station. And we cannot doubt that it will be rewarded with all the satisfaction, with which an ardent love for your fellow citizens must review successful efforts to promote their happiness.\nThis anticipation is not justified merely by the past experience of your signal services. It is particularly suggested by the pious impressions under which you commence your administration, and the enlightened maxims by which you mean to conduct it. We feel with you the strongest obligations to render the invisible hand which has led the American people through so many difficulties, to cherish a conscious reponsibility for the destiny of Republican liberty, and to seek the only sure means of preserving and recommending the precious deposit, in a system of legislation, founded on the principles of an honest policy, and directed by the spirit of a diffusive patriotism.\nThe question arising out of the fifth article of the Constitution, will receive all the attention demanded by its importance; and will, we trust be decided, under the influence of all the considerations to which you allude.\nIn forming the pecuniary provision for the Executive department, we shall not lose sight of a wish resulting from motives which give it a peculiar claim to our regard. Your resolution, in a moment critical to the liberties of your Country, to renounce all personal emolument, was among the many presages of your patriotic services, which have been amply fulfilled; and your scrupulous adherence now to the law then imposed on yourself, cannot fail to demonstrate the purity, whilst it increases the lustre, of a character, which has so many titles to admiration.\nSuch are the sentiments which we have thought fit to address to you. They flow from our own hearts; and we verily believe that among the millions we represent, there is not a virtuous citizen whose heart will disown them.\nAll that remains is that we join in your fervent supplication for the blessings of Heaven on our country; and that we add our own for the choicest of these blessings on the most beloved of her citizens.\nFrederick Augustus Muhlenberg", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0157", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nNew York May 5th 1789.\nNotwithstanding the conviction I am under of the labour which is imposed upon you by Public Individuals as well as public bodies\u2014yet, as you have begun, so I could wish you to finish, the good work in a short reply to the Address of the House of Representatives (which I now enclose) that there may be an accordance in this business.\nThursday 12 Oclock, I have appointed to receive the Address. The proper place is with the House to determine. As the first of everything, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,\nit is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles. With affectionate regard I am ever Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0158", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Rutledge, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rutledge, Edward\nMy dear Sir,\nNew York May 5th 1789.\nI cannot fail of being much pleased with the friendly part you take in every thing which concerns me; and particularly with the just scale on which you estimate this last great sacrafice which I consider myself \u27e8as having\u27e9 made for the good of my Country. \u27e8When I ha\u27e9d judged\u27e8, u\u27e9pon the best appreciation I was ab\u27e8le to form\u27e9 of the circumstances which related \u27e8to my-\u27e9self, \u27e8that\u27e9 it was my duty to embark again \u27e8o\u27e9n the tempestuous & uncertain Ocean of public life, I gave up all expectations of private happiness in this world: You know, my dear Sir, I had concentered all my schemes, all my views, all my wishes\u27e8,\u27e9 within the narrow circle of domestic enjoy\u27e8me\u27e9nt\u27e8.\u27e9 Thou\u27e8g\u27e9h I flatter myself the world w\u27e8ill do me the justice\u27e9 to believe, that, at my time \u27e8of life & in my\u27e9 circumstances, nothing but a \u27e8conviction\u27e9 of duty could have induced me to depart from my resolution of remaining in retirement; yet I greatly apprehend that my Countrymen will expect too much from me. I fear, if the issue of public measures should not corrispond with their sanguine expectations, they will turn \u27e8the\u27e9 extravagant (and I may say undue) praises which they are heaping upon me at this moment, into equally extravagant (though I will fondly hope unmerited) censures. So \u27e8m\u27e9uch is expected, so many untoward circum\u27e8stan\u27e9ces may intervene, in such a new and cr\u27e8itic\u27e9al situation, that I feel an insuperable diffidence in my \u27e8ow\u27e9n a\u27e8bilities\u2014I\u27e9 feel, in the execution of the \u27e8duties of my ardu\u27e9ous Office, how \u27e8m\u27e9uch \u27e8I shall stand in need of the\u27e9 countenance &\naid of every f\u27e8riend to myself, of\u27e9 every friend to the Revolution\u2014and of every lo\u27e8v\u27e9er of good Government. I thank you, my dear Sir, for \u27e8your\u27e9 affectionate expressions on this point.\nI anticipate that one of the most diff\u27e8icu\u27e9lt \u27e8&\u27e9 delicate parts of the duty of my \u27e8office will be th\u27e9at which relates to nominations \u27e8for appointmen\u27e9ts. I receive with the more \u27e8satisfaction\u27e9 the strong testimonials in behalf \u27e8of Mr Hall\u27e9 because I hope they will tend to \u27e8s\u27e9upercede the difficulty in this instance. Though from a system which I have prescribed to myself I can say nothing decisive on particular appointments; yet I may be allowed to observe in general, that nothing could be more agreeable to me than to have one Candidate brought forward for every Office of such clear pretensions as to secure him against competition.\nMrs Washington is not here, but is shortly expected; on her arrival I will offer the Compliments of Mrs Rutledge & yourself to her. In the meantime, I pray you to believe that, I am with sentiments of the purest esteem and highest cons\u27e8ider\u27e9ation \u27e8My dear Sir\u27e9 Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lydia Watkins, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Watkins, Lydia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 5th 1789. Broad Way No. 10\npermit me among the multitude who rejoice at your appointment, to Congratulate you as president of the United States of\nAmerica, and to assure your Excellency that I enjoy an heartfelt Satisfaction at any event tending to promote your happiness or exaltation. May I hope you have some recollection of one who had the honor of being known to you some years back at Paramus New Jersey? I have indeed no claim to your particular attention\u2014but presume on your distinguished humanity, and benevolence to distress. The late American war has in its consequences proved ruinous to My family, darkened My prospects of providing for my fatherless Children, and Marked Me the Child of Misfortune. My Second Son Charles aged twenty one years, a youth of Spirit, Sobriety and honesty, writes a legible hand, and good accountant qualified for a Clerk in an office\u2014or in the Military line being acquainted with Tacticks. I am destitute of the requisite to push him forward in life, and humbly request that in the arraignment of appointments your Excellency would cast a thought on him, which would relieve my anxious breast, and confer a lasting obligation on a Lad of good morals and Character who looks up to you. I should be at a loss how to Apologize for my addresssing you on this Occasion\u2014were I not convinced of your great Sensibility and inclination to do good. for this purpose may your valuable life be long preserved, and the choistest Gifts of heaven be your reward, prays your Excellencys petitioner and Most Obedient respectful Humble Servant\nLydia Watkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0163", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Powell, 6 May 1789\nFrom: Powell, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 6. 1789\nYour Memorialist convinced of the necessity of Appointing Officers of Honesty, Industry, and Abilities, under the present Constitution for the Collection of the Revenues in all the United States\u2014Begs leave to Offer his Services, as Weighmaster & Gauger or Surveyor, for the District of said New Haven not doubting but his character & abilities will be found adequate to the appointment The Senators of our State Col. Wadsworth or Col. Humphries, have some knowlidge of my Situation\u2014In hopes of meeting your approbation, your Memorialist\u2014Sir will ever pray\nWm Powell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0164", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Abraham Baldwin, 7 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Baldwin, Abraham\nSir,\nNew York May 7th 1789.\nI have duly received your letter of the 30th of April, containing the resignation of your seat at the general Board of Commissioners\nfor finally adjusting all accounts between the United States and the individual States; and shall cause it to be filed in the proper office as soon as the necessary arrangemt of departments shall have been made. I am, with great esteem, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Harrison, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 8th May 1789\nI some time ago through the Medium of my friend Coll Harrison, with diffidence took the liberty of offering my self for Employment under the Goverment to the administration of which your Excellency has been unanimously called. However disagreeable to speak of oneself I would now beg permission briefly to state the grounds on which I thus presumed.\nAlthough I was never honored with a direct or regular appointment from Congress, I for more than five Years, under the Authority of Mr Jay, acted as Agent for the Public, and, in reality discharged all the duties of a Consul at the Port of Cadiz. To these duties I necessarily and cheerfully devoted a great portion of my time. Far from recieving or requiring any pecuniary reward I not only purchased and shipped off a large Quantity of Cloathing free of every Charge, but was, during almost that whole period, in actual and considerable advances of Money, on which, in like manner, I never was paid Commission or common Interest even. Suffer me to add that the Expences to which\nthis Situation exposed me, and which in consequence of it I actually incurred, amounted to a Sum that, did I now possess it, would possibly prevent the present Intrusion. These were sacrifices that I concieved the then Circumstances of my Country demanded of me, and my own in some measure justified, but no greater perhaps than any good Citizen would have made in my place. If, however, they should have any weight in your Excellency\u2019s mind they are known, I believe, in part to most of the Gentlemen employed abroad; but I would beg leave to refer more particularly to Mr Adams, Mr Jay and Mr Barclay.\nHaving said thus much, I shall detain Your Excellency no longer than to observe that, in case I should upon the whole be deemed worthy of Notice, a place in some one of the Home Departments would be most pleasing to my friends and equally acceptable to myself. If this however should prove incompatible with the Arrangement Your Excellency may judge proper or expedient to adopt, or interfere with better titles and superior merit, I would then presume to hope for an appointment in Europe, where a residence of many Years, and a competent knowledge of the French & Spanish Languages, may have qualified me, I trust, to act with some small degree of Propriety. With Sentiments of the purest Veneration and respect, I have the Honor to be Your Excellencys obedient and very humble Servant\nR. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0169", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States House of Representatives, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States House of Representatives\nGentlemen,\n[New York 8 May 1789]\nYour very affectionate Address produces emotions which I know not how to express. I feel that my past endeavours in the Service of Country are far overpaid by its goodness: and I fear much that my future ones may not fulfil your kind anticipation. All that I can promise is, that they will be invariably directed by an honest and an ardent zeal. Of this resource my heart assures me. For all beyond, I rely on the wisdom and patriotism of those with whom I am to co-operate, and a continuance of the blessings of Heaven on our beloved Country.\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0170", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hugh Williamson, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 8th May 1789\nIt does not appear from any Information in my Hands that Col: Jos: Martin has at this Time any public Commission under which he may be authorised to treat with the Indians.\nOn the 20th of June last he was appointed by Congress Agent for the Cherokees having been previously nominated by Mr Brown of Virginia. That appointment was for six months from the Time he took on himself the Duties of the Office. It must have expired.\nHe was appointed by our Legislature on Decr[,] was a Year\nBrigadier for the District between the Mountains, the Place for some Time called a State, and in his Military Capacity he attempted on the last Fall to chastise the Chikamagas without Success.\nThe Legislature of N. Carolina at their last Session appointed a Mr Steel of Salisbury a very discreet young Man their Commissioner who in conjunction with the Commissioner of S. Carolina & Georgia and the Indian Superintendant in the Southern Department are to treat with the Indians. They have taken some Steps in this Business.\nFrom those Facts compared with every Information from the State I have Reason to believe that Mr Martin cannot at this Time treat with the Indians under any public Authority, and that from sundry Causes he is in low Estimation in the State. As an Indian Trader and a man who has an Indian Wife it is probable nevertheless that having an old Commission in his Pocket he may talk to the Indians as a public Officer. I have the Honour to be with the utmost Consideration Your most obedient & most hble Servant\nHu. Williamson\nP:S: About to set out to day for N. Carola if any thing on this Subject or any other that deserves your Attention occurs I shall have the Honour to communicate the same.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mary Wooster, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Wooster, Mary\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew Haven May 8th 1789\nPermit me to address your Excellency on a subject which perhaps may be thought improper for a Woman, but I rely on my particular unfortunate situation and the candor of your Excellency for my justification\u27e8.\u27e9 My Son having been excedingly unfortunate during the course of the last War by the loss of his pay\u27e8,\u27e9 receiving his debts in Continental Money, by being plunder\u2019d to a very considerable amount by the British and Various other ways, but more particularly by the untimely death of his Father which left him in a very disagreable situation at the close of the war, and from which he has never been able to recover, altho he has made every exertion in his power, and at present is entirely out of business with a large Family to support; he has been preposeing for some time past to go and settle in a foreign Country, but his friends have advis\u2019d him to Stay in this Country if he can with propriety, for this end I know he has petition\u2019d your Excellency for a Post under the new Constitution but I am afraid that with his fortune he has lost his friends, as is too frequently the case, and must entreat of your Excellency to become a Father to him, and relieve him in some measure from his troubles, forgive a Mothers feelings whose future happiness\nDepends on that of her Son\u2014I have lost my Husband, I have only one Son to depend on, and if he cannot get into Some place or business here whereby he can support his family, is determind to remove into a foreign Country and leave me in a worse than Widow\u2019d State I must therfore entreat your Excellency to consider his and my Situation, and by relieving us in Some way, receive from us with gratitude the Blessings of the Widow and Orphan. I am with respect & Esteem Your Excellencys most Obedt and Very Humble Servt\nMary Wooster", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0173", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nathaniel Gorham, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gorham, Nathaniel\nSir,\nNew York May 9th 1789.\nI have received your letter of the 10th of march, and must beg you to be assured that your good wishes and kind gratulations were very pleasing to me, and have my warmest acknowledgments. I shall feel a degree of confidence in the execution of my office in proportion to the assurances of support which I receive from respectable and worthy Characters in every part of the Union.\nI beleive I need not say that the most delicate\u2014and in many instances, the most unpleasing part of my administration, will\nbe the nomination to offices. Notwithstanding I have entered upon this novel and arduous business, unbound by a single engagement\u2014and, so far as I know my own heart, uninfluenced by any ties of blood or friendship, yet I am well assured I shall find no small difficulty in advancing such characters only to office as will give universal, or general satisfaction. This consolation, however, will never quit me\u2014that the interest of the American Union shall be the great object in view\u2014and that no means, in my power, shall be left untried to find out and bring forward such persons as have, upon every consideration, the best claims\u2014are the most deserving, and will be most likely to promote this important end\u2014With very great esteem, I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0174", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hancock, John\nSir,\nNew York May 9th 1789\nI am taking the earliest occasion of acknowledging the receipt of the letter, which you did me the favor to address to me by Mr Allen; and to thank you for your kind congratulations on my appointment to the Presidency of the United States.\nMrs Washington is not here, but is expected in the course of this month; on her arrival I shall not fail of executing the friendly Commission of Mrs Hancock & yourself.\nIn tendering my respectful Compliments to both, and in hopes that the present favorable season may greatly accelerate the recovery of your health, I remain with the highest respect & consideration Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt and Most Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Since writing the above, I have been hond with your Excellency\u2019s favor of the 2d enclosing an acct of the Exports & Clears. from the Port of Boston for the years 1787\u2013&8, for which I pray you to accept my best Thks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0175", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Heath, William\nSir\nUnited States May 9th 1789\nThe numerous congratulations which I have received from Public Bodies & respectable individuals since my appointment to my present station, are truly grateful, as they hold forth the strongest assurances of support to the Government as well as a warm attachment to myself. It is from the good dispositions of the people at large\u2014from the influence of respectable characters\u2014and from the patriotic co-operation of a wise and virtuous legislature, more than from any abilities of mine, that I can promise success to my administration. The kind interposition of Providence which has been so often manifested in the affairs of this Country, must naturally lead us to look up to that divine source for light and direction in this new and untried scene.\nI thank you, Sir most sincerely for the good wishes and friendly gratulations contained in your letter of the 2nd of April, as well as for the offer which you make of your services if your country should require them.\nThere is, I beleive, no part of my administration in which I shall find myself more embarrassed than that of nominating persons to offices. The pretensions will be so numerous, and many of them so nearly equal that it will require no small degree of discernment and investigation to hit upon the right\u2014I shall, however, in all events, have the consolation of reflecting that I entered upon my duty without the restriction of a single engagement\u2014and, if I know myself, under no partial influences. I shall leave no means in my power unessayed to find out the most deserving and best quallified persons to fill the several departments which it falls to my lot to supply. With very great esteem & regard, I am Sir, Your Most Obedient Humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0176", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nUnited States May 9th 1789\nThe enclosed papers relative to a treaty with the Cherokee Indians were put into my hands: and as I understand that matters of this kind have hitherto been considered as belonging to the department of the Secretary of War to examine and report thereon, and knowing that you have others of a similar nature now in your hands, I would wish you to make a summary report on the whole as soon as may be. I am, Sir, Your Most Obedient Servant\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0180", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Citizens of New York City, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of New York City\nGentlemen,\n[New York, 9 May 1789]\nThe affectionate address presented by the Magistrates and the general joy testified by the Citizens of New York, on my arrival in this Metropolis, have filled my mind with the mingled emotions of gratitude and satisfaction. In accepting the momentuous trust which has been spontaneously committed to me by a free people; it was not enough to have felt a consciousness of having acted in conformity to the dictates of patriotism; it was not enough to have known that I met the wishes of my fellow-citizens; but it seemed that these farther pledges of their confidence and support were wanting to overcome the diffidence I had in my own abilities, and the reluctance I experienced at engaging in such new and arduous affairs.\nUnelated by your too favorable appreciation of my past services, I can only pour forth the effusions of a grateful heart to Heaven, if I have been made, in any degree an instrument of\ngood to my country\u2014And, although I am far from claiming any merit for retiring in the manner I did from a military command to the shade of private life; yet I am pleased to find that your candor has done justice to the principles, by which I have been actuated on the present occasion. No circumstance, in my conception, can be more consolatory to a public Man, especially to one truly sensible that the purest intentions cannot always preserve him from error, than a knowledge that his countrymen are disposed to consider the motives of his conduct with that liberality, which is reciprocally necessary for all, who are subject to the frailties of human nature. In this place I cannot avoid expressing an apprehension that the partiality of my Countrymen in my favor has induced them to expect too much from the exertions of an individual. It is from their co-operation alone, I derive all my expectations of success\u2014Indeed the unanimity which has prevailed in some instances is a happy presage that our national government will be firmly established in the hearts of the People, and receive their united and zealous support.\nFrom the accommodating spirit which has been displayed in respect to the Constitution, I anticipate that the government will in its\u2019 operation, be productive of the most extensive utility, by rendering the Union as respectable in peace as it was triumphant in war.\nI feel a just sense of your fervent wishes for my personal happiness, and the success of my administration\u2014I pray you, Gentlemen, to accept in return my cordial thanks for these demonstrations of your affection, as well as for the assurances you have given of the attachment of your fellow-citizens.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0181", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Philip Schuyler, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Schuyler, Philip\nDear Sir,\nNew York May 9th 1789.\nI yesterday had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 2d instt\u2014and must beg you to accept of my most grateful acknowledgments for your good wishes and kind gratulations upon my entrance on a new and arduous task. It is only from the assurances of support which I have received from the respectable & worthy characters in every part of the Union, that I am enabled to overcome the diffidence which I have in my own abilities to execute my great and important trust to the best interest of our Country. An honest zeal and an unremitting attention to the interest of United America is all that I dare promise.\nThe good dispositions which seem, at present, to pervade every class of people afford reason for your observation that the clouds which have long darkned our political hemisphere are now dispersing, and that America will soon feel the affects\nof her natural advantages. That invisible hand which has so often interposed to save our Country from impending destruction, seems in no instance to have been more remarkably exerted than in that of disposing the people of this extensive Continent to adopt, in a peaceable manner, a Constitution, which if well administered, bids fair to make America a happy nation. With very sincere regard & esteem I am, Dear Sir Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0182", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Adams, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Adams, John\n[New York, 10 May 1789]\nThe President of the United States wishes to avail himself of your sentiments on the following points.\n1st Whether a line of conduct, equally distant from an association with all kinds of company on the one hand and from a total seclusion from Society on the other, ought to be adopted by him? and, in that case, how is it to be done?\n2d What will be the least exceptionable method of bringing any system, which may be adopted on this subject, before the Public and into use?\n3d Whether, after a little time, one day in every week will not be sufficient for receiving visits of Compliment?\n4th Whether it would tend to prompt impertinent applications & involve disagreeable consequences to have it known, that the President will, every Morning at 8 Oclock, be at leisure to give Audiences to persons who may have business with him?\n5th Whether, when it shall have been understood that the President is not to give general entertainment in the manner the Presidents of Congress have formerly done, it will be practicable to draw such a line of discrimination in regard to persons, as that Six, eight or ten official characters (including in the rotation the members of both Houses of Congress) may be invited informally or otherwise to dine with him on the days fixed for receiving Company, without exciting clamours in the rest of the Community?\n6th Whether it would be satisfactory to the Public for the President to make about four great entertainmts in a year on such great occasions as\u2014the Anniversary of the Declaration of Independ\u27e8ence,\u27e9 the Alliance with France\u2014the Peace \u27e8with Great\u27e9 Britain\u2014the Organization of the gener\u27e8al govern\u27e9ment: and whether arrangements of \u27e8these two\u27e9 last kinds could be in danger of divert\u27e8ing too\u27e9 much of the Presidents time from bus\u27e8iness, or\u27e9 of producing the evils which it was in\u27e8tended to\u27e9 avoid by his living more recluse than \u27e8the Presidents\u27e9 of Congress have heretofore lived.\n7th Whether there would be any impropriety in the Presidents making informal visits\u2014that is to say, in his calling upon his Acquaintances or public Characters for the purposes of sociability or civility\u2014and what (as to the form of doing it) might evince these visits to have been made in his private character, so as that they might not be construed into visits from the President of the United States? and in what light would his appearance rarely at Tea parties be considered?\n8th Whether, during the recess of Congress, it would not be advantageous to the interests of the Union for the President to make the tour of the United States, in order to become better acquainted with their principal Characters & internal Circumstances, as well as to be more accessible to numbers of well-informed persons, who might give him useful informations and advices on political subjects?\n9th If there is a probability that either of the arrangments may take place, which will eventually cause additional expenses, whether it would not be proper that these ideas should come into contemplation, at the time when Congress shall make a permanent provision for the support of the Executive.\nRemarks\nOn the one side no augmentation can be effected in the pecuniary establishment which shall be made, in the first instance, for the support of the Executive\u2014on the other, all monies destined to that purpose beyond the actual expenditures, will be left in the Treasury of the United States or sacredly applied to \u27e8the prom\u27e9otion of some national objects.\nMany things which appear of little imp\u27e8ortance in\u27e9 themselves and at the beginning, may have \u27e8great and\u27e9 durable consequences\nfrom their having be\u27e8en establis\u27e9hed at the commencement of a new general \u27e8Govern\u27e9ment. It will be much easier to comme\u27e8nce the adm\u27e9inistration, upon a well adjusted system \u27e8built on\u27e9 tenable grounds, than to correct errors or alter inconveniences after they shall have been confirmed by habit. The President in all matters of business & etiquette, can have no object but to demean himself in his public character, in such a manner as to maintain the dignity of Office, without subjecting himself to the imputation of superciliousness or unnecessary reserve. Under these impressions, he asks for your candid and undisguised opinions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac All, 10 May 1789\nFrom: All, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 10th May 1789\nBy the advice of my friends, I came to this place to Solicit an appointment in the Customs for the Port of Philadelphia, and was honoured with Letters to Several members of the Senate and house of representatives through whome it was thought my application might have been made. I have Since understood that would be improper which obliges me tho\u2019 an entire stranger to the President to throw myself on his goodness with only Refering\nto Mr Langdon McLane Senators\u2014Mr Fitzsimmons Mr Clymer Mr Speaker Muhlenberg Mr Hiester Mr Muhlenberg Representatives from Pennsylvania for my character. Being bred to the Sea, and having been entrusted with the Command of the most Valuable Ships and Cargos, I flatter myself I should be fully Competent to execute the duty of Such an Employment as my present Circumstances would entitle me to ask\u2014that of Searcher or Surveyor, my State of health tho\u2019 too precarious to admit of Returning to my former profession would be Equal to and my Misfortunes tho\u2019 great, I trust have not rendered me unworthy of it\u2014If I should be so fortunate to obtain it my study shall be to deserve the appointment by a strict and honourable exercise of the duty. I am Sir, Your obedient humble Servant\nIsaac All", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0184", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Berrien, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Berrien, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 10th 1789\nI take the liberty of informing you that I have come forward from Georgia to this place to Offer myself as a Candidate for the Office of Collector of the Customs for the State of Georgia.\nHaveing formerly held the Office of Collector for the Port of Savannah, with reputation, I trust that on the score of experience, my pretensions to the appointment which I now Solicit from you Sir, will at least be plac\u2019d upon an equality with those of my Opponents.\nI must beg Sir, your indulgence, to permit me to mention the circumstances under wh I hold my former office & how I was deprivd of it, which I am indued more particularly to relate, from your haveing askd of me how I came to give it up\u2014In february 1786 I was appointed Collector of the port of Savannah by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, at which time the utmost extent of the revenue arising from that Office was \u00a32,250 Sterl. for the year 1787. I paid to the Treasury & orders of Goverment nearly \u00a37,000, the Committee of Finance reported\nfavorably on my Account, after pointing out the different payments & the purposes to wh they were appropriated, concluded, That they observed with pleasure the encrease of the public revenue, wh. was more than double what it had before been, which they attributed to the vigilence of the officer in the execution of his duty\u2014which was agreed to by the house, without a dissenting voice\u2014And at a former Session of the General Assembly in 1786 the same Committee pointed out the Regularity of the Collecters accounts & returns, & the rapid encrease of the revenue, so favorably, That they recommended That as a reward to the Collector for his extraordinary services the following fees be allowed him, & then named a number of fees which were agreed to by the house, This was the first establishment of fees to the officer in the Customs, & they are on record as a reward for extraordinary services.\nSo far Sir, I have intruded upon your patience from a wish to evince, That tho\u2019 a removal from office may be an implied censure, that in the present instance it was oweing to the whim of an instable Unorganiz\u2019d Goverment, & not to any misconduct or Mal-practice of the Officer, I shall conclude Sir, with observeing\u2014that Mr Wilkenson, who Superceded me obtaind the Office only by one Vote, that he reducd the revenue last year to about \u00a34,000 sterl. & he has lately been suspended by the Governor & Council for Mal-conduct\u2014for the Authenticity of the above, I beg leave to refer you Sir, to the Gentlemen of the Senate & Representatives of the State of Georgia in Congress\u2014Genl Jackson, Col: Few & Mr Baldwin must be acquainted with the facts. I have the honor to be Sir, with profound respect your most Obt & very hume Servt\nJohn Berrien", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Campbell, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Campbell, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWashington-County V. May 10th 1789\nAlthough I am not honored with a personal acquaintance; yet I can count myself among the number of your early and uniform admirers, and who can now rejoice in seeing the affairs of my Country administered successfully by your hand in preference to any other.\nI was among the first that embraced the principles of the American revolution, and was not merely an inactive wellwisher; what was then endured to avert tyranny, I could willingly encounter again, if necessary, to promote and secure federalism. This disposition is not excited by sinister motives. The glory and prosperity of my Country is my first wish, and for myself an undisturbed retirement. My circumstances in life will procure me this, if we, at length experience a government of wise laws.\nThis preface, will be my apology for the freedom I have now taken, and hereafter may take, in addressing your Excellency: confiding at the same time, that my communications may remain\nwith yourself, and either notice or neglect them, as you judge them useful or otherwise. My information being chiefly confined to the South-Western parts of the United States A part of our Country that has hitherto been too much neglected.\nIt has no doubt been observed by you, Sir, that we ought to demean ourselves both watchfully and circumspectly towards our late enemies, & active rivals the British nation. A late visit of Col. Connolly to Kentucky, and what we learn from Alexr McGillvery, may evince the views of that Court, are something more, than a commercial monopoly. War will not be a popular measure in the youthful stage of our government, and important must be the considerations, for entering into it, at any time. A wise and judicious policy may yet be our cheapest, and most successful resource. The insolence of the Indian half-breed, ought to be checked, or rather that he may gradually be rendered a useless tool to the powers that flatter him, and in particular the Governor of the Bahamas. Georgia might make some concessions, and be more moderate in their speculations on Indian territory. South-Carolina might not be so anxious to monopolize the Indian trade at all hazards, and ought not to discover a disposition to prefer the interests of Savages, and those inimical ones too, to that of their brethren, and neighbours. A detachment of the American Regulars, posted on the Tenasee river, near the Muscle Shoals, may if under a faithful and intelligent Officer, awe our enemies, encourage our friends, conciliate all; or if that cannot be effected, foment divisions, and play off the interests, and views of one Tribe, against that of another, so as to render the machinations of a foreign power amongst them, of little avail against us. It is a desirable event to confirm the Chickasaws in their ancient friendship for the Anglo-Americans. A Clever Man for Agent of Indian Affairs may do great matters towards compleating so good a Work. The greatest part of the Choctaws, may easily be united in interests with the Chickasaws.\nWhat I have yet learnt of Connollys visit, is too vague, to merit your attention; however this much we may be assured of, it was for no good to us. Garrisons established at Cayhoga and near the mouth of the Myamis of the Lake, will make it a matter of indifference on several accounts, whether we are soon possessed\nof Fort-Detroit, or not. This would preclude emissaries, and Indian freebooters from Canada, visiting our new Settlements with success.\nThe inclosed Paper may be some information in the line of civil duties. It will at least shew a change of sentiment in some of the Members of the late Virginia Convention. If the hint is a good one, that the Inquest of the Country, may notice omissions of the legislatures and infractions of the Constitution, an Act of Congress may be necessary to define their powers.\nIt may be of little avail to have a fundamental law, if there is not a sett of Men, diffused over the Country and specially appointed to be Conservators and to make known violations. Impeachments is a harsh word, and ought but seldom to be resorted to. It may be said the people at large are the proper Guardians of the national Constitution. We admire the sentiment without attending to the practicability of execution: However Grand-Jurors seem to come the nearest to the vox populi of any regulation, that can be thought of that will prove efficient.\nArduous must be the task, and weighty the burthen of him, who desires conscientiously to administer the affairs of a great nation, rather as the father of the people, than the rigorous Magistrate: Them who may disinterestedly essay to lessen the task, and lighten his burthen, will have some claim to the character of patriot, and the esteem of the Man, who has been so often hailed the deliverer of his Country. I have the honor to be, with every sentiment of Esteem & Respect, Sir, your most obedient servant,\nArthur Campbell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0186", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Campbell, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Campbell, John\nSir,\nNew-York, May 10th 1789.\nIf a white horse, which your Servant was on the day I travelled with you from Bladensburg to Baltimore, has recovered of his lameness, and you have no particular predilection for him, I should be glad, as he is so good a match for the one I had of Mr Prescott, if you would sell him to, or swap him with me.\nMrs Washington, with a nephew of mine (Mr Lewis) will, I expect be in Bladensburg on the morning of the 13th, on their way to this place, when the matter may be effected, if agreeable to you\u2014If it is by way of exchange, which would be more convenient to me than to pay the cash, it will be for the horse on which Mr Lewis will ride, and which will be either one of his own of which I know nothing, and therefore can say nothing\u2014or one of my chariot horses now 7 years old this spring\u2014spirited and good\u2014but by an accidental stroke of his hind foot against the cock of his foreshoe (in a mud hole) a day or two before I left home, was rendered unfit for the journey and left\u2014but now is, I am informed, quite well.\nIf it is for cash only you would part with your horse I must give what you shall think a horse of his age (which I was told was 10 or 11) is worth, and will pay your draught upon me at this place for the amount.\nI feel the necessity of making an apology for offering to buy without knowing you were disposed to sell, and shall rely on your goodness for an excuse. I am Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0187", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick Jay, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Jay, Frederick\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 10th May 1789\nSeveral of my Friends have advised me to become a Candidate for the Office of Collector for this Port\u2014I am persuaded that your Excellency is not unacquainted with the Part wch I took and the losses Sustained by me and the whole Family during the late War, which in Some measure (I do presume) recommends them to a Share of their Country\u2019s favours\u2014Should Your Exclcy think proper to Name me to this Office, it will be conferring upon me Such Obligations as will ever be Acknowledged with gratitude. I am with great respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obt Humbe servant\nFredr.Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0189", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Wayne, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Wayne, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond [County], State of Georgia 10th May 1789\nI did myself the honor of addressing your Excellency in April, by Genl Jackson, & have since that period been extremely\ngratified by hearing of your happy arrival at the seat of Government, & acceptance of the supreme Executive Authority of the United States\u2014an event, that I am confident affords the sincerest pleasure to every true friend of America.\nI also observe that the Impost Act was in great forwardness on the 29th Ultimo, which by this time must be matured for Operation\u2014& as the appointment of proper persons to Collect the duties &ca is a power principally vested in your Excellency\u2014may I take the liberty to mention my former Aid Colo. Benja. Fishbourn, to be continued Collector under Congress for the State of Georgia to which office he was lately appointed by the Executive in place of a Mr Ruben Wilkinson who was suspended for mal practice, & notwithstanding this fact, has the hardiness to appear in New York to solicit that Appointment under Congress\u2014& will very probably be recommended by a Mr Gunn who now holds a seat in the Senate thro\u2019 the intrigues&ca of Mr Wilkinson.\nPermit me also to mention my very particular friend Colo. Sharp Delany, the present Collector of the port of Phila. who is an honest man, a good Citizen, & always one of your sincerest votary\u2019s.\nI shou\u2019d not have presumed to take this liberty but from this Circumstance\u2014that those Gentlemen are now in possession of those Offices\u2014by their respective state Appointments!\nI ought here to pause, & not attempt to intrude further upon the time & patience of Your Excellency, but as one freedom is often productive of more, permit me for once to verify the Observation, by wishing that your Excellency & Congress wou\u2019d as soon as convenient turn your thoughts Southwardly\u2014which will naturally be the case, from the present critical situation of this Country\u2014as well as from an other Momentious consideration VIZ. the immense & valuable territory already Ceded & to be Ceded, by the States of Georgia & North Carolina, abounding with every possible advantage that a happy Climate\u2014luxuriancy of soil, & Navigation can afford\u2014which opens a field for National Speculation, vastly superior to that between the Ohio & Mississipi\u2014& well worthy of the immediate & most serious attention of the Magnum Concilium of America.\nI have lately been fortunate enough to procure an Accurate Map of the river Mississipi from Iberville to the river Yazous\u2014\nfrom actual survey\u2014which I do myself the honor to send by this Opportunity\u2014it is considered as the Garden spot of the American World, & was parceled out, by the Ministry to themselves & favourites\u2014under the direction of the famous Govr Johnston & a Lieut. Govr Chester from 1763 to 1768; I expect to get possession of the pamphlet or book containing the Names of the persons to whom grants were made agreeably to the Numbers with the lines delieneated on the Map.\nThe 31\u00ba of North Latitude is about fourteen miles below Davion or Loftus Cliffs! the Confluence of the River Y\u27e8azoo\u27e9 with the Mississipi is about 32\u00ba 30\u2019 N. Latitude.\nShou\u2019d your Excellency & Congress at anytime turn your attent\u27e8ion\u27e9 that way, I will always be ready to serve you with my \u27e8best\u27e9 services, either in the line of my profession as a soldier or an Appointment simular in the Southern Distr\u27e8ict\u27e9 to that which Genl St Clair holds to the Westward, & shou\u2019d your Excellency be of Opinion, that my t\u27e8ried\u27e9 & past services\u2014added to the knowledge I have of the Country, merits some Attention\u2014may I hope for your voice upon the Occasion.\nhave the goodness to pardon this long intrus\u27e8ion\u27e9 & believe me to be with the profoundest Esteem Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obt & very Hume Sert\nAnty Wayne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0190", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Anderson, \u2014\u2014 (Mr. and Mrs.)\nTo: Washington, George\nN: York May 11th 1789\nMr and Mrs Andersons most respectfull Compliments to his Excy and makes bold to present him with a Portrait of the Twins born in the year 1775, which was intended to have been sent to your Excy last Spring but no favorable oppertunity offered, whereby we Could have sent them.\nThey have the Honor of bearing the Names of your Excy & Lady, and are the Twins if it does not Slip your Excy memory, that you was so kind as to Call and see them when we was at Fort Lee; We now take the Liberty to present them to your Excy beging your Acceptance Pr Bearer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0191", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Barrett, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Barrett, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nNew York May 11. 1789\nBeing soon to embark for France, in which Kingdom I shall reside for several years; I have been advised by many of my Friends to offer myself as a Candidate for the Place of Consul to that Kingdom, or if the general system of Consulates shall not be presently arranged, to serve in the mean Time as Commercial Agent for the united states.\nMy residence in Paris with the Connections I have formed in that City, & in Rouen, the capital of Normandy, will enable me as effectually to serve the general Interest, I presume, as any one.\nFor my Character, and the exertions I have made for several years past in France in behalf of the Commerce of these states\u2014I beg Leave to refer your Excellency to the Vice President, and the several Gentlemen of the Senate from the Eastern States, to whom I have been long personally known.\nI can only add, sir, that if I should be thought worthy of this Appointment, my Time, and Abilities shall be dedicated to\nrender every Service in my Power to my Country. I have the honor to be with the utmost respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient, and most humble Servant,\nNat. Barrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0193", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Church, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency\nNew York 11th May 1789\nI am one of that unfortunate number whom the late revolution has precipitated from a state of decent competence, and reduced to the necessity of joining the class of your most humble and needy petitioners; but it is not to be expected that the most fortunate revolutions can be favorable to the interest of every individual, I therefore presume not to complain, or to found any pretensions to favors on common, or unavoidable calamities; nor dare I presume to encroach upon that time which is devoted to more important purposes with a minute detail of my particular concerns, yet it may not be totally foreign to observe to your Excellency, that my Ancestors were among the first and not least respectable Emigrants to America, I was an wholesale Merchant in Boston before the late War, and since the peace have made various unsuccessful attempts in several foreign countries to repair a ruined fortune, but I find it too late for me to begin the world anew with any probable prospect of success. I have been much abroad before the late war, and since the peace, and have endeavoured to profit of the opportunities which offered of information\u2014about two years since I embarked from Ostend in Austrian Flanders for Savannah in Georgia with a view to propagate the Culture of cotton upon a large scale in that state, but the gentleman who embarked with me in the scheme thought proper upon experiment to decline the undertaking. Since the meeting of the present Congress I have been induced from exigence to come forward to offer myself a candidate for the office of Collector of Imposts for the Port of Savannah. I have a Wife and five Children, and at present without means for their support, I have sustained some very heavy losses in that State; I was educated at Harvard University in Cambridge, cotemporary with his Excellency the vice\nPresident, and the honble Jonathan Trumbull, Paine Wingate, and Elbridge Gerry Esquires, Members of Congress; Mr Wingate is more intimately acquainted with my former and present situation than the other Gentlemen, but for my Character, uniform sentiments, and attachment to my Country I dare appeal to either of those Gentlemen. The Honble Mr [William] Smith Delegate from Maryland has been informed of me; as also the Honble Charles Carrol, John Henry, Daniel Carrol and George Gale Esquires delegates from the same State. General [James] Jackson & Colonel [James] Gun from Georgia though in favor in other Candidates, will I have no doubt do justice to my Character and Conduct during my residence in that State. if notwithstanding there should be found one more eligible, I would then most humbly intreat your Excellency to nominate me to the appointment of Consul in Holland. I am not alone in the opinion that the appointment of a person competent to the office might be very beneficial to the commerce of America, as also to that defenceless class of men the american Seaman whom I have known frequently to suffer great injuries and impositions in foreign countries for want of a friend able and disposed to redress them: There are who think I might be useful in that department, no endeavours on my part should be wanting to render myself so to my Country at large and to the interest of every individual, by every possible exertion, and communication. I have the most perfect reliance on your Excellency\u2019s sacred regard to equal impartial Justice, and am equally aware that it is not in your power to gratify every wish or expectation; if therefore it should be my lot to be rejected, I will never cease to venerate your name, and to rever your Justice; but if the consideration of my former eligible situation in life, my character, the sacrifices which I have made my experience in business foreign and domestic, a most sincere wish to serve my Country, the importance of my request not to myself alone, but to a most amiable wife and five young Children, and to two venerable aged relations whom the fortune of war has reduced from affluence to a state of needy dependence, if these Sir should claim a preference in your estimation, and either of the foregoing petitions should be granted it would restore happiness to a family threatened with speedy distress.\nWith the most profound veneration of your truly illustrious Character, signal services, approved justice, generosity, and benevolence\u2014and with the most ardent wishes that you may long be preserved a constant blessing to this people, I beg Leave most humbly to subscribe Your Excellency\u2019s most faithful, most devoted and most obedient Servant\nEdward Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0195", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nNew York, May 11th 1789.\nThe enclosed were communicated to me, as you will perceive, to make a confidential use of\u2014upon receipt of the first letter, I expressed a desire to be informed (if there was nothing improper in it) through what channel the report came, and what reliance could be placed in the authenticity of it\u2014This gave rise to the second letter \u2014As you are upon business which requires every information of the state of the union, and knowledge of\nour relative situation with G.B. I give you the perusal of them\u2014This you can do at your leisure as I am in no immediate want of them. I am always Your affectionate\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0196", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Remsen, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 11th May 1789.\nOn the return of peace I found my situation so embarrassed by the calamitous events of the War, as rendered me incapable to recommence mercantile pursuits.\nThis embarrassment was occasioned principally by the receipt of large sums in Continental and State paper money during the first four and an half years of the War, at specie value, for debts owing to me prior to my removal from this City. And all commercial intercourse and correspondence between America and Great Britain having been inhibited, it was impossible for me to invest any part of the amount into remittances, in order to discharge the ballances which I remained indebted at the commencement of it.\nMy actual losses during the late contest, somewhat exceeds Twenty Two thousand Pounds specie\u2014To this sum a large addition may be estimated, if the rents of my own real Estate and my proportion of a family Estate during the war are taken into consideration, and more particularly the great loss which I shall unavoidably sustain on the remaining outstanding debts due to me, the amount of which is very near Nine thousand Pounds, and of which I have but little hopes of ever being able to recover One thousand pounds.\nMy Creditors, the chief of whom are British, have been very friendly to me, and altho\u2019 they have not pressed for, yet I deemed it my duty to propose, a settlement; by offering them real property and the choice of my oustanding debts, to effect it\u2014In\ntreating on the subject I found that they declined the proposition, and preferred a compromise. This compromise will inevitably lead to a sale of the most valuable part of my real Estate within a short period, and subject the remainder to incumbrance: and indeed I have no expectation of being enabled to accomplish a final settlement, but by the aid of my family connections.\nIf a firm attachment to, and an uniform solicitude to promote the cause of our Country, during her late struggle with G. Britain\u2014The sacrifice of a large Estate, the earnings of a life devoted to active Commerce since the year 1759\u2014A long and tedious Exile and a numerous family, are circumstances that can have influence, May I hope that Your Excellency will be pleased to countenance my application for some appointment, the emoluments of which may enable me to maintain my family and educate my younger children\u2014And in the discharge of which, commercial experience, a knowledge of accounts, and Integrity are considered as the leading requisite qualifications.\nIn making this application I beg leave to assure Your Excellency, that it is neither my wish nor desire to prejudice the just pretensions of others, or to supercede any Gentlemen, who may now hold an Employment under the late Congress; or any who is in the exercise of any Office under this State.\nFrom the time of the Stamp-Act\u2014during the period of the non-importation agreement, and the subsequent troubles: until the present moment, I can with pleasure appeal to my fellow Citizens for my Moral and political character, and, should Your Excellency be pleased to make enquiry, either of his Excellency Governor Clinton, The Honble John Jay\u2014His Honor Chief Justice Morris, or his Honor James Duane, I entertain sanguine hopes that satisfactory information can be obtained respecting both. Permit me to add that I have no doubt of procuring proper guarantees, for the faithful discharge of any trust I may be honored with, should the same be required. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect and esteem Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient and Most Humb. Servt\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0197", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Stevens, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Stevens, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPerth Amboy [N.J.] May 11\u20141789\nHaving learned many persons are applying for Offices in the several States & being satisfied that it will be impossible for your Excellency to obtain an accurate knowledge of those who may be qualified to fill inferior departments unless they bring themselves under your notice, so as to enable you to make the requisite enquiries, I take the liberty to solicit the office of collector of the customs for this State, resting my claims upon the following circumstances which it will be in your Excellency\u2019s power to ascertain by the slightest enquiry from any of the principal people of this State\u2014During the war I have been zealously & I hope usefully employed in promoting the cause of my country against the oppressions of Great Britain, in consequence of which I have suffer\u2019d considerably by them from the destruction of my property\u2014I was also by the appointment of the Governor invested with the office I now solicit & only relinquished it on my moveing into the interior part of the country\u2014As I have now returned to this place which may be considered as the principal sea port of this state I conceive that I may without presumption solicit an appointment which I once held\u2014and which tho it would be convenient to me in my present situation is of so little value as hardly to induce any man of respectability & property to remove to a sea port to enjoy it\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the greatest respect and esteem Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servant\nRichd Stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0198", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Vickers, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Vickers, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nNew Brunswick [N.J.] May 11, 1789.\nThe Memorial of Joseph Vickers Humbly Sheweth,\nThat your Memorialist has been honored by the Legislature of the State of New-Jersey with the appointment of Naval-Officer for the Eastern District of said State, and that he still holds the Office of Naval-Officer And therefore prays that your Excellency will be pleased in the arrangement of officers to continue him in the Office aforesaid. And as in duty bound will ever pray.\nJoseph Vickers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0200", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Woodward, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Woodward, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 11th May 1789\nThe system of Revenue now under the consideration of Congress requiring certain Officers to carry it into execution, and their appointment being to be vested in your Excellency with advice of the honorable Senate, I beg permission humbly to solicit an appointment to one of the Offices in the Boston Department.\nConscious that your Excellency will only nominate such as are fully competent to the Trust, permit me to refer you for testemonials in my favour to his Excellency the Vice President the honorable Senators from the State of Massachusetts and the Representative from the Boston District.\nShould my application be honoured with the approbation of your Excellency, a faithful discharge of the Duties of the Office entrusted to me shall evince the zeal and sincerity with which I am Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and Most humble Servant\nJoseph Woodward", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0201", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Young, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Young, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSire,\nNew Brunswick, State New Jerseythe 11th of May 1789\nEncouraged by the good Wishes and Persuasions of my fellow Citizens, I presume to address your Excellency, and to offer myself as a Candidate for the Collectorship of this State; my Conduct and Character as a Citizen is well known; and I trust will bear the most strict Investigation, for which, and with respect to the Abilities necessary for the Office, I humbly beg leave to refer your Excellency to my Friends, the Hon\u2019ble Mr Paterson, senator from this state, General Stephen Moylan and any of the respectable Merchants of New York and this state, from whom I am offer\u2019d written Testimonials if necessary, I forbear, however, troubling your Excellency with those at present, and if you should be pleased to appoint me, my utmost Abilities shall be exerted for the faithful Discharge of the Duties of the Office. I have the Honor to be with the most profound Respect sire Your Excellency\u2019s most devoted and most obedient Servant\nWilliam Young", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0202", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Salisbury Franks, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Franks, David Salisbury\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York 12th May 1789.\nEarly in the Year 1774, I settled in Montreal with a small Capital and a considerable Credit as a Merchant & was successful in Business. In the Spring of 1775 I suffered a short tho rigorous\nimprisonment on Account of my attachment to the Cause of America. As soon as the Troops under General Montgomery took Possession of Montreal I did everything in my Power to promote their Success, & at one time advanced nearly to the Amount of Five hundred half Johanes in Goods & Money, which was afterwards paid to me in depreciated Paper. In 1776 soon after the unfortunate Attack on Quebec, General Wooster appointed me to the office of Clerk of the Checque or Paymaster to the Artificers of the Garrison of Montreal, in which Capacity I was indefatigable in forwarding the public Works, & again advanced considerable Sums of Money, at times when there was not a farthing in the Military Chest to satisfy the demands of the Workmen. When the Northern Army retreated from Canada, I join\u2019d it as a Volunteer & continued attached to that army with some little intermission until the reduction of General Burgoyne. In 1778, after the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army & on the arrival of Count D\u2019Estaing I procured Letters of recommendation from the Board of War, from Mr Gerard & Mr Deane who came with the Count & join\u2019d him off Sandy Hook, I continued with that Admiral until he arrived at Rhode Island, when on the failure of that Expedition I returned to Philadelphia where my military Duty called me.\nIn 1779 I went a Volunteer to Charles Town & was an Aid de Camp in General Lincoln\u2019s Family \u2019till I was recalled to attend the Tryal of General Arnold. In 1780,1 was in Arnolds military Family at West Point until his Desertion to the Enemy, when a Court of Enquiry which I had solicited of the Commander in chief made the Report which accompanies this, and which His Excellency was pleased to accept and approve. In 1781 The Superintendant of Finance sent me with Dispatches to Mr Jay at Madrid & to Mr Franklin at Paris. I continued employed in Europe until the next Year when I returned home with the approbation of our Ministers, as well as of Mr Morris, for my Conduct while abroad. At my return I found myself deranged from the Line of the Army but on application to Congress I was reinstated for one Year only. When Mr Jefferson was going to Paris, one of the Commissioners for making a Treaty of Peace, he took me into his Family: we waited a considerable Time at Baltimore for an Opportunity to go to Sea (a British Squadron then guarding the Bay of Chesapeak) Congress in the mean while received\ninformation that a Treaty was already signed & this precluded the necessity of Mr Jefferson\u2019s embarking. I then solicited the Secretary for foreign Affairs for an appointment in the Consular Line, and procured a recommendation from some of the most eminent Merchants of my native Place. Mr Livingston mentioned me in a particular Manner to Congress, a Copy of his Letter and of that of the Merchants, are joined herewith.\nIn the Winter of the Year 1784 Congress dispatched me to Europe with a Copy of the ratification of the definitive Treaty, which I had the Honor of delivering to our Ministers in Paris, where I remained ill of a Fever, which prevented me Going to Holland in consequence of orders received from the Superintendant of Finance. In 1785 I went at a considerable Expence to Marseilles to which Place Mr Barclay had named me Vice Consul. I resided there \u2019till my little Stock of Money was nearly exhausted & in the Spring of 1786 I returned to Paris; for my first Voyage to Europe, as well as the second with the ratification of the definitive Treaty, and for my residence at Marseilles as Vice Consul, I never received any emolument whatever. In fall 1786 Mr Barclay was commissioned by our Ministers for making a Treaty of Peace And Commerce with the Emperor of Morocco & I was appointed his Secretary; previous to our departure for Africa it was judged necessary to send a Confidential Person to London to get the proper Instruments signed by Mr Adams & to fix the mode of drawing Bills of Exchange &c., with that Gentleman; I offered myself & executed what depended on me in the two journeys I made to London with Zeal & dispatch. After Mr Barclay\u2019s return to Spain from Morocco where he had compleated a Treaty with the Emperor I was sent by him with it from Madrid to Paris & from thence by Mr Jefferson to London to get Mr Adams\u2019s signature to it. In the month of March following I embarked by order of our Ministers for America, bearer of the Treaty of Morocco & had the Honor of delivering it to Mr Jay at New York in the Month of May; with me I also brought Testimonials of the approbation of our Ministers abroad as appears by their public Dispatches.\nThus I have devoted Eleven Years of the best Part of my Life to the Service of my Country, in all which time, I am bold to say that I have ever been actuated by a disenterested Zeal for her Honor & Prosperity.\nDavd Franks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0203", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nNew York, May 12th 1789.\nTo draw such a line for the conduct of the President as will please every body, I know is impossible; but to mark out and follow one (which by being consonant with reason) will meet general approbation, may be as practicable as it is desireable. The true medium I conceive must lye in pursuing such a course as will allow him time for all the official duties of his station\u2014This should be the primary object\u2014The next, to avoid as much as may be, the charge of superciliousness, and seclusion from information by too much reserve and too great a withdraw of himself from company on the one hand, and the inconveniences as well as reduction of respectability by too free an intercourse, and too much familiarity on the other.\nUnder these impressions I have submitted the enclosed queries for your consideration, and would thank you for your sentiments thereon with the return of the paper\u2014For the remarks which it contains, it is necessary that some plan should be adopted by the President for his mode of living; that the pecuniary estimates for the department may have an eye thereto; and though secondary, it is a motive for my bringing the matter before you at this time. I am your affectionate friend and obedient servant.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0205", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lucy Paradise, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nLondon May the 12th 1789\nGive me leave as a Fellow Citizen to congratulate you on the Honour you have done Us, in accepting to be our President for this, our New Federal Constitution\u2014Long may your Excellency be Blessed with every happiness that this World can give, and that you may live, to see our Country flourish from your Wise and Good Councils. Is the Sincere Prayer of Sir Your Excellencies Most Obedient and Most Grateful Humble Servant\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0206", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Pendleton, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nSavannah Georgia. May 12th 1789\nNotwithstanding the arduous, and important affairs in which your Excellency must be deeply Engaged at this time, I beg leave to intrude on a moment of your time while I add my feeble voice to the millions who celebrate their own good Fortune, in seeing Your Excellency at the head of our public Counsels; under a form of Government perfected and established by the influence of your wisdom & patronage.\nI know not however whether I ought to congratulate your Excellency upon this event, which will deprive you of those domestic enjoyments to which you returned with so much satisfaction after the peace.\nThe Sacrifice you have made in yielding to the anxious wishes of your fellow Citizens, in this instance, they gratefully feel as the strongest proof your Excellency could have given, how much of your Ease and happiness you are willing to sacrifice to procure theirs.\nThat your Excellency may long live to enjoy the love and Veneration of your Country, is the fervent prayer of Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & most humble servt\nNathl Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0208", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Denning, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Denning, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 13th May 1789\nHaving been always engaged in the Service of my Country during the Late war, particularly in the Confidential and important offices of Commissioner of Accounts and a Commissioner of the Board of Treasury and having the fullest evidence of the Approbation of the Honble The Congress by being again Unanimously Elected to the important trust of Commissioner of the Treasury in 1784 (But Congress being then undetermined as to their place of residence my domestic Concerns induced me to decline the Honour intended me) and having also some Testimonials of your Excellencys approbations during my Administration at the Board of Treasury induces me now tho with a deffidence habitual to me to Offer my Services for such office in the department of Accounts for this State under the Authority of the United States as you may Judge from the above circumstances I may be equal to. I am informed a Comptroller of Accounts to each State and a Comptroller of the Customs will be thought necessary Appointments. There is also a vacancy of a Third Commissioner for Adjusting the claims of individual States against the United States.\nAt any event I am sure your Excellency will receive this Application with your usual indulgence. I am with the greatest Respect Sir your most Obedient & Most Hble Servant\nWm Denning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0209", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Office May 13th 1789\nThe secretary for the department of war humbly submits to the President of the United States the following report and statement of the troops in public service.\nThat the enclosed resolve of Congress of the 3rd of October 1787 is the authority by which all the troops in the service of the United States were enlisted excepting two incomplete companies of artillery, which were returned in service out of the additional troops raised by virtue of the resolves of Congress of the 20th of October 1786. The rest of the said troops having been discharged by a resolve of Congress of the 9th of April 1787.\nThat the several states on which the troops were apportioned by the act of Congress of the 3rd of October 1787 passed laws conformably thereto excepting the Legislature of New York. In consequence of which the officers have not been reappointed by New York nor has any recruits been raised within the State\u2014The officers however have been continued on the principle that all the soldiers engagements had not expired and being stationed on the frontiers they have reinlisted about 70, or 80 Non-commissioned and privates.\nThere were reengaged on the frontiers during the last year and the begining of the present, for the period of three years, about 280 Noncommissioned and privates, and there were recruited during the last year in the states of Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania 237 Non-Commissioned and privates, and marched to the frontiers. eighty Non-commissioned and privates are now recruiting in Pennsylvania, and will probably be completed and marched during the present month, to the frontiers.\nThe total number of troops, will appear in the enclosed return.\n            The establishment agreably to the acts of Congress\n            Is One regiment of Infantry of eight Companies, each 70 Non-Commissioned and privates\n            One battallion of artillery of 4 Companies\n            Agreably to the present State of the troops.\n            The deficiency will be\nThe engagements of the two incomplete companies of artillery at Springfield and West Point will expire about the begining of the ensuing year, the period they have to serve is too short to occasion the expence of filling them up and marching them to the frontiers at present. Besides they are wanted for the protection of the public property at the arsenals where they are stationed, although in the present state of affairs, an officer and fifteen non-commissioned and privates would be probably an adequate number for the arsenal at Springfield.\nThe posts occupied by the troops on the frontiers are here stated\u2014Viz.\nFort Franklin\u2014On french creek near to the post formerly called venango is a small strong fort with one cannon, was erected in 1787 and garrisoned with one company. The excellent construction and execution of this work reflects honor on the abilities and industry of Captain Hart who garrisons it with his company and who was his own engineer.\nThis post was established for the purpose of defending the frontiers of Pennsylvania, which are much exposed by the facility with which the Indians can cross from Lake Erie either to french creek or to the Jadaghque lake and the conneawango branch, and thence descend the rapid river allegheny.\nFort Pitt\u2014Has only an officer and a few men to receive supplies and dispatches forwarded to the troops by the secretary of war.\nFort Mcintosh\u2014Is demolished and a block house erected in lieu thereof a few miles up the Big Beaver creek, to protect the communication up the same and also to cover the country.\nFort Harmer. At the mouth of the Muskingum is a well constructed fort with five bastions, and three cannons mounted.\nIt is at present garrisoned with four companies and is considered as head quarters, being conveniently situated to reinforce any of the posts, either up or down the river Ohio.\nFort Steuben\u2014At the rapids of the Ohio on the westside is a well constructed small fort with one cannon, and is garrisoned with a major and two companies This fort is established to cover the country from the incursions of the indians, and it also serves as a post of communication to Post Vincennes on the wabash.\nPost-Vincennes\u2014On the wabash is a work erected during the year 1787 and has four small brass cannon, it is garrisoned by a major and two companies. It is established to curb the incursions of the wabash Indians into the Kentucky country, and to prevent the usurpation of the federal lands, the fertility of which has two strong a temptation to lawless people of the frontiers who posted themselves there in force in the year 1786.\nBrigadier General Harmer, by orders of Congress formed an expedition in august 1787 for the purpose of dispossessing them, but previously to his arrival most of the intruders had abandoned their settlement.\nA post was reestablished during the last autumn after three years suspension, at the mouth of the miam\u00e9 river, as well in order to protect the settlement establishing at that place, as to prevent the passage of the indians into the Kentucke country by that passage. It having been found by experience that the wabash indians had made their war path through the vicinity of that place.\nSuch are the posts occupied by the troops at present, but it has been in contemplation to make a material change\u2014which in a considerable degree may depend on the issue of the treaties with the wabash Indians and other circumstances, which will hereafter be submitted to the President of the United States and his commands received thereon.\nThe establishment of the New Constitution will probably render it necessary for the Legislature to pass a law continuing the present establishment and confirming the officers in their several grades, and as the rank of the officers has hitherto been exceedingly precarious, they having been appointed by the\nseperate states on which they were apportioned, it will be necessary that the future rise or promotion, be agreably to the mode which shall be directed.\nIt will also be necessary that the officers have new commissions issued to them conformably to the present state of things, and that they take an oath of the nature that shall be prescribed.\nThe troops are supplied with provisions by a contract formed with Messrs Elliot & Williams of Maryland which is to exist until the commencement of next year; This contract has been exceedingly satisfactorily executed although at the following prices which are low compared with the former contracts for the same places.\n            McIntosh or the Post at big beaver\n            Harmer at the mouth of Muskingum\n            Rapids of the ohio\n            Post Vincennes\nThe troops are well clothed at present, and have the prospect of continuing so, as a new contract is formed by the board of Treasury, for clothing to be delivered the 1st of September next so as to be transported to the frontiers in order to be delivered by the 1st of November next.\nThe public are greatly in arrears for pay to the troops, they having the amount of upwards of two years pay due them, a particular estimate of which will hereafter be submitted to the President. an arrangement for the payment of the arrearages by installments at certain periods, might be proper and convenient.\nBoth officers and soldiers have hitherto supported the defective and uncertain payments with great patience, but a provision for this subject is absolutely necessary on the part of the Treasury of the United States.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0210", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McCubbin Lingan, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Lingan, James McCubbin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town May 13th 1789\nBeing informed that your Excellency Receives none but written applications from candidates for office. I have only to Say that I was appointed to the naval office at this Port from its first Establishment. in the Execution of this duty I trust general Satisfaction has been given and I know it has been discharged with fidelity to the State. Should the office be continued under the present Government; I take the liberty of offering, my services. I have the Honour to be with the greatest Respect Sir your Excellencys Most Obedt Servant\nJames McCubbin Lingan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0211", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sharp, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Sharp, John\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilada May 13th 1789\nThe petition of John Sharp of the City of Philadelphia humbly Sheweth\nThat your petitioner in the course of the late Revolution had the honor to serve as a Captain in the service of the United States, as the Certificate herewith produced will testify\u2014That he has a Wife and family to maintain, and at this present time is in want of Employment for the Support of himself and family, and humbly prayeth that Your Excellency will be pleased to appoint him the Officer of the Customs or Revenue Boat for the State of Pennsylvania, or to such other Post or Office as in your Wisdom shall seem meet\u2014And your petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray &c.\nJohn Sharp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0212", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Anderson, 14 May 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Anderson, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Alexander Anderson, 14 May 1789. On 18 Nov. 1789 GW wrote to Anderson: \u201cI have been favored with the receipt of your letter of the 14th of may last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0214", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Stephen Hall, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Hall, Stephen\nTo: Washington, George\nPortland, Massachusetts [District of Maine], \nCan you permit me to take up one moment of your precious time in asking a favor! I wish for the Collectorship of duties at the Port of Portland, the Metropolis of the eastern part of the State of Massachusetts. But this Request, I am sensible, must appear both indelicate & improper without some knowledge of me. But how shall I make my self known? It can be only by my friends; for surely the great Affairs You have managed, and are still managing must have obliterated any Remembrance of me, while at Cambridge, where I was some times honoured with your Commands, being the only Governor within the College walls, which for a season contained some part of your troops. I am happy in some acquaintance, & friendship with the Vice President, and most of the Members of the federal Court from Massachusetts, & Newhampshire. If Mr Custis be still living and with You, I dare say he remembers the time when I rode with\nhim to Concord to introduce him to the first scene of Action in the late War, where I was personally present; and perhaps may retain some remembrance of me. I rely Sir, upon your Goodness to excuse the freedom I have taken, & the trouble I have given You. I have omitted the address of Excellency, because it appears to me diminutive when applyed to the President of the United States of America. Wishing You the Presence & Blessing of Almighty God, who superintends the great Affairs of Nations, & determines the happiness of men, and earnestly praying that he would ever be nigh unto You by his special favors, to uphold, comfort, & support you in the management of the weighty Concerns, that lay upon You; permit me humbly to subscribe my self with feelings of Gratitude, Affection, Respect & Esteem, your most obedient & very humble Servant\nStephen Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0215", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Heth, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Heth, William\nSir,\nNew York, May, 14th 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of the 3 inst. dated at Mount Vernon.\nI am much pleased with the arrangement you have made for Mrs Washington\u2019s coming on here with stage horses\u2014and must beg you to accept of my best thanks for your attention and trouble in this business. The previous settlement of the price with the proprietors of the horses was a very prudent and a very necessary step\u2014and I think the rate at which you have fixed it with them is exceedingly reasonable.\nYou will please, Sir, to receive my best wishes for your health and happiness, and believe me to be with very great regard and esteem, your most obedient humble servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0216", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Jay, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York May 14 1789\nI have the honor of transmitting, herewith enclosed, the copy of Mr V. Berckel\u2019s credentials which I received from him together with a translation of them.\nBe pleased to name the hour at which you may think proper to receive him, and I will give him notice of it and accompany him\u2014if to-morrow permit me to observe that some hour previous\nto the levee will be most proper. With perfect respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servt\nJohn Jay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0217", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Jones, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jones, Joseph\nDear Sir,\nNew York May 14th 1789\nYour letter of the 21st Ulto came duly to hand, and should have received an earlier acknowledgement had not the new and busy scenes in which I have been engaged since my arrival in this place, rendered it impossible for me to pay that early attention to the favors of my friends which I should be pleased to do.\nThe numerous and friendly congratulations which I have received from respectable characters in every part of the Union are truly pleasing to me; not only on account of their discovering a warm attachment to my person, but because they convey the most flattering idea of the good dispositions of the people in the several States, and the strongest assurances of support to the Government. It affords me likewise no small satisfaction to find that my friends have done justice to the motives which again brought me into Public Life.\nUnder these circumstances I shall feel a degree of confidence in discharging the duties of my administration, which a consciousness alone of the purity and rectitude of my intentions could not have inspired me with.\nYour observations upon the necessity there is for good dispositions to prevail among the Gentlemen of Congress, are extremely just; and, hitherto, everything seems to promise that\nthe good effects which are expected from an accommodating and conciliating spirit in that body, will not be frustrated.\nThat part of the President\u2019s duty which obliges him to nominate persons for offices is the most delicate\u2014and in many instances will be, to me, the most unpleasing; for it may frequently happen that there will be several applicants for the same office, whose merits and pretensions are so nearly equal that it will almost require the aid of supernatural intuition to fix upon the right. I shall, however, in all events, have the consolation of knowing that I entered upon my office unconfined by any engagements, and uninfluenced by any ties; and that no means in my power will be left untried to find out, and nominate those characters who will discharge the duties of their respective offices to the best interest and highest credit of the American Union.\nI cannot close this letter, my dear Sir, without thanking you very sincerely for your friendly sentiments and good wishes; and beg you will be assured that I am, with very great regard & esteem, Your most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0218", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Plater, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Plater, George\nDear Sir,\nUnited States May 14th 1789\nI have received your letter of the 29th of April, and must beg you to accept of my best thanks for your kind gratulations and good wishes.\nI foresaw the numerous applications which would be made for nominations to offices\u2014and readily conceived that amidst the variety of candidates, it would be one of the most delicate and difficult duties of the President, to discriminate those characters which, upon every account, were best fitted to fill the several offices. I have entered into Public life without the restraint of a single engagement\u2014and I hope, & trust, unbiassed by any ties of blood or friendship; I shall, therefore, use my best endeavours\nto find out such persons as are most suitable, on every acct, to fill the respective offices\u2014and such only shall I nominate. With my Complimts to Mrs Plater and your family, and with very great regard & esteem I am Dr Sir", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0219", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Smith, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada May 14th 1789\nI have been upwards of twelve years employed in the laborious business of a Comr of the Continental Loan Office for the State of Pennsylvania which I have endeavoured to discharge with the greatest care, industry & integrity\u2014& I must now entreat of your Excellency some appointment under the new Constitution which is become necessary to me for the support of a large family\u2014as my attention to the business of my Office has thrown me out of every other means of maintaining them. this I know will be the least inducement with you Sir, yet if you should think me qualified for an appointment, it may be considered as a situation I am involved in by the necessary attention to the business of my Office\u2014my unwillingness to interfere with Gentlemen who have held Offices similar to those for which they are applying & the impossibility of yet forming any judgment what the new arrangements may be, prevents my pointing to any particular object\u2014but if in the new arrangement, any Office should be established involving the duties of the one I now hold, I hope my service will induce your Excellency\nto give me a preference to others, who have not been so well acquainted with the business in which I have been so long employed. I have the Honor to be Sir with the most perfect esteem Your Excellencys most Obedt & very hu. Servt\nThos Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0220", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Lawrence, Jr., 15 May 1789\nFrom: Lawrence, Jonathan Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear General\nNew York Greenwich Street May, 15. 1789\nI have made several attempts to address you, and as often drop\u2019d my pen almost in Dispair, my Situation almost distracts and destroys me, I was my Dear General born to fair prospects, and under those prospects enterd the Service of my Country where I served untill my health became the Sacrifice. I was obligated to leave the Service tho happily to my feelings, it was on the day that the preliminary Articles of peace took place, the Consequence has been that I am the Singular Instance of having Served thro the War from an Early period without any part of the Gratuity allowed to all the Officers of the Army, Your Excellency was pleased before you left this City after the peace to address me on the Subject and doubted not I came within the\nLimits of the Resolution of Congress. I made Use of that letter through General Lincoln, whose Resignation causd its not being laid before Congress, and was mislaid with others of his papers so as never again to be had[.] I have since Petitioned the former Congress, who referrd my Case to Genl Knox who were pleasd to Report thereon, to my disadvantage, Your Excellency has also been Informd that my Aged parents All, to the Amount of Several thousands fell a Sacrifice to British Rapine, whereby my Prospects for future life has and still does remain Gloomy, General Lamb has Suggested to me to Solicit Your Excellency for the Appointment as principal in the Gaugeing Department for this port, or the Weighing Department, I do therefore take the liberty of placeing myself in View to Your Excellency, with a hope that I may be thought of. I hope any thing Your Excellency may see amiss in this my Incorrect Address, will not be Construed as disrespectfull to my General to whom I am bound by the most sincere regard, but rather attributed to that burden which hangs so heavily on my mind from being an Outcast of fortune, from the most pleasing prospects. I have the honor to Subscribe myself Your Excellencys Most Obedient Servant\nJonathan Lawrence Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0221", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert R. Livingston, 15 May 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Livingston, Robert R.\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Robert R. Livingston, 15 May 1789. On 31 May GW wrote to Livingston: \u201cI . . . apologize for this late acknowledgment of your letter of the 15th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0222", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Livingston, Jr., 15 May 1789\nFrom: Livingston, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nEliz: Town [N.J.] 15th May 1789\nHaving never studied the federal system with an Eye to preferment, I was ignorant until informed by Mr Patterson, of the mode of application on the subject in question.\nThe numbers, as well as the Characters, of the Gentlemen who compete for the Collectorship of this State, would have deterred me from handing up my name to your Excellency on this occasion: had not my friends (who may in their good wishes in this instance, have discovered more partiality to me, than their Country) urged me to it.\nAltho there is no consideration of advancement that can encrease (what every citizen owes you) my gratitude, yet if the public good may be secured, & my name placed in nomination for this office, your Excellency, will at least, so far as those circumstances shall be deemed to meet, find some apology for this obtrusion of Sir your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt & Most devoted servt\nWm Livingston junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0224", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Ellicott, 16 May 1789\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBy the death of Mr Hutchins, the Office of Geographer to the United States has become vacant. In consequence of this event, I have by the advice of my Friends, thought proper to offer myself a Candidate to supply his place.\nAs the proper execution of this business, will involve with it, an extensive astronomical knowledge, in both Theory, and Practice, it is with the greatest diffidence that I now come forward; and was it not from the encouragement of some of our first scientific characters, I should never have made this application. That I am not a stranger to the business, will appear from my being employed for some years past, in running, and determining, the astronomical boundary lines, of the States of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York. For these different employments, I never made any interest, and what is of more importance, they were procured at the instance of Gentlemen perfectly acquainted with the subject.\nIt may not be improper to observe, that Mr Rittenhouse, and myself, are the only practical surveyors, and astronomers, in the United States, who make our own Instruments; which appears to be a necessary qualification in this Country, where mechanics are few, and mathematical Instruments scarce.\nBeing perfectly satisfied, that your nominations to Office, will be directed with that uncommon judgment, and prudence, which has gained you the universal confidence of your Country, I have only to add, that I have the Honour to be, your Hbe Servt\nAndrew Ellicott.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0225", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hull, 16 May 1789\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\u2014\nNewton [Mass.] 16th May A.D. 1789\nAmidst the general Joy and Congratulations of my fellow-Citizens on your Excellencys Appointment to the Presidency of the United States, permit me to express the mingled Emotions, which I feel, on the interesting occasion.\nWhile on the one hand, I am animated with Joy, that my Country has been blessed with so happy an Event, on the other I cant but feel a degree of anxiety that after so many Labours and Toils, you should be again called, from a happy Retreat to the difficult and arduous Scenes of public Life.\nMay All-mighty God, whose agency is visible in the affairs of Men, still be your Protector and Friend\u2014and may you acquire additional Glory, by conferring additional Happiness on your Country.\nPermit me to observe, and let me assure myself, that you will not be displeased when I observe, that if in the administration of the general Goverment, there is any Employment, in which I could be usefull to my Country, I do now express my Willingness to devote myself to the Service of the public.\nAfter having thus freely expressed my Wishes to your Excellency, after hoping that it may not be considered as an officious or troublesome Application, and desiring that nothing may take place on my Account that will be productive of the least Embarrassment or difficulty, I have the Honor to be with the most perfect Esteem & Respect your most Obedt Servt\nWilliam Hull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0227", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States Senate, 16 May 1789\nFrom: United States Senate\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nSenate May 16. 1789\nWe, the Senate of the United States, return you our sincere Thanks for your excellent Speech delivered to both Houses of Congress; congratulate you on the complete Organization of the federal Government, and felicitate ourselves and our fellow-Citizens on your Elevation to the Office of President: an Office highly important by the Powers constitutionally annexed to it, and extremely honorable from the Manner in which the Appointment is made. The unanimous Suffrage of the elective Body in your favor is peculiarly expressive of the Gratitude, Confidence and Affection of the Citizens of America, and is the highest Testimonial at once of your Merit and of their Esteem. We are sensible, Sir, that nothing but the Voice of your Fellow-Citizens could have called you from a Retreat, chosen with the fondest Predilection, endeared by Habit, and consecrated to the Repose of declining Years. We rejoice, and with us all America, that, in Obedience to the Call of \u27e8our\u27e9 common Country, you have returned once more to \u27e8public life. In you all\u27e9 Parties confide, in you all Interests unite; and we h\u27e8ave no doubt that\u27e9 your past Services, great as they have been, will be \u27e8equalled by your future\u27e9 Exertions; and that your Prudence and Sagacity as \u27e8a statesman will\u27e9 tend to avert the Dangers to which we were expose\u27e8d, to give stability to\u27e9 the present Government, and Dignity and Splendor \u27e8to that country, which\u27e9 your Skill and Valor as a Soldier, so eminently co\u27e8ntributed to raise to\u27e9 Independence and Empire.\nWhen we contemplate the Coincidence \u27e8of Circumstances, and\u27e9 wonderful Combination of Causes, which gradually \u27e8prepared the people of\u27e9 this Country for Independence; when we contempla\u27e8te the rise, progress\u27e9 and Termination of the late War, which gave them \u27e8a name among the\u27e9 Nations of the Earth, we are, with you, unavoida\u27e8bly led to acknowledge\u27e9 and adore the great Arbiter of the Universe, by wh\u27e8om the Empires rise\nand fall.\u27e9 A Review of the many signal Instances of divine \u27e8interposition in favour\u27e9 of this Country claims our most pious Gratitude: \u27e8and permit us, Sir, to\u27e9 observe that among the great Events, which have led to the Formation and Establishment of a Federal Government, we esteem your acceptance of the Office of President as one of the most propitious and important.\nIn the Execution of the Trust reposed in us, we shall endeavour to pursue that enlarged and liberal Policy, to which your Speech so happily directs. We are conscious, that the Prosperity of each State is inseparably connected with the Welfare of all, and that in promoting the latter, we shall effectually advance the former. In full Persuasion of this Truth, it shall be our invariable Aim to divest ourselves of local Prejudices and Attachments, and to view the great Assemblage of Communities & Interests committed to our Charge with an equal Eye. We feel, Sir, the Force, and acknowledge the Justness of the Observation, that the Foundation of our National Policy should be laid in private Morality; if Individuals be not influenced by moral Principles, it is in vain to look for public Virtue, it is, therefore, the Duty of Legislators to enforce, both by Precept & Example, the Utility as well as the Necessity of a strict adherence to the Rules of distributive Justice. We beg you to be assured, that the Senate will at all Times cheerfully co-operate in every Measure, which may strengthen the Union, conduce to the Happiness, or secure and perpetuate the Liberties of this great confederated Republic.\nWe commend you, Sir, to the Protection of Almighty God, earnestly beseeching him long to preserve a Life so valuable and dear to the people of the United States, and that your Administration may be \u27e8prospe\u27e9rous to the Nation, and glorious to yourself.\n\u27e8b\u27e9y order President of the Senate of the United States\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0228", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Adams, 17 May 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York 17 May 1789]\nThe Vice President of the United States has the honour to present his humble opinion, on the Points proposed, for his consideration.\n1. That an association with all kinds of company, and a total Seclusion from Society, are extreams, which, in the actual Circumstances of this Country, and under our form of Government, may be properly avoided.\n2. The System of the President, will gradually devellope itself in practice, without any formal Communication to the Legislature, or publication from the Press. Paragraphs in the public Prints, may, however appear from time to time, without any formal Authority, that may lead and reconcile the Public Mind.\n3. considering the number of Strangers from many Countries and of Citizens from various States, who will resort to the Seat of Government, it is doubted whether two days in a Week, will not be indispensable, for Visits of Compliment. a little experience however, will elucidate this point.\n4. Under the fourth head, it is Submitted to Consideration whether all personal applications, ought not to be made, in the first Instance to a Minister of State? Yet an appeal Should be open by Petition to the President, who, if he judges the Subject worthy of it, may admit the Party to a personal Interview. Access to the Supream Magistrate, ought not to be rigorously denied, in any Case, that is worthy of his Consideration. Nevertheless, in every Case, the Name, Quality, and, when these are not Sufficient to raise a Presumption, in their favour, the business, ought to be communicated to a Chamberlain, or Gentleman in\nwaiting, who, should judge, whom to admit and whom to exclude. Some limitation of time, may be necessary too, as for example from eight to nine or ten, for without it, the whole forenoon, or the whole day may be taken up.\n5. There is no doubt, that the President, may invite, what official Characters, Members of Congress, Strangers or Citizens of Distinction, he pleases, in Small Parties, without exciting Clamours: but this Should always be done, without formality.\n6. The Entertainments mentioned, in this Article, would much more properly be made, by a Minister of State for foreign or domestic affairs, or some other Minister of State, or the Vice President, either of whom, upon Such occasions the President in his private Character might honour with his Presence. But in no Case whatever, can I conceive it proper, for the President to make any formal public Entertainment.\n7. There can be no impropriety, in the Presidents, making or receiving informal Visits, among his Friends or Acquaintances at his Pleasure. Undress, and few Attendants will Sufficiently Shew, that Such Visits, are made as a Man and a Citizen, a Friend or Acquaintance: But in no case whatever Should a Visit be made or returned in form by the President; at least unless an Emperor of Germany or Some other Sovereign Should travel to this Country. The Presidents pleasure Should absolutely decide, concerning his Attendance at Tea Parties, in a private Character; and no Gentleman or Lady ought ever to complain, if he never, or rarely Attends. The Presidents private Life, Should be at his own discretion, and the World Should respectfully acquiesce: but, as the President he Should have no intercourse with society, but upon public Business, or at his Levees. This distinction it is with submission apprehended ought to govern the whole Conduct.\n8. A Tour might, no doubt be made, with great advantage to the Public, if the time can be spared. but it will naturally be considered, as foreign affairs arrive every day, and the Business of the executive and judicial departments will require constant Attention, whether the Presidents Residence will not necessarily be confined to one Place.\nObservation. The civil List ought to provide for the Presidents Household. What number of Chamberlains, Aids de\nCamp, Secretaries, Masters of Ceremonies &c. will become necessary, it is difficult to foresee. but Should not all Such establishments be distinct from the allowance to the President for his Services which is mentioned in the Constitution? in all Events the Provision for the President and his Household, ought to be large and ample. The office, by its legal Authority, defined by the Constitution, has no equal in the World, excepting those only which are held by crowned Heads; nor is the Royal Authority, in all Cases, to be compared to it. The Royal Office, in Poland, is a mere Shadow, in comparison of it. The Dogeship of Venice, and the Statholdership in Holland, are not so much. neither Dignity, nor Authority, can be Supported in human Minds collected into nations or any great numbers without a Splendor and Majisty, in Some degree, proportioned to them. The Sending and receiving Ambassadors is one of the most Splendid and important Prerogatives of Sovereigns absolute or limited; and this, in our Constitution, is in the President\u2014if the State and Pomp, essential to this great Department, are not in a good degree preserved, it will be in vain for America to hope for consideration, with foreign Powers. These observations are Submitted, after all, with diffidence; conscious that my long Residence abroad, may have impressed me with Views of Things, incompatible with the present Temper or Feelings of our Fellow Citizens: and with a perfect disposition to acquiese in whatever may be the Result of the Superior Wisdom of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0230", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nNew York May 18th 1789\nMrs Washington proposing to leave Mount Vernon as this day, will, I expect, be in Philadelphia on Thursday; and as she proposes to lodge at Mr Morris\u2019s I would be obliged to you for having the enclosed letter for her lodged there against her arrival as she may find it necessary to write to me by Fridays Post. I am Dr Sir Yr most obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0231", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Campbell, 18 May 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Campbell, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Campbell, 18 May 1789. On 31 May GW wrote to Campbell: \u201cI have received your very polite letter of the 18th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mathew Carey, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, May 18, 1789\nAbout twelve months ago, I took the liberty to request of your excellency a little temporary assistance in the prosecution of a work which I am induced to believe of no small public\nbenefit. Circumstances at that time precluded a compliance with my request.\nI have since carried on the publication with considerable success, improved the plan, and, at a great expense, by sending an agent through the country, extended far its circulation. However, the original source of all my difficulties still operates against me; and prevents me from deriving that advantage from the Museum, to which my industry & perseverance appear to intitle me.\nThe prosecution of such a work requires a pretty considerable capital, as the issues of it must, from the extent of its circulation, & the irregularity of payment, be very slow. But, unfortunately for me, my capital, at the commencement of it, was only \u00a370, this currency.\nThe consequences of this must be obvious to every man of discernment. In every step\u2014every plan\u2014every pursuit I have been cramped and confined; difficulties and embarrassments have surrounded me; and several times have I been on the very verge of relinquishing the work as a hopeless attempt, although fully satisifed that nothing but a small pecuniary assistance was wanting to place me in a most comfortable situation, and enable me to realize a competent fortune.\nI have repeatedly endeavoured to borrow money of brokers and money-dealers in this city. But they loan only on real property or certificates, neither of which I am possessed of.\nThus circumstanced, I am once more reluctan\u27e8tly\u27e9 impelled to obtrude this matter on your notice, and to inform you that the loan of two hundred or two hundred & fifty pd for twelve or eighteen months, wd confer on me a favour of the most important nature; it wd relieve me from galling chains which have long sorely distressed me\u2014it wd place me in a happy & independent situation\u2014it wd enable me considerably to increase the public advantages resulting from the Collection I publish, as, by freeing my mind from the weight with which it is oppressed, it wd give a spring to my future exertions.\nAfter this statement, I wd fain hope, that if convenience allows, overlooking the informality and impropriety of this application, you will befriend a person whom you have it in your power so easily & so effectually to serve.\nWhether you reject or comply with this application, I have two requests to make: one is, that you will not attribute to forward impudence an application resulting from distress alone, which affords men a just claim to call on each other for assistance. When you consider the inducements to this application, you will, I think, be easily inclined to excuse it. On the one hand, ease, competence, reputation, & public utility are before me; on the other, a near prospect of failure in business\u2014distress\u2014and a state of dependence for life. The small assistance I request from you, wd turn the scale, & give a bright complexion to my future prospects.\nMy other request is, that whatever may be your determination, it may be confined within your own breath & mine. There \u27e8are\u27e9 few, indeed, who, on hearing of such a transaction, could make allowances for it, which we ought all to make for each other. I would take into consideration all the circumstances, which extenua\u27e8tes\u27e9 the presumption of trespassing twice on your patience, with an ap\u27e8pli\u27e9cation hardly pardonable.\nAn punctuality of repayment you may depend.\nIf convenience & inclination allow you to favour me in this instance, I should prefer giving a note to a bond; as the latter cannot be executed without witnesses, and for the reasons hinted at above, I should wish to decline having any. I remain, sir, with due regard & esteem, your excellency\u2019s obedient hble servt\nM. Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hannah Cockle, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Cockle, Hannah\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York 18th May 1789\nThe Memorial & Petition of Hannah Cockle of the City of New York, Widow respectfully Sheweth\nThat in the month of October one Thousand Seven Hundred & Seventy five her your Memoralist Husband departed this Life & left her with five Small children the Eldest of which not S\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 years\u2014That in that disagreeable Situation She\nyour Memoralist was left destitute & at the Commencement of the late Unhappy War She being a lone woman & intimidated as w\u27e8ere\u27e9 others at the approach of an Enemy, She your Memoralist \u27e8was\u27e9 advised to leave her Natural home & Seek for Shelter in an Unknown Country. That from thence your Memoralist moved to E[lizabeth] Town in New Jersey, where She your Memoralist resided but a Small time Owing to the British taken possession of Statin Island that rendered her your Memoralist Situation as well as others dangerous, That some short time after your Memoralist was again Subjected to move, That from thence She your Memoralist removed to Bounbrook & there your Memoralist Considered herself perfectly Safe, That Soon After your Memoralist Expectations were blasted Owing to the British taken possession of Brunswick, where, she your Memoralist was again disagreeably Situated Owing to the frequent depredations they Committed, That during her Stay there & while the soldiers called the Backwood boys lay there the whole Army came out to Brunswick Early on a Sunday morning & took the great\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 of the Troops, That the Soldiers Stripped her of all most every thing She your Memoralist had as well as the other familys.\nThat on this occasion the Inhabitants became Intimidated & Soon After moved away except one family who remained there with herself for Some time, That Some time after a Gentleman by the name of Col. Neilson belonging to the Virginia Troops, who She your Memoralist had render\u2019d many Services as well as to the other officers of that Core kindly provided a place for her & assisted her in moving in return for the many acts of kindness they recd as well as the Soldiers whom your Memoralist was ever happy in Serving, That after Continuing out of the lines untill She lost allmost every thing She had, she your Memoralist made application to come to New York & at length obtained permission, That on your Memoralist arrival here she found her house in possession of the British & had been occupied as a store for provisions, but was then in possession of a tenant, the rent of which was paid to the Vestry, that She your Memoralist was obliged \u27e8to\u27e9 hire a part & for which She paid him the rent, That after a Vessel \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 aday for near Six months to the Commodant\u2019s Office & \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 objected to the\nInsults of every low minded fellow she at last \u27e8mutilated\u27e9tamed her house.\nThat Soon after the peace took place, every body being distress\u2019d, persons to whom her your Memoralist Husbands Estate being Indebted to, presented their Accts for payment & her your Memoralist Estate having been much impaired by the war that some of the persons to whome the Executors had lent money to on bond soon after your Memoralist Husbands decease have become Insolvent, that the Estate being in this predicament the house was Obliged to be Sold for the discharge of these Debts.\nThat your Memoralist being thus Situated She has been advised by her friends to proceed in this way, hoping that your Excellency will be pleased to take into Consideration her your Memoralist Situation, the Object She has in View is, having been informed that there are a Number of Offices to be instituted & that it will lay in your Excellencys heart, to give Employment thereto & as She your Memoralist has a son that she would be very happy if he could obtain such Employment he having also been regularly bred to the Mercantile Profession & whom would be a Support to her & her three daughters if he could obtain it, with the Small moneys that are recd of the Estate, That She your Memoralist humbly begs he may be takin notice off, among the many Employments that are to take place, She your Memoralist further assures your Excelly that had it not been for the late Unhappy tumults in this Country & the many disasters She has met with, She would not at this time trouble his Excellency, but if there is a \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 kind of Employment Whereby her Son may be of u\u27e8se\u27e9 to himself & his Country, She humbly begs that he \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 be Entitled from his Excellency to have Some claim \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 notice\u2014And your Memoralist as in du\u27e8ty\u27e9 bound will ever pray\nHannah Cockle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0234", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John G. Gebhard, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Gebhard, John Gabriel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nClaverack [N.Y.] 18th May 1789.\nYour Excellency must needs be weary of the incessant Acclamations from the public as well, as from private Characters, expressing their Joy and Heart-felt Satisfaction in a period,\nwhen he, who next god procured once Freedom for them, steps forth for the second time, to rescue them from Anarchy, to stand between them and their utter Destruction, and to crown his former labour with prosperity in their behalf.\nThese exhibitions of universal Joy have hitherto prevented my joining the Chorus, lest I might become burthensome to your Excellency.\nBut no longer can Bashfulness refrain the pleasing duty; I readily unite with every american Patriot.\nMay your Excellency be pleased to accept of my hearty Congratulations on the present happy Event of our political Affairs; May the merciful God, who helped us hitherto, be with us for the future, may he be pleased to preserve your Excellency\u2019s Health in a prolonged Life, and make him, who has been the Saviour of his Country, to be likewise the preserver thereof; This is my sincere wish, and daily prayer.\nYour Excellency will pardon my extravagancy in saying, that this is the first time I address your Excellency with all Satisfaction imaginable, although it was not less satisfactory to me to pay my dutifull Respects to your Excellency at New york in Company with my Collegues when your Excellency was on his way from Philadelphia to Boston, to take the command of the American Army: But yet this was a time, which presaged all the Calamit\u27e8ies\u27e9 of a bloody war; Equally melancholy was the time 1783 when I took the Liberty to address your Excellency with a few Remarks upon your Excellency\u2019s circular letter, insinuating to your Excellency the very Model of our present government, accompanied with the sincere wishes of my heart, that this plan might terminate in a speedy and permanent union: And although your Excellency intimated in his Kind Reply dated Rocky-Hill 5th Novem\u27e8r\u27e9 1783 that your Excellency\u2019s Sentiments did not agree altogether with my wishes, because they were, and have in Reality proved to be rather premature: But they, being now accomplished, must necessarily spread inexpressible Joy, and Heart-felt Satisfaction throughout the thirteen united States of America.\nIn the mean time, I have all Reason to apologize for my addressing your Excellency in a letter; Because sickness, and some ministerial duties incumbent upon my office have prevented me for the present from discharging my duty in person, and consequently\nhave deprived me in a great measure of giving your Excellency a satisfactory Intelligence of my intention of going to Europe in order to bring my three elder Sons, who are now in Washingtons Seminary in Claverack, to an European University.\nI intend to go as far as the interior parts of germany and return as quick as possible: If your Excellency should ha\u27e8ve\u27e9 any Commands to Holland, or any Court of germany, or of whatsoever nature your Excellency\u2019s Commands might be, I should endeavour to execute them to the utmost of my power, and I flatter myself, to your Excellency\u2019s Satisfaction as some adventages attend me not only in having received my Aecademical Education in those parts of the world, but also in being educated with a number of gentlemen, some of whom have since become leading men at several Courts of germany. If I could be of any Service to your Excellency and my Country, I am ready either to madurate, or to postpone my voyage for a considerable time on that Account. I have the Honour to be with the utmost Deference, and Submission Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most humble and devoted Servant and constant Intercessor\nJ: G: Gebhard V: D: ch:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Christian Theodor Sigismund von Molitor and Georg Hermann Vulteius, 18 May 1789\nFrom: Molitor, Christian Theodor Sigismund von,Vulteius, Georg Hermann\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 18th 1789.\nWe humbly hope your Excellency will pardon the Boldness of this Application to which our extreme Necessity\u2019s alone has driven us. We are two unfortunate German Officers who were in His Brittannick Majestys\u2019 Service in America during the late unhappy War, and having married American Lady\u2019s Sisters to each other, resigned our Commissions, and pich\u2019d upon Nova Scotia for the Place of our residence having already some Connections there, where we retired with a Smal Capital sufficient to have setled us in an easy Situation in a more fruitful Climate; But after the most indefategable Industry we were reduced to such extremity\u2019s as oblig\u2019d us to leave the Country and with our Wifes and Childern return to this place in hopes of Assistance from some of our more happy Countrymen who were setled here, but after frequent Applications we have been able to obtain only Momentary relief.\nIn this distrest Condition your Excellency\u2019s Known Benevolence of Heart has emboldened us to make this Petition praying your Excellency to take into Consideration the Condition of Men born with happier prospects, whose present Misfortunes is not owing to Inadvertance or profuseness, having deserving Wifes and Small Childern and not longer able to procure them Necessary\u2019s of Life.\nThere is several little Branches of Bussiness on which we might enter and probably procure a future Livelihood Could we obtain a small Sum of Money sufficient for the purpose. If your Excellency will be pleased to take our unfortunate Condition into Consideration, and allow us the Honor of waiting upon you, to Convince you there is no Deception in this, we shall ever retain the most grateful Sense of your Excellency\u2019s Goodness and it will be for ever acknowledg\u2019d by your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient most devoted and very humble Servants\nChristian de Molitor late Captain of the Anspacs Troops\nGeorge Vulteius late Captn in the Hessian Service\nYour Excellency will be pleased to excuse any Impropriety in the above as it is written by Men not perfectly acquainted with\nthe Language and not willing the Contents should be made publick. Our present Abode is at Nr 76 Queen Street, Corner of Cherry Street.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0238", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Cherokee Nation, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Cherokee Nation\nTo: Washington, George\n[Chota, Tenn., 19 May 1789]\nWe the Warriors, Chiefs and Representatives of the Cherokee nation resident and living in the following towns of Chota, Toquoh, Cettico, Little Telliquo Tumotly, Nioh or the Tassels\u2019 town, Coettee, Chilhowah Tallassee, Great Telliquoh, Big Highwassa, Cheestowa, Eastanora Chatanugah, Chickamaugah, Stickoe, Ottilletaraconahah, Catatogah, Nicojackee, Tuskeegah, and Cheescheehah, our said towns lying and being on the Great Rivers of Tenasee Telliquo, Highwassa Ammoah &c. &c.\nWe the said warriors, representatives, and Chiefs being met at our ancient and beloved town of Chota on Tenasee at our Council Fire having considered the nature and circumstance of our Country and nation, are sorry to inform our elder brother General Washington, and the Great Council of the United States, that from the bad conduct of some of our young and inconsiderate men too much encouraged by bad white men, who too often frequent our nation under pretentions of doing us good service and keeping peace between us and our elder brothers, the Americans; have darkened our land with war, and stained our white chain of friendship with blood, but to our great joy the Great Spirit above has removed the Cloud and permits the sun to shine again in friendship upon each party, tho\u2019 the darkness has lasted so long that our country and towns have been spoiled, our selves become naked, and suffer much with hunger.\nWe now make known to the great Congress of America, that our desire and intention is to live in the most perfect and strict friendship and alliance with our elder brothers the Americans: that we shall forever listen to and abide by their instructions, advice, and determination, placing the strongest confidence that the great Council is composed of such, who have eyes of pity and hearts of humanity and compassion, that they will not divest us of our rights and possessions, which our ancient fathers and predecessors have enjoyed time out of mind.\nWe still remember and abide by the treaty held with your Commissioners in South Carolina in the year 1785. And tho\u2019 our hunting grounds and towns north of Tenesee and Holeson rivers is sold unto white people for to settle upon without our consent, we still hope Congress will have mercy upon us. For if our Country is all taken from us we shall not be able to raise our children, neither is there any place left for us to remove to.\nWe rejoice much to hear that the great Congress have got new powers and have become strong. We now hope that whatever is done hereafter by the Great Council will no more be destroyed and made small by any State.\nWe shall always be ready to listen with open ears and willing hearts to you or any one joined with you and to no other for protection, and regulating all matters.\nWe beg leave to make it known to your great and beloved Council, that we have appointed and constituted our beloved brother Bennet Ballew, to be our Chief and Representative, in and over all that part of the Cherokee nation comprehending the towns lying on the aforesaid Rivers Tenasee Highwassa, Telliquo, and Ammoah, and all lying north and northwest of said rivers and towns. That we have given and granted unto the said Bennet Ballew full powers and authorities to transact and negociate all manner of things in any wise touching, appertaining, or relating to the aforesaid towns and that part of our nation, in our behalf and in our name and stead, in the same manner and form as tho\u2019 we were personally present ourselves in as full and ample manner to all intents and purposes and in testimony of which we have sent our great and beloved Warrior and Chief, the Rising Fawn Keeuhteetah of Great Highwassa to accompany our beloved Chief and Representative Bennet Ballew to Congress then and there to make known to your Great beloved Council the truths and sincerity of this our Instrument and Writing touching the premises and to do whatever the said Bennet Ballew may think for the good, tranquility and safety of our nation, trusting that the Great Council and Elder brothers will do us justice, quiet us in our possessions, particularly our lands lying north of the river Tenesee and Holeson, it is our hunting grounds and we have no other to get our living on. Done in Council at Chota the 19th day of May 1789.\nSigned and acknowledged before us.\n(Here is added the signatures of 24 Indians.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel F. Fosdick, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Fosdick, Nathaniel F.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPortland Casco Bay [District of Maine] 19th May 1789\nHaving been Naval Officer for this Port (being the Port of Falmouth) for this some time past, I take the Liberty to address your Excellency, requesting a continuation in the office under the New Government, & beg leave to refer your Excellency to the Honble Genl Knox & the Honble George Thatcher Esqrs. for proof of Character. I am Sir with the greatest respect your Excellency most Obedient & most hble sert\nNathl F. Fosdick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0240", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moustier, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Moustier, El\u00e9anor-Fran\u00e7ois-Elie, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewyork the 19th of Mai 1789\nPeculiar circumstances require peculiar measures. It was on this principle that I conceived there was no impropriety in soliciting an audience which seem\u2019d to me, not only convenient but necessary to pave the way to the future management of business between the two nations. As by the transformation of the Federal Government of the United states the establish\u2019d forms have ceased, the first measure ought as I conceive to be a confidential one and of such a nature as behoves friends, for I dare assert, Sir, that this name fits a man chosen to act a friendly part, by a King of France and in behalf of the most powerful Nation in\nEurope, towards a Nation to whose Success that King and that Nation have so much and so gladly contributed. The question is not to define what shall be the intercourse between the President of the United states and the Minister of France. You are, Sir, too much enlightened and too much attached to the true interests of your Country, not to think that the most immediate intercourse between those two Characters is the most proper. Any person who should attempt to erect a wall between them, could not be considered as your personal friend, nor as the friend of your country. Such an attempt could have no other object but to render you, Sir instrumental to private views. And I believe, there are few characters, not only in America, but in the world, who like General Washington are superior to private interests. I fondly hope, Sir, that nobody has yet presumed to insinuate that it would be beneath the dignity of a President of the United states occasionally to transact business with a foreign Minister. As there are Ministers of different degrees so there are Ministers of different powers. I have been used to believe that a French Nobleman employed as Minister plenipotentiary of the King of France might, in some cases, transact business with any Sovereign even de proprio jure. On another Side I conceive that a President of the United states would expose himself to lose one of the most important of his functions if, for the sake of dignity, he should be so circumscribed, as not to be able to take any step in foreign politicks without the intermediate mean of persons, who notwithstanding the abilities they posess, might not inspire the same confidence, nor perhaps act with the same impartiality.\nThese observations are submitted, not to the President of the United states, but to General Washington, who more than any American has had proofs of the candour, liberality, regard and affection of the French Nation. Those sentiments he will experience still more in the high Station he now occupies, and this letter is a convincing proof that the man who represents that Nation, is very sollicitous to contribute to the personal glory and satisfaction of General Washington, as well as to the Success of the President of the United states.\nMy Sincerity in this circumstance can only be attributed to the concern I take in your happiness and in the welfare of the\ncountry whose direction is entrusted to your care. I am with the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nCount de Moustier\nP.S. To avoid the inconveniencies attending the translation of a confidential letter, I have exposed myself for this time, to write in a language in which I am not used to write, and which I would not employ in any official transactions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0243", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Thomson, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York May 19. 1789\nI intended to have done myself the honor of waiting on you this evening but the dampness of the weather prevents my going abroad I therefore take the liberty of enclosing my opinion on the paragraph in the constitution which you were pleased to mention; the result of my conference with Mr Jay on the subject of sea letters; and the lights I have received by examining the laws of Pensylvania and Massachusetts touching the Naval Officer and the collector of the customs or duties. With the greatest respect I have the honor to be, May it please the president Your most obedient & Most humble servant\nChas Thomson\nEnclosure\nOn this clause of the Constitution touching the powers of the President viz. \u201cHe shall nominate and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls, judges of the supreme court and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which shall be established\nby law.\u201d It appears that ambassadors, other public minister and consuls, and judges of the Supreme court are on the same footing, that is officers recognised by the Constitution & the existence of whose offices does not depend on, or require a law for their establishment, Though an Act will be necessary for their support: that as he has power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur, So treaties being made he may in consequence thereof at his discretion nominate and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate appoint Ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, consequent to such treaties. The last words \u201cand which shall be established by law\u201d appear by every rule of construction to be confined to \u201call other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein (namely in the constitution) otherwise provided for.[\u201d]\nTouching the granting of Sea letters\nOn the 12 february 1788, Congress Resolved That the Secretary for foreign [affairs] for the time being be and he is hereby authorised and directed upon application made to him for that purpose to grant in the usual form Sea-letters for any vessel or vessels owned entirely & navigated chiefly by citizens of the United States and bound on long and distant voyages at his discretion; provided always that it be made to appear to him by oath or affirmation or by such other evidence as shall by him be deemed Satisfactory by the person or persons applying therefor, that the vessel or vessels, for which such Sea letters shall be required, shall together with all and every part of her cargo be owned entirely and commanded by officers citizens of the United States and shall be navigated for the most part by the same. That for this purpose the Secretary for foreign affairs be and he is hereby instructed to procure a sufficient number of blank Sea letters drafted in the usual form and signed by the president of Congress for the purpose aforesaid, and that the same when filled up be sealed with the seal of the United States, and certified by the Secretary of Congress.\nThe usual form of the Sea letters is as follows Most serene, Serene, Most puissant, puissant, high illustrious, noble, honorable, venerable, wise, and prudent Emperors, kings, republics, princes, dukes, earls, barons, lords, burgomasters, counsellors,\nas also judges, officers, justiciaries and regents of all the good cities and places, whether ecclessiastical or secular, who shall see these patents, or hear them read.\nWe the United States in Congress assembled make known that  captain of the ship called  is a citizen of the United States of America and that the ship which he commands belongs to citizens of the said United States and as we wish to see the said  prosper in his lawful affairs our prayer is to all the before mentioned and to each of them separately where the said  shall arrive with his vessel and cargo, that they may please to receive him with goodness and treat him in a becoming manner, permitting him upon the usual tolls and expences in passing and repassing, to pass navigate and frequent the ports, passes and territories, to the end to transact his business where and in what manner he shall judge proper, whereof we will willingly be endebted. In testimony we have caused the great Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed Witness his Excellency  President of the United States in Congress assembled this  day of  in the year of our Lord  & of the sovereignty and independence of the United States of America .\u201d\nThough there can be no doubt but that the President may in virtue of his powers grant Sea letters to vessels belonging to citizens of the United States bound on long and distant voyages, yet it does not appear from the foregoing resolution and form of Sea Letters that the Secretary for foreign affairs can now grant Sea letters in the usual form nor the Secretary of Congress Seal and certify the same; nor that the Sea letters now to be issued can run in the form prescribed. On consultation, both the Secretary of Congress and the Secretary for foreign affairs concur in this Opinion.\nTouching the naval Office and the Office of Collector of the Customs in Pensylvania\nBy a law of Pensylvania passed the 10 Sept. 1778 Masters of vessels shall within 48 hours after arrival in port enter at a naval Office & make report, on oath, of all goods wares & merchandize in such vessel, setting forth the packages, marks & numbers thereof and the nature of their contents & his own name and the name and burthen of the ship, and the names and\nabodes of the owner or owners thereof, the port or place where the cargo was shipped with the documents usually furnished in such place: Masters of Vessels outward bound are first to report to the said Office the intended voyage & before the vessels proceed to sail deliver, under oath to be administered by the Officer, a manifest of the outward cargos. All vessels belonging to subjects of the State to be registered in the said office, for which purpose one or more of the owners shall certify on oath or affirmation to the naval Officer the name burthen, shape and Kind of vessel together with the name of the master, the place of construction and the name or names of the owner or owners thereof and the parts or shares they respectively hold in the same; and the naval officer shall register such vessel in a book kept for the purpose and furnish an attested copy of Such register.\nThe naval officer is paid by fees fixed by law for entering & clearing out for entering registers & granting certificates thereof and for permits to unload. By an act passed 23 Decr 1780 an impost as laid on goods imported, which impost was to be received by the naval Officer who was to keep a true account of his doings and once in every month pay over to the treasurer of the State the monies received, & once in every six Months or oftner if required settle with the State auditor; for this service he was allowed \u00bd per cent on the Monies received & paid over and 2/ from the party executing any bond for each bond given for duties. It appears that by an Act passed the 15 March 1784 Sharp Delaney was appointed Collector. This act is not in the office\u2014But by an Act passed the 2 April 1785 entitled a supplement to the Acts for raising an impost and to secure more effectually the revenues arising from the same it appears that both officers were continued and their duties as far as they relate to the collection of the impost are regulated as follows\n1. All goods imported are to be entered with the collector.\n2. Such entry before permit is given for landing is to be examined & compared by the naval Officer with the manifest of the cargo lodged by the Master of the vessel at his office and a certificate of his approving the same to be sent to the collectors office & filed upon which the collector is to grant a permit for unloading.\n3. The collector or deputy collector, or the naval officer or his deputy, on reasonable cause of suspicion, may open and examine any bale, box &c. and if fraud be discovered, the goods shall be forfeited one half thereof to the use of the State, the other half to him or them who made the seizure.\n4. The book of register Kept by the naval officer for registering entries made at the collectors office, and the manifests lodged and filed in the naval office by the masters of vessels or a fair transcript thereof to be lodged in the comptrollers office as checks for the examination & settlement of the accounts of the collector. The naval officer to be allowed six pence for every entry he examines and to take an oath for the faithful discharge of his duty.\nThe collector to give bond with sufficient sureties for faithfully accounting and paying over the money received.\na M[r] Phyle has been naval officer of the port of Philadelphia And Mr Sharp Delaney Collector of the said port.\nIn the commonwealth of Massachusetts\nBy an act passed 1 Novr 1781 an excise is laid on wine, rum, brandy & teas and on wheel carriages and for the collection thereof one collector is to be annually appointed for each county.\nBy an act passed March 1782 persons importing wine rum brandy or teas, and all persons distilling spirituous liquors are prohibited from selling the same without permits so to do from the collector of excise or his deputy.\nBy an act passed Novr 1782 a new duty or excise was laid on a great number of articles therein specified, both imported and made in the state. No imported goods are to be landed without a permit from the naval officers or in case of no naval officer in the port from the collector of excise in the county, and where there is no naval officer, collector or deputy in the port, from the town clerk or a selectman. No permit for landing to be given by a naval officer till a manifest of the cargo, on oath, is lodged with him. Collectors and naval officers are empowered to seize.\nThe collector of each county is to account with the treasurer of the commonwealth for the money received for duties or penalties & to pay the same into the treasury quarterly.\nThe collectors appointed in the several counties under former acts are to receive & collect the duties mentioned in this act\ntill others are chosen in their room. Suitable persons are to be appointed annually for executing the duties assigned to collectors with such allowances for their services as shall be determined when they shall be appointed.\nOn the 22 March 1783 an impost was laid on certain goods wares and merchandize which was to be collected by the same officers in the same manner and under the same regulations as prescribed in the Act of Novr 1782. A further impost was laid July 1784 And in addition to this another act was passed July 1785 laying an impost and excise on a great number of enumerated articles, which duties of impost and excise were to be collect\u27e8e\u27e9d by the same persons and in the same manner as prescribed in the acts to which this is an Addition.\nIn July 1784 an Act was passed establishing naval offices in the several towns of Boston, Salem, Marblehead, Newburyport, Gloucester, Ipswich, Beverly, York, Penobscot, Pepperelborough, Falmouth, Booth bay, Goldborough, Machias, Passomoquaddy, Bath, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dartmouth Dighton Edgar town & Sherburne in Nantucket.\nThe naval officers are to give bond & be sworn; their duties are to grant registers for and to enter and clear out vessels; to take manifests on oath of cargoes imported or exported & keep records thereof; to grant bills of health to take bonds required; to secure duties on the lading of vessels hovering on the coasts; to make a weekly return to the county collector of the vessels entered or cleared at their offices, with Copies of the manifests of the cargoes; and every six months to render to the secretary of the state a fair transcript of the entries & clearances & manifests of cargoes. And by an Act of the 2d of the same Month they are to receive and account for a duty of tonnage laid for support of light houses. An act of the same month regulates the fees to be received by the naval officers and prescribes the forms or registers, clearances permits &c. to be used in the Offices.\nFrom these acts it appears that the impost and excise are blended & collected by the same officers and that for the collection of them there is a collector for each county in the commonwealth; And that besides the collectors office there is a naval office for entering and clearing Vessels &c.\nThe propriety of keeping up both offices and the necessity of\nthe naval officer being an Officer of the United States is apparent from these considerations.\n1. The naval officer can greatly assist the collector of the duties and furnish the best documents to check the accounts of the collector.\n2. He can keep a register of the vessels belonging to Citizens of the United States & enforce the acts of Navigation.\n3. He is the proper officer to furnish the papers required by the treaties of Commerce between the United States and foreign nations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0244", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Young, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Young, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBradfield Hall [England] May 19. 89\nI should long since have acknowledged the receipt of your Excellency\u2019s Letter but I waited from time to time in expectation of some curious seeds which I hoped to be able to send, but being disappointed repeatedly I postpone no longer the pleasure of thanking you with great sincerity for the confidence you honour me with in relation to publishing extracts from your letters. I dare not presume to do it, after the cautious manner in which you express yourself, and your last letter is an additional motive with me for desisting, for had you given a direct permission, it would not have allowed me to insert that letter without the alteration of a syllable; no extract could do justice to a composition replete with that calm, native, and unaffected dignity which marks the evening repose of a life passed in the performance of great actions. I should be sorry to use expressions that should seem to make me guilty of flattery, feeling myself incapable of it, but the truth is your last letter has filled me with admiration; I have taken the liberty to shew it to a few\nfriends of great talents & equal judgment & they think of it as I do. It would be wounding all my feelings to publish extracts of secondary consequence & omit the passages descriptive of a situation & of ideas interesting to the whole world\u2014the connection that man has with the plough who has founded an empire on the basis of human liberty. To exhibit this spectacle to mankind without decoration or comment simply in the genuine terms of a private correspondence without an idea of the press, I do conceive of much more importance than many experiments. The more agriculture is honoured and persued the better for mankind & those are not good citizens of the world who do not exert every endeavour to make it so. On this principle I should stand self condemned if I did not once more urge your Excellency to trust your letters to my judgment\u2014to do what I please with them; provided I do not publish a line which I have not a firm conviction will be for the benefit of an art which I ought to understand having practiced it for near thirty years. Your political & military fame will be in the hands of many historians as to yr reputation as a farmer I should be sorry to injure it. I beg your pardon for taking this liberty now permit me to trouble you on another subject.\nThe flying wevil and Hessian fly make much noise in England at present, and Lord Carmarthen writing to all our ministers abroad for information has spread it through Europe: The accounts are by no means satisfactory, not even from America, from places in the midst of their ravages: they are contradictory in essential points: Will you have the goodness to inform me whether these insects have continued their ravages\u2014if not, what has checked them? whether the yellow bearded wheat continues to insure safety? How far are the accounts exact wch deduce fro. the progress of the insect the improbability of conveying the malady by a transport of corn? Is your province troubled at present & in what degree by the Virginia wheatfly? I trust in yr goodness for excusing the freedom of my putting so many questions.\nI am very glad to hear you look so much to sheep\u2014200 lambs reared is a good feature\u2014you will find it the most profitable branch of husbandry; I have no doubt but you are very careful what rams you breed by, & that you serve ten ram lambs for one\nyou intend to keep, in order to have choice\u2014another point is to draw off 20 or 30 of the best ewes you have & put them separate to the best ram in order to breed ram lambs. I wish to heaven our abominable monopolizing laws would allow me to send you some South Down rams, the breed is admirable: as you are not troubled with Wolves you of course fold your sheep.\nAs mules are an object with you I am glad you have such as promise well; but I have many doubts about them, especially fro. \u27e8mutilated\u27e9ge Spanish asses: In Ireland the experimt was tried very expensively, & mules bred that sold at 40, 50, & 60 Gs. each, but they proved so inferior in hardiness & cheapness of Keeping to the little native mule that every body left them off. Mr Arbuthnot procured 4 fro. Ireland at 40 Gs. each wch were fed and worked as his teams of horses & were all dead in four years! What difference the climate of Virginia may make remains \u27e8in\u27e9 question. Oxen for the labour of a farm have no rivals provided you get them 16 hands high.\nIt gives me pleasure to find the ploughs answer: I beg you will keep them to the measures I sent; or by their truth of form they go easy, and if they will not go alone for several yards (without holding) they are out of the right lines.\nWhat in the name of wonder can you do with flax? Not make linnen I hope: buy from England, fro. France, fro. Russia any where rather than employ a soul in fabrics while wastes surround you by millions: Every species of manufacture demand hands & capital; when land is plentiful about what should those two requisites out of three be employed? I remain with the greatest Respect Sr Your obliged & Devoted Servt\nArth: Young\nHaving heard a great character of the Algerine Kale I inclose some seed: It is new in England: Sow in April or Mch & plant in the rain in July. It is for sheep.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0245", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Bedinger, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Bedinger, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNorfolk [Va.] May 20th 1789\nMy time having since the peace, been almost wholly employed in the Naval Office at this place, I humbly flatter myself, that I have acquired some little knowledg of the nature of the business and Duties of a Collector of the Customs. Should any such Office be created, I beg leave to present myself as an humble candidate.\nI do not mean to trouble your Excellency further on the subject by stating fully my humble pretentions, but for particulars respecting myself, beg leave to refer you to the honorable gentleman who will present this letter. I am with every sentiment of respect your Excellencys most Obedient and most humble servant\nDaniel Bedinger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0246", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Josias Carvill Hall, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Hall, Josias Carvil\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore May 20th 1789\nIf in the distribution of the Offices necessary to the execution of the new government there should be one suited to my capacity your Excellency will confer a favor by having me in consideration when you are pleased to make the appointment.\nMy absence from home during the war, And consequent neglect & depriciation of my fortune, has made this application in some degree necessary. With the greatest Respect & esteem I have the honor to be yr Excellencys Mo. Obt & very Hble Sert\nJo. Carvill Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William North, 20 May 1789\nFrom: North, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nFearful of intruding on Your Excellencys time, more valuable at present, if possible, than ever: I should have waited in silence until my merits had been sufficient to bring me forward, were I not informed that Your Excellency would not be displeased with applications from those who wished to serve the Public.\nFor this Purpose, I offer myself to your Excellencys Notice\u2014If I have abilities, Your Excellency can best estimate their Value, and place them where they will be most useful to our Country. I can only vouch for my integrity, & for the promptitude with which I shall execute the commands of a Leader whom I was so\nlong used to follow in times of difficulty, & distress. With the most Profound respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your Excellencys Obed. Servant\nW. North", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Christian Senf, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Senf, Christian\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRocky Mount, So. Carolina the 20th May 1789\nAt last the Period seems to have arrived, when I may venture, under the present, and happy, Goverment, to propose a Plan, I have had for several Years in Contemplation.\nThe Opportunities, I have had during the War and since, have given me a good deal of Knowledge of Our Sea-Coast. The Advantages this Country has over many others, if its Inland Communications by Water are improved, are certainly, in my humble Opinion, very great\u2014I have not the least Doubt of the Practicability, that a safe and good Inland Navigation can be effected, on moderate Expences, from the State of New York to East Florida.\nThe Traveller must recieve much Satisfaction, when he can travers hundreds of Miles in Safety, without being tossed about\nby the Sea or to undergo the great Fatigues to travel by Land. How much greater will be the Benefices, the Inhabitants will recieve, when they can transport their Produces and Manufactories almost to any Port of the United States, where it appears most suitable to them, without any Risk, either in Peace or in War-time.\nThe Desire to assist in so great and beneficial a Plan, urges me to request humbly, to be honored with a Permission from the Goverment to make the necessary Surveys for the Purpose mentioned, and to have that Satisfaction to present the Plans and the Estimates of the Expences.\nThat I may further be permitted to draw for a Sum of Money (or to be furnished with it) from time to time, not exceding five hundred pounds Sterling in all, on Account, to defray all the travelling Expences from it, and to pay the Wages and Provisions for the People requisite, to assist me, when surveying.\nAnd that I may have a Recommendation to the Governors of the different States, to be furnished with a Boat and Guides, when I shal have Occasion for.\nShould the Goverment be pleased to approve of my Propositions, I shal cheerfully engage myself, to furnish twelve Months after the time, I have recieved the Approbation, a Map with the necessary Plans anexed to it; with every Explanations, Remarks and an Estimate of the Expences attending it; If no unforseen Accidents happen\u2014I shal likewise not omit, to make all Military Observations, as far as my Capacity will permit me, if demanded. And I promise, that the whole Sum of Expences, in making these Surveys, shal not exceed five hundred pounds Sterling, excluding the Hire of a Boat or Guides, I may be furnished with at times when requisit.\nAn Apprehension, that the interested Motives of the different States, under the former Goverment, could frustrate my Wishes, has hithertoo prevented me to attempt to lay the present Proposition sooner before the Honorable the Congress.\nI hope, that my humble and well meaning Proposition may meet with a kind Reception. And if the Execution of so great a Plan should be thought premature, I flatter myself, that I will be so far indulged, to make the necessary Surveys, to prove with them, what may be done, and what I have proposed. I have the\nHonor to be with perfect Respect Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & humble Servant\nCh. SenfEngineer of the State of South Carolina", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Story, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Story, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 20th 1789\nI have the honor to address you to offer myself as a Candidate for an Appointment under Goverment and beg leave to submit the following for Your Consideration.\nI am a Native of Boston and served with a Merchant untill the commencement of the late War, when I entered the service of my Country as a Volunteer and served as such untill 1776. Infirm health prevented my Acceptance of a Commission at that early period, but Zealous in my Country\u2019s Cause I accepted an Appointment under the Commissary of Military Stores, and in September 1776 was Appointed Pay Master to Colo. Hitchcocks Regiment. In June 1777 I was Appointed Quarter Master to General Glovers Brigade, and in October following was Appointed Deputy Quarter Master General to a division of the Northern Army, which Appointment of Deputy Qutr Master General I held untill General Greene left the Main Army to take command of the Southern Department, after which by his\nparticular desire I continued my Attention to the Business of the Quarter Masters department, under his direction, untill I effected a settlement with the Commissioner to that department, in 1784. For General Greenes opinion of my Conduct I beg leave to offer the inclosed Copy of a Letter from him. In September 1781, by the desire of Lord Sterling I joined his family as a Volunteer Aid de Camp, this I complied with as there was not Business sufficient in General Greenes department to employ my whole time.\nIn March 1785, I was Appointed Commissioner of Accounts for the State of Pennsylvania, and served under that Appointment untill the Ordinance of Congress of the 13th October 1786. For my Conduct during this Commission, I beg leave to refer you to the inclosed Certificate from John Nicholson Esqr. Comptroler for the State of Pennsylvania.\nIt was my Misfortune in the settlement of my Accounts in the Quarter Masters department, not to be allowed the depreciation on my Pay, as the Commissioner conceived the Resolutions of Congress did not extend to those in that Department, nor did he allow any Pay after the 21st of April 1781, as he considered me Acting in two capacities and would be paid as an Aid de Camp, which Obliged me to Apply to Congress in February 1785, but I have received no Compensation for near three years Service.\nThe State of Massachusetts, after I had settled my public Accounts, made me an Allowance on Account of Depreciation, but much less than the real Balance due me to the 4th of August 1780.\nSince the commencement of the late War my time has been employed in public service, excepting about two years. Being deprived of health and of the little property I had, by the failure of a friend in Trade, to whom I had lent the greatest part of my Interest, I was prevented from persuing that vocation I intended in early life, that I have engaged in no private Business, which constrains me to solicit your Notice, and I hope my situation will plead my excuse for being thus troublesome.\nShould my former services and present situation be considered as an inducement for you to honor me with an Appointment; I hope my attention to the public Interest, will be such, as\nto the greatest acknowlidgement I can make for the favor confered. I have the honor to be with the Most profund Respect Sir Your Most Obedient Humble Servant\nJno. Story", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0252", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mathew Carey, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nSir,\nNew York May 21st 1789.\nHowever desireous I am to encourage or promote useful publications, it is not in my power to comply with the request made in your letter of the 21st ulto\u2014to select from my papers such documents of interesting circumstances, skirmishes & battles of the Revolution, as would enable you to prosecute the design which you have begun of publishing in the American Museum a series of documents and public papers; for all the papers in my possession relative to the Revolution are packed up in trunks and boxes at Mount Vernon. I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0254", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Davies, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Davies, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York May 21. 1789\nIn consequence of the vacancy at the board of three, occasioned by the resignation of Mr Baldwin, I have been advised to offer myself as his successor. Having come hither on public business in behalf of Virginia, and without any views towards obtaining an appointment, I have no other recommendation or testimonial in my favor, than my past conduct and present situation can give me. Perhaps it would be foreign to the purpose to mention the length of my service in the army or my employments in it; and it might be deemed unbecoming to assume any merit from my conduct, while at the head of the war department in Virginia, during a busy and difficult period of near two years, thro\u2019 an important part of which, from an almost entire derangement of the Executive, a very large share of the\npublic business was of necessity thrown under my direction: For my constant exertions in aid of the southern army, I experienced a repetition of the warmest acknowledgements from General Greene & Colonel Carrington, and towards the close of the war when the department was discontinued, I received from the Executive the most honorable testimonials in my favor. I have ventured to mention these circumstances as a presumptive proof of diligence, as well as of some acquaintance with the nature and duties of military arrangements. My professional pursuits both before and since the war, have led to the knowledge of the laws of evidence and of the general principles of equity; and as for my ability in the business of accounts, perhaps the most impartial testimony I can adduce in my favor, is the post I now hold, by an unsolicited appointment from the late Governor Randolph in Council, to superintend the settlement of the accounts of Virginia: and I have presumed to think, that my present deputation to this city for the purpose of adjusting with some of the public board some matters interesting to that State by the express desire of the Executive, is an additional evidence of the favorable opinion, with which in this line I am honored by that government.\nI would respectfully hope that the unforeseen contingency of this application, for which, as I have before mentioned, I had not provided, and which I have been induced to make, by the opinion of some members of Congress who are pleased to think favorably of me, will plead in my excuse for saying so much in respect to myself.\nHaving now nearly completed the business for which I was sent hither, and expecting to return to Richmond in the early part of next week, I cannot refrain, tho\u2019 an humble individual, from embracing the opportunity which this occasion affords me, of joining my voice of congratulation with that of United America and of paying you the tribute of my most sincere veneration and respect. I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient and very humble servant\nWm Davies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Kelso, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Kelso, James\nTo: Washington, George\nFrauncis Tavern Courtland Street[Philadelphia] May 21st 1789\nThe Memorial of James Kelso of the State of Maryland humbly sheweth That your Memorialist has ever been a steady friend to the liberties and Independence of the United States and has suffer\u2019d according to his Circumstances more than any person of his acquaintance by his confidence in, and endeavours to support the credit of continental Money.\nThat he is well acquainted with Accompts in General and Custom house Accompts in particular, having done the business of the Comptroller\u2019s Office in Philadelphia several years before the War for the truth of which, and the goodness of his moral Character he begs leave to refer to William Smith Esqr. Member of the house of delegates for the State of Maryland, who has been intimately acquainted with him for almost thirty years past, and to warm recommendations from several Gentlemen of the first Character in Baltimore, to Messrs Charles Carroll, Robert Morris, John Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George\nRead and William Maclay, members of the Senate. To Thomas Hartly Esqr. member of the house of delegates for Pennsylvania, Mr Contee and sundry other delegates from Maryland &ca.\nThat he has now been in this City for more than two weeks past the necessary expences of which together with the charges of traveling from and returning to Baltimore if disappointed in his expectations must distress him much. he therefore humbly requests that he may be nominated by your Excellency, Comptroler of the Customs for the Port of Baltimore or some other district (if such an Office should be wanted) or to any other Office to which his abilities are Competent, and your Memorialist as in duty bound will ever pray &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0256", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Lee, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Lee, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nIt is not without great apprehension of presuming too much on the favor you have always shown me, that I offer you my Services, as a Judge of the Supreme Court which is now establishing.\nThe having been calld to the bar in Westminster hall after five years study at the Temple, & having practisd the Law there for some time\u2014are the grounds, Sir, on which I presume to ask your protection.\nI quitted the line of the Law in England, where much was to be expected from the pursuit of it, & with the fairest prospects; the moment my Country calld upon me, to aid in supporting her violated rights. With what fidelity I dischargd the trust She reposd in me; the records of the Office of foreign affairs will shew.\nTo return to the profession I had chosen, in a station, not unbecoming\nthose in which I have acted, is my most earnest desire. It woud be an additional satisfaction to be distinguishd by your appointment, Sir, & to assist in distributing equal justice to a well-governd People. I have the honor to be with the highest respect, Sir. Yr most Obedt Servt\nArthur Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0259", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mary Wooster, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wooster, Mary\nMadam,\nNew York May 21. 1789\nI have duly received your affecting letter, dated the 8th day of this Month.\nSympathysing with you, as I do, in the great misfortunes which have befallen your family in consequence of the war; my feelings, as an individual, would forcibly prompt me to do every thing in my power to repair those misfortunes. But as a public man, acting only with a reference to the public good, I must be allowed to decide upon all points of my duty without consulting my private inclinations & wishes. I must be permitted, with the best lights I can obtain, and upon a general view of characters &\ncircumstances, to nominate such persons alone to offices, as, in my judgment, shall be best qualified to discharge the functions of the departments to which they shall be appointed. Hitherto I have given no decisive answers to the applications of any Candidates whatsoever. Nor would it be proper for me before Offices shall be created & before I can have a general knowledge of the Competitors for them, to say any thing that might be construed as intended to encourage or discourage the hopes which individuals might have formed of success. [I only wish (so far as my agency in this business is concerned) that Candidates for Offices would save themselves the trouble, and consequent expence, of personal attendance. All that I require, is the name, and such testimonials with respect to abilities, integrity & fitness as it may be in the power of the several applicants to produce. beyond this, nothing with me is necessary, or will be of any avail to them in my decisions.] In the mean time, I beg you will be persuaded, Madam, that let the result be whatsoever it may, I can have no interest to promote but that of the public; and that I remain, in all personal considerations, with the highest respect, Madam, Your Most O.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0262", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Sylvanus Bourne, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Washington, George\nMost respected Sir\nNew York May 22 1789\nHappy in that easy access to the first Office in his Government which is alone the pride of an American and the Ornament of his Court; and which is now rendered still more flattering by the amiable qualities of the Person who fills that important Station; I am emboldened to ask your Excellency\u2019s Attention (in any moment which may be unoccupied by the vast concerns incident to your situation) to the sentiments and wishes of an Individual who hoping that he is uninfluenced by any motives which ought not to govern his Conduct\u2014approaches with more Confidence the great Exemplar of disinterested Patriotism and abstract Virtue.\nTho from the tenderness of my years at the commencment of the late Revolution I was incompetent to judge of the principles which led to it, or the Consequences which were involved in it, to my Country; yet being born in a Land where ideas of liberty and the Rights of Mankind have ever been early inculcated; I soon felt the influence of that laudable Zeal which animated my Country\u2014and nought but a fear of frustrating the hopes of a fond Parent prevented me from relinquishing my Academical Studies for those Military pursuits which under the direction of your Excellency led to the establishment of our National Sovereignty and Independence: and I have for some years past viewed with pain the danger we have been in of losing the fair Inheritance: but the prospect however again brightens\u2014and America once more guided by your fostering hand\u2014holds out her future claim to happiness at home and respectability Abroad.\nSensible of that duty which every Citizen owes to his Country. I have chosen the present levies of her political affairs to relinquish all domestic Connections and to offer my feeble service in promoting her Prosperity and Welfare\u2014having endeavoured both by reading and observation to make myself in some degree\nacquainted with those Commercial Interests a want of system in which gave the first spring to that Government we have now the happiness to possess\u2014my views were priorly directed towards a Commercial Errand abroad\u2014upon which specific Subject I had the honour a few days past to deliver Your Excellency two letters\u2014from Govr Lincoln & Mr Bowdoin\u2014but since which I have been informed by the Vice President and others that Mr Harrison of Cadiz is my Rival who has the merit of former services in a similar Line to support his future expectations; this being the case and as I hope never to urge my wishes beyond the proper grounds which ought to suppose them\u2014would present myself to your Excellencys kind notice & Patronage for a similar appointment to any other Post Abroad\u2014or in the Revenue or other home Department which you may think within the Compass of my Abilities and where I may do honour & service to my Country which suffer me again to say I feel to be the prevailing motive of my Heart\u2014tho did I wish to mention my suffrance in Property in the late Contests\u2014melancholly facts would support me\u2014but I think not of my loss\u2014when I reflect on my Countrys gain.\nI am endeavouring to collect a Tablet of the Exports and Imports of this Country\u2014with the amount of Tonnage foreign & domestic employed in her Commerce\u2014which may contain information of service in the revenue System\u2014and could I feel confidence equal to the attempt would venture to intrude a few Ideas upon the public in support of a Board of Trade or some permanent establishment of the kind at the seat of Govt in order to collect into one focus all that information from abroad & from the several States which will serve to extend our future Commerce, and to acquire a nice acquaintance with those different manufacturing Interests of this flourishing land which may be encouraged with present advantage and without interfering with other Important Interests of the Community\u2014as also to ascertain how certain proposed duties at anytime may be likely to operate upon the various Interests of the people to preserve that equality thro the whole which constitutes the sovereing balm for all exactions of the kind upon a Community.\nPardon Kind Sir the indelicacy of the foregoing observations respecting myself\u2014which the necessity of the case can alone justify\u2014as also my great trespass upon your time. I have the\nHonour to be with warm Wishes for the Welfare of my Country\u2014which is essentially involved in the continuance of your Life & Health Your Excellencys Devoted & Humble Servt\nSilvanus Bourn\nP.S. If under the severall arrangements of the Great Departments of Govt I can more specifically point my wishes, will humbly propose my solicitations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lamb, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 22nd May 1789\nPresuming on your kind attention to me, in the course of the late War; I am emboldened to solicit your Patronage, at this time. and to express a wish, to serve the United States, as Collector of the Customs, for the Port of New York. Should my application meet your approbation, it will be my constant study, to merit the confidence, which you may be pleased to place in me by a strict attention to my duty and the Public Interest. Permit me to assure your Excellency, that nothing could have induced me to trouble you, on this occasion, but, an apprehension, that my silence might (possibly) be construed into a want of respect.\nWith every sentiment of Gratitude, I have the honor to be Most Respectfully, Your Excellency\u2019s Obliged and Obedient Humble Servant\nJohn Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Heth, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nShillelah 23d May 1789\nI am Just honord with your favor of the 14th inst.\nThe little attention and trouble which I was at, in endeavouring to insure Mrs Washington an agreeable & Safe Journey to New York\u2014being no more than common duty\u2014is greatly overpaid\u2014in my estimation\u2014by the polite manner, in which you have been pleased to notice it; and this too, at a time, when every hour almost, must be interrupted with publick business, makes me feel more sensibly, the honor which you have done me. I now, only wait to hear of Mrs Washingtons safe arrival in New-York, after as pleasant a Journey as She could reasonably expect\u2014to be made extremely happy. For\u2014and I speak from my Heart when I say so\u2014I feel much interested in this circumstance. Nay, If I am to follow the dictates of my Heart Just now\u2014I must tell you, that my Sensibility was so much affected at some of her observations on your both being oblig\u2019d to leave Mount-Vernon once more; as well as at some apprehensions\u2014tho\u2019 very common with Ladies\u2014respecting her Journey, that I should most assuredly have returned, and accompanied her to New York, had not certain reasons, founded in propriety, forbad\nme. Nor should I have become thus Gallant, Sir, because She is the Lady of the President of the United States; but, because she is the Lady of General Washington; and because, I have the highest veneration, & most sincere affection for her. If I am not too presumeing, pray mention me to her in the most respectful manner\u2014while I repeat again, and again, my most fervent prayers, that both your days be long & happy; and that, when you shall be calld from this vale of anxiety, trouble & disappointment, you may be crownd with glory everlasting. I have the honor to be Sir, Your Most Obedient Servant\nWill. Heth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0267", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Office May 23rd 1789\nThe Secretary at war having examined the Negotiations of the Governor of the Western territory with certain northern and north western Indians, and the treaties made in consequence thereof at Fort Harmar on the 9th of January 1789, begs leave to Report.\nThat\u2007The several treaties of peace which have been made with the northern tribes of Indians, and those North west of the Ohio, since the conclusion of the late war with Great Britain, are as follows.\nTo wit.\n1st\u2007The treaty at Fort Stanwix on the 22d day of October 1784 between Oliver Wolcott Richard Butler and Arthur Lee, Commissioners plenipotentiary from the United States on the one part, and the Sachems and warriors of the six nations on the other.\n2nd\u2007The treaty entered into by the said commissioners Plenipotentiary and the sachems and warriors, of the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippawa, and Ottawa nations of Indians at Fort McIntosh the 21st day of January 1785.\n3d\u2007The treaty at the mouth of the great Miam\u00e9 the 31st of January 1786, between Commissioners from the united States, and the chiefs and warriors of the Shawanoe nation.\nThat the treaties of Fort Stanwix and Fort McIntosh were entered on the Journals of the United States in Congress assembled, June the 3d 1785, and the treaty of the miame, on the 17th day of April 1786.\nThat it may be proper to observe that the Indians are greatly tenacious of their lands, and generally do not relinquish their right, excepting on the principle of a specific consideration expressly given for the purchase of the same.\nThat the practice of the late english Colonies and Government in purchasing the indian claims has firmly established the habit in this respect, So that it cannot be violated, but with difficulty and an expence greatly exceeding the value of the object.\nThat the treaties of Fort Stanwix and of Fort McIntosh, do not state, that the limits therein defined are by virtue of a purchase from the Indians.\nThat the said treaties have been opposed and Complained of, will appear by the representation to Congress, accompanying this report, marked No. 1.\nThat in consequence of the said representation Congress on the 21 day of July 1787 passed the following resolve.\n\u201cResolved, That the superintendant of Indian affairs for the northern department, inform the five nations\u2014the Hurons and other indian nations who Joined in the representation made to Congress dated the 18th day of December 1786. that Congress on the 18th of the present month July 1787 received their said representation and have taken it into their serious consideration and in due time will send them an answer.\u201d\nThat on the 5th of October following Congress resolved, \u201cThat a general treaty be held with the Tribes of Indians within the limits of the united States inhabiting the country north west of the ohio, and about Lake Erie as soon after the first of april next, as conveniently may be and at such place and at such particular time as the Governor of the Western Territory shall appoint for the purpose of knowing the causes of uneasiness among the Said tribes, and hearing their complaints, of regulating trade and amicably settling all affairs concerning lands and boundaries between them and the united States.\n\u201cThat the Governor of the Western Territory hold the said treaty, agreably to such instructions as shall be given him for that purpose.\u201d\nThat on the 12th of October 1787 Congress resolved.\n\u201cThat twenty thousand dollars be and hereby are appropriated for the purpose of Indian treaties whenever the same shall hereafter be Judged necessary by a majority of the united States in Congress assembled, and that the resolutions for holding a general treaty with the Indians passed the fifth day of the present month be and they are hereby repealed.\u201d\nThat on the 22d of October 1787 Congress resolved. \u201cThat the Governor of the Western Territory be and he is hereby empowered to hold a general treaty with the Indian tribes in the ensuing spring if in his Judgment the public good requires it, and that he be authorised to draw for such sums of money appropriated by the resolve of Congress of the 12th instant, as may be necessary to effect this object not exceeding the sum of fourteen thousand dollars.\u201d\nThat on the 2d of July 1788 Congress Resolved. \u201cThat the sum of twenty thousand dollars in addition to the fourteen thousand dollars already appropriated, be appropriated for defraying the expences of the treaties which have been ordered or which may be ordered to be held on the present year, with the several Indian tribes in the northern department and for extinguishing the Indian claims; the whole of the said twenty thousand dollars, together with six thousand dollars of the said fourteen thousand dollars to be applied solely to the purpose of extinguishing Indian claims to the lands they have already ceded to the United states, by obtaining regular conveyances for the same, and for extending a purchase beyond the limits hitherto fixed by treaty; but that no part of the said sums be applied for any purpose, other than those abovementioned.\u201d\nThat the instructions to the Governor of the western Territory marked No. 2 will further show the sense of Congress on this subject.\nThat the treaties of Fort Harmar on the 9th of January 1789 with the sachems and warriors of the six nations, the mohawks excepted, and with the sachems and warriors of the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippawa, Pattiwatima and sac nations, inhabiting part of the country north west of the Ohio, appear to have been negociated by the Governor of the western Territory, so as to unite the interests of the United States with the justice due the said indian nations.\nThat the reservation in the treaty with the six nations of Six miles square round the Fort at oswego, is within the territory of the state of New York and ought to be so explained, as to render it conformable to the constitution of the United States.\nThat if this explanation should be made, and the senate of the United States should concur in their approbation of the said treaties, it might be proper that the same should be ratified, and published with a proclamation enjoining an observance thereof.\nAll which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBoston May 23d 1789\nI was early convinced, upon your Excellencys retirement from public life, that too much of your time, for your own happiness was engrossed by a correspondence as extensive as is the knowledge of letters, and by the frequent visits of people throughout the equally extended limits. An idea that these visits were multiplied by the ease with which people obtained letters of introduction to your Excellency has restrained me from giving such letters but in a few instances lest I should be instrumental in adding to your cares and breaking in upon your domestic tranquilty. At this day sir I ought to be more upon my guard than ever as your burdens are multiplied and as your whole time must be engrossed by the important calls of your elevated office[.] While under this conviction I hope and trust that I shall not exceed the bounds of propriety. I consider however, that there are instances which to neglect, would be highly criminal and might justly be considered as a neglect of duty to your Excellency\nand to the public[.] Such I consider the instance now before me.\nThis letter will be honoured by its being born by the honourable George Cabot Esquire. Feeling as all others do an esteem for and obligations to your Excelly intends to wait upon you and express them. I hope his business will permit him to remain a little time with you, for I am sure your Excellency will find him a Gentleman in all respects perfectly agreeable\u2014From his abilities, his integrity, his knowledge of the world, of commerce in general, and its connections with the different nations, our interest with them and with each other I cannot help considering him an honour to our country and one of the most able and useful men in it. He has been drawn into public life but we have not had influence enough to retain him. If your Excellcy should have time to open with him on the state of trade here, on its foreign and domestic connexions, you will receive a very judicious relation and such an one as will be pleasing and throw light on the interesting and important subject and as free from personal views and those local prejudices which have so often cloged our public proceedings and given a false colouring to them as from any man I know on earth.\nFearing that he would call as thousands of others must do, without being particularly known, I have taken the liberty to beg it as a favour that he would take charge of this letter and deliver it with his own hand\u2014I have been urged to this from the fullest conviction that the happiness arising from an interview would be reciprocal.\nCaptain Browne formerly of Glovers Regiment, and who was with your Excellency at Trenton, now a very respectable merchant in this State, will accompany Mr Cabot. I have the honour of being with the most perfect esteem My dear General Your Excellencys most obedient servant\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Sackett, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Sackett, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFishkill [N.Y.] May 23d, 1789.\nBe pleased to accept my cordial, and respectful Congratulation on your arrival at the Head of the united States, an Event that gives Joy and gladness to the Hearts of all True Americans.\nEsteeming you as the Father of our Country, I do take the Liberty to request, that when you come to make out your appointments, that you will think on me, and be favourably Pleased to give me one that I may be equal to.\nTo enable you the better to determine on the propriety of my Supplication, I now cover with this a Short Detail of some of the occurrences that happen\u2019d to me in the Time of war and Since.\nYou will be pleased to acknowledge the receipt of this Letter, by the bearer who will chearfully trans\u27e8mit\u27e9 your favour to me. I have the Honor to be Sir Your most humb\u27e8le and\u27e9 most obedient Servant\nNathl Sackett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0271", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Warren, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Warren, James\nSir,\nNew York May 2\u27e83\u27e9 1789.\nI have duly received your very friendly letter of the 2d inst. and beg you to accept of my sincere acknowledgment and best thanks for the kind congratulations and good wishes which were contained in it.\nIt affords me peculiar satisfaction to see the union of sentiment which seems to prevail in favor of our new system of Government. I find that the good and respectable characters from every quarter, are determined to give it their countenance and support, notwithstanding some of them apprehended that evils might arise from particular parts of it.\nThose who opposed the Constitution before its adoption,\nfrom principle, were pretty generally convinced of the necessity there was for a change in our former confederation; but its being accepted by so large a part of the Community\u2014the harmony which prevails in the legislature\u2014and the prospect of having their apprehensions done away by some alterations, have induced them to say with you, that \u201cit is the duty of every good citizen to rejoice in every measure calculated to carry it into operation agreeably to the principles on which it was adopted.\u201d\nIt gives me no small pleasure to find that former friendships have not been destroyed by a difference of opinion on this great political point. It is a proof of the good dispositions which govern the people of this Country, and which, if properly improved, will make us a happy people. With great regard & esteem, I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Hbe Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0273", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 24 May 1789\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore 24 May 1789.\nIt may give you some pleasure to know from one who cannot be supposed to have any interest in concealing disagreeable circumstances from you, that all your late public acts, and the arrangements which respect your household meet with universal approbation. Men of different political sentiments have united in your praise. The unfriendly to the constitution have only ventured to observe \u201cthat your successors will receive from your hands a government firmly established without your principles or moderation to direct it.\u201d I beleive with them that you will have the merit of giving stability to the government, but I am also disposed to think, that the next generation will be as competent to the preservation of their liberties as the present, so that on this point I am perfectly at ease. You see however from the observation, that though these men find nothing wherewith\nto blame you, their enmity to the constitution is of an inextinguishable nature.\nI mentioned to you in a little memorandum Mr Purviance as a candidate for a place in the customs. Poor man I am distressed for him on many accounts. The money necessary to support him at New York is wanted to maintain his family here; added to which I understand his journey has been delayed by his falling sick at Philada. My chief reason for introducing this subject again, is its having been suggested to me that Mr Smith of this Town one of our representatives, from an apprehension that he may stand in the way of his son in law General Williams (who is an expectant for an office) rather disfavors his interest with our Senators, who, owing to their remote situation from Baltimore can know little or nothing of him. I hope this is not true, because the general opinion is that there will be a division of the customs, in which case he might at least have spoken of him as qualified for an inferior or subordinate appointment. I hope, moreover, that it is not true, because I have a good opinion of Mr Smith, which such a conduct would undoubtedly destroy; for to my own knowlege, no inhabitant of Baltimore who is candidate for a place, is so generally beloved\u2014has been so much of the federalist, or possesses more integrity and merchantile ability. Ascribe then, my dear and ever revered General this second trouble which I give you to the purest motives, a desire to rest this poor mans application on his real merits, and that it may come before you free from any interested colouring.\nMrs Washington I hope is with you by this time. She was very kind and we shall long remember the honor she did us. I was sorry we were obliged to harrass her with company (her stay being so very short) but our neighbours who visited her, would never have forgiven me if they had not been asked to supper. I have promised Mrs Washington however, that she shall be more private when she inclines to see Mount Vernon. Mrs McHenry prays her to accept of her most sincere regards and wishes for her health.\nMay you, my dear General, continue to support your new character with the same nobleness and dignity with which you have commenced it. As yet you have no storms to contend with; and when they happen, you stand on ground where you may see the waves of party break under you without being injured\nby their greatest violence. God be with you and long preserve you on this elevated situation so necessary to your own peace and the public safety. With the most profound and sincere respect and affection I am your obt st\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0274", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Pettit, 24 May 1789\nFrom: Pettit, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 24th May 1789\nHaving at length obtained a Settlement of the Accounts of the extensive public Trust in which I was connected with General Greene, so as to ascertain a Balance in our favour, I can with the greater Freedom offer my future Services to the United States, if there should be any Department in which they can be usefully employed.\nWhile the moderate Share of Property, which I derived from Industry in earlier Life, is with held from me by the debilitated State of the public Funds, I can neither command the Use of it as a Capital in Business, nor derive from it the Income it ought to produce. Under these Circumstances I must own that some Emolument from Office would be convenient to me; and, provided I can be placed in a Situation to render the Public adequate Service, desireable. I avoid suggesting any particular Station as the Object of my Wishes, because I doubt not that in the necessary Distribution of Employments your Excellency will find Occasion to select Men for some purposes from an Idea of their fitness for the Occasion rather than from their Choice of\nan Office. Neither do I approach you armed with Recommendations nor the Solicitation of Friends, because I feel a Confidence that such Means are not necessary to procure from Your Excellency as favourable Notice as I ought to receive. The different Stations in which I have moved, and my Conduct in those Stations are the only Credentials I offer. If these, fairly examined, are insufficient to recommend me as worthy of Public Confidence, I must suppose, however mortifying the Supposition, that I ought not to enjoy it. With the most perfect Respect, I have the Honor to be, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble Servant\nChas Pettit", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from \u2014\u2014, 25 May 1789\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: Washington, George\nGreat and exalted man  \nAlbany May 25. 1789.\nIt is not on my own account that I address you, no! it concerns the Wellfare the internal strength liberty so dearly and so bravely fought for, things which are hastening to their ruin in particular in the parts about Albany & Schonactady.\nCast an eye upon them, great man, do not give credit to my pen, neither take your information from the wealthy, but listen to the well founded observations of the poor or the well thinking part of those, that are in moderate circumstances, judge thereof and take your measures accordingly, for wise and unambiguous\nlaws are the means for putting an end to all manner of abuses.\nIt is not in your hand alone, exalted man! to free from their oppressors the inhabitants of these parts, who get more and more oppressed by the finest and the most imperceptible cunning; neither can that part of the yoke, which in an immediate but in a sure manner tends to aristocratical tyranny be shaken off at once, no! either of it is as impossible, as on an invisible spirit to lay hold with a forcible hand.\nThe wealthiest inhabitants here are Hollanders or, as they call themselves, Dutchmen, naturally prone to avarice and to insatiable thirst for gain, to a total oppression of those that can make no resistance.\nIn what State of Europe (even those not excepted, which groan under the most abject slavery) is it allowed, that a merchant or any person else may buy up the immediate necessaries of life, i mean grain of all sorts, before it is brought to market, and hoard it up untill he can make an hundred per cent to the cost of his fellow-citizens? not in one! and i believe not even in Turkey, though the greatest propensity to avarice and a thirst for gain is attributed to that nation.\nBut it is at Albany that this is allowed, and why? because the friends of the merchants and the latter themselves hold all the most profitable offices, and there is no person not belonging to their family (except the collected power of the people) that can oppose them. They did send their servants a distance of six till ten miles out of town for the purpose of buying up all grain they could meet with. The honest citizen of ordinary circumstances with the money in his hand by every Sleigh or waggon had to hear the answer; it is sold already. Thus it was with pipe Staves, planks and all other things. When a vessel now arrives with corn, potatoes and other high prized necessaries of life, then the whole cargo is purchased at once. Who has invested these wealthy adversaries, who have nothing of the man about them except the external shape and the internal power of forming sharp judgments abusing it in a manner derogatory to true humanity, the image of the almighty and contrary to the purpose of our great creator, who, i say has invested them with an exclusive right thus to act with their fellow brethren, that are\nnot so wealthy as themselves, to snatch their bit of bread out of their mouths and to live upon the marrow of their bones which is slowly consuming? Surely not the Creator. True it is that the almighty has ordered wealth and indigence, both to have place, and this order is necessary to the system of the universe, but is it his will, that the wealthy shall still more oppress the poor? It is by no means possible, that he should have created one member of the body to destroy the rest, but on the contrary, that be means thereof the perfection of the whole be promoted.\nThis winter when the old paper money was called in, it was that the wealthy must have again advantage, but of whom? surely of the poor man: Notice was indeed given, that the old bills should not any more pass after a certain fixed day, but they could be brought to the merchant, who would not receive them unless goods were taken for half of their value, of which he wished to be rid, and which for current money he could not have sold nearly so high. Was there none of the great freeholders here Sufficiently sure to be intrusted with so much money out of the treasury in order to supply Albany? It is true he must have been paid out of the treasury for his trouble, for no one would have undertaken to do it gratis, but would it not have been better, that the whole state had paid it, than that the burden thus fell upon single families; In general there is no occasion to mistrust those freeholders if good writings are made; they have a princely income, but their expences are not as great as those of an english or a german merchant, who besides his trade has no income whatever; they keep their tailors, weavers and such like tradesmen, seamstresses & so on, in their houses, and when they have any thing to do, to which their slaves are incompetent, they take white people, with whom the[y] are very close in agreement still punctual with respect to payment; when they can have it, they like to find their workmen, but make a deduction for their fare from the wages; and upon arts and sciences they spent nothing at all, they in general take up with any fare, and they hate luxury, for money is their god.\nI would fain wish to relieve every one that suffers injuries, but i can not, yet representations to those that can help, refuge to the most exalted man of our States, give me hope, that all abuses, which oppress the poor, will be done away. I am yours that feels sentiments of the heighest respect to your great merits.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Dawes, 25 May 1789\nFrom: Dawes, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York 25th May 1789\nHaving been lately introduced to your Excellency\u2019s person, my constraint in making this application is in some measure diminished. I am requested by the friends of Mr James Greenleaf to mention him to your Excellency as a gentleman who would do honor to this his country in the character of resident or consul at the Hague. He is a native of Boston where he lived until about seven years past. He is now of the mercantile house of Watson and Greenleaf of this city; tho\u2019 his residence is at Amsterdam, he having there lately married into a family of rank & influence. If your Excellency should think fit to consider Mr Greenleaf among the candidates for the office I have mentioned, I would take the liberty of referring to the Vice-president for some further information touching the character and connections of Mr Greenleaf. His credit and circumstances in Holland must, I believe, be known to Mr Van Berkel Junr the minister from that country. If it should be found necessary I believe that ample testimonials could be procured of the abilities and requirements of Mr Greenleaf.\nHoping that this mode of introducing the foregoing subject to your Excellency will not be considered as improper I am with all possible veneration and respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt, most humble servant\nThomas Dawes Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0277", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Keenetteteh, 25 May 1789\nFrom: Keenetteteh\nTo: Washington, George\nAllejoy [Tenn.] May the 25th 1789\nGreate & Beloved Brother I have thought the Day Long to See you, Since I heare So much good of you, I think you are the man that can Settle our Land in Peace, I have seen the Day when the Little Carpenter & my self Brought in Col. Stewart that I was able to walk, then I was a young man & warrior, & so was you\u2014But the Days are Past & cannot come Back no more, I Set off with my Beloved Son (Bennet Ballew) to See you once more, & the Greate Counciel of the white People, But I was not able to hold out, But was oblig\u2019d to Return home after Coming Better than a hundred miles, But I hope to See you the nix time my Son comes in that way\u2014I hope the greate Spirit above will Put it in to your harte to Do us all the good you Can, as we are in greate Destress at this time, my Son Can in form you all what we want you to Do for us, I hope our Greate father above will make all your harts as one, & cause you to Do Some thing for us, I am yr old friend & Brother to my oldest Brother\n[mark] Keenetteteh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0278", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Moustier, 25 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moustier, El\u00e9anor-Fran\u00e7ois-Elie, comte de\nSir,\nNew York May 25th 1789\nWhat circumstances there may be existing between our two nations, to which you allude on account of their peculiarity, I know not. But as those nations are happily connected in the strictest ties of Amity, not less by inclination & interest, than by the solemnity of a Treaty; and as the United States are too remote from Europe to take any share in the local politics of that Continent; I had concluded, that Commerce was the only subject of Negotiations, which could, at present, be very interesting to the Inhabitants of the two Countries. In two letters which I had the pleasure of writing to you before I returned into public life, I stated (if I remember rightly, for I have not the copies of the letters with me) that I was so little acquainted with commercial affairs, that I should very much distrust my own judgment, even in the opinions which I might be obliged to hazard in treating casually of them. This fact, if there had been no other circumstance that merited a consideration, would be a conclusive reason for preventing me individually from entering upon any kind of negotiations on that subject. For, while I find myself incompetent to it, I really believe that much reciprocal advantage might be\nacquired if that subject could be candidly & intelligently managed. This I should hope, too, might be the case; and so far shall I be from throwing any obstacles in the way, that I shall certainly take a great pleasure in removing (so far as lays in my power) such as may occur. Every one who has any knowledge of my manner of acting in public life, will be persuaded that I am not accustomed to impede the dispatch or frustrate the success of business, by a ceremonious attention to idle forms. Any person, of that description, will also be satisfied that I should not readily consent to lose one of the most important functions of my office, for the sake of preserving an imaginary dignity. But, perhaps, if there are rules of proceeding, which have originated from the wisdom of Statesmen & are sanctioned by the common consent of Nations, it would not be prudent for a young State to dispense with them altogether, at least, without some substantial cause for so doing. I have myself been induced to think, possibly from the habits of experience, that in general the best mode of conducting negotiations, the detail & progress of which might be liable to accidental mistakes or unintentional misrepresentations, is by writing. This mode, if I was myself obliged to negotiate with any one, I should still pursue. I have, however, been taught to believe that there is, in most polished nations, a system established, with regard to the foreign as well as the other great Departments, which, from the utility, the necessity, & the reason of the thing, provides that business should be digested & prepared by the Heads of those Departments. The impossibility that one man should be able to perform all the great business of the State, I take to have been the reason for instituting the great Departments, & appointing officers therein, to assist the Supreme Magistrate in discharging the duties of his trust. And, perhaps I may be allowed to say of myself, that the Supreme Magistrate of no State can have a greater variety of important business to perform in person, than I have at this moment. Very many things will doubtless occur to you, Sir, as being incident to the office of President in the commencement of the Government, which cannot be done by the intervention of a third person. You will give me leave to say likewise, that no third person (was there a disposition for it) shall ever have it in his power to erect a wall between me & the Diplomatic Corps; that is to say, to prevent necessary communications. Nor\nhas any body insinuated that it would be beneath the Dignity of a President of the United States occasionally to transact business with a foreign Minister. But in what light the Public might view the establishment of a precedent for negotiating the business of a Department, without any agency of the Head of the Department who was appointed for that very purpose, I do not at present pretend to determine: Nor whether a similar practice, in that case, must not of right be extended hereafter to all Diplomatic Characters of the same rank.\nHere you will be pleased to observe, Sir, that I am writing as General Washington to the Count de Moustiers. Happy am I, that my regard for yourself and your Nation is so far from being equivocal, that I have had several occasions of making it known to you both in conversation & writing. And I hope you will consider this confiden\u27e8tial\u27e9 letter as an evidence of the extreme regret which \u27e8I s\u27e9hould feel, in being obliged to decline any proposition\u27e8s, as to\u27e9 the mode of doing business, from a person who has \u27e8so\u27e9 many titles to my esteem as the Count de Moustiers. I will only add, that, under my present impressions, I cannot persuade my self that I should be justifiable in deviating essentially from established forms. With the highest sentiments of esteem & regard\u27e8,\u27e9 I am, Sir Your Most obedt & Most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0279", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 25 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nNew York, May 25th 1789\nIn pursuance of the order of the late Congress, Treaties between the United States, and several nations of Indians, have been negociated and signed. These Treaties, with sundry papers respecting them, I now lay before you, for your consideration and advice, by the hands of General Knox, under whose official superintendence the business was transacted, and who will be ready to communicate to you any information on such points, as may appear to require it.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Burrall, 26 May 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Burrall, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Jonathan Burrall, 26 May 1789. Burrall wrote to David Humphreys, 6 Aug. 1789: \u201cI had the honor of addressing to the President of United States of the 26th of May last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0282", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lambert, 26 May 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Lambert, \u2014\u2014\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Lambert, 26 May 1789. On 31 May GW wrote to Lambert: \u201cI have received your letter of the 26th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from La Valli\u00e8re, 26 May 1789\nFrom: La Valli\u00e8re (Valti\u00e8re), Henri-Joseph de Chassey-Rieux, baron de\nTo: Washington, George\nCap ce 26e May 1789.\nVotre Excellence, Monsieur, a Et\u00e9 instruite dans Les tems d\u2019hostilit\u00e9 Et de guerre des services qu\u2019avec jnclination Et Empressements j\u2019ay Rendus Comme Commandant pour Le Roy au Mole Et ses dependances a Messieurs Les Commandts de Batiments Et negotiants des Etats unis; j\u2019us L\u2019honneur d\u2019adresser a Votre Excellence En divers tems plusieurs officiers Et jeunes gens fran\u00e7ais a qui Vous av\u00e9s Bien Voulu donner des Emplois Et m\u2019en av\u00e9s accus\u00e9 Reception En m\u2019en temoignant Votre satisfaction.\nj\u2019ay Et\u00e9 ass\u00e9s heureux que d\u00eatre util aux Respectables Etats unis En protegeant Leur Batiments Et En Empechant Les Corsaires Ennemis de s\u2019en Emparer, j\u2019ay Re\u00e7u des temoignages de satisfaction Des Capitns de Votre Nation.\non me flatte, Monsieur, d\u2019une marque de Contentement qui me fera Le plus grand plaisir, C\u2019est de L\u2019admission dans L\u2019honorable societ\u00e9 de Cincinnatus ainsy que La Et\u00e9 Mr De Lilencourt Brigadier des arm\u00e9es du Roy Et autres qui n\u2019ont Et\u00e9 a l\u2019amerique.\nj\u2019ose Esperer Cette m\u00eame faveur Et prie Votre Excellence d\u2019en acheminer L\u2019effet a La premiere assembl\u00e9e de la societ\u00e9. je suis avec Le plus Respectueux attachement de Votre Excellence Monsieur Le tr\u00e9s humble Et tr\u00e9s obeissent serviteur\nLe Bon De la ValliereMar\u00e9chal des Camps Et arm\u00e9es du Roy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0284", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John R. Livingston, 26 May 1789\nFrom: Livingston, John R.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 26. 1789\nWhere great services have been performed, or where great talents are centered, a confidence is seldom wanting to make application for employment; but as it would be boasting to pretend either to one or the other, it is with diffidence I now address your Excellency upon this subject For when I compare a few years services with the late Presidents of Congress to the many arduous and difficult transactions other Candidates have experienced, I feel that want of merit which would entitle me to your favorable consideration\u2014but as new Offices may be created, and as new circumstances may arise to make it eligible to bring forward Characters who have not hitherto been conspicuous in public life, I am induced to cherish a hope that some appointment may be alloted to which my abilities are not inadequate.\nWith respect to Family & Connexion I beleive no enquiry will be necessary as you Sir are well acquainted with both, but what respects my particular Character a reference to Gentlemen with whom I have been in the habits of intimacy will elucidate, among those are the Three last Presidents of Congress, Genl Knox, Baron Steuban Colo. Hamilton and many others\u2014Should such enquiries prove satisfactory and any Office be created to which pretensions of a higher nature have not the prefference\na gratitude for the appointment would be added to my present esteem and warm wishes for your Excellencies safety and happiness\u2014I have the honor to remain With profound respect Your most obdient And very Humble Servt\nJohn R. Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0286", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mathew Carey, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, May 27, 1789\nIn imitation of the example you set me, I decline burning your letter. I enclose it.\nI am sorry that severe necessity impelled me to extort a secret from you, which I was no more desirous to pry into, than you could be to communicate. It shall not escape me.\nWhether I shall be able to steer the A.M. thro\u2019 the surrounding difficulties, remains yet a matter of doubt with me. If it be at all possible, it will be at the expence of great labour, unwearied perseverance, and the keenest distress of mind. To my view are presented the extremes of misery or of affluence. May heaven avert the former.\nThe benevolence of your disposition, & your natural indulgence towards mankind, will, I hope, induce you to excuse the intrusions I have been guilty of. They shall never be repeated. I remain, sir, with every sentiment of regard & esteem, your obt & very hble servt\nM. Carey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0287", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Lenox, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Lenox, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 27th May 1789\nI came to this City to present myself to your Excellency and to add to the number of applicants for Office, in doing this it is far from my intention to apply for an Office which has been held by another, in arranging the Offices under the new Government new ones will arise particularly in the Customs and to be honored with your nomination would be extremely flattering to me\u2014As I am about returning to Philadelphia I shall rest the merit of my pretensions entirely on your former knowledge of me (if in the multiplicity of your affairs I may not be forgot) and a reference to my present Character to any of the Senators or Representatives from the State of Pennsylvania should your Excellency incline to take that trouble\u2014I have the honor to be with the utmost respect Your Excellencys most Obedt Servant\nDavid Lenox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Nicholson, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Nicholson, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBalt. Town [Md.] May the 27. 1789\nNot having the Honor of being personally known to your Excely I have taken the Liberty of transmitting you the inclosed Letter\u2014I have likewise wrote to our Senators on the same business not knowing through what channel your Excely may think proper to recieve applications of this nature. I am with Sentiments of the Highest respect your most Obt Hble Servt\nBenj: Nicholson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Blackden, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Blackden, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\u2014\nParis May 28th 1789.\nMonsieur De Lormerie a french Gentleman and a friend of Mine, wishes to present to your Excellency a book and he has asked me for a line of introduction.\nPresuming upon your goodness, I shall Pray you to consider him as a Zealous and Warm friend to the Government and people of America, where he flatters himself he shall pass the remainder of his life in tranquility And for this purpose he some time since has made a purchase of lands in Virginia, and intends in a convenient time to pass into America.\nI pray your Excellency to Accept my most Ardent wishes for the continuence of your health and all your enjoyments with which I have the honor to be, Dear General Your Most Obedient humble Servant\nSam. Blackden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Henley, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Henley, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 28th May 1789\nMy Situation being such as induces me to lay before your Excellency, the state of my case, which I hope will be a sufficient apology for my troubleing you at this time, when matters of such magnitude and consequence must before you in the great public concerns of the Nation; but being convinced that your ideas of justice are such, as will make you ever ready to hear, and as far as is consonant therewith willing to assist such as have felt the inconveniences and distress of doing public business heretofore I shall proceed to give you a Summary view of what I have felt upon the occasion.\nAfter my Services in the Army I engaged in business as joint Agent with Mr Otis under Congress, for clothing the Army; in which transactions my misfortunes originated, for in those negotiations several Millions of Old Continental Money passed through our hands besides near One hundred thousand pounds in specie & Bills of Exchange; from these vast expenditures of Money, Your excellency must be convinced the business was essential and it was so to the Army\u2014convinced of their Sufferings I was led to be active, assiduous and faithfull, that I might accomplish two objects in the discharge of my duty; to make them as comfortable as in my power, and to enable them to keep the field in the extreem Winter of 1780: for had it not have been for the large quantity of Clothing we purchased in the year 1779, and in which I took an active part and risque, almost upon myself; having exceeded the ideas of Congress upon this occasion, and in which it took me many months to convince that Honble body the necessity there was of this purchase: and in which negotiation they was the winter following so convinced of the propriety of my conduct, that many of the Gentlemen confessed without this Cloathing the troops must have suffered in Such a manner, that the consequences might have been very prejudicial to the Army and consequently to the public cause. this contract was honorably discharged in Bills of Exchange by Congress. after finishing the whole business and Settleing my Accounts with the public, a balance remained due of about 9000 Dollars, with Several Years interest upon it, besides\na balance of 2000 Dollars, with interest from the state of Massachusetts, for clothing the Regiment of that State, making in the whole balance due about fourteen thousand Dollars, which was received in Certifycates, the half of which was mine, and these did not yield me 2/6 in the pound\u2014a Sum not equal to pay the expences, and for my time in getting my Accounts Settled, this took me Six months, being so involved in difficulties by this hard, tho\u2019 necessitous payment of the public. I have been struggling to get through them continueing my employment in the public line, and am now in a way so small, that it will scarce maintain me and my Children. if therefore your Excellency should think me worthy of attention, and there is any thing in which I can be of Service to the public and myself, that you may think fit to entrust me with\u2014You may depend upon my executing it with industry and fidelity.\nI could mention other circumstances to convince your excellency of my propriety in requesting your attention but I am Satisfyed it is not proper that Your mind should be taken up with small objects\u2014I therefore conclude in praying that God may continue you many Years to come, a blessing to the nation over whom you preside. and remain with the most profound respect Your Excellencys most Obedit and Hum. Servt\nDavid Henley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0291", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Louis-Philippe Gallot de Lormerie, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Lormerie, Louis-Philippe Gallot de\nTo: Washington, George\nExcellen\u00e7e\nVos vertus civiles et vos talens militaires ont donn\u00e9 a Votre Patrie la Libert\u00e9 et le Bonheur; mais leur influence sur celui du Globe entier est encor Pr\u00e9ferable a mes yeux. Cest a ce Grand But que tend tout homme qui se sent digne d\u2019arriver a L\u2019immortalit\u00e9. L\u2019univers vous a d\u00e9cern\u00e9 d\u2019avan\u00e7e cette illustration.\nDaign\u00e9s donc, Ex\u00e7ellence, agr\u00e9er L\u2019hommage d\u2019une id\u00e9e que je crois selon vos Principes. Je ne crains point de Pr\u00e9senter un Plan de Paix perp\u00e8tuelle a un G\u00e9n\u00e9ral qui est Encor plus Philosophe que Guerrier. Si vous L\u2019honor\u00e9s de votre suffr\u00e2ge il lui donnera un Grand Poids et le Genre humain vous auroit encor cette nouvelle et importante obligation.\nL\u2019Agriculture etant une de mes Principales et plus ch\u00e9res obligations j\u2019ai receuilli des Graines que j\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous adresser il s\u2019en trouvera peut \u00eatre quelques unes que n\u2019a point encore la Virginie.\nJ\u2019ai une Grace, General, a vous demander a cet Egard, Cest de vouloir bien ordonner qu\u2019on Envoye de ces m\u00eames Graines (et dans la m\u00eame caisse) lann\u00e9e Prochaine lors qu\u2019elles auront Produit, et m\u00eame des apr\u00e9sent de celles dont les Paquets sont doubles, telles que les Lormeries, auxquelles j\u2019ai donn\u00e9 mon nom en faveur de L\u2019utilit\u00e9 dont je Pense qu\u2019elles pouront \u00eatre dans le Pays de Kentucky pres de Lo\u00fcis-ville. j\u2019ai acquis dans ce canton 6700 acres de Mr Sam: Blackden sur les Bords de l\u2019Ohio pres Do\u00ebrun, a quelque distan\u00e7e de la Rivi\u00e9re sal\u00e9e.\nVous connoiss\u00e9s sans doute par vous m\u00eame G\u00e9n\u00e9ral ou par messieurs vos amis quelque bon cultivateur dans ce canton qui soit curieux de nouvelles et surtout d\u2019utiles productions. J\u2019Enverrai sou peu de tems une instruction sur la Culture des Ra\u00e7ines, Lormeries, Je vous supplie de les recommander Particuli\u00e8rement.\nJ\u2019aurois et\u00e9 deja visiter mes Possessions, en Kentucky, mais la Crainte d\u2019Etre Pill\u00e9 et m\u00eame asassin\u00e9 par les sauv\u00e2ges soit dans la route, soit dans mon habitation, m\u2019a arr\u00eat\u00e9. Ce Beau Pays, au Centre des Etats unis, et qui peut leur Procurer un commerce si florissant par le Misissipi ne sera t\u2019il donc pas proteg\u00e9 contre ces horribles D\u00e9vastations? ce sera sans doute un des premiers\nfruits du Gouvernement sage et ferme, que vous verr\u00e9s, Excellen\u00e7e, de Donner a lam\u00e9rique. Quels Biens inappr\u00e9\u00e7iables, et prochains elle doit en retirer!\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous Pr\u00e9senter aussi, Gen\u00e9ral, un ouvrage fran\u00e7ais, ou vous verr\u00e9s que mes compatriotes savent appr\u00e8\u00e7ier et Chanter vos vertus, et vos talens.\nJ\u2019y Joins aussi un Petit ouvr\u00e2ge intitul\u00e9 Etrennes de la Vertu, dont je suis coop\u00e8rateur et qui contient quelques traits honorables pour la nation fran\u00e7aise. Jose Esp\u00e9rer que dans vos D\u00e8lassemens, Excellen\u00e7e, vous daigner\u00e9s jetter sur ces Productions d\u2019un peuple qui a combattu Glorieusemum pour vous et sous vos ordres, quelques regards indulgens.\nLe Col: Samuel Blackden avec lequel j\u2019ai L\u2019avantage d\u2019etre li\u00e9 d\u2019amiti\u00e9 depuis trois ans a la bont\u00e9 de me donner une Lettre pour votre Ex\u00e7ellen\u00e7e et Cest prin\u00e7ipalement sous ses auspi\u00e7\u00e9s que j\u2019ai Lhonneur de vous \u00e9crire et de vous suppli\u00ebr d\u2019agr\u00e9er les sentimens de la Profonde et sinc\u00e8re v\u00e9n\u00e9ration, dans lesquels Je Suis, De Votre Ex\u00e7ellen\u00e7e, le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e9s obeissant serviteur\nDe Lormerie\nGentilhomme de S. A. R. Mgr Comte D\u2019Artois, fr\u00e8re du roi, membre correspondant de la societ\u00e9 Royale d\u2019agriculture, et de celle Philantropique de Paris, r\u00f9i St nicuise, a Paris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0293", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John White, 28 May 1789\nFrom: White, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York May 28th 1789\nI take the liberty of laying before your Excellency the inclosed letter.\nHaving been employed several Years in the adjustment of the public accounts in various departments, & of those of several of the States against the Union, it has rendered the public service habitual and detached me from other pursuits for the support of a growing family, It is this consideration that has induced me to offer myself as a candidate for employment under the new Government.\nI would not presume to \u27e8s\u27e9ay any thing of myself further than to observe to Your Excellency that the commencement of my service in the public accounts was in the spring of the Year 1779 in the Auditors office at Camp, where I continued between two and three Years, after which I was employed by the late Mr Pierce Paymaster General, from whom I received an appointment to proceed to Maryland and settle the accounts of the Continental troops belonging to the line of that State, when this business closed I was Commissioned to settle the accounts of Maryland and the individuals thereof against the Union\u2014a new system having been adopted in 1786 by which the accounts were directed to be settled by a Board consisting of three persons, the Legislature of Maryland appointed me their Agent to attend the said Board on her behalf, but the mode of settling the accounts of the States against the Union being again alter\u2019d in May 1787, the continent was divided into five districts, and I was appointed Commissioner for the district of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, for the purpose of receiveing and Stating\ntheir respective claims against the United States, this Commission being limited to fifteen months Expir\u2019d last September.\nMy character and conduct in the several offices I have held is pretty well known to a number of gentlemen now in Congress, particularly those from the State of Maryland, and also to the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury.\nAs the foregoing circumstances are those only on which I can Expect to merit the confidence of Your Excellency, and the public, I hope they will be permitted to plead my apology for intruding thus particularly upon You. I have the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency\u27e8s\u27e9 obedient & huble Sert\nJohn White", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0294", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mathew Carey, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nSir,\nNew York, 29th May 1789.\nIn the course of my whole existence, I never have before been made the subject of such extraordinary conduct as that which I have been obliged to suffer by your sending to me unsealed, through a public conveyance, my letter of the 22nd and yours of the 27th of this month.\nAfter the candid, and my heart witnessed for me not unfriendly part I had always acted towards you, I hoped, for the credit of human nature, at least to have escaped an intentional insult. I am Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0295", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Halsted, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Halsted, John\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York May 29th 1789\nThe Memorial and Petition of John Halsted Humbly Shewith  \nThat your Petitioner a Native of New Jersey had resided Eleven years in Quebec previous to the late war with Great Brittan and at the Commencement of the war possessed a Considerable Property real & Personal there and was at that time engaged in the most profitable business in that Country.\nThat your petitioner then in Quebec feeling himself deeply interested in the cause of his Country & anxiously wishing to\ngive it every assistance in his power, was at first viewed with a very jealous eye & at length became very Obnoxious to the Officers of the Brittish Government. That as soon as it was known that a detachment from the American Army before Boston was on its march against Quebec, your Petitioner removed his Family into the Country (leaving the most of his property in Quebec) and privately withdrew himself to Point Levy where the Canadians well disposed to America kept a Guard for their own protection; their Canoes and other water craft having been just destroyed by the Brittish and they in Apprehension for the safety of their persons & houses. your petitioner remained five days under Canadian protection untill the Arrival of the American Troops when he joined them and gave every information and assistance in his power, the extent & importance of which he leaves to others to determine and declare. on the Arrival of General Montgomery before Quebec your Petitioner being well acquainted with the Country & personally known to very many of the Canadians was requested by the Genl to act as Commissary to the Army which Office he undertook in the beginning of December 1775 and was greatly exposed through the winter in purchasing Provisions for the troops\u2014the difficulty was rendered the greater by the want of Specie & the unwillingness of the Canadians to take our paper Currency, which Oblig\u2019d your petitioner after exhausting his small savings from Quebec, to purchase on his own Credit of the Canadians, for which some of them are still unpaid. The following declaration in his favor made by a General Officer vizt \u201cThat to his Credit and exertions it was Owing that the Army were not starved or Oblig\u2019d to leave Canada, at a time when they had not publick Money or Credit sufficient to purchase supplies,\u201d is, he conceives very clear evidence of the important light, in which his services were regarded.\nThat you[r] petitioner when the seige was raised in May 1776 with a Numerous Family followed the fortunes of the Army abandoning his property in Canada, and returned into New Jersey where with the Assistance of his Friends he has with difficulty supported his Family. Soon after the War was ended he went to Quebec to see after the property he had left there and learned to his utter grief and disappointment that as soon as it was known that he had joined the American Arms his House &\nStore was broken open by public Authority and filled with the adherents to the army, great part of his property, in Merchandise & furniture plundered, & his real Estate taken possession of by the Officers of the British Government for publick use, which is still held by them, under the plea of want of Instructions.\nThat your petitioner since he left Canada hath been in no publick Employment, and by means of various delays hath received but a part, & that in small sums, of the Money he advanced for the American Army in Canada, owing to which, he hath not been able to enter into a business whereby he can give that decent support he had heretofore done to his Family. The inconveniences to which your petitioner has been subjected in consequence of his attachment to the cause of his Country his want of public Employment since, and of the money he expended for the publick service, may be better conceived by the feeling mind \u27e8illegible\u27e9 expressed by your petitioner, but distressing as such a situation must be to any one, to your petitioner it was the more poignant on Account of his large Family; for whose support under the greatest disadvantages he has been obliged at an advanced season in life to have recourse to Agriculture, with which he is very imperfectly acquainted, from all which Considerations, your petitioner is constrained to Apply to You Sir, with whom the Constitution hath wisely vested the power, for some appointment under the Government, that may assist him in the support of his Family untill by obtaining his property in Canada he shall be otherwise enabled to provide for them.\nYour petitioner considering the impost Bill now before the Congress of the United States, as a Measure which will soon be carried into effect, and that Perth Amboy where your petitioner resides from its being the best Seaport in the State of New Jersey, is the most eligible situation for the residence of Collector of Impost begs leave to solicit an Appointment to that Office, or to such other as to you in your wisdom and discretion shall seem meet. A recommendation from the Governor of the State & from other gentlemen who were with the Army in Canada accompanies this, And your petitioner begs leave to suggest that he conceives it will be fully in his power to produce if necessary, other ample Testimonials of his Character for Honesty Integrity\n& ability, and to give adequate security in any case where the nature of the Office shall render it requisite. your petitioner relying on the Justice of the Rulers of the Continent as in duty bound shall ever pray &c.\nJohn Halsted", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0297", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church\nGentlemen.\nI return to you individually, and (through you) to your Society collectively in the United States my thanks for the demonstrations of affections, and the expressions of joy, offered in their behalf, on my late appointment. It shall still be my endeavor to manifest, by overt acts, the purity of my inclinations for promoting the happiness of mankind, as well as the sincerity of my desires to contribute whatever may be in my power towards the preservation of the civil and religious liberties of\nthe American People. In pursuing this line of conduct, I hope, by the assistance of divine providence, not altogether to disappoint the confidence which you have been pleased to repose in me.\nIt always affords me satisfaction, when I find a concurrence in sentiment and practice between all conscientious men in acknowledgements of homage to the great Governor of the Universe, and in professions of support to a just civil government. After mentioning that I trust the people of every denomination, who demean themselves as good citizens, will have occasion to be convinced that I shall always strive to prove a faithful and impartial Patron of genuine, vital religion: I must assure you in particular that I take in the kindest part the promise you make of presenting your prayers at the Throne of Grace for me, and that I likewise implore the divine benedictions on yourselves and your religious community.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0298", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Morhouse, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Morhouse, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\nDover Dutchess County May 29th 1789\nI hope the mournfull and Unfortunate occasion of this Traduction will be a sufficient apology to your Excellency for the Trouble I give you in perusing this address\u2014Your Excellency during the course of the war often deign\u2019d to call upon me at my own mansion in Dover which gave me an opportunity of being an eye witness of them exalted Virtues which has rendered your Excellcy so serviceable to your Country, the Darling of manki[n]d and secured to your memory Immortal Honour\u2014But oh! most Excellent President, once think what Anxious Tortures tears my Aged breast and brings me with the most Excruciating sorrow to the brink of the Grave. my youngest son, a promising youth of twenty three now lies under the sentence of Death in the City of Newyork & will be Executed in the 5th of June unless mercy can be extended, he was convicted of a Certain forgery, and many people thinks unjustly but whether that is the case or not, I do not know, but Your Excellency must be sensible that Guilty or Inocent his dying so shamefull a death must bring an Irreparable disgrace upon me and my family[.] I should have visited your Excellency in person but my Ill state of health will not permit it[.] I therefore send my son with this to humbly implore Your Excellency to consider my Age and the unblemishd Character that myself and family have heretofore sustaind the services I have rendered my Country the losses I have sustaind in doing it, and the deep distress we are all involved in on this unhappy Occasion, And through that humanity and Tenderness for which your Excellency was ever noted be pleas\u2019d to recommend the unfortunte case of my son to his Excellency the Governers mercy, that he may obtain mercy and not die an Ignominious death, and di[s]grace his family & connexions\u2014Your Excellencys favour will procure you the most fervent prayers of a numerous family and the sincere Blessings of your most Devoted and Very Humbe Servt\nAndrew Morhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0299", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Walton, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Walton, George\nSir\n(Public Service) New York May 29th 1789\nI have received by Colonel Gunn your honors letters of the 11th and 15th of March, and the enclosures therein contained respecting the conduct of Joseph Martin Esqr. late agent of the United States to the Cherokee and Chickasaw nations of Indians.\nIt appears by the Resolve of Congress of the 19th of June 1788 that the said Joseph Martin was appointed an agent for the Cherokee nation of Indians to continue in office six months, and that on the 20th of August following his agency was extended to the Chickasaw nation of Indians with the powers described in the act of the 19th of June.\nThe period of his service therefore must be considered as having expired on the 19th day of December last.\nHis conduct will most probably operate to prevent any future confidence in him, or employment in the service of the United States\u2014What further measures it may be proper to take respecting him will be a subject of consideration.\nThe unhappy situation of affairs between the State of Georgia and the Creeks will soon be a subject of deliberation, and I am persuaded will receive all that dispatch that the nature of the case may require, and the circumstances of the Government admit. I have the honor to be Sir with great respect Your Most Obedient Humble Servant\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0301", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Gilliland, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Gilliland, James\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York May 31st 1789\nThe Petition of James Gilliland one of the Sworn Gaugers of the City of New York Humbly Sheweth\nThat your Petitioner had the Honor of bearing a Commission under your Command during the course of the late war, at the Conclusion of which he had the honor to be appointed in this City a Custom-House and City Gauger, the duties of which Office he has executed with propriety diligence & Integrity.\nThat your Petitioner humbly begs leave to inform, that he has a large Family to support therefore prays to be continued in the\nsame Office under the Federal Government, Or be appointed one of the land or Tide Waiters whereby he may be enabled to maintain his Wife and eleven Children, most of whom are helpless. And your Petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray &c.\nJas Gilliland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0302", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lambert, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lambert, \u2014\u2014\nSir,\nNew York May 31st 1789.\nI have received your letter of the 26th\u2014and must inform you, that however desireous I may be to releive the wants of those who have served this country in a military or civil line\u2014Yet the multiplicity of these applications would put it beyond the reach of my private fortune to gratify them\u2014and as I receive no emoluments for my public services\u2014and the expences which I have necessarily incurred by my late engagements in public life being all advanced by myself, you will readily perceive that it is not in my power to comply with your request. I am Sir &ca", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0303", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert R. Livingston, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Livingston, Robert R.\nSir,\nNew York May 31st 1789\nThe new and busy scenes in which I have been constantly engaged since my arrival in this place, and which will not allow me to pay that pointed attention to the favors of my friends that my inclination would lead me to do, will, I trust apologize for this late acknowledgment of your letter of the 15th instant.\nTo you, Sir, and others who know me, I believe it is unnecessary for me to say, that when I accepted of the important trust committed to my charge by my Country, I gave up every idea of personal gratification that I did not think was compatable with the public good. Under this impression I plainly foresaw that that part of my duty which obliged me to nominate persons to offices, would, in many instances, be the most irksome and unpleasing; for however strong my personal attachment might be to any one\u2014however desirous I might be of giving a proof of my friendship\u2014and whatever might be his expectations, grounded upon the amity which had subsisted between us, I was fully determined to keep myself free from every engagement that could embarrass me in discharging this part of my administration. I have therefore, uniformly declined giving any decisive answer to the numerous applications which have been made to me; being resolved, whenever I am called upon to nominate persons for those offices which may be created, that I will do it with a sole view to the public good\u2014and shall bring forward those who, upon every consideration, and from the best information I can obtain, will in my judgment be most likely to answer that great end.\nThe delicacy with which your letter was written, and your wishes insinuated, did not require me to be thus explicit on this head with you; but the desire which I have that those persons whose good opinion I value shd know the principles on which I mean to act in this business has led me to this full declaration; and I trust, that the truly worthy and respectable characters in this Country will do justice to the motives by which I am actuated in all my public transactions. I have the honor to be with due consideratn & very great esteem\u2014Sir Your Most Obedt & Very Humble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0306", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gabriel Peterson Van Horne, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Van Horne, Gabriel Peterson\nSir,\nNew York, May 31. 1789.\nThe particular care which you have taken in furnishing horses to bring Mrs Washington from Virginia to this place\u2014and more especially the very polite attention which you were so good as to pay her personally through the most dangerous and difficult part of the journey, has made a grateful impression upon her\u2014and she desires you will please to accept of her warmest acknowledgments and best thanks, to which I must beg leave to join mine, and assure you that I am with very great esteem, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant\nG. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0309", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United Baptist Churches of Virginia, May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United Baptist Churches of Virginia\nGentlemen,\n[New York, May 1789]\nI request that you will accept my best acknowledgments for your congratulation on my appointment to the first office in the nation. The kind manner in which you mention my past conduct equally claims the expression of my gratitude.\nAfter we had, by the smiles of Heaven on our exertions, obtained the object for which we contended, I retired at the conclusion of the war, with an idea that my country could have no farther occasion for my services, and with the intention of never entering again into public life: But when the exigence of my country seemed to require me once more to engage in public affairs, an honest conviction of duty superseded my former\nresolution, and became my apology for deviating from the happy plan which I had adopted.\nIf I could have entertained the slightest apprehension that the Constitution framed in the Convention, where I had the honor to preside, might possibly endanger the religious rights of any ecclesiastical Society, certainly I would never have placed my signature to it; and if I could now conceive that the general Government might ever be so administered as to render the liberty of conscience insecure, I beg you will be persuaded that no one would be more zealous than myself to establish effectual barriers against the horrors of spiritual tyranny, and every species of religious persecution\u2014For you, doubtless, remember that I have often expressed my sentiment, that every man, conducting himself as a good citizen, and being accountable to God alone for his religious opinions, ought to be protected in worshipping the Deity according to the dictates of his own conscience.\nWhile I recollect with satisfaction that the religious Society of which you are Members, have been, throughout America, uniformly, and almost unanimously, the firm friends to civil liberty, and the persevering Promoters of our glorious revolution; I cannot hesitate to believe that they will be the faithful Supporters of a free, yet efficient general Government. Under this pleasing expectation I rejoice to assure them that they may rely on my best wishes and endeavors to advance their prosperity.\nIn the meantime be assured, Gentlemen, that I entertain a proper sense of your fervent supplications to God for my temporal and eternal happiness.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0310", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Furnival, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Furnival, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York June 1st 1789.\nThe Representation of Alexander Furnival, Most respectfully Sheweth,\nThat having served the State of Maryland as an Officer in their Artillery almost during the War, and on every occasion Testified his attachment to his Country & the glorious cause of liberty from the earliest period of the late contest, he is induced with every sentiment of respect and veneration to represent to your Excellency, his present situation in life and to express his desire of being thought deserving an appointment in the Customs of the Said state.\nYour Representer begs leave to Observe, that his pay as an officer being inadequate to the support of his Family; was induced to Venture considerable property at Sea which fell into the hands of the Enemy[.] The fall of property in Baltimore, the depreciation of paper Currency, together with other unforeseen & unavoidable Misfortunes in Trade, added to the sad change of times, hath so straightened his circumstances and distressed his Family, that he humbly hopes Your Excellency will take his case into consideration and grant him the Office of Collector of the Customs for the Port of Baltimore, or any other appointment to which your Excellency may think him adiquate\u2014Having served his Country (he trusts) with credit and reputation and demeaned himself as a good Citizen of the Confederated States; he flatters himself he will not be thought undeserving your Excellency\u2019s favour, should he be honoured with a compliance to his request the obligation will ever be most gratefully remembered. And your Excellency will have the heart felt satisfaction of communicating happiness to a Family who have merited and seen better times. Whose duty it shall be to pray, that God will long preserve Your Excellency\u2019s most Valuable Life.\nAlexander Furnival", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Courts Jones, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Jones, John Courts\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nMaryland June 1st 1789.\nAt a very early period of Life I obtained a Commission in the Army, and continued \u2019till the Conclusion of the War, in which time I was promoted to the rank of Major\u2014On the return of Peace, finding my Finances a good deal exhausted, I was induced to solicit an employment in the civil Department, and rejoiced to find my application attended to\u2014soon after, the Governor and Council in Consequence of a vacancy happening, appointed me Naval Officer of North Potomack first District\u2014In that employment I am now engaged, and wish to be continued if your Excellency should consider me to be equally entitled with any other who may apply. I am very Respectfully Sir Your Most Obedt Servt\nJohn C.Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0312", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moustier, 1 June 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Moustier, El\u00e9anor-Fran\u00e7ois-Elie, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\n  Letter not found: from Moustier, 1 June 1789. On 2 June GW wrote to Moustier: \u201cThe sentiments expressed in your letter of yesterday. . . .\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRichmond June 1st 1789\nI have had the honour to receive your favour of the 16th of May. In consequence of the treaties lately entered into with the different tribes of Indians on the western frontier and of the measures which have been taken by the general Government for the protection of the inhabitants of those districts; the Executive have withdrawn the force employed in that service by this State, except such as guarded the frontiers of the counties of Washington, Montgomery & Russel. We have been induced to retain in service the rangers in those counties in consideration of the great distance which they lie from any continental Post. Permit me, sir, to express a hope that we may be shortly relieved from this burthen, which has been for some years past very oppressive to the revenue of this state.\nYour letter has been communicated to the Lieutenants of the different counties on the western waters with instructions in case of any future depredations to give as early information as possible to the nearest continental Post on the Ohio. I have &c.\nB. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0317", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Moustier, 2 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moustier, El\u00e9anor-Fran\u00e7ois-Elie, comte de\nSir, (Confidential)\nNew York June 2nd 1789.\nThe sentiments expressed in your letter of yesterday are perfectly consonant to my ideas of propriety. I never doubted that you was animated by motives of the purest regard for my Country & myself. On the other part, you may rest assured, I shall always be happy in occasions of demonstrating the sincerity of friendship for your Sovereign & Nation: being with sentiments of real consideration and esteem, Sir, Your Most Obedient & very humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0318", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Morgan White Eyes, 2 June 1789\nFrom: White Eyes, George Morgan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York June 2d 1789.\nI am reduced at last to the disagreeable Necessity of applying for relief to your Excellency, my Situation at present being painful to the greatest Degree, better had Congress a Body for whom I have the highest Veneration left me to wander in the Wilds of my native Country than I to experience the heart breaking Sensations I now feel\u2014Without Friends, without one I dare unbosom myself to, am I left, & in this Situation throw myself at the Feet of your well known Goodness & beg leave to relate all the Circumstances that lead to my present Situation.\nCircumstances relative to the Murder of a tender Parent & Friend to his Country induced Congress to condescend to take me as their own, & from the Age of seven Years have I been under their Protection, but this \u2019till now I never knew\u2014I was placed at Princeton under the Care of Colonel Morgan & continued until last September\u2014I never knew who maintained me & was taught to look upon myself as a poor Outcast, & depending for Food & Raiment &c. on the Goodness of that Gentleman.\nTis true I was kept at College & there were my happiest moments spent, but when at his House the severest reflection & often cruel Usage have I experienced. Of this enough\u2014I was not without Faults I acknowledge, but they were in my boyish days, & they not greater than what I see committed by Children of many Parents\u2014In me they could not be overlooked\u2014Many a time I reflect on the happy Situation of Children who have Parents tenderly to advise them\u2014I was deprived of that Blessing. I do not murmur but submit to the divine Will\u2014the almighty Protector of the Fatherless I trust will not let me suffer long.\nColonel Morgan having Business in the Western Country sent me to this City in September last & gave me a Letter to the Commissioners recommending me to their Care until Congress\nshould be pleas\u2019d to give further directions, & under whose Care I now am.\nWhen I came I expected to have gone to College in this City & finished my Education agreeably to an Act of my kind Protectors dated the 21 September 1787, but I remained at Board, without even a sufficient Change of Cloaths, having left the chief at Mrs Morgan I applied to the Board who gave me a very few Articles not half enough to keep me comfortable throughout the Winter\u2014After repeated applications I found it vain to attempt any more, so proceded on Foot to Princeton in hopes of getting those left behind, but Mrs Morgan denied them & I am informed her Son a Lad about my Age had worn them out\u2014but that is nothing new for he always wore my Cloaths when he thought proper\u2014I do not mention this from any Animosity or pique against Mr or Mrs Morgan but only answer to their Charge against me, Vizt that I had sold them, which is altogether erroneous.\nThe Error I committed in going to Princeton witho\u27e8ut\u27e9 Permission of the Board, I will always blame myself, but still, when I came to acknowledge my Faults, & promised faithfully to submit to their Will\u2014they would not hear me\u2014but I deserved it.\nHowever nothing that can happen, not the severest Want shall make me return to my native Country\u2014Tis thought from the Behaviour of my Colleagues while at Princeton that I will follow their Example\u2014but never\u2014I shall say but little but I trust my heart is fixed, & the time may come that this now feeble Arm, may be stretched out in the Service of America; & render the United or Individual States essential Service.\nMy humble request is & has this some Months past, that if the Burthen is too great on the United States that some kind of Employment may be pointed in order that I thereby may obtain a Living a\u27e8long\u27e9 the Line that Congress probably first intended\u2014That is agreeably to the Education they have been pleased to bestow upon me\u2014I care not what [it] is I am willing to do what I am able, & you should think necessary to my future Welfare\u2014Intreating your Excellency\u2019s kind Patronage on this Occasion I have the Honor to remain With the most perfect Respect, Sir, Your most Obedient & most devoted Servant\nGeorge M: White Eyes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Franklin, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia, 3 June, 1789.\nI have made a rule to myself that your Excellency should not be troubled with any solicitations from me for favors to any even of my nearest connections, but here is a matter of justice in which the honor of our country is concerned, and therefore I cannot refuse giving this line for your information. Mr. Le Ray de Chaumont, father of the young gentleman who will have the honor of waiting on you with this, was the first in France who gave us credit, and before the Court showed us any countenance trusted us with 2000 barrels of gunpowder, and from time to time afterwards exerted himself to furnish the Congress with supplies of various kinds, which, for want of due returns, they being of great amount, has finally much distressed him in circumstances. Young Mr. Chaumont has now been here near four years, soliciting a settlement of the accounts merely, and though the payment of the balance, to be sure, would be acceptable, yet proposing to refer that to the time when it shall better suit the convenience of our Government.\nThis settlement, if the father had it to show, would tend to quiet his creditors, and might be made use of for that purpose; but his son has not hitherto been able to obtain it, and is detained in this country at an expense that answered no end. He\nhopes, however, now, that your Excellency may prevail to have some settlement made of those accounts, that he may carry home to his father the statement of them; and I the rather hope this likewise, that we may thereby be freed from the imputation of adding ingratitude to injustice.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew G. Fraunces, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York June 3d 1789.\nI take the liberty of addressing you on a subject of much importance to myself and a young family that daily look up to me\nfor support\u2014this last together with the experience of your extreme goodness with respect to my father will I hope plead an excuse.\nIt is near four years since my appointment as Clerk to the Honorable Board of Treasury which Office I still fill and I hope with satisfaction to my employers.\nThe chief object of this letter is most humbly to request a continuance in the Department should a new Arrangement take place. It perhaps may be probable that an Assistant Secretary may be wanted to the Head or Heads of the Department; if it should be the case, I most humbly and earnestly intreat your Excellency\u2019s kind patronage; having obtained a knowledge of the Business, and of the situation of the Records &c. I have nothing to offer in my behalf but a solemn promise of the strictest attention to the Duties of whatever station I have the honor to be placed on. Leaving all my hopes of preferment in the breast of your Excellency, I remain with every sentiment of gratitude and respect, Your most Obedient and devoted Humble Servant\nAndw G. Fraunces.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0322", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Hardy, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Hardy, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York June 3d 1789.\nThe Bill for Organising the Department of the Treasury having amongst other provisions declared that an Auditor should be appointed to Examine and Adjust Accounts, I beg leave with great humility, to offer myself a Candidate for that Office.\nThe duties of the Station I am at present employed in, as Accomptant of the Treasury, are similar to those of the Office I\nnow sollicit; although in some respects more extensive: For the manner in which I have discharged it, I beg leave to refer to the Honorable Commissioners of the present Board of Treasury, under whose immediate cognisance I have acted.\nIf long and early Services in the cause of this Country during the War, an experience of Six Years in the Accounts of the Treasury, the wants of two Sisters whose support I have long been, am a character (as I trust) free from reproach, can give weight to my sollicitation, I flatter myself my present application, will meet with a favorable consideration. I have the honor to be with highest respect, Sir, Your most Obedient and devoted Humble Servant,\nJ: Hardy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Turpin Holroyd, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Holroyd, Turpin\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York June 3d 1789\nThe Memorial of Turpin Holroyd of the City of New York mariner.\nHumbly sheweth\u2014\nThat your Memorialist understanding a new arrangement will shortly take place for the Customs of the United States\nis induced to this his humble request of solliciting a Birth as Tide waiter or any other Capacity your Excellency may deem Expedient.\nYour Memorialist at the first Commencement of the late Revolution with Great Britain Embark\u2019d in the maritime line the Major Part of which was in the Service of the United States and near the Conclusion in the Employ of the State of So. Carolina during which Period your Memorialist Encounter\u2019d a multiplicity of Difficulties\u2014arrising from the frequent times of his being Captured by the Enemy, which he can Certify by unquestionable Proof.\nYour Memorialist with humble Submission to your Excellency trusts that the Prayer of his Memorial may be Consider\u2019d and Plant him in such a Line, as may seem fit\u2014which his Breast will ever retain with marks of Gratitude and the End or accomplishment of it will enable him to Procure a Subsistence for an Extensive family &ca. And your memorialist will Ever Pray\nTurpin Holroyd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0324", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Beebee, 4 June 1789\nFrom: Beebee, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York June 4th 1789\nThe petition of Samuel Beebee of the City of New York humbly sheweth\nThat your Petitioner being early attached to the Independance of America and haveing suffered considerable losses by this attachment, from fire and being twice plundered by the Enemy; and by losses at Sea in the time of the War, risking his property for the good of his Country; and since the peace by accidental misfortunes is reduced to necessitous circumstances and cut off from a present prospect of supporting his family with the necessaries of life; which induces him to prefer this Petition to you Sir: requesting that you will nominate him as Clerk to some of the Public Offices that is now to be constituted under the new Government that he may be enabled to supply the necessitous wants of his family.\nYour petitioner views the President in the light of a Parent to this country who in distributing favours will have respect to the wants of his children especially where merit is equal\u2014and under these impressions shall, Ever pray\nSamuel Beebee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0325", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leonard Bleecker, 4 June 1789\nFrom: Bleecker, Leonard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York June 4th 1789\nWhen I address myself to your Excely in the Character of a Citizen, I feel myself (in my present Situation) at so great a remove from your personal attention, that I am considerably embarassed when I attempt it. However Sir, when I take a retrospect of your affectionate Care, and repeated declarations of regard for the Individuals who have served with fidelity under your Auspices through the late arduous and Successful Struggle for the Liberties of our Country; I feel animated with the hopes that a Representation of my Situation will not probably be unnoticed by your Excellency.\nI had the honor Sir, to receive a 2d Lieuts. Commission on the 28th of June 1775 in the 1st New York Regt of Continental Troops and served that Campaign under Genl Montgomery in Canada, and through all the different reforms in the Army, I was continued untill its dissolution in November 1783\u2014How far I conducted myself with Propriety in the various Commissions I held, is well known to the officers of the New York Line, and perhaps my conduct during this Period, has in some Instances come within your Excellencys personal observation; On this Subject however, I shall be Silent.\nPermit me Sir to inform you, that since the Peace, I have industriously employed myself in this City in the Use of all the means in my Power, to obtain a decent, and honorable Support for myself & family, thro various Events in Divine Providence, (unforeseen & inevitable) my pursuits have been in a great measure frustrated, and I am at length become really necessitous.\nFor the Rectitude & Uniformity of my Conduct in private Life, I can with confidence appeal to my fellow Citizens in General; But for your Excellencys better Satisfaction, beg leave to particularize a few principal Characters, the most of which, I trust are well known to your Excellency, vizt\u2014To Colls Hamilton, Willett, & Platt, Genl Webb, Commodore Nicholson, his\nworship the Mayor of this City, Judge Morris, Judge Hobart, the Reverend Doctors, Rodgers, Mason, and Livingston.\nIf then Sir, my past conduct in the Army? If my well established reputation since the Peace? If the prospect of increasing distresses with a growing family, may claim your Excellency\u2019s attention; permit me Sir to supplicate an appointment to such an Office, as in your wisdom I shall be thought qualified to fill, and the Obligation shall ever be held in gratefull remembrance By your Excellency\u2019s most devoted humble Servant\nLeond Bleecker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0326", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mathew Carey, 4 June 1789\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, June 4, 1789.\nIn the bitterness and anguish of my soul, I sit down to exculpate myself from the charge contained in your excellency\u2019s letter of the 31st ult.\nThough I have read it several times over, I cannot, owing to some ambiguity in the expression, tell whether you were offended with my returning your letter\u2014with the contents of mine\u2014or whether the latter was not broken open, and handed to your excellency unsealed, though to the best of my recollection, I sealed it with a wafer and wax, on the latter of which I impressed my cypher.\nIf your excellency\u2019s dissatisfaction arose from the first mentioned cause, I beg to observe that it does not appear sufficiently founded. In that I followed your own example, and conceived it wd have been the most satisfactory mode of disposing of the letter. On a former occasion, I wished the contents of a letter, of mine to remain an entire secret to every person but your excellency. In consequence, you kindly condescended to return it to me, and I committed it to the flames. With an imprudent earnestness, for which no exc\u27e8use\u27e9 can be pleaded, but my peculi\u27e8ar\u27e9 situation, if even that itself can extenu\u27e8at\u27e9e it, I unfortunately extorted from your excellency a secret of some importance. To guard it effectually, you desired I wd immediately commit your letter to the fire, after perusal. I thought it wd be more satisfactory to you to do that yourself, and therefore, to remove all doubt from your mind, I returned it.\nIt is barely possible that I forgot to seal my letter. If that was the case\u2014to inadvertence alone\u2014not to design\u2014is it chargeable.\nIf it was unfortunately broken open, & the contents of it and yours exposed to the prying eyes of impertinent curiosity, I can only assure your excellency that such an event is rather more disagreeable to me than it can possibly be to your excellency. For no one circumstance of my life would I be so unwilling to have canvassed as the subject of those letters.\nIf the contents of my letter were offensive, I am sincerely sorry I was not more guarded in my expressions; however, I do not recollect to have used a single one derogat\u27e8o\u27e9ry to your character, or expressive of \u27e8o\u27e9ther than marked respect.\nTo that divin\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 alone can scrutinize the inmost recesses of the human \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 I appeal for the truth of this declaration, that nothing could be farther from my mind, than the idea of offering your excellency \u201can intentional insult.\u201d I should hate\u2014nay I should despise myself, were I capable of such an outrage. If I have been so unhappy as to offer \u201can insult,\u201d be assured, sir, it has been an unintentional one.\nThe ambiguity of expression above mentioned, is in the following words: \u201csending me unsealed, through a public conveyance, my letter of the 22d and yours of the 27th of this month\u201d\u2014The word \u201cunsealed\u201d may or may not be connected with \u201cyours.\u201d\nAs I hope the explanation herein, will be satisfactory that no error of \u201cintention\u201d existed\u2014and you are above regarding any other, I wish as a most singular favour two or three lines, informing whether my letter was or not sealed\u2014and whether your excellency is disposed to place me once more on the former footing, wh you have been pleased to \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 not an \u201cunfriendly\u201d one. \u27e8I rem\u27e9ain, with all due respect, \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 your excellency\u2019s obliged hble servt\nM. Carey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0327", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Guarenau, 4 June 1789\nFrom: Guarenau, John\nTo: Washington, George\nCity of New York June 4th 1789\nThe humble petition of John Guarenau of the Yonkers, in the County of Westchester and State of New York, Humbly sheweth.\nThat your petition[er] being reduced to an indigent situation by the late War, having lost all, save some Cloathing and two Beds, my Buildings and property that I left behind were destroyed by the Enemy.\nThat your Petition[e]r, his House being Head Quarters for his honor General Lee, until the Time of our retreat with the Brigade and Army which happened on the twenty fourth day of October, in the Year one thousand seven hundred and seventy six: at that Time having supplied his honor General Lee, with every necessary he required to the Amount of One hundred and seventy six pounds nineteen shillings, the chiefest part of which your Petitioner stands responsible to a principal Gentleman in this State.\nThat your Petitioner being induced from your Honor\u2019s clemencey: for your kind interposition and benevolence, to the relief of your petitioner and Family: as your Petitioner being at an advanced state of Life: unable to undergo the fatigues and toils of life adequate to those of younger years.\nThat your Petitioner, would incline with pleasure to serve in any Office in the states: suitable to the Capacity of your Petitioner: if your honor should be pleased to use his influence. Your Petitioner prays that he may be admitted into your honors favor and regard; respecting your Petitioner\u2019s Prayer. And your Petitioner shall ever pray\nJohn Guarenau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 5 June 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRichmond June 5th 1789\nThe inclosed letters contain the latest intelligence received from our southwestern frontier. I did myself the honour to inform you on the first of the present month, that the state of Virginia retained in service the troops employed in the defence of the counties of Washington, Montgomery and Russel. This force consists of fifty rangers and four Scouts which were directed to be raised in the county of Russel. Russel has lately been taken from the frontiers of Washington it was therefore supposed, that it would be unnecessary to keep any body of men together in the latter county as its inhabitants would be effectually protected by those which would be raised in the former. Having received no information from the County Lieutenant of Russel we are unable to inform you whether the rangers have been raised at all or in what manner they are employed. I have &c.\nB. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0330", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Louis XVI, 7 June 1789\nFrom: Louis XVI (of France)\nTo: Washington, George\nAt Versailles 7th June 1789\nVery dear great Friends & Allies,\nIt is with great grief that We inform you of the death of the Dauphin our very dear son. This Prince fell a victim to a long & painful disorder; We are the more affected with his loss as we had reason to form the greatest hopes from the qualifications of his heart & mind which he had already manifested. We make no doubt but that you will participate in our sincere affliction. I expect this testimony from you with a confidence equal to that, you may place in My disposition, to prove the interest I take in your Prosperity\u2014And we pray God that he will have you, Very dear great Friends & Allies in his holy & worthy protection. Your Good Friend & Ally\nLouis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0331", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Bicker, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Bicker, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nCity of New York June 8th 1789\nThe Memorial of Henry Bicker of the City and State of New York. Humbly Sheweth,\nThat your Memorialist in the Year One thousand Seven hundred and Seventy four, was an Officer of the Customs in the City of Philadelphia; in which business or Capacity he continued until some time in the Year One thousand Seven hundred and Seventy five; when the Militia being ordered out to learn discipline, and as no person was to be found in the City of Philadelphia competent, or willing to instruct them; or who came forward for this purpose; Your Memorialist waited on Generals Mifflin & Cadwallader, and informed them, that he had two Sons in the City of New York; who might be of Service if they could be prevailed on to undertake the Task. That your Memorialist being desired by those Gentlemen to use his influence to procure their Attendance on that important occasion, immediately complied with the request: and prevailed with his Sons to quit the Business they were then engaged in, to come to Philadelphia, and undertake the business or duty propos\u2019d, to which he himself (though an Officer under the British Government) contributed all in his power.\nThat your Memorialist about this period was earnestly Solicited by Governor Skeene, (who was a British Officer & Prisoner on Parole in Philadelphia, and with whom he was intimately acquainted, having served together in the British Army:) to go to New York and join the British Troops, with promises from him of a regiment of New Levies, and a Thousand Acres of Land out of his Estate at Fort Ann: which proposals your memorialist rejected preferring to afford his services to his Country, and your memorialist therefore applied to Mr Robert Morris for a Commission in the American Service and early in the Year One thousand Seven hundred and Seventy six, was honored with a Majority in Colonel Shea\u2019s Regiment, in which Corps two of his\nSons were also officers, and were taken Prisoners at Fort Washington in which situation they suffered for the space of Twenty months.\nThat your Memorialist in the year One thousand Seven hundred and Seventy eight, had the command of the Second Pensylvania Regiment; and continued in that station until a new arrangement took place in the army: which displac\u2019d him from his command, and he was constrained for the general good to retire from service with many deserving Officers.\nIf these the past Services of your Memorialist merit the attention of the President of the United States of America your memorialist prays he may be continued in his present Office of Land & Tide Waiter, for the Port of New York, unless your Excellency whose attention to him he most respectfully Solicits should think his Character and Services merit a better appointment, for which he will be for ever grateful and as in Duty bound will ever pray &ca.\nHenry Bicker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0333", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Count d\u2019Estaing, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Estaing, Charles-Hector Th\u00e9odat, comte d\u2019\nTo: Washington, George\nMonsieur.\na Paris Ce 8 Juin 1789.\nLe Pere de la Patrie l\u2019est aussi de tous ceux qui ont fait des \u00e9fforts pour lui \u00eatre utile. Votre Excellence la prouv\u00e9 aux Marins fran\u00e7ois en obtenant de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Cincinnatus qu\u2019ils Seroient traitt\u00e9s comme les Officiers de L\u2019arm\u00e9e de terre. il m\u2019a fallu resister au d\u00e9sir de ceux des deux Services qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e9rement mes Camarades. J\u2019ai Voullu n\u2019adresser qu\u2019une listte pour chaque service, affin de moins importuner la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, En S.E. le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Knox, il m\u2019a paru convenable que la marine fut traitt\u00e9e comme L\u2019arm\u00e9e de terre et j\u2019ai cru ne pas pouvoir envoyer une Listte avant L\u2019autre\u2014l\u2019activit\u00e9 de notre marine a\nrendu longues les diversses decisions du Roy par lesquelles Sa Majest\u00e9 d\u2019apr\u00e8s les grades et les preuves des services distingu\u00e9s, acompagnes d\u2019actions \u00e9clatantes, et de blessures, m\u2019a ordonn\u00e9 d\u2019autoriser, encons\u00e9quence du Resolved de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et succ\u00e9ssivement, ceux des officiers de sa Marine qu\u2019elle en a jug\u00e9 digne, a porter L\u2019aigle Americaine.\nDes marins qui font le tour du Monde avec Mr Le Comte de la P\u00e9rouse n\u2019ont pu m\u00eame encore prouver leurs droits, et les faires Valloir, mais il m\u2019est impossible de me refuser d\u2019avantage a la Juste impatience que les officiers d\u00e9ja d\u00e9cores des marques de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 on d\u2019en recevoir les Dipl\u00f4mes.\nVotre Excellence a demontr\u00e9 a l\u2019univers, a la post\u00e9rit\u00e9 et particulierement a mon Coeur, que les plus grandes Affaires, dans les circonstances m\u00eame les plus imp\u00e9ratives, ne l\u2019emp\u00e8schoient jamais de S\u2019occuper de ce qui est juste, et de ses amis. Je ne crains done pas de la suplier de s\u2019interesser a L\u2019exp\u00e9dition des Diplosmes dont Jai L\u2019honneur de lui envoyer les listtes. Les families dont les parents ont portt\u00e9 avant de mourir Les marques de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Souhaittent d\u2019obtenir des diplosmes qui seront pour elles un tittre d\u2019honneur consolant\u2014les noms de Bapt\u00eame n\u2019ont pu \u00eatre mis ainsi que cela m\u2019avoit et\u00e9 present avant tous les noms de famille, L\u2019eloignement de beaucoup d\u2019officiers la rendu impossible, mais leurs Lettres et leurs grades emp\u00e8cheront les m\u00e9prises, et Je pense que les Diplosmes du service de terre devroient \u00eatre address\u00e9s directement a Mr Le Comte de Puy segur, Ministre de la Gu\u00earre, ainsi que tous les Diplosmes du Service de la Marine a Mr Le Comte de la Luzerne Ministre de ce d\u00e9partement. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019en \u00e9crire a Mr Le Comte de Moustier par qui ce paquet Vous parviendra. Mr Rutledge est arriv\u00e9 depuis peu D\u2019Italie par toulon en tr\u00e8s bonne Sant\u00e9. Ce Jeune homme annonce touttes les qualit\u00e9s qui le rendent digne de l\u2019inter\u00east que Votre Excellence prend alui, il merite par ses sentiments, par Sa Conduitte, et par les conno\u00eessances qu\u2019il acquere dans Ses voyages d\u2019\u00eatre le fils de l\u2019honnorable Ancien Gouverneur de la Caroline: Je me trompe fort ou il Sera l\u2019honneur de sa Patrie, et il \u27e8le\u27e9 fera bonheur de ses parents, Jai L\u2019honneur de Vous remercier de me l\u2019avoir fait conno\u00eetre.\nL\u2019Amerique en daignant m\u2019honnorer dans la G\u00e9orgie du\nnom d\u2019un des enfants adoptifs m\u2019a donn\u00e9 le droit heureux de me rejouir avec elle. Le grand homme qui l\u2019a fond\u00e9e les armes a la main est devenu dans la paix le d\u00e9positaire de Sa gloire, et le chef f\u0153d\u00e9ratif, qui en Pr\u00e9sidant a Son bonheur, et a Sa puissance, va augmenter L\u2019un et L\u2019autre; et rendre ajamais in\u00e9branlable le grand euvre que Lui Seul arendu possible\u2014Cette simplicit\u00e9, qui est une de vos Premieres Vertus ne me pardonnera de vous dire qu\u2019aucun mortel n\u2019a fait autant que par ce que vous S\u00e7avez que Je suis, S\u2019il est possible, encore plus attach\u00e9 a Votre Vous m\u00eame, qu\u2019au grand homme d\u2019Etat, et au Heros. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec Respect Monsieur de Votre Exc\u00e9llence Le tres humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur\nEstaing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0334", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Ebenezer Hazard, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hazard, Ebenezer\nSir,\nNew York June 8th 1789\nAs I have (without doing it officially) requested from the heads of the several Executive Departments such information as might be requisite to bring me acquainted with the business and duties of the Departments; I have thought fit to ask, in the same informal manner, for specific information, in writing, relative to the past and present state of the Post Office. I must, therefore, request you will advise me of the general State of the establishment\u2014of the annual expences of conducting the whole business, for every year, since you have been at the head of it\u2014and of the annual income, for every year, during the same period\u2014by which the exact deficiency, or profits of the Post office, yearly, will be seen at a single glance. I presume the Department has been managed in so methodical a manner, that there can be little trouble or delay in making the necessary Report and Abstracts. I am, With due consideration, Sir, Your Most Obedient Servt\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0335", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\nSir,\nNew York [8] June 1789\nAlthough, in the present unsettled state of the Executive Departments under the Government of the Union, I do not conceive it expedient to call upon you for information officially; yet I have supposed that some informal communications from the Office of Secretary for Foreign Affairs might neither be improper or unprofitable. For finding myself, at this moment, less occupied with the duties of my Office, than I shall probably be at almost any time hereafter; I am desirous of employing myself in obtaining an acquaintance with the real situation of the several great Departments, at the period of my acceding to the Administration of the general Government. For this purpose, I wish to receive in writing such a clear account of the Department at the head of which you have been, as may be sufficient (without overburdening or confusing a mind which has very many objects to claim its attention at the same instant) to impress me with a full, precise & distinct general idea of the United States, so far as they are comprehended in, or connected with that Department.\nAs I am now at leisure to inspect such Papers & Documents, as may be necessary to be acted upon hereafter, or as may be calculated to give me an insight into the business & duties of that Department, I have thought fit to address this notification to you accordingly. I am with due consideration Sir Your Most Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Lyles, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lyles, William\nSir,\nNew York, June 8th 1789.\nEnclosed is the draft which I received of you in Virginia on Mr William Hunter junior for three hundred pounds Virginia money.\nTwo hundred pounds have been paid by Mr Hunter as you will see noted on the back of the draft, and, as it was not convenient for him to pay the whole here, I have remitted it to you, having received it upon the condition that I should be put to no trouble in the business if it was not paid readily. I am Sir with great esteem your most obedient, humble Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Board of Treasury, 9 June 1789\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoard of Treasury [N. Y.] June 9th 1789.\nWe are honored with your letter of yesterday expressing your desire of being furnished with such an account of this Department, as will enable you to form a full, precise and distinct Idea of the various transactions arising under it. It will require some days to make out the necessary Documents, to which such an account must necessarily refer; these are now preparing, and shall, from time to time, be transmitted under their distinct heads, in order that the statement may be more clearly understood. We have the honor to be, with high respect, Sir, Your most Obedient Humble Servants.\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0338", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 June 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar Office June 9th 1789\nIn obedience to the desire expressed in your letter of yesterday, I shall immediately proceed to make out a general statement\nof the present situation of the war department, conformably to the principles you were pleased to suggest, and submit the same to your consideration. I have the honor to be sir with the highest respect Your most obedient and humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0340", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mathew Carey, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nSir,\nNew York, June, 10th 1789.\nYour letter to me of the 27 and mine to you of the 22 ultimo came open to my hand as I informed you in my last. The first never had received a seal, nor a fold that would have enclosed (agreeably to the expression of your letter) the latter. Both of them were wrapped in an open cover of brown paper, and exposed to the inspection of every curious person through whose hands they passed.\nAs you say it was not your intention to expose them I am satisfied with the apology, but wish more circumspection had been observed in the correspondence. I am Sir, &ca\nG. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0342", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Mease McRea, 10 June 1789\nFrom: McRea, James Mease\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria 10th June 1789\nThe time being close at hand when the officers of the Customs are to be appointed under the new Government, I take the liberty to address you in this way, to inform you that I have for two years past, acted as a Searcher at this port, under the Government of Virginia, my duty being to receive the Entrys of vessells, to attend to their unlading and to execute the laws where they have not been comply\u2019d with. And as my present commission must cease on the appointment of new officers, I take the liberty to solicit a reappointment under the new Government, in the same, or in a Similar port to that which I have filled.\nI had intended an application to you previous to your departure, when you cou\u2019d have been fully inform\u2019d how far I was deserving, but supposed such an application wou\u2019d have been premature. I have also been prevented from applying heretofore from the general oppinion that those persons in office, wou\u2019d be generally reappointed where they had acted with propriety\u2014I have seen a bill prepar\u2019d for the collection of the Impost from which it appears that there will be a considerable change from our present customs and officers, and this has induced me to make the present application which I hope will be sufficient, to prevent my being omitted in the number of applications, as a personal application wou\u2019d be attended with considerabl expence. Agreeable to the bill which I have seen the duty as describ\u2019d for the Surveyor appears Similar to the duties of my present office. I shou\u2019d have accompanied this letter with some recommendations had I thought it necessary and which I can easily obtain from the most respectable Merchants and others of this Town, having had my present appointment from the particular recommendation of Doctr Stewart and Colo. Fitzgerald, I have the honor to be respectfully Your Excellencys Mo: Ob. And very Hume Servant\nJas M. McRea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0343", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joshua Mersereau, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Mersereau, Joshua\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellency,\nMorning Star Staten Island [N.Y.] June 10. 1789\nTo Accept of My best wishes, Boath, for your Temporal, and Spiritual Felicity\u2014May kind Providence, Still preside within the walls of your Tabernacle; and guardian Angels Ever encumpass them; May the ardious task you have been pleasd to accept, be Made Lite; and your Presiding here, be a blessing, to the People.\nThen Will your Doings be, as the Balm of Gilliad, and your Name never Can be araisd to Endless Ages.\nShould your Excellency be pleasd to accept of this, as an Acknowledgement; of My Gratitude; for your once More attending, to the Call, of the People\u2014It Will give me pleasure, and Cause My heart to Gloo, With ardour When I reflect, on Past Events.\nThe Day is Coming, When you and I Shall be no More\u2014tho Unborn Children, Shall yet resound thy Sacred Name.\nO War, Thou hast been My Sting, and Peace is to Me no Victory.\nI Expect Soon to Depart from this, (once Thought) My little Paridice, To the Dreery Banks of the Unidilla, With My little Flock to avoid the reproaches, of Why Did You not Stay as We Did\u2014but Sir, previous to My Departure, by your Exceys Permission, Shall take the Liberty of paying My respects in Person, to your Excellency. I am Sr With the Greatest Veneration, and Esteem; your Obedt Hum: Servt\nJoshua Mersereau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0344-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Board of Treasury, 11 June 1789\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBoard of Treasury June 11th 1789.\nThe enclosed paper No. 2, which we have the honor of transmitting, will, with its annexed documents, complete our view of the Constitution, duties and general forms of business of the Board of Treasury and of the offices more immediately connected with it.\nWere we to pursue strictly our own ideas of order, we should proceed, in the same manner, with the subordinate officers and departments under our Superintendance; but as we presume, Sir, the present state of public affairs may awaken in you an anxiety to know, with all the dispatch possible, the present state of the public debt, and the general Treasury, we shall in our next proceed on that subject; reserving what we have now deferred and other matters of less pressing importance to future communications. We have the honor to be with high Respt Sir, Your most Obedt Humble Servants\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0344-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: From the Board of Treasury, 11 June 1789\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Washington, George\nOfficers immediately annexed to, or connected with the administration of the Board of Treasury, in paying and receiving public Monies, and passing accounts: and forms of doing business by such officers.\nThe principal Officers under the first description are as follows.\nA Secretary\u2014whose duty it is to aid the Board of Treasury in such matters, as they may judge requisite for the proper Administration of their Commission.\nAn Accountant\u2014whose duty it is to report for the consideration of the Board, Forms for keeping and rendering the public accounts. To revise accounts after they have been examined and stated by the Clerks. To determine on objections made against them, after hearing the party exhibiting the same, and the examining Clerk, and to transmit the statement if approved, to the Board for their final decision; and to issue his Certificate (if any balance be found due thereon) agreeably to the forms A and B.\nOn the Certificate A, being issued (being for a payment in Specie) a Warrant is drawn for the amount on the Treasurer, agreeably to the form B\u2014And on the warrant C being issued (being for a balance due, and considered as part of the public Debt) a certificate is issued for the amount by the Register of the Treasury, agreeably to the form D.\nThe Warrant on the Treasurer and the Certificate last mentioned are both entered on record, by the Register of the Treasury before they are delivered to the party. It is to be observed that the present duties of the Accountant consist of such as were formerly exercised by the Auditor of the Treasury, and partly of those which were heretofore vested in the Comptroller\nof the Treasury. The principal duties of this last Office, as prescribed by the Ordinance of the 11th of September 1781\u2014have, by an Act of Congress of the 21st of September 1787, been vested in, and exercised by this Board.\nA Register\u2014whose duty it is to keep all the public accounts both of Receipts and Expenditures; and to register all warrants on the Treasurer or others, before the same are paid.\nA Treasurer\u2014whose duty it is to receive and keep all monies of the United States, and to issue them on Warrants drawn by the Board and registered by the Register.\nThe Officers of the second description are as follows.\nThe Commissioners of the Loan Office in the several States.\nThe principal duties of these Officers are prescribed by the Act of Congress of the 30th of September 1787, as follows\u2014\nTo receive and keep the monies arising from taxes in the several States, subject to the order of Congress or the Board of Treasury.\nTo pay the Interest due from the United States in the said States respectively.\nTo make weekly returns to the Treasury, agreeably to prescribed forms, of Monies received, or certificates issued for payment of Interest on the domestic Debt.\nTo form estimates when required of the Interest falling due in the respective States; and to keep accurate and distinct registers of the principal Sums, on which such Interest is paid.\nTo make no appropriation, except for the payment of Interest, without the express order of the Board of Treasury; to govern themselves in all their transactions by the Acts and Resolves of Congress, and the order of the Board of Treasury not repugnant thereto; and to transmit to the treasury quarterly, a state of their accounts for examination and allowance.\nThese Officers enter into bonds with two or more Sureties for the faithful discharge of their Trust. The Principals in a sum not exceeding 50,000 or less than 10,000 dollars, and the Surety or Sureties in a like sum; regard being had to the magnitude of their respective Trusts.\nThe Treasurers of the respective States, specify at the foot of their quarterly account current, the payments received from\nthe States, distinguishing the dates and amounts of the respective Sums, and the payments in actual specie, from those in Interest certificates.\nThe names and annual Salary of the above Officers are as follows\n            Nathaniel Gilman\n            New hampshire\n            Nathaniel Appleton\n            Massachusetts\n            William Ellery\n            Rhode Island\n            William Imlay\n            Connecticut\n            John Cochran\n            James Ewing\n            New Jersey\n            Thomas Smith\n            Pennsylvania\n            James Tilton\n            Delaware\n            Thomas Harwood\n            Maryland\n            John Hopkins\n            Virginia\n            William Skinner\n            No. Carolina\n            John Neufville\n            So. Carolina\n            Richard Wylly\nThe above Salaries are in full for all services and duties which are or may be annexed to their respective Offices, and also in full for Office-Rent, Clerks and every other charge except that of Stationary.\nExclusive of the Documents above referred to the form marked A.a. shews how monies are received into the public Treasury either from taxes or other sources.\nA.a.\nTo ____________________ Esquire Receiver of the Continental Taxes for the State of ____________________\nAt Sight pay to ____________________ Esquire Treasurer of the United States or Order for the use of the said States the sum of ____________________\nFor which this shall be your warrant.\nGiven under our Hands and the Seal of the Treasury this ______ day of ______ in the ______ year of the Independence of the United States and of our Lord 178______\nDollars ______\nEntered in the Register\u2019s Office the ______ day of ______\nSigned\nJoseph Nourse Regr\nA.\nForm of a Certificate issued by the Accountant of the Treasury, previous to a Warrant being drawn on the Treasurer for the payment in Specie.\nTo the Board of Treasury of the United States.\nThese are to certify, that an Account commencing the ______ day of ______ and ending the ______ day of ______ between the United States and\nis adjusted, as per Statement herewith; by which a balance appears to be due to ____________________ of the sum of\nAccountant\u2019s Office.\nJ. Hardy Accpt.\nB.\nForm of the Warrant drawn on the Treasurer.\nTo ____________________ EsquireTreasurer of the United States ofAmerica\u2003\u2003Greeting ______\n  within this blank is inserted the purpose for which the money is paid or advanced. _______\nfor so doing this shall be your Warrant.\nGiven under our hands and the Seal of the Treasury, this ______ day of ______ in the year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and eighty ______ and of Independence the ______\nDollars ______\nEntered in the Register\u2019s Office the ______ day of ______ 178 ______\n(Signed)\nJoseph Nourse Regr\nC.\nForm of a warrant directed to the Register of the Treasury, authorizing the issue of the Certificate D. for a debt due from the United States.\nDollars ______\nBoard of Treasury\nBy a Certificate from the Accountant it appears that there is due to _________________\nexhibited by ______ as per account and vouchers herewith transmitted, the sum of ______\nYou are therefore to certify the above debt as due from the United States, with interest at six per Cent, from the ______ day of ______ for so doing this shall be your sufficient Warrant.\nTo the Register of the Treasury.\nCommers\nD.\nEvidence of a Debt due from the United States as entered on the Books of the Treasury.\nTreasury of the United States.\nRegister\u2019s Office ______ day of ______ 17______\nBy Virtue of a Warrant from the Board of Treasury of the United States, unto me directed, I do hereby Certify to all whom it may concern, that there is due by the United States to\nbearing Interest at six per Cent per annum, from the ______, which debt is duly recorded in the Books of the Treasury, and transferable there only by personal appearance, or by legal attorney; according to the Rules and forms in that behalf made.\n(signed)\nJoseph Nourse Regr\nAnnexed are the Instructions transmitted by the Board to the Loan Officers for keeping and rendering their Quarterly accounts referring to sundry documents accompanying this Report. We trust on a mature investigation the Checks established for securing the public Interest will be found not only effectual, but as simple as so complicated an operation as the present mode of paying the Domestic Interest, will possibly admit of.\nSamuel Osgood\n(Signed) Walter Livingston\nArthur Lee.\nExtract from the Instructions of the late Comptroller of the Treasury to the Loan Offices for stating and rendering their Cash Accounts to the Treasury.\nNo. 1. Is a form of a weekly return of Monies received and paid on account of Taxes or otherwise; it is so simple as to require no explanation. I need hardly observe, that when no balance formerly remained on hand, the first line becomes unnecessary.\nNo. 4. Form of a General Account current of Monies received and paid &c. to be rendered quarterly for examination and allowance at the Treasury. The year being divided into four quarters of three Calender Months each, your quarterly Accounts will necessarily begin with the first days of January, April, July and October, and end with the last days of March, June, September and December; and at whatever period of a quarter your Account may commence, it must be closed and rendered in at the end of the quarter in which it did commence, so that the transactions of one quarter may be distinct from those of another. Although the Ordinance requires, that the State Treasurer\nshall transmit Monthly returns of the Monies paid to the Loan Officer, yet as that measure is calculated for temporary purposes, and the Returns may probably remain on the files of the Board of Treasury for their own satisfaction, it will be of great utility in expediting the settlement of your accounts, that a certificate signed by the State Treasurer, or other proper and competent Officers, of the monies paid by the State during the Quarter, should be annexed to each quarterly Account of the same tenor as that subjoined to the form. As it is absolutely necessary that these accounts should be examined and entered of record in the Treasury Books as fast as they come to hand, it is hoped no pains will be spared to render them complete, and that nothing will be omitted that can tend to prevent or delay so desireable an object. You will observe that your Contingencies will be entered in one line of the Quarterly Account, but it must be accompanied with an account of particulars, and that supported by sufficient vouchers. In the third Column of the Dr. side of the quarterly Account will be inserted the numbers of the vouchers to correspond with the numbers to be endorsed on those now to be mentioned in course\u2014viz.\u2014\nNo. 5. Form of a receipt for monies paid on warrants or orders, one of the duplicates of which to be transmitted with, and in support of the Quarterly Account No. 4\u2014the numbers to correspond with those in the third Column of that Account as above mentioned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0345", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 11 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nNew York, June 11th 1789.\nA Convention between his most Christian Majesty and the United States for the purposes of determining and fixing the functions and prerogatives of their respective Consuls, Vice Consuls, Agents and Commissaries, was signed by their respective Plenipotentiaries on the 29th of July 1784.\nIt appearing to the late Congress that certain alterations in that Convention ought to be made, they instructed their Minister at the Court of France to endeavour to obtain them.\nIt has accordingly been altered in several respects, and as amended was signed by the Plenipotentiaries of the contracting powers on the 14th of November 1788.\nThe 16th article provides, that it shall be in force during the term of 12 years, to be counted from the day of the exchange of Ratifications, which shall be given in proper form, and exchanged on both sides within the space of one year, or sooner if possible.\nI now lay before you the original, by the hands of Mr Jay, for your consideration and advice. The Papers relative to this negociation are in his custody, and he has my orders to communicate to you whatever official Papers and Information on the subject, he may possess and you may require.\nGo: WashingtonPresidt U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0346", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Emmanuel Joseph Desnoyers, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Desnoyers, Emmanuel Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBasse Terre\u2014Gaudeloupe 12th June 1789\nOne knows not which to admire most\u2014the wisdom of the United States in trusting to you the administration of their affairs\u2014or the generous sacrifice which you have made of your prevailing taste for private life, in accepting the Presidency. I seize with heartfelt pleasure, this opportunity of paying you that Homage which is due to you from mankind; and to beseech your Excellency to take into consideration the Memorial accompanying this, which I have the honor to address to you, which will serve to convince you how anxious I am to obtain a mark of favor & protection from that Nation in whose cause I have spilt my blood.\nI ought to do myself the honor to observe to your Excellency that I have addressed several memorials to General Lincoln, since the 20th of July last, His silence leads me to suppose that none of these memorials ever reached his hands. I hope this will have a better fate, and that it will gain your protection. I shall take no other steps to prove my gratitude to you than by assuring you I shall inspire my Sons with the sentiments, zeal and attachment which I have for your Country. I am, with respect, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt & He Ser.\nDesnoyers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0348", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Beekman Livingston, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Livingston, Henry Beekman\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRhinebeck [N.Y.] 12th June A.D. 1789\nMay it please your Excellency\nThe Confidence with which I have presumed to address you I hope will not be displeasing as it arrises in some measure from the Gracious Reception You have been pleased to give me on every Reasonable application I have had the Honour to make you.\nMy Confidence in America when strugling for Freedom, has reduced me to Poverty, and distress, and from this Circumstance alone I humbly conceive myself intituled to some Compensation for my Services and Losses and I Apply now to your Excellency with more Freedom because in the arrangement of Offices ample Compensation may be made me and my future Services will repay my Country.\nWhen I embraced the Profession of Arms little did I think necessity would ever oblige me to solicit an office for a genteel Subsistance. My Father haveing made ample Provision for me but this Vanished with the Continental Currency\u2014In the year A.D. 1780 I had due to me in that money at three Installments of three, Six, and Nine Months distance \u00a3218,000, Pensilvania Currency arrissing from the Sale of 36,400 Acrees of Land in this State which I inherritted, most of which Lands have since been sold at two & three Dollars the Acree by the Person who purchased of me part of this Money with the proceeds of some successfull Privateers Amounting to \u00a320,000 more I had on hand at the time Congress passed their Resolution makeing one Hard Dollar equal to 40 by the depreciation in Consequence of\nthis act I lost near half of my property & the Rapidity with which it declined aftur this is well known to your Excellency. About twenty thousand Pounds Lawfull Money of Masachusets I had an Opportunity advantageously to dispose of the Proceeds of which together with a Small Farm my Mother presented me with alone has kept me from extreem Indigence, the Payments ariseing from the Sale of my Lands being worth little or nothing when they became receivable. Previous to the late great and Happy Revolution in american Affairs\u2014I intended to have endeavourd to better my Situation by removeing into the Spanish Claim upon the River Missicipi haveing had some Communications and incouragement from Mr Gardoqui the Spanish Ambassador on the Subject But am at present Restrained by the undecided Claims of two Powers to that Country and more especially by Your Excellencies Happy Accession to the Government of the United States hopeing that as the Father and protector of your People your Clemency will be extended to one who from his Misfortunes only Claims the Priviledge of Addressing you. I have the Honour Resspectfully to subscribe myself your Excellencies most obdient and very Humble Servant\nHenry B. Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0349", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nFriday Morng [New York, 12 June 1789]\nAs the Communications herewith enclosed will not take much time to read; As there are matters related which to me are new; and as the information respecting land transactions, and other things in the Western Country will require to be noticed & acted upon in some way or another, I send them to you together with a Gazette with a marked paragraph containing some suggestions that have not, I believe, been touched upon in any of the Papers I gave you yesterday\u2014but are handed to you for the same purpose that they were\u2014i.e. merely for Consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0350", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Uzal Ogden, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Ogden, Uzal\nTo: Washington, George\nNewark [N.J.] 12th June 1789\nMay it please your Excellency;\nI take the Liberty to inclose the first Number of a periodical Publication. If amidst the numerous and important Concerns of State, your Excellency shall find Leisure to peruse it, and if it shall be honored with your Excellency\u2019s Approbation, it will be esteemed a Favor (if the Request is not improper) if your Excellency shall condescend, in a few Lines, by the Post, to signify\nyour Approbation of the Work, to be published, with the Testimonie of some eminent Characters, in the second Number. I have the Honor to be, with great Esteem and Respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble Servant\nUzal Ogden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0351", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Duff, 13 June 1789\nFrom: Duff, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nNewport June 13th 1789. N.C. County Delaware State\nHonoured Sir\nWith the greatest deference & submission I take the liberty to Address you though I am afraid in the midst of business of the greatest magnitude and importance.\nOn your passage Sir, through the Delaware State, knowing that a number of Solicitations were made to you for Offices by sundry persons, I desisted my application at that time, but I hope your Excellency will excuse the liberty I take in requesting your favourable interposition on behalf of one who has the greatest desire of being useful to his Country, and shall be most happy to Join his aid in carrying into Execution the Glorious Federal Government.\nIn the various arangement of Office, if I should have the honor to be thought of by your Excellency, and a recommendation needfull I flatter myself that I have it in my power to ample Satisfaction.\nI have the honor to be Sir, with prayers for your good health and prosperity and length of days to proside over the United States of America. Your Excellencys most Obedient and humble Servant\nThomas Duff", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0352", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles-Guillaume-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas, 13 June 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles-Guillaume-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nat the Hague 13th June 1789.\nIt is impossible for the oldest Diplomatic Servant of the United States to suppress the joy which he feels at the happy news of the eminent dignity which has been conferred on Your Excellency by the unanimous voice of the Sages appointed for that purpose by the freest People on Earth, without highly participating in it with this noble People, and with them paying to your Excellency the justest homage, and with them beseeching God to bless you as this People will be blessed under the most virtuous and paternal direction that exists.\nHow sincerelly do I share in the filial love which they bear, and which they ought to bear, towards your Excellency! It flows, throughout my family, from a pure source, and from those immutable principles which have guided me, with so much success in the service of the United States, to the good graces of their friends, and which have incurrred for me the implacable hatred of their enemies.\nThe honorable Congress are informed thereof by my dispatches, and especially by those since the month of September last, and by others annexed, and they are informed of the letter which I wrote to the Secretary of their High Mightinesses of the 14th Septr and of the resolution taken thereon, they are informed by my Postscripts of the 9th and 21st of October.\nI have taken the liberty to suggest to the honorable Congress, as the best advice, the means to manage those here, and yet to continue me under the protection of the laws of Nations, in this\ncountry, to wit to give me a credence at the Court of Brussells, and to make me Bearer of the letters of Congress, as well to that Court as to that of Vienna, to make them directly and immediately acquainted with the Majesty of the Congress of the United States under its\u2019 new form, and charging me to minute a treaty of friendship and commerce, provisionally, with the Austrian Netherlands, which would be good and useful at all times, but above all in the situation which is very apparent since the last engagements of this Republic, by which she is drawn into the quarrels of the Northern Powers.\nTheir Excellencies Messrs Adams, Jay, Jefferson, and Mr R. Morris will be so good as to make known to your Excellency my disagreeable situation, and the urgent need there is that something should be done on my subject, that will convince the Public that if I am not agreeable to the ruling-Party here at this day, I do not the less enjoy the favor and protection of the August Congress, and of your Excellency\u2014for whom I am with the most profound respect, the most humble & most obedient\nC. f. Dumas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0354", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gabriel Peterson Van Horne, 13 June 1789\nFrom: Van Horne, Gabriel Peterson\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nHarford Town (Maryland) June 13 1789\nPermit me, with Sentiments of the Sincerest Respect, to Express the grateful Sence I have, Of the Honour confer\u2019d on Me by Your Excellencys generous, and Obliging Letter\u2014If my little Services, were in any Degree instrumental, in promoting the Ease, and Convenience of Lady Washington, I am Amply rewarded, by her Gracious Acceptance, And Acknowledgment of them.\nLet me, Assure Your Excellency, I assume no merit in Obeying the impulse of a Heart deeply impressd, with the highest Veneration for a Character, illustrious from intrinsic Merit, as well, as reflected Dignity, from her tenderest Relative Connections\u2014In the moments of Separation, Unaided by Your Comforting presence, \u2019twas my Duty to releave (if possible) those Emotions; which too Freequently gain, an Assendancy Over the Human Heart.\nI beg leave Sir, to Offer Your Amiable Lady, my humble respects, and to Assure You, that I am, with the greatest Deference, Your Excellencys much Obligd, And most Obedt Servt\nGabriel P. Van Horne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0355", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Baldwin, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Baldwin, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York June 15th 1789\nThe petition of Daniel Baldwin late a Captain in the line of the Continental Army of the State of New Jersey\u2014most respectfully sheweth\u2014\nThat your petitioner in the action of Germantown had the misfortune of losing his Leg by a wound from a musket Ball, in the attack of Chew\u2019s House, by which means, he has been depriv\u2019d from making that provision for his family which is necessary for their comfort and assistance; that since the peace, they having considerably increas\u2019d he has with the greatest difficulty been able to support them\u2014And though your petitioner is fully persuaded that numerous applications are dayly made to\nyour Excellency for Offices under the new Constitution, and notwithstanding he has the fullest confidence that those who have served under your immediate command, are ever held by you in remembrance, yet such are his necessities and so pressing his wants, that Duty, (too powerful for inclination,) compels him to present himself to your Excellency for protection and support, in the character of a reduced, distressed and crippled Officer, (with a Wife and Children unprovided for except by a small pension, which is inadequate to their support) ready and willing to execute such Trust and perform such Duty, as on enquiry, your Excellency may think him capable of discharging\u2014Your petitioner is a native of New Jersey, though now residing in New York; He claims no preference, but what his merit and services may entitle him to\u2014To General Dayton he begs leave to refer your Excellency for both; And to your own benevolence\u27e8,\u27e9 care and humanity, he leaves the future fortune of himself and family, while your petitioner with them will ever join in fervent prayers to Heaven for your health and happiness.\nDaniel Baldwin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0357-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar Office June 15th 1789\nThe time it will require to complete a full statement of the department of War, induces me to submit to your view in a series\nof numbers such parts thereof as seem to claim an immediate attention.\nAs most of the nations of indians within the limits of the United States are at present discontented some of them turbulent, I have concieved it proper to commence by a statement of the indian department\u2014In the performance of this business I have not barely confined myself to facts, but I have taken the liberty of suggesting such measures as appear to my mind to be necessary for the happiness and reputation of the public.\nBy the ordinance of Congress of the 7th of August 1786 for the regulation of indian affairs, which is herewith submitted, the department is divided into the northern and southern districts.\nThe report on the treaties of Fort Harmar submitted the 23d of May last will shew the situation of those tribes with whom the United States have formed treaties since the conclusion of the war with Great Britain. I have now the honor to transmit a paper number 1 relative to the Wabash-Indians\u2014Were the subsisting disorders with these Indians quieted, and they attached to the interests of the United States, it is not probable that any further troubles with the more distant indians would soon arise.\nNumber 2 which will be submitted shortly will shew the situation of the southern indians, and contain some observations on the difficulties subsisting between them and the frontier people of the States of Georgia and North-Carolina. I have the honor to be With the highest respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0357-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar-Office June 15th 1789\n(Number 1)\nBy information from Brigadier General Harmar the commanding Officer of the troops on the frontiers, it appears that several murders have been lately committed on the inhabitants by small parties of Indians probably from the Wabash Country.\nSome of the said murders have been perpetrated on the south side of the Ohio, the inhabitants on the waters of that river are exceedingly alarmed for the extent of six or seven hundred miles along the same.\nIt is to be observed that the United States have not formed any treaties with the Wabash Indians\u2014On the contrary since the conclusion of the War with Great Britain hostilities have almost constantly existed between the people of Kentuckey and the said Indians\u2014The injuries and murders have been so reciprocal, that it would be a point of critical investigation to know on which side they have been the greatest.\nSome of the inhabitants of Kentuckey during the year past roused by recent injuries made an incursion into the Wabash country, and possessing an equal aversion to all bearing the name of indians\u2014they destroyed a number of peaceable Piankeshaws who prided themselves in their attachment to the United States.\nThings being thus circumstanced it is greatly to be apprehended that hostilities may be so far extended as to involve the indian tribes with whom the United States have recently made treaties. It is well known how strong the passion for war exists in the mind of a young savage and how easily it may be inflamed so as to disregard every precept of the older and wiser part of the tribes who may have a more just opinion of the force of a treaty.\nHence it results that unless some decisive measures are immediately adopted to terminate those mutual hostilities, they will probably become general among all the indians north-west of the Ohio.\nIn examining the question how the disturbances on the frontiers are to be quieted two modes present themselves, by which\nthe object may be effected\u2014The first of which is by raising an Army and extirpating the refractory tribes entirely\u2014or 2dly By forming treaties of peace with them, in which their rights and limits should be explicitly defined and the treaties observed on the part of the United States with the most rigid justice by punishing the whites, who should violate the same.\nIn considering the first mode, an enquiry would arise whether under the existing circumstances of affairs, the United States have a clear right, consistently with the principles of justice and the laws of nature to proceed to the destruction or expulsion of the savages on the Wabash, supposing the force for that object easily attainable.\nIt is presumable that a nation solicitous of establishing its character on the broad basis of justice, would not only hestitate at, but reject every proposition to benefit itself by the injury of any neighbouring community, however contemptible and weak it might be either with respect to its manners or power.\nWhen it shall be considered that the Indians derive their subsistence chiefly by hunting, and that according to fixed principles their population is in proportion to the facility with which they procure their food, it would most probably be found that the expulsion or destruction of the Indian tribes have nearly the same effect\u2014for if they are removed from their usual hunting ground they must necessarily encroach on the hunting of another tribe, who will not suffer the encroachment with impunity\u2014hence they destroy each other.\nThe Indians being the prior occupants possess the right of the Soil\u2014It cannot be taken from them unless by their free consent, or by the right of Conquest in case of a just War\u2014To dispossess them on any other principle would be a gross violation of the fundamental Laws of Nature and of that destributive justice which is the glory of a nation.\nBut if it should be decided on an abstract view of the question to be just, to remove by force the Wabash indians from the territory they occupy, the finances of the United States would not admit at present of the operation.\nBy the best and latest information it appears that on the Wabash and its communications there are from 1500 to 2000 Warriors, an expedition against them with the view of extirpating\nthem or destroying their towns, could not be undertaken with a probability of success with less than [an] Army of 2500 Men. The regular troops of the United States on the frontiers, are less than six hundred\u2014of that number not more than four hundred could be collected from the Posts for the purpose of the expedition\u2014To raise, pay, feed[,] arm and equip 1900 additional men with their necessary Officers for six months, and to provide every thing in the Hospital, and Quarter Master\u2019s line would require the sum of two hundred thousand Dollars\u2014A sum far exceeding the ability of the United States to advance consistently with a due regard to other indispensable objects.\nWere the representations of the people of the frontiers, (who have imbibed the strongest prejudices against the Indians, perhaps in consequence of the murders of their dearest friends and connections,) only to be regarded, the circumstances before stated would not appear conclusive\u2014an expedition, however inadequate must be undertaken.\nBut when the impartial mind of the public sits in judgment, it is necessary that the cause of the ignorant Indians should be heard as well as those who are more fortunately circumstanced\u2014It well becomes the public to enquire before it punishes\u2014to be influenced by reasons and the nature of things and not by its resentments.\nIt would be found on examination that both policy and justice unite in dictating the attempt of treating with the Wabash indians\u2014For it would be unjust in the present confused state of injuries to make War on those tribes without having previously invited them to a treaty, in order amicably to adjust all differences\u2014If they should afterwards persist in their depredations, the United States may with propriety inflict such punishment as they shall think proper.\nBut at present were the measure just, the Union could not command an army for coercion but at the expence of some great national object.\nIn case no treaty should be held, the events which are rising in rapid succession on the frontiers must be suffered to take their own course. Their progress and issue will deeply injure if not utterly destroy the interests and government of the United States in the western territory.\nThe estimates of the Governor of the western Territory herewith submitted will shew that in addition to the property already in his possession, a treaty with the Wabash Indians may be effected for the sum of 16,150 Dollars\u2014If additional territory should be the object, it would require the further sum of  Dollars.\nIt is however to be remarked that it is very possible that this sum may not effect the object intended\u2014It can be considered only as an experiment dictated by a regard to public justice, which ought in all cases to govern the conduct of a nation.\nThe United States having come into possession of sovereignty and an extensive territory, must unavoidably be subject to the expences of such a condition.\nThe time has arrived when it is highly expedient, that a liberal system of justice should be adopted for the various indian tribes within the limits of the United States.\nBy having recourse to the several indian treaties made by the authority of Congress since the conclusion of the War with Great Britain, excepting those made January 1789 at Fort-Harmar it would appear, that Congress were of opinion that the treaty of peace of 1783 absolutely invested them with the fee of all the indian lands within the limits of the United States\u2014That they had the right to assign or retain such portions as they should judge proper.\nBut it is manifest from the representations of the confederated indians at the Huron Village in December 1786 that they entertained a different opinion, and that they were the only rightful proprietors of the soil\u2014and it appears by the resolve of the 2d of July 1788, that Congress so far conformed to the idea as to appropriate a sum of money solely to the purpose of extinguishing the indian claims to Lands they had ceded to the United States and for obtaining regular conveyances of the same\u2014This object was accordingly accomplished at the treaty of Fort Harmar in January 1789.\nThe principle of the indian right to lands they possess being thus conceded, the dignity and interest of the nation will be advanced by making it the basis of the future administration of justice towards the indian tribes.\nThe whole number of indian warriors south of the Ohio, and\neast of the Mississipi may be estimated at 14,000\u2014Those to the northward of the Ohio and to the southwourd of the Lakes at about 5000\u2014In addition to these the old men, women and children may be estimated at three for one Warrior, the whole amounting to 76,000 souls.\nIt is highly probable that by a conciliatory system, the expence of managing the said indians and attaching them to the United States for the next ensuing period of fifty years may on average cost 15,000 dollars annually.\nA system of coercion and oppression, pursued from time to time for the same period as the convenience of the United States might dictate, would probably amount to a much greater sum of money\u2014But the blood and injustice which would stain the character of the nation, would be beyond all pecuniary calculation.\nAs the settlements of the whites shall approach near to the indian boundaries established by treaties, the game will be diminished and the lands being valuable to the indians only as hunting grounds, they will be willing to sell further tracts for small considerations\u2014By the expiration therefore of the above period, it is most probable that the indians will by the invariable operation of the causes which have hitherto existed in their intercourse with the whites, be reduced to a very small number.\nThese general reflections have arisen on considering the particular case of the Wabash indians, respecting whom one observation more may be added.\nThe United States must soon possess the posts within their limits on the Lakes\u2014This circumstance will either awe the Wabash Indians, or in case of their continuing refractory, enable the Union to operate against them with a much greater prospect of success than at present.\nAll which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0358", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Mandrillon, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Mandrillon, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nMy General,\nAmsterdam 15th June 1789\nThe uncertainty which I am in whether my letters get safe to your hands or not, has determined me to embrace the opportunity which offers by Mr Theophilus Cazeneau a distinguished Citizen of this City, to confirm to you, my General, the transmission which I have had the honor to make to you of my Fragments of political literature in which I have presumed to place some of your virtues. I pray your Excellency to accept it as a mark of my respect.\nAfter the praises with which the Americans have made their cities to re-echo\u2014After the reiterated thanks which they have given to the Supreme Being for the benifits which have been heaped upon them by the virtues of your Excellency\u2014After the Universal Sanction which has been given to your name & brilliant qualities, it only remains for me to put up vows for your preservation, and for the continued prosperity of America\u2014to which it would have been a grateful thing for me to have been Allied to her by my birth: but since my connexions are only those of sentime\u27e8nt\u27e9 they shall be coeval with my existance.\nIn my last, I perhaps, committed an indescretion in signifying to your Excellency the ardent desire which I had to possess your portrait: But, my General, if you will deign to judge of me by the motive\u2014you will pardon I hope, & grant my prayer. In\nthis flattering expectation I have the honor to be, with veneration, Yr very Hble & Obedt Sert\nJh Mandrillon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0359", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Marshall Scott, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Scott, Richard Marshall\nTo: Washington, George\nAlexandria 15th June 1789\nIt is with diffidence that I become one of the very many applicants which address your Excellency in your Official Character, but the assurances Communicated to me by my friends here that I shall be excused for this intrusion induces me to proceed.\nI take the liberty of enclosing a recommendation from the most respectable merchants and Inhabitants of this Town expressive of their approbation of my Character and Capacity to fill any office in the Impost department, This paper with an appeal to the opinion of my friends Col. R. H. Lee & Mr R. B. Lee at New York I trust will evidence to your Excellency that my Capacity is not unworthy the notice of the Constitutional nomination in which you act Such a Considerable part.\nThe long & faithfull Service of my friend Mr Charles Lee under the State authority in the naval department when undivided, now that it becomes divided entitles him to the best office, his merit being paramount to mine I do not wish to Step forward in opposition to his views. I observe in the bill proposed for the Collection of the Duties on Goods imported, that naval officers Collectors and Controllers are to be appointed, And Should your Excellency in your wisdom See fit to appoint me to the charge of either of these offices on this River Pato[mac]k I shall ever greatfully acknowledge the bounty Confered on me, assuring your Excellency that I Shall be able to give very ample Security for the faithfull discharge of the duties or trust of any office which may be Committed to my Care. I have the Honor to Subscribe myself Your Excellencys Most Devoted & Most Hble Servant\nRichd Marshall Scott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-02-02-0361", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hoskins Stone, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Stone, John Hoskins\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPort Tobacco [Md.] June 15th 1789.\nI cannot help feeling a degree of pain when I reflect on the trouble I am about to give you by addressing this letter to you, at a period when you must have so many of a similar nature; presuming however that you will excuse me, I beg leave to say that if in making your arrangements in appointing officers to collect the Revenue of the United States in Maryland there shou\u2019d be no person offer who will answer that purpose better and who has not better founded claims to public favor, I shall not only be very thankful for any Such appointment, but Shall have the business executed with honor, intergrity & exactness\u2014with every Sentiment of respect and attachment, I have the honor to be Yr Excellency\u2019s mo. Obt Sert\nJ.H. Stone", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0004", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Henshaw, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Henshaw, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency\nBoston June 18 1789\nI have just been informed, it is the expectation of your Excellency that each person who wishes to be honored with any office\nunder the federal Government, should make application for it in person, or in writing\u2014I therefore, humbly beg leave to offer myself as a Candidate for an office in the Revenue Department for the Port of Boston.\nI believe I may assure your Excellency, that no Person in Massachusetts, has a more perfect knowledge of the business of that Department than myself.\nI have had the honor of being Collector of Impost & Excise for the Port of Boston & County of Suffolk, from the first establishment of those Duties in this State, untill I resigned my office in 1787.\nSure I am, that it is your Excellency\u2019s wish to bring into public employment, those Persons, & those only, who have a competent knowledge of the business assigned them; and who have, by their patient industry, unsullied integrity, amiable manners & dignity of Character, merited & secured the esteem & confidence of their virtuous fellow citizens: Whether these qualifications, do, or do not, belong to the present applicant, the Gentlemen from this State in Congress, can easily inform your Excellency. I have the honour to be with highest Esteem, and warmest affection, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient, and very humble Servant,\nSamuel Henshaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0006", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lotbini\u00e8re, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Chartier de Lotbini\u00e8re, Michel, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York June 18th 1789\nThe Memorial of the Marquis de Chartier de Lotbiniere &ca makes known and represents to you most respectfully\nThat he is original Proprietor of two large manors and Seignories situated at the head of Lake Champlain and bordering on each bank of the head of said Lake.\nThe one on the west bank was granted to him under the denomination of Allainville in front about four Leagues (of 2,520 fathoms each) to begin at the lower end of the Lake St Sacrament or new Lake George, at the small Island at present denominated Mouton near the carrying place, extending towards the north along the river as far as the point aux Habitans (at about four miles to the southward of Crown Point) by five leagues deep to the west\u2014without any other reservation of ground on\nthe whole of said Extent, than the place occupied by the fortifications of Carillon (or Ticonderoga) and of the additional fortifications afterwards judged necessary.\nThe other on the East bank of the head of the said lake, in front four leagues granted to Mr Hocquart (at that time Intendant in Canada) and sold by him to the Memorialist shortly after the treaty of Peace of 1763, the said front beginning at about half of a league to the southward of the Pointe aux Chemin\u00e9es (Place for his seignorial Manor reserved in his Domain) extending from thence, northerly along the said lake to the End of the said four leagues by depth Easterly five leagues; which said two seignories in like manner as their other properties of whatever Nature and kind they might be, have been preserved and secured to the said two Proprietors by the general capitulation of Canada, and have been guaranteed to them by the two last subsequent treaties of Peace.\nAll that part of Lake Champlain from the 45th degree of north latitude having been reserved by Proclamation of his Britannic Majesty at the time of the Establishment of the new government of Quebec &ca and that reserve having been annexed to the Province of New York in July 1764, with express prohibition to the then Governor to make any grant of land throughout the whole Extent of those two seignories, not even in their vicinity until their situation should be perfectly known\u27e8;\u27e9 they must have been constantly considered, first in the said province, and afterwards in the State of New York as a sacred Deposit, belonging to the Memorialist\u27e8,\u27e9 which ought to be delivered up to him wholly, and the most faithfully as soon as it was possible for the Government of the United States to arrange every thing on the subject to their full satisfaction.\nThis is the basis on which it should stand, on which it is the most truly founded, and on which it is at present more firmly founded than ever, as the said Government is established for ever.\nTherefore, Sir, what he expects, as soon as possible, from your extreme justness and exactness is to give to the treaties the natural and complete effect which they should have.\nAnd he shall ever pray for the preservation of your life and the greatest prosperity of the United States.\nLe Mis de Chartier De Lotbiniere.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0007", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Melvill, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Melvill, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellcy\nBoston 18th June 1789\nWithout previous appoligy or introduction to your Excellcy, I have taken the liberty to request for a few moments your attention to a subject which nearly concerns the future welfare & happiness of my self and a large family\u2014Wether such a step in any situation can for me be proper, I am at a loss to determine, but both my duty and my feelings towards them have outweighed every other consideration & I cannot but hope these motives will furnish my excuse if not my justification.\nIn the month of October 1787 by the decease of Nathl Barber Esqr. the Naval Office for the Port of Boston became vacant & by the joint ballot of both Houses I had the honour to be appointed his Successor\u2014In June 1788 at the anual choice I was reappointed, and on the 10th of this present Month was again rechosen by the unanimous vote of both Houses, as will appear by the inclosed certificate\u2014It may not be amiss to mention that I am a native of the Town of Boston, was in the service of this state during the war and have suffered a full share (to say the least) of property by means of the War\u2014The Gentlemen in Congress from the Eastward will be able to furnish any necessary information respecting my character and conduct in Office, and I cannot but flatter myself on enquiry my reputation & integrity will be found unimpeached\u2014My duty to Your Excelly and my duty to my family have made it incumbent on me to lay sir before you these state of facts\u2014and if in your Excelly judgement it should be in all respects consistent with the dignity & publick good of the Union that I should be continued Naval Officer for the Port of Boston under the new constitution,\nIt is a favour I earnestly & respectfully request from your Excelly & by no means if Otherwise I have the honor to be Your Excelly Most Obet & Most Hu: Serv.\nThomas Melvill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0009", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clymer, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Clymer, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGreat Dock street [New York] June 19. 1789\nI have just received from Philadelphia the inclosed petitions of Captain Robert French and his wife, both of them addressed to the President and Congress, but conceiving the case to come entirely within the province of the Executive I have thought it my duty to lay them before you; only observing that the persons who have recommended the petitioners case to the consideration of government are of the most respectable characters. I have the honour to be, Sir Your most obedt hum. servant\nGeo. Clymer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0011", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Mason, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Mason, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nVirginia Gunston-Hall June 19th 1789.\nI am informed that Mr Jefferson, in a Letter to Congress last November, pointed out the Impropriety of appointing a Consul General in France, and strongly recommended the Appointment of separate Consuls in such of the Principal Ports as America traded most considerably with. Indeed from any Idea I have been able to form of the Office & Duties of a Consul at a foreign Port (vizt to take Care of the due Performance of the Commercial Treaties between the two Countrys, to examine and certify, according to the Laws of the Country in which he resides, the Registers and other papers of the Ships of his own,\nto represent and procure Redress for any Injurys done to the Citizens of his own Country, to prevent or decide Differences between them, and to relieve occasionally their distress\u2019d Seamen) they must require his constant Attendance at the port in which he is placed, and consequently disqualify him from acting at any great Distance; and the Objections to acting by Deputies, besides the inevitable Delay of Business, are too obvious to mention; I think it therefore probable that Mr Jefferson\u2019s Sentiments, with respect to the Necessity for separate Consuls, will meet Your Approbation; and Bourdeaux having as much, or more of the American Trade than any other Port in France, I beg Leave to recommend to the Appointment of Consul for the Province of Guienne or Bourdeaux, Mr Joseph Fenwick, my Son\u2019s partner there; if upon Inquiry, You shall think him worthy of the Office. This Gentleman is a Native of Maryland, of an old and reputable Family there, and of the Roman Catholic Religion (a Circumstance which will add to his Respectability in a Roman Catholic Country). He has been bred in the Commercial Line, and having been setled in Business two or three Years in Bourdeaux, has acquired the Language, with considerable Knowledge in the Commercial Laws & Customs of the place; and tho\u2019 I was not personally acquainted with him myself, I was induced, from the Character I had of his Integrity Diligence and good Sense, to agree, most chearfully to my Son John\u2019s entering into partnership with him & his Brother Capt. James Fenwick, in the House of Fenwick Mason & Compy Merchants in Bourdeaux, which notwithstanding their fixed plan of giving no Credits in America, and never advancing more than the certain Value of the Effects in their Hands, I have the pleasure to inform You, now does more American Business, I believe, than any other House in France; having had, since June 1788, besides some partial Shipments, the Consignment of eleven Vessels and Cargoes from America; and has established a very respectable Character & Credit in Bourdeaux. Both the Mr Carrolls of Maryland, I believe, are well acquainted with Mr Fenwick, and can give You every necessary Information concerning him: what I have said of him is, to the best of my Knowledge, strictly just; and I flatter myself You have known me long enough, to believe me incapable of recommending any man to an Office, but from a firm opinion that he wou\u2019d discharge\nthe Dutys of it with Honour to himself, and Advantage to the public. Shou\u2019d the Appointment of a Consul General be still preferred, I think Mr Fenwick capable of filling the Office with as much propriety as any Man. The former Consul, Mr Barclay, I presume will hardly desire to return; as I am told he owes a great deal of Money in France, and escaped out of Jail in Bourdeaux\u2014an Anecdote of their Consul not very honourable to the United States.I understand Mr Jefferson, in his beforementioned Letter to Congress, specified the ports at which Consuls wou\u2019d be necessary; recommending the person, at each place, who had been a Sort of Deputy to Mr Barclay (tho\u2019 I believe he never had Authority to appoint Deputies) in Consequence whereof, a Mr Bonfield was the person recommended for Bourdeaux; this, with Mr Bonfield\u2019s Residence at the time in Bourdeaux, I have Reason to believe were Mr Jefferson\u2019s sole Motives for such a Recommendation. Mr Bonfield, I am informed, is a Native of England, lived som\u27e8e\u27e9 Years in America, and during the late War went over to Bourdeaux, and entered into Trade there, in which he failed, is now totally out of Credit, acts as Clerk to a french House there, and has Suits against him to a large Amount. Had these Circumstances been known to Mr Jefferson, he wou\u2019d hardly, I presume, have thought him a proper person for Consul; an Office which he cou\u2019d not be expected to fill with Dignity, or keep above Contempt, and in whose Decisions Merchants wou\u2019d not be very likely to acquiese. I don\u2019t know how it has happened, but the American Appointments in Europe have too frequently produced neither Honour or Advantage to our Country. The Sallery (which probably will not be very considerable) is not the object for which Fenwick Mason & Compy are sollicitous to obtain the office of Consul; but it wou\u2019d exempt them from some very troublesom Requisitions of the police there, entitle them to some particular Privileges, add to their Respectability as Merchants, and perhaps increase their Consignments; which is the only Business they are engaged in, and not in any Trade on their own Account. Both myself and my Son had much rather his partner, Mr Joseph Fenwick, shou\u2019d have the Appointment than himself; for many Reasons. Mr Fenwick having been longer in Bourdeaux, is better acquainted with the Language and Customs. They expect soon to establish another House, either in\nsome different port in France, or in some other part of Europe; in which case my Son will be the moving partner, and will take upon him the management at the place where they settle another House, while Mr Fenwick will continue to conduct the Business in Bourdeaux\u2014Mr Fenwick wrote to some of his Friends in America upon the Subject, before my Son\u2019s Arrival in France; and my Son wou\u2019d by all means avoid every thing, which cou\u2019d possibly create the smallest Coolness or Disgust between him and his partners.\nI wrote some time ago to Mr Jefferson, upon the Subject of increasing the Commercial Intercourse between France and America, and mentioned the French furnishing us with coarse Goods, as a Substitute for those we have heretofore had from Great Britain, as the most effectual Means of doing it; the want of this having carryed so large a portion of our Trade to Great Britain; I desired my Son also to wait upon Mr Jefferson in Paris, upon this Business, and see if it cou\u2019d be made an object worthy the Attention of the french Ministry: John has accordingly waited upon Mr Jefferson, and writes me that he approves highly of the Idea, has presented an accurate Calculation to the Minister, demonstrating that if such a plan is carryed into Effect, it will annually employ 30,000 Hands in France; he has recommended a Bounty of five \u214c Ct ad valorem upon the Exportation of certain coarse Goods, of french Manufacture, to the United States of America; he hopes to succeed in this proposal, and waits to push it, only for the Samples, which John is to bring him from London, where he went about the last of March, and proposed to return to Paris about the Middle of April, and then to go to some of the principal Manufactories in France.\nMy Son John desires me to present his most respectful Compliments, to make You a Tender of his best Services, and to assure You of his utmost Attention in executing any Commands You may be pleased to honour him with. His last Letter to me was dated in London, the 5th of April; in which is the following Paragraph. \u201cThe King\u2019s Recovery is now incontestibly certain; and as he has gained his Senses, his Subjects seem to have lost theirs\u2014Such rejoycings, Illuminations, &c., &c., never were known\u2014The Opposition-Party brook it very illy. A Dissolution of Parliament is expected very soon, I dined two or three\nDays ago, out of mere Curiosity, at a public Dinner given by Mr Fox\u2019s Friends, for electioneering purposes, consisting of six or seven hundred of the Heads of that party; here not a little Rancour was thrown out against the Ministerial Party, as well in Songs, Sentiments, Toasts, &c., as in Mr Fox\u2019s Address to them\u2014and not a single Health to his Majesty; while the Prince of Wayles was drank in three Bumbers, and echoed, and reechoed, in three times three Huzzas, for half an Hour incessantly. Two Days ago the famous Shop-tax, which has so long been the Subject of Complaint of the City of London, was repealed.\u201d\nI hope to hear that You and Your Lady enjoy good Health in New York. and should any thing occur, in which I can render You any Service here, I beg You will command me, without Reserve; as I can truly say there is not a man in the World, who more sincerely wishes You every Felicity, than dear Sir, Your most obedient Servt\nG. Mason\nP.S. I have had the longest and most severe Fit of the Gout this Spring, I ever experienced; and have but very lately got the better of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0014", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Davis, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Davis, William\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston 20th June 1789\nThe petition of Wm Davis, of Boston, humbly sheweth that, whereas, since the Year 1776, yr Petitioner has met with a series of misfortunes, in his business, whereby he has sunk a considerable of his own property, and to a considerable amount, whereby he is reduced; he therefore sollicitts yr Excellency that, he may stand a Candidate, & be preferr\u2019d to one of the Offices, either in the Customs, or Revenue, under the new Arrangemts of Congress, or in any other Line, that yr Excellency shall see fitt to place him, & as in Duty bound, shall ever pray\nWilliam Davis\nMost Worthy sir.Boston 20th June 1789  \nWith the greatest respect I now address you, and I do in confidence attempt to lay before you, my present seituation, at the same time most earnestly solliciting an employment, in a public line, and request that I may stand a Candidate for a place in Boston, in the new arrangement, to be made as an Officer of the Revenue. I have been in the Mercantile line, for near Forty years; and since the Year 1776 at which time, I was honor\u2019d by being chosen Chairman of the Committee of Correspondence in this Town; since which I have met with a series of misfortunes in which, I have lost upwards of six Thousand Pounds of which I was then possess\u2019d, and am now reduced, in so much that, I find it very difficult to maintain my family at this my advanced age, I therefore do most urgently request, that yr Excellency would be pleas\u2019d to take my seituation into consideration, and afford me relief, by an appointment in the Revenue Office\u2014and am, with the most profound respect, Hond sir your most obedient servt\nWilliam Davis\nP.S. That your Excelly may have a competent knowledge of me; shod you indulge me with that satisfaction; the worthy the Vice President, is possess\u2019d with my Character, and with humble\nsubmission, I wish to be referr\u2019d to him, or to the Hone J. Langdon, or the Hone Mr Dalton of the Senate.\nI hope I shall not be thought to intrude upon your Excy in thus addressing you; & I wish that my present seituation will plead an excuse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0016", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Hollis Condy, 21 June 1789\nFrom: Condy, Thomas Hollis\nTo: Washington, George\nHonor\u2019d Sir,\nBoston June 21. 1789\nIt is with diffidence that I address your Excellency, but having had the honor of serving in the late Army under your command I feel a confidence in support of my design.\nObserving in the doings of the Federal Legislature that Kennebunk (the place of my residence) is made a port of delivery, I am induced to solicit the appointment which may be necessary for the prosecution of the business, shou\u2019d I be so fortunate as to succeed in my wishes I flatter myself, that attention will be paid, and the security requisite for the performance of the duty obtain\u2019d. I am Sir with all due respect your Excellencies most obedient humble servant\nThomas H. Condy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0018", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Christian Ehlers, 24 June 1789\nFrom: Ehlers, John Christian\nTo: Washington, George\nBremen the 24th June 1789.\nBe it known by these presents to all whom it may Concern, that betwext Henry Willmans Esqr. his danish Majestys Real Consol of Justice & Agent in the Name of his Excellency General\nWashington Esqr. on one Side, and the Gardner John Christian Ehlers on the other Side, The following Contract is agreed upon and Concluded. The Said John Christian Ehlers engages himself to go from hence to New York by the Vessel called the Minerva Capt. David Kerr, and after his safe Arrival there immediatly to enter for the Space of four Years as Gardner into the Services of his Excellency General Washington Esqr.\u2014to follow his Commands Strictly with Assiduity and Care, in the best maner he is able, in short to behave in such a Maner as to give Satisfaction to his Excellency and to do honour and Credid to himself.\nIn Consideration thereof Henry Willmans Esqr. Promisses in the name of his Excellency Vitz:\n1st To give the afforesaid John Chris: Ehlers a free Passige as Cabbin Passinger from hence to New York, in the Ship called the Minerva Capt. David Kerr.\n2d To have from the Time of entring into his Excell: Service Wittles, drink, and Lodging free.\n3d To have his Wadges pay\u2019d at the following Rate\n12 guineas for the first Year\n13 guineas for the Second Year\n14 guineas for the Third Year &\n15 guineas for the fourth Year\nTo be pay\u2019d in hard Money of goold or Silver.\nLastly Agrees Henry Willman\u2019s Esqr. in the Name of his Excellency to give the Whife of the aforesaid John Christ: Ehlers a free Passage to America in case she should resolve to follow her Husband.\nTo the Ratification hereof, and for the better Security of Both parties, they to a Double Copy of this Instrument put their own hands and zeal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0019", "content": "Title: To George Washington from St. Cosme, 24 June 1789\nFrom: St. Cosme\nTo: Washington, George\nBasse Terre [Guadeloupe] 24 June 1789. Requests GW\u2019s aid in securing his admission into the Society of the Cincinnati: \u201cj\u2019ai ete Bless\u00e9 au siege de Savannah d\u2019un Coup de fusil au travers de La poitrine a Le tete du Det achement de quatre cens hommes du Regt D\u2019armagnac.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0021", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henrich Wilmans, 24 June 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Wilmans, Henrich\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Henrich Wilmans, 24 June 1789. On 12 Oct. 1789 GW wrote to Wilmans: \u201cI have now before me your several favors of the . . . 12th and 24th of June.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0023", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Miller, 25 June 1789\nFrom: Miller, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 25th 1789.\nThe Memorial of John Miller of the City of Philadelphia, Humbly Sheweth\nThat your Memorialist having many Years served his Country, is now out of any Employment, and finding that some persons will be appointed to carry into Execution Sundry Laws now under Consideration befor the honorable Congress, and having met of late with many heavy Losses by failures\u2014\nYour Memorialist therefore humbly Offers himself, as a Candidate to your Excellency for some place in any Department in this City that your Excellency may think him Worthy of: Your Memorialist has the honour to be Acquainted with their Honours the Senators of this State, and the Members of Congress from this City. Your Memorialist most humbly begs this favour for his Support in this time of Life, and as in duty bound Shall Pray\nJohn Miller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0024", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Ross, 25 June 1789\nFrom: Ross, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBurlington New Jersey June 25th 1789\nI take the liberty of addressing a letter to your Excellency, and of offering myself as candidate for the appointment of Collector\nof the customs or duties for the State of New Jersey. It is with reluctance that I interrupt, even for a moment, the more important business in which your Excellency must necessarily be engaged; but learning that it was proper for me to make known my pretentions to the President with whom originate all appointments to office, I have taken this method of doing it as the least troublesome to your Excellency and on many accounts the most unexceptionable. I p[r]esume not to detail Such of my pretentions as are immediately founded upon personal merit, these I leave to the enquiry of your Excellency and to the information of others more disinterested than myself. But it may not be amiss to mention that in 1781 a law was passed in New Jersey for the regulation of its trade and navigation\u2014That the State was therein divided into three districts, the better to carry into effect the provisions contained in the law\u2014That I was honored with the first appointment of Naval Officer for the middle district for three years, and have since twice successively been reelected to the same office by the votes of both houses of the legislature, in which I still continue and am to exercise the duties thereof untill superseded by the law about to be passed by Congress under the new Constitution. I have only to add, that if I shall be so happy as to be honored with your Excellency\u2019s nomination and appointment to the place in question, I shall esteem it my greatest pride and ambition to discharge the duties thereof with punctuality and fidelity. I have the honor to be, with the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and very humble Servant\nJno. Ross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0025", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Marshall, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\nWoodford County [District of Ky.]26th of June 1789\nYour Excellencys letter dated the 27th of March last came safe to hand, and I have the honor to assure you that I will observe the contents of it with all the care & attention in my power. The part I took in the business I had the honor to inform you of, has deprived me of the confidence of all those gentlemen concernd; it is however scarcely possible that a matter of that extensive importance can be conducted to any dangerous crises without my discovering something of it time enough to give you the necessary information. In the mean time my vigilance shall not sleep.\nShould your Excellency find it necessary to honor me with your commands, they will find a safe conveyance by being sent under cover to my son John Marshall in Richmond, to whome I shall write for that purpose.\nPermit me Sir to express my extreme happiness on account of your Excellencys acceptance of the Presidency of the United States. An event the more to be rejoiced at as it bids fair at this\ncritical time for the reconcilement of all parties. It strongly impresses on my mind the truth of what was prophetically said from the Pulpit on the commencement of the former French war \u201cThat providence had sent you into the world to be the Salvation of America\u201d.\nMay God bless & prosper you is the prayer of him who has the honor to be with the most respectful regard Your Excellencys most obedient humble servant\nT. Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0026", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Reynolds, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Petition of James Reynolds of New York Most Humbly Sheweth\nNew York June 26th 1789\nThat your Petitioner understanding that the Impost will soon be in the possession of the Congress of the United States, and that a regulation therefor will Shortly take place.\nThat your Petitioner humbly informs that he has been employed in the Service of the United States in the late War with his Sloop in the North River upwards of two years, that he afterwards was employ\u2019d in the Commissarys Department to the close of the war, which duty he discharged to the entire approbation of his employers.\nThat your Petitioner humbly conceives himself qualified to discharge the Duty or Office of Tide or Land Waiter and will give Sufficient Security for the faithful discharge of such Trust if required.\nYour Petitioner therefore humbly prays to be appointed either Land or Tide Waiter as in your Wisdom shall seem meet. And your Petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray &C.\nJames Reynolds", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0027", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Gunby, 27 June 1789\nFrom: Gunby, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir,\nBaltimore The 27th June 1789\u2014\nAs there Will be under the New Goverment a number of Offices to dispose off, some of greator, and Others of less importance, I beg your Excellency would be pleased to consider me an applicant to fill one of them, (The Navel office for the port of Snow Hill,) For as Much as the business of that port have been small, and in all probability will continue so for a time to come, Could the business of Collector, and purvayor, be annexed to it, and Vested in the same person, it would make the office more agreable, and the business mought be transacted with ease\u2014Should I be so fortunate as to meat your Excellencys approbation, to fill this office, or any other, that it may be your pleasure to appoint me to, you may be assured, that I will use all the honest Indevors in my power to Discharge the Trust reposed in me faithfully. That it may be the blessed will of God to direct a speedey recovery of your health, and to aide and assist you, from time, to time, in performing the grand business\nyou have before you, to your own Ease, and Satisfaction is the prayers of your Very humble Servant\nJohn Gunby", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0029", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 28 June 1789\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir.\nBaltimore 28 June 1789.\nYour late indisposition which has alarmed me not a little makes me more desirous than ever that you should have some person near you who is well acquainted with your constitution and who has been accustomed to your confidence. This leads me to take the liberty to remind you of old Doctor Craik whom I well know, unless he is greatly changed cannot be very happy at a distance from you. I think you said when I suggested this subject that he had settled most of his children to his satisfaction, a circumstance which may enable him to follow his inclinations should you incline to indulge them. I have two reasons for mentioning this again to you. I know him to be an attached friend which nothing can alter, and one whom you might find useful on a variety of occasions. I know also that he is a man of skill in his profession and that from habit and opinion you would place more reliance on his advice than perhaps on any other persons. I may add also that there is no one amongst all those who are devoted to you from even the purest motives, that as far as I can judge of the human heart loves you with a\nmore fervent friendship or would serve you with more zeal\u2014in whatever respect either your fame or internal tranquility.\nI hope my dear General will forgive this second intrusion. I have been of late so conversant with sickness and distress in my family that it has given me perhaps more acute feelings for your situation. Do not I beseech you deny yourself any thing that may contribute to your happiness. I have a brother who ingrosses most of my time and yet though greatly alarmed on his account I was sensibly awakened by the public account of your illness. But I hope all danger is now over and that the next papers will make us easy on this head. In ten days I set out to the sweet Springs in Virginia with my brother where I shall not fail to pray for the preservation of your health as fervently as for the restoration of his. With the most sincere and affectionate regards I am Dr Sir Your devoted hble St\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0030", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Winslow, 28 June 1789\nFrom: Winslow, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPortland [District of Maine] June 28th 1789\nThe Impost Bill creating a Necessity of Appointments, for the Collection & various regulating of the Revenue throughout the United States, and the peculiar Convenience of my Situation to act in some Department, induces me now to beseech Your Indulgence while I address You soliciting the Favor of an Appointment to the Office of Collector, or Comptroller which may fall within the Port or District wherein I reside.\nI intreat You to pardon my intruding upon You a solicitation of this nature, unaccompanied by any Testimonials respecting my Character; but humbly request the Liberty of referring You to General Knox who has a perfect knowledge of me.\nMost fervently praying that every Blessing may attend Your Person & Administration. I subscribe myself with profound Veneration Your most obedient humble Servant\nSaml Winslow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0031", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Leonard de Neufville, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Neufville, Leonard de\nSir,\nNew York June 29th 1789\nYour letter of the present month and the papers accompanying it have been handed to me since my late indisposition. As all public accompts and matters of a pecuniary nature will come properly under the inspection of the Treasury Department\nof the United States, I shall, when that department is organized & established, have those papers laid before the Secretary thereof\u2014and so far as my official agency may be necessary in the business it will meet with no delay. I am, Sir, Yr Mos[t] Obdt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0033", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Barry, 30 June 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Barry, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Barry, 30 June 1789. On 6 July GW wrote Barry: \u201cI have received a list of the Ships that were in Canton . . . which you were so good as to send me on the 30th of June.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0034", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Cook, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Cook, David\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York 30th June 1789.\nThe Memorial of David Cook late Captain of Artillery in the Armies of the United States. Most respectfully sheweth\nThat your Memorialist was early actuated from Principle of Patriotism to take an active part in the defence of these States, being determin\u2019d to support them at the risk of life, and domestic ease, in which service he continued until the dangerours wound he received at the Memorable Action of Monmouth, obliged him to retire from a service he had the greatest predilection for.\nYour Memorialist having made application to the Legislature of Massachusetts for half pay agreeable to the recommendation of Congress, and is sorry to add, without effect, he cannot forbear relating his distressing situation to the Illustrious General, whose orders was his greatest honor to obey.\nYour Memorialist being deprived of any resource, obliges him (however painful) to Make application to your Excellency, with the assurance that his small abilities, will be exerted to meet the approbation of the great chief whose virtues are proclaimed by all. And your Memorialist as in duty bound will ever pray.\nDavid Cook", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0035", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Goodhue, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Goodhue, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York June 30th 1789\nMr Goodhue, a member from Massachusetts, and resident in the Town of Salem would beg leave, in as much as the bill for collecting the revenue, now before Congress contemplates the formation of several districts, at which Officers are to be appointed, for the purpose of making such collection, humbly to recommend to the President of the United States, such persons, for filling those Offices within his neighbourhood, as by his personal knowledge of their abilities and integrity he may deem worthy of such a trust, and whose appointments, he has the fullest assurance will meet the general wishes of his Constituents.\nFor the district of Salem, William Pickman Esqe as a Collector, and Joseph Hiller as Naval Officer\u2014the former he has known from Childhood, and is one of the best families in the Town, is now their Representative in the State legislature, and is strongly recommended to several members of Congress, by his Townsmen, as well as some of the first characters in the State, as being well qualified for this Office\u2014the latter is an amiable and worthy man, who now irreproachably holds the same office, under the State government\u2014for a Surveyor for Salem, Mr Goodhue is not yet prepared for a recommendation, but will endeavour to be in season.\nFor a Surveyor for Marblehead, Stephen Sewall, for Beverly, Josiah Batchelder Esqr., and for Ipswich, Jeremiah Staniford,\neach of whom are now employed, in their respective ports as Naval Officers.\nFor the district of Newbury port, are Michael Hodge, Jonathan Titcomb and Stephen Cross, two of whom are now employed in the State revenue, and the other is well qualified for such business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0037", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Josiah Crane, June 1789\nFrom: Crane, Josiah\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York, June 1789]\nThe Memorial of Josiah Crane Respectfully Sheweth.\nThat your Memorialist previous to the Late war with Great Britain was a Citizen and Inhabitant of New York. That a few years before its Commencment, he went abroad to transact business in the mercantile Line. That at the commencement of it, he was a resident in the Island of St Thomas, in the Danish West Indies, where he Continued untill his return to America Sometime in the year 1778.\nThat your Memorialist, in a prosperous course of business, by honest industry and perseverance had amassed a fortune of about Twelve Thousand pounds. That being warmly attached to the American cause, and not having been in a situation to render other services, he conceived it to be his duty to contribute towards its support in the only way in which he had it in his power, which was, by dedicating his fortune to the public use. That under this impression he caused the whole of his property, except a Sufficiency for the purchase of a small vessell to\nbring himself and his family to the Country as a flag of Truce to be shippd to different parts of the United States with Directions to place the proceeds in the Loan Offices of the respective places. This he considered as a Species of aid of which at the time the American cause stood most in need, and his directions were accordingly pursued.\nThat your Memorialist arrived at New London in the State of Connecticut whence he proceeded to Albany & from thence by Land to Charles Town in South Carolina for the adjustment of his Concerns at that and the Intermediate places to which his property had been sent. That having Received from his Agents the Certificates for the Sums Loaned on his Account & having collected the other monies not disposed of in that mode, he was returning to Albany to deposit those monies in the Loan Office of this State. That on his way to Albany at Paramus in New Jersey his quarters were surprised by a party of the British Army and narrowly escaping himself with his Life he was Stripped of all the property he had in the world except about Seven Hundred pounds of real value in Certificates which he happened to have in his pocket Book.\nThat your Memorialist with a numerous family to provide for is now reduced to Extreme distress even to the Necessity of Assigning the small remains of his property for the Satisfaction of his Creditors and knows not what course to pursue for a future Livelihood.\nThat being conscious he owes his ruin to his zeal for the Cause of America he has Allowed himself to indulge a hope, that the Deliverer and Father of his Country will be Disposed if the public Service permit it, to consider him in the Distribution of those numerous offices which the outset of the Government must render Necessary.\nIn which hope your Memorialist without presuming to point out any particular office respectfully Entreats the favourable attention of your Excellency to his unfortunate case. For which as in duty bound he will Ever pray\nJosiah Crane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0038", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Patrick Dennis, June 1789\nFrom: Dennis, Patrick\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nI should not at this time entrude on that indulgence which I presume you will extend to me, only that I rely on the goodness of your Excellency, to condesend so far as to take notice of my situation.\nEarly and throuout the war I was called to render my personal service to my contary, in different capacities, some of my best intentions for the good of my contry is partly known to your Excellency.\nMy property I advanc\u2019d to the public at an early time and now Lays in Colonel Walker\u2019s Office, having sustained many losses and being entirely out of business. I have no dependance but the Very small petance of being one of the Naval Officers of the State of New Jersey. And as under the New Government a Similar, Office, (Collector of the Imposts) may be erected. I hope it will not be improper to entreat the favor of your Excellency on that appointment, I flatter my self that my Expirence in the commershel line, my knowlage of the Coast and inlets, my sencer wish to serve my country, altho in the evening of my days, will, induce your Excellency to think favorably of Applycation. Governer Livingston has been pleas\u2019d to honer me with the enclos\u2019d certificate, The Honorable Senaters and Represen[ta]tives of New Jersey and New York, The Honorable R: Morris, & T: Fitsimonts of Pensylvania, Governer Clinton, the Honorable General Knox, Mr chanceler Livingston, and in particular General Lamb, who has had an Oppertunity of knowing my conduct in the Office or oppintment I am now in those Gentlemen, know me, and as I presume some of them will be near Your Excellency\u2019s person, I hope Your Excellency will condesend\nto favor me to ask their Oppinion of my abilites and intigerity which I hope will be favorable and meet the countinance of Your Excellency. With due Respect and Veneration I am Your Excellency\u2019s Obliged & Devoted Servant\nPatrick Dennis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0039", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fitzhugh, June 1789\nFrom: Fitzhugh, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMillmont June 1789\nPerceiving that Congress in the Establishment of different Ports of Entry &c. in Maryland has in Contemplation to Establish an Office on St Marys River Potomack\u2014Permit me among the numerous applicants for those offices to recommend in the warmest Terms Capt. Robert Chesley for that of Saint Marys residing on that river. He is a Gentleman well qualified to discharge the duties of the office\u2014was a Brave officer Captain in the Maryland line of the American Army unfortunately captured at Staten Island and was a Prisoner upwards of three years[.] He is the Eldest son of my old Friend Robert Chesley Esqr. who Possibly may have been Known by you. I have the\nhonor to Be with Perfect respect and Esteem yr Ecys affet. & obligd \u27e8Hble\u27e9 Sert\nWilliam Fitzhugh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0040", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the German Reformed Congregations, June 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: German Reformed Congregations\nGentlemen,\n[New York, June 1789]\nI am happy in concurring with you in the sentiments of gratitude and piety towards Almighty-God, which are expressed with such fervency of devotion in your address; and in believing, that I shall always find in you, and the German Reformed Congregations in the United States a conduct correspondent to such worthy and pious expressions.\nAt the same time, I return you my thanks for the manifestation of your firm purpose to support in your persons a government founded in justice and equity, and for the promise that it will be your constant study to impress the minds of the People entrusted to your care with a due sense of the necessity of uniting\nreverence to such a government and obedience to its\u2019 laws with the duties and exercises of Religion.\nBe assured, Gentlemen, it is, by such conduct, very much in the power of the virtuous Members of the community to alleviate the burden of the important office which I have accepted; and to give me Occasion to rejoice, in this world, for having followed therein the dictates of my conscience.\nBe pleased also to accept my acknowledgements for the interest you so kindly take in the prosperity of my person, family, and administration.\nMay your devotions before the Throne of Grace be prevalent in calling down the blessings of Heaven upon yourselves and your country.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0041", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Lovell, June\u2013July 1789\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Washington, George\n[Boston, June-July, 1789]\nThough your Excellency be not a Pope nor I a Murderer, yet I write under the full Influence of an Idea expressed by Cicero, when soliciting for his Friend Fabius the Patronage of Marcus C\u00e6lius a Curule Odile; \u201cnovi ego vos magnos patronos: hominem occidat oportet qui vestra opera uti velit\u201d\u2014When I first addressed myself to your Excellency, thirteen years ago, my Life & Liberty were at Stake, now, the Comfort of all my latter Days is at Hazard. My Confidence then was founded in your Character known only by Report; I have, now, the superadded Props of personal Knowledge and a Series of Experience: But, even this Combination would not have Strength to induce my present Attempt, if I was conscious of one past moments Indifference to your Fame, or; if I suspected that your Patronage of my endeavours at this time could tend in the least Measure to detract from your Dignity. I have lived a Life of unremitted industry from the first Period of my manhood; yet I have aspired to no fortune greater than competence or more durable than my fidelity. I think I was predestinated a labouring ox; I have been commonly muzled in the Field, and sometimes also, lately, at the Manger. This went near to breaking my native Spirit, and has turned my Aims to an Employment under Those who will readily conceive that Food is essential to Strength and Hope to Perseverance. I am earnestly solicitous for a Service on the Tenure of Good-Behavior, and I am proud enough to conclude it would be a Tenure for Life provided the Service should lay within the Lines of my Capacity.\nWithout Metaphor\u2014I will state some Facts to your Excellency, and will then further explain my Wishes. Upon my Return in 1782 from a constant Attendance 5 years in Congress I acted as Receiver under the Financier. While I was absent in New Hampshire on his Business, my Townsmen chose me Representative for Boston, which I declined, upon finding that an eminently jealous Republican had suggested my Inelegibility, because of my Receivorship; altho\u2019 he immediately promoted the Choice of Mr Appleton, who was continental Loan Officer. I was chosen, some Time after, by the General Assembly Naval Officer of this Port, without any Solicitation on my Part, because\nI openly avow myself determined never to seek a Place filled by another, even by an unworthy Man. Troubles arose in this State; my oldest Son was of the Horse which took Shattuck, my second was Adjutant with General Lincoln against Shays, and my own Sentiments and Endeavors were well known; so that, in the Elections of 1787, the Man who had been displaced (and whose Ill Conduct was on the Records of the Senate) was reelected into the Naval Office by the joint Balot of both Houses, altho a Committee appointed for Scrutiny had reported that \u201cthe naval officers had done their Duty faithfully.\u201d\nThe Collector having resigned, I was in a few Days put into his Place by the seperate Balot of both Houses, some of the Majority of the lower House (which had before Swallowed up the Balot of the Senate) having been ashamed of their former Doings. Since which, the Check of the Senate has been my Protection, and has in some Measure restored me to my usual Confidence in Industry & Fidelity for continued Maintenance.\nA new Scene is now opening. The f\u0153deral Government will probably annihilate the State-Collectorships. I do not foresee exactly how it will operate. I have only formed some Conjectures. Espousing the New Constitution from the Beginning upon general Principles, I did not even turn my Thoughts to its Operation upon me individually. A prudent cautious Friend, of the Council, once my Colleague in Congress, consulted my Opinion early, with Assurances of Secresy and Freedom from Harm. Knowing we differed in Judgment, I told him I was for it \u201cKnuckle & Thumb, Hip & Thigh, Tooth & Nail[\u201d]; I might have added \u201cDagger & Pistol,\u201d for I was persuaded, like your Excellency, very early, that if we did not take the proposed Constitution, Blood alone could procure a similar one. The Doctor thanked me for my Openess, and renewed his Promise that it should not harm me Thus do Men differ in Spirit! In the New Goverment the President is to nominate and by advice & Consent of the Senate is to appoint all Officers except such as the President alone or the Judge of the Supreme Court or the Heads of Departments may be empowered to appoint. The Arrangement is yet in Embrio. It is nearly to beat the Air to make any Application, or, to use a more decent Phrase, offer my Services. But as Mr Gorham and his nearest Friends avow his Solicitation for my present Office or the One in which it may be involved;\nand, as they openly declare their Confidence of his being preferred before all other Candidates, it is a Sort of Self Murder in me to be silent. He is gone on to the Fountain Head, as is Mr Otis, and as perhaps are Twenty others with various Merits to me unknown. But, as Congress, after constituting its Officers, will confine its Views to Industry Fidelity and Capacity in it\u2019s Choice of Officers, and, as None of the Candidates for the Collectorship of this Port will dare deny to me the two first Qualities, I will only here notice the last\u2014\u201cHe was not (they will say of me) educated behind a Compter.\u201d That is true. But, I have often instructed Others in Bookkeeping, and I have, in my Employment, Major Rice a Man compleat in that Branch and of consummate Integrity; and have also another Person who has been five years in the Revenue office, and whom I have, hitherto, retained in Preference to my own amiable Sons, because these latter were not yet innured to Habits of rigid Industry. Besides, your Excellency knows my Power of Calculation, by my brainrending Work of decyphering all the Papers intercepted from the British & lodged in Congress during the War, various as they were in Kind. Having noticed Capacity as relating only to Calculation & Method, permit me to be certain that your Excellency will not count as useless, in a Port Officer, the superadded Ability to interpret commercial Vouchers, and to explain to Foreigners the Propriety of our Public Acts and the comparitive Moderation of our Imposts. Could I know that the Nomination would lay with your Excellency I should here close, by referring to our first Interview when you kindly told me Congress had \u201cforestalled your own strong Inclination by recommending me to you for an Office,\u201d by Resolves to which I was then an intire Stranger\u2014Jan. 5\u20131776 Journals.\nBut, Sir, the most difficult Part of this Business is yet to be attempted. If I am to be judged thus far not bashfull, I now risk being thought impudent. I shall be sorry, very sorry indeed for that; altho\u2019 Cicero has said \u201cQui semal fiores modesti\u00e6 transient, hunc bene graviter impudentem a sic oportetr I must ask your Excellency\u2019s Influence, if in the Course of Arrangements it should fall to the Heads of Departments to appoint for this Port or District. Whenever the Union can be as well or better served by taking up State Arrangements or Officers, than otherways, it\nwill be done I am sure, to prevent an Idea that Congress descend to the meer Point of diracinating all State-Consequence.\nSome Men \u201ccannot dig, and to beg are ashamed\u201d. Having spent 30 Years altogether in a literary Course, Gardning & Mechanicks were practiced by me as amusements only; therefore, altho\u2019 I can dig & hew also, yet an Apprentice Boy in either Branch would run away with my Income. To beg (in the gross Sense) I am verily ashamed: But, I can, with most cordial Devotion and upon every proper Call, supplicate Objects bearing proportionate Attributes of real Deity; while no one can more than I contemn an Image of Clay or a living Brute erected for Adoration either by Superstitious Bigotry or political Phrensy.\nNow, I have reached the Place where I must be permitted to declare, with great Solemnity, that if I did not think my own Interest and the Public Service, in my present Pursuit perfectly coincident, I should not have dared to lift up my Eye to You for Patronage. I am, with Gratitude and habituated Esteem, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient Friend and Humble Servant\nJames Lovell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0042", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nStratford July 1st 1789\nAltho the exalted station which your love of us and our love of you has placed you in, calls for change in mode of address, yet I cannot so quickly relinquish the old manner. Your military good holds its place in my mind notwithstanding your civic glory, & whenever I do abandon the title which used to distinguish you I shall do it with awkwardness.\nThe affectionate and decided regard demonstrated to your person & character on your tour to Newyork, has diffused pure & sincere joy among every class of people in the circle of my intelligence, nor has any individual more heartily enjoyed the testimonials exhibited by my fellow citizens than myself\u2014because it manifests honor truth and gratitude in the body politic, & because such spontaneous and disinterested effusions of respect and attachment must convey a reward the most grateful of all others to your feelings.\nHaving gone thro your inaugaration & consequently in some degree shielded by the dutys of office from the display of affection and respect which your arival in Newyork must have produced, I venture to yield to the en treaty s of my heart often before resisted, of offering my congratulations on your auspicious acceptance of the administration of the national govt. My reluctance to trespass a moment on your time would have operated to a farther procrastination of my wishes, had not I been roused above every feeling of ceremony by the heart rending intelligence received yesterday that your life was despaired of\u2014Had I have had wings, in the moment should I have wafted myself to your bedsid[e] only again to see the first of men\u2014But alas despairing as I was from the account received, after the affliction of one day & night, was I made most\nhappy by receiving a let. now before me from N. York announcing the restoration of your health. May heaven preserve it!\nNext to the felicity of the nation I confess I have no object more interesting to me than your health & happiness\u2014I pray as I ever have done that your return to public life may be commensurate to your intentions and to our expectations. Greater good to the people of the U. States cannot be asked for. To give complete success to your administration, appears to me impracticable, unless national harmony is soon restored. The political schism which divides our countrymen is I fear deep planted in the minds of many leading characters, & however respect to a majority & affection to the president may quiet them now, yet on the first inviting occasion the spirit of opposition will shew itself strongly.\nTo deprive it of the means of operating with effect should be I conceive the leading object of the friends to govt\u2014It is practicable to prevent your enemy from injuring you altho it may be impossible to render him your friend.\ntherefore instead of striving to court the good will of opposition by improper concessions, I would disarm them by complying with the rational views of the advocates for amendments spontaneously. The house of representatives to whom these remarks apply, if they follow the plan which seems to be contemplated by some of their members will I think accomplish this great good.\nIf it is not done under your auspices, it will never be effected, & if never effected, we shall be a divided distress\u2019d people.\nAmong the difficultys which encompass you I presume those which flow from the nomination to office will be the most irksome. The public good being your guide all that you can want will be just information\u2014Herein consists the danger of committing error, because you must unavoidably depend on the knowledge of others too often. When the commercial arrangement shall be settled & it may become necessary to make the appointment I beg leave to mention to you a young man of excellent private character & brought up in the naval office, Mr Richd Marshall Scott of Alexandria who wishes to continue in public employ. He is descended from poor tho honest parents & has no chance for success in his application but from his own merit. His character will bear the strictest scrutiny & his conduct\nfor seven years in the office of South potomac as deputy naval officer at the port of Alexandria meets with unanimous applause from the merchants, as well as from his superiors.\nHaving touched on this delicate subject, I cannot help naming to you another Gentleman, to whose character in war & in peace you are no stranger & whose situation & manner of life seems to fit him for public employment. I mean Col. Carrington\u2014He dislikes to solicit for office but I am persuaded would be happy in being honored with an appointment whenever you should consider it proper to call him into service. I am sure you will consider these communications merely as information & therefore that they cannot be unacceptable to you. Will you be pleased to present Mrs Lee & me in the most respectful manner to your lady & to accept of a repetition of the unceasing respect & regard of your faithful & aft. friend & h. servt\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0043", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jeremiah Nicols, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Nicols, Jeremiah\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nChester Town Maryland July 1st 1789\nI have taken the Liberty of addressing You, without the honor of a personal Acquaintance; If there is any Impropriety, the Information I have recieved of this being the usual Mode pursued by those who apply for Office, must make my Apology. I have ventured to flatter Myself, that if no better Person offered, I might hope for an Appointment to the Naval Office for the District of Chester Eastern Shore of Maryland. It would be unbecoming in Me to say any Thing of my own Character, I have only therefore after asking Pardon for the Trouble already given You, to add that I am not unknown to the Gentlemen sent by Maryland to the federal Legislature, and if You should think it worth while to make the Enquiry, I hope You will not meet with an unfavorable Report. I am with the greatest Respect Sir your most obt Servt\nJere. Nicols", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0044", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Josiah Parker, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Parker, Josiah\nTo: Washington, George\nSire\nNew York July 1st 1789\nMajor Lindsay and Captain Bedinger his deputy has forwarded to me Letters with a request that I should inclose them to you The first is naval officer & Collector of Elizabeth River District resident at Norfolk or Portsmouth he succeeded me in office with my full approbation and employed Captain Bedinger as his deputy who I know by experience (he haveing lived with me when in office upwards of three years) to be fully equal to any duty in that department which may be assignd to him. he is a Native of Berkeley County. Served in the Army from his early youth\u2014was captured at Fort Washington\u2014and was noticed by General Green in the southern department as a valuable officer, when I was appointed naval officer he was recommended to me as a deputy by Colonel Carrington and I found him fully equal to my expectation\u2014he would not wish to surplant Major Lindsay but as there are to be a Naval officer & Collector of the District he solicits the one which Major Lindsay may not obtain.\nMy Brother Copeland Parker allso served me as deputy untill my resignation but as he is a young man & never had the honor to serve his Country I would not recommend him in preference to either\u2014but as a surveyor is to be appointed he will be happy to accept of the appointment, he is well acquainted with the duties of the Office & his fidelity can be relyed on.\nCaptain Thomas Bowne requests to be continued as officer at South Quay Mr Gibb at Follys landing & George Savage Esqr. at Cherrystons\u2014they have been in office some time and have acquired the confidence of the Executive of Virginia.\nMr J. B. Nickolls who married a Sister to Mr Swanwick of Philadelphia a Merchant at Portsmouth & a man of business has solicited me to name him to you\u2014as desirous of being employd as Naval Officer or Collector.\nColonel Willis Willson representative of Norfolk County who was a Captain in one of the state Ships allso desires to be named. As well as Colonel Thomas Mathews representative of the Borough & Speaker of the Assembly, they are ready to receive any appointment which you may think they deserve.\nMr Archibald Richardson Searcher at Suffolk wishes to be appointed Surveyor there & Colonel James Wells of the Militia of Isle of Wight requests to be appointed Surveyor at Smithfield.\nColonel Finnie has allso requested me to name him as willing to be employed in any manner you may direct.\nBeing sensible you will be troubled with a variety of applications and not willing to be troublesome to you have done myself the honor of nameing those persons who expect it from me\u2014and leave the rest with great Submission to your better judgment. with the most Exalted sentiments of respect & regard sire I have the honor to be your most obedient and very humble servant.\nJ: Parker\nSince writeing the above have received a letter from David Meade Randolph Esqr. which I do myself the honor to inclose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0045", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Warren, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Warren, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCommonwealth of Massachusetts Plymouth July 1. 1789.\nPermit me to offer myself to your Excellency as a candidate for the Naval Office, or as Collector of the Customs for this district of Plymouth & Duxborough.\nAlthough I have not the honour of being personally known to your Excellency, yet you are well acquainted with my father\u2019s merits in the late revolution, which may have some weight in granting to his family some of the honours to be derived from it: & should he have transmitted to his son (which I flatter myself may be the case) some of his patriotism & virtue, I am sure, with you, Sir, it would be an additional consideration.\nI can only assure Your Excellency I should feel honoured by an appointment which would give me an opportunity more conspicuously to evince my Zeal for the support of the Constitution, my love for my country, & my assiduity in the service of it. I have the honour to be, Sir with the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient servant\nHenry Warren", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0046", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Davidson, 2 July 1789\nFrom: Davidson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAnnapolis July 2 1789\nAs Naval Officer of the Port of Annapolis, being the third District in this State, I feel myself embarrassed in making this\nApplication to your Excellency, but if the experience gained in thirty odd years practice can qualify me for the Office I can truly vouch for it, and hope it will not be deemed Arrogance in me to superadd that amongst the first Acts of Governor Johnson\u2019s Administration under our new Government I was upon the recommendation of our Legislature Commissioned by him in my absence and unsollicited, and that I prize as an honourable testimony of this joint confidence: Yet other qualifications may be deemed necessary by your Excellency in the Character you would choose to continue or appoint, and therefore permit me humbly to Sollicit the favour of your being referred to Mr Johnson for satisfaction on any head you may be pleased to require respecting me, and this I must intreat from an Opinion that your knowledge of that Gentleman\u2019s Judgement Integrity and Candour will fully suffice any doubts you may entertain upon this Subject.\nTo the Members in Congress from this State I am personally known, but to Mr Johnson I have been so from my Youth upwards, and if it shall prove your Excellencys pleasure to continue me in the Office, my endeavours shall be with fidelity to execute it. I am bound in duty and gratitude to be with Respect & Affection Sir Your much devoted and most Obedient Servant\nJohn Davidson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0047", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 2 July 1789\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 2 July 1789\nMr Eiclberger of this place informs me that he has petitioned for surveyor or other appointment in the customs, and begs that I would mention him to your Excellency. I think he served about three years in the late army, since which he has carried on a retail trade with a very fair character. He is a Dutch man and not without influence among his countrymen which he has always used like a good citizen. I have reason to beleive\nthat any office not the meanest would be very acceptable as it would be bringing him in more or less, while his present business could be managed by his wife. He writes a good hand is a ready accountant, and a very honest man. If anything can be done for him I am persuaded it would have a good effect upon his countrymen most of which in this place are highly antifederal.\nPermit me to mention another applicant, a major Lynch. If your Excellency was going to war I could recommend him for his courage and obedience to orders; at the same time I cannot say a great deal in favor of his talents for an important seperate command. He is a good natured honest poor fellow whom a little would content. As far as I can learn he has executed the office of harbour master for this port diligently and faithfully. But that office is set aside by the new government. Perhaps your Excellency may recollect something of the poor fellow, and may through your goodness find some subordinate employment for him.\nI set out to-morrow for the Sweet Springs and wish most devoutly a return of your health. With the most profound respect and attachment I have the honor to be your Excellency\u2019s ob. st\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0048", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Shaw, 2 July 1789\nFrom: Shaw, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nAltho I have not the honor of being personally known to your Excellency, yet I flatter myself from the benevolence of your disposition, that my present solicitation for an appointment under the new Government will not be considered as impertinent or improper.\nThe Clerkship of the district Court in Maryland, altho I apprehend the profits of it will be inconsiderable for some time to come, yet if a man more deserving than myself does not apply for it, I should be thankful for this appointment.\nTo the representatives from Maryland now in Congress, particularly to the honble Mr Henry, I am well known, to whom I refer for my Character and conduct during the revolution, and in the different trusts with which I have been honored.\nThe patronage of your Excellency will be sincerely felt and acknowledge by him who has the honor to be with every Sentiment of the most perfect respect and Esteem your obdt Servt\nJames Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0049", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Ebenezer Hazard, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hazard, Ebenezer\nSir,\nNew York July 3d 1789.\nYour letter of the 27th of June, together with the amount of receipts and expenditures of the General Post-Office of the United States from 1782 to 1789, and the forms of bonds, accts &c. relating to the Post-Office Department, were duly handed to me; but my late indisposition has prevented my paying any attention to business \u2019till within a few days past. I have now inspected those papers; and altho\u2019 I observe, upon the whole, that the Post-Office has been profitable to the United States since the year 1782, yet I should wish to know the causes of the decrease of the income from that source between the year 1785, when it produced a profit of 13373. [Dolls.] 54. [90th] 2 [8th]\u2014and the year 1789 when it lost 3028. [Dolls.] 77. [90th] 2 [8th]\u2014I must therefore request you to send me, in detail, the receipts and expenditures of the Post-Office for two years, viz., from Jany 1st 1784 to Jany 1st 1785, and from Jany 1st 1788 to Jany 1st 1789. The returns made from the several Post-Offices to the General Post-Office for the two Years just mentioned, agreeably to the form marked No. 9, will shew what offices have been productive; and the accts of the General Post-Office for the same years will point out the cause of the difference between the receipts & expenditures.\nI have read the several resolves of Congress referred to in your letter; and if the productiveness of the Post-Office was diminished by them, I conceive it must have been either by the increase of expense attending the conveyance of the Mail by Stages instead of Riders; or by directing the Mail to be carried into parts of the Country where the expences of carrying it greatly exceeded the produce of it. However, I presume the documents with which I have now requested to be furnished will fully explain this matter. I am Sir, with due consideration, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0050", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Lee, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria 3 July 1789\nHaving long served as the custom house officer of South Patowmack and I trust with the approbation of my country, I have been induced to express my wishes to be reappointed in the same department least my silence should be misunderstood.\nI pray leave at this time to mention Mr Richard Marshall Scott as a person from long experience in this line of business capable and deserving of any office in the customs upon this river as he has done a principal share of the business under me ever since the year 1783, and in all respects I think him fit for any appointment of this kind. With the sincerest esteem I remain most respectfully sir your most obed. humble servant\nCharles Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0051", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Bland Lee, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nN. York July 3 1789\nThe enclosed letter from R. M. Scott will explain to you his wishes. he has requested me to deliver it to you and informed me of his object. As to his qualifications to fill the office which he solicits I will not pretend to judge I can assure you that he has always given the fullest satisfaction to Mr Charles Lee his Principal and all persons having business at the Naval office since he has acted in it for almost seven years past. I know him to be a young man of honor and industry.\nI am authorised to inform you that Mr Roger West would be pleased with an appointment under government, if any should occur in which he might be usefully employed for the public service. You are too well acquainted with Mr West and too good a Judge of his talents and merits for me to presume to add anything more than my wishes in his behalf.\nI am also authorised to inform you, that Mr Charles Lee would be pleased with the office of Collector for the district of Alexandria, if you should deem him a proper person to administer it. Mr Scott solicits an appointment to the Naval office for the same district. If you wish for further information concerning him I can produce a most honorable testimonial from Mr C. Lee in his favor.\nPermit me now to express the overflowing joy of my heart for your happy recovery from your late illness and to assure you of the indiscribeable veneration and esteem with which I am your devoted hum. sert\nRichard Bland Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0052", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\nDear Sir,\nNew York, July 3rd 1789.\nI have received your very friendly letter of the 28th of June, and feel a grateful sense of the interest which you take in my welfare and happiness, and the kind solicitude which you express for the recovery of my health\u2014I have now the pleasure to inform you that my health is restored, but a feebleness still hangs upon me, and I am yet much incommoded by the incision which was made in a very large and painful tumor on the protuberance of my thigh\u2014this prevents me from walking or sitting; however the Physicians assure me that it has had a happy effect in removing my fever, and will tend very much to the establishment of my general health; it is in a fair way of healing, and time and patience only are wanting to remove this evil. I am able to take exercise in my coach, by having it so contrived, as to extend myself the full length of it.\nI thank you, my dear Sir, for the anxiety which you express that I should have some person about me who is well acquainted with my constitution, and who has been accustomed to my confidence\u2014The habits of intimacy and friendship, in which I have long lived with Dr Craik, and the opinion I have of his professional knowledge, would most certainly point him out as the man of my choice in all cases of sickness\u2014I am convinced of his sincere attachment to me, and I should with cheerfulness trust my life in his hands\u2014but how far circumstances at present would justify his quitting his practice in Alexandria, and its vicinity to gratify his inclinations and my wishes, I am not able to say; but could it be made consistent with his advantage to be near me, I am sure it would be highly pleasing to me\u2014I must, however, injustice to Dr Bard, who has attended me during my late indisposition, declare that neither skill nor attention have been wanting on his part, and, as I could not have the assistance of my good friend Dr Craik, I think myself fortunate in having fallen into such good hands.\nYou have my sincere wishes that your intended journey to the sweet springs may be the means of restoring the health of your Brother, and that it may be pleasant and healthful to yourself. I\nam, dear Sir, with very great esteem, Your affecte friend and obedt Servt\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0053", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander McCaskey, 4 July 1789\nFrom: McCaskey, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellency\nBaltimore July 4th 1789\nAs under your Auspicious Administration the Government of the United States is fast approaching to consolidation and of course a Number of New Offices will arise in the various Ports of the Nation, I humbly beg leave to mention my Name among the list of Candidates for the surveyorship of Imposts for the Town of Baltimore. Having had the Honour of serving several years in the American Army as Deputy Comissary Genl of Forage under Genl Mifflin & Coll Biddle, has in some degree Emboldened me in the Application, and have the confidence to hope that my Pretention to the Appointment, will be Recommended by such future testimony as will meet with the Approbation of your Excellency. I have the Honour to be your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient & very Humble Servt\nAlexr McCaskey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0054", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas McKean, 4 July 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McKean, Thomas\nLetter not found: to Thomas McKean, 4 July 1789. The endorsement on an envelope in PHi: McKean Papers reads: \u201cNote from General G. Washington. July 4th 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0056", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Proctor, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Proctor, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nEsteemed Sir\nPhiladelphia July 5th 1789\nBe pleased to suffer the Intrussion of this address which perhaps may interfer with business of Importance, and I shall with brevity acquaint your Excellency that th[r]ough adverse and unforseen misfortunes while I continued Sheriff of the County of Philadelphia, I have been led to bear the losses of those, for whome I had once felt the utmost tenderness\u2014even to the nonfulfilment of my duty; to save them from apparrent ruin & their turn been served, of course they neglected me, and through the consequent attendant, my Estate in a considerable degree is wasted by various suits to the adjusment of such demands. This catastrophy is the more hightned when I reflect that under providence I am the only one that a numerous and aged family have to look to for their comfort and suport. such being my lot and at a time when I have nearly passed the Zenith of usual activity Induces me to leave it upon the recollection of your Excellency; that if in the arrangement of the war, and Ordnance departments, their should happen a vacancy to which I might be deemed capabel, and worthy of filling; I would willingly accept it as your gift. And why I name the line of the Ordnance particularly is\u2014That notwithstanding its extensive branches, I beg leave to say that I have an intimate and Mechanical knowledge, of the Equipments of that branch of the Army, it being the profession of my youth, upwards of Twenty one years; previous to the late war in America. I will not add farther at this time, only to asshure you that I am with wonted sincerity for your happyness your Excellency Obedient Servant\n Thomas Proctor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0058", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Barry, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Barry, John\nSir,\nNew York July 6th 1789\nI have received a list of the Ships that were in Canton in China the last year which you were so good as to send me on the 30th of June; and must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for this polite mark of attention. I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0060", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Stephen Gregory, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Gregory, Stephen\nTo: Washington, George\nBordx [France] July 6th 1789\nMr fenwick is the Bearer of a Small two deck Ship which I Beg your Excellency to accept as a feable present this mignature will answer for a Chimney peace of Large Room Before a Looking Glass. Altho not Compleat in Every thing yet it is Neatly finish\u2019d, I wish your Excellency health happiness & Success in Every of your Undertaking\u27e8s\u27e9 & in particular that of promoting the happiness of the people of america. I Remain Your Excellency\u2019s most Devoted humble Sert\nStepn Gregory", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0062", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Office July 6th 1789\nIndian Department, Southern District\nThe Creeks. This nation of indians is divided into two districts the upper and the lower Creeks.\nThe former reside chiefly on the waters of the Albama River in about 60 towns or villages. The latter on the waters of the Apalachicola river in about 40 towns. The Creeks are principally within the limits of the United States, but some of the most southern towns of the lower Creeks or Semanolies are within the territory of Spain stretching towards the point of\nFlorida\u2014The Gun-Men or Warriors of the whole nation are estimated at 6000.\nBesides the Chiefs of the respective towns the Creeks appear at present to be much under the influence and direction of Alexander McGillivray.\nThe Father of this person was an inhabitant of Georgia, and adhereing to Great Britain in the late war, his property was confiscated by that State\u2014His mother was a principal woman of the upper Creeks.\nHe had an english Education\u2014his abilities and ambition appear to be great\u2014his resentments are probably unbounded against the State of Georgia, for confiscating his Father\u2019s estate, and the estates of his other friends, refugees from Georgia, several of whom reside with him among the Creeks. He is said to be a partner of a trading house, which has the monopoly of the trade of the Creeks\u2014The communications to the Indian Country are through the Floridas under the protection of the Spanish Colonies. The profits of this Commerce center in Great Britain, and one of the Bahama Islands is the intermediate place of deposit.\nThe State of Georgia is engaged in a serious war with the Creeks\u2014and as the same may be so extended and combined as to require the interference of the United States, it will be highly proper that the causes thereof should be stated and examined.\nThe first treaty between the State of Georgia and the Creeks after the conclusion of the War with Great Britain was held at Augusta in November 1783\u2014at this treaty certain Lands on the Oconee were ceded by the Creeks to the State of Georgia. A copy of this treaty is not among the papers of Congress\u2014but the purport as it respects the boundaries then established is recited by the Legislature of the State of Georgia in their report on Indian affairs hereunto annexed.\nThe second treaty was held at Galphinton on the 12th of Noember 1785\u2014By which the boundary lines defined by the treaty of Augusta in November 1783 were confirmed, and a new boundary line obtained to extend from the forks of the Oconee and Oakmulgee to the source of the St Mary\u2019s. A copy of this treaty is hereunto annexed in the papers marked A\u2014also a letter from the Commissioners of the United States\u2014and\na report of a Committee accepted by the Legislature of Georgia on the 11th of February 1786.\nA third treaty was held by the Commissioners of Georgia and the Creeks at Shoulder-bone on the 3d of November 1786. At this treaty it would appear that the Creeks acknowledged the violation of the two former treaties recognized and ratified the former boundaries and gave six hostages for the faithful execution of the conditions.\nOn the one side\u2014The Creeks object entirely to the validity of the said treaties stating that the cessions to the State of Georgia were made by the chiefs of two towns only, whereas the Lands ceded were the property of the whole nation as will more fully appear by the Letters of Alexander McGillivrary marked B, and numbered 1, 2, 3 & 4.\nThe letter of Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, Joseph Martin, and Lach. McIntosh Esquires Commissioners of the United States dated at the Keowee the 17th of November 1785, marked A states that as there were only two towns properly represented at Galphintown instead of about one hundred, the number in the whole nation, they could not treat with them on behalf of the United States. But that \u201cthe day after they left Galphinton, the Agents of Georgia held a treaty with the few Indians then present, and obtained a cession of all the Lands south of the Altamaha and eastward of the line to be run south west from the junction of the Oakmulgee, and Oconee rivers \u2019till it shall strike St Marys with a confirmation of the Lands ceded to the state by the same towns north-east of the Oconee river in 1783.\u201d\nThe letter of James White Esqr. Superintendant of the United States for the Southern district, and the proceedings held by him with the lower Creeks at Cusetahs will further show the sentiments of the said lower Creeks of the said treaties marked C.\nOn the other side the Legislature of Georgia by their Committee 23d of October 1787\u2014marked D\u2014states that the Cherokees by a treaty made at Augusta on the 3d of May 1783 and the Creeks by the treaty of Augusta in the succeeding November, both nations made the same relinquishment of the lands on the Oconee on account of mutual claims which had not before been settled between them.\nThat it was not untill a few months after the treaty of Galphinton that uneasinesses began to be fermented in the nation and some murders were committed.\nThat this conduct of the Creeks was considered by the Government of Georgia as an infraction of the treaties, and they demanded reparation accordingly.\nThat Commissioners were appointed with full powers to enquire into the causes and restore peace, but with powers also if unavoidable to take eventual measures of defence.\nThat this proceeding of Georgia produced a treaty at Shoulder bone, whereby the violence was acknowledged, the boundaries confirmed, and hostages given.\n\u201cThat the Committee can not forbear to observe that during the course of all these transactions, the communications were made in solemn, open and ancient form, and the articles of the treaties were mutually respected untill the aggression posterior to that of Galphinton.\n\u201cAnd that whilst it is admitted on the one hand, that there was no principal of representation of the parts of the nation known in civilized governments, it can not be denied on the other that it was such as had been common, and the Indians acknowledged without doubt, and regret their forming a part, and being members of the State.[\u201d]\nThe Committee after stating some circumstances relative to the proceedings of James White Esquire the Superintendant\u2014\u201cReport it as their opinion that the ultimate causes of the War, were the too sudden interferences with the treaties of the State, by which the minds of the Indians were perplexed\u2014and the impression induced, that in a war they should not have the strength of the Union to fear, and that another disposition would be made of the territory, than that which considers it as a part of the State. That representations to this effect should be immediately transmitted to Congress, and the support of the Union demanded.[\u201d]\nThat the papers whereon this statement is founded, and the general subject of the said dispute between the State of Georgia and the Creeks have several times been discussed and considered in the late Congress.\nThat the report of the Committee of Congress as stated on\nthe Journals of the 3d of August 1787 will shew the perplexities of this case.\nThat the subject was further debated in Congress on June 27th and decided on July 15th 1788 will appear by their Journals.\nThat in obedience to the order of Congress of the 15th of July 1788, the Secretary at War made the report marked E.\nThat in consequence of the resolve of Congress of the 26th of October 1787 Commissioners were appointed by the States of South Carolina and Georgia. That the time for which the Superintendant was elected expired on the 29th of November 1788.\nThat the proceedings of the said Commissioners and Superintendant as communicated by the latter are hereunto attached marked F.\nThat in addition to the information of the Superintendant it appears from the public newspaper marked G, that the two Commissioners from Georgia and South-Carolina have given a further invitation to a treaty to be held at Oconee during the present month.\nBut it also appears from the public newspapers that instead of the proposed treaty, parties of Indians have been making inroads into Georgia and that the outrages committed by them have excited an alarm which has extended itself to Savannah the Capital of the State.\nHence it will appear from this general statement of facts\u2014\n1st\u2014That hostilities still rage between the State of Georgia and the Creek Indians.\n2dly\u2014That the Cause of the War is an utter denial on the part of the Creeks of the validity of the three treaties stated to have been made by them with the State of Georgia.\n3dly\u2014That the United States in Congress assembled by their resolve of the 15th of July 1788 have caused it to be notified to the Creeks, that should they persist in refusing to enter into a treaty upon reasonable terms, the arms of the United States shall be called forth for the protection of that frontier.\nFrom this result the following questions arise.\n1st\u2014Whether the circumstance of the Commissioners not having received an answer from Alexander McGillivray to their\nletter of November 28th 1788 and his letter to Andrew Moor Esqr. of the 4th of January and to his Excellency the Governor of South-Carolina of the 26th of February 1789\u2014(letter B) together with the recent irruption of parties of Creeks into the State of Georgia, amount to a refusal to treat on reasonable terms and of consequence from that crisis of affairs in which the Arms of the Union are to be called forth agreeably to the resolve of Congress of the 15th of July 1788?\n2dly\u2014Whether the final report of the Commissioners is necessary to be received before decision can be made on the case?\nor 3dly\u2014Whether in the present state of public affairs any proper expedients could be devised for effectually quieting the existing hostilities between the State of Georgia and the Creek Nation other than by raising an Army?\nAll which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0063", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Nicholson, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Nicholson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 6th 1789\nI beg leave to offer myself as A Candidate for the Office of Naval Officer or Surveyor of the Customs for the Port of New York and to briefly mention the reasons that may operate in favor of my application.\nI was at an early period of Life taught the art of Navigation and Seafaring business, and have for many Years commanded Ships of merchandize from America to most of the Nations of Europe, and been conversant in the Mode of entering and Clearing Vessels and all the various duties of the officers of the Customs of this Country as well as of other Nations, and from the opportunity of observation and experience in that business I flatter myself that I should without difficulty be enabled to discharge the duties of such office in such manner as would gain your approbation and promote the Interest of my Country.\nMy peculiar situation also impells me tho with reluctance, to trespass upon your time with the relation.\nAt the commencement of the late War I was called by my Country to the command of the Marine of the United States, which obliged me to relinquish all other business that was necessary for the support of myself and family and submit my fortune and Interest to the fate of War and the Justice of my Country having, I believe with the general approbation of my fellow Citizens passed through the many vicissitudes incident to such a Command, I found myself at the close of the War divested\nof property and employment and left with the consolation only that I had faithfully discharged my duty and that the United States would again have occasion for my services, either in the Navy or such other way as would be usefull to the Public and myself.\nEnclosed are some Testimonials in my behalf and for further information I beg leave to refer Mr R. Izard, Mr R.H. Lee, Colo. Greyson, Mr Carrol of Carlton, Mr J. Henry, Mr Read, Mr Basset, Mr Robt Morris & Mr Egbert Benson. I am Sir with much respect your most Obedt Humbe Servt &ca\nJames Nicholson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0064", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Uzal Ogden, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ogden, Uzal\nSir,\nNew-York, July 6th 1789.\nYour letter of the 12th of June, which was duly received should have had an earlier acknowledgment and my best thanks have been rendered to you for your politeness in sending me the first number of a new periodical publication which accompanied it, had not my late indisposition prevented.\nI must now beg your acceptance of my thanks for this mark of attention, and assure you that it always gives me peculiar pleasure to afford every proper encouragement to useful publications; but as I have not been able (from the multiplicity of business which has crowded upon me since my recovery) to peruse the work which you sent me, I cannot, with propriety\ngive it that testimony of my approbation, which you desire, and which I daresay it deserves. I am Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRichmond July 6th 1789\nI do myself the honour to inclose you a letter from the County Lieutenant of Greenbriar County on the subject of Indian affairs. I have the honour &c.\nBeverley Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0066", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Brooks, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Brooks, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nMedford [Mass.] July 7th 1789.\nI have sustained a conflict in my own mind for some time past relative to the present address. At length, however, considerations of a private, tho\u2019 I would hope not of an unjustifiable, nature have gained the ascendancy, & I have determined to venture myself upon your candour.\nIt would be useless, as well as improper, for me to enter into a particular detail of events which have occurred to me since I took leave of the army. Suffer me however to observe that too great a confidence in the promises of the government, together with my having entered into the commercial line at so inauspicious a period as the close of the war, have proved to me fruitful sources of embarrassment & distress: From which, however, by the attention & assistance of my friends, & by having again resorted to the business of my profession, I am happily relieved. Having for two years past renounced the idea of civil life, as it respects the state government, (which, I flatter myself, has ever been at my own election) I have been, as I now am, devoted to the practice of medicine. But I am ready to confess that I do not feel myself so perfectly wedded to this line of life as to determine at all events to pursue it.\nThe federal government opens upon us a scene new & variegated, & presents objects to which the most virtuous, may, with propriety aspire. For my own part I must acknowledge that I do not possess such a degree of apathy as to wish to remain an unaffected spectator of the important drama now commencing. The enthusiasm of patriotism, of which the late war furnished so many instances, cannot be supposed to operate in the calm season of a settled government. Considerations of private interest will intermingle themselves with a concern for the public. It is for you alone, sir, to exhibit to an admiring world an instance of the splendid triumph of the sublime principles of patriotism over those of private interest & personal emolument. While\ntherefore I venture to make a tender of my services to you, sir, as the supreme magistrate of this nation, I do not profess myself to be governed solely by a regard to the public. Having a family, I feel it my first duty to endeavour to make them happy. But if, consistently with this view, I can be useful to the public, duty & inclination would conspire to call forth my best services. Mrs Brooks, gratefully recognizing the numerous instances of Mrs Washington\u2019s kind & condescending attention, unites with me in presenting to her most respectful & affectionate compliments. It only remains for me to express my most sincere & ardent wishes for your personal & relative happiness, & to assure you that with the highest veneration & attachment. I have the honour to be Sir, your most obedt & devoted servt\nJ. Brooks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Office July 7th 1789.\nThe Cherokees.\nThis Nation of Indians consisting of separate Towns or villages are seated principally on the head waters of the Tennessee which runs into the Ohio. Their hunting grounds extend from Cumberland River along the frontiers of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and part of Georgia.\nThe frequent Wars they have had with the frontier people of the said States have greatly diminished their numbers. The Commissioners estimated them in November 1785 at 2,000 Warriors; but they were estimated in 1787 by Colonel Joseph Martin who was well acquainted with them at 2650; but it is probable they may be lessened since by the depredations committed on them.\nThe United States concluded a Treaty with the Cherokees at Hopewell on the Keowee the 28th of November 1785, which is entered on the printed Journals of Congress April 17th 1786. \nThe negociations of the Commissioners on the part of the United States are hereunto annexed marked A.\nIt will appear by the papers marked B, that the State of North Carolina by their Agent protested against the said Treaty as infringing and violating the legislative rights of that State.\nBy a variety of evidence which has been submitted to the late Congress, it has been proved that the said Treaty has been entirely disregarded by the white people inhabiting the frontiers, styling themselves the State of Franklin.\nThe proceedings of Congress on the first of September 1788, and the Proclamation they then issued on this subject, will show their sense of the many unprovoked outrages committed against the Cherokees.\nThe information contained in the papers marked C, from Colonel Joseph Martin the late Agent to the Cherokees, and Richard Winn Esqr. will further evince the deplorable situation of the Cherokees, and the indispensible obligation of the United States to vindicate their faith, justice, and national dignity.\nThe letter of Mr Winn the late superintendant of the 1st of March informs, that a Treaty will be held with the Cherokees on the 3d Monday of May at the Upper War-ford on French Broad river.\nBut it is to be observed that the time for which both he and Colonel Joseph Martin, the Agent to the Cherokees and Chickasaws were elected, has expired, and therefore they are not authorized to act on the part of the Union. If the Commissioners appointed by North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia by virtue of the resolve of Congress of the 26th of October 1787 should attend the said Treaty their proceedings thereon may soon be expected.\nBut as part of the Cherokees have taken refuge within the limits of the Creeks, it is highly probable, they will be under the same direction and therefore as the fact of the violation of the Treaty cannot be disputed, and as the Commissioners have not power to replace the Cherokees within the limits established in 1785 it is not probable even if a treaty should be held as stated by Mr Winn that the result would be satisfactory.\nAll which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0069", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Office 7th day of July 1789.\nThe Chickasaws.\nThis Nation of Indians were estimated by the Commissioners in 1785 at 800 Warriors, other opinions make them amount to 1200.\nThe lines of their territory between the Cherokees and Choctaws do not appear precisely fixed. Their limits established by the Treaty hereafter mentioned are bounded on the North by the ridge which divides the waters running into the Cumberland, from those running into the Tennessee. The Mississippi on the West\u2014the Choctaws and the Creeks on the South, and the Cherokees on the East.\nThe United States formed a treaty with the Chickasaw Nation at Hopewell the 10th of January 1786, which was entered on the Journals of Congress, April 17th 1786.\nBy this treaty they acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the United States, and of no other Sovereign whosoever. A tract of land is reserved for a trading post to the use and under the government of the United States of a circle of five miles diameter, at the lower post of the Muscle Shoals at the mouth or junction of the Ocochappo with the Tennessee. The land transportation from the head of the Ocochappo, to the head of the most northerly part of the Mobile river is said not to exceed thirty five miles.\nThe distance of this Nation from the frontier settlements being so great is the principal reason that no complaints have been made of the encroachments of the Whites.\nIn the year 1787 they sent one of the Warriors of their nation to Congress to represent the distressed situation of the Cherokees, and that unless the encroachments of the Whites were restrained they should be obliged to join the Cherokees; and also to enforce the establishment of trade agreeably to the Treaty.\nThe Choctaws.\nThis nation of Indians were estimated by the Commissioners of the United States at 6000 Warriors\u2014other opinions state them at 4,500 or 5000.\nTheir principal towns or villages are on the head waters of the Passagoula and Pearl rivers. They are mostly to the northward of the 31st degree of latitude, but some of them are to the Southward of it within the territory of Spain.\nBoth the Chickasaws and Choctaws are represented as candid, generous, brave, and honest, and understanding each other\u2019s language.\nThe Commissioners of the United States, concluded a treaty with the Choctaws at Hopewell, on the 3d of January 1786, and the same is entered on the Journals of Congress the 16th of April 1786.\nBy this treaty the Choctaws acknowledged themselves to be under the protection of the United States and of no other Sovereign whosoever. And three tracts or parcels of land, each of six miles square for the establishment of trading posts, are reserved to the use of the government of the United States at such places as they shall think proper.\nThe distance of the Choctaws has also prevented hitherto,\nthose encroachments which have been complained of by the Cherokees.\nIn the year 1787 they sent Tobocah, one of their great medal Chiefs to Congress, principally in order to solicit the establishment of trade.\nAll of which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0072", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Michael Hodge, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Hodge, Michael\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewburyport [Mass.] 8th July 1789.\nhaving been informed that your Excellency was making arrangements for the appointment of the officers in the revenue department, and being desirous to fill one of them, I would beg your Excellencys patience, while I state a few facts, That in an early period of the revolution I was chosen the naval officer for this port, and was continued in that office for more than seven years, and during that period no complaint of any kind was made against me, But the present occupant Mr Titcomb, being desirous of the office, and at the same time being a representative got himself chosen, he continued but two years, and I was again placed in the office, but was deprived of it in the same manner, by his procuring a seat in the General Court, and then vacating it on his Choice\u2014an office on such a tenure did not appear to me worth contending for, but under the new Government, it would sir give me great satisfaction to be appointed to that office or to that of a collector, my character is known by some Gentlemen in Congress, and if upon enquiry, your Excellency\nshould be pleased to honour me with your approbation\u2014Be assured Sir that every endeavour of mine will be exerted to conduct myself in office with propriety faithfulness and integrity. I am your Excellencys most Obedient, and dutiful Humbe servant\nMichael Hodge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0073", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Langdon, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Langdon, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nHamptonfalls, in the State of New-Hampshire, \nWhile you fill the highest Seat in the united States, & are fatigued with the honorary addresses of grateful multitudes, & the business & correspondence now multiplied from every quarter, I am ready to charge myself with an unwelcome intrusion in putting into your hands a Sermon preached a Year ago. My excuse is, that it was composed & published when our american affairs were at a remarkable Crisis, & was designed not only as a seasonable admonition to the inhabitants of this State, but to all the Citizens of the united States as far as the publication might reach; & I am persuaded the principal Sentiments will meet your approbation.\nI realize with pleasing astonishment & religious gratitude that the american States have been favored with such signal interpositions of Providence as fall little short of real miracles, & that the King of Heaven hath given them a great Charter of Liberty. But I view what God hath done, not as if he had a partial regard for us, Who, like Israel, have shewed ourselves an unworthy people, by growing more regardless of his gospel in the enjoyment of the multitude of his mercies; but as tending to bring forward some grand revolutions in the civil & ecclesiastical polity of the nations, agreable to the Prophecies of the new Testament, which now approach to their fulfilment.\nYour name claimd a place in my Sermon; it is introduced among the instances of divine favor; but I avoided all additional encomiums, that there might be no appearance of adulation, because the glory was to be given to God, not to man. But I will\nnow take the liberty in this private way to express the grateful & respectful sentiments of my heart. As soon as I was honored with an acquaintance with you at Cambridge, upon your arrival at my house with your Suite, I was ready to look up to heaven, & say, \u201cBlessed be God; who hath given us a General who will not rashly throw away the lives of his Soldiers, or hazard the fate of his Country unnecessarily upon a single Battle, but will proceed with all wisdom & caution\u201d! I plainly saw, even the very first day, that General Lee was disappointed, & affected to turn the eyes of the army upon himself. But how happy was it for the country, that a man void of all principles, both religious & moral, notwithstanding all his military accomplishments, was not entrusted with the chief command.\nWhen you removed from my house, your goodness allowed me to be conversant in your family as a domestic for some months, before the College was removed to Concord; & I can never forget the high satisfaction I then enjoyed, in observing your religious as well as military character. You have from the beginning directed your eye to the great Lord of the Universe, implored his help, acted as his servant, & found him present to support you under, & carry you through the most pressing & discouraging difficulties. He has made good his word in your great Success & universal fame, \u201cThem that honour me I will honour.\u201d Your Country loves you, & has confer\u2019d the greatest honors it can bestow. The nations of Europe admire the man who defended America against the formidable forces of a nation that had made the World tremble, & yet kept his character free from all imputations of covetousness, Ambition, & despotic views, & annexed to the glory of a great General the whole assemblage of public & private virtues. But all good men love & honour you most of all, because you so constantly ascribe the glory of the great Events in America to him that rules over the kingdoms of the world, & orders all things for the accomplishment of his wise & holy purposes.\nI doubt not your retirement from the fatigues & dangers of the War, & the noise & parade of the world to your own beloved Seat was most agreable to your wishes, for I taste some degree of the same pleasure in the little Parish where I have retired in my advancing Age from my former public station. But you have once more made a sacrifice of your own ease & domestic\nhappiness in compliance with the united call of your Country to direct & settle it\u2019s government, as you have fought it\u2019s battles. May God still grant you his presence & blessing, prolong your Life, confirm your health, & enable you to manage the important business of government with wisdom, fidelity, & increasing reputation.\nYou have taken every opportunity, in your public addresses, to pay your acknowledgements to the supreme Lord of heaven & earth for the great things he hath done for us; be not discouraged by the prevailing infidelity of the present degenerate times from continuing to give glory to the most High. As your conversation and Example may have great influence in your high Station, let all men know that you are not ashamed to be a disciple of the Lord Jesus Christ, & are seeking the honors of that kingdom which he has prepared for his faithful Servants. This will complete the satisfaction of your mind, to have the sure hope that when this World & all it\u2019s glory disappears, you shall receive an heavenly inheritance, & the crown of eternal Life.\nWill you, Sr, condescend to accept this Letter as an unaffected testimony not only of the most honorable esteem, but likewise of the characteristic christian Love of your most obedient Servant\nSamuel Langdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0076", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Noble Cumming, 9 July 1789\nFrom: Cumming, John Noble\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nNew Ark, New Jersey July 9th 1789\nBeing persuaded by my Friends and many of the Citizens of this State, to offer myself as a Candidate for the Marshals Office of the District of New Jersey the establishment of which seems to be in Contemplation by the Judiciary Bill now before the Honourable the Congress of the United States.\nI take the liberty of addressing you Sir on this Occasion. Having spent my Youth after leaving College, in the Service of my Country, I have been prevented from pursuing my first Design of entering into an important Profession in Life, and therefore am under a necessity of seeking more uncertain means, of supporting a rising Family.\nThe Representatives and Senators from New Jersey, are well acquainted with my Character & Conduct in private Life and my Abilities to fill that Office. If I should be so happy as to\nmeet with your Approbation I can with certainty engage for the utmost Integrity in & application to the Duty of the office. I have the Honor to be Your most Obdt Servt\nJ.N. Cumming", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0077", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Constant Freeman, 9 July 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Freeman, Constant Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Constant Freeman, 9 July 1789. On 24 Sept. GW wrote to Freeman: \u201cYour letter of the 9th of July has been received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0078", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Sturgis Gorham, 9 July 1789\nFrom: Gorham, Sturgis\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston July 9th 1789\nExalted to rule over an extensive People, and to put in motion numerous executive Instruments in parts of your Government which are not minutely known to you, the Citizens of such can never expect to be employed in any Branch of Office but as they come forward to present Themselves or are made known by Informations of those to whom you must unavoidably in some Cases apply for Light.\nBy my hereditary Situation in Barnstable, my Education my mercantile & marine Experience my Time of Life and desire to\nbe more stationary than in former Days, I am induced to invite your Notice and promote your Enquiries respecting me when you are about to appoint a Collector for the Port of Barnstable. The Vice President, our Senators, in some degree, The Representatives of our District, in a much greater, and the respectable Bearer of this my Address, are capable of speaking of my Character & Responsibility upon your condesending so far to notice my Desires as to proceed to Enquiry. I am With the highest Devotion Your Humble Servant\nSturgis Gorham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0079-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mathew Irwin, 9 July 1789\nFrom: Irwin, Mathew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada 9th July 1789\nKnowing the multiplicity of important matters which claim your Excellency\u2019s attention, I should not presume to intrude upon your time with any thing relative to my private affairs\u2014The purport of the inclosed, will (I hope) plead my excuse for troubleing you herewith\u2014Capn Obrien having fully described his situation, makes it unnecessary for me to say much, I shall only add, that your Excellency may be assured he is a Man of the strictest veracity and honor, and in the worst of times was a staunch Friend to his Country, in the year 1780 he was first Leiutenant of the Ship Congress (of which Vessell I was a principal owner) when she Captured the Savage Sloop of War after a very obstinate engagement, in which the Congress lost 33 men, and I have reason to beleive that the owners were indebted to the Intrepidity and good conduct of Obrien for takeing the British Ship, which Vessell was Maned with 120 Britons.\nBy the Capture of the Ship Dauphin, by the Algerines, (of which Vessell and Cargoe I owned \u215ath and my Brother \u2159th) I lost as much of my Fortune as the British Cruizers in the last 18 Months of the War could not deprive me of, however I have my Liberty, but poor Obrien & his Crew are Slaves.\nhowever desirous I am of the redemption of those men, I shall not take the liberty of urgeing your Excellency thereon, your humanity and goodness of heart being too well known to me to think that necessary. I will only take the liberty of suggesting, that if Congress can not at present redeem those unfortunate people, I am of opinion a suffitient sum might be raised by subscription, if a Paper was forwarded to each Sea Port, accompanied with a recommendation from your Excellency, or The Honorable The Congress\u2014I sincerely congratulate your Excellency on your recovery from your late indisposition, that you may enjoy long Life and happiness is the ardent wish of Sir Your Excellencys Most Obdt humble Servt\nMathw Irwin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0081", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ebenezer Sproat, 9 July 1789\nFrom: Sproat, Ebenezer\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 9th July 1789\nI wish to Obtain the appointment of Receiver of the Land office of the Western Teritory I have been honourd by an appointment formaly under Mr Hutchins late Geographer to the United states in that Country. and am on my way with my Family,\nto Muskingum where I expect to Take up my Residence Should Your Excellency think me Worthy of the appointment of Receiver and Confer it on me it will be Greatfully acknoledged. I am with sentiments of The Highest Respect & Esteem Your Excellencies Most Obt Humble servant\nEbr Sproat", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0083", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Hartley, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Hartley, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please the President \nSirNew York the 10th [July] 1789 \nSensible of the Trouble you must have had for some weeks past in the Numerous Applications for offices\u2014and distressed for your late Indisposition I did not think proper to write to you concerning two Men until this Time.\nCapt. George Bush of Willmington\u2014formerly an officer in my Regiment\u2014Brother of Majr Lewis Bush killed at Brandiwine\u2014whom I can recommend as a Man of worth\u2014applies for the Collector ship of Wilmington\u2014He is well-acquainted\nwith Business and Accounts & seems in every respect well qualified for the office.\nI also beg Leave to mention Mr Martin Eichelberger of Baltimore as a fit and proper Person for the office of Surveyor of that Port and tho\u2019 I do not live in Baltimore\u2014yet from my Knowledge of Mr Eichelberger and the Inhabitants of that Town I am convinced the Appointment would be very acceptable in general.\nI need not repeat that I would be sorry to give you Trouble\u2014but as I have understood that you wished to be informed as fully as possible of the Characters and Qualifications of the different Gentlemen who apply for offices I have used the Freedom to write the above Lines\u2014And am with the Greatest Respect Your Most Obedt humble Servt\nThos Hartley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0084", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Marshall, 10 July 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Marshall, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Marshall, 10 July 1789. The dealer\u2019s catalog describes this document as \u201ca receipt given to George Washington for 140 fruit trees which he had sold to the General July 10, 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCharleston So. Carolina July 10th 1789\nCaptain Tate who will do me the Honor of delivering this, was an Officer in the late Continental Army in the line of Artillery of this State in which he served during the whole of the War with honor to himself & Credit to the United States: His Military ardor has lead him on to a further improvement in the Art of War; he therefore means to proceed to join the Armies\nof the Turkish Empire, and waits upon your Excellency for any commands which you may have in that part of the World. Captain Tate holds himself bound to return to America on the earliest Notice of her being at War with any Power. I must beg your Excellency\u2019s pardon for intruding on \u27e8you\u27e9 at a time when you are so much engaged in forming a New System of Government. I have the Honor to be, Dear Sir, with the greatest regard & esteem your Excellency\u2019s most obedt & very humble Servant\nWillm Moultrielate Majr General in the American Army\nCapt. Tate\u2019s Excursion is not entirely Military but with a view to such discoveries as may tend to open the Commerce of the Mediterranean to the United States, & which he means to communicate from time to time: could your Excellency spare him a few Moments conversation he will communicate his Ideas to you, & if you condescend to give him a letter to some of the French Officers who served in America, it may be the means of facilitating his plan.\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lewis Pintard, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Pintard, Lewis\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 10th 1789\nThe embarrassed State of Trade & the reduction of my Finances from various Causes, some of them of a public Nature, have led me to decline all mercantile Business, since which I have been persuaded by my Friends to offer myself a Candidate for the Naval Office for the Port of New York. a Life almost spent in the laborious Employment of Trade to all Parts of the World with unsullied reputation added to the assurance of Integrity & industry which I can with confidence make, are the\nonly recommendations that I would wish to urge in my behalf\u2014If in your Opinion Sir my appointment could advance the public Interest and be consistant with Your general plans of Government I shall with gratitude & thankfulness acknowledge the favour. I have the honor to be with the most respectful attention Sir Your most obedient Humble Servant\nLewis Pintard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0088", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Smith, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Smith, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore July 10th 1789\nI am informed there will be a Gauger of all Spiritous Liquors & Melasses Appointed in Each State. as I am acquainted with this Bussiness and was the first Appointed, by the Assembly of this State, to execute it, Shall be thankfull for the office at this time\u2014If an appointment has taken place before this goes to you, and the Surveyor of this port Should be Vacant, Shall be Verry Thankfull to Accept it.\nAs to my Charecter, in private, or Publick Capacity, must beg your Excellence to enquire of William Smith Esquire, or Mr Robert Purviance, who have known me in booth, for Twenty five years past. If your Excellence (on enquire,) thinks me worthy of either of these offices, hope one of them will be given me. I am your Excellence\u2019s mo. obediant Huble Servant\nNathl Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0089", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Officials of Washington College, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Officials of Washington College\nGentlemen,\n[New York, 11 July 1789]\nYour very affectionate address and the honorary testimony of your regard which accompanied it call forth my grateful acknowledgements. A recollection of past events and the happy termination of our glorious struggle for the establishment of the rights of man cannot fail to inspire every feeling heart with veneration and gratitude towards the great Ruler of events, who has so manifestly interposed in our behalf.\nAmong the numerous blessings which are attendant on Peace\u2014and as One whose consequences are of the most important and extensive kind, may be reckoned the prosperity of Colleges and Seminaries of learning.\nAs in civilized Societies the welfare of the State and happiness of the People are advanced or retarded in proportion as the morals and good education of the youth are attended to, I cannot forbear, on this occasion, to express the satisfaction which I feel in seeing the encrease of our Seminaries of Learning through this extensive country\u2014And the general wish which seems to prevail for establishing and maintaining these valuable institutions.\nIt affords me peculiar pleasure to know that the seat of learning under your direction hath attained to such proficiency in\nthe sciences since the peace\u2014and I sincerely pray the great Author of the Universe may smile upon the Institution and make it an extensive blessing to this country.\nG. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0090", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Pemberton, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Pemberton, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nNo. 100\u2014Fleet Street\u2014London \nMay it please Your Excellency11th July 1789   \nI beg leave to acknowledge tho late, the Honour of Your Excellencys Letter, of so distant a date as June 88, which came to my hands in Feby last: so that I must confess I have been much wanting to myself for not taking an earlier Opportunity to return Your Excellency my best thanks for the favour which Your Excellency was pleasd to confer upon me, and for the politeness You express\u2019d towards me in return for the letter which I address\u2019d to Your Excellency, with a short Copy of Verses annexed\u2014I must say they were not worthy Your Perusal, and the\nkind reception, they met with\u2014this I must own was very flattering to the Author; no less than Your Excellencys communicative manner on some interesting, and important subjects, which You was pleasd to touch upon in Your letter to me. That I have receivd so great a Mark of Favour from so great a Character, will cause me much to Value myself upon it.\nMy delay in writing to Your Excellency, however remiss it may appear, furnishes me with the opportunity, which with much pleasure I lay hold of, to Congratulate Your Excellency upon having crown\u2019d Your Labours with Success\u2014I cannot Contemplate but with the highest Complacency, Your Elevation to the Dignity of being the first Citizen in the World. A choice so unanimous from so many flourishing States, great and powerful cannot fail to place Your Excellency in a point of View the most exaulted, which a generous mind can aspire to\u2014It is not to be wonder\u2019d that a People so Benefited should turn their Eyes towards their great Benefactor, with an earnest desire, that He should long continue their Protector, and Guide. My Wish, and my Prayer is that in this high, and eminent Station Your days may be many in Prosperity, and Peace.\nWas I equal to the Task, I would again endeavour to raise the Voice of the Muse in celebration of Your Triumphs. for the present at least that work, I must relinquish for some abler hand\u2014but will request leave herewith to subjoin in a few Verses a slender Encomium upon the tuneful Art, and its powers to render Immortal those who have distinguish\u2019d themselves in the defence of their Country. All the Works of manual Art have been Subject to decay\u2014most of them sooner or later have Moulderd away without scarce a Vestige of their having been. Therefore is it, that we hold in such Estimation, that which can defy the Ravages of time and transmit to Posterity the Names of Illustrious Statesmen and Heroes.\nIf Two Hundred Thousand Romans rose up, as is related on the Entrance of their great and favoured Poet \u27e8of\u27e9 the Public Theatre\u2014there need be no greater Testimony to the Merit of that Excellence which in all Ages has met with the Countenance, and Protection of the Great.\nI am confident, that whatever is praise worthy will in a just proportion, and a due degree be Cherish\u2019d by Your Excellency; and that You will rejoice to see the Arts, and Sciences together\nwith ornamental Litterature Flourish in the Rising States\u2014no less than the Knowledge of Polity, and Arms. I have the Honour to be Your Excellencys Most Obedient and most Devoted Servant\nEdwd Pemberton\nP.S. as Your Excellencys Engagements, are so many and so great, I would not infringe upon Your time\u2014tho the favour may be a Singular One to see Your Signature[.] Yet\u2014I shall esteem it a Sufficient Honour if Your Secretary will acknowledge any Letter from me who have enough upon Yr hands in so important a Trust as is Rested in the President, or Dictator of the United States\u2014of America\u2014I have taken the Liberty to send a Duplicate to Yr Excellency.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0091", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General,\nCharleston [S.C.] July 11. 1789\nCapn Tate who served with great reputation in the Continental Regiment of Artillery attached to the line of this State, does not find his Military ardour abated either by the seven years war or the seven years of peace which have succeeded the War; but he is still anxious to enlarge his fund of military experience by serving in the armies of the Porte\u2014Altho\u2019 he could have sailed to France in his way to Turkey immediately from this State, he thought it would be improper to leave the Continent with a view of entering into a foreign Service without requesting your permission so to do, & receiving any commands you may think proper to give him. I knew him well during the whole time of his being in the army & can vouch for his bravery, intelligence & honour.\nIt was an idea of old Mr Lynch with whom you served in Congress in the Year 1774 that the Interest of this State would be much promoted if we could send our Rice to Turkey. Some\nCargoes were sent there with profit, notwithstanding the enormous premium paid to the English Turkey Company for liberty to trade there\u2014Dr Turnbull of this City resided there for a number of years & speaks very highly of the advantages that would accrue to us from such a trade; as all the Turks eat Rice, and the continual commotions in Egypt render the supply from thence very precarious. I should apprehend the Eastern States would also be glad of such a Markett for their oil & fish, & all the States for their lumber & various other Articles\u2014and as the Turks are not a very commercial people, such a trade would greatly encrease our shipping. Capn Tate does not seek any office or place, but I apprehend that while he is pursuing his military plans, the information he may transmitt to America relative to the situation of Turkey & the practicability of having a commerce with that Country notwithstanding the Algerines may be very useful, if you will permit him to write on those Subjects\u2014With every sentiment of gratitude & esteem\u2014I remain Your most obliged & obedt hble Sert\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0092", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Smedley, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Smedley, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 11th 1789\nI beg leave to Request you will be pleas\u2019d to Nominate me to the senate & with them Appoint me to the Office of Collector at the Port of Fairfield\u2014I trust sir the Testimonials I have the Honor to present you will shew that the Interest of the Nation may be well served by such Appointment and that it will be Agreable to the People in General as well as Afford some Means of support to one who has Faithfully served his Country while passing thro\u2019 the distressing Scenes of War and on Account of many Unfortunate Circumstances Concurring Received but little Compensation for All those services and who has sufferd the Loss of the greater part of his Paternal Inheritance by the Ravages of A Cruel Enemy. I am sir A Native of the Town Where the Office is established and am Acquainted with All the shore Creeks and Harbours, have been Concern\u2019d in Navigation both as an Owner And Master of A Vessel and trust my experience in that line of Life will be of Special service in the Discharge of the duties of the Office. If sir Any further Evidence relative to my Character should be Necessary I beg leave to refer you to the senators and Representatives from Connecticut who I presume are All Acquainted with my General Character and some of them Perticulerly Acquainted with me. I have the Honor to be sir with greate Respect & Esteem your most Obet Humbe servt\nSaml Smedley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0093", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Mennis, 12 July 1789\nFrom: Mennis, Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nHond Sir\nYork Virginia July 12 1789.\nIt is with utmost pleasure I congratulate you on being called to the important station & most sincerely congratulate on the recovery of your Health. I am sorry it is not in my power to express myself to you on this occasion as I coud wish for want of an education but be assured my most sincere wishes will ever attend you & your family.\nI have a claim against the United state[s] as Captain in the Continental army from the death of Colo. Richd Parker of the first Virginia Regiment till the expiration of the War. I have received the Commutation by the hands of Ed. Carrington esqr. I have address\u2019d several Members of Congress, & when\nyou have any leisure & can render this service it will be ever acknowledged I have a Wife & three small Infants & this will be of infinite service.\nI conclude with wishing you & your Lady every Happiness this World can afford & in the next everlasting bliss. I am Yr most devoted & very humble servt\nFrancis Mennis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0095", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew Jersey July 13th 1789\nI should never have presumed to address a letter to your Excellency and least of all an anonymous one, were it not for the delicate and responsible situation in which your power of nominating and appointing to office places you and likewise for the necessity consequent thereupon of your being acquainted with the character and abilities of various candidates. A Collector we are told is shortly to be appointed to each of three districts in this state. The general satisfaction which Mr Elmer of the Cumberland or Western district and Mr John Ross of the middle or Burlington district, have given both to the people at large and to the Legislature & the upright character of both will in all probability be a powerful and sufficient inducement with your\nExcellency to continue them\u2014In the Eastern district there seems to have been less permancy & less satisfaction. Mr Jona: Deare held the Office several years untill the Legislature about twelve months since refusing to reappoint him, put in his place Mr Vickars of New Brunswick, Application was made to the Legislature by Captn Patrick Dennis at their last and preceding sitting for the appointment which was refused to him nor has he ever been a naval officer in the State, altho\u2019 I am told he calls himself one & even his certificates of recommendation speak of him in that character. Knowing as I do with certainty that he not only does not now hold, but has never held & was refused that office under the State & that in consequence of being employed to act as Assistant he has imposed himself upon many Gentlemen within the state as the principal, I thought it my duty to State this matter in its true light to your Excellency, The three gentlemen just mentioned together with Mr John Halsted, Mr Dayton & Doctr Beaty are, I hear, candidates for the appointment in the Eastern or Amboy district. Mr Deare is too infirm and too inactive to discharge it well\u2014Mr Vickars & Mr Dayton are engaged in trade the one in New Brunswick the other in Elizabeth, & so well situated that I am assured neither of them would consent to leave their business and their towns and settle at Amboy with such slender prospects of profit as the Collection of duties in the district holds out\u2014Captn Dennis\u2019s situation & circumstances render him a very unfit person. On the brink of insolvency as he has been for a long time, he has not dared untill very lately to go to New York thro\u2019 fear of prosecution\u2014He now stands under the licence and indulgence of his Creditors some of whom are Merchants in New York\u2014His continual obligations to, and consequent fear of, that description of men whom it would be chiefly his business, as Naval Officer or Collector to watch, check & detect in their attempts to defraud the revenue by means of a port so neighbouring and convenient to New York lead me to beleive him not well qualified for the task[.] He speaks largely of his services in the war. I was a witness to part of his Conduct & did not view it as servicable but injurious\u2014Colo: Wadsworth was in the staff department at the time & will I dare say remember more than I can on this head, if consulted. Doctr Beaty is a man without doubt capable of performing the duties of the office as well as any that\ncan be mentioned & his removal to amboy would probably be no Injury in the line of his profession\u2014Mr Halsted is I conceive equally well qualified\u2014He lives at Amboy has a large family and is a man whose sufferings in favor of the late revolution have been equalled by very few, nay they are continuing to exercise him still, for his property in Canada (which in consequence of the decided part he took in our favor, he was obliged to abandon) is with held from him to this day by the British Government\u2014So unimpeachable and remarkable is his character for Integrity, that I beleive it has never been questioned or even suspected by any who know him.\nYour Excellency will be pleased to pardon the liberty which one unknown has taken on this occasion\u2014Neither of the Candidates will ever know from the writer what is here written\u2014An amnity for the proper administration of the Government and the revenue, not personal attachments have moved him to this measure\u2014An anonymous paper deserves no Credit from the writer and can therefore only have weight as the remarks stated therein, appear to have their foundation in fact. He wishes them to have no more, but will be fully gratified, if they lead to enquiry, and as the result thereof, to truth. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt hum. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0097", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Skerrett, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Skerrett, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 13th 1789\nHaveing served my Country in the hour of distress, and done my duty with reputation, I beg leave to Offer myself a Candidate, for any of those Appointments, which your Excellency may please to Confer.\nAs an Aid to Genl Clinton, and haveing served as an Officer in the Maryland Artillery, I conceive I am not altogether unknown to your Excellency, and hope the above Circumstances may have weight in the decision of Appointments.\nThe Honble Mesrs Carroll\u2019s of Senate, & house of Representatives from Maryland and Collo. Grayson of Virginia, I have the honour to Offer as vouchers for my capacity & Integrity to discharge with reputation any Appointment, which I may be favor\u2019d with\u2014I beg leave to offer my sincere wishes for the prosperity & happiness of your Government, and to subscribe myself\u2014Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt and very Hble Servant\nClement Skerrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0098", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Whipple, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPortsmouth New Hampshire 13th July 1789\nWith great respect I beg permission to address your Excellency and to Congratulate you on your election to the Chair of Government. The happy event of your accepting the appointment diffuses the utmost Satisfaction to every Friend of his Country.\nWithout the foundation of any claim to the freedom of writing to you from being known to your Excellency, I take the liberty to inform you that I am now in the Office of Collector of Impost Duties for the State of New Hampshire which I have held Several Years & having given attention to the duties of this office I am desirous of continuing in it under the federal Government, wishing for the Satisfaction of contributing my part of assistance in the Support of a Government so greatly promoted by your Excellency & which presages to our Country Peace and Happiness. I have the Honour to be with the most profound respect Sir Your Excellencys Most Obedient and Most Hume Servt\nJoseph Whipple", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0099", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Deare, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Deare, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nNew Brunswick [N.J.] July 14th 1789\nMay it please your Excellency.\nIt having been suggested that doubts had arisen respecting the propriety of appointing a person to the Office of Collector for this State whose residence is not in Amboy, where the Office will probably be established, I take the liberty to inform your Excellency that if I am honored with the appointment and find it necessary I intend to remove to that place.\nI have the honour to be with profound respect and attachment Your Excellencys Most Obdt Hble Sert\nJona. Deare", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0100", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Harris, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Harris, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nMarblehead [Mass.] July 14 1789\nMay it please your Excellency Being informed that the Officers of the Customs will be soon appointed, I am in Duty bound to inform your Excellency that I now hold the Office of Collector & have for several Years held it under this Commonwealth\u2014the County of Essex is divided into two Districts the Northern and Southern and the latter for which I am Collector contains the following Seaports vizt Lynn, Marblehead, Salem, Danvers, Beverly, Manchester & Gloucester & I flatter myself that this honorable Testimony \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 State in appointing me to the Office, and the Information which Several of the Gentlemen from this State in Congress can give you respecting my Character will [be] sufficient to secure my reelection. Sir the Consideration which I shall mention would have no weight if I was unqualified for the Office, but otherwise it must have a due Effect on a mind always alive to the Feelings of humanity. I have now in my family a Wife & Nine Children from fifteen Months to fifteen Years old, depending altogether on my Earnings in this Office, and should I be supplanted by the Craft or Subtitty of any other applicant your Excellency can better conceive than I can describe the misfortunes that will ensue to them, I shall however cheerfully submit my Case to your Excellencies Wisdom & Justice, and, am sir with \u27e8perfect\u27e9 Respect & veneration, Your Excellencys most Obt & most hble Sert\nRichard Harris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0102", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir,\nNew York July 14th 1789\nI find myself incompetent to form any decided opinion upon the paper I received from you the other day without having a view of the transactions which have been had with the Spanish Minister.\nI wish also to know whether, if the negociations are renewed, it can be made to appear from anything that that Gentln has said, as the result of an advance towards it from him, in his official character? Unless this is the case, and prima facia the reverse, will it not convey to him & his Court an idea that a change of sentiment has taken place in the governing powers of\nthis Country? Will it be expedient & proper (at this moment) for the President to encourage such an idea?\u2014at any rate without previously advising with the Senate? With very sincere esteem & regard I am Dr Sir, Yr Affectionate\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0103", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Page, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 14th 1789\nAs the Time is now almost arrived when you will proceed to appoint the Officers of Government, I can no longer refrain from mentioning such Persons to you as have requested me to do so on this Occasion. That I might not be troublesome I have contented myself with stating with their Names the Offices they wished for & the Person recommending them. I have taken the Liberty of inclosing a few Letters as explanatory of some of their Claims to Appointm\u27e8ent\u27e9 but \u27e8p\u27e9resume not to trouble you with any Recommendations of my own\u2014I have the Honor to be your most obedient humble Servant\nJohn Page", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0104", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stake, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Stake, John\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Memorial of John Stake of the City of New York\nMost respectfully ShewethJuly 14th 1789 \nThat your Memorialist being actuated by Motives of Patriotism for the Liberty\u2019s of his Country; entred at an early period during the late War into her Service, in which he continued untill the Gracious Governor of the Universe crown\u2019d the Contest with Fame and Independence.\nImpell\u2019d by similar Motives which led your Memorialist to the Field at the risque of his Life and from the Bosom of his affectionate Parents, who for their Political Principles for Freedom experienced a total loss of Property from a Cruel and Relentless Britis[h] Army and their adherents by which your Memorialist is deprived of the Prospects and means that flaterr\u2019d him in his early years and obliges him to have recourse to a Character whose virtues are unparall\u2019d in History He forbears mentioning his Services and present Situation and apply\u2019s in Silence to the Benevolence of your Excellency\u2019s breast.\nIn the various offices to be establish\u2019d under the new Government and particular the Customs your Memorialist should be deem\u2019d meritted too, your Excellency may be assured of the utmost Integrity in its Discharge And your Memorialist as in duty bound &c.\nJno. Stake", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0105", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nAbingdon 14th July\u20141789\nBeing just returned from a journey to the lower parts of the State, I am much distressed, to find your indisposition has been\nmuch more severe than appeared from the Public papers\u2014I hope I may now congratulate you on your perfect recovery.\nTho\u2019 you were pleased at your departure, to desire to hear from me occasionally, yet knowing how much you are oppressed in this way, it was not my intention to increase your list of Correspondents, unless business required it; or, I had some information of the Public opinion respecting the operations of the government to communicate, which, if not usefull, or important, might be satisfactory\u2014Both these motives concur in dictating the present address\u2014Nothing could equal the ferment and disquietude, occasioned by the proposition respecting titles\u2014As it is believed to have originated from Mr Adams & Lee, they are not only unpopular to an extreme, but highly odious\u2014Neither I am convinced, will ever get a vote from this State again. As I consider it very unfortunate for the Government, that a person in the second office should be so unpopular, I have been much concerned at the clamor and abuse against him\u2014Perhaps I feel it more sensibly, from being reminded of my insignificant exertions for him, as an Elector\u2014The Opponents to the government affect to smile at it, and consider it as a verification of their prophecies about the tendency of the government. Mr Henry\u2019s description of it, that it squinted towards monarchy, is in every mouth, and has established him in the general opinion, as a true Prophet\u2014It has given me much pleasure to hear every part of your conduct spoke of, with high approbation, and particularly your dispensing with ceremony occasionally, and walking the streets; while Adams is never seen but in his carryage & six\u2014As trivial as this may appear, it appears to be more captivating to the generality, than matters of more importance\u2014Indeed, I believe the great herd of mankind, form their judegments of characters, more from such slight occurrences, than those of greater magnitude; and perhaps they are right, as the heart is more immediately consulted with respect to the former, than the latter, and an error of judgement, is more easily pardoned, than one of the heart\u2014I find the Senate in general, to be unpopular, and much censured for keeping their doors shut\u2014Nor do they appear more fortunate for their disagreement with the lower House, on the subject of a discrimination\u2014I can only say that I think,\nfrom what I have been able to learn, it would be a measure highly gratefull to every part of the State, but with the British Merchants\u2014But it may possibly be founded more in prejudice & resentment, than sound policy; and if experience should prove it so, know it would be readily forgot, that it was a measure of their own and censure in abundance would follow\u2014But without it, it is asked, what inducement can the British Court have to enter into any treaty at all with America, when her commerce is as much favored without one, as that of any nation which has a treaty?\nIn passing through Yorck to the Eastern Shore, I was much concerned to unde[r]stand, that the family of so virtuous and Patriotic a man, as Genl Nelson was left in so destitute a condition. His numerous Creditors had just presented their claims, which it seems amount to the enormous sum of 35000\u00a3\u2014At the low rates at which property sells, it is thought little will be left for his family, after the debts are paid\u2014As I know you are better acquainted with the Father\u2019s virtues, than myself, I hope, you will think these a sufficient justification for my mentioning his son Thomas to you for some office. He has been well educated, and bred to the law, and been two or three years attending as a practitioner at the Genl Court\u2014From the number of old Competitors there, his profits from his profession are but small and insufficient\u2014I expect, that some place in your family would be agreeable\u2014If you have no occasion for more, I should suppose that the office of Clerk to the Secretary of foreign affairs would be one, to which he is well fitted from his profession\u2014It is a piece of justice due to the family, that I should observe, that I have mentioned the subject, without any application or suggestion on their part; prompted alone by my feelings for the distress of the family and my high respect for the virtues of the Father\u2014Mr Page will be able to give you more information respecting the qualifications of the young man than I am, if you should think the reasons I have given deserve any attention. I must now confess my awkardness on this subject, and appeal to the motives which influenced me, for venturing to harrass you on a subject, on which, I know you were tired out, months before you left home.\nMr Claiborne informed me sometime ago, by Mr Basset, and\nlately himself, that he concieved he had a right to the land in King William purchased by Mr Custis\u2019s Father, from his Uncle, and containing about twenty five hundred acres. He concieves the lands to have been entailed, and wishes to know, if you have any information respecting it\u2019s being docked\u2014I can discover no instrument of that sort among the papers\u2014In the deed of conveyance to Mr Custis, I observe that it was sold by a decree in Chancery of the Court of King-William, to pay Mr Claybornes debts. This is a very encouraging circumstance to me, as I cannot suppose the Court would have taken such a step, without the best opinions, that it was not entailed. I likewise find, that Mr Powers an able lawyer of that time, as an Executor, joins in the conveyance, as also Philip W: Claiborne Father of the present claimant\u2014I can hardly think the former would have made himself liable and the latter conveyed away his right, without the fullest conviction of their being some defect in the entail\u2014I have informed Mr Claiborne of these circumstances, but he does not appear to think them of any weight\u2014He tells me, the lawyers he has consulted, think it a good entail\u2014I have consulted no one yet but Coll Innes, who is of the same opinion with Mr Powers\u2014Tho\u2019 it is not probable, you have any information, which the papers do not furnish, yet, I could wish to know it certainly\u2014I am told by Mr Moor, that Claiborne\u2019s Father used to talk much of his right, and of suing for it\u2014You may have heard of this, and the reasons which prevented him.\nI shall have little to do the remainder of the year but attend the different Courts\u2014The weighty suit in chancery with Robert Alexander, will be determined in August, and with Coll Basset in September, at Williamsburg\u2014Mr W: Dandridge informs me, it is necessary there should be a deed of conveyance from you to Mr Custis\u2019s heir, for the lands you purchased in King William\u2014You will determine whether it be so, or not, to prevent any claim from your heirs\u2014Mr J: Dandridge has informed me of an order for a considerable sum, due from his Father\u2019s estate, to Mr Custis\u2019s, which he has sent to you\u2014When informed, of it\u2019s being complied with, I shall give him credit for it.\nI must now desire my best Compts to Mrs Washington. Mrs Stuart and the girls are well, and desire their love to each of\nyou, and beg to congratulate you on your recovery. I am Dr Sir, with great respect Your Affecte Servt\nDavid Stuart\nP:S: Our prospect for crops is very bad\u2014We have had no good rain for some weeks\u2014the corn at this advanced season, is scarce knee high. D:S:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0107", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Dunlop, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Dunlop, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorgetown [Md.] 15th July 1789\nAggreeable to the directions contained in your letter to me dated Mount Vernon 6th April 1789 I have paid to Colo. Hooe of Alexandria the sum of Seven hundred Pounds Sterling in part of the debt due to the heirs of Colo. Colville by Thos Montgomerie Adam Stewart & Cumberland Wilson.\nI am now prepared to make a further payment of \u00a3500 Ster. on the same account and have hopes of making it \u00a3250 Ster. more before I can hear from you\u2014whatever may be in my hands belonging to these Gentlemen shall be paid on a few days notice in the manner that may be most convenient and aggreeable to you.\nThe Laws both of Maryland & Virginia authorize me to pay current money at the par of exchange in discharge of Sterling Debts and in this manner Colo. Hooe received his money. I am with the most perfect respect Sir Your most obt hue Sert\nJames Dunlop", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0108", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ebenezer Hazard, 15 July 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Hazard, Ebenezer\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Ebenezer Hazard, 15 July 1789. On 17 July GW wrote to Hazard: \u201cI have received your letter of the 15th Instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0109", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Imlay, 15 July 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Imlay, William\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William Imlay, 15 July 1789. On 1 Aug. Imlay wrote to GW: \u201cI did myself the honor of writing to your Excellency the 15th Ulto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0111", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Christopher Leffingwell, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Leffingwell, Christopher\nTo: Washington, George\nNorwich [Conn.] July 15 1789.\nThe Petition of Christopher Leffingwell humbly sheweth\u2014That your Petitioner took a decided part at the commencement\nof the late War; a circumstance in evidence. He was one of Six Gentlemen who furnished Money, planned & gave Orders to the Officers who went from Hartford the 25th of May 1775 to raise Men at Pittsfield Bennington &C. to take possession of Ticonderoga & Crown Point & secure the military Stores there\u2014Your Petitioner was in the mercantile line before the War, & was in easy circumstances; was appointed a purchaser for the State of Connecticut; and served under Colo. Trumbull Commissary General during his continuance\u2014also served in the quarter master department under General Mifflin during his continuance in that department. In which time he advanced large Sums of his own money for Provisions &C. for which he now has Loan office Certificates for several thousand Pounds, the Interest of which for many years has been of little use for support of a large family\u2014He has been the Officer for the Port of Norwich ever since it was first established; which since he quitted merchantile business has given him considerable towards support. Your Petitioner is the senior Naval Officer in Connecticut east of New Haven; had, and presumes still has the confidence of his fellow citizens, is known by all the Gentlemen in Congress from this State\u2014Mr Huntington from this Town Colo. Wadsworth, Colo. Trumbull, & Mr Sturges he is intimately acquainted with\u2014The Honourable members in Senate know him & can give his character\u2014He therefore humbly prays for the appointment of Collecter for the District of New London\u2014being advised by some of the members to solicit; presuming he has no competitor who has a better right to solicit with hope; & your petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray\nChrisr Leffingwell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rufus Putnam, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Putnam, Rufus\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew york July 15th 1789\nIt is now almost two years Sence the object which I have ben So long in pursuit of has ben obtaind I mean the purchase of lands between the ohio and Lake Erie, and it is eighteen months Sence I led the first Settlers into that quarter. I am now on my way to Massachusetts in order to dispose of my property there, and remove my family to Muskingum.\nBy the death of General Varnum, there is a vacancy of one of the Judges in the Teritory; and I have to request that if consistent with the public good I may recive an appointment to that office.\nit may be an objection with Some that I never Studied law as a Science; but when it is considered that the right of property in that country is very Simple, that the business at present is more of a Legislative than of an executive kind, and that during my day the number of Great Law qustions if any, will be very few, perhaps the objection will bear little weight: however I Shall rest perfectly Satisfied in your decision\u2014but Should it be against Such appointment I have one more request to make, which is the office of Surveyor for the United States\u2014Sence the peace took place untill I Set out for Muskingum as before Stated I had the office of Surveyor in Massachusetts in respect to their land in the Province of Main and in what maner I executed that business for Several years, I beg leve to refer your Exceleny (if you please to enquire) to Mr Strong, Mr Dalton and other Gentalmen now in Congress from that state.\nI have only to add my earnest wish for your better health, that I leave town to morrow for Rutland in Massachusetts, and expect to be in Town again in a few weeks: that the first mentioned appointment would be my choise, but either of them will\nbe recived with gratitude by your Excellencys most obedient humble Servant\nRufus Putnam", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0113", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Beverley Randolph, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Beverley\nSir,\nNew York July 15th 1789.\nI had the honor, last evening, to receive your Excellency\u2019s letter of the 6th inst. enclosing one from the County Leiutenant of Green Briar on the subject of Indian affairs.\nWhen Congress have finished the necessary and important business which has occupied them since their first meeting, and in which they are now engaged, I shall seize the earliest moment to lay before them such information as I have received relative to the disputes with, and depredations of the Indians on the several parts of our Western Frontier; and doubt not but the subject will meet that immediate attention which it seems to deserve. With due consideration, I have the Honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0115", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Adams, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond hill [New York City] July 16 1789\nThe inclosed letters are from two as respectable characters as any in Massachusetts, containing information which I hope has been transmitted to you, through other channels. But as it is possible, it may be otherwise, it is my duty to lay them before\nyou, which I beg leave to do by the bearer Colo: Smith. With all possible defference and respect I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient hum.\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0116", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hodge, Allen, & Campbell, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Hodge, Allen, & Campbell\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[New York] Thursday 12 OClock [16 July 1789]\nHaving almost finished a neat American Edition of the Rise Progress & Termination of the late revolution, by Dr Gordon; We humbly beg the privilidge to dignify our list of Subscribers, which is very numerous, by adding Your respectable Name thereto.\nOur knowledge of Your desire to encourage the rising manufactures of our Country, emboldens us to sollicit this favour, which we hope your Excelly will freely grant, & Oblige Sir Your most Obdt & very hble Servts\nHodge, Allen & Campbell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0117", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston, 16 July 1789. \u201cWhen I had the honour of addressing your Excellency on the subject of returning to public life I did not suggest a wish to hold one office in preference to an other\u2014Indeed at that\ntime it was not ascertained what offices would be established under the new constitution. It was however the general idea that the union would be formed into different districts and that there would be an officer appointed in each to fill up the large space between the treasury board and the several collectors & naval officers\u2014As the partiality of my friends here has excited a public expectation that I might be called to an office of more respectibility than either of the two last mentioned it may possibly be supposed that I would decline accepting either should your Excellency think me quallified to fill one of them\u2014but this is so far from being the case that I should feel well satisfied to hold that, in which I might be thought by your Excellency to be most useful.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Marsden Pintard, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 16th July 1789\nHaveing been Honor\u2019d with the appointment of commercial Agent for the United States in the Island of Madeira where I resided for some Years; it was by the permission of the Honble Congress that I returned to this city, in order to render a true State of the American Trade in the Kingdom of Portugale, which might be advantageous to the general Interests of my Countrymen. It is now a Considerable time since my arrival, but have remained here with the Publick approbation to settle some private Business and wait the event of the New Constitution. The happy Issue, has now taken Place & I think it my duty to address you Sir on this occasion.\nI presume the public service requires my return to that Kingdom but I am informd that it will be necessary that a New appointment by the President of the United States should warrant my future services.\nIn order to save you time as much as possible, I beg leave to refer you Sir to a Letter I had the honor of sending to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs in February 1787 a copy whereof is here enclosed; That Honorable Gentleman is well acquainted with the comercial Situation & circumstances of Portugale and\nof the proceedings of the late Congress relative to my application for the Consul ship of that Kingdom & can give more information on that head than I dare presume to take up your time in listening to. all I can further say, is that if You should think proper to carry the designs of the former Congress into execution by appointing me Consul or Commercial agent for the Kingdom of Portugale I am very confident that I can render essential services to the Commercial Interests of the United States.\nAs Lisbon is but the distance of three or four days Sail from Madeira I propose to reside at that City & attend the Port of Madeira occasionally where the House to which I belong is established.\nI also take the Liberty of referring to a letter from the Governor of Madeira to the Minister of Foreign Affairs & now in his Office as it will shew that I was not unacceptable to that Nobleman, if the President of the United States should wish for any particular information relative to the commercial regulations of Portugale my long residence in that Kingdome will enable me to give it.\nNo pecuniary recompence is asked from the United States for this service as the Honor & Advantage of the Public confidence especially in a Commercial Line is a Competent reward. I have the Honor to be with profound Respect Sir Your Mo. Obt & very Hume Servant\nJohn Marsden Pintard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0119", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Shnabell, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Shnabell, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York 16th July 1789.\nYou have been chosen by the unanimous Voice of Millions, as the first Magistrate, Guardian, and Protector of this young rising Empire. I could not have the satisfaction to include myself in the number of them Millions\u2014I did go with a intention to Vote, but was not permitted. But this shall not discourage me, since I was not permitted to vote in that number, I shall do it now singly and chuse you Sir, as my Guardian and Protector. Your Excells. known humanity will leave me in no doubt but that my humble Vote and Petition will be granted. My Father had the following Seal on Arms. I as the oldest and only Son would be entitled to carry them Arms, (the Name belonging to it is de Shoenstein) The natural question might be, why I did not make use of that name? I can not answer that question without leading you some generation back. If you could look there, you would see one of my Ancestors first Minister of State, at a certain court\u2014you would see the \u27e8illegible\u27e9 with the Ministers fall under the greatest displeasure of the Emperor. You would see Laws made against them which did infect their posterity. That very time my great-greatest Grandfather had seven Sons, the oldest stay\u2019d in Germany to keep up the Family, under the name of Shnabell, and the rest went to England and some to America. Now I am the oldest of the line, and see no propability of keeping up the Family in this country, because in my present Situation I wont marry. In this very reason I\u2019ll have to go to Germany, where I am sure some Princes will asist me for\nthe sake of my Birth. My Father and Mother died when I was a small boy, and my relations led me never in the secret of what right I had in the Roman-Empire. Since I did not like their treatment, I went away from them and came to America. But there is a certain Gentleman who told me in a whisper that I had money eneough, where shall this come from? By some other means I found out that I had a sort of a heir to my unkown fortune, and where shall this heir come from? To my notions I can have no heir except some distant relations, that did come of the Sons that left the Roman-Empire, and did go to England or America, and took an other name instead of Shnabell. I conjecture some credetible Family which lives in Talbot-County to be their distant relations. And that, that heir of mine must be a female, which rites of late in a Coach and four\u2014By havens I\u2019ll have no such Heirs! Fortune has smild eneough on her allready. I shall make a better use of it, if I ever get a Fortune. If I never experienced the smiles of Fortune, I have experienced the frowns of Poverty and Misfortune. And the poor and Fatherless are pointed out to me by Providence to be my Heirs.\nNow if I should have a fortune, I beg your Excelly to asist me, and put me in a way to get it.\nBut if your Excelly could to nothing for me in this matter, I beg you to Send me to Europe since I am not in the Situation to pay for my Pasage.\nYour Excelly will please to consider that I am without real Friends, and prosecuted by my Enemies\u2014that I am to a certain degree lost, and in a deplorable Situation, that my circumstances are poor, unhappy, and critical, and to who could I apply with more propriety, in my wretched situation, but to the Father of this Country. I am Sir, Your most obd. and humble Sert\nCharles Shnabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0121", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hardy, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Hardy, William\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nNew York 17th July 1789\nHaving been informed that a number of appointments will Soon take place under the present goverment of the United states, I hereby beg leave to offer my services.\nDuring the late war: I was, together with my Family exceedingly harrased and distressed in my Circumstances, which Obliged me to quit a trading profession and seek for Employment in one of the Publick offices: accordingly I obtained the appointment of Commissioner for Examining, Counting and destroying the Old Continental Bills of Credit, which Employment is now at a stand.\nThus circumstanced. I am urged to the necessity of applying for some appointment under the New Establishment, The office of Collector, Naval Officer or survey of any Port in the states of New York Connecticut or Massachussetts would be most agreeable as at my advanced time of Life, a more southern latitude would not so well agree with my Constitution. But any station to which you may be pleased to appoint me, will be acceptable and Acknowledgd with gratitude\u2014With the highest respect I am sir your Most Obt Humble servant\nWm Hardy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0122", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Harris, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Harris, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nKing\u2019s District County of Albany State of New York \nSirJuly 17th 1789  \nPermit me to trouble you with a matter respecting individuality and draw your attention a minute from the important national Affairs.\nIn the Year 1775 in the Battle at Bunkerhill I received a Wound by which I have ben reduced from a handsome freehold Interest to a state of Distress with the Care of an expensive\nfamily\u2014Have received a Pension of 60 Dol. \u214cr Annum from the Year 1782 to 88 inclusive but for the Years from 1775 to 1782 I have receiv\u2019d nothing.\nThe Auditor of this State pretends that a scruple is in his mind respecting the payment of the last Years mentioned, that is whether they shall be payed in money or Certificates\u2014several respectable Attornies have examined the Resolves of Congress and find that the whole is to be paid in Money.\nI have petitioned to the Legislature now sitting and they have refered the Matter to the Auditor which not only prolongs the Business and still leaves me in Distress without help but renders it uncertain whether I obtain any thing or not.\nI therefore beg Your patronange and Assistance with Capt. Increase Bennett in solliciting and treating with the Auditor for a just and expeditious Conclusion of the Business in the favour of your Distressed yet respectful and very humble servant\nJoseph Harris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0123", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Ebenezer Hazard, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hazard, Ebenezer\nSir,\nNew York July 17th 1789\nI have received your letter of the 15th Instant enclosing the Post Office Ac[coun]ts in detail for the years 1784 & 1788. But there still remains one point on which I would wish to have further information. By the statement of the Produce and Expences\nof the Post office which accompanied your letter of the 27th of June, there appears to have been an annual Profit arising from that Department, amounting in the whole to 39.985 Dollars. As it is not shewn, by any documents which you have sent me, whether this ballance has been lodged in the Treasury of the United States, or appropriated to the use of the Post Office Department, I shall therefore thank you for early and satisfactory information on this head. I am, Sir, Your Most Obedient Servant\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0124", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Hodge, Allen, & Campbell, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hodge, Allen, & Campbell\nSirs,\n[New York] Friday July 17. 1789.\nI received your letter of yesterday requesting permission to add my name to your list of subscribers for an american edition of Dr Gordon\u2019s history of the late revolution.\nAs I have already several sets of that work I would wish to decline adding my name as a subscriber for more. I am Gentlemen, Your most obedient Servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0125", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Langdon, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Langdon, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nNew York July 17th 1789\nI have Recd several letters from Eleazar Russell Esqr. who now is, and has been for upwards of Twenty years past, Naval Officer for the port of Portsmouth in the State of New Hampshire, and likewise from, Colonal Joseph Whipple Brother of the late General Whipple who is now Collector or Impost Master for the Same port, in which they express their desire of being Continued in those Respective Offices, under the General Government, and have desired me to Mention their Names and Characters to the President of the United States, for a Nomination if he should think proper.\nI therefore Sr would beg leave to Recommend these Gentlemen as very Suitable for these Offices; of undoubted integrity,\nand who would be very Agreable to the people of that District. I have the Honor to be with the Highest Regard and Respect Sr your most obt Servt\nJohn Langdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0127", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Reily, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Reily, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewyork 17th July 1789\nBeing one of those who served my Country from the earliest to the latest period of the war, in a Military Capacity in the line of Maryland, and flatter myself with some reputation, for the evidence of which I beg leave to refer you to William Smith Esqr. Delegate for the State in whose line I Serv\u2019d, who I trust will give a Satisfactory relation of my Conduct from the time of my entering Service to the present time.\nI do not Claim any Merit from my military Services, in this I Conceive I have done no more than a good Citizen ought, therefore have nothing to regret, but the loss of a number of Years the prime of life which in Some Measure prevented me from the opportunity of accumulating Some Small Support for my more declining Years.\nthus Circumstanced I am induced to become an applicant for an office under the Goverment now forming, finding by a bill before the Honorable the representatives of the United States that three persons are Necessary for the Collecting of the revenues in each Seaport Vez.\u2014a Collector. Naval Officer and Surveyor for either of which I take the liberty to Offer myself for the Town of Baltimore the place of my residence.\nShould your Excellency think fit to Honor me with an Appointment it will lay the highest Obligations on Sir Your most Obt & Very Hume Servt\nWm Reily", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0128", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ebenezer Stevens, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Stevens, Ebenezer\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 17th July 1789\nShould my character and abilities be thought Suitable for the office of surveyor and searcher Of this port it would be accepted with gratitude By Your most obedient Humble Servant\nEbenr Stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0129", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elias Boudinot, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Boudinot, Elias\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York, 18 July 1789. Recommends John N. Cumming for the post of marshal of New Jersey and Ezekiel Forman as marshal of Pennsylvania. \u201cNothing could have prevailed upon me to have taken this liberty (and thereby acted contrary to my uniform determination) but an anxiety that the officers under the Judicial Department should be filled with Men of integrity & decorum\u2014I hope it will not be disagreeable to the President of the United States, who I am confident will be pleased with every information, tending to bring forward Characters proper for his consideration in filling public Offices of Trust & Confidence.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0130", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Giuseppe Chiappe, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Chiappe, Giuseppe\nTo: Washington, George\nYour Excellency\nMogador [Morocco] 18th July 1789\nI had the honor to write to Your Excellency the 25th of April by the way of Madrid, & I make no doubt but that Yr Excelly was Kind enough to explain to the Honorable Congress every thing which I had communicated for the welfare of the UStates of America, & as Capt. Joseph Proctor of the Schooner Polly belonging to Salem, is about to sail immediately for that place, I take the liberty to add a copy of my aforesaid Letter by this favorable opportunity & as least subject to delay. I must moreover inform Your Excelly of what beset the aforesaid Capt. Proctor, who in the Latitude of the Canary Islands & about 50 degrees Longitude, on his way to his place of destination returning from Cadiz with a load of Salt, being met by two of His Imperial Majestys Frigates, was visited by them Who would not acknowledge them for Americans because they had not Meditteranean passes as other Nations, & being suspected for a Muscovite, he was brought into this port of Mogador the 11th instant, that His Imperial Majestys intentions might be Known as to his fate. I immediately took every measure in his favor, & after having well informed myself that his passport & all his papers were regular & in good form I dispatched a Courrier to the Court with my Letter for the Emperor, which was immediately presented by my brother Francisco who supported this representation with the utmost zeal. His Imperial Majesty was very much displeased with his privateers & sent to examine the Ray, Sub Rays & Pilots in order the better to understand from them the cause of so unexpected an inconvenience, & at the same time dispatched two of his Alcaydes who arrived yesterday with letters for me & for the government, in which he has ordered that the aforesaid Captain his Vessel & Crew shall be immediately set at liberty to go wherever he shall please; to furnish him gratis with every refreshment & to take from him a formal certificate of the treatment whether good or bad which he received from his Rays to chastise them, & a note of what they might have taken or extorted from him, & to restore the same immediately & he annexed thereto a Letter patent with this Royal seal, by which it is declared that His Imperial Majesty\nratifys the Treaties concluded with the American nation under the auspices of Spain & in every thing & every where accedes to the peace subsisting between him & the other European nations; His Imperial Majesty confirms me in his letter to me, as also to my brother Geronimo at Tangiers & to my brother Francisco at Morocco as agents for the UStates of America, & orders me particularly to assist the aforesaid Captain & to inform myself from him of the Situation of the maritime cities, of the anchorage, Ports & courses to be held for North America, & the several distances, for the purpose of more express intelligence, which I acquaint Your Excellency with, as His Imperial Majestys intentions may be known, being very impatient to cultivate a more assiduous correspondence, which has been so long expected. Capt. Joseph Proctor has very highly praised the good treatment of the Privateers Rays, declaring the same in writing & he has given such information as His Majesty could wish all which I shall take care to send to His Imperial Majesty accompanied with all such explanations as may tend to maintain good harmony, while Your Excellency disposes the Honore Congress to show those formalities which the Emperor of Morocco seems to expect. As to myself I am always devoted to the service of the Honble Congress & ready to correspond at all times with the superior views of the whole nation by the assiduity of my employment in the post of Agent to which I have been appointed, & I impatiently look for those favorable arrangements which may enable me to support the same with dignity. I beg leave to implore the continuation of Your Excellencys respectable protection, & have the honor to be very profoundly Your Excellencys &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Israel Keith, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Keith, Israel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBoston July 18th 1789.\nI suppose that some of my friends have written to Your Excellency in my behalf respecting the Office of Marshal for the District of Massachusetts\u2014My wish is (in as few words as possible) to assure your Excellency that I should receive the above appointment, or any other of which I may be thought capable, with gratitude.\nApplications of this kind I am very sensible must be numerous & burdensome: but they are unavoidable.\nI offer for you the common prayer of Millions; that your happiness & renown may encrease. I am Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most Humble Servant\nIsrael Keith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0132", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston July 18th 1789\nI consider, my dear General, that not only the happiness of the people under the new government but that the very existance of it depends in a great measure upon the characters\nand abilities of those who may be employed in the judiciary and executive branches of government. Under this government I hope yet to live and to leave in its arms a large and an extensive family I cannot therefore be an inattentive spectator while the important business of organization is before your Excellency nor be silent where there is but a possibility of my doing the least good As your Excellency cannot be personally acquainted with all who ought to come forward and aid in the administration but must rely, in some degree, on the information of Gentlemen in the different States for the character of those who may be commissioned to fill the several departments which may be erected in perfecting the general system I therefore beg leave to mention to your Excellency that the common voice of the people here points out Mr Lowell as a Gentleman well qualified to fill one of the seats upon the bench of the supream court. The purity of his mind, the strength and promptitude of his judgement, and his knowledge of the law united with his having held a similar office under the old confederation have directed their views to this gentleman.\nI am very apprehensive that he has not by any way communicated his wishes to your Excellency. If he has not the omission must originate in the extreem delicacy of the measure It is an office which to fill with honour and dignity requires an honest heart, a clear head, and a perfect knowledge of law in its extencive relations the truth of which he so fully realises that he is restrained from making a tender of his services as it would evince his belief that he enjoys the great and necessary quallifications to fill the office\u2014To this a gentleman of Mr Lowells nice feelings would be brought with great reluctance.\nI hope the above hints will be acceptable\u2014If they do good my intentions will be perfectly answered\u2014If they do not my apology for making them is the rectitude of my intentions. I have the honour of being with the highest esteem My dear General your Excellen\u27e8cy\u2019s\u27e9 most obedient and humble servant\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0138", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Solomon Bush, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Bush, Solomon\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please Your Excellency\nLondon 20th July 1789\nPermit, one who has fought and Bled in the service of his Country, with heart felt pleasure to Congratulate Your Excellency in your late dignified appointment, offering up his sincere prayers to Almighty God for your, health and happyness, and the prosperity of his Country.\nI take the Liberty of informing your Excellency of an event that has taken place within these few days, which has as an American taken up much of my attention\u2014Capt. Watson Commanding a Ship belonging to New York; an American Bottom, on his Arrival at this Port, was seized on account of a number of the Seamen on board being Natives of Great Britain, although, the Captn as well as the Crew made Oath; the former that he Shipp\u2019d his Men as Americans; the latter that they Ship\u2019d themselves as American seamen; this has still availed nothing, the Ship still under Arrest; as an American, Although not authorized by being in a diplomatic Line; I have taken upon Me to assist the Injury done to the Trade & Priviledges of my Country, and with, the Captn shall waite tomorrow on the Minister to dine and redress the event of which I will in a few days inform your Excellency\u2014from this event and many injured and distressd Countrymen, I have reliev\u2019d since being in London, points out the necessity of a persons immediately being appointed in a diplomatic Line\u2014Shou\u2019d the Government of my Country think proper to Honour Me with that appointment, from my acquaintance and Connection wth personages of the\nfirst Consequence in this Country, I dout not of rendering my Country many services\u2014believe I have nothing in View but the prosperity of America. With, Sincere Respect I beg leave to subscribe Your Excellencys most faithfull Hble Sert\nS. Bush of Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0140", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Abraham Hunt, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hunt, Abraham\nSir,\nNew York, July 20th 1789\nBeing desirous of purchasing a number of good brood mares to send to Virginia, I have been advised by several Gentlemen to make application to you for this purpose, with assurances that I might depend upon your judgment and fidelity in the business.\nI would wish to obtain from 10 to 20 good, likely, strong, and well made mares, none of which should exceed 6 years old, or be less than 15 hands high, unless their form and other good qualities would warrant a small deviation from this height\u2014My object in procuring these mares is to raise mules from them by my Jack-Asses\u2014It is therefore necessary that their form and strength should be peculiarly attended to.\nMy present object in writing to you is to request that you would inform me if mares of the above age and description can\nbe obtained in your vicinity on reasonable terms\u2014for I am not inclined to go to any extravagant prices in them\u2014and to let me know, as near as may be what they can be had for per head\u2014and what other expences, besides their first cost, would be incurred in procuring and sending them to Virginia.\nYou will be so good as to give me information on these points as soon as you can, that I may direct my enquiries to some other quarter if they should not succeed here. I am Sir, Your most obedient servant\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0141", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mathew Irwin, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Irwin, Mathew\nSir,\nNew York July 20th 1789\nI have received your letter of the 9th Inst. enclosing a letter from Captn O\u2019Brian giving a detail of the sufferings of himself and several other unfortunate Americans who are Slaves in Algiers, and requesting that some measures may be taken by Government for their redemption.\nMr Jefferson, our Minister at the Court of France, has in view, among other objects, the redemption of these unfortunate men; but what advances he has made in it, or whether he will be able to accomplish it or not, for want of the means I am unable at present to say.\nI am not satisfied that it would be proper, as you suggest, for me to begin or bring forward a subscription among the Merchts\nand others in the Maritime towns of this Country to raise a fund for delivering these unhappy men from their State of bondage; but I would cheerfully give every aid in my power to accomplish this humane & benevolent purpose. I am, Sir, Your Most Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0143", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Maclay, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Maclay, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 20th July 1789\nMy brother in law David Harris of Baltimore is among the applicants for an Office in the Revenue of that Port. Should you wish to make inquiry respecting his Character, I beg leave to refer you to Mr Henry of the Senate and Mr Smith of the House of Representatives, both from the state of Maryland.\nI pray you Sir to have the goodness to excuse my not having waited on you, before my leaving Town, as I have been much\nindisposed for some time past. I am, with the highest respect Sir your most Obedt & most Hble Servt\nWm Maclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0144", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Mifflin, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nSir,\nNew York July 20th 1789\nThe enclosed letter, which is directed to the Government of the United States, was put into my hands; but upon having it translated I found it related to a person who is said to live in Philadelphia, and have therefore taken the liberty of forwarding it to your Excellency, not doubting but you will have the goodness to make known the contents to the person whom it concerns, if he is an inhabitant of Philada or can by any means be brought to your knowledge. I am, Sir, with due consideration, Your Excellency\u2019s mt Hme Most Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0145", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ralph Pomeroy, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Pomeroy, Ralph\nTo: Washington, George\nHartford [Conn.] \nMay it please your Excellency20th July 1789  \nIn the late war I had the honour to Serve my Country in Several successive departments, and last of all as Deputy Quarter Master for the State of Connecticut, which business (tho\u2019 dificult) was executed with fidelity and Success. I now beg leave to offer my services, and request a new appointment in some one of the new Offices now to be established. That of Collector at the Port of New London appears to me to be the best in this State; therefore I pray for that appointment\u2014Should it not be\ngranted me and a Vacancy should happen in the Loan Office of this state by the Promotion of Mr Imlay, I beg your Excellency will favour me with that Office\u2014Failing of both these should an Excise Office be instituted in this State I beg to be appointed The Collector\u2014This State at thier last Sessions of Assembly did me that Honour for a new Sistem of Excise which was for Some reasons Suspended untill next fall, and will probably come to nothing, if Congress take up the Matter and lay the Duty of Excise for the United States; should that be the Case I hope the doings of our General Assembly may be considered as a recommendation for me.\nPossessed of no uncommon or Superiour abilities, it is with the utmost difidence I make this application, as I know (what has been Seldom practiced at other Courts) the Appointments will be made of the best men.\nAll I can promise, (should I be permitted to Serve) is a most vigilant and faithfull attention to and my highest Exertions for a compleat discharge of my Duty. I have the honour to be your Excellency\u2019s most obedient Servant\nRalph Pomeroy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0146", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George William Smith, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Smith, George William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nVirginia, Tappahannock 20th July 1789\nIt is with the greatest Deference that I presume to address your Excellency, who can have no personal knowledge of me. I am however, no Stranger to your character in which Wisdom unites with every Virtue that can insure the Respect the Admiration and the Esteem of Mankind. Much Labour and much Time it hath cost you. You were happy, Sir, to be early initiated into the Paths which lead to it\u2014you explored them with Diligence & Assiduity. Those Cares are now all past\u2014and the Reward is now all your own. Had providence been pleas\u2019d to turn\nthe attention of my father early towards my Education\u2014my Time also had been better improved: and my prospects in life less painful than they are. It was not so: And now destitute of fortune I want also, the advantages of Education. Drawn from his family to the Service of his Country when involved in the calamities of War\u2014several years had elapsed in which he had no Time to devote to them. His property which afforded them a poor support, from its nature and circumstances suffered greater waste & Diminution than perhaps was the common fate\u2014and after being exalted to the highest Rank and called to the greatest Dignities and Honors in the United States\u2014I behold him with decayed Health in the decline of Life return to share with his family those Distresses he is unable to relieve. Nor is there a prospect for him to retreive for their benefit, time spent in the Service of his Country\u2014that he employed it well, in promoting \u27e8its\u27e9 prosperity, must be his Consolation. And great is the Consolation derived from conscious Rectitude and the Reflection that we have deserved at least the favour of our Country! Under Impressions which arise from this situation I have presumed to address your Excellency\u2014with a hope to conciliate your favour, that in case there should offer any vacancies in Offices which I may be thought capable to fill you would confer upon me some appointment which, with some degree of Honor, may afford me a moderate support whilst I become serviceable to my Country. My attention hath been drawn rather toward public employments, because I conceive they must afford greater Opportunity for improvement; beside that my natural Inclination would lead to that Line preferably to every other. But I would not wish to engage in Business above my capacity to discharge well. and therefore could I have my own choice, I should prefer some Clerkship appertaining to any of the great Departments of Government, where I might be habituated to Method & the forms of Business\u2014or some office in the Customs in Virginia. There is at present a Prospect of new & general commercial regulations throughout the United States; and from the Debates of Congress \u2019tis probable, I think, there will be some new Offices instituted. Were I to await the event of these arrangements, which seem so certain, my remoteness from the Seat of Government would put it out of my power to make timely application\u2014My views might be frustrated\nby some person more conveniently Situated. This Reflection will I hope prove a sufficient apology for an application which might otherwise be thought premature.\nI regret much Sir, that upon this Occasion I have no better Claim to your favor than Importunity\u2014and that I must be ranked among the number of those who are Strangers to you. Under such circumstances should you condescend to prefer me to some Office, my Obligation to you must be greatly enhanced. When ever this happens it shall be my constant aim by Diligence & assiduity to atone for my other Defects\u2014Esteeming that the best return I can possibly make for your good opinion of me, will be my universal Endeavours to deserve it. I have honor to be, with due respect, your Excellency\u2019s most obdt & hble Servt\nGeo: W: Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Meriwether Smith, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Smith, Meriwether\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nVirginia, Bathurst 20th July 1789.\nI rejoice with others for your recovery from your late Illness, & hope you will live to establish a System of Government, which may secure the Liberty & Happiness of America, and which perhaps, depends greatly upon your Life: But whilst your Employments\nembrace the whole Continent of America, permit me to interrupt you for a Moment in solliciting a Favour for myself, which I would grant to you, were I in your Situation and you desired it. To you alone I communicate my desire; I will never trouble you by the Importunities of others on my Account: \u2019Tis even with Reluctance that I make Application to you, for some honourable & lucrative Employment under the Government, suitable to my declining Years, which, by the Casualties to which my fortune & family have been exposed under the Revolution, would be highly acceptable and convenient to me.\nUnaccustomed to sollicit Appointments of any kind, I do it with a very ill Grace, because my feelings are much wounded; and altho\u2019 I claim no extraordinary Merit from the time & Services I have devoted to my Country, which circumstances hath contributed greatly to reduce me & my family to an uneasy Situation; I hope it may be considered as a foundation & Apology for my request.\nWere it necessary for me now to say in what Line my Talents would lead me to be most useful to my Country with greatest Ease to myself, I should sollicit an Appointment in the Judiciary or in the Customs within this State; but if there be any other in which you think I can be more serviceable to my Country, with equal advantage to my Family, I shall chearfully submit to your Judgment, and endeavour to discharge the duties required of me. I have the Honor to be with the highest respect, Your most obedt & most hble Servt\nM. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0148", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abraham Hunt, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Hunt, Abraham\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nTrenton [N.J.] July 21st 1789\nIn answer to your Excellency\u2019s Letter which I was Honored with this morning\u2014I think that such Mares as are described might be purchased for about twenty five pounds Specie per head.\nAs to the expence of sending them to Virginia I am not able to ascertain it, as I have not been Accustomed to sending Horses such a Disstance\u2014There will some expence arise after the purchase is made untill the Mares are sent away, however this need not be much as in general the People of whom they are Bought may be prevail\u2019d on to keep them untill they are wanted to send away.\nIf you should incline to have the purchase made by me, I shall use my endeavor to do it in the best manner I am capable of and expect for my trouble a Commission of ten \u214c Cent. I am your Excellency\u2019s most Obt Hble Servt\nA. Hunt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0149", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Jackson, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Jackson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nJuly 21st 1789\nI do myself the Honor to inclose for your perusal two letters on the Indian topic\u2014The situation of my Country I flatter myself will plead an excuse for my presumption. I am sir Your very Obedt servant\nJas Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0150", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lotbini\u00e8re, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Chartier de Lotbini\u00e8re, Michel, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York 21st July 1789\nThe Memorial of the Marquis de Chartier de Lotbiniere &c. &c. sets forth and to you most respectfully sheweth.\nThat immediately after the first steps of the Embassador of his most Christian Majesty, on the part of the King his master, in England, with the british Government in 1772, on the subject of the two Seignories belonging to him at the head of the Lake Champlain, concerning which he presented a Memorial on the 18th of June last, there was secured to him by the said Government an annual allowance of four hundred Guineas, which were paid to him with the strictest punctuality every year of his residence in London\u2014The said allowance was to continue from the time of the general Capitulation of Canada until the restitution of his said two Seignories, and complete justice should be done for the injury of his non enjoyment.\nThat the said british Government having presented to him towards the end of 1775 in lieu of the said two specified Seignories, only an offer of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of Land to be taken at his election throughout the whole extent of the Province of Quebec, he formally declared to the Ministers and Members of the Privy Council of his Britannic Majesty, that he still persisted in the absolute demand of his said two specified Seignories, as he did also in that of indemnification and complete justice for the injury that he had already suffered and might still suffer from his non enjoyment of the two said Seignories.\nThat in March 1776 seeing every thing disposed in England for an open and the most serious war against her Colonies, who resisted the arbitrary and absolute power which the mother Country wished to impose on them; that besides, conceiving the extreme difficulty for the mother Country to reduce them to that blind obedience which she exacted from them, and that the result of all those preparations for war, would be an eternal separation between them and her; and in order that he should\nnot be reduced to the hard necessity of taking up arms against a people whom he sincerely esteemed, and with whom it was indispensable for him to become a fellow Citizen to preserve his two said Seignories, the Memorialist did not hesitate to abandon England towards the end of the said month of march 1776, as well as the allowance which he enjoyed and should continue to enjoy until complete justice shall be done him (and the only sacrifice on his part in favour of the United States is an object which already amounts to a sum above five thousand two hundred Guineas). He went immediately into France, his ancient Country, there to continue services which he had constantly rendered to her from his most tender years to the moment of the general Capitulation of Canada, hoping, as has since happened, that they might be to her of the first utility in case of a revolution, which he already looked upon as inevitable and certain; and he has seen with the greatest satisfaction that his natural and ancient Sovereign has been fully satisfied with his disposition and all his conduct.\nThat in 1787 judging that every thing here was preparing for the prompt and sure establishment of a Government permanent and for ever, the Memorialist came over to the United States in order there to claim, in consequence, his just right, and to obtain full satisfaction from them on all the objects relative to his two said Seignories.\nIt is two years and more since his arrival there. He had the misfortune to be seized shortly after with the fevers of the Country, which have unmercifully teased him for the space of near nineteen months, at two different periods, and although he thought he had brought with him money sufficient to support him there, with some decency, until satisfaction should be made to him, The delay in establishing a permanent national Government on the one hand, the unhappy event of a misplaced confidence for a great part of his funds on the other, and lastly the long sickness that he has endured since his residence there, have reduced him to a most miserable existence till now, and without any other hope than that which he has reason to expect from the justice of the Congress upon every point whatever.\nAfter the above full representation, which the Minister for\nforeign affairs of these States can confirm even in the smallest tittle, the Memorialist, Sir, hopes from your justice and humanity, that you will be pleased\u2014first to make good his loss by causing to be granted to him the sum of five thousand two hundred Guineas and further, to replace the same sum from the time he left England, which he then so generously sacrificed for the truest advantage of these States, that you will be pleased to cause to be granted in like manner (and to those designated by him, in case of his death) a continuation of the same annual allowance of four hundred Guineas until specific restitution of the two Seignories in question, and in his first Memorial already cited, and the equivalent indemnification for all the Losses which he has suffered from the non enjoyment of those two great and valuable proprieties from the epoch of the general capitulation of Canada. And he will never cease to pray for the preservation of your days, so essential to the safety and happiness of every one who exists on this Continent, as well as for the most extensive prosperity of the United States.\nThe Mis. de Chartier de Lotbiniere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0151", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lynch, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Lynch, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore July 21st 1789\nI am sensible how much I intrude on your Excellencies time & patience but my knowledge of your feeling and benevolent disposition has emboldened me (tho\u2019 an obscure Person to address you as a familiar friend). Your Excellency may Remember that a few weeks ago I petitioned you for the office of surveyor of the Port of Baltimore, being nearly similar to that which I now hold in that Port, which will [be] superceeded in consequence of the new Government\u2014My Petition I expected wou\u2019d be accompanied with letters & Certificates from several respectable Characters, friends of mine, that your Excellency has a knowledge of, and in whose recommendations I know you cou\u2019d Confide; but I fear that a worthy friend of mine, Viz. Majr McHenry of this Town, has been prevented from mentioning me thro\u2019 the hurry of business and his peculiar regard for a Brother\u2019s health, with whom he went to the warm springs, he was well acquainted with my services during the war, and of my attachment to the F\u0153deral Government; the want of his representations, & intercession, obliges me to solicit and intreat your Excellency to enquire my Character of the Honourable Charles Carroll of Carrollton, whose opinion of me, with the Certificates & Recommendatory Epistles already sent to you, I hope will induce you to, & justify you in bestowing upon me such an office as you in your Wisdom and goodness thinks fit. I have the honour to be with all due respect, your Excellency\u2019s Most Obdt Hble & Devouted Servt\nJohn Lynch\nP.S. I forgot to refer you to Coll Grayson, that Gentleman I hope does not forget my services whilst Commanded by your Excellency\u2014May God Preserve your health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0152", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Herbert McElroy, 21 July 1789\nFrom: McElroy, Herbert\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York July 21st 1789\nThe Application of Herbert McElroy an Inhabitant of the City of Burlington in the State of New Jersey\u2014humbly Sheweth\nThat Your applicant encouraged by a Number of respectable Citizens, makes application for the Offices of Collector and Naval Officer of the Port and District of Burlington.\nThat no Person to your applicants Knowledge has applied for the said Offices, unless the former Naval Officer, who is inelligible upon account of his not living near the Port, as I am informed the Bill as it now stands requires he should\u2014This consideration is a further Inducement\u2014Without doubt some Recommendation should be produced\u2014I therefore take the Liberty to Refer Your Excellency to the Members of New Jersey, or the Governor thereof, for information on that head.\nShould Your Excellency think proper to Appoint me, I hope that my Attention to the duties of the Office, will fully Evince to Your Excellency that your Appointment is not unworthy.\nYour Applicant therefore Prays that your Excellency will be pleased to Appoint him to the said offices and as in duty bound will ever pray\nHerbert McElroy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Goodhue, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Goodhue, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York July 22d 1789\nMr Goodhue, having had the honour, on the 30th of June of recommending to the President of the United States certain persons as suitable to fill the offices in the revenue in that part of the Massachusetts, which he more immediately represents; and not being then so sufficiently informed of the particular Offices, in which they might most beneficialy be employed; has since that time with Mr Dalton who comes from the same County in the Massachusetts attended to the subject, and would again humbly beg leave to recommend to the President of the United States, the following arrangement, as best suited to promote the general good, and consisting of such persons, whom We are well assured from our personal Knowledge of their abilities and integrity, will fill the several Offices with reputation and give great satisfaction to our Constituents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0154", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John D. Mercier, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Mercier, John D.\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York July 22d 1789\nThe Representation & Petition of John D. Mercier humbly sheweth\nThat at the Commencement of the late war he was an Inhabitant of Quebec, that in consequence of an intercepted Letter from B. Arnold, & his attachment to the American cause, he was put on board a Prison Ship, & banished, whereby he has lost a large part of his property & the remainder is still detained from him by the British Government.\nThat in 1779, he was appointed a Commissioner of Claims, in\nthe Treasury department & afterwards an Auditor of accounts, that in these Offices he served the Public, to the utmost of his ability untill the derangement thereof.\nThat he wishes, & would be made hapy in serving The United States in a similar employment, in the Treasury department, or in any other to which he may be thought competent.\nHe begs leave to refer for his Character to John Laurence, & Egbert Benson, Esquires, Delegates from The State of New York.\nJohn D. Mercier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0155", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Michael Jenifer Stone, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Stone, Michael Jenifer\nTo: Washington, George\n22 July [1789]. Encloses a group of letters from Maryland applicants for public office for GW\u2019s inspection.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0156", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Austin, 23 July 1789\nFrom: Austin, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew Haven [Conn.] July 23d 1789\nFrom the Information which I have received respecting the plan of collecting the federal Impost, I am induced to imagine that a Collector and Surveyor will be appointed at this Port\u2014The first of these Offices I should be very willing to execute; of my reputation in point of Accuracy, Punctuality, Industry, Decision, & Probity, it is more proper my acquaintance should speak than I, As I have the honor to be known to our Senators & Representatives, to them I refer for Information on the Subject, and shall not trouble your Excellency with a List of Subscribers\u2014If my qualifications are such, as in the Opinion of your Excellency are adapted to the discharge of the duties of the office, I have my sufferings by the late War to inforce my present application\u2014My whole Stock in Trade, amounting to several Thousands, the fruit of a long Series of Diligence and prudent Economy, was early lent to the United States and is now in their hands; Have served the United States in several Continental employments, and in common with other servants of the public, received no compensation, These and the facts relative to my State are also well known to some of our Representatives\u2014Should your Excellency be of opinion that my appointment to the office of Collector will consist with the Public good, it is my wish to be honored with the appointment\u2014with the greatest respect and most unfeigned Regard I am Your most Obedient and very humble Servant\nDavid Austin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0157", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Board of Treasury, 23 July 1789\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Washington, George\nSirBoard of Treasury [New York City] July 23d 1789. \nWe have the honor of transmitting to you a Report on the General State of the Treasury, with the Official Documents explanatory of the same. We have the honor to be with high respect Sir Your obedient humble Servants\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee\nBoard of Treasury July 22d 1789\nOn the General State of the Treasury.\nFrom the statement made by the register of the Treasury marked A, there appears to have been received into the Treasury of the United States from the 21st day of April 1785 (being the commencement of the present administration of this Board) to the thirty first day of March last the sum of\nAnd that the Domestic Disbursments to the above period have been\nLeaving an anticipation on the revenue on the 31st day of March 1789\u2003of\nThe warrants drawn on account of this anticipation are chiefly for pay due to the army, or to Contractors for supplying them with provisions and Clothing; the Civil List have been paid to the end of the last quarter, except some of the Loan Officers.\nNo reasonable dependance can be placed on payments being made by the States, on former requisitions, and of course Justice as well as Policy point out the propriety of a seasonable and adequate provision being made for discharging these warrants.\nThe expenditures are classed under distinct heads, and therefore it becomes unnecessary to enter into the objects of them. It may be proper however to observe that an Official Statement of the Treasury Accounts cannot now be rendered to a later period; as few of the quarterly returns of the Continental Loan Officers to the 30th of June last have yet come to hand.\nFrom the Foreign account of Receipts & Expenditures marked B there appears to have been received from the 21st April 1785 to the 2d February 1789 by the Commissioners of loans in Holland the sum of 2,771,271.5.8 Florins, which at 34\u00be Ninetieths \u214c Florin is in\nDollars\nAnd by Mr Grand Banker to the United States at Paris the sum of 932,821.10.9 Livres which at 5.8 pr Doll: is\nMaking in whole the sum of\nDs.\nAnd that there has been disbursed by both Houses for payment of Interest due to France and the money lenders in Holland\u2014Premiums on Loans, Salaries & Expences of Foreign Ministers, and other objects specified in the said account the sum of\nLeaving in the hands of the Commrs of loans in Holland on the 2d day of Feby 1789 the sum of\nDolls.\nEqual to Dollars\nThe foregoing Balance arises chiefly from the negotiation of a late Loan opened under the direction of the Honorable Mr Adams and Mr Jefferson for one million of Florins on which there remained unsubscribed on the 2d of February last no less than Florins 903,000.\nBy a letter from the Dutch Commissioners of the 16th of February last, to a copy of which marked C we beg leave to refer; there is little reason to expect that this Loan will be compleated in such season as to derive any aid from it, except for the purposes of paying interest on the Dutch Loans which will accrue in the present and next year, and such contingent demands in Europe as must necessarily arise during the same period\u2014This will appear clearly by a reference to the Schedule marked D in which the sums arising from the Loans, and the demands to be provided for are particularly stated.\nIt is necessary to observe that in the statement of the Domestic receipts and Expenditures it is not to be understood that the whole has been received, or disbursed in Specie. In the general Receipts are credited the following sums which were paid by some of the States in Indents, specific supplies, by disbursments for Invalid pensions, Indian Treaties, or other objects authorised by \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Acts of Congress. Vizt\nIn Interest Indents\nIn disbursments for Invalid pensions,\nIn Specific Supplies\nOn account of Indian Treaties\nVarious objects authorised as charges against the Specific requisitions\nMaking in the whole the sum of\nDls.\nThis amount of course being entered as an Expenditure from the Treasury of the United States (though actually disbursed by some of the States) the nett Receipt at the general Treasury agreeably to the above statement to the 31st of March last is\nAnd the Expenditure\nLeaving the anticipation as stated by the Register of the Treasury of\nThis anticipation appears less than is reported by a late committee of Congress, because at the time they were furnished with that Estimate, the accts of the several Loan Officers to the 31st of March last, were not Officially stated, and of course the receipts since the 31st of December 1788 arising from their receipts, and from the Balances of accounts since adjusted at the Treasury, were not deducted from the amount of the anticipation as then computed. The Receipts from the General Post Office amounting since the administration of this Board to Dollars\u201412,029 62/90ths are grounded on warrants drawn by the Board on the Post master general, and by him paid to the Treasurer. But what is the actual state of that Department we cannot determine, the Post Master General having hitherto omitted to accompany his Accounts with the Documents required by the ordinance of the 18th October 1782.\nThe papers marked F, will shew the nature of those documents, and the correspondence which has passed on that subject.\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee\nAaTreasury of the United States  \nGentlemenRegisters Office 14th July 1789.  \nI herewith lay before your honorable Board a general Statement of receipts and Expenditures, Foreign and Domestic, of the United States, from the commencement of your administration of the Finances on the 21st April 1785 to the 31st March 1789.\nThe excess of Expenditure by your Warrants, on the Treasurer beyond the actual receipts by him at the closure of that period I find to be\nDollars\nYour Warrants No. 1121 to 1174 drawn on the Treasurer bytwixt 1st of April & 30th June 1789. Amount to\nBesides which the anticipation will be encreased by a quarters Salary due to the Civil List under the confederation to 30th June 1789 & the pay, and arrearages of pay & contingencies of the army to 30 June, 1789.\nDollars\nAgainst this Anticipation are.\nFirst. The amot of receipts by the Loan Officers from the respective States from 1st Apl to 30 June 1789 the Accounts whereof have not been received\n2dly. The amos. in the hands of the present Loan Officers on the 1st april 1789 subject to the orders of the Commrs of the Board of Treasury (exclusive of 38,828 66/90ths Dollars disputed balances in the hands of the receivers under the late Superintendant of Finance)\nWith every sentiment of the greatest respect I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most Obt and hume servant\nJoseph Nourse Regr\nA. General Account of receipts and Expenditures of the United States commencing with the Administration of the Finances by the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury on the 21st april 1785 and ending the 31st March 1789 the day to which the Public Accounts are stated.\nDr.\nDollars 90ths\nDollars 90ths\n1785 April 21st\nTo balance in the Treasury this day as stated to the United States in Congress assembled\n1785 April 21st to 1789 March 31st\nTo General Account of Taxes\nFor the following payments made into the Treasury by the receivers of Taxes during this period.\nReceiver of the State.\nOf New Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nTo general Account of Foreign Receipts & Expenditures\u2014\nFor the amount of Bills of Exchange drawn by the Commissioners of the Board of treasury on the commissioners of the Dutch Loans, Vizt\nSo much credited in the general account of receipts & Expenditures rendered to Congress under date the 30th June 1785\u2003\u2003Flos. 403,049. 5\nProfit & Loss Account\nFor a Profit arising from the Exchange being above par\nSo much credited in general account of receipts & Expenditures rendered to Congress dated 30th September 1785\u2003\u2003Flos. 105,179.19\nProfit & Loss Account\nFor a profit arising from the Exchange being above par\nproduced\nTo Interest Account\nFor so much interest arising on Negociations by the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury. Vizt\nFrom 21st april to 30th June 1785\n1st July to 30th Septr 1785\nTo Emission of paper money by Individual States, on the principles of the Act of the United States in Congress assembled of 28th March 1780\nOf Constable Rucker & Co.\nfor so much of the 4/10 of the Emission of the State of New york Negociated to them\nOf Stoddert & Forrest of Maryland\nFor ditto of the 4/10 of the Emission of the State of Maryland negociated to them\nReceived on account of their contract with the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury\nOf John Hopkins Esqr. of Virginia,\nfor so much of the 4/10 of the Emission of the State of Virginia, sold by him and Credited in his account\nTo General Post Office\nFor the following Receipts from the Post Master General Vizt\nIn the 1st Quarter of 1786\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20033d Quarter \u2007\"\u2007\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20032d Quarter 1787\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20033d Quarter \u2007\"\u2007\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20034th Quarter \u2007\"\u2007\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20031st Quarter 1788\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20033d Quarter \u2007\"\u2007\n\"\u2003\u2003\u20031st Quarter 1789\nNote, Those Monies are in discharge of the arrearages due the Treasury of the United States, from the post office.\nTo Sundries, for Balances due on accot of Monies due to the United States\u2014Vizt\nReceived of Joseph Diant the 3d Quarter in 1785\n\"\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003of Cornelius Sweers the 2d Quarter in 1786\n    \"\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003of George Olney the 2d Quarter in 1786\n\"\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003of the Executor to the Estate of Major General Lee decd\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20031st Quarter in 1787.\nTo Messrs De La Lande and Finje of Amsterdam\nFor so much received by Mr Lowell of Boston from their Assignees, being on account of the balance stated to have been remaining in the hands of said Messrs De La Lande and Finje when they declared Bankruptcy\nReceived in the 3d Quarter 1787\n\"\u2003\u2003\u2003in \"\u2007 4th Quarter 1787\n\"\u2003\u2003\u2003in \"\u2007 1st Quarter 1788\nTo Sale of Stores For an Iron Stove sold for\nTo Messrs Constable Rucker & Co. of the City of New York\nFor so much received by the Treasurer from them agreeably to the direction of the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury and is part of the monies charg\u2019d as paid to them for remittances to pay Foreign Interest Vizt\n1786 December 30th received\n1787 January 10th \"\u2007\u2007\n\"\u2003\u2003\u2003Septemr 15th \"\u2007\u2007\nTo General Account of Taxes In Interest Indents.\nFor so much received into the Treasury in sd Indents from 14th January 1785 to 31st March 1789\nTo the Honorable Jas Munroe Esqr.\nReceived of him a Balance of Public money unexpended on an Embassy from Congress to the Legislature of Pennsylvania\nTo Expenditures of the Civil List\nFor so much therein charged under the head of Foreign Affairs Departmt and which not having been appropriated as therein stated is Credited in the Treasury Books\nTo John Shaw Merchant New York\nFor a payment made on account of Public Tobacco sold him\nTo John Pierce Esqr. (deceased) late paymaster General for so much returned into the Treasury from the Pay Office, being unappropriated of warrants which had been issued to him for the paymt of the troops\nTo William Hill & John McVickar Merchs. New York\nReceived of them balance of their account\nTo balance of Payment beyond receipts, or an Anticipation of Public Credit\nTo the above sum of one hundred and forty three thousand six hundred and twenty six Dollars 28/90ths being the amot anticipated on the public credit on the 31st March last, is to be added the sum of ninety three thousand, four hundred and sixty three dollars 22/90ths being the amount of an anticipation on the public Credit made by the late Superintendant of Finance, Vide Journals of Congress for 1788 page 148\nThe whole amount anticipated on the receivers of Taxes by the late Superintendant of Finance was\nWhereof was paid betwixt the 1st Novr 1784 (the day on which the superintendant of Finance closed his administration) & the 21st april 1785 (The day on which the commissioners of the Board of Treasury began to act) as appears by the Public accounts rendered to Congress for that period\nFrom 21st april 1785 to the present time pr foregoing statemt\n[Credits]\n1785 April 21st to 1789 March 31st\nBy Expenditures,\nAnticipation of the Taxes by the late Superintendant of Finance\nPaid between 21st April & 30th June 1785.\nin the 3d Quarter of 1785.\nin the 4th Quarter of 1785.\nCivil List\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nMarine\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPay master Generals, Department\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nSubsistence of the Army\nPaid between 21st April & 30th June\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nQuarter Master\u2019s Department\nPaid 3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 2d Quarter in\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n2d Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nClothing the Army.\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20071st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nMilitary & Ordnance Stores.\nPaid between 21st april and 30th June\n3d Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20071st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\nHospital Department\nPaid 3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPayment of old Accounts\nPaid between 21st April & 30th June\n3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 2d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 2d Quarter in\nPaid 3d Quarter in\n4th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nIndian Affairs\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 2d Quarter in\nPaid 3d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPensions Annuities & Grants\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nPayment of Foreign Interest for Remittances\nPaid between the 21st april & 30th June\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20071st Quarter in\nContingencies.\nPaid between 21st april & 30th June\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20072d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 2d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20073d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 2d Quarter in\n\u2007\u2007\"\u2007\u20074th Quarter in\nPaid 1st Quarter in\nBy State of New York\nFor pensions paid by the sd State to the Invalid Officers & privates of their State line in the late Army of the United States as settled at the Treasury in pursuance of an Act of Congress of 11th June 1788.\nFor a paymt made to Donald Campbell Esqr. pr Virtue of an Act of Congress of 11th October 1787.\nBy the State of Pennsylvania\nFor so much acknowledged as received in Taxes from sd State, being the amot of an account settled at the Treasury of the United States for payments made by Virtue of Acts of the United States in Congress Vizt\nFor taking up British Deserters in compliance with the Act of Congress of 30th March 1782\nFor pensions to Invalids in compliance with the Act of Congress of 23d april 1782.\nDitto\u2014Ditto of 7th June 1785\nBy State of Delaware\nFor the amount of 10,579 rations furnished between the 4th June & 8th november 1783; and for Sundry payments made in 1781 to the Officers & Soldiers of the Delaware regiment as pr Accot settled at the Treasury by virtue of several Acts of Congress\nBy State of Virginia\nFor so much being the amounts of payments made by the said State in the year 1785 to Commissioners of Indian Affairs for the said Department by Virtue of an Act of Congress passed the 15th March of Same year\nBy State of North Carolina\nFor so much being the amount of payments made by the said state in the year 1785 to the Commissioners of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department by Virtue of an act of Congress passed the 15th march of Same year\nBy State of South Carolina\nFor so much acknowledged as received in Taxes from sd State being the proportion of an Account of Provisions furnished the army which the United States by their Act of the 2d August 1786 admit to the credit of said State in their account of Taxes. The total amot of provisions as settled at the Treasury being\nFrom which deduct so much beyond the sd\nproportion, and which the Comptroller of the Treasury considered a proper credit to the Accot of Specific Supplies\nFor so much being the amot of payments made by the said State in the year 1785 to the commissioners of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department, by Virtue of an Act of Congress passed 15th March of same year\nBy General Account of Foreign Receipts & Expenditures\u2014\nFor this amount paid by the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury into the hands of William Edgar Esqr. of the City of New York, whom they appointed to distribute the same to the respective Captors of Prizes taken by the Squadron under the command of chevalier John Paul Jones, the United States having by their Banker Mons. Grand in Paris received to a like amount\nBy so much paid Mr John Wheelock President of Dartmouth Colledge, the same having been received by the commissioners of the Loan in Holland for the use of sd Colledge, and credited by them in Account with the United States\nBy the Estate of Major Genl Lee deceased for so much more received of Robert Morris Esquire than was due from the Estate and which has been repaid to his Executor.\nBy the payment of Interest on the Domestic Debt in interest Indents for so much paid from 14th Jany 1785 to 31st March 1789.\nBy Domestic Debt.\nFor so much thereof discharged being Certificates which had been issued by Edward Chinn Esqr. Commissioner for the State of Rhode Island, in payment to the Contractors & Conductors of Ox Teams, taken up by the State & paid into the United States Treasury on Accot of their Quota of Specie requisitions agreeably to Act of Congress of 16th February 1783\nDollars\nTreasury of the United StatesRegisters Office 1st April 1789Joseph Nourse regtr.\nAnticipation Vizt\nDollars 90ths\nabove\nalso\nTotal\n1st april 1789\nAa. Note Explanatory of a Statement of the public Accots from 21st April 1785 to 1st April 1788 as printed in the Journals of Congress pages 146 & 147 for the year 1788\nThe balance of 45,289.86/90 Dollars page 147 Balance in the Treasury as stated to congress april 21st 1785. was actually\nThis addition of six dollars makes the total of receipts\nDolls.\nTo which should be added the amount of the anticipation on the 1st april 1788 because it is included in the Expenditure\nThis Anticipation was as stated in page 148\nIn place of 1,357,107 Dollars \u201cTotal\u201d should have been\nThe whole amount of Expenditures in 147 is printed \u201cWhole Expenditures 1,045,347.79\u201d but it costs\nTo which add Civil List omitted\nIn place of 1,045,347.79 Dollars, should have been\nDollars\nTreasury of the United StatesRegisters Office the 15th July 1789Joseph NourseRegister\nBb. Abstract of Interest paid by the Commissioners of Loans in Holland & by Monsr Grand Banker in Paris\nLivres\u2003S.D.\nFlorins\u2003S.P.\nDollars\u200390ths\nBy the Commissioners\nJune 1st\nIntt paid on 4,825.000 Florins at 5 \u214c Ct 220,258\n\u201cOn a negociation of Messrs de Neufville & son 150\nBy Monsr Grand\nJuly\nIntt paid to Foreign Officers by said Grand pursuant to Act of Congress of 3d Feby 1784 in\ns. d.\nFor the residue of the Intt due the 3d Novr 1784 on the Dutch Loan of  10,000,000 guaranteed by the Court of France to wit 200,000\nFor residue on sd loan for 1785 400,000\nBy The Commissioners\nFeby 1st\nPaid 1 yrs Intt due this day on the 2,000,000 Flo. Loan at 4 \u214c Ct 80,000\nJune 1st\nDue this day on the 5,000,000 Loan at 5 \u214c Ct 244,125\nFeby 1st\nPaid 1 yr Intt on 2,000,000 loan at 4 \u214c Ct\nJune 1st\nFeby 1st\nPd 1 Yr int. on the 2,000,000 at 4 \u214c Ct\nJune 2d\nPd 1 Yrs int. on the 5,000,000. at 5 \u214c Ct\nPd int. to the 1st inst. on the 1,000,000 at 5 \u214c Cent\nFeby 2d\nPaid 1 Yrs interest due on the 2,000,000 Loan at 4 \u214c Cent\nJoseph Nourse Regr\nB.\u2003General Account of Foreign Receipts and Expenditures from 21st April 1785 the day on which the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury entered on the Administration of the Finances of the U.S. to 2d Feby 1789\nDrs.\n Dollars\u2003 90ths\n1785 April 21st\nTo balance this day in the hands of the Commissioners of Loans in Holland as \u214c Account stated to the United States in Congress assembled\nTo Ditto in the hands of Monsr Grand Banker at Paris\n1785 April 21st to 1789 February 2d\nTo Sundries for the following\nReceipts, to wit, Loans opend for the United States\nOf 5,000,000 Florins the first Loan\n         which completes the same\n         Florins\n1,000,000 \u2003\"\u2003 the third Loan complete\n\u273b1,000,000 \u2003\"\u2003 the fourth Loan, in part 97,000\n\u273bNote, there remains to be subscribed to fill this Loan, 903,000 Florins\nTo Remittances made by the Superintendant of Finance.\nNt proceeds of the Cargo, brig Vryvandivinglandy of part of the Cargo\nPrincess Ulrica\nOf Insurers for Damages of part of the Cargo\nOf Ditto Dividend for Insurance of Cargo \u214c Capt. Askelin\nTo Remittances by the Board of Treasury charged in Domestic Expenditures under the head of, remittances to pay Foreign Interest.\nCredited, received by Monsr Grand between 21st april & 30th June 1785\nAnother remittance to him in the 3d quarter of 1785\nCredited by the Commissioners in Holland in the first Quarter of 1786\n(Loss on this remittance by the high course of Exchange 4400 Dollars)\nCredited by Ditto for remittance in the 4th Quarter of 1785\nCredited by Ditto Ditto in the 1st Quarter of 1787\nNt proceeds of Cargo shipped \u214c the ship New York by Messrs Hill & Compy\nTo Contingent Receipts\nA further balance due from monsr Grand on settlemt with Mr Barclay\nOf Captain Paul Jones to be repaid in America\nOf Monsr Vandenyver by order of Mr Jefferson\nTo balance due to Monsr Grand 6th August 1787\n To C. Cotterel, \u214c C.R. Puller   225.-37/2  Ag[i]o 3 \u214c Cent\nFraction\nLs.\n[Credits]\n1785 April 21st to 1789 Feby 2d\nBy Foreign Expenditures Vizt Foreign Interest paid during this period as \u214cer Abstract herewith\nSalaries of Ministers, their Contingencies, Barbary Treaty, & U. States Contingences in Europe\nTo His Excellency\nJohn Adams\nTo His Excellency\nThomas Jefferson\nTo His Excellency\nBenjamin Franklin\n\"\u2003 William Carmichel Esqr.\n\"\u2003 Colonel Humphreys\n\"\u2003 Thomas Barclay\nEsqr.\n\"\u2003 C.W.F. Dumas at the Hague\nForeign Contingencies\nExpences attending the Loans Vizt Premiums on the Loans including 60,000 Florins premium of 1787 & 70,000 >Do premium of 1789 on the 2,000,000 Loan\nCommissions upon Interest paid &ca\nHogguer Grand & Company their Accot on Loan paid them in full\nof their Loan principal and Interest\nMessrs Fezeau Grand & Comy Amsterdam on account of money borrowed of them\nPublic Debt, for three Certificates issued from the Treasury & discharged by Monr Grand\nBills of Exchange drawn by the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury. For their Bills drawn on the Commissioners of Loans in Holland\n(Profit on sd Bills, as appears by the account of receipts & Expenditures 7,14517/90 Dollars) Messrs De La Lande & Finje of Amsterdam. For a balance which remained in their hands when they declared Bankruptcy\nBalance in the hands of the Commissioners of Loans on the 2d Feby 1789 subject to the order of the United States\nLs.\nTreasury of the United StatesRegisters Office the 2nd Feby 1789Joseph NourseRegister\nGentlemenAmsterdam 16th February 1789\nWe had the honor to transmit you the 30th August last, Abstract of the Account Current of the United States, balance due to them by us f206,274.17.8. Since which we have not received any of your esteemed favors.\nOur Endeavors to place the Loan of one Million commencing the 1st June 1788  have been unremittingly used, but without success, untill it was question of paying the f70,000 Premiums drawn upon the four \u214c Cent Loan. The Brokers being very desirous this should be effected in Money as heretofore, we seized the opportunity to renew our proposals, for selling at least a sufficient number of Bonds of the one Million on hand, to enable us to face the June Interest, as the condition of our acquiescence to their request; however in spite of every exertion, they were not able to procure a positive Engagement for more than 200 Bonds, to be received before the 1st June at the former rate, with the additional Douceur of one months Interest over and above the current month, the Subscribers may call for their Bonds in, and under the usual conditions, that none of the remaining Bonds shall be sold to others before the end of the present year, during which Congress is restrained from opening any new Loan here untill the actual Loan shall be disposed of.\nWe are fully convinced, this measure will meet your hearty approbation, or exclusive of furnishing, a large sum towards the next June interest, the payment of the premiums in money, tends to maintain the credit of Congress here; So that we flatter ourselves, in case the new Government shou\u2019d operate with the expected success, to be able to complete, by a further sale of Bonds, the monies still requisite for the June interest and perhaps to supply his Excellency Thomas Jefferson Esqr. wherewith to face some of the objects committed to his charge by the United States\u2014But we beg leave to remark, that the present unsettled State of your Government is not the only obstacle we have to combat; another very strong one is, the actual scarcity of money, owing to the considerable Loans that have been lately raised here for Russia, Sweeden &c. And above all the payments ordered by the Government of this Province into the Public Coffers, of one twenty fifth part of the property of all its Inhabitants possessing f2500 which takes immence sums from the ordinary channels of circulation. We hand you inclosed, Abstract of the Accot current of the United States, the balance due by us f123,674 we carry to their credit in new account entreating you to have the same examined and if found right to advise your having conformed thereto. We are very respectfully Gentlemen Your most obedient and very humble Servants\nWilhem [and] Jan Willink\nNichs & Jacob Van Staphorst\nD.\nEstimate of the monies accruing and expected to accrue from the late Loans in Holland; and of the Demands against the same to the first day of June 1790.\nBalance in the hands of the Commissioners of Loans on\nFlorins\nFlorins\nthe 31st day of January 1789\nUnsubscribed on the last million Loan on the 29th February 1789\nDemands against the same Vizt\n1789 Interest payable on the Dutch Loans in June\nPremiums on 903,000 at 9 \u214c Cent\nCommission on 301,937 at 1 \u214c Cent\n Due to Mr Grand for advances the sum of  49,180 equal to\nMonies belonging to the State of Virginia advanced by Mr Jefferson  29,765 equal to\n Due for medals ordered by Do.  2000\nArrears of Salary stated to be due to Mr Short Secry to Mr Jefferson, and Mr Ast late Secy to the Consulate Livs. 5000 Equal to\nArrears of 3 Years Interest due to Foreign Officers Livs. 136,960.14 Equal to\nFor the redemption of Captives at Algiers\nLegation Expences\nMedals\n1790 Interest of 2,000,000 Fs. due in February\nJune Interest supposing the Loan of the last million filled\nCommission on Do 1 \u214c Cent\n Foreign Officers  45,653.16\nHence it appears that the Demands which must be provided for in Europe to the 1st June 1790 exceed what the loan can possibly produce, supposing it to fill in season\u2014In this computation it will be observed that no Estimate is made of the principal & interest due on the French Loans.\n For Schedule E tables, pp. 283\u201385.\n  It appears by the within statement that 3,521,901.14.6 Dollars specie is the total amount paid by the several States on this account.\nDollars of this sum were received into the Treasury during the administration of the Finances by the late superintendant Robert Morris, from 1st March 1782 to 1st November 1784\nDollars from 1st November 1784 to 21st April 1785 as stated by the Committee of Congress on the Treasury Department, in Journals for 1788 page 144\nDollars from the receiver of South Carolina being included in the sum of 958 28/90 Dollars acknowledged received from him in the general Accot of rects & Expenditures No. 2 rendered under date 31st March 1785\nDollars, by the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury from 21st april 1785 the time of their appointmt, to the 31st March 1789 as General Accot of receipts & Expenditures herewith rendered under this date.\nDollars Balance remaining in the hands of the several late receivers of Taxes and present Loan Officers, as \u214c quarterly account of Taxes\u2014rendered to this date.\nIt also appears that 2,241.702.26.1 Dollars in Indents is the total amount paid by the several States on this account.\nDollars were receiv\u2019d into the Treasury from 14th January 1785 to 31st March 1789 and are now in the hands of the Treasurer.\nDollars, Balance remaining in the hands of several of the Loan Officers as \u214c Quarterly statement of the Taxes to 31st March 1789.\nDollars only of this sum is in the hands of the several present Loan Officers and subject to the orders of the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury\nDollars, in the hands of the late Receivers of Taxes under the superintendant of Finance, and in part disputed, but which the Board of Treasury are taking measures to recover\n as above71,143.12/90.4/8 Dollars\n  \u273b Warrants to the amount of the balance stated to be in the hands of the several Loan Officers, have been since drawn on them in favor of the Treasurer.\nE.\nShedule of the requisitions on the several States, by the united States in Congress assembled; of 10th Sept: 1782\u201430th Oct: 1781, and 27th and 28th April 1784: of 27th Sept: 1785 2d August 1786 and of 11th October 1787 and 20th August 1788\u2014Shewing the Quotas assigned to each, the amount paid thereon and the Balances due 31st March 1789.\nRequisitions and Quotas.\n10th Sept. 1782\n30th October 1781. 27th & 28th April 1784\nIndents\nQuota\nPaid previous to 31st Decr 1783. vide Journals of Congress for 1784. page 178.\nSum required 27th and 28th april 1784. 3\u20134 whereof being paid in specie 1\u20134 were made receivable in Indents\n3\u20134 thereof or specie proportion\nTotal in specie payable on this requisition\nProportion of Indents receivable on this requisition.\nStates\nDollars 90ths\nDollars 90ths\nDollars 90ths\nDollars 90ths\nDollars 90ths 8ths\nDolls. 90ths 8\nDolls. 90ths 8\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nRequisitions and Quotas.\n\u2003\u200327th September 1785\u2003\u2003\n20th Augt 1788\nStates\nSpecieDols. 90ths\nIndentsDols. 90ths\nSpecieDol. 90ths\nIndentsDollars\nIndentsDollars\nIndentsDols. 90ths 8\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nTotal Amounts paid\nBalances due\nSpecie\nIndents\nSpecie\nIndents\nStates\nDoll. 90ths 8\nDoll. 90ths 8\nDoll. 90ths 8\nDols. 90ths 8ths\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nTreasury of the United States Registers Office1st April 1789Joseph Nourse regr\nF\nExtract from an ordinance of Congress for regulating the Post Office of the United States of America, passed the 18th October 1782.\n\u201cAnd be it further ordained by the Authority aforesaid, That the post master General shall cause the Mail to be carried with all care & dispatch at least once in every week, to and from each of the stated post Offices, and his Deputies shall Keep & transmit to him, regular, particular, just and quarterly Accounts of the incomes and Expenditures of their respective Offices; and from those and such other materials as shall be necessary for the purpose, the Post Master General shall form and keep regular and just accounts of the incomes and Expenditures of the General Post Office which he shall annually deliver to the Comptroller of Accounts of these United States, attended with the quarterly Accots of each Office, and Vouchers for his Examination & passing.\u201d\nGentlemen.Accountants Office May 20th 1788   \nSince I had the honor of laying before you the Official statement of the Accounts of the post Master General, to the end of the year 1787 I have had occasion to refer to the Post Office Ordinance of the 18th October 1782 and find, that the Post Master General is directed to render annually to the Treasury the Quarterly Accounts and Vouchers of his several Deputies, for examination and passing. This clause of the Ordinance does not appear to have ever been complied with on the part of the Post Master General.\nThe monies credited by him as received from the different post Offices being of a voluntary nature, it appears to me necessary (Altho\u2019 his Accounts have been adjusted heretofore without those of the Deputies being rendered) that we should be furnished with some kind of Documents to shew in what manner those credits arise; otherwise the Treasury cannot have that check, or Comptrol on the most material part of his accounts, that the ordinance of Congress had in view. Mr Hazard appears willing to render the Accounts in question, if on a conference with him, your Honorable Board should conceive it necessary; I thought it my Duty therefore to represent the matter to you that such order may be taken thereon, as shall be deemed proper. With the utmost respect I am Gentlemen Your most Obt humble Servant\nJ. Hardy Accpt\nThe Honorable Board of Treasury\nSirBoard of Treasury August 19th 1788 \nThe Board have taken under consideration your letter of the 20th May last, on the subject of the accounts of the Post Master General (on which you reported on the 12th of that month) and have directed me to inform you that as the Ordinance of the 18th October 1782 requires the Post Master General to render annually to the Treasury, the quarterly accounts and Vouchers of his several Deputies: you cannot dispence with requiring them previous to a final adjustment being made of the accots exhibited. I am Sir by order Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nWm Duer Secretary\nJoseph Hardy Esqr.\nAccountant of the Treasury\nGentlemen,Accountants Office July 21st 1789.   \nI beg leave to acquaint you that on the receipt of your letter of the 19th August last, directing me to call upon the Post Master General for the Accots & Vouchers of his several Deputies previous to a final adjustment being made of his Accounts for the year 1787 exhibited at this Office; I wrote to him the same day as per the inclosed paper No. 1. Since which I have received his Accounts for the year 1788 accompanyed with a\nletter from him in answer to mine; copy of which as per No. 2 I do myself the honor also to enclose for your consideration.\nHowever essential these documents may be to the General Post Office, I do not consider myself authorised to dispence with them, or to make a final settlement of the accounts as rendered consistant with the ordinance of the 18th of October 1782 without the particular direction of your honorable Board.\nIf, as Mr Hazard states, the accots of the Deputies are so necessary to be preserved in the General Post Office, copies of them compared in this office with the originals, might I presume be accepted of, which would enable the officers of the Treasury to proceed on the liquidation of the Accots of the principal of the Department. I have the honor to be, with the utmost respect Gentlemen Your most Obt & humble Servant\nJ. Hardy Accpt\nThe honorable The Commissioners of the Board of Treasury\nSir,Accountants Office 19th August 1788.   \nIn a report which I made to the honorable Board of Treasury on the 20th May last, I submitted it as my opinion that previous to a Settlement being made of your Accounts as Post Master General it would be requisite that you should exhibit the subordinate accounts & vouchers of your several Deputies upon which the Credits in your General Account appear to be founded; an answer to which I received this day, and enclose you a Copy.\nIt now becomes my duty to request you to furnish me with these Documents to enable me to make a final adjustment of your Accounts for the year 1787 exhibited at this office agreeably to the Ordinance of the 18th October 1782. I have the honor to be &c. &c.\nJ: Hardy Accpt\nEbenezer Hazard Esqr. Post Master General\nNo. 2\nSirGeneral Post Office New York March 3d 1789   \nHerewith you will receive my Accounts and Vouchers for 1788, you should have had them sooner but other indispensible Duties of my Office demanded my first attention.\nMonies being charged as paid to the orders of Mr Bradley, I send his Accots to shew that those sums were due to him; and as I find I omitted his October 1787 account in my last returns, I add that now.\nI do not conceive Sir, that the spirit of the ordinance of 18th October 1782 requires, nor that it was the intention of Congress, that I should send all the returns of all the Post Offices with my Accounts.\nFrom a moments attention to the Case you will be convinced that I could not then transact the business at all; Congress frequently call upon me for calculations, and other information which can be collected only from those returns; how can it be furnished if I am deprived of my Official Documents? It can not be supposed that Congress designed to require certain duties of the Post Master General, and at the same time make it impossible for him to perform them by depriving him of the only means for that purpose. Daily references to these papers are necessary even in the ordinary course of Business, but how are those references to be made, if I am not possessed of the papers?\nThe late Comptroller was fully of my opinion upon the subject of the Official returns, as I have no doubt you will be, upon considering the matter.\nIf you cannot have confidence enough in the Post Master General to believe that he\nhas stated the credits truly, he has no objections against swearing to the truth of his accounts, but the returns wou\u2019d not satisfy you in this respect, as the payments are often partial and in some instances have been made before the expiration of the Quarter. I am Sir, &c. &c.\nEbenezer Hazard\nP.M.G.\nJoseph Hardy Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Eager Howard, 23 July 1789\nFrom: Howard, John Eager\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore July 23d 1789\nI am sensible that the liberty I have taken in so often troubling your Excellency, requires apoligy\u2014Several military officers have applyed to me for recommendations, which, their services in the field gave them some claim to, and I am persuaded that any trouble I may have given you on their account, will be excused. I shall be happy if my trespassing on your time in this instance meets the like indulgence.\nMr James Calhoun, I am informed, has made application to be appointed collector of the Port of Baltimore. there may be many others well recommended, but I am satisfyed from long acquaintance with him that no person will be found for the office, who possesses more integrity or honesty.\nGeneral Williams is at present naval officer; I would by no means make any recommendation in opposition to him, but should he decline the appointment I am confident that Mr Calhoun, if appointed to that office, or collector, would discharge the duties very much to your satisfaction. I have the Honor to be with the highest respect yr Excellencys most obedt Servt\nJ.E. Howard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Morris, 23 July 1789\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 23d 1789\nIf I should be thought Qualified for and worthy of Employment in the Judicial department of the General Goverment. I shall be happy to Serve my country in any Office which I can Accept consistant with my Own Reputation.\nyou will Excuse this Lyberty it is from an Intimation, that you was desirous to know every person who wished to be Employed in the Genll Goverment. with the Highest Sentiments of Respect and Real Esteem I am Sir your Most Obedient Humble Servant\nRd Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0164", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Skey Eustace, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Eustace, John Skey\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBordeaux [France] 24 July 1789.\nI do myself the Honor to forward to your Excellency a Letter from the Chevalier de Saint Jean, an Officer of distinguished Merit in the royal Marine of France. As this Gentleman left Bordeaux immediately after the Date of his Letter I had not an Opportunity to inform him that his Solicitation would have been more properly addressed to the Baron de Steuben: however, should the Services he has asserted recieve your Excellency\u2019s Sanction it may prove fortunate for him to have made the Application through this indirect Channel.\nI beg Leave to offer for your Excellency\u2019s Perusal the Copy of a Letter from a Deputy of this City to the National Assembly at Versailles on the unexpected Event of the 15th instant, which produced the Emancipation of this People.\nI trust it will not be considered improper in me to have taken the earliest Occasion of transmitting to your Excellency\u2019s Hand a correct Detail of this important Revolution, since it is to you, Sir, that the Nation at large attribute the Liberties they have assumed: and in the Character and Conduct of their distinguished Compatriot, the Marquis de la Fayette, they contemplate with Rapture and with Admiration the happy result of his early Attachment to an illustrious Preceptor.\nWith my unfeigned Congratulations on the Consummation of the federal Union of the United States of America, I have the Honor to be, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and Most humble Servant\nJohn Skey Eustace", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0165", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Diego de Gardoqui, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Gardoqui, Diego Maria de\nTo: Washington, George\nThe House of Spain in New York 24th July 1789\nThe Underwritten \u201cEncargado de Negocios\u201d of his Catholic Majesty has the Honor to inform Sen\u00f5r the President of the United States, that having obtained Permission from the King his Master to go to Spain, to attend for a Time to his domestic Affairs, he has concluded to avail himself of the present Leisure of his Station, by embracing the first good Opportunity that may offer.\nHe will shortly have the Satisfaction of presenting to Sen\u00f5r the President his Secretary, on whom will devolve the Charge of such Affairs as may occur during his Absence; being persuaded that his Capacity and Conduct will promote the Continuance of the Harmony which happily subsists between the two Nations.\nDiego de Gardoqui.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0166", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Leonard, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Leonard, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nJuly 24th 1789\nI beg Leave to recommend for the office of Collectors in the County of Bristol and State of Massachusetts\u2014which County is part of the district I represent\u2014The Following Persons Edward Pope Esqr. for the Port of New Bedford and Hodijah Baylies Esqr. for the Port of Dighton.\nI am well acquainted with those Gentlemen and believe them\nto be well qualified to discharge the duties of that Office and that they will be agreable to the People in General. I have the Honour to be with very great Respects your most Obedient & Humble servant\nGeorge Leonard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0167", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Betty Lewis, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Betty Washington\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Brother\n[Fredericksburg] July 24th 1789\nWe have been extreamly concern\u2019d at hearing of your late illness, but the arrival of Roberts last letter brought us the Agreable information that the Doctors had Pronounc\u2019d you would shortly be Able to ride out\u2014when I had last the Pleasure of seeing you I observ\u2019d Your fondness for Honey. I have got a large Pot of very fine in the Comb, which I shall send by the first Oppertunity.\nI am sorry to inform you My Mothers Breast still Continues bad. God only knows how it will end; I dread the Consequence. she is sensible of it & is Perfectly resign\u2019d\u2014wishes for nothing more than to keep it Easy\u2014she wishes to here from you, she will not believe you are well till she has it from under your Hand\u2014the Doctors think if they Could get some Hemloc it would be of Service to her Breast, if you Could Precure som there. Mr Urquhart will bring it for her, there is none to be got hear\u2014Your Relations all Join me in love and Good Wishes to You and Sister Washington & believe me Your Affect. Sister\nBetty Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 24\u201327 July 1789\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\u2014\nAthy [Ireland] July 24[\u201327]th 1789\nPermit me to join my prayers, with those of your discerning and Virtuous Fellow-Citizens, that Providence may give you health & Length of Days to enable you to compleat the Glorious Fabrick of American Happiness; Great, Ardous & Complicated as the Undertaking is, no doubt remains on my mind on perusing the papers, just received from my most worthy & respectable Friend Doctor Franklin, but it will be compleated\u2014to reconsile the Local Prejudices, to prove what is for the Good of the whole, & to baffle the Intreagues of internal Foes, falls to the Lot of him, who raised the Timid into action\u2014who, with a Small, but Chosen, band, encircled & took Prisoners the Numerous advanced Guard of a disciplined & powerfull Enemy\u2014who, with Superior Wisdom, preserved his own Troops for the last Great & Succesfull Effort to give Life, Liberty & Property to his Fellow-Citizens\u2014who, in the Camp reconsiled the hardy Citizens of the North with those of the South, & by the best of consiliating discipline united them in the Common Cause\u2014who, has proved to future Generations\u2014that Courage, Wisdom, Vertue, Humanity and Universal Benevolence are united in one Man\u2014who fought the Battles & Guided the Councils of 13 States without accepting the Smallest Pecuniary Recompence\u2014who\u2014realized the Character that Historians fondly drew, but could not fully exemplyfy\u2014a Patriot\u2014As Viz. is on the Picture of Franklin, that ought to be on his.\nin my last, I informed your Excellency, of my most Providential Recovery, after having had in a Very Short Space of Time, two very dangerous Fevers, which, for two months, baffled the Skill of the most Eminent of the Faculty, from being\ntolerably fat, I was reduced to Skin & Bone; I am now going from one County to another for Change of air, which has had an immediate Effect, for I am now able to walk & ride.\nThis Kingdom is likely to be the only one in Europe, whose Corn, Hay & Potatoes are not injured by the Late Stormy, wet & Blighting Spring, and incessant Rains during May, all June & untill this 16th day of July; France is in the greatest distress for Corn, Germany not half Supplied; the Vines almost all destroyed; add to this, the Desolation, that will be occasioned by the Belligerent Powers, for by the last Gazetts, it is announced, that Each side destroy the Corn in the Ground\u2014our Ports will be Shut, untill our Corn ripens, as we have sent as much to France, as we could Spare; England has or will do the same.\nFrance, by her Alliance, has received the grownd work of Liberty; The written Correspondence, the personal Knowledge which many had of yr happy state, with some Late publications introduced from Rotterdam, have combined to Spread the Glorious flame from Calais to Frejus, & from Brest to Strasburgh; by this day\u2019s French Mail, we are to believe, that the Nobles have been forced to join the Tiers Etats in Common Assembly\u2014this was Cheifly owing to the perseverence of the Duke of Orleans, who, with his Small, but respectable, Body of 58 Peers, always Supported the Tiers Etats\u2014it was a well judged act of the Latter, in their first Assembly to throw out the Idea of raising the Soldiers pay\u2014If France compleats her Liberty, she will command all Europe, her People be nearly augmented one third, as there are now, by the most accurate returns 350000 Men & women shut up in Convents, who will be sent abroad to answer the Ends of their Creation, & those \u27e8Sinks\u27e9 of Vice, & disgrace of Christianity, the Monasteries, annihilated\u2014If Ann of Austria, Lewis the fourteenth, Duke of Guise &c. &c., were to View the present State of France, they would Scarsely Credit their Sight or sence.\nIn this Kingdom the introduction of Convents & Monasteries being winked at, they have encreased to a degree alarming both to Religion and Policy, and Colleges are Erecting to Educate Boys for the Monasteries; we want Inhabitants & this will encrease it very much\u2014The Papists, in Ireland, are the most Biggoted of any in the world, & their Rancour towards the\nProtestants more violent than in 1641; most of the Penal Laws have been repealed, yet they are not Satisfied, unless they get Liberty to Vote for Members of Parliament, if that was given them, we should have our House more than half filled with consealed Papists, & all Laws for the security of the Protestant Religion frittered away; they are 9 to one in this Kingdom\u2014the more they have got, the higher they rize in their new demands\u2014our present Vice-roy, the Marquiss of Buckingham exceeds any of his Predecessors in meaness & Hypocrisy; he left us lately on account of bad Health, and I am inclined to think he will not return, as the opposition to his Measures will be so Respectable & Powerfull; about 20 of our house of Commons will be dismissed from their Employments (some of them in the military Line) for Voting against part of his Measures; for these two last Sessions we have not raised any new Taxes, but I fear (next Session) that they will be governed by Pitts Taxation plan, & called upon to Contribute towards the Debt of England; Pitt is an amazing young Minister, he has carried the Excise of Tobacco, which dethroned other Ministers; he has opposed the Citizens of London, Liverpool, Glascow & Bristol\u2014yet Keeps a vast Majority.\nWe are kept in the Dark with respect to the Kings real state of health; Various are the reports; by the best accounts that we have received, I am inclined to think he is not thoroughly well; this constantly jaunting him about, shews that his health is not reestablished & that they fear a Lethargy; all his Sons are in opposition to the present Ministry, & are personally prosecuting the Royal Printers; our Administration wanted to buy up all our Dublin Papers, but could only get one out of Seven, so the Channel here is still open for public animadversion, & it never was more wanted than at present, for Some of our Judges have revived the oppression of the Tyranick Jeffries; Exhorbitant Bail is demanded, & Informations granted in order to prevent the Subject from having the Benefit of a Grand Jury.\nJuly 27th 1789 Before you can receive this, you will have heard of the Commotions in France, as I see, by the Public Papers, that several Ships are ready to sail from London for America; I never Expected to hear of the Citizens of Paris Storming the Bastile; of the French Guards disobeying the Grand Monark; of Bishops siding with the People; of the Descendant\nof Lewis the 14th begging for Protection from Artisans & Manufacturers; of Mechanics Storming the Hotel de Invalides, or of a French Assembly placing the word People before that of King\u2014we had a Revolution compleated in 1689, & they have begun one in 1789, but I beleive theirs must be finished one way or the other in a few weeks\u2014their Summary tryals & Executions seem to have Struck Terror into their opponents\u2014the same Spirit pervades the southern provinces, for my fourth Son, whom I bound to a Merchant at Marsailles, having been a Private in my Volunteer Corps enlisted as a Member of the Marsailles Corps\u2014but I directed him to resign, as he is too young to Judge how to Act, & as he is not a Native\u2014the Affair of the Bastile will be worthy of Historical record\u2014it was one Drummond, a Scotchman, formerly Lieutenant under Lord Ra\u27e8w\u27e9don in Carolina, that directed that Attack\u2014he is much wounded by a Bayonet; the Governor deserved his fate.\nThe situation of Europe is Critical, all must be peace or war, as Neutrality cannot long Subsist\u2014The State of the Emperor\u2019s health involves material Consequence; the Election of a King of the Romans is said to be fixed for may next; frequent Conferences are held among the German Princes, & the flame of Liberty may reach that Country\u2014this \u00c6ra will furnish an Ample field for zfaithfull Historian\u2014Even our Majority in 6 Divisions against a Vice-roy will be a remarkable Epoch\u2014and I hope next Sessions we shall censure the whole of his infamous & Corrupted Administration; I have one Comfortable Idea of Success, which is, that the most Respectable Body of Peers & Commoners, that Ever united, are now apparently consolidated.\nI am afraid in the midst of your great, Arduous & most important Situation my letters instead of being agreable, only trespass on your Precious moments, however I cannot avoid Seizing every opportunity of declaring the high Respect and Esteem I have for the most Exalted of ancient or Modern Characters.\nLady Newenham joins me in best regards to Mrs Washington. I have the Honor, to be, My Dear Sir your most obliged & Sincere Humble Sert\nEdward Newenham\nP.S.\u2014Enclosed is the last accounts we have had.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0171", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Thomson, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Thomson, Charles\nSir,\n[New York] July 24th 1789\nI have contemplated your Note, wherein, after mentioning your having served in quality of Secretary of Congress from the first meeting of that Body in 1774 to the present time, through an eventful period of almost fifteen years, you announce your wish to return to private life: and I have to regret that the period of my coming again into public life, should be exactly that, in which you are about to retire from it.\nThe present age does so much justice to the unsullied reputation with which you have always conducted yourself in the execution of the duties of your Office, and Posterity will find your Name so honorably connected with the verification of such a multitude of astonishing facts, that my single suffrage would add little to the illustration of your merits. Yet I cannot withold any just testimonial, in favor of so old, so faithful and so able a public officer, which might tend to sooth his mind in the shade of retirement. Accept, then, this serious Declaration, that your Services have been important, as your patriotism was distinguished; and enjoy that best of all rewards, the consciousness of having done your duty well.\nYou will be pleased Sir, to deliver the Books, Records & Papers of the late Congress\u2014the Great Seal of the Federal Union\u2014and the Seal of the Admiralty, to Mr Roger Alden, the late Deputy Secretary of Congress; who is requested to take charge of them until farther directions shall be given.\nI beg you to be persuaded that it will always afford me real pleasure to extend what ever encouragement may be consistent\nwith my general duties, to such particular Persons as have long been faithful & useful Servants of the Community.\nI finally commend you to the protection of Heaven, and sincerely wish you may enjoy every species of felicity.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0172", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Carbery, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Carbery, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York July 25th 1789\nThough I feel from my peculiar situation, the most distressing difficulty in Addressing myself to You, I am flattered an Apology would be unnecessary in persuing a Line marked out by Yourself, for Applicants to observe. I will not trouble You, Sir, with a detail of my Family, however antient, or much to my Credit\u2014nor will I dwell upon my Sufferings\u2014or the blood I have spilt, and property I have lost, by my early, and steady Patriotism. My character is known to some Gentlemen in the Legislature\u2014and I take the liberty of refering to, Mr Chas Carroll, Mr Henry, Mr Seney, Mr Daniel Carroll, Mr Smith Mr Gale, Mr Stone, Mr Grayson, and Mr Hartley, with whom I served in the Army from the beginning of Seventy Seven untill his Resignation.\nIf You can Forgive me, Sir, for one single act of Indiscretion, for which I can never forgive myself, You will make me happy, and I shall ever consider myself as under the most particular, and Sensible Obligations.\nMy first Object would be a Military Capacity, but as no Troops are raising, I should receive with a great deal of Gratitude, an appointment in the Customs, meerly sufficient to maintain me\u2014For such an employment I am fitted from my knowledge in Accounts\u2014and I trust I should not disgrace Your Nomination.\nThough I should not flatter myself with emoluments equal to\nmy diligence, Yet I should enjoy the Delightful Idea of being Restored to the Bosom, and Confidence of my Country\u2014and of ranking once more, with Those who have fought, and Suffered for America. I was a Youth, Sir, at School in Maryland, the place of my nativity, when the Freedom of Your Country called you forth in the late Contest. Not very long after Your departure, I took my Leave of very aged, and Tender Parents\u2014One of whom, I saw no more. It would be wrong in me to proceed with a Narrative of my uncommon Story, lest it might too much affect the Goodness of a Man, to whom I sincerely wish the most uninterupted Series of perfect Tranquility, Health, and Happiness. I am, Sir, Your Devoted hble Servt\nHenry Carbery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0173", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Brown Cutting, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBordeaux [France] 25 July 1789\nI have the honor to transmit you some papers containing details of a revolution in the government of France which if they shou\u2019d reach New York before the official account of this great transaction by Mr Jefferson may probably afford you some satisfaction. With the highest respect & purest esteem I have the honor to be your fellow citizen and most obedt sert\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0174", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mordecai Gist, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Gist, Mordecai\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCharleston So. Carolina 25 July 1789\nThe constitution of the United States having invested the President with the power of nominating officers for the different departments of the present Government, I have in consequence thereof taken the liberty of presenting myself to your Excellency; & shall be exceedingly happy to accept of any appointment in this State, or the State of Maryland that I may be deemed qualified for. should I hap\u2019ly possess that share of ability & Integrity as to merit your confidence to put me in nomination, I shall esteem it a particular honor confer\u2019d on Yr Excellencys Mo. Obdt Servt\nM. Gist", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0175", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Kentucky Convention, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Kentucky Convention\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nDanville [Ky.] July the 25th 1789\nA Letter from the County Lieutenant of Mercer to the President of the Convention for the District of Kentucky inclosing the copy of a Letter from your Excellency to the Governor of Virginia, and the copy of a circular Letter from the Governor to the County Lieutenant of Mercer, was laid before the Convention. The Convention determined that as a Convention such papers did not come regularly before them, and that they could not officially be taken up. But as the contents of the Letters were deeply interesting to the People, the members as their Representatives, possessed of their confidence, and suffering with them from their circumstances and situation being the same, were of opinion, they might with propriety write to your Excellency on the occasion. And as there was not time for the members of the Convention to finish this business before the adjournment, they directed a Committee to proceed, and to lay before the Members of the Convention at their next session, a state of what they had done.\nAs your Excellency will receive from the Governor of Virginia a Copy of his Orders to the County Lieutenants of this District, it will be needless to make any observations on them; but we beg leave to observe to your Excellency that in consequence of the scouts being discontinued in obedience to the Governors orders, the frontiers of this District are laid open to the incursions of the Indians, and that from the extent of frontier and the distant stations of the Federal Troops no means can be used for the safety of the people and their Property, before measures can be taken by the Governor of the Western Territory and the Commander of the Federal Troops, which cannot take place in a short time, and that even after that does take place, the mode of defence and protection adopted by them\nmay be inadequate without employing part of the Militia of Kentucky more particularly as scouts to give notice to the people of the approach of the Indians to enable them thereby to prepare for their defence and the security of their property, or to intercept them before they get too far, by which means part if not all of the property may be retaken & the banditti themselves chastised, And that till that event takes place the whole of the frontiers of this Country will be totally destitute of any means of security or defence A situation which will necessarily occasion the breaking up of the frontiers in several places which will be ruinous to the poor unhappy People that are obliged to remove. We can assure your Excellency that the Militia of Kentucky from their hardiness, alertness and bravery are able to render essential service to the Inhabitants of the District, if they are employed in its defence.\nWe beg leave farther to observe that from the present stations of the Federal Troops, it is absolutely impossible to give the Commanders Notice so as to enable them even if their force was sufficient to render any service whatever.\nWe have taken the Liberty to inclose to your Excellency a state of the depredations committed by the Indians in Kentucky since the first of May last, together with a List of sundry Indian tribes not included in the late treaty that inhabit such parts of the Western Country, as puts it in their power to commit depredations in Kentucky. We must farther add that, there is the utmost reason to believe from circumstances that the Creek Indians did very considerable mischief in the County of Lincoln in the month of June last. I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0176", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Parke, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Parke, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nDover, Delaware State July 25 1789.\nAmid the Multiplicity of the most important Business, that ever has fallen to the Lot of one Man to adjust: I hope Sir, you will excuse this small Interuption, from a Person who was once dignified by your Friendship & Acquaintance, & who, for several Years, during the late glorious Revolution, was honored by your Excellency\u2014with a regimental Command.\nThe Number of Departments under Government, that are now filling with the Proper & necessary Officers, have induced me, with great Submission to become an Applicant to your Excellency.\nAny secondary, or subordinate Post, to which my Abilities are equal, would be highly acceptable, & my Zeal for promoting the public Service, (which was early demonstrated, in being the first Man\u2014from my native State, who joined your Excellency\u2019s Army before Boston\u2014in addition to a Number of other Considerations\u2014which I forbear to enumerate,) Will I hope render me worthy of the Appointment.\nWishing you a long & uninterupted Continuance of Health, Satisfaction & Happiness, & perfect Success in the administration of the high Trust, to which you have unannimously been delegated by the free Suffrages of Your Countrymen! A Station, not more illustrious\u2014than your own Character! I have the Honor to be with all due Respect, Gratitude & Veneration, Your Excellency\u2019s most obliged, most obedient and very humble Servant\nJohn Parke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0180", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 26 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nNew York 26th July 1789\nIn the first moments of my ability to sit in an easy chair (and that not entirely without pain) I occupy myself in acknowledging the receipt of, and thanking you for your letter of the 14th instt.\nAlthough my time (before I was confined) had been, and probably now will be, much engaged, yet, your communications\u2014without any reserve\u2014will be exceedingly grateful & pleasing to me. While the eyes of America\u2014perhaps of the world\u2014are turned to this Government; and many are watching the movements of all those who are concerned in its Administration, I should like to be informed through so good a medium, of the public opinion of both men & measures; and of none more than myself\u2014not so much of what may be thought the commendable parts, if any, of my conduct, as of those wch are conceived to be blemishes. The man who intends no wrong is not likely to commit any capitol errors\u2014consequently, will never be unwilling to learn what is ascribed to him as foibles. If they are really such, the knowledge of them (in a well disposed mind) will go more than half way towards effecting a reform. If they are not errors, he can explain & justify the motives which governed him. At a distance from the theatre of action, truth is not always related without embellishments, & sometimes is entirely perverted from misconception; or want of knowing the causes which have produced the conduct of which\ncomplaint is made. This leads me to think that a system which I found it indispensably necessary to adopt upon my first coming to this City, might have undergone severe strictures; & have had motives very foreign from those that governed me, ascribed as causes therefor. I mean 1st returning no visits\u20142d appointing particular days for receiving them (not to the exclusion however of visits on any other days from friend or others under particular circumstances)\u2014and 3d at first entertaining no company; and afterwards, until I was confined by my late illness, confining it to official characters. I was satisfied in a very few days after my arrival at this place, of the necessity of the two first, and that no business could be done without\u2014for, by the time I had done breakfast, thence \u2019till dinner, & afterwards \u2019till bed time, I could not dispatch one (ceremonius) visit before I was called to another\u2014so that in fact I had no leizure to read, or answer the dispatches which were pouring in from all quarters. and with respect to the 3d matter, I early recd intimation through many respectable channels that its adoption was not less essential than that of the other two\u2014if the President meant to preserve the dignity & respect which was due to the first Magistrate\u2014for that a contrary conduct had involved the late Presidents of Congress in insuperable difficulties, and the Office (in this respect) in perfect contempt\u2014for the Table was considered as a public one, and every person who could get introduced to the President, conceived that he had a right to be envited to it. This, altho\u2019 the Table was always crowded (and with mixed company; & the President viewed in no other light than as Maitre de Hotel) was in its nature impracticable; and as many offences were given as if no Table had been kept. The Citizens of this place saw & regretted this\u2014and the principal members of Congress, in both Houses, were so strongly impressed with the impropriety & degrading situation to wch these characters had been reduced, that it was the prevailing opinion that the President of the U.S. should neither give, or receive invitations; some, from a belief (independent of the circumstance I have mentioned) that there was no other way of commanding permanent respect, although it might undergo unfavourable strictures at first. But to this I had two objections\u2014both powerful \u27e8in\nmy\u27e9 mind\u2014first, the novelty of it would, I well knew, be considered as an ostentatious imitation, or mimickry of Royalty\u2014and secondly, that so great a seclusion wd stop the avenues to useful information from the many, & make me dependent on the few, in whose vortex I moved. But to hit upon a discriminating medium, was found more difficult than it appeared to be at first view\u2014for, if the Citizen\u27e8s at\u27e9 large were to be \u27e8mutilated\u27e8ine could be drawn; as all of de\u27e8cent appea\u27e9rance would look for it, which \u27e8mutilated\u27e9d plunge me into the labyrinth I was endeavouring to avoid. Upon the whole it was thought best to confine my invitations, to official characters and strangers of distinction. This line I have hitherto pursued\u2014whether it may be found best to adhere to, or depart from it in some measure, must be the result of experience & information. So strongly had the Citizens of this place imbibed an idea of the impropriety of my accepting invitations to dinner, that I have not received one from any family (although they are remarkable for hospitality, and tho\u2019 I have received every civility and attention possible from them) since I came to the City; except dining with the Governor on the day of my arrival. So that, should this make an article of impeachment, there will be one good reason at least for my not dining out\u2014to wit\u2014never having been asked to do so.\nOne of the Gentlemen whose name is mentioned in your letter, though \u27e8high ton\u27e9ed, has never, I believe, appeared with more than two horses in his Carriage\u2014but it is to be lamented that he, and some others, have stirred a question which has given rise to so much animadversion; and which I confess, has given me much uneasiness, lest it should be supposed by some (unacquainted with facts) that the object they had in view was not displeasing to me\u2014whereas the truth is\u2014the question wa\u27e8s moved bef\u27e9ore I arrived, without my privity \u27e8or knowledg\u27e9e\u2014and urged after I was apprised of it, \u27e8contr\u27e9ary to my opinion; for I \u27e8foresaw and predicted the reception it has\u27e9 met with, \u27e8and the use that would be made\u27e9 of it by the \u27e8adversaries of the government. Happily,\u27e9 the mat\u27e8ter is now done with, I hope never to\u27e9 be revived. The opposition of the Senate to the discrimination in the Tonnage Bill, was so adverse to my ideas of justice & policy, that, I should have suffered it to have passed\ninto a Law without my signature, had I not been assured by some members of that body, that they were preparing another Bill which would answer the purpose more effectually without being liable to the objections, & to the consequences which they feared would have attended the discrimination which was proposed in the Tonnage Law. Why they keep their doors shut, when acting in a Legislative capacity, I am unable to inform you; unless it is because they think there is too much speaking to the Gallery in the other House, and business thereby retarded.\nYour letter is the first intimation I ever received of any defect in the title, or of any claim to the Land called Claibornes\u2014It is hardly to be conceived that Philip Whitehead Claiborne, who was the brother (and as you say Executor) to William Claiborne, for the payment of whose debts it was sold, shd have joined in the Conveyance of land to which he himself had a right, by Entail. Admit this, and bad motives must be ascribed to the action\u2014viz.\u2014a knowledge that his son, if the Entail was good, would not be barred by his Conveyance (if no act of assembly, or Writ of Ad quadamnum had previously docked it.) Such a suspicion I cannot harbour of that Gentleman, because he always supported a fair character. To the best of my recollection, there are some papers in the Garret at Mount Vernon, which belong to the Estate of Mr Custis\u2014in making a hasty arrangement of my own, I came across them, & had them put into a Trunk or box by themselves\u2014from a cursory inspection, they appeared altogether unimportant, or I should have sent them to you\u2014and in another Trunk in my study there are Papers which relate to my accts and transactions with that Estate\u2014possibly (for I do not think it probable) you may find something in one or the other of them that may be useful\u2014If in the first, I wish, if they are deserving of the Carriage, you would take them home\u2014the others may be necessary for my own security; and therefore I would not have them removed\u2014The decree of King Willia\u27e8ms\u27e9 Court will not, I fear, avail much, for I do n\u27e8ot\u27e9 conceive that it could extend (if there was an Entail in force) beyond the life of William Claiborne if then living\u2014or that P.W. Claiborne\u2019s act could bind his Son. Your trouble in this, and the other disputes in which the Estate is involved,\nwill I perceive be very great. That your success may be equal thereto, I sincerely wish\u2014We shall be anxious after the decisions to learn the result.\nI am much mistaken if I did not in the year 1778 convey both the King William and the King & Queen Lands to Mr Custis by Deeds executed at Camp before Colos. Harrison, Mead and many others as Witnesses to prove it in the General Court; and this in the presence of Mr Custis. If it was not recorded for want of due proof, I am ready to re-acknowledge the same Deed, or a copy of it, for I recollect pretty well taking the opinion of Colo. Harrison upon the nature of the Conveyance. And if my memory has not failed me, you will find some mention of the matter in one of my letters to Mr Custis, now in your possession, which you called upon me sometime ago to authenticate.\nMr Dandridge gave me an order upon Mr Brown (of Kentucky) for \u00a3800, to be applied if received, to the credit of Mr Custis\u2019s Estate\u2014but the order was protested, and Mr Dandridge has been advertised thereof.\nNothing would give me more pleasure than to serve any of the descendants of General Nelson\u2014of whose merits when living, no man could entertain a higher opinion than I did; at the sametime I must confess, there are few persons of whom I have no personal knowledge, or good information, that I would take into my family, qualified for the duties of which, many things are \u27e8re\u27e8quisite\u2014to wit\u2014a good address, abilities a\u27e8bove\u27e9 mediocrity, secresy & prudence, attention and industry, good temper, and a capacity and disposition to write correctly & well, & to do it obligingly. Most Clerkships will, I presume, either by Law or custom, be left to the appointmt of their principals\u2014little expectation therefore could Mr Nelson or any stranger have from this source. This latter consideration added to the desire I feel of serving the son of my old friend & acquaintance, has enduced me, at all hazards, to offer Mr Thos Nelson (his Son) a place in my family.\nI shall not trouble you with Legislative, or any other details that are recited in the Public Gazettes; but I have sent you the Journals of the Senate as far as they have been published and handed to me. If the Successor of Mr Richards would get the\nFederal Gazette (Published by Mr Fenno) from this City, it would enable him to collect all the transactions, & news of this theatre. My best wishes in which Mrs Washington and all around me join, attend Mrs Stuart yourself and all the family\u2014and I am Dear Sir Your Affecte friend & Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0181", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Reuben Wilkinson, 26 July 1789\nFrom: Wilkinson, Reuben\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nSavannah the 26th of July 1789\nInclosed is the charge exhebited against me in my absence, and also the determination of the Honorable the Executive thereon, for your excellency\u2019s consideration untill I shall have had a hearing which will be the 3rd of August next, at which time I shall do my self the honor of transmitting to your Excellency the determination thereon. I have the Honor to be Your Excellencys most Obt Hble Sert\nR. Wilkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0182", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thaddeus Burr, 27 July 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Burr, Thaddeus\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thaddeus Burr, 27 July 1789. Burr wrote to GW 1 Jan. 1791: \u201cI find by perusing a Copy of a letter addressed to you the 27th July 1789 . . .\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bartholomew von Heer, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Heer, Bartholomew von\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 27th 1789\nI take the liberty of inclosing to your Excellency a Memorial stating my Claim and that of two other Officers of my late Corps against the United States any irregularity in my application I trust your goodness will impute to my want of knowing in what manner otherwise to apply. I am with the greatest respect Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and very humble servant\nBartholomaw Von Heer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0184", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leonard Henley, Jr., 27 July 1789\nFrom: Henley, Leonard Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nJames City County, Virginia 27th July 1789.\nAmidst the multiplicity of publick & important business that surround Your Excellency on all Sides, I am extreemly unwilling to beg the favour of your attention to the situation of a private individual, with whom you have no personal acquaintance; but the approaching distresses of a Family part of whom, I flatter myself, are in some measure dear to you, induces me though attended with much pain to solicit a favour at your hands. Not because I distrust in the smallest your Excellencys benevolence, but because I feel myself imprest with the Strongest Sence, from a variety of causes of the impropiety of the action. After having Married Mrs Aylett & concieving that Mr Ayletts Debts were not so very Considerable as I have since found them to be, I engaged with chearfullness & Alacrity in the business of discharging them, and after having applied almost the whole of the profits of my labours for a good many years past to that purpose, I yet find that there are Claims against his estate to the amount of something over three hundred pounds, which I am Obliged to pay; this, from the extreem scarcity of Cash in circulation in the lower parts of this State, & the excessive low prices of Negroes & Other property among us, not Selling for one half of what has been suppos\u2019d until lately to be their value, will take the greater part of the little we have left to discharge these Debts: in this situation of things, & under these circumstances, I am with extreem anxiety constrain\u2019d to solicit the favour of the loan of about that sum at your hands for that particular purpose; if it is attended with no inconvenience, or disadvantage to your Excellencys interest. If this application shou\u2019d not be disapproved of, I am possessed in Fee Simple, of three hundred & Seventy odd acres of pretty good Land within seven or eight Miles of Williamsburg which I will Mortgage to your Excellency, together with as many Negroes as may be thought sufficient security for the payment of the Debt. I conceive\nand hope, with some small degree of confidence, that, with due application to business; with industry, frugality & oeconomy, together with what Debts are due to me, I shall in the course of a Short time be able to refund this money. With Mrs Henleys best love & affections to her Sister & your Excellency, I am with all due respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient humble Sevt\nLeond Henley Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0186", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Nelson, Jr., 27 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Nelson, Thomas (1764-1824)\nSir,\nNew York July 27th 1789\nThe sincere regard I had for your very worthy, deceased father, induces me to offer you a place in my family. How convenient & agreeable it may be for you to accept the offer, is with you to determine and that you may be the better enabled to judge, I shall inform you that the emoluments will be about Six hundred dollars pr ann.\u2014and the expences trifling as your board, lodging & washing (as also that of your Servant if you bring one) will be in the family. Horses if you keep any must be at your own expence because there will be no public occasion for them.\nThe duties that will be required of you, are, generally, to assist in writing, receiving and entertaining company, and in the discharge of such other matters as is not convenient or practicable for the President to attend to in person.\nWhether you accept this offer or not I should be glad to hear from you as soon as it is conveniently possible because there are a number of Gentlemen who are anxiously desirous of this appointment but whose applications will remain undecided on until I receive an answer from you.\nWith best respects to your good Mothe\u27e8r\u27e9 in which Mrs Washington joins me I am with great esteem & regard Sir Your Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0187", "content": "Title: George Partridge to Tobias Lear, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Partridge, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nNew York, 27 July 1789. Recommends William Watson, Ephraim Spooner, William Jackson, Joseph Otis, and Sturgis Gorham for customs posts in Massachusetts and will \u201cbe obliged to you to make the above recommendations to the president.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0188", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Walton, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Walton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nAugusta [Ga.] 27th July 1789\nI do myself the honor to enclose to you a copy of an Order of the Council of this State dated the 17th Instant.\nThe facts on which the complaints are founded are real, and capable of being supported by the most unequivocal testimonials\u2014I am well aware of the delicacy of a proceding which should lead us into a dispute with the Catholic Monarch; and of the pain it must necessarily give our great Ally; but I Should willingly hope that such discussions might take place, with the representative from Madrid, that the evils complained of might be procured to be removed without any misunderstanding between the two Nations. I have the honor to be, with profound respect and attachment, Your Most Obt Servant\nGeo. Walton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0189", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bushrod Washington, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\nDear Bushrod,\nNew York July 27th 1789.\nAmong the first acts of my recommencing business (after lying six weeks on my right side) is that of writing you this letter in acknowledgement of yours of the  ultimo\u2014Not being fairly on my seat yet, or in other words not being able to sit up without feeling some uneasiness, it must be short.\nYou cannot doubt my wishes to see you appointed to any office of honor or emolument in the new government, to the duties of which you are competent\u2014but however deserving you may be of the one you have suggested, your standing at the bar would not justify my nomination of you as attorney to the Federal district Court in preference of some of the oldest, and most esteemed General Court Lawyers in your own State, who are desirous of this appointment[.] My political conduct in nominations, even if I was uninfluenced by principle, must be exceedingly circumspect and proof against just criticism, for the eyes of Argus are upon me, and no slip will pass unnoticed that can be improved into a supposed partiality for friends or relations. I am &ca\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0191", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bernard Hubley, Jr., 28 July 1789\nFrom: Hubley, Bernard Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nAlleghany County Fort Pitt [Pa.] \nMy Dear Beloved GeneralJuly 28th 1789   \nI take this first Opportunity to inform you, that I have come thus far on my way homeward, my place of Residence in Northumberland County, which I left now six Weeks in Compy with Col. Fredk Antis, (of the same Place) we set out with an intention to explore the Western parts of Pennsylvania, we kept up the West Branch of the River Susquehannah as far as Chincklecamoos, then left the River & went through the Woods keeping mostly a North West Course, all the way till we came to the River Alleghany where we came to this River we were four Miles below the Mouth of French Creek; we were very Friendly received by all the Indians we fell in with, as we proceeded on our Journey between Fort Le Boeuf and Presquille, we met Mr Marcus Huling of Fort Pitt, with seven Men in Compy on their way for Pitt, Mr Huling, acquainted us that at Presquille he fell in with a British Captn one sergt Eight Soldiers, a Surveyor, Six or Seven Sea Men, and one Indian they had with them; the Surveyor inform\u2019d Mr Huling, that they came from Niagara, and meant to go round Lake Erie, they were provided with two Months Provisions, they survey\u2019d the Country as the[y] went along, Mr Huling was of Opinion, that they mean to Erect Fortifications\nat and near Presquille, the conversation which pass\u2019d between him and the Surveyor confirm\u2019d him strongly, the Surveyor told him he was much surprized at the stupidity of the Americans for neglecting so principle a place as Presquille in not having a Garrison there; the Sergt told one of Mr Hulings Party, that they meant in a short time to have some works there and keep a Garrison; every Night they doubled the Sentries making the Watermen do the same, and appear\u2019d to be somewhat afraid in their Manoeuvres, they also seem\u2019d a good deal surpriz\u2019d, when they discover\u2019d Mr Huling and his Compy, some of them told Mr Hulings Party, that they were inform\u2019d by some Indians that there was a Party out from Fort Franklin to prevent them in their Intentions, after we took our departure with Mr Huling, we proceeded on but the British had left Presquille before our Arrival, we trac\u2019d the Stakes they put in the Ground, and were of Opinion that they mean to carry a Mill Race and erect Works for the purpose, there is a Noble Mill Seat at the very place, and which is within One Hundred Rod, from where the Old Fort formerly stood; it may be the case that there is a Compy to Erect Mills there, and as it appears to be a place to carry on a Trade with the Indians, who live in different parts along the Lake (this place is said to have the finest Harbour on the Lake) that may be their Object, with a fair Wind in one Day & half, they can Sail from thence to Niagara\u2014With the Dearest sentiments for my much Esteemed General and Patron, under whose Banners I had the Honour to serve in the Capacity of an Officer in the late War, I beg the freedom I have taken will not be consider\u2019d an Intrusion upon the Patience of your Excellency, I thought it my duty to acquaint you thereof, my most fervent Prayer I offer to the Supreme Being, that the People of America may strive with each other to support you in your Station in the present Glorious Government. I am my Dear General, Your Most Obdt & ever Humbe servt\nBernd Hubley Jur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0193", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Lawrence, 28 July 1789\nFrom: Lawrence, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 28th July 1789\nI am informed that by a Law of the United States it is intended that the Officers of the Customs at the principal Ports of Entry shall consist of a Collector Naval Officer &c.\nI have by the advice of some of my friends taken the liberty of troubling you, Sir, with my Petition for the appointment of Naval Officer for this Port. It is not my intention, Sir, to claim a preference on account of superior merit to others who may have applied for that Office\u2014but being unknown to you I respectfully beg leave to mention some circumstances respecting my situation.\nAt the commencement of the late War between Great Britain and these States (being then an inhabitant of Long Island and\nhaving taken an active part in favor of our Country in her Public Councils) I was on the approach of the Enemy reduced to the necessity of abandoning my place of abode, and also of leaving the greater part of my property, real and personal, at the disposal of the Enemy, and to take refuge in the interior parts of the State, where during more than Seven years ex\u27e8ile\u27e9 I was indebted to the assistance of my friends for the means of procuring subsistance for a large family of small children; and the payment of my debts contracted for that purpose, consumed nearly what remained of my personal property, which had been saved from the destruction of the Enemy.\nOn my return from exile, after the War I found my buildings, Timber, and almost everything valuable on my plantation destroyed\u2014I was thus in a manner constrained, tho\u2019 then considerably past the meridian of life, to apply myself to Commerce, a business which I had in my younger days pursued with success; but not having been prosperous lately, owing to various circumstances not under my control, I am now induced to request your Interest in favor of my appointment to the Office above mentioned.\nIt is perhaps unusual Sir, for a person in my situation, who has not the honor of being known to you, to presume to trouble you on a subject of this kind, but your Acknowledged goodness will I doubt not excuse the freedom\u2014Permit me however, by way of apology, to refer you for my character to the Governor, the Chancellor, and the Chief Justice of this State, Mr Justice Hobart, John Jay, James Duane, Egbert Benson, Philip Schuyler, William Floyd, John Laurance, and John Hathorn Esquires, all of whom I have long been personally acquainted with, as also with most of the principal Merchants of this City. I have the honor to be Sir with the highest Respect Your most obedient and very humble Servant\nJon. Lawrence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0194", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Bland Lee, 28 July 1789\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nN. York July 28th [1789]\nThe above letter was written under the impression that the Bill for collecting the impost would have passed within a few days after its date\u2014and in the form in which it was reported by the committee appointed to prepare it. But the delays which have impeded it\u2019s passage and the changes made in it\u2019s form have prevented me from making the communication then intended till the present moment\u2014and render it necessary to vary the application of Mr Scott\u2014who, as a naval office is not established at Alexandria, would be happy to be appointed the Collector at Dumfries. He is young and active, well acquainted from long practice with the duties of the office, and in all other respects qualified for the appointment.\nSince writing the above letter I have recieved an intimation from Col. Blackburn that he would be pleased with an appointment in the Impost System\u2014if there should be any which would not interfere with the particular wishes of his friends already employed. I have informed him that I would make the Communication to you\u2014and from the import of his letter would mention him as a candidate for the district of Dumfries: and accordingly take the liberty of mentioning him as such. You are well acquainted with his sufferings and merits.\nI am sorry, Sir, to have trespassed so much on your time but it was a duty which I owed to friendship as well as to my country to make known to you, the pretensions and wishes of the respectable gentlemen whom I have taken the Liberty of introducing to your notice. I take the Liberty of adding that I am with the warmest impressions of public gratitude and private esteem yr most obt & hum: servent\nRichard Bland Lee\nP.S. By the mail of today I have received a letter from col. Blackburn, mentioning that he would be glad of the appointment before alluded to\u2014and begging to be presented to you in the most respectful manner. He would have written to you, if he did not feel a reluctance to address you on a subject, on which you must be fatigued with letters and solicitations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0196", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Graham, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 29th July 1789\nHaving had the Honour to hold an Office in the Court of Admiralety of this State, together with some other Considerations, leads me to Offer myself, as Candidate for the Place of Naval Officer in the Customs of the Port of New York. The great disadvantage I lay under in not having the Honour of a Personal acquaintance with You\u2014I hope will excuse me, for refering you on this occasion to the Minister of the Department of Foreign Affairs who has permitted me to Mention him for that Purpose.\nIf upon any inquiries you may think Proper to Make, either of him, or others, I should be thought Qualified for that Office, or any other in which I might serve the Public, Your Nomination of me to the Senate will be esteemed a particular favour Confer\u2019d on Your Most Obt & very Huml. Sert\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0197", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jorre, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Jorre\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Lord,\nBelfast in Ireland 29th July 1789.\nMadame Maury with whom I have the honor to be acquainted, and with whom I had the pleasure to pass some months at Liverpool, will not refuse me, I am sure, her support in confirming to you what I am now to have the honor of communicating.\nI am a frenchman born at Rouen of an honest family\u2014I have\nbeen bred to the bar, and I was six years ago admitted an advocate of the Parlement of Paris. Since that time some family disagreements, perhaps a spirit of independence, and a desire to travel, determined me to pass over into England during the Embassy of the Count d\u2019Adhemar with whom I was aquainted.\nI continued there three years, after which I came to this place where I have very good acquaintances.\nI will say nothing of my talents or my manners, except that agreeably to the recommendations and certificates of several Lords and Persons of distinction, among whom I have been very well received, I flatter myself that you would honor me with your benevolence and protection.\nI am morally unhappy, which is the claim I set up\u2014There is no field for me in this quarter\u2014I am young (31) I am a Boy, and have zeal.\nIt is not that I am in want of any thing in this country: but that I cannot find here that kind of employment which is agreeable to me.\nTo be concise I shall have the honor to tell you that the subject of my letter is to supplicate that you would permit me to repair to you, and to solicit that service which it is in your power to render me, and which you would not refuse to an honest person of whose probity you could be assured.\nI feel the insufficiency of my title at present, and I request that you would not decide upon that, but wait until the manner in which I should present myself to you should answer, in all points to what you might expect of me.\nPermit me then to request your permission to present to you the homage of those sentiments which are due to you, to pay that tribute which every sensible man reserves for your virtues\u2014to convince you of the exact truth of what I now announce to you\u2014to deserve the honor, of which I am ambitious, to become acquainted with you\u2014to prove to you that I am not unworthy that you should be interested in my behalf\u2014and to testify to you my gratitude.\nMy first intentions were to go to Canada, whence I could have procured respectable introductions: but since I became acquainted with Madame Maury, and am assured of her evidence in my favor, and as I know the possibility and the disposition which you have to oblige, I do not hesitate to beseech you\non the conditions which I propose, and which I solemnly impose on myself.\nI have formerly been in France in the Office of a Chief Prothonotary before I was admitted into the number of Advocates.\nAllow me, Sir, to solicit an answer in your name\u2014I will regard that favor as a precious pledge of your kindness, and as the happy presage of my good fortune. I will then immediately set out to convince you of the distinguished, respectful, and extended sentiments with which I am Your Excellencys &ca\nJorre Advocate of the Parlement of Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0198", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Leyden Poetical Society, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Leyden Poetical Society\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nLeyden in Holland 29th July 1789.\nSuffer that persons unknown to your Excellency may offer the just tribute of their respect, and to explain the nature of a composition which we send from a distant part of the globe.\nUpwards of twenty years a Society has exsisted in this city, for the purpose of promoting and cultivating poetry and the Dutch Lenguage, consisting of a respectable number of the lovers of both. it is customary with us to offer annually a gold medal as a token of honor, to the Poet who shall deliver the best piece of Poetry on any Subject proposed by the Society the choise of which is mostly intended to promote Virtue and the love of liberty.\nThe love of ones country, was one of those subjects, and it appeared that its influence directed the Poetical vein in the happy execution of such an elevated Subject; the Society received nothing but masterpieces truly calculated by describing the nature of this noble Virtue to nourish the same in unprejudiced Hearts. they were anxious to cultivate this blessed influence thro\u2019 the power of Illustrous examples\u2014and requested therefore by the usual proposals on a new Subject the Picture of a Patriotic Hero, the glory of the past century M: Adriaansz de Ruyter; But at the same time, the Society offered an extraordinary medal to be given as a token of honor to the person who should compose the best Eulogy on him who is the glory of the\npresent age and who will be revered by future generations as the patron of magnanimity & Heroism George Washington.\nSuccess crowned the undertaking, the Batavian Hero was exhibited in a masterly manner through our famous Poet Feith[.] Several persons of character and abilities, devoted their Songs to the Hero of America, from among the number of those valuable productions, two are selected as deserving the price. they are published in the works of the Society and received by the whole nation with the fullest approbation[.] But however pleasing their success was to those who made the proposition, their satisfaction was still imperfect, when the Illustrous person himself whose merits they endeavoured to immortalize was ignorant of their Zeal. a Work in its views and execution justly calculated to exculpate us from the blame which rests on the people of the Netherland in their late unfortunate Struggle and to serve as a full proof to shew, that, at least Some of us yet retain Sentiments of true unextinguished magnanimity.\nIn consequence of this desire it was Resolved, at the last general assembly of the Society, on a proposal of the directors, to have the said two Poems printed separately in order to be presented to your Excellency in the form of the hereby joined copy\u2014on which occasion our president Loncq delivered the following address\nYou know the Hero who in the north\nWas the Scourg of Albion\nwhose name was revered by the whole Universe\nthe Immortal Washington\nthe Subduer of Tyranny\nwho at the end of his glorious Struggle\ndisplayed his magnanimity\nCrowned with Laurels on every occasion.\nhe liberated America from slavery\nand established its Independence for ever\nYou know the two excellent poems\ncrowned by us to the glory of this Hero\nNetherland was in rapture with the tune\nand Netherland was grate full to us.\nBut on those free and happy shores\nwere gratefull offrings are burning\nthere the Song of Batavians is unknown\nAnd he for whom Tyranny trembled\nthe Hero estemed and beloved every were\nIs still unacquainted with our sacred reverence\nBut Soon he will know our Sincerity\nto this Virtuous Son of liberty\nwe soon shall offer these poems\nas a sacred sacrifice\nSurely by reading his deserved glory\nthe Sacrifice will be pleasing to him\nthan she proceed from a love to liberty\nthis love enflamed his Breast\nthis love made him a Hero\nand immortalized his glorious name.\nThis will Suffice to acquaint your Excellency with the nature of these poems; The Sentiments which we profess, are expressed in the written dedication which is to be found in the book itself and those sentiments only can give value to such a trifling offer. they are accompanied with the most fervant prayers that your Excellency may be supported in the eminent Station to which you are chosen by the voice of millions of your fellow citizens, the blessings of the almighty rest on your undertakings, and may your Excellency during the carrier of a long, happy and glorious life, enjoy the fruits of his magnanimous endeavours, the establishment and the prosperity of a free and happy nation.\nWe remain with the purest respect and the most humble veneration Sir Your Excellencys most obedient humble servants\nthe Protectors and Directors of the Poetical Society having for motto Knowledge is acquired thro\u2019 Industry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0199", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Newenham, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newenham, Edward\nDear Sir\nNew York July 29th 1789\nSince my arrival in this City I have had the pleasure to receive a letter from you; but, you will do me the justice to believe, that my numerous avocations & encreasing duties have been such as to form some apology for want of punctuality in my private Corrispondencies.\nThe immediate object of this letter is to introduce to your acquaintance & civilities Mrs Montgomery, a lady of a very respectable family in this Country & the widow of a very distinguished officer, who sacraficed his life in support of the liberties of America. But I may be allowed to say, if Mrs Montgomery was not a descendent of the antient and oppulent family of the Livingston\u2019s, who have always been the strenuous advocates of freedom; or the relict of the intelligent & brave General Montgomerie, whose name will be immortal: yet her personal merits would entitle her to every attention & respect, which are usually shewn to Strangers of distinction in the hospitable Kingdom of Ireland.\nI have only leisure to add, that the prospect of the prosperity of this Country, under the influence of the new general Government, continues to excite the most pleasing sensations in every patriotic breast; and that I am, With sentiments of estiem & regd Dear Sir, Your most Obedt & Very Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0200", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Bankson, 30 July 1789\nFrom: Bankson, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 30th 1789\nAn Employment as Clerk in the Office of the late Secretary of Congress from August 1781 until the 8th of May last, a Term of near Eight years; and my Conduct during that period having met the approbation of Mr Thomson, as will appear by a Copy of his Certificate enclosed herewith, will I trust apologize for my troubling you with this Letter.\nA constant and faithful discharge of the duties assigned me by that Gentleman, engrossing my whole time, has arrested my attention from any other Line of Business, And must rely upon the Bounty of Government for an employment, whereby to procure support.\nShould there be a Vacancy in any Department under your immediate direction, permit me to solicit your attention, and at the same time to assure you, that it shall be my study to deserve your patronage, in any situation you may deem proper to place me. I have the honor to be Sir with the most profound respect Your most obedt hum. servt\nB. Bankson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0202", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Walker, 30 July 1789\nFrom: Walker, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nStratford [Conn.] July 30th 1789\nBeing sensible of the Injury sustained by the Loss of Pay and Property while in the Army of the United States under your Excellencys Command, and a much impaired Constitution occasioned by the Fatiegues and Hardships undergone in the course of the two first Campaigns in Canady & Northern Department, and four Succeeding Campaigns in Colo. Lambs Regimt of Artillery in the Southern Department conceiv\u2019d it my Duty to State to your Excellency the facts; If my Services merit a reward: it would be very Greatfully acknowledged\u2014My Situation in Said Regiment being something Singular in Forming the Army in 1777, by the Influence and Perswasion of Colo. Lamb; I left the Infantry and Entered the Regiment of Artillery under his Command: as I had a Capts. Commission in the Infantry had his Promise that I should retain my Rank in Said Regt. However I soon found after Joining Sd Regt there was uneasiness among the Officers of that Corps respecting those Officers which came into Sd Regt which Created great Contention and Disputes in Respect to Rank\u2014I would not trouble your Excellency with any further Recital: only that upon a final Decision of a Board of Genl Officers which was appointed to Settle the Rank of the Corps of Artillery I think in 80; It was then determined against those Officers which left the Infantry\nand went into the Artillery; upon which determination I conceiv\u2019d myself so essentially Injured That I left service in 1781 (having Genl Knox\u2019s approbation and Certificate for my faithful Services as an Officer and Soldier.) tho much against my Will and Inclination having Entered it at the Commencement of the War from Principle my wish and desire ever was to continue to the End\u2014could it have been Consistant: thus having left Service at a Period when no provision could be made for those in like Situation have receiv\u2019d nothing for better than Six years faithful Servitude in the Prime of life but the pay of Continental Money in its Depreciated State being far Short of Satisfaction; and a few State Notes equally as Bad. this together with the Loss of Property having placed it in the Publick fund while in service has much reduced and Lessen\u2019d my Interest in Point of Value having thus Stated to your Excellency my Situation. Should there be in the Arrangment of Publick Affairs any Office whereby I may Still render my Country further Service and help to reward me in some measure for Past sufferings Should be happy in executing it\u2014Should there be any Office in the Surveying Department Assigned for this State being a business I am well acquainted with should be exceeding fond off; Should Your Excellency think proper to appoint me to any Office in that Department or any other I shall Esteem it a perticular favour[.] For Information Respecting my Person & Character would Refer you Sir to Docr Johnson who Resides in the same Town or to Mr Elsworth who I am well acquainted with; or to any of the Gentlemen in the House of Representatives from this State all knowing me or to Colo. Umphries. With due Respect and Esteem I am your Excellencys most Obedt very Humle Servt\nRobert Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0204", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Hartley, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Hartley, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York] Saturday Night July 31st 1789\nMr Hartley wrote to Mr Adam Rugart and enquired of him if about ten or twelve Mares fifteen hands high\u2014not more than two Years old\u2014bay or black\u2014and of the Country Breed\u2014could be had in Lancaster County\u2014Price from \u00a318 to \u00a324 or \u00a325 Pennsylvania\u2014and if a remar[k]able fine and good Mare perhaps the President might go towards \u00a330.\nHe has got an Answer from Mr Rugart that his Mares may be had.\nHe has also an answer from Yorke County that five or six if necessary may be expected there.\nMr Hartley wishes the President to give some Instructions Monday Morning upon the Subject.\nThe Name of the Person who will procure the Mares at Lancaster is Mr Adam Rugart.\nThe one at York Town is Mr Baltzer Spangler.\nThey are both Men of Honour and Probity & will take a Pleasure in Obliging Genl Washington.\nMr Hartley will be ready to forward the necessary Directions as soon as the President thinks proper.\nIf the President should be too much hurried in public Business on Monday\u2014Mr Hartley can forward any thing necessary on Wednesday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0205", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Jackson, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Jackson, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York friday eveng 31st July 1789.\nThough the primary object of my visit to your Excellency this morning was taken up with the sincere endeavour to serve a man who has the merited esteem of the discerning part of his Countrymen, and for whom I have a great affection\u2014supposing him to be in that critical situation, that support & relief to his mind as well as affairs could not be too early administered\u2014yet I must confess sir, I had a secondary view, to bring forward to your Excellency\u2019s notice some other freinds, whom I conceived to be at least equally qualified for the appointments they wished, as some other persons whom I imagined had been mentioned to your Excellency. But I will confess too had I found you sir, more unengaged, or perfectly at leisure, I should have endeavoured to have brought forward my own subject, upon which a man always feels awkard when addressing his superior either in conversation or by writing.\nBorn of a family not obscure, and inheriting early in life a competency of fortune for that part of the Country I have lived in, it may have led me to cherish a native spirit of independence,\nnot so conformable perhaps to a change of circumstances which my affairs have lately undergone\u2014I flatter myself that by application to official and other respectable characters among my countrymen, I might have made some addition to the files of letters which have of late crouded upon your Excellency\u2019s bureau.\nBy some inevitable strokes of fortune, and by the agency of others, I find my property reduced chiefly to a real estate which is not productive, and myself arrived to the middle age of life, surrounded with a wife and nine children\u2014This I am sensible sir, is no plea to notice or favour\u2014thousands may be in the same predicament.\nBut if added to some exertions, and the most sincere wishes always to serve the true interests of my Country, it shall be found that I possess a fairness of character\u2014which I am not sensible has ever been impeached by any man\u2014and that upon enquiry my abilities\u2014small as they are\u2014may be found equal to the duties of some office of reasonable emolument, which may now or hereafter be in the disposal of your Excellency, and for which no other candidate who shall offer may be supposed more fit, your preference of me sir, will always be acknowledged with gratitude.\nI am not unknown to most of the gentlemen in the delegation from Massachusetts\u2014and have the honor of an acquaintance with a number of other gentlemen who are in Congress\u2014I dare to flatter myself that Mr Goodhue\u2014who was my successful competitor in the election to Congress of the district to which we belong\u2014will readily substantiate every fact which is here alledged\u2014His Excelly the Vice President and the Honble General Knox I flatter myself could do the same.\nBegging pardon for the detention I have caused your Excellency\u2014wishing you health\u2014success to the national government, and an eternity of just fame by your administration of it\u2014I am sir, with the highest respect & veneration your most obedient servant\nJona. Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0207", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Page, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York July 31st 1789\nThat I may not be troublesome & appear to others if not to yourself to obtrude myself too often on your Goodness, I take this Method of apologising for leaving a Letter with your Lady, & directing it to you without knowing its Contents but Sir Mrs Whiting\u2019s Character & good Sense, induced me to comply with her Request, which was to direct her Letter & present it to you. At the Request of Captain Roane who is very warmly recommended to me by Col. Mathews of Norfolk I inclose his Commission as Searcher of the District in which he prays you will be pleased to continue him or that you will give him such other Commission in the Customs as you may think proper\u2014in Justice to Captain Roane I have inclosed Col. Mathews Recommendation of him\u2014Be pleased to accept of my warmest Thanks for your kind Intimations to me of your garcious & benevolent Intentions respecting the Loss of my deceased Friend & be assured that I am Sir with the highest Respect your much obliged & most obedient hble Servant\nJohn Page", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0208", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Comfort Sage, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Sage, Comfort\nTo: Washington, George\nMiddletown [Conn.] July 31th 1789\nthe opinion of the Subscriber, would not of itself have given him the Confidence, in this manner, to address the Supreme Magistrate, of the United States, the present mode, of application, has been represented, as agreeable, to the Usual practice, on Such Occasions, this measure, was advised, by a parson, whose Station was Sufficiently, alevated, to forbid the doubting, its propriety, this Consideration (it is hoped) will Exempt, the Subscriber, from censure, while he represents, that he is at Present, Naval officer, for the Port of Middletown, in Connecticut, that he had been, for a number of years, before his appointment, engaged, in Commercail business, but has Since, disposed of his stock, in Trade, & abandoned, all Ideas, of again, ingaging in his former Employment\u2014this was done in obedience, to the Opinion of his Excellency, the Governor, of this state, & with Expectation, of being continued in his present, or Simelar office, Such being his Situation, & he being now, in the 58th year, of his age, he cannot but feel, a desire, to be honored with an appointment, under the united states, Similer to that he now enjoys, under the State of Connecticut, if the act for Collecting, a general impost, should provide, for the Establishment, of Such an office, at the Port of Middletown, or if any new appointments, Should be made for the Port of New London, & Middletown (not being Established as a port) Should be included, in that district, his present imployment, designates him, as not unworthy, of like imployment, under the United States, if any further recommendation, be requrisite On the present Subject, he begs Liberty, to refer to the delagation, in Congress, from this state, he is Confident that this application, will meet with Every attention, which becomes, the allustrious Character; To whome it is addressed.\nComfort Sage", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0209", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Randall, July 1789\nFrom: Randall, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York, July 1789\nAmong the offices to be created I learn are those of Naval Officer and Surveyor\u2014as from my education and manner of life I feel myself competent to the exercise of those offices I am induced by the advice of friends\u2014the diminution of an easy fortune by the war and the diversion of business from its antient channels to offer my name as a Candidate to either of them.\nI do not mean sir, to urge any extraordinary merit from my sacrafices during our glorious revolution, I will only suggest that I am at present Master Warden of the port of New York and in the Habit from long experience of being acquainted with the maritime situation of this state and its vicinity.\nAs I have ever rendered myself independant by my own industry, I have perhaps as little inclination as ability to solicit the influence of office\u2014and I would wish to intimate that as my son has already presented himself to your view in this manner, that although each candidate should rest on his own merits\u2014that I would be willing to relinquish my pretensions to the publick consideration in his favor\u2014whether to be sent abroad, or enabled to enjoy his country and home. I am sir With real respect\u2014Your obedient and humble servant\nThos Randall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0210", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Davis, 1 August 1789\nFrom: Davis, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nTrenton [N.J.] 1st August 1789\nMy friends have advised me to offer myself a candidate for the office of Marshall or Sheriff of New Jersey. I\u27e8n\u27e9 conformity with their advice, & in pursuance of my own inclination to Serve under the present Goverment in any reputable Station I take the Freedom of requesting that you will, Sir be pleased to put my name in Nomination for the Above office; I could easily procure a Number of recommendations from the most respectable persons in the State, but this I think unnecessary and therefore shall content my Self with referring to the Honorables Mr Morris, Mr Patterson, Mr Read, Mr Bassett, in the Senate, & the Honorables Mr Cadwallader, Mr Clymer, & Mr Fitzsimmons, in the House of Representatives for my Character abilities & other pretensions; Permit me to add, that if I am so happy as to be Appointed, I shall devote my time & attention to the discharge of the duties of the Office. I am Sir Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nG. Davis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0212", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Imlay, 1 August 1789\nFrom: Imlay, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nHartford [Conn.] August 1st 1789\nI did myself the honor of writing to your Excellency the 15th Ulto expressing my desire to be continued in public office; since which, I have been favored with the enclosed Letters from Jeremiah Wadsworth Esqe and the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury; which I take the liberty to Transmit to your Excellency, in addition to the Testimonials contained in my former Letter. With great Respect I have the honor to be\u2014Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s, Very Humble and Obedient Servant\nWm Imlay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0213", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John H. Purviance, 1 August 1789\nFrom: Purviance, John H.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nBaltimore 1 August 1789.\nActuated by an earnest desire to provide for a Family which now looks to me as almost their only support, and encouraged by the good Wishes of many of my Fellow-Citizens, I have ventured to prefer the present address to your Excellency for the purpose of solliciting an Office in the appointments shortly to be made in the Customs under the General Government.\nIn the application which my Uncle, Mr Robert Purviance, had the Honour to make to your Excellency sometime past, he, with himself, recommended me to your protection, and I have reposed with entire confidence in your Excellency\u2019s benign dispositions; but conceiving it might be proper for me to point out the particular object of my application, I have now taken the Liberty humbly to request of your Excellency the appointment to the Surveyor\u2019s place on the Customs at this port, provided a more deserving Subject has not already met your Excellency\u2019s choice for that Office.\nDoctor James McHenry, the good friend of myself and family, having done me the Honour to make mention of me to your Excellency both in his personal conferences and correspondence, permit me, Sir, to refer you to his communications on my Subject. I beg leave to commend myself to your Excellency\u2019s gracious favour, and have the Honour to be, With sentiments of the most profound Duty and respect, Your Excellency\u2019s, Most obedient and humble Servant\nJohn H. Purviance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0214", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Stephen Sewall, 1 August 1789\nFrom: Sewall, Stephen\nTo: Washington, George\nMarblehead [Mass.] \nMay it please your ExcellencyAugust 1st 1789.   \nI take the liberty of detaining your Excellency a moment from more important Concerns\u2014to solicit the honour of an appointment to the Collectors Office for this place.\nI have been appointed by the Legislature of this State\u2014to the Naval Office here\u2014for several successive Years\u2014and I still continue in it\u2014in what manner I have discharg\u2019d the duties of my Office your Excellency will Judge\u2014from that circumstance\u2014together with the purport of Letters, from some of the most respectable Gentlemen in Trade here, to some of the honourable Members in Congress, which I presume to hope have reach\u2019d your Excellency\u2019s ear.\nI hope this application will not be consider\u2019d by your Excellency as intrusive\u2014And should your Excellency think proper to honour me with the appointment\u2014I shall be under the double obligation of gratitude & duty, to discharge the Trust with diligence & fidelity. I am with sentiments of highest respect & duty Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & humble Servant\nStephen Sewall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0215", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Henry Lee, 2 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Richard Henry\nDear Sir,\nNew York Augt 2d 1789\nThe extreme hurry in which I have been thrown for several days, to compare the merits and pretensions of the several applicants for appointments, under the Revenue Law (in order that the nominations might speedily follow the passage of the Collection Bill) has prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 27th Ulto until this time.\nMr Charles Lee will certainly be brot forward as Collector of the Port of Alexandria\u2014but for the reason you have assigned, & from a persuation that Mr Thos Lee is under a mistake with respect to the supposed emoluments of the Office at Dumfries, I think it would be best that Scott should go there; which will give poor Hanson (who is worthy of something better if with propriety it could be given him) the Surveyorship at Alexandria.\nAs I am perfectly unacquainted with the Port of Yeocomico, and with the characters living there, I would thank you for naming a fit person as a Collector for that District by the bearer, or by ten oclock A.M. tomorrow.\nI thought you looked badly the other day, but not having heard of your indisposition I said nothing. I hope your health is quite restored\u2014I am unable to sit yet without (soft) Cushings; but have assurances from the Doctors that in a few days more I may expect to be relieved from this inconvenience. I am Dear Sir Your Most Obedt & Very Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0216", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 2 August 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nWilliamsburg August 2. 1789\nSometime ago Mr Fitzhugh, of Chatham, gave me a list of tickets in Colo. Byrd\u2019s lottery, in which yourself, several other gentlemen, as well as my father or uncle (I forget which) were jointly interested. He promised to procure, if possible, some more authentic grounds for proceeding in the recovery of the prize, and, if I do not mistake, he expected further information from you. I will thank you, sir, to let me know, and to instruct me, what ought to be done in this matter, and I will immediately execute it.\nAs I am convinced, that a knowledge of character is all, which\nyou will require in the disposal of offices, I shall take the liberty of mentioning a gentleman, who was formerly, during the existence of the court of admiralty, marshal of that court. I mean Mr Benjamin Powell of this city. I can assure you, after the fullest experience of him, that he is a man of unblemished integrity, respected by all, who are acquainted with him, of a very responsible fortune, can give security to any sum, and has discharged his office to the satisfaction of every body, connected with its duties. He has requested me to say, what my own conscience can declare, and in what I have written, I am confident that I hazard nothing. His hope is to be continued in his old department.\nWith every wish for the happiness of your administration, and for the continuance of your lately-restored health, I am dear sir, Your affectionate friend & servant\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0218", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Tate, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Tate, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 3d August 1789.\nFrom the present state of the Countries situate on the Mediterranean, it seems probable that if their Commerce was laid open to the United States, it would have a greater tendency to open to us new Sources of Wealth & power, than the Trade of any other Nations: for each of the northern and Middle states of Europe greatly exceeding in population in proportion to extant of Territory, & at least equal, if not superior in Industry, and the cheapness & quantity of Labour ultimately directed in a great Measure to Marine Establishments, a direct intercourse with them must therefore be less advantageous to us than\nwhere contrary circumstances obtain. The Southern States of Europe, & all those Nations bordering on the Mediterranean are, & have long been notorious for their want of extensive Industry, Timber & other wood can no longer with any degree of facility be supplied from the Black-Sea to the Turkish Dominions; Greece, Italy & Africa are said to have been long ago divested of Forests: The Tyrannies of those Countries check the abundance of Nature, and the Husbandman abandons his fields to seek refuge in the Cities; in vain, for the Inhabitants, do the Seas abound in fish, for the labours of fishery as well as of husbandry are too operose to be concealed from their Governours, who, in those unfortunate states, are esteemed the Enemies of the people, & who, notwithstanding, for the Security of their own lives are obliged to find the means of Victualing the crowded Cities\u2014The Supplies from Egypt, heretofore the great Store-House of the Ottoman Empire, is precarious & uncertain from the frequent Commotions in that Country.\nIf the above Observations & inferrences are just, it follows that a Trade between us and them would be highly & reciprocally advantageous; To them a sure resource for the Supply of physical Necessary, as Rice, Corn of every kind, Meat & Fish (the Religion of Some, render the last more than useful) add to these Indigo, Tobacco & Lumber. But to us the advantages would be great indeed; a boundless extent of Agriculture, the creation of a Navy, and perhaps be the means of accomodating such differences as may subsist between particular States of the Union.\nTo effect those beneficial purposes I apprehend there ought to be an Establishment in some parts of those Countries in Nature of a Store-House for the American productions, to which, as a Center all might be Collected, & afterwards diffused abroad, under the immediate influence of Such Regulations as would rather tend to promote Competition among the different Nations than to excite their jealousy & enmity against us. And in order to perfect such a business it seems to me that the protection of the Porte is necessary; and the great Officers of The Ottoman Empire may yet have so much influence as to conciliate the good Will of the African States towards such Nations as they might think proper & convenient to be in friendship with.\nFrom reports of the latest Travellers it may be collected that\nall the Mahometan Nations are yet in that Stage of Society which is intermediate of Barbarism & Refinement; and as in that point it is incidental to the human character to be more influenced by what occurs to the Senses, than by any reasoning abstract from their immediate Wants, I am therefore of opinion, that it is within the compass of probability that a favourable impression of the American character might be made on those people by a proper introduction of some of Our Officers in the Service of the grand Seignior, particularly in the line of Artillery, in the Skilful Management of which they were said to be very imperfect: for it often happens that Men, even of the most cultivated minds, form their Opinion of a whole kind through the medium in which they regard a few individuals. None of those Countries have been lately explored, by any Traveller I have read, with such Views as are interesting to an American, & therefore many Circumstances which may have been overlooked, would to us, be discoveries.\nI am aware that the execution of such Enterprizes is fraught with some difficulties, but none, I apprehend, that are absolutely insuperable: It is with the utmost deference to your Excellency, that I offer these Sentiments; but as no one knows so well as yourself how far, & when, fortune is to be trusted; nor can so justly distinguish between difficulties & impossibilities, I therefore feel myself perfectly at ease in resting upon your Excellency\u2019s commands. I am, Sir, with the greatest respect your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & humble Servant\nWm TateCapt. L[ieutenan]t Artilleryin the late Army of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0219", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nNew York August 3, 1789\nA List having my signature to it is herewith presented to you, containing the names of Persons whom I nominate as Collectors, Naval Officers and Surveyors for the Ports to which their Names are respectively annexed; And as several applications have been addressed to the President and Senate conjointly I lay all under this description before you, for your information.\nGo. Washington\nNew York, August 3d 1789\nNew Hampshire\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nPortsmouth\nCollector\nJoseph Whipple\nNaval Officer\nEleazer Russell\nSurveyor\nThomas Martin\nMassachusetts\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nNewbury Port\nCollector\nStephen Cross\nNaval Officer\nJonathan Titcomb\nSurveyor\nMichael Hodge\nGloucester\nCollector\nEppes Sergeant\nSurveyor\nSaml Whittemore\nSalem\nCollector\nJoseph Hiller\nNaval Officer\nWilliam Pickman\nSurveyor\nBarthw Putnam\nBeverly\nSurveyor\nJosiah Batchelor\nIpswich\nSurveyor\nJeremh Stainiford\nMarblehead\nCollector\nRichard Harris\nBoston &\nCollector\nBenjamin Lincoln\nNaval Officer\nJames Lovell\nCharlestown\nSurveyor\nThomas Melvill\nPlymouth\nCollector\nWilliam Watson\nBarnstable\nCollector\nJoseph Otis\nNantucket [&]\nSherbourne\nCollector\nStephen Hussey\nEdgartown\nCollector\nJohn Pease\nNew Bedford\nCollector\nEdward Pope\nDighton\nCollector\nHodijh Baylis\nYork\nCollector\nRichd Trevett\nBiddeford &\nPepperellborough\nCollector\nJeremh Hill\nPortland &\nCollector\nNathl Fosdick\nFalmouth\nSurveyor\nJames Lunt\nBath\nCollector\nWilliam Webb\nWiscassett\nCollector\nFrans Cook\nPenobscot\nCollector\nJohn Lee\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay\nCollector\nMelith Jordon\nMachias\nCollector\nStephen Smith\nPassamaquodi\nCollector\nLewis Fredk\nDelesdenier\nConnecticut\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nNew London\nCollector\nJedediah\nHuntington\nSurveyor\nNathl Richards\nStonington\nSurveyor\nJonathn Palmer\nMiddletown\nSurveyor\nAsher Miller\nNew Haven\nCollector\nJonathan Fitch\nSurveyor\nHezekh Rogers\nFairfield\nCollector\nSaml Smedley\nNew York\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nSagg Harbour\nCollector\nJohn Gelston\nNew York\nCollector\nJohn Lamb\nNaval Officer\nBenja. Walker\nSurveyor\nJohn Lasher\nCity of Hudson\nSurveyor\nJohn C. Tenbroeck\nAlbany\nSurveyor\nJeremh Lansing\nNew Jersey\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nPerth-Amboy\nCollector\nJohn Halstead\nBurlington\nCollector\nJohn Ross\nLittle Egg Harbour\nSurveyor\nEbenezer Tucker\nBridgetown\nCollector\nEli Elmer\nPensylvania\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nPhiladelphia\nCollector\nSharpe Dulany\nNaval Officer\nFrederick Phile\nSurveyor\nSamuel Meredith\nDelaware\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nWilmington\nCollector\nGeorge Bush\nMaryland\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nBaltimore\nCollector\nOtho H. Williams\nNaval Officer\nRobt Purviance\nSurveyor\nRobt Ballard\nChester\nCollector\nJohn Scott\nOxford\nCollector\nJeremh Banning\nVienna\nCollector\nJohn Muir\nSnow Hill\nCollector\nJohn Gunby\nAnnapolis\nCollector\nJohn Davidson\nNottingham\nCollector\nGeorge Biscoe\nTown Creek\nSurveyor\nRobert Young\nNanjemoy\nCollector\nJohn Coates Jones\nSt Marys\nSurveyor\nRobert Chesley\nGeorge Town\nCollector\nJames McCubbin\nLinghan\nVirginia\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nHampton\nCollector\nJacob Wray\nNorfolk\nCollector\nWilliam Lindsay\nNaval Officer\nPhilemon\nGatewood\nPortsmouth\nSurveyor\nDaniel Bedinger\nSuffolk\nSurveyor\nArchibd\nRichardson\nSmithfield\nSurveyor\nJames Wells\nBermuda Hundred\nCollector\nWilliam Heth\nor\nCity-Point\nSurveyor\nChristr Roan\nRichmond\nSurveyor\nDavid Lambert\nPetersburgh\nSurveyor\nJohn Gibbons\nYork Town\nCollector\nAbraham Archer\nWest Point\nSurveyor\nJohn Spotswood\nMoore\nTappahannock\nCollector\nHudson Muse\nUrbanna\nSurveyor\nStage Davis\nPort Royal\nSurveyor\nGeorge Catlett\nFredericksburg\nSurveyor\nWilliam Lewis\nYeccomico River\nincluding Kinsale\nCollector\nVincent Redman\nDumfries\nincluding New-port\nCollector\nRichd Marshall Scott\nAlexandria\nCollector\nCharles Lee\nSurveyor\nSamuel Hanson\nFolly Landing\nCollector\nWilliam Gibb\nCherry Stone\nCollector\nGeorge Savage\nSouth Quay\nCollector\nThomas Bowne\nLouisville\nCollector\nPeyton Short\nSouth Carolina\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nGeorge Town\nCollector\nJohn Cogdell\nCharleston\nCollector\nGeorge Abbot Hall\nNaval Officer\nIsaac Motte\nSurveyor\nEdward Weyman\nBeaufort\nCollector\nAndrew Agnew\nGeorgia\nDistricts & Ports\nOfficers\nNominations\nSavannah\nCollector\nJohn Habersham\nNaval Officer\nBenja. Fishbourn\nSurveyor\nJohn Berrien\nSunbury\nCollector\nCornelius Collins\nBrunswick\nCollector\nGeorge Handley\nSt Marys\nCollector\nJames Seagrove\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0220", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gulian Verplanck, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Verplanck, Gulian\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGreat Dock Street No. 30 [New York] Augt 3. 1789\nI have the Honor to enclose You a Resolution of the Legislature of the State of Newyork, together with a Copy of their respectful Address.\nThis communication would have been made sooner, but for the Indisposition of the President of the Senate, Who is prevented coming to Town to attend to this Business, which makes\nit my duty, as Speaker of the Assembly, to request You will be pleased to inform Me, what time will be most agreeable to You, to receive the original Address. I have the Honor to be with the greatest Veneration, Esteem, and Respect\u2014Your most Obedient Hume Sert\nGulian Verplanck", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0221", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Appleton, 4 August 1789\nFrom: Appleton, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nState of Massachusetts Boston 4th Augt 1789\nHaving been informed that the appointment of Commissioners of the Loan Office for the several States will shortly come under Your Excellencys consideration, I would with all due deference take the freedom to inform your Excellency that in the year 1776 I had the honor of being appointed to that Office in this State by the Legislature thereof, and of being continued therein by Congress to the present day\u2014by an ordinance of the late Congress all Commissrs of the Loan Office are prohibited from being concerned, directly or indirectly, in Trade, accordingly for many years past I have devoted my whole time to the service of the public, therefore at this time of life should find it very dificult to engage in any other business\u2014these Circumstances Sr have induced me to make this application to your Excellency humbly requesting the favour of being continued in that Office under the New Government.\nAs Your Excellency can have but little personal knowledge of me, I take the freedom to referr you to His Excellency the Vice President, the Honbe Senators, and Representatives from this\nState, & the late Honble Commisnr of the Board of Treasury respecting my Character & conduct in Office.\nWith the most sincere wishes for the continuance of your health, and the highest sentiments of esteem and respect I have the honor to be Your Excellencys most humble and most Obedient Servant\nNathl Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0222", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Mason, 4 August 1789\nFrom: Mason, John\nTo: Washington, George\nBourdeaux [France] 4th August 1789\nI had the Honour to address you twelve or fourteen days agoe by way of Potomac covering a collection of Pamph[l]ets relative to the Revolution we have just experienced in this Country which from their extraordinary nature hoped might have been acceptable\u2014now by way of Phila. I take the Liberty (in case of miscarriage) to send you a Acct of them with an addition of some which have since appeared.\nAs I do not doubt before this can reach you you will have been furnished with an accurate detail of all this Business I shall attempt it not\u2014and content myself with having seized the first oppertunity of forwarding you the earliest testimonies of the dawn of Liberty & Rights of Man on this Side the atlantic without hesitating to think they would be acceptable.\nIf it could ever happen that I can be in any way useful to you here and you may be pleased to honour me with your Commands\u2014be assured Sir nothing will make so happy as to [be]\ncharged with them. With highest Sense of Respect & E[s]teem I have the honour to be Sir Your Most Obt & very humble Servt\nJohn Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0223", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the New York Legislature, 4 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: New York Legislature\nGentlemen,\n[New York, 4 August 1789]\nThe affectionate congratulations of so respectable a public Body, as the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of New York, on my election to the Presidency of the United States, fill my breast with the most pleasing sensations.\nIn the fortitude and perseverence of the Citizens of this State, even amidst the calamities and dangers with which they were surrounded in the late war, I found a resource; which it always gave me pleasure to acknowledge in the strongest and most grateful terms. I may also be permitted to add, the satisfaction I experienced in retiring to the enjoyments of domestic life was greatly enhanced by a reflection, that their public virtue had been finally crowned with complete success.\nI am now truly happy that my motives, for reassuming the arduous duties of a public Station, have met with your approbation. And, at the sametime, I entreat you will be persuaded that nothing could be better calculated to encourage me to hope for prosperity in the execution of the duties of my office than the assurances you have given of the favorable sentiments & expectations of the Freemen of your State.\nI request, Gentlemen, that you will accept my best thanks for your polite intimation, that you will do every thing in your power to make my residence in your State agreeable; as well as for your patriotic promise of being always ready to afford your united aid & Support.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0224", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Blagge, 5 August 1789\nFrom: Blagge, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York 5th August 1789\nAmong the Applicants for appointments under the United States, permit me to offer myself to your consideration as a Candidate for the Office of Marshall of the District of New York; I cannot boast Sir, of any extraordinary merit or qualification to recommend me to notice but still, I am willing to hope that upon an investigation I shall be found a good Citizen & not incompetent to this Appointment. I have the Honor to be with the greatest Respect Sir, Your most Obedient & most Humble Servant\nJno. Blagge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0226", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 5 August 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRichmond August 5th 1789.\nTwo Chiefs of the Cherokee nation of Indians arrived here a few days ago accompanied by Mr Bennet Ballew, who has full powers from a number of Towns to lay before you their Grievances,\nand to make some proposals, which may eventually preserve harmony between the citizens of the United States and the Indians, and perhaps be productive of considerable advantages to both parties. It is at the particular request of these unfortunate people, that I introduce them to you. They appear to me to have been much oppressed, should you view them in this light, your well known regard to public as well as private justice will insure to them every exertion of your power in their behalf. I am unacquainted with Mr Ballew, but I think I owe it to him to inform you, that he is strongly recommended to me by the Honorable William Fleming, as an honest, upright, intelligent man. I have the Honour to be with the highest respect your obt Servant.\nBeverley Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0228", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 5 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate\n[New York] August 5th 1789\nIn the list of Nominations which I laid before you the 3d instant there was a mistake in giving in the name of David Lambert as Surveyor of the Port of Richmond. This mistake I now desire to correct by inserting in place thereof, the name of Corbin Braxton.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0229", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierce Butler, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Butler, Pierce\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[New York] August the 6th 1789\nI have the honor to inclose to You a letter that came under Cover to me, and which I have just now rec\u2019d from Mrs Greene. I have the honor to be Yr Excellencys most Obedt Servt\nP. Butler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0230", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 6th of August 1789\nThis letter which I take the liberty to enclose, came to my hands this day whilst in Senate, and however unwilling I am to trespass on your Excellency, yet the justice due to an absent Individual obliges me to communicate it altho I do not see under present circumstances that Major Fishbourne can derive the benefit which he aims at. I have the honor to be Your Excellency s most Obed. Servt\nRobt Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0231", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\n[New York] August 6th 1789\nMy nomination of Benjamin Fishbourn for the place of Naval Officer of the Port of Savannah not having met with your concurrence, I now nominate Laclan McIntosh for that place. Whatever may have been the reasons which induced your dissent, I am persuaded they were such as you deemed sufficient\u2014Permit me to submit to your consideration, whether on occasions, where the propriety of nomiminations appear questionable to you, it would not be expedient to communicate that circumstance to me, and thereby avail yourselves of the\ninformation which led me to make them, and which I would with pleasure lay before you. Probably my reasons for nominating Mr Fishbourn may tend to shew that such a mode of proceeding in such cases might be useful. I will therefore detail them.\nFirst. While Colonel Fishbourn was an Officer in actual service, and chiefly under my own Eye, his conduct appeared to me irreproachable; nor did I ever hear any thing injurious to his reputation as an Officer or a Gentleman\u2014At the Storm of Stony Point, his behaviour was represented to have been active, and brave, and he was charged by his General to bring the account of that success to the Head Quarters of the Army.\nSecondly\u2014Since his residence in Georgia he has been repeatedly elected to the Assembly as a Representative of the County of Chatham in which the Port of Savannah is situated, and sometimes of the Counties of Glynn and Camden\u2014he has been chosen a Member of the Executive Council of the State and has been lately President of the same\u2014he has been elected by the Officers of the Militia in the county of Chatham Lieutenant Colonel of the Militia in that district\u2014and on a very recent occasion, to wit, in the month of May last, he has been appointed by the Council (on the suspension of the late Collector) to an Office in the Port of Savannah, nearly similar to that for which I nominated him\u2014which Office he actually holds at this time\u2014To these reasons for nominating Mr Fishbourn, I might add that I received private letters of recommendation, and oral testimonials in his favor, from some of the most respectable characters in that State: but as they were secondary considerations with me, I do not think it necessary to communicate them to you. It appeared therefore to me that Mr Fishbourn must have enjoyed the confidence of the militia Officers in order to have been elevated to a military rank; the confidence of the Freemen to have been elected to the Assembly; the confidence of the Assembly to have been selected for the Council; and the confidence of the Council to have been appointed Collector of the Port of Savannah.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0232", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate.\nNew York August 6 1789.\nBy the act for settling the accounts between the United States and individual States, a person is to be appointed to fill the vacant seat at the Board of Commissioners for settling the accounts between the United States and individual States; I therefore nominate John Kean, of the State of So. Carolina to fill the vacant seat at the said Board of Commissioners.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Duch\u00e9, 7 August 1789\nFrom: Duch\u00e9, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLondon. Aug. 7th, 1789\nI have never had the least Reason, even in the most trying Times, to doubt of your having been actuated throughout by a most virtuous Principle. Your Acquaintance with Human Nature, your Liberality of Sentiment & Goodness of Heart must also have led you to judge charitably of the Principles, Motives & Actions of others, however different their political opinions & Conduct might have been from your own. I can, therefore, without Suspicion of Flattery, congratulate you most sincerely on your Advancement to that exalted Office in the United States of America, which you now hold by the Suffrage of a Free People. I rejoice, that my Countrymen have been, in so many Instances, evincubly favoured by the good Providence of God, and in none more so, than in the Establishment of a Constitution, that promises Peace, Liberty & Comfort to all; and which in its essential Features bears so near a Resemblance to that under which we were all born & educated, that the Mother may readily be known by the Child, now full grown, of full Age,\n& settled for herself in the World. The Struggles at parting are now over on both Sides, and it only remains, that the Return of Affection should be warm & reciprocal, & that each should receive & entertain the Subjects of the other with cordial Hospitality, and a generous Oblivion of all that passed on both Sides, as well individually as generally.\nWith these Prospects in View, I have long waited for such an Act of Oblivion, as would make every State open their Arms to the Return of all their exiled Citizens, and suffer them to reside among them, either as British Subjects, if their Circumstances make it necessary to remain so, or as Fellow-Citizens of the United States, on their taking the usual Oath of Allegiance. Several States, I understand, have already adopted this liberal Measure; and many Persons have returned, and are again comfatably settled among their Relations & Friends. The State of Pennsylvania has not yet done this: And many Natives of that State, who took a decided Part against the Revolution, are at present excluded from a Return to America, unless they settle in some of the other States, which may not be so convenient & agreeable to them.\nI should be happy to know, whether this Matter will not come before your Excellency & the present General Constitution of Government and whether myself & Family, among others, should we be disposed to return to Philadelphia early next Spring, might be honoured with your Countenance & Protection. For my Feelings towards my Countrymen are too tender to brook any Remains of Disaffection on their Part; as my Heart is freely & fully open & warm to every Individual without Exception, and could not well sustain any Appearance of Coldness or Reserve, especially, where all was once cordial & affectionate.\nMy Wife & Family join me in most respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington, who will recollect spending a Day, and making us very happy at our Apartments in Germantown in the Year 1776. With the most sincere good Wishes & Prayer for the Support and Blessings of Heaven to my Country & Countrymen, under your Excellency\u2019s Administration, & the present happy Constitution, I remain, with the utmost Respect & Esteem, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient humble Servant\nJ. Duch\u00e9\nShould your Excellency condescend to honour me with an Answer, please to direct to me at No. 63, Sloane Street, Knightsbridge near London.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0234", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ralph Izard, 7 August 1789\nFrom: Izard, Ralph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 7th August 1789.\nI have the honor of enclosing a Resolution of the Senate, & am directed by the Committee to request that you will signify to them when it is your pleasure that they should wait on you. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obt Servant\nRa. Izard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abraham Lott, 7 August 1789\nFrom: Lott, Abraham\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York August 7th 1789\nFully convinced that you must be almost overburthened with applications for offices, it is with the greatest reluctance I have prevailed upon myself to become a supplicant also.\nThe losses I have sustained in support of our glorious revolution must, in some measure, be known to your Excellency\u2014The sufferings I have endured (whether Just or unjust, is not\nfor me to determine) since the War, must also have reached your ears\u2014It cannot therefore be a matter of surprise that I inform you Sir, that, by means of those two causes, I am at present so much straitned in my circumstances, that it is with the greatest difficulty I can support my family; But have the pleasing satisfaction to add that I am not without hopes of seeing better days, as I can now attend to my private affairs. It will however take some time before I can make my resources productive; and as my Son Andrew and family are altogether dependent on, and must be supported by me; and it being, as yet, out of my power to put him in a way to provide for himself & Family; It is with the greatest deference I mention that it will lay me under the deepest and most lasting obligation, if your Excellency will be pleased to confer some office on him, by means of which he may procure a Subsistence, until it shall be in my power more effectually to provide for, & assist him.\nHumbly imploring pardon for this intrusion, take the liberty to subscribe myself Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient, and devoted humble Servant\nAbrm Lott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0236", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 7 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nNew York August 7th 1789\nThe business which has hitherto been under the consideration of Congress has been of so much importance, that I was unwilling to draw their attention from it to any other subject. But the disputes which exist between some of the United States and several powerful Tribes of Indians within the limits of the Union, and the hostilities which have in several instances been committed on the Frontiers, seem to require the immediate interposition of the general Government.\nI have, therefore, directed the several statements and papers, which have been submitted to me on this subject by General Knox to be laid before you for your information.\nWhile the measures of Government ought to be calculated to protect its citizens from all injury and violence; a due regard should be extended to those Indian Tribes whose happiness, in the course of events, so materially depends on the national justice and humanity of the United States.\nIf it should be the judgment of Congress that it would be most expedient to terminate all differences in the Southern District, and to lay the foundation for future confidence by an amicable treaty with the Indian Tribes in that quarter, I think proper to suggest the consideration of the expediency of instituting a temporary Commission for that purpose, to consist of three persons, whose authority should expire with the occasion.\nHow far such a measure, unassisted by Posts, would be competent to the establishment and preservation of peace and tranquility on the Frontiers, is also a matter which merits your serious consideration.\nAlong with this object I am induced to suggest another, with the national importance and necessity of which I am deeply impressed; I mean, some uniform and effective system for the Militia of the United States. It is unnecessary to offer arguments in recommendation of a measure, on which the honor, safety and well-being of our Country so evidently and so essentially depend: But it may not be amiss to observe that I am particularly anxious, it should receive as early attention as circumstances\nwill admit; because it is now in our power to avail ourselves of the military knowledge disseminated throughout the several States, by means of the many well instructed Officers and Soldiers of the late Army; a resource which is daily diminishing by deaths and other causes. To suffer this peculiar advantage to pass away unimproved, would be to neglect an opportunity which will never again occur, unless, unfortunately, we should again be involved in a long and arduous war.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0238", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierce Butler, 8 August 1789\nFrom: Butler, Pierce\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\n[New York] Saturday the 8th of August 1789\nI request Your Excellency\u2019s indulgence for troubling You with the perusal of the enclosed Letters\u2014two of them are of a publick Nature, and Contain much information respecting Indian Affairs in the Southern Country; they merit attention\u2014the third is of a private Nature from Judge Drayton, who I believe is known to You; He is a Man of Abilities, and real information in His profession\u2014I shoud have waited on You with these letters were I not obliged to Indulge my leg. I have the honor to be with great respect & Esteem sir\u2014Yr Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt hble Servt\nP. Butler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0239", "content": "Title: Conference with a Committee of the United States Senate, 8 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[New York] August 8th 1789\nSentiments expressed by the President to the Committee from the Senate appointed to confer with him on the mode of Communication between the President and the Senate respecting Treaties and Nominations.\nIn all matters respecting Treaties, oral communications seem indispensably necessary\u2014because in these a variety of matters are contained, all of which not only require consideration, but\nsome of them may undergo much discussion\u2014to do which by written communications would be tedious without being satisfactory.\nOral communications may be proper also for discussing the propriety of sending Representatives to foreign Courts, and ascertaining the Grade or character in which they are to appear and may be so in other cases.\nBut it may be asked where are these oral communications to be made? If in the Senate Chamber, how are the President and Vice-President to be arranged? The latter by the Constitution being ex-officio President of the Senate.\nWould the Vice President be disposed to give up the Chair? if not\nOught the President of the United States to be placed in an aukward situation when there?\nThese are matters which require previous consideration and adjustment for meetings in the Senate Chamber or elsewhere.\nWith respect to Nominations\nMy present Ideas are that as they point to a single object unconnected in its nature with any other object, they had best be made by written messages\u2014In this case the Acts of the President, and the Acts of the Senate will stand upon clear, distinct and responsible ground.\nIndependent of this consideration, it could be no pleasing thing I concieve for the President on the one hand to be present and hear the propriety of his nominations questioned\u2014nor for the Senate on the other hand to be under the smallest restraint by his presence from the fullest and freest enquiry into the Character of the Person nominated.\nThe President in a situation like this would be reduced to one of two things; either to be a silent witness of the decision by Ballot, if there are objections to the nomination; or in justification thereof (if he think it right[)] to support it by argument\u2014Neither of which might be agreeable and the latter improper; for as the President has a right to nominate without assigning reasons, so has the Senate a right to dissent without giving theirs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0240", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Morgan White Eyes, 8 August 1789\nFrom: White Eyes, George Morgan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York August 8th 89\nThe disappointment which I fear Mr Thompson will undergo grieves me very much as it is on my Account he is so much involved in Debt, better had I received no Encouragement to get any Articles & I to have went naked home with Mr Cotoney, than I to involve him in such a Debt & no likelihood of his desolving it unless through your Assistance.\nIf you conceived the pain I feel when I hear that the Commissioners have objected every article, it makes me of Opinion that I am not of as much Consequence as a Dog: & that I must run on foot behind Mr Peters, if you think it proper I will endeaver to undertake it.\nI must indeed always be thankful for the Education that Congress have been pleased to bestow upon me, & the Usages that are naturally to be expected from such a Kindness\u2014But I am very sorry that the Education you have given & Views that you must have had when you took me into your Possession, & the Friendship which my Father had for the United States (which I suppose is the chief Cause) are not sufficient Inducements, to your further providing for me.\nI do not ask or expect your Continuance over me, but that you would take this into Consideration, & see that all these Things be so ordered, that it will make me by the Ties of Honour and Justice always indebted, & allways endeavor with Efforts\nbecoming my Education, to be worthy to be subscribed Your Excellencys Most Obt Hume Servt\nG.M. White Eyes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0241", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 9 August 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nHingham [Mass.] Augt 9th 1789\nI was the last night honoured by the receipt of your Excellencys commission appointing me collector for the port of Boston\u2014It shall be my study early to obtain, a perfect knowledge of the duties of the office and my constant care so to discharge them as thereby to secure the approbation of my own mind and the confidence of my country.\nNo circumstance could be more pleasing than the one which guards against a removal in any other way than by the President, this secures all that permanency in the office which I could possibly wish\u2014I hope hereafter to evince to your Excellency, by a faithful discharge of my duty, that I feel the importance of the trust, and my obligations for the appointment, for in that way only, can it be evidenced or can I in any degree compensate your Excellency for the honour conferred. I have the honour of being sir with the most perfect esteem your Excellencys most obedient servant\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0242", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 9 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\n[New York] Sunday 9th Augt 1789\nConsequent of the enclosed resolution, I had a conference with the Commee therein named yesterday, when I expressed the Sentiments which you also have enclosed.\nI was assured by the Committee, that the only object the Senate had in view was to be informed of the mode of communication which would be most agreeable to the President, and that a perfect acquiescence would be yielded thereto. But I could plainly perceive notwithstanding, that oral communications was the point they aimed at. Indeed one of the Gentlemen candidly declared that a great object with him, for wishing this, was, to effect a viva voce vote in that body (he added however that he was not without hopes of accomplishing this without). To this I replied, finding all three were opposed to the ballotting system, that nothing would sooner induce me to relinquish my mode of nominating by written messages, than to accomplish this end. Thus the matter stands for my further consideration.\nWhat do you think I had best do? I am willing to pursue that line of conduct which shall appear to be most conducive to the public good, without regard to the indulgence of my own inclination which (I confess, and for other reasons in addition to those which are enumerated, although they are secondary) would not be gratified by personal nominations.\nThe period is now arrived when the Seat of the vacant judge in the Western district is to be filled. Would Colo. Carrington do you think, be pleased with this appointment? or are you acquainted with any professional character of fitness for the Office, South of New Jersey, that would accept it.\nI have had some conversation with Mr Jay respecting his views to Office, which I will communicate to you at our first interview\u2014and this, if perfectly convenient and agreeable to you, may be this afternoon as I shall be at home, and expect no Compy. I am Yrs affectly\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0243", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Beck, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Beck, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York] August 10th 1789\nThe Petition of John Beck of the City of New York Humbly sheweth\nThat your petitioners parents were well affected to the American cause and during the late war were robbed and plundered and greatly distressed by the Enemy at New Haven in the state of Connecticut. The petitioners parents are at present in very indigent circumstances, and advanced in years; And wholly unable to render him any services, And your petitioner further sheweth that not having been brought up to any mechanical profession whereby he could get his living, is at present in want of the Common necessaries of life. He has received a tolerable education and can write a legible hand. The petitioner having tried every possible means in his power to obtain employment (not having friends able to assist him) finds his Endeavors prove ineffectual. The petitioner is at present considered as a student at Law by William Willcocks Esquire in whose office the petitioner acts as a Clerk (and of whom the petitioner can procure information respecting his Character and capacity if deemed needfull). But by reason of the inability of his parents is unable to prosecute his studies. Your petitioner not having the happiness of being personally known to your Excellency. But as our common Father and from your general character as a Philanthropist. He hopes and prays (on a humane and tender consideration of his case). That you will pay some attention to his\ndistresses, And will be pleased to recommend him or, otherwise be pleased to procure him an employment as a Clerk in one of the Publick Offices under the general goverment, So that your petitioner may be enabled to obtain a subsistance And your petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray.\nJ: Beck", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0245", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Wilson Miles Cary, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cary, Wilson Miles\nDear Sir,\nNew York 10th Augt 1789\nI have received your very obliging and affectionate Letter of the 19th Ulto and can assure you that no circumstance, amidst the numerous occurrences of my new and arduous employment, has given me more heartfelt satisfaction than the repeated testimonies of approbation which my conduct in accepting\nof the Presidency of these United Stats has drawn from every quarter, and particularly from those who, I trust, know me well enough to do justice to the motives which induced me once more to embark on the ocean of public life. Among those of the latter description I must rank you, my dear Sir; and must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for your good wishes & kind gratulations on the recovery of my health.\nMr Brough whom you mention to have been the Searcher at Hampton & recommended as a person suitable to fill an Office in the Customs, could not, consistently, be brought into office; for the Law established but one Office at Hampton which, agreeably to the general rule which I had prescribed to myself in the nominations, is filled by Mr Jacob Wray the former Naval Officer there. You will, therefore, have the goodness to beleive that his not having been put in office did not proceed from a want of faith in your recommendation, but from an adherence to that justice & impartiality which the Public demands, and from which I hope I shall never intentionally depart. I am, Dear Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0246", "content": "Title: Conference with a Committee of the United States Senate, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[New York, 10 August 1789]\nSentiments deliver\u2019d by the President at a second conference with the Senate\u2014held\n10 August 1789\nThe President has the \u201cpower by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make Treaties and to appoint Offices.\u201d\nThe Senate when these powers are exercised, is evidently a Council only to the President, however its concurrence may be\nto his Acts\u2014It seems incident to this relation between them that not only the time, but the place and manner of consultation should be with the President\u2014It is probable that the place may vary. The indisposition or inclination of the President may require that the Senate should be summoned to the President\u2019s House\u2014Whenever the Government shall have buildings of its own, an executive Chamber will no doubt be provided, where the Senate will generally attend the President. It is not impossible that the place may be made to depend in some degree on the nature of the business\u2014In the appointment to offices, the agency of the Senate is purely executive, and they may be summoned to the President. In treaties, the agency is perhaps as much of a legislative nature and the business may possibly be referred to their deliberations in their legislative chamber[.] The occasion for this distinction will be lessened, if not destroyed, where a Chamber shall be appropriated for the joint business of the President and Senate.\nThe manner of consultation may also vary. The indisposition of the President may supersede the mere question of conveniency. The inclination or ideas of different Presidents may be different\u2014The opinions both of President and Senators as to the proper manner may be changed by experience. In some kinds of business it may be found best for the President to make his propositions orally and in person, in others by written message. On some occasions it may be most convenient that the President should attend the deliberations and decisions on his propositions; on others that he should not\u2014or that he should not attend the whole of the time. In other cases again, as in Treaties of a complicated nature, it may happen that he send his propositions in writing, and consult the Senate in person after time shall have been allowed for consideration. Many other varieties may be suggested, as to the mode, by practice.\nIf these remarks be just, it would seem not amiss that the Senate should accommodate their rules to the uncertainty of the particular mode and place that may be preferred\u2014providing for the reception of either oral or written propositions\u2014and for giving their consent and advice in either the presence or absence of the President, leaving him free to use the mode and place that may be found not eligible and accordant with other business which may be before him at the time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0247", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Hill, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Hill, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada Augt 10th 1789\nIt is with the utmost Satisfaction I perceive in the Commission lately granted to Mr Meredith, a distinguishing instance of your powerful friendship. The publick Sentiment I sincerely believe if well express\u2019d would accord with the appointment\u2014As to my own feelings you will pardon my being not altogether prepar\u2019d to render a just account of them on this agreeable occasion\u2014The ability however to serve any of your purposes will I hope be distrusted rather than the gratitude Respect & affection that are due to you from, Sir Your most obedt Sert\nHenry Hill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0248", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ralph Izard, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Izard, Ralph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[New York] August 10th 1789.\nThe Committee will have the honor to wait on you this Evening at Six o\u2019clock. I am with great respect Sir Your most obt Servant\nRa. Izard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leonard Jarvis, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Jarvis, Leonard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nBoston Aug. 10th 1789\nI should not on this Occasion have interrupted your attention to the more important concerns of the Union, had I not been informed that it was your expectation, that all those who were candidates for office under the new Confederation should apply directly to you. without therefore troubling you with any further Appologys I take the freedom to inform you, that some years past the Legislature of this Commonwealth thought it indespensably necessary to appoint some person to the head of the Revenue arising from imposts & excises as a check upon the Collectors & the better to reduce the collection into a System, for the want of which, it had suffered exceedingly\u2014at this period I was a Member of the General Court of this State and had the honor without the least solicitation on my part, to be chosen to the place by a very respectable majority of both Houses\u2014I have the satisfaction of knowing that by my exertions, the revenue has been encreased, the business systematized & the imports & exports of the Commonwealth ascertained and I have every reason to believe that was the disposal of public Offices continued by the Constitution in the Legislature there would be no doubt of my reelection.\nI need not observe to you, Sir! that Individuals have been too apt to over-rate their services and sufferings in behalf of their Country. but if these are to be admitted as pleas, I could urge, that no one has gone further in proportion to their abilities, in supporting the Credit of the United States, and although it has been highly injurious to my interest I have never been heard to complain.\nIf Congress should judge it necessary to appoint a Superintendant of the Revenue in each State or to certain districts, I flatter myself the Representatives of this State in both Houses will speak of me in such terms as shall induce you Sir! to believe that the office will not be misplaced if bestowed upon me & give me leave to assure you, that if I should be happy enough to obtain it, it will be my constant Study to approve myself worthy the appointment\u2014I have the honor to be with the greatest respect sir! Your most Obedient & most humble servt\nLeonard Jarvis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCharleston So. Carolina Augst 10 1789\nI beg leave to trouble you in favor of my friend Colonel Motte, whose merits deserves every consideration; he was a Lieut. Col. of the Regt which I had the honor to Command at the commencement of the War, and continued in the service for several years, after which he was chosen a member of Congress, at which time I believe he had the honor of being known to your Excellency; his very ample fortune which was mostly in money has been nearly sunk in the funds, in supporting the American War. I cannot but interest myself in his behalf from his merits, and my near Connection with him (his being a brother to Mrs Moultrie) to mention him to you as a Candidate for the Post of Naval Officer for the Port of Charleston. I have the honor to be, Dear Sir with the greatest respect & regard Your Excellencys Most Ob. and Very humble Servant\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0252", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Aquila Giles, 11 August 1789\nFrom: Giles, Aquila\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 11th August 1789\nIt is with great diffidence that I trouble your Excellency with solicitations for office, conscious that you have already experienced a great deal of trouble from similar applications\u2014I beg leave however to offer myself to your Excellency\u2019s consideration for the Office of Marshall of this State\u2014Should you on enquiry, find me qualified to discharge the duties of the Office, I shall flatter myself with the hope of your Excellency\u2019s favour\u2014I have\nthe Honor to be with all possible respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servant\nAquila Giles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0254", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Leaming, Jr., 11 August 1789\nFrom: Leaming, Thomas Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 11th Augt 1789\nIn Expectation that the Appointment of Officers for the F\u0153deral Courts will be left with your Excellency, beg leave to solicit the Honour of being appointed Clerk of the District Court of Pennsylvania, whenever the Nomination of Officers of that Court shall be made.\nPermit me to mention that I was admitted to the Practice of Law in Pennsylvania in 1772, after having studied under the Direction of the late President Mr Dickinson, and am now in Practice there. That in 1776 I was amongst the Majority of the New Jersey Convention which instructed the General Convention to declare an Independance, the same year returned to Philadelphia and joined the Troop of Light Horse under Capn Samuel Morris, in which have continued ever since.\nBeg leave to refer your Excellency to the Honorable Frederick A. Mulenberg, Robert Morris, William Maclay, Willm Patterson, Jonathan Elmer, George Reed and Richard Basset Esquires, from whom hope you will be satisfied that the Trust may with Propriety be committed to your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient and very Humble Servt\nThos Learning Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0255", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 11 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nDear Sir,\nNew York August 11th 1789\nOn the 15th of September next there is to be a treaty held in the State of Georgia, between the Indians on the southern frontiers and Commissioners on the part of Georgia. At this treaty there will be a numerous and respectable concourse of Indians; two, and some say three thousand. Their famous Counsellor, the noted McGilvery is to be present at it; and it is now in agitation, and a bill is before the House of Representatives for that purpose, to appoint Commissioners on the part of the United States to attend at this treaty, to establish a permanent and lasting peace between the United States and the Indians on the Southern & western frontiers. It is necessary, in a matter of such importance to this Country, that these Commissioners should be persons who have been known in public life, and who are very respectable Characters\u2014and if to these two circumstances could be added, their being held in high estimation in the Southern States, without being inhabitants of any of them, it would be a very desireable thing. Under these circumstances,\nit is my wish that you should be one of these Commissioners; and I have therefore given you this early intimation of the matter that you might (if it should be determined to appoint Commissioners, and is agreeable to you, and can be made to comport with your present Office) be making such arrangments as will enable you to be at New York and ready to embark for Georgia, on or before the first day of September; and with an expectation of being absent 3 or 4 months.\nYou will make up your mind on this matter, and give me an answer by the first post after you receive this, as you see no time is to be lost; for it is absolutely necessary that the Commissioners should be on the Spot the 15th of September to prevent the enormous expense which would be incurred by detaining such a numerous body of Indians for any time. In the mean time you will keep this intimation to yourself, for in the first place, it is not certain that Commissioners will be appointed\u2014and if they should other circumstances might render a concealment of this intimation proper. I am, my dear Sir, with very great esteem Your Affecte friend & Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Taylor Gilman, 12 August 1789\nFrom: Gilman, John Taylor\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York August 12th 1789.\nI hope your Excellency will be pleased to Excuse the trouble of this Letter, as an Attack of the Rheumatism deprives me the Honor of waiting on you in person.\nHaving been Honored by the late Congress with an appointment as One of the Commissioners for adjusting the Accounts between the United States and Individual states, I met the other Commissioners in this place in January last, but as I cannot proceed in the business in the absence of the Gentlemen who are now Associated with me, and am desirous of Visiting my Family in New Hampshire, have to Request that your Excellency would be pleased to Indulge me with leave of Absence for a few Weeks. I have the Honor to be, with the Highest Respect, Your most Obedient and most Hume servt\nJohn Taylor Gilman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Brice McGeehon, 12 August 1789\nFrom: McGeehon, Brice\nTo: Washington, George\nWashington County [Pa.] \nMay it please your ExcellencyAugt 12th 1789  \nIn a former letter, I informed your Excellency of my situation and circumstances that I was one of those unfortunate people who settled and claimed your lands on Millers Run.\nOne who thought my clame so Just, as to warrant my defence thereof against your Excellency in a suit at law. The event (tho\u2019 too late) has proved my mistake: And now, while on the one hand I am legaly ousted from that Small plantation, whereon my fond hopes flattered me, I Should with Industry, be able to support a numerous family of growing children; so on the other hand, I am unable to purchase another.\nIn this Gloomy situation no chearing ray presents itself to my disturbed mind; but what dawns from the benificence, goodness, and Clemency, which stamps your Excellencys well known Character: and therefore, I am led to hope, you will not only forgive my provocations; but like yourself, generally make me a donation of the Improvement I have made, with so much land, as you may think sufficient to support my small family upon. and I will venture to predict, the President of the United States, will not rue such an act of benificence; when he is about [to] leave this dying world, with all those high-earn\u2019d honors, his gratefull country has conferred upon him.\nPermit me sir, to request an answer soon, directed to Alexr Wright Esquire Member of Assembly for this county and now in Philadelphia.\nWhether you are pleased to grant my request, or no, my prayer is, and shall be, that you may enjoy as much felicity as this world can give, and that true and permanent happiness, which it can neither give nor take away. Your Moste obedient humble Servt\nBrice McGeehon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0260", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 13 August 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Office 13th August 1789.\nThe detail of the estimate of the expences for treating with the Southern indians which was formed the 20th of May 1789.\nIt is supposed that at least 1500 Creeks will attend at the treaty, each of whom according to custom, must have one and an half rations \u214c day; this would require for each day 2250 rations. The treaty may be presumed to last 25 days.\n56,250 Rations at \u215bth of a dollar \u214c ration\n800 Cherokees for the same time and at the same rations. vz. 30,000 Rations at \u215bth of a dollar\nRations for 60 men for 4 Months to serve as a guard to the Stores and Commissioners\u20037,200 Rations @ \u215bth do\nThe pay of the Commissioners\nStores and Necessaries\nMessengers, interpreters and Contingencies\nIndian goods to be presented to the Creeks and Cherokees\nTransportation\nDollars\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0261", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Nelson, Jr., 13 August 1789\nFrom: Nelson, Thomas (1764-1824)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nYork Town [Va.] Augt 13th 1789\nI reciev\u2019d your favour two days ago, and have to return you my most grateful thanks, for the very great attention and friendship which you have been pleased to shew me\u2014The offer which you have made, Sir, is so very flattering, that I can not hesitate to accept it.\nThe whole family are equally sensible with myself of the very great favour which by making me this offer, you have done them. However unequal to the duties of the Office, in other respects I may prove, in assiduity and necessary attention to it, I can assure you, I will not be deficient and shall strive to merit that friendship, which you have been pleased to shew us.\nYour letter came to hand not so quickly, as from the date, it appears to me, it might have come\u2014This Sir, will account for your not hearing from me as soon as probably you may have expected. I shall proceed to New York as soon as I possibly\ncan. I am, with the highest esteem Sir, your most obliged and humble Servant\nThomas Nelson jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0262", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Board of Treasury, 14 August 1789\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBoard of Treasury August 14th 1789\nIn a communication we had lately the honor of making to you, on the subject of the Foreign and Domestic Debt; we observed that the Indents of Interest computed in circulation on the 12th of June last, was Dolls. 2,128,694, and that this amount might perhaps in future enter into the general mass of the Domestic Debt.\nWe have since directed an Estimate to be made at the Treasury, of the Interest which has accrued on the Domestic Debt from its formation; and of the balance which will remain undischarged to the end of the year 1789.\nBy this it appears that the arrearage of Interest to that period is no less than, 11,519,646 Dollars: in which is included the sum mentioned to be in circulation on the 12th of June last.\nIt was presumed that the holders of the Debt, had from time to time, availed themselves of the different provisions made, for the payment of Interest, to a much greater extent, than now appears to have been the Case; and this could not be ascertained \u2019till the old Loan Office accounts were adjusted. This accumulation of Interest so far exceeds what has hitherto been supposed, that we esteem it our duty to transmit for your information, the Estimate on which it is computed. We have the honor to be with high respect sir your ob: humble Servants\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee\nAn Estimate of all the Interest which has accrued on the Domestic Debt of the United States from its formation to the 31st December 1787 of such partial payments as have been made on account thereof, and of the balance remaining undischarg\u2019d on that day, and for which provision is yet to be made.\nDollars 90ths\nThe total amount of Interest arising on the Loan Office Debt, from the opening of the several offices in 1776 to 31st December 1787. Estimated at\nThe total amount of Interest arising on the Army Debt, from the several periods of its drawing Interest, to 31st December 1787 accurately ascertained by the Commissioner of army accounts to be\nThe total amount of Interest arising on Certificates, issued by the thirteen State Commissioners\u2014Estimated at\nThe total amount of Interest arising on Certificates issued by the Commissioners for the Commissaries, Quarter Master\u2019s, Marine Clothing, and Hospitals Departments Estimated at\nThe total amount of Interest arising on the Debt register\u2019d at the treasury\u2014Estimated at\nDitto, on the Debt entered in the Treasury Books, but for which Certificates have not yet been issued by the register, so as to become a part of the registered Debt. estimated at\nTotal Dollars\nFrom this total amount of Interest, the following deductions are to be made, So much paid on the Loan Office Debt in old Emissions, equal to\nIn New Emissions as specie\nIn Bills of Exchange Do\nIn Indents to 31st March 1789 as \u214c Schedule\nState of New Jersey have paid Interest, to their own Citizens on the Domestic Debt, not included in the Schedule of Taxes, to amount of\nState of South Carolina have paid two years interest on 222,465 9/90 Dollars the amount of Certificates issued to the Line of that State, at 6 \u214c Ct is\nTotal amount of Deductions\nLeaves the arrearage of Interest on the 31st Decr 1787\nDollars\nIt is to be observed that as the Certificates which have been issued for the principal of a Debt, of more than twenty seven millions of Dollars, are in themselves exceedingly numerous; and that as those several Certificates bear an Interest from different periods, it has not been practicable to form a statement of arrearages, but by ascertaining in the most accurate manner, (the nature of so extensive a work would in a short time admit) the different periods of time from which the several parts of the Domestic Debt bear interest; and therefrom calculating the interest to the 31st December 1787.\nThis gives the total Estimate amot\nDolls.\nThe partial payments which have been made is ascertained with some degree of accuracy from the Loan Office papers, and other documents\u2014This forms a Deduction of\nAnd leaves an arrearage on the 31st December 1787 of\nDollars\nIf to this sum of arrearages above mentioned,\nTwo years interest becoming due 1st Jany 1790 be added\nThe total due on 1st Jany 1790 is encreased to\nDollars\nTreasury of the United StatesRegisters Office 13th August 1789Joseph Nourse regr\nNo. 4.On the Claims of Monsr de Beaumarchais, & the Farmers General, against the United States.\nBefore we dismiss the subject of the National Debt, it may be proper to consider distinctly the Claims above stated, in order, that if they shou\u2019d appear well founded, efficient and speedy measures may be adopted for settling them; if not, that such an investigation should take place of their merits, as will ensure justice to the United States as well as to the Claimants.\nWith respect to the first Claim, the paper marked A. (to which we beg leave to refer) will shew the point of view in which it has been considered by this Board, and reported on to Congress. The first resolve recommended by the report was, on the 1st of October 1788\u2014adopted by Congress; but it does not appear, that any further measures have been since taken, for bringing these accounts to a final adjustment\u2014No mode can in our opinion, ensure to the United States, a proper settlement of this Claim, but what we then recommended. It is we presume the Custom of Nations, to have all Claims against them, whether of Foreigners or Citizens, exhibited and adjusted, at their respective Treasuries; an adherence to it therefore, in the present case considering the nature and magnitude of the Claim, cannot be considered as improper.\nIt will be observed by our Report, that a Million of Livres appear to have been advanced by the Court of France for which no credit is given, either in the account of Mr Beaumarchais, or of any of the public servants, entrusted with the receipt of Monies in Europe; the papers marked B. shew the correspondence which has passed on this subject. the result is so unsatisfactory, that we presume a more strict investigation will take place of this Transaction.\nWhatever motives the Court of France might have formerly had, for concealing this aid given to America, previous to the Treaty of Paris\u2014certain it is that they can no longer exist; since in a formal convention, entered into betwixt the Count de Vergennes and Dr Franklin at Versailles, on the 25th day of February 1783, and ratified by Congress on the 31st October following, it is expressly declared: \u201cThat three millions of Livres were given by his most Christian Majesty previous to the treaty of February 1778.\u201d the million in question forms part of the sum above refered to.\nWe shall only add on this subject, that by a Correspondence betwixt the late Superintendant of Finance and Doctor Franklin, (extracts of which marked A accompany this report) it appears in what point of view the former considered those supplies; and what were the reasons which govern\u2019d Doctor Franklin in paying the bills drawn on him on their account, contrary to the wish of Mr Morris.\nIt is observable, that in the letter to the Superintendant, Doctor Franklin declares, there was no ground for supposing that Mr Beaumarchais was furnished with his funds by the French Government, although, in one to Mr Charles Thompson of the 25th Jany 1787 he conjectures, the Million unaccounted for, to have been advanced by the French Government to Mr Beaumarchais; and in a former letter of the 7th October 1777 signed by him jointly with the other American Commissioners at Paris declares, that the\nCourt had given them assurances, (on a conference relative to Mr Beaumarchais claim) that no payment would be required of the money, on Military Stores already supplied.\nThe Claim of the Farmers General originated from a Contract entered into with them by Messrs Franklin and Deane on the 24th March 1777 for the supply of five thousand hogsheads of Tobacco; but has since derived validity, by an account signed by Doctor Franklin, whilst Minister at the Court of France. The paper marked C. contains a copy of this Contract, and other documents relative to it. No application has been made to this Board since their administration, for the payment stated to be due on it; and as it is possible it may have been assumed by the Court on a settlement of accounts with the farm under which it was advanced; it would be perhaps advisable to make an Enquiry on this subject, before any measures are adopted for its reimbursement. We have the honor to be with high respect Sir Your most obt humble Servants\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee\nA.\nBoard of Treasury September 18th 1788\nPresent\nSamuel Osgood\nEsquires\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee\nThe Board of Treasury to whom it was refered to report on the Accounts and Claims of Caron de Beaumarchais, have carefully examined such documents as they are in possession of, and beg leave to submit to Congress the following facts & observations. Vizt:\nThat the Accounts of Mr Beaumarchais as certified by Mr Silas Deane on the 6th day of April 1781 amount to 5,106,599.11.6 Livres Tournois.\nThat the balance claimed by Mr Beaumarchais, as due on this account on the 1st of July 1783 is 3,309,491.0.4 Livres Tournois, with an interest of 6 \u214c Ct \u214c annum amounting at this time to nearly 1,000,000 of Livres, so that the whole of his claim is about 900,000 Dollars.\nThat the amount debited against the United States has no other voucher to support it, than a Copy of a Certificate said to have been signed by Silas Deane dated Paris the 6th day of April 1781.\nThat Mr Beaumarchais claim against the United States, arises from eight Cargoes said to have been shipped to America in consequence of a verbal agreement, made with Mr Silas Deane, and from commissions, Freight and Insurance.\nThat four of the above Cargoes came to the use of the United States, through the hands of John Langdon Esqr. at Portsmouth; that two of the Cargoes arrived at Martinico and were received in whole or part by Mr William Bingham; and that two other Cargoes arrived at Cape Francois, and are said to have been delivered to Mr Carabasse Agent of Mr Beaumarchais, for the use of the United States.\nThat no evidence is produced to show that these two last Cargoes amounting to Livres 1,303,922.11.9 ever came to the use of the United States; but on the contrary when a Frigate in the year 1780 was sent on purpose to bring them, the Agent at the cape, by his original letter in this Office refused to deliver them, alledging that he had dispatched part of the Cargoes to the Continent; but that though he had large quantities on hand he could not make any further Shipments, without the express orders of Mr Beaumarchais his principal.\nThat Mr Silas Deane informed Doctr Franklin, and Mr Lee his Colleagues in the Commission to the Court of France, that the Accounts of Mr Beaumarchais contained private as well as public transactions.\nThat Doctor Franklin, Mr Lee and Mr Adams in their letter to the Count de Vergennes, state, that they had always understood, and that Congress had been informed, that the supplies sent out by Mr Beaumarchais, were only made through him as a private agent of the Court; and that in confirmation of this, we find that the United States are charged with a million of Livres; said to have been advanced for the service of the United States, on the 10th of June 1776 before Mr Deane the first Agent could have arrived at Paris.\nThat the Commissioners at the Court of Versailles in consequence of the act of Congress of the 13th April 1778 and of a Contract made by the Commercial committee by order of Congress with the agent of Mr De Beaumarchais, were instructed by the Commercial Committee to adjust and settle those accounts, and that Mr Beaumarchais did refuse to account with them. The Board beg leave further to observe, that Mr Silas Deane, with whom those shipments are said to have commenced, was one of five Contractors who undertook on the 10th day of February 1776 to import sundry articles for the Indians to the amount of \u00a340,000 sterling on account of which contract they received out of the Treasury shortly after \u00a345,000 sterling Dollars at 4/6.\nMr Deane also received a Commission and instructions from the Committee of secret correspondence on the 2d of March 1776; these Instructions directed him to appear as a Merchant from Bermuda for some time and to procure Clothing for 25,000 Men.\nThus commissioned & instructed he left America in April 1776. arrived on the 24th at Bermuda, left that place on the 4th of May, and arrived at Bourdeaux on the 6th of June following; at which place he appears to have staid some days previous to his journey to Paris, so that the advance said to have been made by the Court of France for the service of the United States on the 10th of that month, could not (as we have before observed) have been made to that Gentleman.\nWith the papers of this Committee are to be found several of Mr Deane\u2019s most important papers and letters relative to business; though it is evident by his references that many of his letters are missing\u2014He refers to letters giving an account of his arrival at Bourdeaux, and his transactions there; and also to a letter giving an account of his first Conference with the Count de Vergennes, none of which are to be found. In one of his letters addressed (as we judge from its contents) to the Contractors for Indian Goods, he States, \u201cThat Mr Beaumarchais furnished the supplies ostensibly, but that they really came from a higher source; and also that he had procured the Indian Goods from the same quarter.[\u201d]\nWe cannot ascertain by what authority Mr Deane undertook in 1781 to adjust and settle Mr Beaumarchais Accounts. If Congress should be of opinion that he had no authority, (which we doubt not will be the Case, as there was then in Europe a Gentleman appointed by Congress for this purpose) before any decided opinion can be given, as to the amount due from, or to Mr Beaumarchais, it will be necessary to be possessed of his original accounts and Vouchers.\nThis conduct of Mr Deane, appears extraordinary as in his letter above refered to, he mentions the Goods shiped by Mr Beaumarchais, as coming from a higher source, than that of a private person; and on the 7th of October 1777 put his signature to a joint letter of the commissioners, in which they inform Congress that the Court of France had given them assurances, that no repayment shall be required of what had been already given, either in money or Military Stores. The original of this letter was stolen out\nof the dispatches entrusted to Captain Folger, a duplicate of it however is still in the Office for Foreign Affairs.\nThe following statement will give a general view of Mr Beaumarchais debits and credits, exclusive of the cargoes sent to Cape Francois, amounting to 1,303,922.12.9 Livres Tournois; the whole of which for want of proof of delivery we deduct from his accounts.\nThe Amphitrites Cargo including Freight, Commissions and Insurance, received by John Langdon Esqr. is charged at\nfrom which deduct charges on the same\nInsurance on 610,687.17 at 25 \u214c Ct\nCommission at 10 \u214cr Cent\nThe Mercury\u2019s Cargo including do received by J. Langdon Esqr.\nFrom which deduct amot of charges\nInsurance on 584,889.4 at 25 \u214c Ct\nCommission at 10 per Ct\nThe Flammands Cargo including Ditto received by the same\nDeduct amt of charges\nInsurance on 429,678.18 at 33\u2153 \u214c Cent\nCommission at 10 \u214c Ct\nThe Mere Bobies Cargo. including Ditto receiv\u2019d by the same\nDeduct amot of charges\nInsurance on 65,061.17.9 at 25 \u214c Cent\nCommission at 10 \u214c Ct\nThe Seines Cargo including Ditto received by William Bingham Esqr.\nDeduct amot of charges\nInsurance on 466,927.12 at 25 \u214c Ct\nCommission at 10 \u214c Ct\nCost of the Ship\nThe Mary Catherines Cargo including Do receiv\u2019d by the same\nDeduct amot of charges\nInsurance on\nat 5 \u214c Ct\nTotal Livres Tournais\nWe therefore place the value of the six Cargoes at Two Millions, four hundred and seventy thousand, four hundred and eighty four Livres, eleven sous, and nine deniers.\nThe deductions from the six Cargoes above mentioned are made on the following principles.\nOf the Commission.\n1st Because it far exceeds every customary charge on the shipment of Goods to Foreign Countries; and there is no document offered in proof of any agreement on the part of the United States to authorise such extra allowance\u2014and\n2d Because, from the extra price at which some articles are charged at, beyond their real worth (especially in the Article of Gun powder) we presume that the difference, would, on a fair investigation of the Account, greatly exceed, not only all reasonable charges, but a liberal commission, for executing this business.\nOf the Insurance.\n1st Because the parties acknowledge none was made or direction given for such purpose, And\n2d Because it does not appear whether the Merchandise was shiped at the risque of Mr Beaumarchais, or at that of the United States; the latter of which from present appearances, appears most probable.\nWe have deducted the cost of the ship Seine, no reason appearing why the United States should be charged with her loss; and a liberal allowance having been made for her Freight.\nWe debit Mr Beaumarchais as follows,\nApril 21st\tTo 20,000 Dollars paid Monsr de Francey at according to the Scale\t45.58.1\t}\t18,876 Specie\nDollars which\nMay 16th\tTo 24,000 to do at\t}\tat 5.5 pr\n40.55.2\tdollar are\npaid do at\t99,102.\nJune 5th\tTo Bills on Doctor Franklin\t2,400,000.\nOctr 4th\tTo Nett amount of Mercury\u2019s Cargo\t19,309. 1. 9\nFeby 27th\tTo Nett Amount Amphitrites Cargo\t136,797.18. 6\nDecr 31st\tTo Theres\u2019s Ditto\t127,964. 1. 6\nJune 26th\tTo fier Roderique\u2019s Ditto\t108,222. 2.\nJuly 20th\tTo Perous\u2014Ditto\t52,519.13. 6\nTo Deux Helenes Ditto\t76,607.12.\nTo Bonhomme Richard Ditto\t8,371.11.\nTo Polly\u2019s Cargo\t58,514.13.\nTo Fier Roderique\u2019s Ditto\t69,814. 7. 6\nTo Amelia\u2019s Ditto\t55,675. 7. 5\nFrom which deduct amount of Mr Beaumarchais debits as stated above\t2,470,484.11. 9\nBalance due the U. States,\tLivres\t742,413.16. 5\nExclusive of the one million Livres (which if received by Mr Beaumarchais from the Court of France) must be added thereto\t1,000,000.16. 5\nPrincipal Livres\t1,742,414.12.10\nIf it should hereafter be ascertained that the Goods shipped on account of the Indian Contract are included in Mr Beaumarchais accounts against the United States, and that he has received from the Contractors, who were bound to pay for them, any remittances on that account, the amount of such payments must of course be added to the above Debt.\nMr Beaumarchais received sundry Cargoes of Tobacco, and generally credited the United States for only one half, taking one half for Freight\u2014As it appears that the commercial Committee were of opinion that one third was a sufficient allowance for Freight; the difference between one half and one third is charged to Mr Beaumarchais in the above statement.\nAs to the debits against Mr Beaumarchais we are obliged to take them principally from his own accounts so far as specific Articles were received by him.\nCongress on the 15th January 1779 ordered, Three thousand hogsheads of Tobacco to be purchased, and deliverd to his agent; and on the 5th June 1779 they gave an unlimited order to deliver the said Agent all the public Tobacco.\nThe Accounts of the Agents who purchased Tobacco never having been regularly settled, we cannot at present ascertain from any Documents in this Office, how much he is properly chargeable with.\nHaving stated generally the facts which are within the knowledge of the Board relative to these Accts we presume the United States in Congress will find it necessary to decide, First Whether the adjustment of them, said to have been made by Mr Silas Deane in April 1781 is binding on the United States, and, Secondly, If it cannot be so deemed, whether it is not necessary, previous to a final adjustment thereof, that Mr Beaumarchais should produce to the Treasury of the United States, his original Accots of Vouchers.\nShould Congress concur in this opinion we submit to their consideration the following Resolves Vizt.\nResolved\u2014That the settlement of the accts of Mr Caron De Beaumarchais, said to have been made by Silas Deane at Paris, in the month of april 1781 cannot be deemed binding on the United States, the said Mr Deane not being vested with any authority to make such adjustment\u2014Resolved, that the said accounts be settled at the Treasury of the United States, and that Mr Beaumarchais be required to transmit the same, together with the necessary Vouchers, in support thereof, in order that a speedy and final adjustment may be made of all his claims against the United States. All which is humbly submitted\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee\nB.[To Benjamin Franklin]\n Dear SirParis, 9th Septr 1786\nThe letter you honored me with cover\u2019d the copies of three Letters which Mr Thomson wrote you to obtain an explanation of a million which is not to be found in my accounts\u2014I should have been very much embarrassed in satisfying him and proving that I had not, put that million in my pocket, had I not applied to Mr Du Rival, who as you will see by the answer enclosed, informs me that there was a Million paid by the royal Treasury on the 10th June 1776. This is the very Million about which Mr Thomson enquires; as I have kept an account of the other two Millions which were also furnished by the royal Treasury, Vizt.\nThe one Million in June & April 1777.\nThe other, In July & October of the same year.\nas well as that furnished by the Farmers General in June 1777. Here then are the three Millions exactly, which were given by the King before the Treaty of 1778 and that furnished by the farmers general\u2014Nothing then remains to be known but, who received the first Million in June 1776. It could not be by me, who was not charged with the business of Congress untill Jany 1777. I therefore requested of Mr Du Rival a copy of the receipt for the one million, you have the answer which he returned me.\nI wrote to him again renewing my request, but as the Courier is just setting off, I cannot wait to give you his answer, but you will receive in my next, if I receive one; In the mean while, I beg you will receive the assurance of the sentiments of respect with which I have the honor to be my Dear sir Yr most obt & most humble servant\nGrand\n[To Ferdinand Grand]\nSir,Versailles 30th August 1786\nI have received the letter which you did me the honor to write the 28th of this month, touching the advance of a Million, which you say was made by the general Farm to the United States of America the 3d June 1777. I have no Knowledge of that advance. What I have verified, is, that the King by the Contract of the twenty fifth of February 1783 has confirmed the gratuitous gift which his Majesty has previously made of the three Millions hereafter mentioned, Vizt.\nOne Million deliverd by the royal Treasury the 10th June 1776 and Two other Millions advanced also by the royal Treasury in 1777 on four receipts of the Deputies of Congress of the 17th January, 3d April, 10th of June, and 15th October of the same year.\nThis explanation will Sir, I hope, resolve your doubt touching the advance of the 3d June 1777. I farther recommend to you sir, to confer on this subject with Mr Gojard who ought to be better informed than us, who have no knowledge of any advances, but those made by the Royal Treasury\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect Sir yr most obedt and most humble Servant\nDurival\n[To Benjamin Franklin]\nPost Script from Mr Grand.\nParis, 12th Septr 1786\nI hazard a letter in hopes it may be able to join that of the 9th at L\u2019Orient, in order to forward to you, Sir, the answer I have just received from Mr Durival; you will thereby see Sir, that notwithstanding my entreaty, the Minister himself refuses to give me the copy of the receipt which I asked for\u2014I cannot conceive the reason for this reserve, more especially, since, if there has been a million paid he who received it has kept the account and must in time be Known. I shall hear with pleasure that you have been more fortunate in this respect in America than I have been in France, and repeat to you the assurance of the sentiments of regard with which I have the honor to be Sir yr most obedient and most humble Servant\nGrand\n[To Ferdinand Grand]\nVersailles Septr 5th 1786\nI laid before the Count de Vergennes the two letters which you did me the honor to write, touching the three Millions, the free gift of which the King has confirmed in favor of the United States of America. The Minister, Sir, observed that this gift has nothing to do with the Million which Congress may have received from the general Farm in 1777; consequently he thinks that the receipt which you desire to be communicated to you, cannot satisfy the object in view, and that it wou\u2019d be useless to give you the copy which you desire. I have the honor to be with perfect attachment Sir Yr Most Obedient Humble Servant\nDurival\n[To Ferdinand Grand]\nVersailles 16th Septr 1786\nI have laid before Mr the Count de Vergennes, as you Sir seem to desire, the letter which you did me the honor to write yesterday\u2014The Minister persists in the opinion that the receipt, the copy of which you request, has no relation to the business with which you were entrusted on behalf of Congress, and that this piece would be useless in the new point of view in which you have placed it.\nIndeed sir, it is easy for you to prove that the money in question was not delivered by the royal Treasury into your hands, as you did not begin to be charged, with the Business of Congress untill January 1777 and the receipt for that money is of the date of the 10th June 1776. I have the honor to be with perfect attachment, Sir Your Most humble and most obt Servant\nDurival\nMr Grand\nExtract of a letter from B. Franklin to Mr Grand Banker at Paris\u2014dated Philadelphia July 11th 1786.\n\u201cI send you enclosed some letters that have passed between the Secretary of Congress\nand me, respecting three million of Livres acknowledged to have been received before the Treaty of February 1778 as Don gratuit from the King, of which only two Millions are found in your accounts, unless the Million from the Farmers general be one of the three. I have assured, that all the money received from the King whether as loan or gift, went through your hands; and as I always looked on the million we had of the Farmers general to be distinct from what we had of the Crown, I wonder how I came to sign the Contract, acknowleding the three millions of gift, when in reallity there was only two, exclusive of that of the Farmer\u2019s. And as both you and I examined the project of the Contract before I signed it, I am surprised that neither of us took notice of the Error. It is possible that the Million furnished ostensibly by the Farmers, was in fact a gift of the Crown, in which case as Mr Thomson observes, they owe us for the two ship loads of Tobacco they received on account of it\u2014I must earnestly request of you to get this matter explained, that it may stand clear before I die, lest some Enemy should accuse me of having received a million not accounted for.\u201d\n[To Charles Thomson]\nDear Friend.Philadelphia Jany 25th 1787\nYou may remember that in the correspondence between us in June last, on the subject of a Million Free Gift of the King of France acknowledged in our Contract to have been received, but which did not appear to be accounted for in our Bankers Accounts, unless it should be the same with the Million said to be received from the Farmer\u2019s general; I mentioned that an Explanation might doubtless be easily obtained by writing to Mr Grand or Mr Jefferson. I know not whether you have accordingly written to either of them; but being desirous that the matter should be speedily cleared up, I wrote myself to Mr Grand a letter upon it, of which I now enclose a copy with his answers, and several letters from Mr Durival, who is Chef du Bureau des Fords (and has under his care la Finance) des affaires \u00e9strangeres, you will see by these letters that the million in question was delivered to some body on the 10th of June 1776 but it does not appear to whom. It is clear however that it could not be to Mr Grand, nor to the Commissioners from Congress, for we did not meet in France \u2019till the end of December 1776 or begining of January 1777. that Banker was not charged before with our Affairs. By the Ministers reserve in refusing him a copy of the receipt, I conjecture it must be money, advanced for our use to Mr Beaumarchais, and that it is a Mystere du Cabinet, which perhaps should not be farther enquired into, unless necessary to guard against more demands than may be just from that Agent; for it may well be supposed that if the Court furnished him with the means of supplying us, they may not be willing to furnish authentic proofs of such a transaction so early in our dispute with Britain\u2014Pray tell me, has he dropped his demands, or does he still continue to worry you with them?\nI should like to have these original letters returned to me, but you may if you please keep copies of them\u2014It is true the million in question makes no difference in your accounts with the King of France, it not being mentioned or charged as so much lent and to be repaid, but stated as freely given. Yet if it was put into the hands of any of your Agents, or Ministers, they ought certainly to account for it.\nI do not recollect whether Mr Deane had arrived in France before the 10th of June 1776 but from his great want of Money when I join\u2019d him a few months after, I hardly think it could have been paid him. Possibly Mr Jefferson may obtain the information tho\u2019 Mr Grand could not; and I wish he may be directed to make the enquiry, as I know he would do it directly; I mean if by Hortales & Co\u2019s. farther demands, or for any other reason, such an enquiry should be thought necessary. I am ever, my Dr Friend Your\u2019s most affectionately\nB. Franklin\nCharles Thomson Esqr.\nC.\nContract betwixt the Farmer\u2019s General of France and Messrs Franklin and Deane.\nArticle 1st The undersigned, as well in our names, as in virtue of the powers vested in us by the Congress of the United Colonies of North America, do promise and obligate ourselves to deliver in the course of the present Year 1777 to the Farmers General of France, at the ports of that Kingdom, five thousand Hogsheads; equal to five Million pounds of Tobacco, of the Growth of York and James river.\nArticle 2d The price of the Tobacco so delivered shall be eight livres for every pound Mark of Nett Tobacco, or forty livres for every hundred pounds, weighed and delivered into the Stores of the Farmers General.\nArticle 3d All the Tobacco, which is damaged, rotten or spoiled, shall be cut off and deducted from the payment according to an amicable estimation made by proper judges; or in lieu of this mode it shall be subject to a general refraction.\nArticle 4th There shall be also allowed, and deducted for full weight four per Cent; two per Cent on the amot of the Invoice for prompt payment, and eight livres on every Hogshead for samples.\nArticle 5th In payment of the above five thousand hogsheads of Tobacco, the Farmers General shall, on account of Congress either pay into the hands of a Banker to be named by Messrs Franklin & Deane, one Million of Livres; or accept Bills drawn by those gentlemen, through their receiver General at Paris during the course of the ensueing month, to the above amount; and another Million of Livres shall be paid on the arrival of the first Vessels, laden with Tobacco, and delivered on Account of this Contract: which two Million of Livres, shall be the full & complete of the five thousand hogsheads, or Fifty Million pounds more of Tobacco, to be deliver\u2019d on Account of Congress, at the price of eight Sols per pound, as above stipulated.\nArticle 6th Should Congress send to France, a further quantity of Tobacco, whatever exceeds the amount of the two millions advanced by the Farmers General, shall be delivered to them by Messrs Franklin and Deane, at the same price, and conditions, and the Cost thereof shall be paid by the Farmers General, either in money or in bills, at three usances drawn on their receiver general.\nArticle 7th And the undersigned Farmer General in virtue of the powers given to me by my Company do obligate myself in their name to the full and entire completion of these presents, done by duplicate at Paris on the 24th March 1777.\nB. Franklin\nS. Deane\nPaulze\nExtract of a letter from Benjn Franklin to the Honorable Robert Morris dated\nPassy July 27th 1783\n\u201cThe Farmers General, who have been extremely Kind and favourable to us, in never urging a compliance with our Contract as a repayment of the Million they advanced to us, nor demanding any interest, have lately been with me, and intimated that they hoped now we were in peace, it might not be inconvenient to us to proceed in discharging the Debt\u2014After some conversation on the means, they agreed to write me a letter of which I send a copy\u2014You will understand a part of it by knowing that I recommended you warmly to them as a proper Correspondent after this affair and your office should be finished.\nI ought and do as warmly recommend to you the doing them justice as speedily as may be, and favoring them where it is practicable for we are really under great obligations to them. Inclosed is a copy of their account. It was sent before but probably miscarried.\nI am content with the method established respecting the Salaries, and I am with sincere and great esteem\u201d Sir Your Most obedient and most humble Servant\nB. Franklin\nTo Mr Franklin Minister Plenipo. from the United States of North America.\n SirParis 17th July 1783\nAgreeable to the account settled between us the 17th November 1781 there remaining due to the Farm General under the name of David a balance of Eight hundred and forty six thousand seven hundred and seventy Livres 4s. 5d. and this debit as you recollect is the remainder of a Million which we lent to the United States, for the value of which they were to furnish us with Tobacco at forty livres a quintal, delivered in our Ports, which has been only executed to the amount of the sum mentioned in the account, which we have the honor to remind you of. Davids Bail has expired these three years, and we are engaged Sir in terminating the liquidations respecting this Bail. We are very desirous therefore that you will be pleased to discharge the Engagement you have contracted with us, we have said nothing to you about it during the War, we do not claim the Interest on the sum lent, but the return of peace and the expiration now of an old date of David Bail will doubtless appear to you pressing motives to terminate this affair.\nThe natural conclusion of it would be the discharge of the balance of the account, the Treaty not having been executed, and Davids Bail having expired, but we conceive sir that it may be finished upon the same principles as gave rise to it, and that the United States may discharge the sum remaining due to us, by furnishing its value in Tobacco, and we beg leave to make the proposition to Congress by repeating every thing that has passed between you & us on this subject.\nIf it is accepted, as we hope it would suit Sir, that Mr Morris who is charged with the department of Finance should send us, on Account, a Cargo of Tobacco to the Port of Havre; we will divide the same among the Manufactures of Havre, Dieppe & Paris, by which means we shall be able very soon to acquaint Mr Morris of our opinion of the adventure, as to it\u2019s quality; he will send us an Invoice pointing out the first Cost and all the charges accruing in America and add to it a bill of lading informing us of the Cost of freight.\nWe fix no limits to Mr Morris with respect to the Cargo, and he will naturally be regulated according to the burthen of the Vessel he will freight. We demand, with respect to the price of Tobacco, that it should be so regulated that the first cost with all the expences in America, commissions & freight included, shall not exceed on arrival at Havre forty Livres per quintal, delivered in our Ports as was agreed between us at the time of the Loan, which we now solicit may be reimbursed. We do not determine the rate of the commission which is to be included in the whole price and for the Cargo in question, we refer to what Mr Morris may do, only observing, that in ordinary commercial operations it is at two per Cent, and it ought naturally to be less according to the magnitude of the objects.\nWe are persuaded sir, that the intended pay will turn out so as to lead us to order the whole of the sum due to us, to be discharged in the same way. We shall be happy that this will afford us the opportunity of a correspondence between us and Mr Morris; his letter therefore will be addressed to Messrs the Farmer\u2019s General of the Office for purchasing Tobacco at the Hotel of the Farms at Paris.\nThis correspondence may have much more interesting consequences than what the present object is\u2014This prospect doubtless will not escape Mr Morris, and in consequence of what you have been Kind enough to tell us of his principles and talents, we shall see with great pleasure an increase of connection between us. We shall be under\nobligations to you, sir, to recommend our Interests to him and we lay claim to your good offices for the conclusion of the affair which gives rise to the present. We are with respect Sir Your most humble and Most obedient Servants\nHis Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esqr. Minister Plenipo: &c.\nDear SirOffice of Finance 29th May 1782\nI do myself the honor to enclose you copies of two Acts of Congress, one of the 5th of June and the other of the 18th June 1779 relating to the affairs of Mr de Beaumarchais\u2014You will observe sir, that you was authorised to pledge the faith of the United States to the Court of Versailles for obtaining money on credit, to honor the Drafts on you.\nThere is a misteriousness in this transaction arising from the very nature of it, which will not admit of explanation here, neither can you go fully into an explanation with the Court. Mr De Beaumarchais certainly had not Funds of his own to make such considerable expenditures, neither is there any reason to believe that he had credit. If the Court advanced money it must be a secret, but there would be no difficulty in giving an order in your favor for the sum necessary to pay those Bills, and thereupon measures might be taken to obtain from him the reimbursement of any sums he might have received, consequently there would be no actual advance of Money made, as the whole might be managed by the passing of proper receipts, from you to the Court, from Mr de Beaumarchais to you, and from the Court to him. I wish that you would apply on this subject, and get it adjusted. The diverting from a Loan for the Service of the current year so considerable a part, as that due to Mr de Beaumarchais will defeat the object for which it was granted. It ought not therefore to be done if possibly to be avoided. I have the honor to be Sir, &c. &c.\nRobert Morris.\nExtract of a Letter from Dr Franklin to Robert Morris Esqr. dated\nPassy August 12th 1782\n\u201cThe plan you intimate for discharging the Bills in favor of Beaumarchais, tho\u2019 well imagined, was impracticable. I had accepted them, and he had discounted them, or paid them away, or divided them among his creditors. They were therefore in different hands, with whom I could not manage the transaction proposed. Besides, I paid them punctually when they became due, which was before the receipt of your letter on that subject\u2014That he was furnished with his funds by the Government here is a supposition of which no foundation appears.\u201d\nBail de Laurent David.\nPassy 17th November 1781\nTobacco\nMessrs The Farmers General of France to Messrs Franklin and Dean, as well in their own names, as in consequence of the powers vested in them by the United States in Congress assembled.\n[Debits]\nTo 48 hogsheads & 3 barrels of Maryland Tobacco arrived at Nantes on board the ship the Baltimore and delivered by Mr Schweighauser the 21st September 1778 to Monsieur Adine director of the Kings Farms in the said city; the said 48 hhds & 3\n barrels weighing (allowances deducted according to the agreement entered into between the company and Messrs Franklin & Dean) 36,842  amounting, (a discount of 2 prCt for prompt payment being first made) to fourteen thousand, four hundred and forty two Livres, one Sol and seven Derniers.\n To 276 Hogsheads of Virginia Tobacco, arrived at Marlaix on board of the Ship Morris, and deliver\u2019d by Capt. Benjamin Gunnisson the 25th February 1779 to Monsieur Duplessis Pegasse, receiver of the Kings Tobacco Store in said City; the said 276 Hhds weighing together (all allowances deducted according to the aforementioned agreement) 232,673.  amounting (the aforesaid Discount being made) to Ninety one thousand two hundred and seven Livres, sixteen Sols\nTo 150 hogsheads of Maryland Tobacco arriv\u2019d at L\u2019Orient on board the Ship Shepherdess of Nantes and delivered by Captain Huas the 15th of April 1779 to Monsieur Dodun, director of the Kings Farmes in said City; the said 150 Hhds weighing together, 121,376. lb., all allowances deducted according to aforementioned Treaty, amounting after the aforesaid discount being made to forty seven thousand, five hundred & seventy nine livres, eight Sols\nTotal of the Farmer\u2019s Generals Debit\nMessrs Franklin & Dean in behalf of themselves and in pursuance of the powers vested in them by the United States of America in Congress assembled acknowledge to be indebted for the balance of Eight hundred and forty six thousand, seven hundred and seventy Livres, fourteen Sols five Derniers\n[Credits]\nBy a Loan of one Million of Livres Tournois granted the 3d June 1777 to Messrs Franklin and Dean in their own names, as well as in consequence of the powers vested in them by the United Colonies in Congress assembled as \u214cr their receipt dated as above\nLivres\nTotal of the credit of the Farmers General\nB. Franklin\nThe above account approved, also the balance in our favor of Eight hundred and forty six thousand, seven hundred and seventy Livres, fourteen sols, five derniers Tournois which Messrs Franklin & Dean, in their own Names and in pursuance of the powers vested in them by the Congress of the United States of America acknowledge to be indebted to us.\nParis at the Hotel of the Kings Farms the 19th Novr 1781.\nPerseval/St Armand/De LagePignon/De la Hante\nNo. 5\nOn the Requisitions of Congress.\nPrevious to the statement of the general receipts and Expenditures, under the administration of this Board, it may be proper to take a view of the requisitions of Congress, in order to shew how the several States, stand with each other respectively on that ground; and what have been the means arising from this source within the controul of the present Board, to enable them to fulfill the objects of their administration. The latter purpose might be Effected by exhibiting a summary abstract of the Specie requisitions only; but to accomplish the former, a more extensive retrospect becomes necessary.\nThe requisitions of Congress may be divided under the following heads Vizt.\n1st\nRequisitions payable in money of old Emissions.\n2nd\nRequisitions payable in money of new Emissions.\n3rd\nRequisitions payable in specific supplies.\n4th\nSpecial requisitions.\n5th\nRequisitions payable in specie & Indents.\n6th\nRequisitions payable in Indents only.\nThe balances due on the four first articles will be shewn by a reference to the Schedule marked A, those under the two last, by that marked B.\nThe accounts of the Loan Officers, not having been rendered to the present day; it is not at present in our power to give a more accurate Official statement of the specie requisitions than the one refered to; the balance however appearing due on those requisitions will not be greatly diminished, the receipts since the date of the Schedule, having been very insignificant.\nDuring the whole course of our administration we have endeavoured to impress the States not only with a sense of the obligations they were under to discharge their several Quotas; but with that of the Evils which would necessarily result from an inattention to this great Duty. This will appear by a reference to the correspondence and reports of this Board; all of which have been uniformly directed to the same objects which are so earnestly recommended by the Documents marked C & D to which we request your reference.\nWe shall only observe on this occasion that if the most solemn acts of the Sovereign, could not rouse the different Members of the Confederacy, to a sense of their own Interest, as well as Duty; it cou\u2019d not be expected that the applications of the public servants, however earnestly enforced could produce much Effect. The aggregate of the Balances due on the specie requisitions to the first of the present year appears by the statement of the register of the Treasury to be no less than Three million, two hundred and twenty thousand two hundred and fifty nine Dollars. It is not therefore a matter of surprise that the arrearage on the principal and Interest of the Foreign Loans should amount to the large sum mentioned in our former communications.\nNo reliance can, in our opinion, be placed on any payments, worthy consideration, being made on this balance, of which no less a sum than, Five hundred and thirteen thousand, nine hundred and ninety five Dollars, was on the date of the Schedule, due from the States of North Carolina and Rhode Island; measures must of course be adopted for making good the arrearages of claims against the general Treasury to the present day, from other sources.\nIt will be observed by the Schedule marked B that the requisitions of the 11th October 1787 and 20th August 1788 were only for Indents: Not a Dollar in specie has been required of the States since the 2d of August 1786 and of course our sole dependance for the support of the civil Government since that period, has been the gleanings of Taxes collected in those States, which had in some degree complied with the requisitions\nprevious to that period; the monies arising from Loans in Holland, not being more than sufficient to discharge the necessary expences in Europe, and the interest and premiums accruing on the Dutch Loans. The two last requisitions are not founded on any reports of this Board; and of course we are not able to determine on what grounds of calculation Congress proceeded, in supposing the arrears of prior requisitions could possibly be an adequate source for defraying the subsequent Expenditures. If after the publication of the present Constitution, a special requisition had been made on the States, for a sum necessary at least to defray for one year the Expences of the civil Establishment, and the necessity of complying with this Act, enforced with the weighty reasons, which obviously presented themselves; there is reason to believe, that at this period, the state of the Treasury would have been at least adequate to the current Expences. It is a Duty we owe to the Trust reposed in us, to make this observation, since it might be otherwise supposed, that the requisitions we allude to, were past in conformity to our opinions. We have the honor to be with high respect, sir your obt humble Servants\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee.\nA.\nSchedule of the requisitions on the several States, by the United States in Congress assembled, In old Emissions, New Emissions, In specie for the support of American Prisoners, and in specific supplies\u2014Shewing the Quotas assigned to each\u2014The amounts paid thereon; And the Balances due on the 3d March 1789\u2014so far as the records of the Treasury shew to that time.\nQuotas\nStates.\n      In old Emiss. per Act of 1777, 22d Novr for\n     Total\n     In new Emiss. per Act 1780 26th Augt for\n     Total\n     In Specie, for the support of American prisoners, as per Act of Congress of\nIn Specific Supplies, valued in Specie.\n     Per Act of Congress of 1780 25th February, articles inserted therein.\n     Per Act of Congress of 1780, 4th November, articles inserted therein.\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nAmounts paid\nStates.\nIn old Emissions on the several requisitions for 95,000,000.\nIn new Emissions On the several requisitions for 10,642,988.\nIn Specie for the support of American prisoners.\nIn specific Supplies, valued in specie\nOn the requisitions of Congress of 25th Feby 1780.\nOn the requisitions of Congress of 4th Nov. 1780\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nBalances due.\u2007\u2007\nStates.\u2007\u2007\nIn old Emissions On the several requisitions for 95,000,000.\u2007\u2007\nIn new Emissions On the several requisitions for 10,642,988.\u2007\u2007\nIn specie; for the support of American prisoners.\u2007\u2007\nIn specific supplies, valued in Specie\nOn the requisitions of Congress of 25th Feby 1780.\u2007\u2007\nOn the requisitions of Congress of 4th Novr 1780\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nTreasury United States, Registers Office 3d March 1789Joseph Nourse regt.\nB.Schedule of the Requisitions on the several States, by the United States in Congress assembled; of 10th Sept. 1782; 30th Oct. 1781; and 27th and 28th April 1784: Of 27th Sept. 1785, 2d Augt 1786; and of the 11th Oct. 1787: and 20th Augt 1788: Shewing the Quotas assigned to each, the amount paid thereon, and the Balances due 1st January 1789.\nRequisitions and Quotas\n10th Sept. 1782\n30th October, 1781. 27th and 28th April 1784\nIndents\nQuota.\u2007\u2007\nPaid previous to 31st Decr 1783: vide Journals of Congress for 1784 page 178.\u2007\u2007\nSum required 27th and 28th april 1784; \u00be whereof being paid in specie \u00bc was made receivable in Indents.\u2007\u2007\n\u00be thereof on specie proportion.\u2007\u2007\nTotal in specie payable on this requisition\nproportion of Indents, receivable on this requisition.\u2007\u2007\nStates.\u2007\u2007\nDol. 90ths\nDol. 90ths\nDol. 90ths\nDol. 90ths\nDol. 90ths 8ths\nDol. 90ths 8\nDol. 90ths 8\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nRequisitions and Quotas\n27th September 1785\n2d August 1786\n11th Octr 1787\n20th Augt 1788\nSpecie.\nIndents.\nSpecie\nIndents.\nIndents.\nIndents.\nStates.\nDoll. 90ths\nDoll. 90ths\nDoll. 90ths\nDollars\nDollars\nDol. 90ths 8th\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nTotal Amounts paid\nBalances due\nSpecie\nIndents\nSpecie\nIndents.\nStates.\nDol. 90ths 8\nDol. 90ths 8\nDol. 90ths 8\nDol. 90ths 8\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nTreasury of the United States. Register\u2019s Office 1st January 1789Joseph Nourse. Register\nC.An Address from the United States in Congress assembled, to the Legislatures of the several States.\nWhen the Interests of a people are endangered either through the defect of the Government, they have established, or the want of timely and vigorous Exertions to give efficacy to its operations, it becomes the Duty of those, to whom the sacred trust of watching over the welfare of the Nation, is delegated, to awaken it to a sense of its Danger, and to urge the adoption of such measures, as may avert the Calamities with which it is threatened.\nImpressed with a sense of this high obligation, and an anxious and affectionate concern for the Interest, honor, and Safety, of their Constituents, the United States in Congress assembled, have at various periods, and on various occasions, exercised this important trust; but on none more solemn and interesting than the present. It is with the most painful anxiety they are compelled to declare, That, having been denied the means of satisfying the Engagements which they have constitutionally made for the common benefit of the Union, it is now their Duty solemnly to warn their constituents, that the most fatal Evils will speedily, and inevitably flow from a breach of Public Faith, and a violation of the principles of Justice, which are the only solid Basis of the honor and prosperity of Nations.\nThe States were called upon the last year to pay into the general Treasury the sum of Three Million of Dollars, of which one million was to be discharged by specie, and two Millions by Discounts of Interest on the Domestic Debt. The objects for which the Monies proposed to be raised were to be appropriated, were then distinctly pointed out; by this it appears that the sum of Eight hundred and forty thousand Dollars were absolutely and indispensibly necessary to defray the charges of the Civil Government and the Interest of the Foreign Debt.\nWhat have been the Effects of this requisition; notwithstanding the serious and interesting appeal of Congress to the Justice and Wisdom of the several States, which soon followed it, and in which, after stating the Public receipts and Expenditures for the four preceding years, it is proved that the receipts of the last fourteen Months were not adequate to the Bare Maintainance of the Federal Government, on the most economical\nestablishment, and in time of profound peace; only Ten States out of the thirteen have passed Acts apparently complying with it, and by such as have complied, not more than the sum of 100,000, Dollars has been paid into the general Treasury to the present date in actual specie.\nIn examining the proceedings of the different States in consequence of the resolves of the 27th September 1785 the following Statement is the result.\nIn the Act of New Hampshire, the specie directed to be raised, is to be assessed on the Polls and rateable Estates within that State, agreeably to the last proportion of Taxes for the several towns & places; But as it does not appear by this Act at what rate the Polls and real property are rated, or whether those funds are burthened with any other Engagements. It is impossible to form a judgment of what may be expected from the provision made: if the funds are the same as have been relied on for paying that States quota of the requisition of the 27th and 28th of April 1784 Experience demonstrates that no dependance can be placed upon their efficacy.\nBy the Act of Massachusetts it appears that there is assessed on the different Counties of that State the Sum of \u00a3300,493\u2153 lawful money, out of which, the sum of \u00a3145,665 equal to 485,550 Dolls. (the Specie quota of that State) is to be paid into the General Treasury, on or before the first of January next. From the whole sum there is to be deducted.\nFor the support of Civil Governmt\nFor the payment of interest on their state Debt\nFor redeeming army Notes payable 1784 85 & 86\nFor replacing sums drawn out of the Treasury for support of the members of Assembly\nIt does not appear by this Act, that any preference in payment is to be given to the requisitions of Congress, and as more than one moiety of the Sum proposed to be raised is for States purposes, in which the support of the government and the particular Interest of their Citizens are concerned, it may be infered that the first monies collected will be appropriated for the objects last mentioned; of course the specie payments of the Requisition will be procrastinatd and any deficiency in the general Tax will fall on the sum which is appropriated for Federal purposes.\nFrom Rhode Island no Specie payment on the last requisition is to be expected, that State having set off against this requisition, the Balances due the Contractors for Ox Teams in the service of the United States for the year 1781 notwithstanding the balance which remained due on the requisition for 1784; this, together with the amount of their liquidated payments to Invalids, in pursuance of the resolution of Congress of 7th June 85, will very probably absorb the specie sum of the requisition of the 27th Septembr 1785: nor can a further payment of the balance due on that of 1784 be calculated on, as a paper currency in that State is made receivable in all Taxes whatever.\nConnecticut having passed no Act in compliance with the last Requisition, nothing can be expected from her.\nBy the Act of New York, though the Treasurer of the State is directed to pay into the general Treasury the full proportion of her Quota on the last requisition, at the periods therein specified, no Funds apppear, by the said Law, to be provided for effecting this object. By a Law enacted in the last Sessions of the Legislature of that State, a paper Currency is made receivable in all Taxes whatever from the first of May last: From this Circumstance little dependance can be placed in receiving, in the course of the present year, her full specie Quota. New Jersey having passed no Act upon the last requisition, nothing is to be expected from her. Pensylvania by an Act of the 8th March 1786 directed their Treasurer to pay to the order of the United States such a sum in specie, as, together with the sums paid on account of the requisitions of the 27th & 28th of April\n1784 and 27th of September 1785 would make the sum of 557,091 Dollars in specie, and the further sum of 593,684 Dollars in receipts or certificates of Interest: but it is to be observed that the sum directed to be paid by Discounts of interest is 86,657 Dollars more than the State has a right to avail itself of, on the requisition of the 4th September 1782 27th of April 1784 and 27th of September 1785 and that the amount directed to be paid is short (by the above mentioned overplus in Indents of Interest) of the actual sum of specie required of that State by the requisition of the 27th & 28th of april 1784 and 27th of September 1785.\nThe State of Delaware has passed an Act in compliance with the last requisition, which will probably be productive of her quota.\nThe State of Maryland did, at their last sessions pass an Act providing for the payment of 94,350 Dollars in Specie, being the proportion of Specie required of that State by the last requisition; but it does not appear that any provision has been made for the payment of the Indents of Interest required by the said requisition.\nVirginia passed an Act of the 21st January last, in full compliance with the last requisition; but the revenue Laws refered to in the said Act, do not shew what Monies may be relied on from them.\nFrom North Carolina nothing is to be expected on the last requisition, no act having passed in pursuance of it.\nIn the State of So. Carolina the last requisition is fully covered by the credit she has obtained in the Treasury for supplies in 1782 & 1783.\nThe State of Georgia, by an Act of the 13th of February last, directed their Treasurer to pay into the General Treasury, the quota assigned to that State, by the resolves of the 4th September 1782 27th & 28th of April 1784 and 27th September 1785; but as the said Acts refer to a revenue Law, of which a Copy has not accompanied it, no certain opinion can be formed how far the compliance may be operative; but as nothing has yet been paid on either of the aforesaid requisitions little expectation can be entertained of payments under this Act, which seems to have created no new funds.\nTo the above Statement, nothing need be added to manifest the exhausted state of the Federal Treasury, except that of the requisition of the 27th and 28th April 1784; heavy balances are still due as appears from the following Statement thereof to the 30th June last.\nApportionment of 4 Millions\nAmount paid to 30th June 1786\nBalance due the 30th June 1786\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nOf the requisition of the 4th of September 1782, considerable Balances are also due; but as the States were permitted to apply their respective quotas, in the payments of Interest due on the Loan office Certificates, and other liquidated Debts of the United States, contracted therein, and few of them have caused regular returns to be made to\nshew how far they have acted upon the said requisition, the balances cannot now be ascertained.\nIf it be asked, to what end then is another requisition made, whilst such heavy balances remain still unsatisfied? the answer is, that the United States in Congress, are bound by every principle of good faith & Justice, and a regard to National Character, to exercise that authority which is vested in them, for obliging the different members of the Union to contribute their respective Quotas for the support of the general Government; and to manifest to the World, that they are not inattentive to the high and honorable trust of watching over the Welfare of a Free people.\nThe States will observe that in the present requisition no less than 1,723,626 Dollars 47/90ths ought to be forthwith raised in Specie, for the express purpose of paying the interest and certain instalments of principal of the Foreign Debt which will become due in the present, and in the course of the next year; so vast is the accumulation of the Debt which has been brought on the people for want of an Early and general adoption of the resolves of Congress of the 18th April 1783.\nThe General Impost therein recommended, was expressly appropriated for the purpose of discharging the principal and Interest of the National Debt; the probable amount of it was, at that time calculated at near a Million of Dollars annually: Supposing this calculation to be greater than this Revenue is likely to produce in a regular state of commerce; yet when the Extraordinary Importations which were poured into the States for the first two years after the Peace, are taken into consideration it may safely be averred, that by the end of the year 1787 a Net revenue would have accrued from the Execution of that plan, of near Four Million of Dollars, if it had commenced its operation in the Early part of the year 1784.\nIt may in this place be proper to state what have been the sums necessary to be raised in Specie, for the Interest and principal of the Foreign Debt to the end of the year 1787 and to compare the aggregate with the probable amount of that revenue to the same period.\nBy the Schedule of the principal and Interest due on the Foreign Loans, which was transmitted to the several States with the Act of Congress of the 15th of February last, It appears that the aggregate of principal & Interest due on the French and Dutch\nLoans to the end of the year 1787 is\nDollars\nOn the Spanish Loan of 174,000 Dollars, Seven years Interest\nForeign Officers and Individuals in France, say,\nTo Foreign Individuals, for principal & interest of Debts contracted abroad, about\nDeduct this sum from what would have been the probable amount of the Impost to the end of the year 1787 and it appears that about two Million of Dollars of surplus revenue might, under a proper arrangement have been applied towards the reduction of the Capital of the Domestic Debt. When to these circumstances are added the influx of Specie from the revival of Credit, and the happy effects it would have had on the present unfavourable balance of Commerce, and consequently on the collection of Taxes throughout all the States, it is scarcely possible to foresee the extent and number of the advantages which would have flowed from the operation of this System.\nIt is a painful task, either in Nations or Individuals to call to mind circumstances of advantage which have escaped their controul, and to compare a situation of present distress, with what (under the auspices of heaven) would have been the direct reverse, had they availed themselves of advantages once within their power to command.\nBut it is by an honest and serious examination of past Errors, that Experience only is\ngained, and better Systems adopted in the management of Public and Private Affairs. It becomes therefore the Duty of the Guardians of a free and enlightened people, however painful the task, to execute this high trust, and to conceal nothing that may induce the nation to investigate and pursue in future their Essential Interests.\nIt is not to be expected that in a Government composed of thirteen independent deliberative powers, and owing its origin to an extreme jealousy of public Liberty, the judgment of the several Members of the confederacy, should at the same time, embrace the wisdom and necessity of every measure which may be recommended by the general Government, particularly in the Case of an untried System of revenue, the most difficult of all objects to carry into Execution.\nThe several Legislatures have at length passed Acts for granting to the United States in Congress, the power of levying a general Impost, to be appropriated agreeably to their recommendations of the 18th April 1783: In two States the Laws which have been enacted for this purpose require some alteration to give a general operation to the Collection of this revenue; and from the wisdom and patriotism for which these States have been long distinguished, The United States in Congress cannot entertain the idea that they will refuse to give efficacy to a measure so essential to the establishment of the National credit & safety. Under the heavy accumulation of the Foreign Debt, it becomes, however, peculiarly incumbent on the different States to exert themselves to fulfil that Duty, which they owe to their own character, and the welfare of the confederacy, by enacting Laws more efficacious for bringing into the General Treasury, their respective Quotas of the present requisition, than has hitherto been the case.\nTo effect this great and desirable object, the wisdom of the respective Legislatures will undoubtedly discover that the following General principles are essentially necessary.\n1st\u2002That the taxes intended for the purposes of the Union should be permanent, and distinct from those which are appropriated to the service of the State.\n2d\u2002That they should (as far as is practicable) be simple in their Nature, and depend more for their execution on the mode of the Tax, than on the diligence of the Officers entrusted with the collection.\n3d\u2002That the sums raised by the Individuals shoud be paid in like manner as the quotas are receivable from the several States, that is to say, that the proportion of Specie pointed out by the requisition, should Keep pace with the payment of the discounts of Interest.\nAn attention to these principles would undoubtedly promote in a great degree, the collection of the revenue, and the arrangement of the Federal Finances.\nThat a brave and enlightened people who encountered every hardship and distress in opposing a System of government which they deemed adverse to their Welfare and Liberty, before they had even experienced the mischiefs which they foresaw from its establishment, should (whilst the memory of their former principles and heroism is still fresh in their recollection) become the voluntary Suicides of their own Interest, their own happiness and their own honor, is a Circumstance too disgraceful to admit of belief.\nBy the Union of the several States, they have rescued themselves from the Tyranny of a powerful Nation, and established Constitutions on the free Consent of the people, which are the admiration of the intelligent and virtuous part of mankind, and the firm support of the civil and religious rights of all who live under the shadow of their influence. But those Constitutions cannot long outlive the fate of the general Union. and this Union cannot exist without adequate funds to defray the Expences of the government, and to discharge those engagements which have been entered into with the concurrence of the Citizens of all these States, for their common benefit.\nAn appeal is again made to the reason, the justice, and the Interest of the several States; whatever may be the fate of the measures submitted to their consideration for giving strength and reputation to the Union, The United States in Congress by virtue of the powers of the Confederation call upon the different Members to pay into the general Treasury at the time stipulated, the quotas laid on them respectively by the present requisition for the support of the General Government.\nThe purposes for which the monies are to be appropriated are fairly stated, and the evils pointed out which will attend a noncompliance. The delinquent States (if such there can possibly be) must take upon themselves the responsibility for all those Calamities, which will most assuredly flow from a disregard to the political ties which unite them with the other members of the confederacy, and to those principles of Justice and good faith, which can alone support the Existence of a Free Government.\nD.[Board of Treasury to the President of Congress]\nSir,Board of Treasury June 22d 1786\nWe do ourselves the honor of submitting through your Excellency, to the consideration of Congress, the Report of this Board on the requisition of the present year. From this Congress will observe, that the sum of 2,170,337 Dollars is necessary to be raised by this requisition in actual Specie, out of which no less a sum than 1,724,426 Dollars are due on the foreign Debt.\nIf it be asked, what expectations there are that the several States will raise, by the ordinary mode of requisition, the sums required by the proposed report, the answer obviously is. That no reasonable hope of this nature can possibly exist; for, exclusive of the sum last mentioned, almost the whole of the specie required by the requisition of the 27th of September last, which amounted to one million of Dollars, is still unpaid, though the period of payment was fixed for the 1st of May last; together with a Specie balance due on the requisition of the 27th of April 1784, of about one million of Dollars; so that the actual sum which ought to be paid by the several States, into the public Treasury, before the first of January next is at least 3,700,000 Dollars. In examining the measures which have been adopted by the several States for carrying into execution the last Requisition, we find that,\nNew Hampshire did, on the 20th of February last, pass an Act for raising and paying into the General Treasury, on or before the first day of May next, the sum of 35,000 Dollars being the Specie proportion of that State\u2019s Quota on the requisition of the 27th of September last; but no provision is made by the said Law for furnishing her proportion of Indents of Interest.\nThat Massachusetts did, on the 23d March 1786 pass an Act for complying with the requisition of Congress of the 27th of September last, excepting that the proportion to be paid in specie, is not required to be paid into the General Treasury before the first day of January 1787.\nThat Rhode Island did, in the month of October last, pass an Act in compliance with the requisition of the 27th September last.\nThat Connecticut has not, to the knowledge of this Board, passed any Act in compliance with the said requisition.\nThat New York has, by their Act of the 20th april 1786 directed their Treasurer to pay into the General Treasury, on or before the first of May next, the sum of 85,495 Dollars, being their specie proportion of the last requisition, and the balance of one hundred and seventy thousand nine hundred and ninety Dollars, 60/90ths in Indents of interest, on or before the first of January next; but it does not appear by the said act, that any funds are specified, or tax laid, for producing the sums above mentioned.\nThat the State of New Jersey has not passed any Act in pursuance of the requisition of the 27th September last. That the State of Pennsylvania has, by their act of the 8th March 1786 directed their Treasurer to pay, to the order of the United States, such a sum in specie, as, together with the sums paid on Account of the requisitions of the 27th and 28th april 1784 and 27th September 1785, wou\u2019d make the sum of 557,091 dollars in specie, and the further sum of 593,684 Dollars in receipts or certificates of Interest; but it is to be observed, that the sum directed to be paid by discounts in Interest is 86,657 Dollars more than the State has a right to avail itself of on the requisitions of the 4th September, 1782 27th april 1784 and 27th September 1785; and that the amount directed to be paid is short (by the above mentioned overplus in Indents of interest) of the actual sum in specie required of that State, by the requisitions of the 27th and 28th april 1784 and 27th September 1785.\nThat the State of Delaware, has not, to the knowledge of this Board, passed any Act, in pursuance of the last requisition.\nThat the State of Maryland, did at their last sessions, pass an Act providing for the payment of the sum of 94,350 dollars in specie (being the proportion of the specie required of that State, by the requisition of the 27th September last.)\u2014but it does not appear that any provision has been made by the said State for the payment of the Indents of Interest required by the said requisition.\nThat the State of Virginia did, on the 21st January last, pass an Act in full compliance with the last requisition.\nThat the State of North Carolina has not, to the knowledge of this Board, passed any Act in compliance with the requisition of the 27th September last. By an Extract of an Act of the Legislature of the said State, passed on the 29th December last, and transmitted to this Board by his Excellency Governor Caswell, it appears, that the said State has directed 1400 hogsheads of Tobacco to be purchased in the present year; the proceeds of which are to be paid into the general Treasury on account of that State\u2019s Quota of the Debts of the United States; but it is not expressed by the said Act for what requisition this provision is intended. The Monies arising from the Sale of this Tobacco, and paid into the General Treasury, will of course be passed to the credit of the State of North Carolina, on the requisition of the 27th and 28th April 1784 on which no payment appears to have been made.\nThat the State of South Carolina has credit in the Treasury Books for the sum of 415,514 Dollars, which exceeds by 35,916 dollars the sums required of that State to complete her quota of the requisitions of the 27th and 28th april 1784 and 27th September 1785.\nThat the State of Georgia did, on the 13th of February last pass an Act, directing their Treasurer to pay into the General Treasury, the quotas assigned to that State by the resolves of the 4th September 1782, 27th and 28th April 1784 and 27th September 1785; but as the said Laws refer to a revenue Act (of which a copy has not been transmitted) the Board cannot determine how far the compliance of the said State will be operative. From the above statement it appears, that seven States, namely, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, have passed Acts directing the payment of the full sums in specie required by the Act of Congress of the 27th September, 1785; for although the State of Pennsylvania has, by their Act abovementioned, directed a certain sum in Specie to be paid into the general Treasury, on account of the requisitions, for the years 1784 and 1785 the sum specified in the act for this purpose, falls short by 86,657 Dollars (as has been before observed) of the sum necessary to complete the requisition of the 27th September last.\nThat six States, namely, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New-York, Virginia and Georgia, have directed the whole payment of the sum called for by the last requisition.\nThat four States, namely, Connecticut, New-Jersey, Delaware and North Carolina, have passed no Acts (so far as the information of this Board extends) in compliance with the same.\nThat from the State of South Carolina, (though she is quota\u2019d in the last requisition), from the facts stated in the former part of this letter, no payment can be expected.\nAs to the efficacy of the funds which the defferent States rely on, for enabling them to furnish their respective Quotas, it is impossible for this board to form an adequate judgment.\nIn the Act of the State of New Hampshire, the specie directed to be raised, is to be assessed and levied on the Polls and ratable Estates within that State, agreeably to the last proportion of Taxes for the several towns and places; but as this board are not in possession of the Law referred to, so as to ascertain at what rate the polls and real property are rated, and whether those funds are burthened with any other Engagements, it is impossible to determine what can be expected from the provision made by the Act of that state. If the funds are the same as have been relied on for the paying of that States Quota of the requisition of the 27th and 28th April 1784, experience demonstrates that no dependence can be placed on their efficacy: For, by the Abstract N0.1 herewith transmitted, it appears that the State of New Hampshire owes, on the requisition of 1784 the sum of 179,119.82 90ths Dollars.\nBy the Act of the State of Massachusetts it appears, that they have assessed on the different Counties of that State the sum of \u00a3300.439.1.3 lawful money of that State, out of which the sum of \u00a3145.665 equal to 485,550 Dollars, (the specie quota of that state) is to be paid into the General Treasury, on or before the 1st day of January next.\nFor the support of the civil government, is to be deducted from the whole sum\nFor the payment of the Interest on their State Debt\nFor redeeming army Notes, payable 1784 1785 and 1786\nFor replacing sums drawn out of the treasury for the support of the members of Assembly\nIt does not appear by this Act, that any preference in payment is to be given to the requisition of Congress, and of course, as more than one moiety of the whole sum proposed to be raised is for State purposes, in which the support of the government, and the particular interest of their Citizens is concerned, it may be inferred, (from the general conduct of the several States) that the first Monies collected under this Act, will be appropriated for the objects last mentioned: Of course the specie payments of the requisition of Congress will be procrastinated, and any deficiency in the general tax, will fall on that sum, which is appropriated for federal purposes. From the State of Rhode Island, no payment in specie can be expected on the requisition of the 27th September last. The whole amount of the specie quota on this act is 25,545 Dollars: against which they are authorised, by the resolve of Congress of the 16th February 1785, to get off the balance due to the Contractors for ox teams in the service of the United States, for the year 1781; and (in common with other States) the amount of their liquidated payments to invalids, in pursuance of the ordinance of Congress of the 7th June 1785, which payments will in all probability absorb the specie sum on the last assessment.\nConnecticut having past no Act in compliance with the last requisition, nothing can be expected from her.\nBy the Act of the State of New York, though the Treasurer of the State is directed to pay in the full proportion of that States Quota on the last requisition, at the periods therein specified, no funds appear by the said Law to be provided for effecting this object. By a law enacted in the last sessions of the Legislature of that State, a paper currency is made receivable in all Taxes whatsoever, from the first of May last. From\nthis circumstance, and the correspondence which has passed on this subject, betwixt this Board and the Treasurer of the State, (copies of which are herewith transmitted) little dependence can be placed in receiving, in the course of the present year, the full proportion of the quota of that State.\nJersey being in the same situation with Connecticut nothing can be expected from that State.\nFrom Pensylvania no further payments in specie can be expected, on account of the last requisition, till a difference betwixt a statement made by the Comptroller of that state and the Treasury of the United States, of payments made on former requisitions, is decided on the principles of the Statement last mentioned. A copy of the Comptroller\u2019s statement No. 2 and the remarks on it of this Board No. 3 will explain the reason of difference in the two statements.\nFrom Delaware nothing is to be expected, for the reasons which have been applied to Connecticut and New Jersey. From Maryland, as the funds set apart for paying the specie quota of the last requisition appear more definite and substantial, than the provision made by the Acts we have before observed on, there is reason to suppose they will be more productive; though from the difficulties suggested by the Commissioner of the Loan-office of that State in his correspondence with this board, on the payment of the balance due on the requisition for the year 1784 there is no reason to presume that she will pay in the present year, the proportion of specie required of her by the last requisition.\nFrom Virginia, though the Act directs the payment of her full specie proportion, yet the revenue Laws referred to in the said act do not shew what Monies may be relied on from them; but from the best information we can obtain of the productiveness of the funds specified by their acts, we have no reason to suppose, that the sum in specie to be expected from Virginia, on the present requisition, will be more than one half of her Specie proportion.\nFrom North Carolina nothing is to be expected on the present requisition no act having been passed in pursuance of it.\nFrom South Carolina no payment will be made into the General Treasury, for the reasons before stated.\nFrom Georgia, the nature of their funds not being known to this board, no opinion can be formed of what may be expected from the operation of their Act. We have reason however to fear, that no payment will be made by that State in the present year. To the remarks naturally resulting from the above statement, we may venture to add, one general reflection, which is applicable to the Union at large, \u201cThat the effect of the present requisition is best to be judged of from an experience of the past.\u201d\nWith the requisition of 1784 every state in the union complied, except North Carolina and Georgia; with the present only eight States in the Union have complied, so far as it respects the specie payment.\nDuring the collection of the Taxes under the requisition for the year 1784 the revival of a paper currency had few advocates in the several States. At present, the rage for another experiment in this fallacious medium has so far prevailed, as to enter into the system of revenue of several States. Judging from the facts we have stated, we do not conceive it probable, that even the sum of three hundred thousand Dollars in Specie will be paid into the general Treasury in the present year, if no other resource is adopted than what can be expected from the line of requisition.\nThese circumstances it becomes our duty to state to Congress that their wisdom may adopt such measures, as shall appear most likely to avert a total ruin of our Credit & character as a people, with Foreign Nations.\nThe sum in specie which ought to be provided for in less than twelve months, as has\nbeen observed, is at least three million and a half of Dollars, (excluding altogether any provision for the Domestic Debt.)\nThe extent of the sum, which in all probability will arise from the requisitions, will hardly reach three hundred thousand Dollars. Such is the crisis to which the affairs of the union are now reduced for want of a general revenue, established on such principles, as might call forth in the most equitable and efficient manner, the resources of the several States. This efficient revenue can only be expected from an immediate grant of the five per Cent impost, and from taxes commensurate to the supplementary fund, effectually levied, and sacredly appropriated to the Federal Treasury.\nIn considering what expedients may probably be adopted for making up the deficiency of the specie sums which are essentially necessary to support our existence in a national character, nothing occurs as a probable mode of relief, but a sale in Europe of part of the Western Territory, which has been ceded to the United States. To attempt new Loans, whilst no funds are established for paying the interest and principal of former ones, would in all probability be fruitless, even if it could be done consistently with those maxims of prudence and public integrity which ought to characterise the proceedings of every nation. What would be the success of the expedient we have suggested, cannot be ascertained; but when the disposition to emigration in germany, Geneva and Ireland is taken into consideration as well as the prospect of advantage from the rise in value of the Lands in question, to those who might purchase on speculation, it appears not unlikely that if a proper plan should be adopted, and the execution of it committed to a suitable Agent, it might meet with success.\nUnless some aid can be derived from this quarter, we see not the least prospect of our being able to make good the payment of interest which will become due on the Dutch Loans in the ensueing year. All hope of our being able to succeed in making in Season the payments to France in the year 1787 is now at an end; but the importance of making every exertion to fulfil the Contracts we have entered into with the moneylenders in Holland, must be very apparent. In this point of view only, we have taken the liberty to suggest to Congress the object above mentioned.\nWith respect to the requisitions for the present year, which we have reported to Congress, it becomes necessary for us to observe that we consider it merely as an expedient to evince the dispositions of Congress to do all the justice in their power to their foreign and Domestic Creditors, till the States feel the absolute necessity there is of furnishing the United States with adequate means to support their rank and character as a nation.\nThe mode of certifying the Interest on the domestic Debt is undoubtedly liable to objection, though it may be brought into a more manageable State than it is at present, by reducing the various evidences of the Debt to one form, and by calling in annually some part of the principal. This latter object would, we conceive be compassed with great ease to the several States, and would have a powerful effect in establishing our credit with foreign Nations.\nBut after all, what we have taken the liberty to suggest, are still expedients, should they even be successful.\nThe more our reflections are employed on this subject, the more we are impressed with a conviction that nothing but an immediate and general adoption of the measures recommended by the resolves of Congress of the 18th April, 1783 can rescue us from Bankruptcy, or preserve the Union of the several States from dissolution. With all due respect, we are Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient humble servants\nSamuel Osgood,\nWalter Livingston,\nArthur Lee.\n[Board of Treasury to Congress]\nThe Board of Treasury, to whom was referred their Letter of the 19th of February last, together with the Estimates of the Monies necessary for the Services of the present year, one thousand seven hundred and eighty six submit the following Report.\nResolved, That for the services of the present year, one thousand, seven hundred and eighty six, for the payment of the interest, & two Installments of principal on the French and Dutch Loans, that are payable according to the contracts, in the begining of the year 1787 and for the payment of one years interest on the Domestic Debt, it will be necessary that three Millions, seven hundred and seventy seven thousand, and sixty two Dollars 43\u201490ths\u2014be paid into the Common Treasury, on or before the first day of January next, to be appropriated to the following purposes.\nFor Civil Department\nDollars\nMilitary Department\nContingencies\nFor Indian Affairs\nFor the Department of the Geographer\nForeign Debt.\nFor the payment of interest due this year on the French and Dutch loans\nFor ditto of principal and interest due in the year 1787 which ought to be provided for this year\nFor a balance of interest due on the Spanish Loan\nFor one years interest on Debts due to foreign Officers\nDomestic Debt, one years interest thereon\nDollars\nThat the Quota\u2019s of the several States be as follows.\nIndents\nSpecie\nNew Hampshire\nDitto\nMassachusetts\nDitto\nRhode Island\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nDitto\nNew York\nDitto\nNew Jersey\nDitto\nPennsylvania\nDitto\nDelaware\nDitto\nMaryland\nDitto\nVirginia\nDitto\nNorth Carolina\nDitto\nSouth Carolina\nDitto\nGeorgia\nDitto\nThat the aforesaid sums, when paid, shall be passed to the credit of the States respectively, on the terms prescribed by the resolve of Congress of the 6th day of October 1779, and shall be applied in conformity to the statement in the preceding part of this report, giving preference according to the order in which they are placed in the Estimate.\nAs one million, six hundred and six thousand, five hundred and sixty Dollars called for, is to be applied to the payment of the Interest of the Domestic Debt, that the several States be allowed to discharge the same by Indents for Interest on Loan-Office Certificates, and upon other certificates of the liquidated Debts of the United States: And to ascertain the evidences of Interest due upon loan-Office Certificates, the holders thereof respectively shall be at liberty to carry them to the office from which they issued, and the holders of other certificates of liquidated debts of the United States, to carry the same to the loan-office of that State wherein they are Inhabitants, or if foreigners, to any loan-office within the united States, and to have the interest thereon settled and certifyed to the last day of the year 1785.\nProvides that the Commissioner of the Continental loan-office in any State, shall not on any pretence whatever, settle or issue any Certificate or Certificates, for the Interest due on any Continental loan-office Certificate, or other certificate of liquidated debts, until the State for which he is continental Loan-officer, shall have passed a legislative act complying with this requisition, nor shall the commissioner aforesaid, in any State that shall have complied with this requisition, issue any Certificate, or take any other measure whereby a discrimination may be made by such state, between the holders of loan office Certificates issued from his Office, who are Citizens of that State, and foreigners, or the Citizens of any other State that shall have complied with this requisition: Provided always, that any continental Loan officer shall issue Certificates for interest as aforesaid, due on Continental loan office Certificates issued from his office & belonging to Foreigners, and also to the Citizens of such states as shall have passed a legislative act complying with this requisition.\nThat every Commissioner of the Continental loan-office previously to settling and issueing Certificates as aforesaid for the Interest due on Certificates of liquidated debts, other than loan office Certificates, shall administer an oath or affirmation, or require a Certificate signed by one of the persons whom the State in which the Commissioner resides, shall, in the legislative Act complying with this requisition, appoint, that he has administered to the owner or possessor of every such certificate, an oath or affirmation that the same is bona fide the property of the particular State in which the said Commissioner resides, or of a Citizen or Citizens of the said State, or of some Corporate body or charitable institution within the same, or of some person who is not a citizen of any of the United States, describing the Certificate or Certificates alluded to in every such oath or Affirmation, in such manner as shall be necessary to identify the same, or as may be prescribed by the Legislature of the said State.\nAnd for preventing the depreciation of Certificates to be issued as aforesaid, the legislature\nof each State is required to provide, in the Act complying with this requisition, that if, on the first day of July 1787 the said States quota of the said certificates so to be issued, shall not be in the hands of the State Treasurer, or other proper officer, the deficiency shall be collected and paid into the continental treasury in specie, which, when so paid, is hereby apropriated to the redemption of such surplus certificates. That the board of Treasury furnish the several loan-officers with Certificates to be issued for interest, as aforesaid; and also with such checks and instructions as they from time to time shall judge necessary to prevent counterfeited Certificates of debts, from obtaining a settlement of Interest, and to detect counterfeit evidences of interest, and thereby to avoid receiving them in discharge of Taxes: which certificates of interest being parted with by the holders of the principal, shall be deemed evidence that he has received satisfaction for the same; and therefore shall be receivable from the Bearer in lieu of money, in the proportion of one dollar and one third in specie for one dollar in Indents, in any other State in the Union, as well as in the State in which they were issued. That the state receiving such Certificates, and paying the same into the public Treasury, with a proportion of specie as aforesaid, shall have credit therefor, which payment shall be considered as a discharge of the interest on the Domestic Debt in the proportion that each state avails itself of the said Certificates of interest. That all loanoffice Certificates issued after the first day of March 1778 shall be reduced to their specie value, conformably to the resolution of Congress of the 28th June 1780 and the interest shall be ascertained and settled agreeably to the Specie value of the certificate.\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\nArthur Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0263", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 14\u201326 August 1789\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\n[Athy, Ireland] August 14th[\u201326] 1789\nI had the honor of writing to your Excellency last week by Captain Geddes bound to Philadelphia, & Sent the only authentic Account of part of the Revolution in France; Since that day, all the foreign as well as the British Papers agree that it will be compleated & the old Constitution restored.\nI fear, I am only repeating what your Excellency has already heard from better Authority & more fully, but the Importance of the Moment induces me to Send the papers, as they may arrive Sometimes before you receive your Dispatches from France.\nThe whole City, by letters of the best Authority, of Paris place its cheif dependance on the abilities and perseverance of your Noble friend the Marquiss de la Fayettee; they look up to him & Neckar, as their principal Directors, and the Duke of Orleans places the utmost Confidence in them\u2014History does not record So Sudden and wonderful a Revolution\u2014the Secession of the Guards was too Surprizing to gain beleif, untill it was announced by the Royal Authority\u2014we are in hourly Expectation of the Pacquets, as it is reported the Prince of Artois &c. &c. are endeavouring to raise an Army in Flanders, & have hopes of Assistance from Spain; as to Poor Joseph he has enough to do, with the Tasks & his own disconted Brabantiers; the latter may follow the Example of France & expell a Tyrannical Government;\nI Should not be Surprized if that would happen in the Course of a month, though the Emperor has a considerable Army there.\nIt is to your country that France owes its Salvation from a Famine for we could not, as yet, Venture to Send out any Corn, as we had had Seven Weeks incessant rain, untill the 9th Instant, when the Sun revisited us, & by the General report we shall have a tolerable harvest if we have 14 or 15 good days.\nLast night we had great illuminations and other Demonstrations of Joy on account of its being the Birth day of the Prince of Wales\u2014many were forced to illuminate for fear of the Mob breaking their Windows, or being Marked as Enemies to the General sence of the Nation; My Neighbours being mostly Taxation Members only had a Candle or two to save their Windows; I made the Populace Drink the four greatest Men of this Age\u2014Cincinnatus, Franklin, Fayette & Lord Charlemount, for which I expect a Volume of abusive paragraphs\u2014for no administration ever dealt so copiously in that Line of writing, or made more Violent Attacks on the Liberty of the Subject; they (the Judges) have demanded Excessive Bail in two Instances; but I hope the Spirit of the Nation will be ranged into a General Petition to Parliament, & pass an Act of Parliament to deprive the Judges of that remnant of Feudal Times; our Volunteers have lost their Quondam power; they are grown Supine and their Enemies daring; no Constitution wants a Renovation more than ours\u2014Summary Justice ought to take place against some state Criminals\u2014in the Law Line.\nour Hay Harvest is almost finished & the produce is almost Double what it was last year; and now we have hopes of a good Corn harvest, as the warm weather is set in with every appearance of a Continuation; The wheat has not Suffered as much as was Expected\u2014the Potatoes are improving, & Cargoes of them are already Sent to France; much more would have been sent, but the Populace plundered 3 Corn & one potatoe Vessel & abused the Captains, which intimidated others; the late declaration of the Assembly at the Hotel de Ville has, I hope, put a Stop to Such impolitic Conduct.\nThe Minerva Captain Thomas is just ready to sail and therefore obliges me to conclude; I send some Dublin pa\u27e8p\u27e9ers, hoping that they may be the first, of the last Transactions,\n\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 that reaches your hands. with Every Sincere and warm respect of \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 & Friendship I remain Dear Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & faithfull Humble Sert\nEdward Newenham\n26 August 1789\nLady Newenham joins in best respects & good wishes for Mrs Washingtons health & happiness\u2014I Send a few papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0264", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Edwards, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Edwards, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBoston Augt 15th 1789\nAt the close of the late War I returned to this my native place and applied myself to my former profession of the Law, where I yet remain and have a small family\u2014But having been absent for so long a space of time in the Army, I had the mortification to find that I made but small progress in business, owing, my Vanity will say, to a number of younger men having come forward in the Profession & myself being thought younger in it than I really was.\nI take the Liberty, Sir, & I hope it will not be esteemed an impertinent interruption, of giving you this Information that in case there should be any appointment to be made to any Office which may be thought suitable & to which from your own knowledge of me or from any information from others you may think me adequate to I should think myself honored & obliged by having it. I have the Honor to subscribe myself with the most perfect respect & warmest wishes for your Health & Happiness Sir Your most Obedient & humble Servant\nThomas Edwards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Livingston, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Livingston, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nManor Livingston Augt 15. 1789\nFrom a desire, to be servicable to my Country, I take the liberty of offering myself to your Excellency, as a candidate, for the office, of a Commissioner, for Indian Affairs, oppertunities have presented, which have given me an extensive Acquaintance, with the principal Sachams, and Cheifs of many of the Northern & Southern Nations of Indians, and I flatter myself, it is No Vanity to Say, that I have a considerable degree of influence over them, For the truth of this fact I can appeal to Gentlemen high in the public Confidence and conversant on this Subject, and have reason to beleive they will give me a sutiable recommendation. I have the Honor to be with the utmost respect. Sir Your Excellency Most obedient Humble Servant\nJohn Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Mercier, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Mercier, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nNew York Augst 15: 1789\nHaving been Appointed by the State of New York to the Suply and Care of the Light house on Sandy Hook, and have Acted therein Ever Since the Peace\u2014I have to Request the favor of Being Continued therein under the United States. Sr your Most Humbe Servt\nWm Mercier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0267", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Moravian Society for Propagating the Gospel, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moravian Society for Propagating the Gospel\nGentlemen,\n[New York, c.15 August 1789]\nI receive with satisfaction the congratulations of your Society and of the Brethren\u2019s Congregations in the United States of America. For you may be persuaded that the approbation and good wishes of such a peaceable and virtuous Community cannot be indifferent to me.\nYou will also be pleased to accept my thanks for the Treatise which you presented; and to be assured of my patronage in your laudable undertakings.\nIn proportion as the general Government of the United States shall acquire strength by duration, it is probable they may have it in their power to extend a salutary influence to the Aborigines in the extremities of their Territory. In the meantime, it will be a desirable thing for the protection of the Union to co-operate, as far as the circumstances may conveniently admit, with the disinterested endeavours of your society to civilize and Christianize the Savages of the Wilderness. Under these impressions, I pray Almighty God to have you always in his holy keeping.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Walter Stewart, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Stewart, Walter\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Augst 15th 1789\nI Observe your excellency has Recommended to the House of representatives an Early Attention to the Orgonization of the Malitia of the United States.\nThis is Certainly a subject which will require great Investigation, and no doubt the Committee to whom it is refer\u2019d will View it in the Consequential light it merits.\nI hope your Excellency will Attribute to good motives, and Pardon the Liberty I take in making the few following Observations.\nI am of Opinion that one of the first Objects in the Execution of this Business, should be to bring about a Uniformity of descipline and Manouvres throughout the Continent; to Inculcate as far as possible an Emulation amongst the different Corps to keep their Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunition &ca in good Ord\u27e8er;\u27e9 And to prevent those disorderly firings and scenes which almost Universally take place at present on Parade days, And the Officers Commanding the different Battalions, And Companys, either have not a disposition to, or cannot from their particular situations with the Troops prevent. I here confine myself to the Malitia of this place, as I have not lately had an Opportunity of Veiwing those of the other States.\nThe Easiest and most probable mode which strikes me for speedily bringing about this Uniformity, and Oeconomy, would be through the Exertions of State Inspectors, whose duty it Should be in the first instance to visit the different Regiments in the state or district, take an Actual Statement of the Men, Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunition &ca belonging to each; And lay down for them a determin\u2019d System of Exercise and set of Manouvres, from which they should not deviate untill the Next Inspection.\nThese state returns to be handed to the Inspector General, from whom the Manouvres proper to be made use of throughout the states would be receiv\u2019d; This Appears (although a troublesome one) to be the only sure mode of Ascertaining the true state of the Malitia Corps, as I fear any returns which may be handed in without an Actual Examination of the Men & Articles, Cannot with Certainty be depended on; And after the\nfirst Inspection, the difficulty would become much lessen\u2019d by providing the Commanding Officers of Regiments, Brigades, or divisions with proper blank returns.\nShould the Continent Shortly be Enabled to supply the Malitia with publick Arms & Accoutrements, the dutys of the Inspectors will then become still more necessary, as the greatest attention & Exertion must be us\u2019d to prevent Waste.\nIt is Unnecessary to mention to your Excellency the length of time I serv\u2019d under your Command; or the Exertions I made use of under the Baron Stuben in the Inspectors department to render the different Corps as respectable as I Possibly Could, You was pleas\u2019d more than once to Express yourself satisfied with my Conduct, which gratified my Most Earnest Wishes. Should an Inspector General be Appointed, And Under Him Inspectors for the different States, or districts, it is my wish, (in Case the Establishment is made by any means respectable) to be nominated by your Excellency for Pennsylvania, or the district in which it may be Included, under such Appointment I will be bold to promise Fidelity, Industry, & Attention to my duty.\nI am led to make this Application First Because I feel sensible this is the Line in which I Can render most Eseential Service to the Community.\n2nd That whilst in the Army I Contracted the Bilious Habit of Body with wch a sedentary life will be no means Agree, And 3dly Because I think those Officers of the Late Army who made Tacticks in some measure their study, should step forward, and give Your Excellency an Opportunity of filling from Amongst them, Offices which must become of Importance should they be brought into the General System. I Am with Much respect and Esteem Your Excellencys Most Obedt & hbl. sert\nWalter Stewart\nI beg leave to mention to your Excellency, that should an Inspector of the Continental Army be found necessary, And the Baron Stuben does not deem it an Object Worthy his Attention; I would by much prefer entering into that Line the duty\u2019s of which I Could Easily perform, And at the same time pay the Necessary Attentions to my family I Am With all due respect &ca\nWalter Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 15 August 1789\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nHartford, August 15th, 1789\nI beg leave, with diffidence, to offer myself as a candidate for an appointment under the government of the United States. If I may be allowed to judge of my own qualifications, they are most suitable to some business in the Finance or Treasury Department.\nThe gentlemen who represent the State of Connecticut, in the Senate and House of Representatives, are best acquainted with the degree of merit on which I venture to found this application. If they do not concur in a proper recommendation, I cannot hope and do not wish to succeed.\nIn case this request shall on inquiry be found to have originated in no improper estimate of my own merits, and shall be favorably received, sentiments of personal gratitude will be added to those, which duty and patriotism have already excited, which will strongly prompt me to contribute whatever may be in my power, to the success and prosperity of your administration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0270", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\nSir,\nNew York, August 15th 1789.\nRecollecting that in one of your letters to me you had requested me to send to you a sample of the wool produced by my sheep, I directed that a fleece of a middling quality should be sent to me at this place after the season of shearing, which has been done, and I now transmit it to you by the british Packet, directed to the care of Messrs Wakelin Welch and Son in London. I am Sir, your most obedient Servant.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0271", "content": "Title: Farm Reports, 16\u201322 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\n A Meteorlogical account of the weath<er> kept at Mount Vernon 1789.\n[Mount Vernon, 16\u201322 Aug. 1789]\n16th Mercury In the morng 80 Calm Clear Noon 86 S. Wt Clear. Night 86 S. Wt Cloudy and sprinkle of rain\n17th Morng 72 S. Wt Clear. Noon 75 N. Et Clear. Night 75 S. Et Clear, in the night a fine rain\n18th Morng 70 S. Et Cloudy. Noon 73 N. Et Clear. Night 73 Calm Clear.\n19th Morng 69 No. light rain. Noon 72 No. Thunder Showers Night 72 N. Wt Clear.\n20th Morng 70 Calm Clear. Noon 75 N. Wt Clear. Night 75 Calm Clear.\n21st Morng 71 Calm Clear. Noon 76 N. Et Hazy. Night 75 Et Clear.\n22d Morng 70 N. Et Clear. Noon 73 N. Et Clear. Night 72 N. Et Clear.\nWeekly Reports Augt 22.\nDr\nRiver plantn for the work of 7 Men 17 Women 3 Boys & 1 Girl amtg per week to\ndays 162\nCr\nBy plowg in Wheat in No. 8\nBy harrowg ground after the plows\nBy haulg in Oats 7 days at Mill 1 ditto (drove by 2 persons)\nBy loadg Carts with grain\nBy Stackg Oats\nBy suckg Topg and wormg Tobacco\nBy weedg Carrots & Potatoes\nBy breakg and swingling Flax\nBy grubg in No. 8\nBy Cleang Wheat\nBy sowg Wheat in No. 8\nBy threshg Wheat\nBy hoeing up ground for turnips\nBy sickness Natt 4 days\u2014Peg 5 Esther 2\nTotal\nRecd from the Mill 9\u00bc Bushls Meal sent to ditto 17 Bushls Corn 3 Bushls wheat sent to Mill for House use\u2014deliverd the people for grinding in the hand Mill 4\u00bd Bushls Corn sowd in No. 8\u201350 Bush. Wheat\u2014Stock 95 head Cattle 139 head Old Sheep 53 Lambs. 17 workg Horses\nDr\nDogue Run plantn for the work of 7 Men & 11 Women amtg per week to\ndays 108\nCr\nBy plowg between the Corn in No. 7\nBy plowg in wheat in No. 6\nBy haulg poles & straw for brick House and rails to enclose brick House 7 days 1 ditto at Mill\nBy weedg Carrots in No. 4\nBy weedg Potatoes in ditto\nBy topg and suckg Tobacco\nBy Cleang Wheat\nBy tendg treadg out wheat\nBy pickg pease\nBy ripg the Mill meadow fence along the Clover\nBy Cutg poles and makg Scaffold for Tobacco\nBy loadg Carts with poles and straw\nBy sickness Siller 6 days. Lucy 4 ditto Brunswick 6\nTotal\nRecd from the Mill 8\u00be Bushls Meal sent to ditto 8 Bushls Corn Sent to Muddy hole 300 sheafs of Oats for Horse fead\u20141 Cart & tumbril load to Mansn House\u2014Increase 1 old white face red Cow called the Camp Cow sent to the meadow to be fatned on acct of old age 9 Calves sent from the house\u2014decrease 1 Spring mare Colt from the young Sorrel broad Mare got out of the Mill meadow into the Clover field and fell into a well at Berrys house\u2014Stock 56 Head Cattle 99 Old Sheep 37 Lambs 10 workg Horses 1 Spring Colt\u2014Sow\u2019d in No. 6. 9 Bushls wheat.\nDr\nMuddy-hole Plantn for the work of 3 Men & 10 Women amtg per week to\ndays\u200778\nCr\nBy plowg in wheat in No. 4\nBy harrowg over ditto\nBy Cart haulg Mud which had been got from the Swamp in No. 3 to the poor parts of No. 2\nBy tendg treadg out wheat and Stackg Straw\nBy weedg Carrots\nBy weedg potatoes\nBy suckg wormg & topg Tobacco\nBy grubg up s[p]routs &c. in No. 4\nTotal\nDecrease 1 Ewe by sickness. Recd from the Mill 5\u00bd Bushls Meal deliverd for sowg 6 Bushls wheat to D: Run\u2014Sow\u2019d in No. 4 12\u00bd for Bushels wheat. Stock 22 head Cattle 18 Old Sheep 5 Lambs 9 workg Horses\u20142 Spring mules\u201423 Wethers and 4 Steers from D: Run\u20143 ditto Steers from Mansn House\u20142 ditto from the Ferry.\nDr\nFerry & Frenches plantns for the work of 7 Men 16 Women & 3 Boys amtg per week to\ndays 156\nCr\nBy plowg between the Corn in No. 1 at Frenches\nBy plowg in wheat in No. 2 at the Ferry\nBy harrowg over ground in No. 2 at ditto after the plows\nBy Cart \u00bd a day at Mill\nBy Cleang Oats and Wheat\nBy thresg and Cleang wheat\nBy weedg and hilling Corn in No. 3 at the Ferry\nBy weedg suckg & topg Tobacco\nBy assistg in landg Scantg\nBy Sickness Doll 6 days\u2014Lucy 4 ditto Sabeen 3 ditto\nTotal\nRecd from the Mill 11\u00bc Bushls Meal Sent to ditto 10 Bushls Corn Stock 82 Head Cattle 100 old Sheep 28 Lambs 18 old Sheep from R. plantn 16 workg Horses 2 ditto Mules 2 spring ditto\u2014Ferriages 21/.\nThe wheat sown this week at the Ferry in No. 2 amounts to 36 Bushls \u00bcth & \u215bth being of different kinds are sown and distingud in the followg manner\u20143 Bushls of the Common wheat was sown along the Ditch ranging with the Ferry road the ground being subject to overflow in very wet weather and therefore unsafe to seed in designed for future sowg\u2014a vacancy left between each kind, and distinguished by stakes\u2014this the common wheat between No. 1 & 2. Next to it 14 Bushls of the bearded wheat raised at Manleys in drills between stakes No. 2 & 3\u2014Next this between stakes No. 3 & 4 are 10 Bushls white plain wheat raised in drills at ditto next to it between stakes No. 4 & 5 are 4 Bushls 1 peck & \u215bth English wheat raised on Stony hill at the Ferry\u2014next to it 4\u00bd Bushls of Cape Wheat raised in Drills at Manleys\u2014this distinction will be continued throughout the field untill the different kinds of wheat are finished\u2014the experiments of the Cape wheat heretofore made have been unsuccessful but deemed it well to give a small quantity of it one more trial\u2014the above wheat has been sown under the most favorable circumstances\u2014the ground in a fine moist state and well pulvarised by a good plowg\u2014and harrowing\u2014The Buck wheat if possessed of the properties of manure must in this field discover its powers having been turnd in early and in a very succulent state much of it sprung up and was turned in at the time of sowg\u2014the wheat\u2014of the Bearded wheat raised in Drills below the stable there was 4 B. \u00be which was sown on Monday morng at the Ferry next the Cape wheat in a good part of the field. this wheat after cleaning I found was a little injured by the flye\u2014and the only wheat \u27e8in\u27e9 which I have discoverd \u27e8it\u27e9; this may have arisen from the warmth of the place it was in (the Granary) I mean the early appearance of them\u2014as I presume they were propigated before the grain was cut.\nDr\nMansn House for the work of 14 Men 8 Boys & 6 Girls amtg per week to\ndays 162\nCr\nBy Waggon haulg wood for the Lime kiln 1 day rails to enclose the Brick yard 2 ditto to Hepburns Mill 1 ditto Stuff for the Coopers 1\nditto Stocks for the Sawyers & wood for Coal Kiln 1 ditto\nBy Cart haulg lime & sand to Brick yard 6 days 1 ditto haulg Rails sand tables &c. to Brick yard at D: Run 4\nBy makg up straw\u2014makg Splits Coverg brick House & splitg and tying on Laths\nBy Cutg wood for burng Bricks Shells & Coal\nBy makg mortar, cleang yards, putg up fence and makg bricks\nBy loadg Waggon with Stocks\nBy weedg Carrots and Potatoes, wormg and suckg Tobacco\nBy workg on the Road from the House to the White Gate\nBy beatg out seed & wheat\nBy tendg brick Layers & Joiners\nBy beatg bark\nBy tendg Dairy\nBy setg a Lime Kiln and beatg Bark\nBy weedg Lucern\nBy tendg Stock and sifting Lime\nBy tendg Mares & Colts\nBy Sickness Joe 2 days Anthony\nTotal\nRecd from the Mill 9 Bushls Meal 38 Old Sheep 18 Lambs 3 Wethers 39 Horses 5 last Spring Mules 1 ditto 2 year old ditto 4 ditto spring ditto\u20143 ditto spring Colts\u20142 ditto Spring Jennies 3 ditto old ditto 3 ditto Jacks. 1 ditto Spring ditto.\nDr\nJoiners & Carpenters for the work of 5 Men amtg per week to\ndays 30\nCr\nBy Thomas Green 3\u00bd days shingling the Shed and putg in the blades of the Dormond Windows and the mouldings round it strikg the scaffolds and putg them up again 1\u00bd day getg a walnut log and prepg it and makg 1 pr Brick Moulds\u20141\u00bd day assistg in landg scantg and plank and numberg it\nBy Thomas Mahony \u00bd day makg 1 pr Brick Moulds 4\u00bd Shingling, abt the Dormond window strikg and putg up scaffolds hewg and putg on wall plates\nBy Isaac putg a new set of spokes in the Mansn House waggon Wheel\u2014stuff got and a new plow made for Frenches plantn 2 new axle tires got for the waggon and one made\u20141 pr Shafts got for the tumbril Cart 1 piece mortis\u2019d & put in\nCr By James and Sambo Stockg and Sawg\u201480 Laths 16 feet long 4 breakg Cuts 16 ditto 10 Inches deep 480 feet\nTotal\nDr\nDitchers for the work of 6 Men amtg per week to\ndays 36\nCr\nBy Ditching in D: Run Swamp compleated 7 for Roads\nBy mortisg and hewg posts finished 132\nBy sawg off timber\nBy Cutg rail Stuff\nBy maulg Rails\nBy mortisg posts finished 6\nBy hewg & tenantg Rails finished 600\nBy sickness. Charles 2 days. Boatswain disabled by boils & beatg back 5 days\nTotal\nMill Grist\nDr\nWheat\nCorn\nRye\nRemg in the Mill\nTo Toll this week\nTo River Plantn\nTo D: Run plantn\nTo Ferry & Frenches\nContra\nCr\nB. Ml\nR: MlMidlings\nBran foroverseer\nBy R: Plantn\nBy D: R: plantn\nBy Muddy hole\nBy Ferry & Frenches\nBy Coopers & Miller\nBy John Knowles\nBy Mansn House\nDr\nCoopers for the work of 3 Men amtg per week to\ndays 18\nCr\nBy getg 300 Tobacco Hoggshead Staves 340 pieces headg 500 flour Barrel Staves\nBy stopg leakes in the Race\nTotal", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0272", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 16 August 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nHingham [Mass.] Augt 16 1789\nI received this morning your Excellencys very welcome favour of the 11th there on I beg leave to observe that immediately on my receiving the commission with which I was honoured appointing me Collector for the port of Boston & Charlestown I entered upon the duties of the office\u2014I have appointed Majr Rice, not him of the late army, my deputy, he is a Gentleman very pleasing to the people, of an amicable character and of great integrity\u2014he has a good knowledge of the duties of a Collector having been a number of years in the same line\u2014Besides I have been fortunate enough to procure a number of very respectable characters to fill the lower offices so that the department is now arranged agreeably to my wishes and the business goes on with regularity\u2014If from these circumstances and another equally important Viz. that Mr Lovel from the duty of his office will have an eye over the whole your Excellency should be of opinion that I could leave my duty as collector, and reassume it after three or four months without injury to the public the proposition which you have been pleased to make is too interesting in every view of it, to myself for me to reject it.\nI will hold my self in readiness to leave this place at any time on twenty hours notice so that if I should be called there shall not be any delay on my part. I have the honour of being my dear General with the most perfect esteem your Excellencys obliged servant\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0273", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Ramsey, 16 August 1789\nFrom: Ramsey, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharles Town (Maryland) 16th of August 1789\nI have been informed that it is your wish that every person who is disposed to serve in any of the departments of the new Government, should signify their inclination by a particular application. I have promised this as an appology for my offering my service in the Judiciary department of the district where I reside.\nSeveral years regular study of the law, together with a few years practice at the Bar, antecedent to the revolution, has given me, at least, an oppertunity of acquiring a moderate acquaintance with the laws of my Country.\nAnd not having resumed the practice since the disolution of the Army, and being ingaged in no other pursuit then paying some small attention to a farm, I have it in my power to devote a considerable part of my time to the duties of the Office, provided you should think proper to honor me with an appointment. I am with great respect your Excellence\u2019s Most obedient humble servant\nNat: Ramsey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0274", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 16 August 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nLetter not found: to George Augustine Washington, 16 Aug. 1789. On 26 Aug. he wrote to GW: \u201cI have now your favor of the 16th Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0275", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Wakelin Welch & Son, 16 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wakelin Welch & Son\nGentlemen,\nNew York, August 16th 1789.\nI will thank you to forward the enclosed letter to Messrs Fenwick, Mason &Ca, merchants in Bourdeaux, by the earliest conveyance.\nI have requested the above Gentlemen to send me twenty six dozen of claret and the same quantity of champagne (if the latter can be had of the best quality at Bourdeaux) and have directed them to draw upon you at 30 days sight for the cost and charges of the before mentioned quantity\u2014you will therefore be so good as to answer their drafts for that amount, and charge the same to the account of Gentlemen, Your most obedient servant\nG. Washington\nP.S. I will thank you to send me by the first vessel, which sails for New York, a terrestrial globe of the largest dimensions and of the most accurate and approved kind now in use.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elias Dayton, 17 August 1789\nFrom: Dayton, Elias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nElizth Town [N.J.] 17th August 1789\nI am informed that the bill providing for the organization of the Judiciary department is now on it\u2019s passage thr\u2019o the houses of legislature, & that, among other things it directs the appointment of a Judge for each of the eleven districts into which the United States are parcelled. As it is probable that it will in a short time receive the sanction of the different branches & of course become a law, the task of filling those appointments must thereupon necessarily devolve on the President. The respectability of the appointment, the magnitude of the trust, & the important prop & permanency which the due & pure administration of justice afford to any government, joined to the anxiety of many of my fellow citizens together with my own, are, the almost irresistible inducements, & must be my apology for troubling you, sir, on the subject & for mentioning the name of Chief Justice Brearley, who, I have authority to say, will undertake the discharge of the duties of the office for this district, if you should be pleased to confer it upon him.\nYou sir, I presume, were not unacquainted with him during his services in the late war\u2014The reputation which he brought with him into the army\u2014the very great propriety & manliness of his conduct when in it\u2014and the credit with which he retired from the service in obedience to the pressing calls of his state, to preside over the administration of justice therein, are facts, of which you, sir, in all probability are not ignorant. His uniform, firm & avowed attachment to the cause of his country strongly manifested by the manly & decisive part which he acted from the earliest stages of the revolution to it\u2019s final accomplishment, is not unknown & should not be unnoticed.\nFor the last nine years, during which time he has officiated in the quality of Chief Justice, he has discharged the duties thereof with approved ability & to very general satisfaction. I may say in short, that, I believe, there is no one to whom the people of this district or state will so naturally look, or whom they will so earnestly wish, to be honored by the President with the appointment in question. If there be any indecorum in thus unsolicitedly offering my opinion, I hope the apology I have made (founded upon the importance of the case, upon the general\nanxiety, & my regard for the new constitution & the public good) will acquit me to you. With the highest esteem & respect I have the honor to be, sir, Your Most Obedt humbe servt\nElias Dayton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0277", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 17 August 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[New York] August 17th 1789\nI have enclosed the copies of the letters you have been pleased to request. I am persuaded the senate will when they understand the matter fully concur with the house.\nI will wait on you this afternoon or tomorrow morning with some heads of instructions for the Commissioners.\nI sincerely thank you for Your kind condolance on the loss of our child\u2014we must submit to events we cannot control. I am most respectfully Sir Your obedient humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0278", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 17 August 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[New York] August 17 1789 (private)\nI beg leave to submit to your view a loose sketch of the general ideas which have occurred to me on the subject of instructions to the Commission[er]s.\nIf any part of them should meet your approbation, they could, together with such additions as you may judge proper be drawn up in form. I will wait on you tomorrow to receive your further orders on this subject. I am Sir respectfully and sincerely Your most Obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Skey Eustace, 18 August 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Eustace, John Skey\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Skey Eustace, 18 Aug. 1789. On 23 Nov. GW wrote to Eustace: \u201cYour Letters of the 24th of July and 18th of August have been received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0282", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Cyrus Griffin, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Griffin, Cyrus\nSir\nNew York Augst 18th 1789\nI think it expedient to acknowledge the receipt of your two Notes, dated the 10th of July & the 14th of Augst, for the purpose of assuring you that there was certainly nothing improper in the tenor of them. But it will be an instance of Justice to inform you, at the same time, that, without considering myself at liberty to give either encouragement or discouragement to the wishes of Gentlemen who have offered themselves as Candidates for Offices, I have invariably avoided giving any sentiment or opinion; for the purpose of reserving myself unembarrassed with promises until all the Candidates are known & the occasion, when decision shall become necessary on my part. In the mean time, I pray you to be persuaded, that in all personal and private considerations, I am, with great esteem Sir your Most Obedient & Most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0283", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the New York Port Wardens, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: New York Port Wardens\nGentlemen.\nNew York Augst 18 1789\nAs the period has arrived, when the United States were to make provision for keeping up the proper supplies for the Light Houses in different Ports, and as the Treasury Department has not yet been organised so as to carry that arrangement into effect; I must desire that you will still continue the superintendence of the Light House in this Port, keeping an exact account of the expenses which may be incurred for that purpose\u2014and which will be re-embursed by the Treasurer of\nthe United States, as soon as such an Officer shall be appointed. He will also be authorised to take the management of the business into his hands & to make the necessary Contracts accordingly. I am, Gentlemen, Your Most Obedt Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0284", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Comfort Sage, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sage, Comfort\nSir\nNew York Augst 18th 1789\nI received your letter dated the 31st of July, a few days after the nominations in the Revenue Department had been made; and your other letter of the 8th instant has just now been put into my hands. In consequence of those letters, it is but right I should inform you, that my not having received any immediate application from you, expressive of your readiness to fill the office, was the reason why you was not nominated Surveyor for the Port of Middletown; & that it was not owing to any unfavorable representations respecting your reputation. On the other hand, Mr Millar\u2019s wishes were made known to me in season; and his character represented to be such as would undoubtedly secure, in a person who had thus declared himself to be ready to accept the office, a proper execution of the duties of it. You may be assured, therefore, my only object was to have the public business put into a train of being performed with certainty.\nI hope, Sir, from this statement of facts, you will do me the justice to believe that I was far from designing to do any thing disagreeable or prejudicial to you; and that I am, with due regard, Sir, Your Most obedt Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0285", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elizabeth Thompson, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Thompson, Elizabeth\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[New York] Tuesday August 18th 1789\nI once more take the liberty of addressing myself to your Excellency, requesting that you will be so good as to give your approbation to the payment of Mr Thompson\u2019s Acct for the Articles provided by him for George M. White-Eyes, which articles he would not have Supplied him with, had he not thought that he was acting upon a Surety of it\u2019s being by your desire. I have Sir\u2014the honour of being personally known to your Excellency, being the Daughter of Mr Fraunces, and one that was so happy as to have offers of friendship from you Soon after your arrival in this place. Consider dr Sir to what distress it must reduce Mr Thompson, were he to be refused the payment of his Acct. Good heavens! what must follow? nothing less than to be confin\u2019d in a loathsom Prison, there to pass his tedious days while his distress\u2019d family is wanting even the common necessary\u2019s of life to Subsist on. he has no fortune to depend on, what he gets must be by the greatest industry, or else we could not live. all he had in the world went for the purchaseing of the articles contain\u2019d in the Acct nay more than what he had, as the greatest part is Still due, and he finds it utterly impossible to Satisfy those people any longer that he got them of.\nYour Benevolence, and Justice, to all, is well known. reflect then dear Sir on our present Situation, our distress, and anxiety, and then think if we are able to Sustain so great a loss. those who have experienc\u2019d the Same dificulty can best feel for us. Yet Sir knowing your Clemency and Goodness to be such, I have not the least doubt but that your Excellency will excuse the liberty I have taken in troubling you with this, Since it is only wrote with a view to let you know our Situation, and that if Mr Thompson has acted imprudently he was unknowingly drawn into his present dificulty.\nI shall wait with a trembling heart your Excellency\u2019s answer, as on that depends the happiness, or Misery of your distress\u2019d Yet verry Humble Servt\nEliza. Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0287", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nNew York August 18th 1789\nIn conformity to the Law re-establishing the Government of the Western Territory, I nominate\nArthur St Clair\nGovernor.\nWinthrop Sargent\nSecretary.\nSamuel Holden Parsons,\nJohn Cleve Symmes and\nJudges of the Court.\nWilliam Barton\nI also nominate Ebenezer Tucker, Surveyor of Little Egg Harbour in the State of New Jersey.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Wakelin Welch & Son, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Wakelin Welch & Son\nTo: Washington, George\nLondon the 18 Augt 1789\nGovr Morris did us the honr of delivering your Excellencys Letter himself, we were made very happy by having such an Oppo. in conversing with a Person of his Sensibility, if any thing\nin our Power had offerd, of rendering him the least Service, we assurd him he might command us. His stay in London will be but short, as he purposes of returning to France very soon, from whence he has but just arrivd, the Commotions there he was witness to, but thinks the reports here were much aggravated tho bad is the best.\nA Parcell of Books has been sent us, addressd to your Excellency, wh. we were going to forward, by a Maryland Ship but in consulting with Mr Morris, he recommended the Conveyance by New York, we have therefore agreeable to the inclosed rect, shipd them, onboard the Cruger, Capt. Talbutt; the Freight & Charges therein \u00a3\u201410/6 we have paid\u2014these Books we imagine came from Mr Young, but no Letter accompanied them\u2014Mr Morris has Letters for Mr Young, but he understands he is abroad, & therefore has not had it in his Power, to deliver them. We are your Excellencys Much Obligd & Most Obed. Servt\nWakn Welch & son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0289", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Protestant Episcopal Church, 19 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Protestant Episcopal Church\nGentlemen,\nI sincerely thank you for your affectionate congratulations on my election to the chief magistracy of the United States.\nAfter having received from my fellow-citizens in general the most liberal treatment\u2014after having found them disposed to contemplate in the most flattering point of view, the performance of my military services, and the manner of my retirement at the close of the war\u2014I feel that I have a right to console myself in my present arduous undertakings, with a hope that they will still be inclined to put the most favorable construction\non the motives which may influence me in my future public transactions. The satisfaction arising from the indulgent opinion entertained by the American People of my conduct, will, I trust, be some security for preventing me from doing any thing, which might justly incur the forfeiture of that opinion. And the consideration that human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected, will always continue to prompt me to promote the progress of the former, by inculcating the practice of the latter.\nOn this occasion it would ill become me to conceal the joy I have felt in perceiving the fraternal affection which appears to encrease every day among the friends of genuine religion\u2014It affords edifying prospects indeed to see Christians of different denominations dwell together in more charity, and conduct themselves in respect to each other with a more christian-like spirit than ever they have done in any former age, or in any other nation.\nI receive with the greater satisfaction your congratulations on the establishment of the new constitution of government, because I believe its\u2019 mild, yet efficient, operations will tend to remove every remaining apprehension of those with whose opinions it may not entirely coincide, as well as to confirm the hopes of its\u2019 numerous friends; and because the moderation, patriotism, and wisdom of the present federal Legislature, seem to promise the restoration of Order, and our ancient virtues; the extension of genuine religion, and the consequent advancement of our respectability abroad, and of our substantial happiness at home.\nI request most reverend and respected Gentlemen that you will accept my cordial thanks for your devout supplications to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe in behalf of me\u2014May you, and the People whom you represent be the happy subjects of the divine benedictions both here and hereafter.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0291", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Jones, 20 August 1789\nFrom: Jones, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York augt 20th 1789\nSince my Conference with you, a Member of Congress informed me that a Bill will soon come before you, in which your Excellency will have the appointment of Commisioners to treat with the Indians, should I meet your aprobation to be one, you would releive an old Soldier, who never forsook the Cause of his Country, & Confer the greatest obligation on your Humble Sert\nDavid Jones\nP.S. I am Just going off at present for Philadelphia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0292", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 20 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nDear Sir,\nNew York August 20th 1789\nI informed you on the 11th Inst. that a bill was before the House to provide for the Expences that might attend the Treaties & Negociations to be made with the Indian Tribes, and for the appointment of Commissioners to be employed in the same. This Bill has to day passed into a Law, and in consequence thereof I have nominated, and by & with the advice & consent of the Senate, have appointed you one of the three Commissioners to be employed in negotiating a treaty with the Southern Indians. Should you accept of this appointment it will be absolutely necessary for you to set off for this place immediately on the receipt of this Letter; for, as I mentioned in my last, the Treaty is to be held in Georgia on the Rock Landing on the Ochachee River the 15th of September, and the Commissioners must leave this place on or before the first day of September in order to be upon the spot on the day appointed. The propriety of this punctuallity will be obvious upon a consideration of the great expence which will be incurred by detaining so large a body of Indians as will probably attend this treaty, longer than is necessary to transact the business of the Treaty. A Vessel will be provided here to carry the Commissioners & everything requisite in the business to Georgia. The other Commissioners are not yet appointed, but they will undoubtedly be such characters as will comport with the respectability & importance of the Commission. If you have a suit of Regimentals it may be well to take them with you.\n8 Oclock P.M. I have this moment received your letter of the 16th Inst. and am happy to find that the business of your office is in so favourable a train as you mention & that you can leave it\nfor a few months without inconvenience & come on immediately. I am, my dear Sir Your Affectionate friend & Obedt Sevt\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0293", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 20 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nNew York August 20th 1789\nIn consequence of an Act providing for the expences which may attend negociations or Treaties with the Indian Tribes, and the appointment of Commissioners for managing the same, I nominate Benjamin Lincoln as one of three Commissioners whom I shall propose to be employed to negociate a Treaty with the Southern Indians. My reason for nominating him at this early moment, is, that it will not be possible for the Public to avail itself of his services on this occasion, unless his appointment can be forwarded to him by the mail, which will leave this place tomorrow morning.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0294", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Board of Treasury, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoard of Treasury [New York] Augt 21st 1789\nMr Secretary Lear having applied to this office for a statement of the Post Office accounts, as entered in the books of the\ntreasury, we do ourselves the honor of transmitting an abstract statement of them to the last of December 1788.\nNo final adjustment has been made of the present Postmaster General\u2019s accounts for the two last years, for the reasons stated in our communication No. 6, on the receipts and expenditures of the United States. We have the honor to be with high respect Sir your most Obt humble Servts\nSamuel Osgood\nArthur Lee\nGentlemenRegisters Office Newyork 21st August 1789   \nI have agreeably to your directions made out Abstracts of the General Post Office Receipts and Expenditures as follows. \nNo. 1. Is an abstract statement of the Post Office General Accounts as exhibited in the Treasury Books (Ledger BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers.. folio 644) in old Emissions, New Emissions and Specie from 1775 to 31st January 1782.\nNo. 2. Is an abstract of the several Accounts settled at the Treasury of the United States by Ebenezer Hazard Esqr. Post Master General from 31st January 1782 to 31st December 1786 shewing Nt Receipts and Expenditures of the Post Office \u214cr their accounts during that time and the payments by him made into the Treasury of the United States.\nNo. 3. Is an Abstract Statement of the accounts of Ebenezer Hazard Esqr. Post Master General for A.D. 1787 & 1788, which have been rendered by him to the Treasury for adjustment but which have not been settled, shewing the Nett amount of Receipts & Expenditures and the payments by him made into the Treasury of the U. States for those two years. With the greatest respect I have the honor to be Gentlemen your very hume Servant\nJoseph Nourse Rgr\nNo. 1An Abstract Statement of the Post Office General Account as exhibited in the Treasury books (Ledger BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers.. folio 644.) in old Emissions, New Emissions & Specie from 1775. to 31st January 1782.\nDollars 90thsOld Emissns\nDollars 90thsNew Emissns\nDollars 90thsSpecie\nDr.\nTo amount of payments made by the Postmaster General, the Comptroller, & Paymaster of the post office, Deputy Post Masters & Surveyors, in support of the general post office from Novr 23d 1776 to February 26th 1781 in old Emissions\nTo amount of payments by Ditto, in New Emissions advanced in 1781.\nTo amount of Specie payments made by the late Superintendant of Finance being the arrearages of Salary due the Post Master General his Deputies & assistants\nDollars\nCr.\nBy amount of receipts by the Paymaster General & his Deputies from its institution in 1776 to the year 1781 in old Emissions\nBy amount of Ditto in New Emissions\nBy Ditto in Specie\nJany 1\nBy balance due by the General Post Office to the United States as \u214c accounts settled at the Treasury\u2014Viz:\nIn old Emissions\nIn New Emissions\nIn Specie\nDollars\nRegisters Office New York 21st Augt 1789\nThis account stating the Nt Receipts and Expenditures of the Post Office under the old establishment of Congress arises on the adjustment of the accounts of Richard Bache Esqr. Post Master General, Peter Baynton Esqr. Comptroller of the Post Office and of Ebenezer Hazard & James Bryson Esqrs. Surveyors of the late Post Office, made at the Treasury in the year 1782\u2014For particulars of each of those accounts reference being had to Accounts settled No. 2804. No. 2815. No. 2816. & No. 2817. will more fully appear\u2014The debit side of this Account shews the total payments made, by the General Post Office in support of the same from 1776 to 1781 inclusive, and the credit side, the Nt amount of receipts.\nThere is a considerable balance due from the old Post Office, but to ascertain the true amount, the above balances in old and new Emissions shou\u2019d be reduced to Specie.\nJoseph Nourse Regr\nRegisters Office New York 21st August 1789\nAbstract of the several Accounts settled at the Treasury of the United States by Ebenezer Hazard Esqr. Post Master General from 31st January 1782 to 31st December\n1786 shewing the Nett Receipts & Expenditures of the Post Office \u214c their Accounts during that time and the payments by him made into the Treasury of the United States\nDr.\nDollars 90th\n31st Decr 1783 The Expenditures from the 31st January 1782 to this day were\n1784 The Expenditures this Year were\n1785 The Expenditures this Year were\n1786 The Expenditures this Year were\nBalance Net Revenue of the Post Office on this account from 31st January 1782 to 31st December 1786 is\nDollars\nThe following sums have been received into the Treasury being a part of the above balance Vizt. During the administration of the late Superintendant of Finance.\nCr.\n31st Decr 1783 The receipts from the 31st January 1782 to this day were\n1784 The Receipts this Year were\n1785 The Receipts this Year were\n1786 The Receipts this Year were\nDollars\n1783 Decr 31st\n1784 Augt 2d\nBetwixt his resignation and the appointment of the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury\nFrom the appointment of the commissrs of the board of Treasury to the 31st Decr 1786\n1786 January 17th\n21st\nSeptember 16th\nBalance due by the Post Master Genl on the 31st December 1786 as \u214c Accounts settled to that date\nDollars\nJoseph Nourse Regr.\nRegisters Office New York 21st August 1789\nAbstract Statement of the Accounts of Ebenezer Hazard Esqr. Post Master General for A.D. 1787 & 1788 which have been rendered by him to the Treasury for adjustment, but which have not been settled, shewing the Nett amount of Receipts and Expenditures, and the payments by him made into the Treasury of the United States for these two years\nDr.\nDollars 90th\nDecr 31st The Expenditures this Year were\nDecr 31st The Expenditures this Year were\nBalance Nett Revenue of the Post Office on this acct for A.D. 1787 & 1788 is\nDollars\nNote, There was a balance in Mr Hazards hands as \u214c Accot stated from the Treasury Books on the 31st Decr 1786 of\n[Credits]\nDollars 90th\nDecr 31st The Receipts this Year were\nDecr 31st The Receipts this Year were\nDollars\nBrot forward\nAnd he is accountable for the above balance of his receipts, beyond his payments of\nAmountg to Dollars\nHe paid into the Treasury Vizt.\u2007\u2007\nApril 11th 1787\nMay 24th\nJuly 5th\nOctober 3d\nJanuary 30th 1788\nMarch 25th\n27th\nHe acknowledges a balance in on the 1st Jany 1789 subject to that payment of certain Demands for the previous Quarter on the Post Office\nDeduct the payment credited 25th March 1788 not noticed by him\nJoseph Nourse Regr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0296", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Nichols, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Nichols, Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPottsgrove [Pa.] 21st August 1789.\nI take the Liberty of offering myself a Candidate for the Office of Marshall for the District of Pennsylvania, which I should have done in Person had I not understood that this Mode was the most acceptable and least inconvenient to You. A Certificate of my military Services which I had the Honour of receiving from You during the late War, will I flatter myself evince that I have some Claim. I have the Honour to be with profound Respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant\nFrancis Nichols", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0299", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nNew York August 21st 1789.\nThe President of the United States will meet the Senate, in the Senate Chamber, at half past eleven oclock tomorrow; to advise with them on the terms of the Treaty to be negotiated with the Southern Indians.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0301", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Campbell, 22 August 1789\nFrom: Campbell, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nHolstein river Aug. 22d 1789\nThe communications I formerly had the honor to transmit to your Excellency respecting the South-western parts of the United States, now appear to have more weight, than was then foreseen.\nAlexr McGillivray at times menacing the Southern States; at others soothing them with the appearance of a Treaty. At this time actively engaged in composing some differences, and forming a league among the four southern nations of Indians, in order to place himself at their head, that he may, with the aid of Britain, be able to bid defiance to Spain as well as the United States.\nI will not again presume to point out the measures that appears necessary to counteract such an enemy; but obvious it seems to be, that the longer matters are delayed, our prospects of success will lessen. I am Sir, with great Respect your most Obedient servant\nArthur Campbell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0302", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Johnson, 22 August 1789\nFrom: Johnson, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\n[Woodford County, District of Kentucky, 22 August 1789]\nAbout the 10th instant two men were fired on by a party of\nIndians but no damage sustained only one of the horses the men rode was killed: the Indians took the saddle & bridle and the night following they stole eleven horses, our men pursued them next day came up with them and retook all the horses, together with said saddle & bridle, and killed two (one of which was a white man). On Sunday the 16th six negroes were taken by a party of Indians in ambuscade about three quarters of a mile from my house. they carried them about one quarter of a mile where they were suprised by the noise of some people riding near them, they tomahawked four, two of which died, two was left for dead which is \u27e8now in a hopeful way of recovery; the\u27e9 other two made their escape while they were murdering the rest. The day following the party was seen twice and the evening or night of the sixteenth they stole some horses from captain Buford we pursued them as quick as possible with about forty men to the Ohio, about twenty five miles below the mouth of Big Miami, where twenty six volunteers crossed the Ohio after them, we came to a large camp of them early in the morning of the 20th about twelve miles from the Ohio, we divided our party and attacked them opposite, on each side, they fought us a short time in that position until they got their women & children out of the way, and then give back to a thick place of high weeds & bushes, where they hid very close we immediately drove up about forty of their horses and made our retreat across the Ohio, we lost three men & two wounded. The indians wounded one of our men as we returned. Thus they are going on from time to time in this country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0303", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 22 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n[New York, 22 August 1789]\nTo conciliate the powerful tribes of Indians in the southern district, amounting probably to fourteen thousand fighting men, and to attach them firmly to the United States, may be regarded as highly worthy of the serious attention of government.\nThe measure includes, not only peace and security to the whole southern frontier, but is calculated to form a barrier against the Colonies of an European power, which, in the mutations of policy, may one day become the enemy of the United States. The fate of the southern States therefore, or the neighbouring Colonies, may principally depend on the present measures of the Union towards the southern Indians.\nBy the papers which have been laid before the Senate it will appear that in the latter end of the year 1785 and the beginning of 1786, treaties were formed by the United States with the Cherokees, the Chickasaws and Choctaws. The report of the Commissioners will show the reasons why a treaty was not formed at the same time with the Creeks.\nIt will also appear by the papers that the States of North Carolina and Georgia, protested against said treaties, as infringing their legislative rights, and being contrary to the Confederation. It will further appear by the said papers, that the treaty with the Cherokees has been entirely violated by the disorderly white people on the frontiers of North Carolina.\nThe opinion of the late Congress respecting the said violation, will sufficiently appear, by the proclamation which they caused to be issued on the first of September 1788.\nBy the public newspapers it appears that on the 16th of June last, a truce was concluded with the Cherokees by Mr John Steele on behalf of the State of North Carolina, in which it was stipulated that a treaty should be held as soon as possible, and that in the mean time all hostilities should cease on either side.\nAs the Cherokees reside principally within the territory claimed by North Carolina, and as that State is not a member of the present Union, it may be doubted whether any efficient measures in favor of the Cherokees could be immediately adopted by the general Government.\nThe Commissioners for negotiating with the Southern Indians may be instructed to transmit a message to the Cherokees, stating to them, as far as may be proper, the difficulties arising from the local claims of North Carolina, and to assure them that the United States are not unmindful of the treaty at Hopewell, and as soon as the difficulties which are at present opposed to the measure, shall be removed, the Government will do full Justice to the Cherokees.\nThe distance of the Choctaws and Chickasaws from the frontier settlements seems to have prevented those tribes from being involved in similar difficulties with the Cherokees.\nThe Commissioners may be instructed to transmit messages to the said tribes contain[ing] assurances of the continuance of the friendship of the United States, and that measures will soon be taken for extending a trade to them agreeably to the treaties of Hopewell. The Commissioners may also be directed to report a plan for the execution of the said treaties respecting trade.\nBut the case of the Creek nation is of the highest importance and requires an immediate decision. The cause of the hostilities between Georgia and the Creeks is stated to be a difference in Judgment concerning three treaties made between the said parties\u2014To wit\u2014at Augusta in 1783, at Galphinton in 1785, and at Shoulderbone in 1786. The State of Georgia assert, and the Creeks deny the validity of the said treaties.\nHence arises the indispensible necessity of having all the circumstances respecting the said treaties critically investigated by Commissioners of the United States, so that the further measures of Government may be formed on a full knowledge of the case.\nIn order that the investigation be conducted with the highest impartiality, it will be proper, in addition to the evidence of the documents in the public possession, that Georgia should be represented at this part of the proposed treaty with the Creek Nation.\nIt is however to be observed, in any issue of the enquiry, that it would be highly embarrassing to Georgia to relinquish that part of the lands, stated to have been ceded by the Creeks, lying between the Ogeeche and Oconee rivers; that State having surveyed and divided the same among certain descriptions of its\ncitizens who settled and planted thereon until dispossessed by the Indians.\nIn case, therefore, the issue of the investigation should be unfavourable to the claims of Georgia, the Commissioners should be instructed to use their best endeavours to negotiate with the Creeks, a solemn conveyance of the said lands to Georgia.\nBy the report of the Commissioners who were appointed under certain acts of the late Congress, by South Carolina and Georgia, it appears that they have agreed to meet the Creeks on the 15th of September ensuing. As it is with great difficulty the Indians are collected together at certain seasons of the year, it is important that the above occasion should be embraced, if possible, on the part of the present government, to form a treaty with the Creeks. As the pro[po]sed treaty is of great importance to the future tranquility of the State of Georgia, as well as of the United States, it has been thought proper that it should be conducted on the part of the general government, by Commissioners whose local situations may free them from the imputation of prejudice on this subject.\nAs it is necessary that certain principles should be fixed previously to forming instructions for the Commissioners; the following questions arising out of the foregoing communications, are stated by the President of the United States, and the advice of the Senate requested thereon.\n1st\nIn the present state of affairs between North Carolina, and the United States, will it be proper to take any other measures for redressing the injuries of the Cherokees, than the one herein suggested?\n2nd\nShall the Commissioners be instructed to pursue any other measures respecting the Chickasaws and Choctaws than those herein suggested?\n3rd\nIf the Commissioners shall adjudge that the Creek nation was fully represented at the three treaties with Georgia, and that the cessions of land were obtained with the full understanding and free consent of the acknowledged proprietors, and that the said treaties ought to be considered as just and equitable: In this case shall the Commissioners be instructed to insist on a\nformal renewal and confirmation thereof? And in case of a refusal, shall they be instructed to inform the Creeks that the arms of the union shall be employed to compel them to acknowledge the Justice of the said cessions?\n4th\nBut if the Commissioners shall adjudge that the said treaties were formed with an inadequate or unauthorized representation of the Creek Nation, or that the treaties were held under circumstances of constraint or unfairness of any sort, so that the United States could not with Justice and dignity request or urge a confirmation thereof; In this case shall the Commissioners, considering the importance of the Oconee lands to Georgia, be instructed to use their highest exertions to obtain a cession of said lands? If so shall the Commissioners be instructed, if they cannot obtain the said cessions on better terms, to offer for the same, and for the further great object of attaching the Creeks to the Government of the United States, the following conditions.\n1st\u2002A compensation in money or goods to the amount  Dollars, the said amount to be stipulated to be paid by Georgia, at the period which shall be fixed, or in failure thereof by the United States.\n2nd\u2002A secure port on the Altamaha or St Marys rivers, or at any other place between the same as may be mutually agreed to by the Commissioners and the Creeks.\n3rd\u2002Certain pecuniary considerations to some, and honorary military distinctions to other influential Chiefs, on their taking oaths of Allegiance to the United States.\n4th\u2002A solemn guarrantee by the United States, to the Creeks, of their remaining territory, and to maintain the same if necessary by a line of military posts.\n5th\u2002But if all offers should fail to induce the Creeks to make the desired cessions to Georgia, shall the Commissioners make it an ultimatum?\n6th\u2002If the said cessions shall not be made an ultimatum, shall the Commissioners proceed and make a treaty, and include the disputed lands within the limits, which shall be assigned to the Creeks; If not, shall a temporary boundary be marked, making the Oconee the line, and the other parts of the treaty be concluded?\nIn this case shall a Secure port be stipulated, and the pecuniary, and honorary considerations granted?\nIn other general objects, shall the treaties formed at Hopewell, with the Cherokees, Chickasaws and Choctaws, be the basis of a treaty with the Creeks?\n7th\u2002Shall the sum of twenty thousand Dollars appropriated to Indian expences and treaties, be wholly applied, if necessary, to a treaty with the Creeks? If not, what proportion?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathan Brownson, 24 August 1789\nFrom: Brownson, Nathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nSavannah Georgia Augt 24th 1789\nI have been informed that it is expected of those who wish to receive appointments to Office under the general Government, that they signify their desire to your Excellency in writing together with their pretentions.\nIf a family reduced by the fortune of war from Affluence to Indigence will have any influence my Situation in that respect claims attention. As to ability and fidelity mine may be judged of by recurrence being had to my Education and the different Posts of trust and honor in which I have been placed and the Duties of which I have discharged acceptably to my Constituents.\nEarly in life I received a public and liberal Education as will appear by a Catologue of those admited to Degrees in Yale College Connecticut in the year 1761 After which I applied myself to the Study and practice of physic and Surgery till the revolution War commenced at which time I took part in the Councils of Georgia till the year 1776 when I was elected a delegate to Congress and served the remainder of that year and 1778 in that office so much to the Satisfaction of my Constituents as to obtain the thanks of the Legislature signified to me by their Speaker. In the year 1778 I served as Director general of the Hospitals on that unfortunate E[x]pedition to Florida. The latter end of the Year 1780 I was appointed Purveyor general of the Southern Department by General Greene and afterwards confirmed by Congress. In the year 1781 by General Greenes perticular desire I went to Georgia in order to make a Divertion in his favour by collecting my Country men to a point and by the unanimous suffrages of the Legislature was appointed\nGovernor of Georgia in which office I served the time limited by the Constitution; after which Congress reappointed me Purveyor to the Southern Department in which office I continued to the end of the war and have had a final Settlement and discharge. Since the peace I have acted as Senior Assistant Judge of the County where I resided and some time as Speaker of the Genl Assembly.\nIt is with pain I have wrote so much of myself and should not have done it but my Friends charge me with want of Duty to myself and Family in having neglected this address so long.\nI find by a Bill for establishing the Courts of the United States now under the consideration of the General Legislature that Marshals & Clarks of District Courts will probably be appointed should that take place and my Qualification be thought equal to filling either of those offices especially the former Your Nomination of me will engage my Gratitude And every exercion will be used by me not [to] disgrace the Appointment. Should those places be filled up otherwise Any other appointment which will afford an adequate Compensation for industry and fidelity wch such abilities as I possess will be acceptible to me I have the honor to be with every sentiment of Gratitude and Esteem Sir Your most Humble Servant\nNathan Brownson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0306", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Craik, 24 August 1789\nFrom: Craik, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria Augt 24th 1789\nafter a long and anxious solicitude on Account of your late indisposition, permit me to tender my Sincere congratulations for your happy recovery\u2014Among your numberless Correspondents, and at a time when every pen has been bussy in inquiring for your health, the Anxiety of an old friend thus expressed might have been somewhat troublesome, as it might\nseem to induce the necessity of a literary reply which in your late situation could not be agreeable. Under this Idea have I hitherto submitted to the painful recital of your late tedious confinement at second hand. And have rather trusted to the friendly information of my good friend the Major than risk the possibility of intrusion\u2014I flatter myself you will believe me sincere when I asure you that few things in this life would have given me greater pleasure than to have been in a Situation to have in the least degree ministred to your ease and recovery, and tho\u2019 every assistance has been given, which a careful attention and acknowledged abilities could insure, I have constantly felt unhappy at being at such a distance as not to have it in my power to contribute my Mite towards the restoration of your health\u2014Although the Abcess on your Thigh has proved a painful and tedious termination of your Complaint, I flatter myself it will leave you in possession of a large Stock of future good health\u2014Much I think will depend upon your determination at all events, to take exercise[.] The confinement of a City life, and the care and weight of business incident to your appointment, will create too great a transition from the late activity of your life, unless attention is paid to the Article of exercise\u2014it is with much pleasure that I hear Mrs Washington and the Children enjoy good health\u2014The familys at Mount Vernon & Abingdon are at present well. But poor Mr Lund Washington & Spouse are in a very distressed Situation, on Account of there Child, who was attacked with fits for upwards of a fortnight, & have left it in an insensible state, and I am much affraid will continue so; as it is now upwards of a Month, and not the least sign of reason returning\u2014It gives me great pleasure to discover that the proceedings of our New Congress have thus far given general satisfaction to the people\u2014tho I am affraid your old acquaintance Colo. Mason is not yet satisfied with it; last Court he sent in a formal Resignation as a Magistrate, and desired it to be entered on record. his adherents I Suppose will follow his example, for neither Cockburn or Chichester have yet qualified\u2014The Young Gentlemen Mr George & Laurence I think give closer application then heretofore. And I think the Master is more attentive Since a quarrel he And Doctr Brown have had, but I still think there is a deficiency in the School as few of the Boys I think write well, and come on very Slowly in\nArithmetic\u2014George wishes to devote more of his time to that branch of his Education, but wishes your opinion first\u2014Since they come to live with me they have behaved well I frequently admonish them and they seem to take it well\u2014But this is a very bad place for Youth without strict looking after\u2014Mrs Craik & family join me in very Affectionate, & Respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington: and I am with the Sincerest Affection & Respect Dear Sir Your Most Devoted & obedt hume Sert\nJas Craik", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0308", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Lowrey, 24 August 1789\nFrom: Lowrey, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nAlexandria New Jersey \nMay it Please Your ExcellencyAugust 24th 1789  \nBeing Informed that the Appointment of Marshall to the Federal Court of the state of New Jersey is shortly to take place, and that it rests in the Grant of your Excellency. I beg leave to Approach you on that subject, and sollicit your Excellencys good Disposition toward me in the same, as I flatter myself the Personal knowledge you may retain of me, with the recommendation of my Freinds, may be quite sufficient to Convince your Excellency of my Merit and Abilities to fill Such an Important Office\u2014with most unalterable Attachment for your Excellencys Person & Interest I am with all due respect & Esteem most Truly Your Excellencys Obedt Servant\nThomas Lowrey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0310", "content": "Title: To George Washington from S\u00e9gur, 24 August 1789\nFrom: S\u00e9gur, Louis-Philippe, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nSt Petersburg [Russia] 24th August 1789.\nI take the advantage of the departure of Mr Paul Jones to bring myself to the recollection of your Excellency, and to congratulate you upon the ratification of the new Constitution by the United States and electing you their President\u2014They will not be deceived in their experience\u2014Your wisdom will mantain the splendor of that liberty which your courage established. I earnestly wish that circumstances may one day put it in my power to go & see the prosperity of a Country for which I feel myself happy to have fought\u2014and the glory of a celebrated General under whom I regret that I had not longer served. I have charged Mr Paul Jones to repeat to you often how much I am devoted to you\u2014and I eagerly sieze the opportunity which offers to renew the assurance of the sentiments of veneration with which I have the honor to be Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most Hbe & Obedt St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Roger Alden, 25 August 1789\nFrom: Alden, Roger\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\u2014\nNew York Augt 25th 1789\nI have the honor to transmit, herewith enclosed, the original communications from the Secretary of the Government North West of the Ohio, and copies of his letters addressed to the late Secretary of Congress. With the greatest respect I have the honor to be Sir\u2014Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nRoger Alden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0312", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burgess Ball, 25 August 1789\nFrom: Ball, Burgess\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir,\n[Fredericksburg, Va.] 25th of August 1789.\nI am sorry that it devolvs on me to communicate to you the loss of your Mother who departed this Life abt 3 oClock today. The Cause of her desolution (I believe) was the Cancer on her Breast, but for abt 15 days she has been deprived of her speech, and for the five last days she has remain\u2019d in a Sleep.\nShe has lived a good Age &, I hope, is gone to a happier place than we live at present in. Mrs Lewis being in much trouble, and all her Sons absent, she requested I wd write to you on the Subject, and, as it may be necessary for you also to be acquainted with the last Will of the Old Lady, I herewith inclose you a Copy thereof\u2014Mrs Lewis wishes you to communicate your wishes & directions to her as early as convenient. With my\nbest respects to Mrs Washington, I am, wth great Esteem Dr sir, Yr mo: obt servt\nB. Ball\nExcuse Incorrectness as the Mail is abt to be closed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Howell, Jr., 25 August 1789\nFrom: Howell, Joseph Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 25th Augst 1789\nI take the liberty of presenting myself to your Excellency to solicit a continuance in the office which I have been honored with by the late Congress, resting my application and your favor on the merits of my pretensions.\nIn the line of the late army I had the honor to be in the number of the first who under the command of your Excellency stepped forth in the defence of liberty and the rights of mankind.\nFrom this scene I was called to one less honorable but not less usefull, where the soldier was changed to that of an appointment as an Auditor of accounts for the army: herein I continued untill the department was annihilated; when the office I now direct called my attention, where I remained an assistant to the Paymaster general & Commissioner of army accounts untill his decease, when I succeeded to his appointment. Comprehending a period of above thirteen years since I have been in the service of my country. The information I have in that time obtained in the line of my duty & not having turned my attention to what might have rendered this application less necessary, have induced me to address your Excellency on this subject, feeling assured that merit alone will be the only object which will direct you in every appointment.\nI wish not Sir that my representations Should be taken without further information I therefore beg leave to mention the Secretary at War, with whom I have been connected in the line of my duty, who I presume will candidly give his opinion on the merits of this application. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019[s] most obedt servt\nJoseph Howell Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0314", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Rodney, 25 August 1789\nFrom: Rodney, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nVery dear Sir\nPoplar Grove [Del.] August 25th 1789\nIt is with very great pleasure Indeed, that I address you as Chief Magistrate And Commander in Chief of the United States\u2014As you have long Merited it; So may you long continue to possess the confidence of your fellow Citizens whose Unanimous voice raised you to the Exalted Station you now hold, and\nmay the wisdom of your Conduct and counsels long preserve the Union of the States.\nBeing content with Rural retirement, whatever I may have Merited in the Revolution I do not come forward to Solicit any thing for Myself but beg leave when you are filling up the Supreme Court, to recommend to your attention the Chief Justice of Pensylvania whom Merits in the revolution are too well known to you for Me to ad any thing on that head.\nI Also beg leave to recommend to your Notice Col: John Parke of Dalaware\u2014He was the first person from this State, that joined the army under your command at Cambridge and was then recommended to you by My brother Caesar Rodney & Mr McKean our then Deligates in Congress\u2014He afterwards had a Regimental Command in the Congress Troops and I believe continued in the Army \u2019till those Troops were dissolved\u2014He had a liberal Education and Studied the law under Mr McKean but being reduced by the war needs Some office that would affoard him a genteel Support. I am With the highest respect your Excellencies most Obedient and very Hum. Servt\nThomas Rodney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0316", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Tate, 25 August 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Tate, William\nTo: Washington, George\n\tLetter not found: from William Tate, 25 Aug. 1789. In a letter to Tate, 28 Aug., Tobias Lear acknowledged a letter from Tate to GW of 25 Aug. 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0317", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 26 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nUnited States August 26th 1789\nProvision having been made by the Act of Congress of the 20th of August 1789, that a sum not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, arising from the duties on imports & tonnage shall be appropriated for defraying the expence of Negotiating & treating with the Indian Tribes; I have therefore to request that you will use your best exertions to obtain the necessary means for carrying the intention of Congress into effect. As soon as the Treasury Department shall be organised, Warrants will issue for the Monies according to Law. I am, Sir, Your Most Obedient Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0318", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Matthew McAllister, 26 August 1789\nFrom: McAllister, Matthew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nSavannah August 26th 1789.\nWere I to solicit your attention to this application when business of greater importance only did not engage it, perhaps it would pass unnoticed, but I flatter my self otherwise from the circumstances attending it, Permit me Sir to congratulate you upon the organization of the General Government, & the happy progress made under it since the meeting of Congress Under which it is my wish to act a small part. Being bred to the profession of the Law at Lancaster in Pennsylvania after taking the initial degrees at Princeton in Jersey in 1779 I exchanged the Climate of Pennsylva for one more suited to my habit setled in this Town & I have practiced upwards of five years, the latter three of which I have acted the Character of Attorney General for the State by appointment from the Legislature, have been a Member of that Body & of the Convention for altering our Constitution.\nBy a Copy of the Judiciary Bill as passed the Senate transmited me by Mr Few I find a person will be appointed in each District to act in behalf of the United States &ca. That appointment in this State Sir, would be highly gratifying to me, being in some measure habituated to business of a like nature from the office I hold.\nI have been induced sir to be thus particular not having had the Honor of being known to you & have taken this liberty from information that direct application is usual & required. Should I in this instance be noticed it will be highly satisfactory. I am Sir with Sentiments of the highest respect & Esteem Your Most obdt & very Humble Servt\nMatthew McAllister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0319", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George McCarmick, 26 August 1789\nFrom: McCarmick, George\nTo: Washington, George\nHonoured Sir\nWashingtown [Pa.] Augt 26th 1789\nafter my Best Complyments to you, I then Beg your Excelence pardon for this liberty, I should be happy if there Should be Any Appointment to be made in the westran Cuntry Either in Survaying or Any Other thing that wood be advantages to me as I am a old Sufferar; that you wood think me wourtha off: if you wood do me the honour to think of me in Sutch Casses, which trust I Should Strictly Execute to the Greattest truth.\nThought when I Saw you last I Expected that flower wood abeen So high here as two dollars pr hundred but it was not So high, it was not higher then 12/6d. pr hund and from that down to ten shillings Owing to the Cuntry being indebt to the marchants and the fixing the Standard here as the[y] do in other places for wanting of the farmmers haveing of fortude, the Same flower that the marchants Got here, the[y] Sent to the nue Orllenes and Got 13\u00bd Dollr pr barrall and has Return\u2019d, and tell me that the[y] Cleared 10 ten Dollars pr barrell, the Indians has been very piceable here this Summer Except Steeling Some horses at wheeling and taking a man and his wife at the Kings bottom in July last. I beg leve to Subscribe my Self your Excelence most obt & very Humb. Sart\nGo: McCarmick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Oneida, 6 August 1789\nFrom: Oneida\nTo: Washington, George\nFaites \u00e0 Oneidas le vignt six d\u2019Aout 1789\nNotre Frere, nous profitons de l\u2019occasion de quelques uns de nos chefs, qui descendent \u00e0 New York, pour nous rappeller a votre souvenir; Toute la nation \u00e0 tressali de joie lorsque\nelle \u00e0 appris que l\u2019Amerique venoit de mettre \u00e0 la t\u00eate de son gouvernment celui qui avoit toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 si glorieusement \u00e0 la t\u00eate de ses arm\u00e9s pendant la guerre: Nous felicitons l\u2019Amerique de son choix, et desirons de tout notre coeur que la paix et la sant\u00e9 vous accompagnent dans une poste aussi eminente; vous priant de vous rapeller quelques fois des pauvres Oneidas qui ont partag\u00e9s avec vous les fatigues de la guerre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Augustine Washington, 26 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nHonord Uncle\nMount Vernon Augt 26th 1789.\nI have now your favor of the 16th Inst. before me and shall do myself the pleasure of replying to such parts as require it in as full a manner as the short time I am allowed will admit, having been obliged this week to Alexandria on business\u2014takg an acct of the Horses designed for sale and preparing a list of them in readiness for tomorrow, has so incroached on my time that I have just closed my report.\nGordons History I will have put in the Hands of Mr Porter (who reed the Subscriptions) for destribution, those for Fredericksburg shall be forwarded to that place, and yours will go to you by first conveyance for the set you have been pleased to give me I beg leave to tender you my thanks\u2014I will accompany the next report with a Copy from the Ledger of the receipts and disbursements of mon\u2019y since your absence and all the money that can be spared shall be applied as directed. The \u00a3100.0.0. has been recd of Colo. Lyles. I have discharged a demand against you of \u00a365. to Charles Lee (which I believe had escaped your notice) being an order from the Managers of the James River Company\u2014I thought (for it was my intention)\nthat I had observed where the ground was naturally strong the Tobacco looked tolerable well\u2014your directions were observed but owing to the very dry weather the effects of the manure was much deminished and I am induced to think that it never will equal what might be expected from it in a dry season\u2014strong well rotted manure will under every disadvantage prove its powers, I believe much of what we used particularly at D: Run was a dry chaffy stuff that had but little nourishment in it and for want of rain had little opportunity of roting\u2014tho our crop of Tobacco will fall very far short of what might have been expected I hope we shall have less cause to complain than the most of the Cultivaters of it in this part of the Country\u2014a plenty of seed shall be saved of the different kinds that choice may be made of that which is found to be the best\u2014there will be 23 Horses exposed for sail tomorrow and such as I am persuaded will meet your approbation\u2014the young Horses have recruited and look better than I expected\u2014the old cut but a shabby figure\u2014a discriptive list with the acct of sales shall go with the first report\u2014this reduction will enable us to dispose of some Hay. I should think 25 or 30 Tonn[.] I have enclosed you an estimate made by Fairfax for I did not consider my knowledge sufficient to determine with any accuracy\u2014he thinks the quantity exceeds what has been cut in any year since he lived here and that which was secured before harvest was in fine order\u2014there are so many Hay sellers that there is very little demand and the price I believe very low\u2014as it can be spared it must be sold and I shall endeavour to obtain the best price for it\u2014I believe as you observe by waiting for a high price it often happens that loss is sustain\u2019d by it and I believe the best general rule is to sell for the most that can be had without delay. I shall not long delay the sail of the sheep tho the price is very low\u2014Timothy seed shall be sprinkled on the swamp as you direct but I fear its success for ground after being a length of time under water becomes very hard when exposed to the sun which is the case with this. 10 Acres of ground will be reserved for the Barley you have directed, and the same quantity for wheat, and shall have it reserved at Frenches being the best and most suitable of any that remains unsow\u2019d\u2014The principal work which has to be done at the Barn is the 2 large doors the layg of the thresg floor the floors below and above the graniries the apartments\nin both the NE and NW sheds of the Barn put up and coverd in\u2014I mean at the side and end of the granery next Frenches. there are many little things which at this moment I do not sufficiently recollect to detail. from a general view of the work accomplished, it appears to have progressed very slowly. I have several times accused Green of slowth from supposition, and have done every thing in my power to endeavour to detect him in idleness and have directed Fairfax to keep a look out upon him, and I have been able to fix upon him but few charges of neglect\u2014I informed him that the slow progress he had made had very highly incur\u2019d your displeasure\u2014I have engaged Knowles and his Wife at 30\u00a3 for a year 300 wt pork 100 wt Beef 1 Bl fish 3 Bls Corn 100 wt Midlings and a Cow\u2014the only addition to what I gave him is 200 wt pork 100 wt Beef 100 wt flour\u2014I endeavourd to engage him on the same terms and hesitated abt giving him what I have agreed for several days but found I could not\u2014indeed what I allow\u2019d him was so trifling that provisions I furnished him with and little necessaries reduced his wages or at least the money comg to him very considerable but not acting for myself I knew it was my duty to get him on the best terms I could if I can depend upon my memory I think I informed you as I know I ought to have done it and can assure you that it is truely my wish to keep you regularly informed of every thing, that I may be early corrected in any error that I may commit, as it is my wish to do right I shall always be happy in being enabled to do so by your direction and advise\u2014the shed wall running up to and ranging with the Ferry road is finished and he is now about the other next Frenches. in replacing the bricks which had decayed on the inside of the wall over the graneries I found many more than at first appear\u2019d, the difference between the work of Knowles and Cornelius is very apparent indeed\u2014The rains that fell on Monday week at night was a very fine and refreshing one but too late to restore the injury that many things had sufferd from the droughts. the Corn has benefited much from it and if the fall is favorable I hope we shall make a tolerable crop\u2014that in the Neck much of it is the most indifferent of any we have except the poor parts of the field at Muddy hole the potatoes are thin and look badly\u2014the Carrots came up thin but look partly well at Morriss & Muddy hole they are the most promising\u2014At the\nRiver plantation there is great appearances of a good Crop of pumpkins but the prospects elsew[h]ere [are] very unfavorable\u2014there was a very good crop of flax made at Frenches and a much better than could have been expected from the quantity and quality of the ground at D: Run, tho\u2019 in the neck very indiferent\u2014the prospect for saving Clover seed is very unpromising indeed Fairfax thinks there will be none to be got and the Farmer thinks it very uncertain the field at D: Run & that at Frenches is reserved for the purpose but it appears to have been so stented in its growth that I fear it will not in time recover it\u2014The first crop would have yeild\u2019d scarcely any seed at all or I should have secured it\u2014I hope we have secured a sufficiency of Timothy seed Fairfax thinks 20 Bushls\u2014The Buck wheat designed for seed came up very thin and untill the last rain was very declining and now it is so low and latter that our making any depends on a favorable fall[.] that which was designed for manure was good at the Ferry and D: Run but except in spots very indifferent at the other places\u2014There is a tolerable prospect for turnips in the neck\u2014I hope to be regular in forwarding the reports but should it be impracticable will write as you desire it\u2014I have all the numbers of Mr Fenno\u2019s Papers except the 25th & 26th and shall carefully preserve them\u2014my health for a few days past has been some what better\u2014tho\u2019 the billious simptoms are still threatning\u2014the Young Man you permited me to employ came here to live last night on the terms I mention\u2019d 25\u00a3 which will affor\u2019d me more time to attend to external matters\u2014I am very pleased to find that you speake so favorably of your situation\u2014Fanny joins me in sincerest affection to You my Aunt and the Children and good wishes to Mr Lear Colo. Humphreys and my Cousin. I am Your truely affectionate Nephew\nGeo: A. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Graves, 28 August 1789\nFrom: Graves, William\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nNorfolk Augt 28. 1789\nI have the honor to address you on the Subject of an Appointment, under the Government of the united States. Previous to it I wish to make you Acquainted in what Capacity I have Acted under the State Government. I had an Appointment of Searcher at the port of Norfolk the year 1786 in which capacity I was continued till August 1789 and I flatter myself, I have executed the duties of it with propriety\u2014which will appear by the enclosed reccommendation from the hono. the Executive, and under whose inspection I was more immediatly subjected, with those considerations I trust you will determine if I merit your patronage if any post should offer worthy my attention I shall partake of it I am with deference Your Most Obedient servant\nWm Graves", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0324", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Hurt, 28 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hurt, John\nSir\nNew York Augst 28th 1789\nI have duly received your letter of the 24th instant, and have to inform you on the subjects mentioned in it, that, according to the best of my recollection the Arrangements respecting the Commutation of the half-pay of the Officers in the late army were made between Congress & a Committee from the Army, without any agency of mine. Nor do I remember to have taken any measures with regard to the particular Resolutions for granting Lands to different descriptions of Men in the Army. Thus unacquainted with the reasons on which Congress acted under the old Confederation, I cannot undertake to give any opinion, farther than that the present Congress is the only\nPower competent to redress any greivances which may have been suffered by any Individuals or Classes of Men, who have been in the public Service. For myself, I trust I shall be disposed always to give my concurrence to any Public Proceedings, which may come within the sphere of my duty, and which (upon a fair investigation) may be deemed equitable. And I may add, that particularly in the present instance, I should be inclined to pay every proper attention to the subject, being sensible of the Merits of the Gentlemen concerned, and being With great esteem & regard Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0325", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 28 August 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew Haven [Conn.] 28 Augt 1789 2 oClock P.M.\nA few moments since I arrived here on my way to New York the packet sets off at 3 oClock perhaps I might arrive sooner should I take passage in her than by the stages but as that is attended with a degree of uncertainty I have determined to pursue my first intentions of coming on by land\u2014I have thought it my duty to give your Excellency this information & that I shall, probably, be in the City tomorrow, Saturday, evening that you might be free\u2019d from a doubt which might possibly rest on your Excellencys mind. I have the honor of being with the most perfect esteem your Excellencys most Obedient servant.\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0326", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners to the Southern Indians, 29 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners to the Southern Indians\n[New York, 29 August 1789]\nTo Benjamin Lincoln, Cyrus Griffin and David Humphreys Esqrs. Commissioners Plenipotentiary, for negotiating and concluding treaties of peace with the independant tribes or nations\nof Indians within the limits of the united States, south of the river Ohio.\nGentlemen\nThe united States consider it as an object of high national importance, not only to be at peace with the power full tribes or nations of Indians south of the Ohio, but if possible by a just and liberal system of policy to conciliate and attach them to the Interests of the union.\nIn order therefore that you may [be] possessed of all the information relative to the southern indians contained in the publick documents, you have herewith delivered to you copies of the following papers.\nTo Wit\nThe several statements which have been made on the subject from the War Office, to which are added copies of the treaties which have been made by the United States, with the Cherokees, Choctaws and Chickasaws, and the commissioners reports thereon\u2014The proceedings and reports of James White Esqr. superintendant for the southern district.\nThe reports of Messrs Winn and Martin temporary superintendants\u2014The resolves of Congress under which Commissioners have been appointed by the States of North Carolina South Carolina and Georgia, and the said Commissioners reports\u2014and also certain papers transmitted by Georgia against Joseph Martin one of the aforesaid temporary Commissioners.\nThe first great object of your commission is to negotiate and establish peace between the state of Georgia and the Creek Nation\u2014the whole nation must be fully represented and solemnly acknowledged by the Creeks themselves to be so.\nYou will find the ostensible and probably the Real causes of Hostilities between Georgia and the Creeks to consist in a differance of Judgement of three treaties stated to have been made between the said parties, to wit, at August[a] in 1783 at Galphinton in 1785 and at Shoulder Bone in 1786 Copies of which you have herewith deliverd to you.\nIt is a circumstance of the highest consequence to investigate thoroughly all the facts under which the said treaties were made[.] The official papers will afford you great information on the subject.\nOn the one side the objections against the Justice of said treaties are stated in the several communications of Mr McGillivray and the communications of the lower Creeks to Mr White the superintendant.\nOn the other side the statement made by the Legislature of Georgia, contains the reasons in support of the treaties.\n The opinion of the Commissioners of the United States of the treaty of Galphinston is contained in their reports\u2014and the communications of James White Esqr. the superintendant will shew his judgement on the case\u2014But into all these written Evidences it may be proper in order, that the investigation be conducted with the most perfect impartiality to have such viva voce testimoney as can be obtained.\nFor this purpose you will request the Governor and Legislature of Georgia if in session, to authorize such person or persons to attend the treaty as he or they may think proper in order to give you such information as you may request from time to time of the transactions relative to said treaties\u2014You will also endeavour to ascertain the facts relative to the said treaties from the Creeks.\nAnd you will further endeavour to obtain information on oath of the manner in which the said treaties were held from such unprejudiced respectable private Characters who were present at the said treaties as you shall be able to find\u2014The main points to be ascertained are 1st whether all the lands belonging to the upper and lower Creeks, are the common property of the whole Nation? or 2dly: Were the lands stated to have been ceded to Georgia by the three treaties or either of them acknowledged by the upper Creeks to be the sole property of the lower Creeks? 3dly were the acknouledged proprieters of the lands stated to have been ceded to Georgia, present, or fully represented, at the said three treaties[?] 4thly Did the Creeks present at the said treaties act with a full understanding of the cessions, they are stated to have made? 5thly Were the said treaties and cessions made on the part of the Creeks, uninfluenced by any threats or implication of force?\nThese circumstances and all others connected therein must be critically examined into, in order that you may form your Judgement on the said treaties with the greatest accuracy.\nIf the result of your investigation should be that the said three treaties, and the cessions of land therein contained, were made by a full and authorized representation of the Creek Nation, or that the cessions of Land was obtained with the full understanding and free consent of the acknowledged proprietors, and that there were no circumstances of unfairness or constraint of any sort, used to induce the Creeks to make the cessions to Georgia in this case precisely you are to insist on a formal renewal and confirmation (of the said cessions to Georgia or such parts thereof as you shall find Just[)]\u2014If the Creeks after hearing all your arguments for the renewal of the said treaties so faar as the same may respect the confirmation of such parts of the cessions of Land contained therein as you shall have adjudged just an[d] equitable should obstinately refuse to confirm the same to Georgia, then you are to inform them that the arms of the Union, will be called forth for the protection of Georgia, in the peaceable and just possession of said Lands. And in case the Creeks attempt any molestation or injury to Georgia, that they will be deemed the enemies of the United States and punished accordingly.\nBut if it should result from your enquiries, that the said treaties and cessions were obtained on the part of Georgia, under such circumstances as to preclude the interference of the united States consistently with their Justice and dignity you are not to urge or persuade the Creeks to a renewal or confirmation thereof.\nIt is however to be observed that Georgia has proceeded on the principal that the cession stated to have been made at Augusta in 1783 was fairly obtained\u2014And that the said State has surveyd and divided the lands between the Ogechee and Ocanee among certain descriptions of its Citizens\u2014That the said Citizens have settled and planted on said lands in great numbers\u2014should therefore the result of your investigation be unfavorable to the claims of Georgia it would be highly embarressing to that State to relinquish the said lands to the Creeks.\nHence it will be an important accommodation to Georgia to obtain from the Creeks a regular conveyance of the said lands lying between the Ogechee and Oconee.\nTo accomplish this object therefore you are specially required\nto use your highest exertions with the Creeks[.] On your success materially depends the internal peace of Georgia, and proba[b]ly its attachment to the general government of the united States.\nIf the prejudices of the Creeks against the united States are not too deeply rooted it is presumed that such advantages to that nation can be stipulated as to induce them not only to relinquish to Georgia the lands in question but to attach them sincerely and permanently to the United States.\nThe disputed lands being entirely despoiled of their game by the settlements are therefore no longer valuable to the Creeks as hunting grounds. If they have not been fairly purchased of the real proprietors by Georgia it ought to be done. In case the Creeks therefore would be willing to make a proper conveyance for a given sum, you will stipulate that the same shall be paid by Georgia at a certain period or in case of failure by the United States.\nWhile negociating the price to be given for the said land you will have due regards to the sums which Georgia actually paid at the treaty of Augusta\u2014to the present value of the lands as hunting grounds and to the other considerations hereafter specified.\nIn this part of the negociation it would be desirable that the persons who may [be] appointed by the Governor or legislature of Georgia to attend the treaty should concur with you as to the sum which in case of purchase shall be stipulated to be given.\nIn addition to the purchase money for the lands, and for the further great purpose of attaching the Creeks to the united States, provided the same in your mature Judgement should be necessary, you are hereby empowered to make the following stipulations.\n1st A secure port to the Creeks or their head men on the Altamaha, St Marys or at any place between the said rivers into which or from which the Creeks may import or export the articles of merchandize necessary to the Indian commerce on the same terms as the Citizens of the united States\u2014The number of arms and quantity of amunation However to be regulated by the quantity that shall be regarded as necessary for the Hunters.\nIf any apprehensions should be entertained on the part of the Creeks on account of the safety of the goods which they might so import or export, it may be stipulated that the same should be protected by a company of the regular troops of the united States.\nThe trade of the Creeks is said at present to be engross\u2019d by a company of British Merchants stationed at one of the Bahama Islands who have connected Mr McGillvery with them as a partner\u2014The Spaniards have permitted some of the rivers which empty into the Gulph of Mexico to be the channel of this trade for a certain number of years, some impediments or impositions of duties appear to have disgusted Mr McGillvery with these Spaniards or with the communication and renders him desirous of a port in the United States\u2014If these circumstances could be the means of breaking his connexion with the Spanish Colonies, it would be wise policy to afford the Creeks a port, and to protect them in every thing relative thereto. 2ndly Gifts in goods, or money to some, and if necessary honorary military distinctions to others of the influential Chiefs.\nThe presents will be regulated by your Judgement\u2014The idea of military distinction arises from the information that Mr McGillvery possesses a commission of Colonel or Lieutant Colonel from the King of Spain.\nIf he could be induced to resign that Commission by the offer of one, a grade higher the offer ought to be made and substantiated, on his taking a solemn Oath of Allegiance to the United States.\nMr McGilivrey is stated to possess great abilities an[d] unlimited influence over the Creek nation and part of the Cherokees\u2014It is an object worthy of considerable exertion to attach him warmly to the United States.\nThe measure could be attempted and urged with great propriety as it respects his fidelity to the creeks, and the continuance of his own importance in that nation.\nThe United States do not want the Creek lands they desire only to be freinds and protectors of the Creeks and treat them with humanity and Justice.\nIn case you should be satisfyed of his compliance with your desires, you will deliver him the presents which are particularly\ndesignated for him, and also give him assurances of such pecuniary rewards from the United States as you may think reasonable, consequent on the evidence of his future favorable Conduct. 3dly If you should find the measure necessary in order to accomplish the before recited objects you will further stipulate a solemn guarantee of the United States to the Creeks of their remaining Terretory to be supported if necessary by a line of Military Posts.\nThis measure will most probably be highly satisfactory to the Creeks as it will entirely prevent any attempts to purchase any part of their lands, and it will at the same time impress them with the Moderation and Justice of the General Government.\nIf these offers with all the benefits resulting therefrom, should be insufficient to induce the Creeks to agree voluntarily to relinquish the disputed lands between the Ogeechee and Oconee Rivers you cannot with propriety make a tender of more favorable conditions.\nIn this event however you may endeavour to conclude a treaty and establish therein a temporary boundary making the Oconee the line\u2014to stipulate the secure Port and the pecuniary and honorary considerations before recited.\nYou will establish the principal in case of concluding a treaty that the Creeks who are within the limits of the United States acknowledge themselvs to be under the protection of the united States of America, and of no other sovereign whosoever and also that they are not to hold any treaty with an individual State, nor with individuals of any State.\nYou will also endeavour without making it an Ultimatum to establish such direct trade as the Government of the union shall authorize\u2014This point however is to be managed with the greatest delicacy for the before recited reasons.\nIn the general objects of the restoration of prisoners, negroes &c. you will conform [to] the treaties of Hopewell with the Cherokees Chickasaws and Choctaws.\nYou will also endeavour to obtain a stipulation for certain missionaries to reside in the nation provided the General Government should think proper to adopt the measure\u2014These Men to be precluded from trade or attempting to purchase any lands but to have a certain reasonable quantity pr head, allowed\nfor the purpose of cultivation\u2014The object of this establishment would be the happiness of the Indians, teaching them great duties of religion, and morality, and to inculcate a friendship and attachment to the united States.\nIf after you have made your Communication to the Creeks and that you are persuaded that you are fully understood by them, they should refuse to treat and conclude a peace on the terms you propose, it may be concluded that they are decided on a continuance of acts of Hostility and that they ought to be gaurded against as the determined enemies of the United States.\nIn this case you will report such plans both for defensive and offensive measures so as best to protect the Citizens of the united States on the fronteers from any act of injury or hostility of the Creeks.\nAlthough the policy of attaching influential Chiefs by pecuniary or honorary considerations may not be doubted, yet it has been otherwise with respect to making presents to the commonalty among the Indians, In case therefore you find that the creeks are willing to relinquish the land between the Ogechee and Oconee on further payments for the same you will endeavour to stipulate that the Mass of the goods you have in charge for the treaty should be received by the Indians as part or the whole of the consideration for the conveyance of the said lands as you shall Judge proper.\nMessrs Osborne and Pickens have in their report of the 30th June last stated that they have agreed to hold a general treaty with the Creeks at the Rock landing on the Oconee river in the State of Georgia on the 16th November next ensuing you will make every exertion to be there at that time\u2014Immediately on your Arrival at Savannah you will arainge the transportation by land or water of the Goods and provisions under your direction to the place of treaty or towards the same so as to arrive with all possible expedition.\nAt the same time you will dispatch expreses to the Governor notifying him of your commission and arrival and also to Messrs Osborne and Pickens and as soon after as possible you will repair to the placed affixed for treating\u2014The troops and the Goods may follow agreeably to your direction perhaps you may change the place of treaty to some place to which your goods\nmight be transported with greater facility than the Rocklanding on the Oconee river.\nBut notwithstanding your greatest exertions it may happen that your Arrival may be so retarded that Messrs Osborne & Pickens may have held a treaty, and the Indians may have departed to their own country.\nIn this case you will carefully enquire whether there were present at the treaty a full representation of the whole Creek nation and particularly Mr McGilvery, and whether the treaty was made under such circumstances as to be consistent with the Justice of the united States and conformable to the Spirit of these instructions.\nIf so you will confirm and ratify the Same in as full a manner as if you had been actually present. But if an inadequate representation only should have been present or any circumstances should [have] been adopted of which the United States could not with Justice and dignity approve, in this case you will use your best endeavors to persuade the Creeks to attend a new treaty at such place and at such time as you may Judge proper\u2014You will observe the same conduct to collect the Creeks in case it should appear that they from any circumstance are disinclined to attend generally the treaty of the 15th of September, or provided your arrival should be posterior to that period and you shall learn they did not attend agreeably to the invitation of Messrs Pickens & Osborne.\nDuring your negotiations with the Creeks you will endeavor to ascertain the following Points\n1st The Number of Warriors in the whole Nation including upper & lower Creeks and Seminolies.\n2nd Whether they are armed with common and rifle muskets or in any other manner, and how furnished with Ammunition.\n3rd the number of each division of upper Creeks lower Creeks and Seminoles.\n4th The number of Women and children and Old men in each district.\n5th The number of Towns in each district.\n6th The names characters and residence of the most influential chiefs, and far as the same may be their grades of Influence.\n7th The kinds of Government (if any) of the Towns\u2019 Districts and Nations.\n8th Whether they are Hunters only, or whether they cultivate and possess cattle. (If so) the degree of cultivation and number of Cattle.\n9th The usual hunting grounds of the whole nation and their districts.\n10th The kind and value of Furs taken annually and how disposed of.\n11th The Amount of European goods annually consumed.\n12 If Ginsang abounds in that country, if so, whether it is gathered in any considerable quantities.\n13 To ascertain the nature of the country west from Georgia to the Mississippi\u2014whether mountanous, hilley, level or abounding with low grounds and morasses and the nature of the soil and growth.\n14th To ascertain particularly how far northward the waters of the Mobile Apalachicola, and Altahama rivers are navigable for Boats and the nearest land portages from the northern navigable Streams of said rivers to the southern navigable waters or streams of the Tennessee river.\nThe accurate knowledge of this subject is of considerable importance but the enquiries thereto should be circuitously conducted.\n15th To ascertain with great precision the nature of the cunext[i]on of the Creeks with the Spaniards, and if practible to obtain copies of any treaties between them, whether the predominating prejudices of the Creeks are in favor or against the Spaniards, and Particularly the state of Mr McGilverys mind on this subject.\n16th You will endeavor as far as your opportunites will admit to ascertain similar facts relative to the Cherokees, Chactaws, and Chickasaws as are contained in the before recited requests relative to the Creeks.\nIn case of your concluding a treaty with the Creeks, and it should be your Judgement, that a line of military posts would be necessary to the due observance thereof, and also as a security of the peace of the Cherokees you will report a plan for the stations which should be taken, and the number of troops which should occupy each.\nThe people who are settled on Cumberland river have Just cause of complaints against the Creeks, who have during\nthe present year murdered several Families within that district\u2014The Creeks can have no cause of complaint against that settlement.\nThis circumstance is to be strongly stated to the Creeks and in case of a continuance of their murders the vengeance of the union is to be denounced against them.\nThe peculiar case of the Cherokees seems to require the immediate interposition of the Justice of the united States\u2014But as that nation of Indians are principally resident within the Territory claimed by North Carolina which is not a member of the present union it may be doubted whether any efficient measures in favor of the Cherokees could be adopted immediately.\nBy the Public Newspapers it appears that on 16th June last a truce was concluded with the Cherokees by Mr John Steele in behalf of the state of North Carolina\u2014In this truce a treaty was stipulated to be held as soon as possible, and in the mean time all Hostilities should cease on both sides.\nIn the event of North Carolina adopting the Constitution of the united States it will be incumbent on the general Government to take every wise measure to carry into effect the substance of the treaty of Hopewell\u2014in the mean time you will send a message to the Cherokees stating to them the dificul[t]ies arising from the local claims of North Carolina as far as the same may be proper\u2014That when these shall be removed the united States will convince the Cherokees of their Justice and friendship.\nYou will also transmit a message to the whites in the neighbourhood of the Cherokees enjoining an observance of the truce made by Mr Steele, untill a general treaty shall take place when Justice shall be administred to all Parties.\nThe two Cherokees who have lately come to this City with their conductor Mr Bennet Ballew are to go under your direction to the place of treaty Good policy requires that they should be kindly treated altho there are suspicions that the conduct of Bennet Ballew has not been very proper in respect to the lands of the Cherokees\u2014you will endeavour to ascertain his real character and designs and make such use of him as You think proper\u2014you have delivered to you copies of the papers which Mr Bellew presented from the Cherokees.\nThe treaties with the Choctaws and Chickasaws will inform\nyou of the stipulation of the united States to extend trade to those nations\u2014you will report a plan for carrying into effect the said stipulations, and you will also transmit to the said nations messages containing assurances of the continuance of the friendship of the united States and of the intentions of the general government of extending the trade to them agreeable to the treaties of Hopewell.\nYou will have regular Invoices of alle Articles delivered to you for the proposed treaty and you will keep fair accounts of all your disbursements, which you will regularly settle at the Treasury of the united States.\nAnd in all cases where the same may be proper consistently with the secrecy necessary to be observed, the delivery of the goods ought to be attested by the Commissioned Officers of the troops, who should attend the Commissioners.\nYou will also keep a regular Journal of your transactions and report the same.\nIt is presumed that you will conduct all your disbursements by that proper oeonomy so necessary to be observed in the transactions of the General Government[.] You will learn by the papers delivered to you that certain goods were left by the Commissioners after the treaty of Hopewell in the commencement of the Year 1786 It is probable that these goods have been deliverd to Messrs Pickens and Osborne you will therefore apply to said Gentlemen for regular Invoices of all the goods in their possession for the treaty distinguishing the means by which they became possessed thereof.\nYou will also request of them an Account of the monies or goods they may have received of the States of South Carolina and Georgia in consequence of the resolves of Congress of the 26th October 1787 and August 14th 1788.\nAs the said Messrs Pickens and Osborne will most probably be at the proposed place of treaty with the expectation of concluding the same, you will deliver them the Letter containing the reasons of Government for appointing new Commissioners.\nWere there any services at the treaty in which you could employ them it might be proper so to do.\nYou will endeavor to avail your selves as far as may be, of any arraingements which may have been taken by Georgia for the\nsupplies of provisions during the holding of the treaty, or for furnishing the means of transportation for which the said State will have credit on the before recited requisitions of Congress of the 26th October 1787 and the 14th of August 1788.\nYou will please to observe that the whole sum that can be constitutionally expended for the proposed treaty with the Creeks shall not exceed the sum of Twenty Thousand Dollars\u2014The goods and money which have been deliverd to you and the expences which will arise by the removal and return of the Troops and your own pay will Amount to  you will therefore see the necessity \u0153conomizing your means\u2014and that the same cannot be extended.\nIt is however to be observed that the Sums you shall think proper to stipulate to the Creeks for the cessions of the land between the Ogechee and Oconee is to be considerd conditional to the said Twenty Thousand Dollars.\nYou will from time to time communicate your progress to the Secretary of the War department and receive such further directions from him as the case may require.\nThe company of Artillery commanded by Capt. Burbeck will accompany you to the place of Treaty and be under your orders, As soon as the treaty shall be finished you will take the proper measures for the return of the company to this place as the time of Service will soon expire\u2014The company will receive One Month and an half pay and be furnished with three months rations which you will cause to be transported as the service may require.\nThese instructions will be the governing principals of your conduct, and they are to be regarded as secret.\nBut many circumstances may arise which may render some degree of modification necessary in every event however you will please to remember that the Government of the united States are determined that their administration of Indian affairs shall be directed entirely by the great principles of Justice and humanity.\nAs soon as you have concluded your negociations with the Creeks and forwarded your messages as herein directed you will return to this place and make a full report of all your transactions to the Secretary of the War department.\nGiven under my hand at the City of New York this 29th August 1789.\nGeo. Washington\nBy command of the President of the United States\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0327", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Manning, 29 August 1789\nFrom: Manning, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nProvidence, State of Rhode Island Augt 29th 1789\nPrevented, for some days, by necessary attentions to the College, from coming forwards, with the bearer, Benjamin Bourne Esquire with whom I am charged in a joint commission by the Town of Providence, I beg leave to introduce to your Excellencys notice & attention my colleague, and the business with which he is charged; to introduce to Congress the unanimous petition of the Town of Providence, praying a speedy relief from the insupportable burthens imposed on thier Commerce, by thier being considered as Foreigners in the late Acts regulating the Tonage & collection of the Imports in the United States\u2014All the Seaport Towns, of consideration, in this State, vizt Newport, Bristol, Warren & Barrington unite in this application.\nWe contemplate the day of our accession to the Federal Government, now, near at hand. At the election of the members of our lower house of Assembly, held on Tuesday last, we calculate on a decided Majority of Federalists chosen to represent us in the Assembly to meet in October next, when, we flatter ourselves, that a Convention will be called to adopt the Constitution. Any assistance towards obtaining this, to us, most interesting object, which your Excellency may please to lend, will confer a peculiar obligation on the Federalists of Rhode Island; and more especially on him, who with the most perfect consideration\nhas the Honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s most humble and most obedient Servt\nJames Manning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Walton, 30 August 1789\nFrom: Walton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDuplicate, via Charleston \nsir,Augusta [Ga.] 30 August, 1789. \nAlthough I have been employed in the service of America, in various lines, and almost without interruption, since the commencement of the public meetings and discussions which led to the Revolution, I do not recollect ever to have solicited an appointment. Nor should I now trouble you on such a subject, if it had not been suggested that my desire of serving in the Judiciary of the Union might be doubted at New York. Having a predilection for that particular department of service, I take the occasion of informing you, Sir, that I feel a solicitude to devote my future time and reflections to the further use of our now common Country, in the office of Judge of the District of Georgia. At the same time I am free to declare, that I feel perfectly disposed to give way to talents more happy, and to integrity better established. Your placing me on the nomination for that appointment, will have the double effect of giving confidence to my public exertions, and of confirming me in those habits of esteem and veneration with which I have always been, Sir, Your most Obedient, And most Hble Servant,\nGeo. Walton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0330", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Wayne, 30 August 1789\nFrom: Wayne, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond State of Georgia 30th August 1789\nThis will be presented to your Excellency by my former aid Colo. Fishbourn, whose feelings has been much hurt by the unmerited & wanton attack upon his Character by Mr Gunn in the house of Senators\u2014however chargeable he might have been for some little indiscretions of youth, which time & reflection, has & will correct, even the tongue of slander can not with Justice, charge him with any dishonest or dishonorable act. the Certificate that he carries with him will convince your Excellency, that the charge made by Mr Gunn, was groundless\u2014injurous, & malacious, but it had the desired effect, I must acknowledge that I was equally hurt upon your Excellency\u2019s account, as on my own, to find that it cou\u2019d for a moment be thought, that a person cou\u2019d be put in Nomination for any office, who was unworthy of Public trust or confidence, that consideration alone wou\u2019d have prevented any man of sentiment from making so virulent a charge, however he might have voted; I have advised Colo. Fishbourn to clear up that business by publishing the Certificate after it has been perused by your Excellency\u2014at the same time I wish you to be assured, that I wou\u2019d sooner suffer my right hand to be severed from my body, than to recommend to your notice, a Character, such as Mr Gunn represented Colo. Fishbourn to be.\nIt is with singular pleasure\u2014I see the prompt attention to your recommendation of the Militia and Indian business, by the house of Representatives; I have much depending upon a speedy & permanent peace with the Creek Nation, that once established I shou\u2019d feel myself under easy circumstances\u2014by reoccupying my Valuable property to the southward which altho\u2019 not at all claimed by the Indians as it was ceeded & settled as early as 1763\u2014yet being the \u27e8illegible\u27e9 of the State, it has experienced greater depredation than any other quarter, which added to the protection given to our runaway Negros by the Spaniards, has for the present, detered people in general from\nreturning to their plantations; thus circumstanced & being known to those Indians with whom I have alternately fought & treated, I flatter myself that was I clothed with proper Authority, I cou\u2019d convince them, that it wou\u2019d be their true Interest & best policy, to enter into an immediate & inviolable peace, but your Excellency is the best judge of those matters & with the Characters best suited for this business[.] I can only promise to act to the best of my Judgment for the Interest & honor of the Union, & the most punctual obedience to your Orders & directions, as well in that as in every other Character. Interim I am with every sentiment of Esteem & regard Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obt & very Hume Sert\nAnty Wayne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0331", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Roger West, 30 August 1789\nFrom: West, Roger\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWestgrove 30th August 1789\nAmongst the number that may presume to solicit your notice when about to nominate persons to fill the offices under Government, permit me to make an offer of my services, in any manner you may think proper to call them forth. This I am induced to do from thourough conviction that in the execution of any Business, I may be honor\u2019d with; a marked and steadfast regard to do justice, with the concomitant resolution to do it, with firmness and alacrity, shall accompany every act of my official character. Haveing premised this, It now remains that I should beg pardon for obtruding myself upon your mind at a period, when personal considerations are an inferior object of\nyour deliberation. I am Dr Sir with the utmost respect your Obed. Humb. Sevt\nRoger West", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0333", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Jackson, 31 August 1789\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York, August 31st 1789.\nOn an intimation received this morning from my much respected friend General Lincoln, I presume to address Your Excellency\u2014and to renew the wish which I had the honor to communicate to you at Philadelphia.\nShould I be so happy as to receive your commands\u2014it will be my best pride and most earnest endeavor long to merit the permission of assuring Your Excellency that I am, with the most respectful and sincere attachment, Your faithful, obedient servant\nW. Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0336", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Burrall, August 1789\nFrom: Burrall, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York Augt 1789\nHaving offered myself as a candidate for the Office of Auditor of Accounts in the Treasury Dept, I beg leave to lay before you the inclosed testimonials of my qualifications, and offer to your consideration the following facts and observations.\nConscious of having faithfully and diligently executed the duties of the several important Offices I have held in the Treasury Dept. since the year 1780, and supposing that my character and reputation as a public Officer was well known and established, I had no expectation that a Gentleman so young in Office as Mr Hardy (who indeed has never held any appointment from Congress) would be held up in competition with me on this occasion. I therefore neglected to procure any recommendations or documents to prove my qualifications for this Office, my character as a public Officer being well known not only to the Gentlemen whom I have named in my first application to you, but also to many others now in Congress who were members of the former Congress.\nI am aware that Mr Hardys claim is founded on the Idea of his being at present in possession of the Office. I am also persuaded that no other reason can be given for his having a preference, and I humbly conceive that this reason in groundless, and that his appointment has no more analogy to the Office of\nAuditor under the present arrangment than the one I have held; with this differance that he was not the Officer to whom Congress looked for responsibility, as will appear by the Act of Congress of September 1787 to which I beg leave to refer.\nWhen I was elected one of the Commissioners of Accounts in the Treasury Dept. in the year 1780, the duties of that Office were the same as the duties of the Auditor under the present arrangment, as no Officer of the latter denomination then existed. In February 1782 the business was divided\u2014five Commissioners were appointed for settling the accoun\u27e8ts\u27e9 of the five great departments, as they were then called, and the accounts of the Commissary Dept. were assigned to me.\nThe residue of the business Vizt the accounts of the Comy of Prisoners, Commissary of Military stores, Civil list and contingent accounts, were to be settled by Auditors who were appointed at this time with a salary of 1000 Dollors \u214c Annum while the Commissioners were allowed 1500. In May 1786 the accounts of the Commissary Dept. being nearly compleated, those of the Quarter Master Dept., which had been very much neglected, were assigned to me. At this last mentioned period Congress had passed an act for concentering the business of the five Departments into one Office under the direction of one Commissioner; but Colo. Walker becoming a candidate for the Office, and being warmly supported by a number of Gentlemen in Congress, many attempts were made without effecting an election of a Commissioner. This difficulty and a further enquiry into the magnitude of the business that remained in these Depts. induced them to divide it into five Offices, and we were both appointed. This competition between Colo. Walker and myself occassioned some warmth among the Gentlemen of Congress, and produced an investigation of Character which has seldom occurred in Congress on any occasion\u2014For the results as far as it relates to myself I beg leave to refer to Mr Pettits letter, who was in Congress at the time.\nThe business which had been allotted to the Auditors growing small one of them resigned soon after his appointment, and in September 1787 the other one, together with the Comptroller was deranged as unnecessary, and the duties were vested in the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury, who were authorised\nto employ an accountant with a salary not exceeding 800 Dollars \u214c Annum. Mr Hardy, at that time a Clerk in the Treasury Dept., was prefered to this appointment.\nWhen one of the most important Depts. was assigned to me in the arrangment made in 1782, I considered it as an honor done me, but I shall think myself very unfortunate if it has been the means of placing my claim to preferment in the Treasury Dept. as inferior to that of a gentleman who was many years afterward a Clerk in the Office of the Register of the Treasury. If I have not gained reputation and some title to further notice, I have gained nothing by thirteen years faithfull services, and the labour of my life as far as it relates to my own interest and advancment has been thrown away, for my attention having been wholly given to public business I am at this moment less qualified for private business than when I left a counting house in the year 1776. My anxiety to obtain this appointment is increased by a full persuasion that the public opinion has pointed me out as having the fairest claim to it, and that nothing but want of qualifications on my part will prevent it.\nI mean not to treat Mr Hardy with disrespect; I believe him to be a young man of merit, and wish him to be continued in public employment; but I hope I shall be excused when I suggest that the Office of chief Clerk to the Comptroller would place him, both in point of respectability and emolument, exactly on the same footing he now is, and I ask no more than to be placed on the same footing I have been for ten years past.\nI have avoided asking for any written recommendation from Mr Morris, the late superintendant of the Finances, because his present situation as a senator made me consider it as indelicate; but as he knows me well and has in conversation expressed his opinion of my conduct in the warmest terms of approbation, I would wish that enquiry may be made of him.\nIt will naturally be expected that if written documents are necessary, I should procure testimonials of my conduct from the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury; but as I understood they had recommended Mr Hardy before they knew of my being a candidate for the Office, I have never spoken to them on the subject, for altho\u2019 I am confident they would readily give me the fullest testimony of their approbation of my\nconduct in Office, I could hardly expect they would recommend me for this particular Office after having recommended another.\nI humbly beg that the freedom of this letter may be excused: I fear that a confidence (perhaps ill founded) which I had in the superiority of my pretensions to this appointment has occasioned me too long to delay taking the necessary measures for establishing the facts on which those \u27e8illegible\u27e9 are founded. I have the honor to be with the highest respect, Your most Obedient Humble servant\nJonth. Burrall.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Jay, August 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[New York, August 1789]\nMr Jay has the Honor of observing to the President, on the Subject of Capt. Tate\u2019s application, That in his opinion no Papers should be given to that Gentleman, from which it might appear, or be inferred, that the Governmt encouraged him going into the Service of the Porte, lest umbrage be given to Russia, and Suspicions of ulterior views excited\u2014that therefore the Idea of giving him only a Certificate, in the usual form, of his character and Services, is founded in Prudence.\nThat he should not correspond with the President, nor with the Secy for foreign affairs; lest it should give him the appearance of a private agent in the Service of Governmt\u2014for some of his Letters will doubtless be inspected &c.\nThat it may nevertheless be advisable, that he correspond with some confidential private Gentleman, & a Cypher settled between them\u2014and he should be apprized by that Gentleman, of the accidents to which it will often be liable, particularly in France, and against which it is very difficult to guard, in any other Way, than by keeping it about his Person.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0338", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert James Livingston, August 1789\nFrom: Livingston, Robert James\nTo: Washington, George\nTrenton [N.J.] August 1789\nThe Petition of Robert James Livingston late Lieutt in the fi[r]st Virginia Regiment &ca humbly shewith\u2014\nThat, your Petitioner begs leave to present himself before you as a Candidate for the office of Marshal, for the State of New-Jersey, under the federal Judicial department.\nYour Petitioner begs leave to plead in his behalf his well known attachment to the new Government, and to the cause of his Country during the late war, in which he freely bled.\nHe pleads his peculiar situation in being taken Prisoner in an early stage of the war, and remaining unexchanged until the Derangement in the line prevented the emoluments and honours which might have attended his rising in the Army.\nHe pleads his being denyed by the State of Virginia, in whose Service he was, every compensation which was made to her officers at the dissolution of the Army\u2014tho\u2019 the officers of the State & its Delegates in Congress assured your Petitioner his claims were justly founded, & promised to advocate his cause.\nHe pleads his having sacrificed all the advantages of a liberal education, which all his Brothers have received, and by which they comfortably support themselves\u2014upon which your Petitioner had just entered, when he was driven from Princeton by the British, & to which he was prevented returning by the losses of his widowed Mother, and his strong desire to continue in the service of his country.\nYour Petitioner prays therefore to be provided for by his country which he has served, which he is willing to serve, and whose services have eventually rendered a provision in any other way impracticable at least for the present\u2014at the same time Your Petitioner only solicits a provision proportionate to the actual services he is able to render.\nYour Petitioner prays to be excused in bringing forward an argument so delicate in its nature as the above\u2014he knows the feelings of the Personage whom he addresses\u2014he knows the impossibility of providing for all who are more highly deserving than himself\u2014should therefore the prayer of his Petition not be answered agreeably to his wishes\u2014he will rest content\u2014assured that it is impracticable in its nature\u2014Your Petitioner could have honoured his petition with a number of respectable Signatures, but he chooses to subscribe his own solitary name and thus to present it to the attention of the President hoping that he will remember him either in the prayer of his Petition or\nin some other way which may seem best to himself. And as in duty bound Your Petitioner shall ever pray\nRobert James Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0340", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Civis, 1 September 1789\nFrom: Civis\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Md.] \u27e8Septe\u27e9mber 1, 1789.\nWhen any Citizen presumes to offer his sentiments to you, his Love for his Country and its Glory should be his apology\u2014Upon this Principle the writer hopes to be heard. and altho\u2019 his opinion may be useless that the freedom will be excused.\nHe has been a constant and warm Stickler for the new Government, and is happy to think it is now out of the reach of its Enemies.\nHe does not fully understand the Judiciary Sy\u27e8st\u27e9em, and has some fears as to its operation and Extent, Yet he \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 He has no doubt but the best men will be appo\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 this most important Department\u2014We have, however \u27e8mutilated\u27e9ed that the Chief will not be a native of america\u2014\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 This opinion may have arisen from the great abili\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 man, and from their fears; he can venture to s\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 truths of the best Friends to america will ever be aver\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 President, a Foreign Judge, and Foreign Amba\u27e8mutilated\u27e9.\nHe considers Judge Harrison\u2019s charactor \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Celebrious commanded Cyrus and is fully \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 manners, and the satisfaction and ease tha\u27e8mutilated\u27e9ters in the General Court that he is the best \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 for the head of the Judiciary\u2014best calculated to inspire confidence and love among our People.\nHe is aware that from the retired Habits of Col. Harrison, that he is not so well known throughout america as many men of high Charactors who perhaps are not near so perfect; but he has this pleasure, that altho\u2019 when out of the Chair of Justice he returns home the most recluse Citizen unknown to all but his Neighbours & friends, that his Virtues and abilities are not hidden from the impartial President of the United States[.] He knows him well, and if he considers him, \u201ctake him all in all\u201d the properest Character to suit the Genius of the people of America, to fill the office with dignity, and faithfully execute the Law he will be nominated by your Excellency.\nIf this appointment takes place the State of Maryland will lose the best man in it, there is no one who can represent him as a Judge and perhaps the Citizens would have cause to regret the removal, but the Writer is one of those men who always will wave local considerations for the good of the whole.\nIn \u27e8mutilated\u27e9ing in his mind, the Several Characters in America \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 as among the first, and that next to Mr Harrison \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 satisfy all Parties\u2014The writer begs you will excuse his \u27e8mutilated\u27e9is name, He is a very Young man, and diffidence \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 propriety of the Signature of\nCivis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0342", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Ellicott, 2 September 1789\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York Sept. 2d 1789\nI would propose Niagara for the place, and the second Week in next Month for the time of meeting the Commissioners, to be appointed by the Executives of the States of New York, and Massachusetts, to attend making the Survey directed by Congress in their Act of June 6th 1788. If the Express to Quebec should not return to Niagara by that time, that part of the Survey, lying on the South margin of Lake Erie, may be carrying on.\nI am of the opinion that a less sum of Money than four hundred and fifty pounds, will not be sufficient to begin the business, and ensure success. I have the Honour to be your Excellency\u2019s Hbe Servt\nAndrew Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0343", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Gilpin, 2 September 1789\nFrom: Gilpin, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir.\nAlexandria September 2d 1789\nBefore I set of to see the upper part of Potok, I intended to have informed you, that I might have made such observations as you might have thought necessary which perhaps has not Occured to me, but Doctr Creigh [Craik] informed me that you was very much indisposed th[i]s prevented me from Troubling\nyou, your happy recovery has determined me to write to you on business which you have taken So much pains to promote.\nAgreeable to the desire of the Potomack Company Mr Smith and my self proceeded from the great falls up Potomack in a boat that would have Carried when moderately loaded 35 barrels of flour in this boat we went up the north branch of Potomack 12 miles above Fort Cumberland and we Could have gone to the mouth of new Creek which is 25 miles above Cumberland, but being unacquainted with the river and we were informd by Capt. Daniel Cresap and others that the river was lower than it had been for several years, and Continued falling we were afraid that we might be Stopt on our return from the mountain, we went from Capt. Cresaps on foot along Potomack to the mouth of Savage river to this place the navigation may be extended and not much higher without too great an expence for the present times the mouth of Savage is 210 miles above the navigation or Tide water at the little Falls after we passed the Shenandoah falls we found no fall that would prevent a boat from passing up with ease and safty except in such seasons when the river is very low and in wide parts of the river the water is sometimes Shallow and wants to be Collected to Some one place or a single rift of rocks which wantd to be made deeper these improvements appears nowhere difficult nor very expensive[.] From the mouth of Savage we went along the State road to the top of the Allegany mountain and then to the waters of deep Creek in the green glades which is 13 miles from Savage, & 4 miles below where the road Crosses this water it is large enough for boats and it is gentle and deep and will afford a good navigation down to the fall in the Yohogany near Turky foot So that 17 miles will Join the water of Potomack and Yohogany from the mouth of Savage to little Yohogany one mile above the fork is 22 miles to big Yohogany 24 miles to Salt lick Creek a branch of Cheat river 30 miles to Cheat river ford at dunkard bottom 37\u00bc miles to morgan Town 50 miles to Clerks burg 80 miles to the mouth of the muskingam 140 miles these distances except the last are from actual measurement Cheat river at the Dunkard bottom is nearly or quite as large at Shenandoah at Snigger[s] Ferry and is a fine gentle river except two falls which are now passed and at a small expence may be rendered safe and easy The Course of the road from the\nmouth of Savage to the Dunkards Bottom on Cheat nearly due West, about the mouth of Savage river and Georges Creek there is inexhaustable bands of coal some of which the river has laid bare and we found them easy to dig and good in quality this range or bed of Coal extends along the first rift of the Allegany mountn to wills Creek above Cumberland from which place we say them carreing coal for the nail manufactories at Hagers Town.\nOn our return from over the mountain one or two day moderate rain raised the river and we found the navigation in that State much better than we expected two boats come down from old Town with Tobacco two or three from Opeckon with flour and we come in company with two from Shepperds Town one of which was 70 feet long and Carried 130 barrels of flour these boats passed quite down to the great falls and I was informd by Capt. Shepperd that 1,000 barrels of flour had gone down Potomack by water this Spring from Shepperds Town only.\nIf we allow 10 miles from the Tide to the big falls and 17 from the mouth of Savage to deep Creek 27 miles Carriage unites Potomack with the waters of yohogany in their present State and the Ten miles I have no doubt will be removed.\nAs soon as I can make out a proper draft I will send one to you with the Courses, distance and perpendicular fall of Potomack and of the Allegany mountain where Several of the great waters begin. I am with great esteem your Excellencys most Obedient Servant,\nGeorge Gilpin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0344", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Barton, 3 September 1789\nFrom: Barton, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nProvidence Sep. 3d 1789.\nI feel myself under peculiar difficulties in attempting to address you on a subject upon which perhaps I ought to have been silent & waited an introduction in some other way, but as an opportunity offers, & Reflecting that the wounds I received in the service of my country are such as injure me in pursuing my business on the Profits of which a very large family depend for support I am induced to present myself as a candidate for some office in the customs for the port of Providence.\nPardon my anticipation Sir, as I fully beleive this State will soon accede to and adopt the federal Goverment. If the President should not think my request improper, for particulars respecting my character and situation I would beg leave to refer him to the Revd Doctor Manning who has done me the honor to be the Bearer of this. I am, sir, with Reverance and respect your most obedient humble Servant\nWilliam Barton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0345", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Chase, 3 September 1789\nFrom: Chase, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nBaltimore 3d Septr 1789.\nI beg You to be assured, that no Person more sincerely rejoiced in your unanimous Election as President of the united States, than Myself; and that my personal Respect for, and attachment to, your private and public Character have been uniformly manifested, ever since I had the Honour to be known to You. I have always esteemed it honorable to execute a public Office in a free Government; but heretofore my profession furnished ample Support for Myself, and a numerous Family. If, Sir, You should think Me capable, and proper to discharge the Duty of one of the five associate Judges, and should be pleased to put Me in Nomination to the Senate, I shall be highly gratified; and will exert Myself to execute so honorable and important a Station with Integrity, fidelity, and Diligence: and I flatter Myself, that You will never have Occasion to regret the Confidence reposed in Me. I have communicated my wishes to no person, because from your good Opinion, and Confidence alone do I wish for the Appointment\u2014If my Desires do not meet your approbation I beg they may remain within your own Breast, for I do not wish to afford my political Enemies (for I never had any private ones) an Opportunity to mortify and insult Me. In a public, or private Station You may depend on my attachment, and affection to Yourself, and that my Endeavours shall not be wanting to render your Administration as easy and happy as possible; and that I will support the present Government, agreeably to my late solemn Engagement.\nI pray my most respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington, and I am, Dear Sir, with the Greatest Respect & Esteem, Your affectionate and obedient Servant\nSaml Chase", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0346", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick Craig & Company, 3 September 1789\nFrom: Frederick Craig & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency\nWilmington [Del.] Sepr 3. 1789\nWe the Printers of the Delaware Gazette, beg leave to approach your Excellency in our professional line and to request your acceptance of our Paper: It is a trifling publication, but it is the only paper the State affords; and should your Excellency receive any information through its channel we shall be amply rewarded for our trouble[.] That your Excellency may long live, to the honor and dignity of the human race is the fervent Prayer of\nFredk Craig & co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0348", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 4 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nUnited States Septr 4th 1789\nIn consequence of a Resolve of the Congress of the United States, bearing date the 26th of Augt 1789, I have thought fit to appoint Andrew Ellicot to compleat a certain survey directed to be made by an Act of the late Congress of the 6th of June 1789.\nThe sum of Eleven hundred and twenty five dollars is (by an estimate of Mr Ellicot) found necessary to carry into effect the beforementioned Survey; and its completion being a matter of too great importance to the United States to await the organization of the Treasury Department; I think it expedient to direct you to advance the above sum of 1125 Dollars out of the money which you may have in your hands to defray the expences which may attend treaties or negociations with the Indian Tribes; and the like sum shall be replaced in your hands as soon as provision can be made to defray the expences attending the beforementioned Survey. I am Sir, Your most Obedt Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0349", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Michael Hillegas, 5 September 1789\nFrom: Hillegas, Michael\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nNew York Septr 5. 1789\nAs the time for making appointments under the Treasury Law draws near, I beg leave to Request Your Excellency\u2019s remembrance of the present Treasurer, who has the honor to be with the greatest Respect Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt humble Servt\nM. Hillegas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-03-02-0352", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Smith, 5 September 1789\nFrom: Smith, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore Sepr 5th 1789\nPermit me to inform you, that I shall be happy in Obtaining an appointment in the Judicial Department. I am, Sir, with Respect Your Obedient Humble Servt\nRobt Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Craik, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Craik, James\n            New-York September 8th 1789.\n          The letter with which you favored me on the 24th ultimo came duly to hand, and for the friendly sentiments contained in it, you have my sincere and hearty thanks.\n          My disorder was of long and painful continuance, and though now freed from the latter, the wound given by the incision is not yet closed\u2014Persuaded as I am that the case has been treated with skill, and with as much tenderness as the nature of the complaint would admit, yet I confess that I often wished for your inspection of it\u2014During the paroxysm, the distance rendered this impracticable, and after the paroxysm had passed I had no conception of being confined to a lying posture on one side six weeks\u2014and that I should feel the remains of it for more than twelve\u2014The part affected is now reduced to the size of a barley corn, and by Saturday next (which will complete the thirteenth week) I expect it will be skinned over\u2014Upon the whole, I have more reason to be thankful that it is no worse than to repine at the confinement. The want of regular exercise, with the cares of office will I have no doubt hasten my departure for that country from whence no Traveller returns; but a faithful discharge of whatever trust I accept, as it ever has, so it always will be the primary consideration in every transaction of my life be the consequences what they may. Mrs Washington has, I think, better health than usual, and the children are well and in the way of improvement.\n          I always expected that the Gentleman whose name you have mentioned would mark his opposition to the new government with consistency\u2014Pride on the one hand, and want of manly candor on the other, will not I am certain let him acknowledge an error in his opinions respecting it though conviction should flash on his mind as strongly as a ray of light\u2014If certain characters which you have also mentioned should tread blindfold in his steps it would be matter of no wonder to me\u2014They are in the habit of thinking that every thing he says and does is right, and (if capable) they will not judge for themselves.\n          It gives me pleasure to hear, and I wish you to express it to them that my Nephews George and Lawrence Washington are attentive to their studies, and obedient to your orders and admonition. \nThat kind of learning which is to fit them for the most useful and necessary purposes of life\u2014among which writing well, arithmetic, and the less abstruse branches of the mathematics are certainly to be comprehended, ought to be particularly attended to, and it is my earnest wish that it should be so.\n          The Gazettes are so full of the occurrences of public, and indeed of private nature, which happens in this place that it is unnecessary (if I had more leisure than falls to my lot) to attempt a repetition: I shall therefore refer you to them or to the Alexandria paper, through which they may, if pains is taken, be retailed\u2014Mrs Washington and the rest of the family join me in every good and friendly wish for Mrs Craik, yourself, and the rest of your family\u2014and with sentiments of sincere regard and friendship, I am dear Sir, Your affectionate\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the inhabitants of Kentucky, 8 September 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Inhabitants of Kentucky\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from the inhabitants of Kentucky, 8 Sept. 1789. On 18 Nov. 1789 Tobias Lear submitted to Henry Knox a letter from \u201ca number of respectable Inhabitants of Kentuckey recommendg the Mountain leader [Piomingo] a Chickasaw Chief.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0003", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\n          Confidential\n          The points which at present occur to me, and on which I wish your aid, are brought to view in the enclosed statement\u2014I give you the trouble of receiving this evening that you may (if other matter do not interfere) suffer them to run through your Mind between this and tomorrow afternoon when I shall expect to see you at the appointed time.\n          Besides the enclosed\n          Would it do now that Mr Barton has declined the Judges Seat (western Territory) to nominate Col. Carrington for that Office? If not, can you think of any other that would suit him, of new creation\u2014by this I mean, which has not an actual occupant or one who from similarity of Office may have better pretensions to it.\n          Can you bring to mind any fit character for the vacancy just mentioned (west of New Jersey)\u2014as Virga has given & may furnish characters, for important Offices probably it would be better to exclude her also on this occasion.\n          What sort of a character in point of respectability and fitness for this office has Majr Turner late of So. Carolina now of Philadelphia.\n          Have you any knowledge of the character of Mr Laurence?\u2014a practising Attorney and Son in law to General St Clair.\n          What can I do with A\u2014L\u2014\u2014he has applied to be nominated one of the Associate Judges\u2014but I cannot bring my mind to adopt the request\u2014The opinion entertained of him by those with whom I am most conversant is unpropitious and yet few men have received more marks of public favor & confidence than he has. These contradictions are embarrassing.\n          Should the sense of the Senate be taken on the propriety of sending public characters abroad\u2014say, to England, Holland & Portugal\u2014and of a day for thanksgiving.\n          Would it be well to advise with them before the adjournment, on the expediency and justice of demanding a surrender of our Posts?\n          Being clearly of opinion that there ought to be a difference in the Wages of the Members of the two branches of the Legislature would it be politic or prudent in the President when the Bill comes to him to send it back with his reasons for non-concurring. Yrs sincerely\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0004", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n            New York September 8th 1789\n          Your favor of the 2d Ultimo came duly to hand. A tedious and painful disorder which deprived me for many Weeks of the use of my pen, and which consequently required the greater exertion \nof it when I was able to set up, is the best apology I can make for not having acknowledged the receipt of the above letter sooner.\n          The list of associates who purchased 100 Tickets in the lottery of the deceased Colo. Byrd is all the memorandom I have of that transaction\u2014To the best of my recollection Mr Thomson Mason (deceased) was one of the associates and was either authorised, or assumed (I do not know which) the management of the business\u2014He did it so effectually it seems as to monopolize the whole interest. Some of the prizes it has been said, are valuable\u2014but whether there is any Clue by which Mr Masons conduct in this business can be developed I am unable to say. Your Uncle (The Honorable Peyton Randolph) was one of the ten associates\u2014But if neither Mr Fitzhugh nor any of the others who are living can give such information as would avail in an enquiry we must, I presume, set down with the loss of the money and prizes.\n          With respect to Mr Powells application I can only repeat to you what I say to all others upon similar occasions\u2014that is\u2014I leave myself entirely free until the office is established and the moment shall arrive when the nomination is to be made\u2014then, under my best information and a full view of all circumstances I shall endeavor to the best of my judgment to combine justice to individuals with the public good making the latter my primary object. My best wishes attend Mrs Randolph and your family and with sentiments of sincere regard and friendship I am\u2014Dear Sir, Your Most Obedient and Affectionate Servant\n            George Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0005", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Bland Lee, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Washington, George\n          At the request of Mr Roger West I take the Liberty of forwarding the inclosed letter: at the same time I beg leave to present to you the most respectful regards of Mr Francis Corbin, who requests me to inform you that Mr John Segar, would be happy to be appointed Surveyor in the place of Mr Stage Davis, who has or will resign, and to assure you that he is well fitted to execute the duties of the office. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect and veneration your most ob: hum: Servant\n            Richard Bland Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0006", "content": "Title: Ratification of the Consular Convention with France, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n            [New York, 9 September 1789]\n          George Washington President of the United States of America.\n          To all to whom these Presents shall come\u2014Greeting.\n          Whereas a Convention for defining and establishing the Functions and Privileges of the respective Consuls and Vice Consuls of his most christian Majesty, and of the said United States, duly and respectively authorised for that purpose, which convention is in the form and words following.\n          Now be it known that I having seen and considered the said Convention, do, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate accept, ratify and confirm the same, and every article and clause thereof. In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these Presents, and signed\nthe same with my hand. Given at the City of New York the 9th day of September in the year of our Lord 1789.\n            G: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0007", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abraham Bancker, 10 September 1789\nFrom: Bancker, Abraham\nTo: Washington, George\n          Castleton[,] Staten Island [N.Y.]\n          I, for some time past, have had it in Contemplation, immediately on the Organization and Establishment of our new Government, to sollicit for some Office of Emolument, for which I might be deemed capacitated and deserving of; but when I considered, how many Competitors I might have to contend with, whose Abilities might be accounted superior to mine, and whose Claims to Preferment, might be better founded; there appeared so much Presumption, in the Attempt, that I felt a reluctance to prosecute my Intention.\n          Upon farther deliberation, however, I have flattered myself, that an Application of this Nature might, probably, receive some degree of Attention from Your Excellency; by reason, that some part of the Services, I rendered my Country, in the course of the late Contest, have come to Your Excellency\u2019s Knowledge and Observation\u2014In order to elucidate the above Suggestion, permit me to advert to Facts. In the Campaign of the Year 1780, a Correspondence was established with certain communicative Characters, within the British Lines, (friendly to the American Cause,) for procuring and transmitting to Head Quarters, from time to time, such political Intelligence, as tended to facil[it]ate the Operations of the Army.\n          In this Business, I took an early and active part, as the Certificates herewith presented, as well as a Variety of Vouchers, that\ncan be obtained, will bear ample Testimony to the Authenticity of this Assertion.\n          Your Excellency I trust will recollect that you received Sundry Papers of that Nature, under the Signature of Amicus Reipublicae, and many other anonimous Productions penned by the same Hand; and likewise Plans of Fortifications, and other Communications of an interesting and important Nature, forwarded through the same Channel.\n          I beg leave farther to represent, that independent of this, I corresponded with several Gentlemen, in public Service, at different Periods, in the War; who, can, I trust, bear Witness to the honest Zeal, by which I was actuated in the Undertaking as well as to the imminent Hazards I ran of being detected in the prosecution of it.\n          For those Services I have not received any Compensation, nor was it my Intention to have Sought it\u2014My Breast was fired with that Ardor for Liberty, and detestation of Slavery which, at that time, pervaded the honest Citizens of America. My Motives for engaging in so arduous and hazardous an Attempt, were pure and disinterested; as they flowed from a cordial Regard for the true Interests and Welfare of my Country. I was not permitted from Situation & Circumstances, to draw the Sword in her defence\u2014and the voice of Reason, and the impulse of Duty pointed out to me this, as the only method, within my Power, of being at all serviceable.\n          This Application proceeds merely from a reverse of Fortune. My Situation previous to the War, and at the present day affords a Striking Contrast\u2014I was born to good Prospects, and was, at the Commencement of the War, going through a Course of Study; being intended for one of the learned Professions\u2014But that, unhappily intervening, crushed all my hopes, as it not only diverted me from my Pursuits; but has divested my Parents of large and valuable Possessions, and reduced them to Distress.\n          Thus situated, I conceive it my Duty to use the means, which are afforded me, of advancing their Interests, as well as my own, from a full Persuasion, that Your Excellency will not reject any Applications, that are made by Servants of the Public, without having well weighed their Import and Merits.\n          I must acknowledge, that from my Ignorance of the Offices,\nwhich remain vacant, I can have no particular Object in view. I wish to leave my Cause with your Excellency, and to submit entirely to Your Excellency\u2019s Judgment; referring Your Excellency to Governor Clinton, for any Information, you may wish to have respecting my Family, Situation and Abilities.\n          If Your Excellency, therefore, has any Office to bestow, sufficiently productive to enable me to live in Character, and to contribute towards the Support of my dearest Connections in Life, and shall compliment me with it, I will endeavor to discharge my Duty therein with Fidelity and Attention, and shall ever esteem myself under peculiar obligations to Your Excellency\u2019s Beneficence. I have the honor to be, with Sentiments of the highest Respect & Esteem, Your Excelly\u2019s most obedt & very humble Servt\n            Abrm Bancker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0008", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Cornell, 10 September 1789\nFrom: Cornell, George\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Memorial of George Cornell of Portsmouth On Rhode Island\u2014Your Excellency Humble Memorialist is the first of all this State that yet appears To Congratulate your Excellency Too the Appointment of Their President\u2014and he Thinks Himself forever Happy Now under Your Excellencys Reign and Good Government, and To whome with a faithfull heart he wishes Long life and all Happiness\u2014and your Memorialist Looks up To your Excellency as a father To his people\u2014and he as One of the Children, who have Been Ever faithfull Begs Leave To inform Your Excellency that Our State will Soon Be Joined To the union\u2014and as there Must Be Custom House Officers appointed within the State\u2014he would Most Humbly Beg your Excellency To Confer the Collectorship of the Customhouse of Newport upon him, Or any Other appointment as your Excellency in his Clemency will Be Graciously Pleased To appoint Beleave him On the word of a man that your Excellency will find none More faithfull Through all his america then your Excellencys Humble Memorialist[.] He also Begs Leave to acquaint your Excellency, that he went into the Canadia war in 58 as an Ensign, and then at the Age of 16 years and Soon obtaind a Company in the Rhode Island Corps, and Continued in the field untill 65 and his Conduct was Such as To Merit the Esteem of sir Jeff. Amhast who Treated him with that Respect Due to a faithfull Soldier\u2014But the war Being Over he Left the Army and Betook him Self To the Seas\u2014a poor Exchange\u2014as he has been Amazing unfortunate in being Taken in the Late war\u2014and as there is places of Appointments wholy in your Excellencys Own Disposial he Begs your Excellencys Clemency\u2014He flatters himself that as Some person Must be appointed To the Customhouse that if your Excellency will be Graciously pleased To Confer that Honor on him that his Steady Conduct will be always Such as To Merit Esteem\u2014He Begs Leave To Take the Liberty thus Early To Recommend himself to your Excellency Protection\u2014Hopeing your Excellency in his Great Goodness, will Be pleased to Signify his Pleasur\u2014for which Your Excellencys Most Humble Memorialist will be in Ever Duty Bound\n            Geo. Cornell Son of Clarke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0011", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n            Gentlemen of the Senate,\n            New York September 11th 1789.\n          I nominate for the Department of the Treasury of the United States\u2014\n          Alexander Hamilton (of New York) Secretary.\n          Nicholas Eveleigh (of So. Carolina) Comptroller.\n          Samuel Meridith (of Pensylvania) Treasurer.\n          Oliver Wolcott Junr (of Connecticut) Auditor.\n          Joseph Nourse (in office) Register.\n          For the Department of war\u2014\n          Henry Knox.\n          For Judge in the Western Territory, in place of William Barton who declines the appointment.\n          George Turner.\n          For Surveyor in the District of Rappahannock, State of Virginia, in place of Staige Davis who declines the appointment\u2014I nominate Peter Kemp.\n          For Surveyor of Town-Creek in the District of Patuxent, State of Maryland, in place of Robert Young who declines the appointment\u2014I nominate Charles Chilton.\n          And, in case the nomination of Samuel Meridith should meet\nthe advice and consent of the Senate\u2014I nominate as Surveyor of the Port of Philadelphia\u2014\n          William McPherson.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0015", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 12 September 1789\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\n            Abingdon [Va.] 12th September\u20141789\n          I meant to have written to you, immediately after the rising of the Chancery Court, respecting the Suit against Alexander\u2014\nBut as my Lawyers promised me their opinions in writing on the subject, I thought it better to wait, \u2019till I could lay the matter fully before you\u2014I have written to them since my return, desiring they would comply with their promise, but have recieved no answer\u2014I must therefore endeavour to give you as good a statement of their opinions at present, as I can; since the time, at which, the Court of Chancery will again sit, admits of no longer delay.\n          A few days before I went to Richmond, Mr Alexander made me the same offer which he had done to Mr Custis, to cancel the bargain and take the land back, leaving the rent to be fixed by indifferent persons, to be agreed on between us\u2014He also wished to put off the trial \u2019till October\u2014With respect to the first proposition, I informed him, that I did not concieve I had any powers to do such a thing, and that I was also averse to any postponement; but that I would be regulated in the latter, by the opinion of my Council\u2014On going to Richmond, I informed my Lawyers of Mr Alexander\u2019s propositions\u2014They informed me, it was a matter of such magnitude, that it ought if possible to be accepted\u2014That the Chancellor as the Guardian of infants might undertake it, if it appeared from the opinions of their friends to be to their advantage. If the Chancellor should not think his powers sufficient, they recommend an application to the Legislature, signed by Mrs Washington & you, and Mrs Stuart & myself\u2014I confess, I never was more astonished, than to find them considering the matter so differently from what I allways understood them\u2014But, I believe, they had never considered the cause, \u2019till the moment allmost of it\u2019s coming on to trial\u2014From my conversation with them hitherto, I understood it to be their opinion, that the twelve thousand pounds, on which the compound interest was calculated, would be scaled\u2014This would have reduced it to two thousand, which with interest for twenty four years would amount to more than four thousand pounds\u2014Tho I allways for my part, considered this as a great price for the land; yet when I reflected on the sum which was contended for, I thought it would be fortunate to get off so well\u2014Their most favourable opinion now; is, that the 48 thousand pounds may be scaled; which by the scale would come to eight thousand pounds hard money\u2014From the experience I have had of the land, I think it more than double its value. But\nthey do not appear even sanguine in obtaining this much; and Alexander\u2019s Lawyers speak confidently of their succeeding in the whole sum for which the bond was given\u2014In a matter of such consequence, it is perhaps prudent to recieve a Lesson from an adversary\u2014If judgement should go for the latter sum, the whole family would be ruined, if for the former, the poor girls would be left destitute; while Washington would be left without negroes to work his lands\u2014From these considerations, it is Mrs Stuart\u2019s opinion & mine that it will be best to give up the land; or at least signify our opinions to the Chancellor that we concieve it to be to the interest of her children to do it; provided Mrs Washington & you concur in opinion; for I shall take no step without your approbation\u2014I must therefore beg to hear from you immediately, as the time is near at hand when something must be done\u2014If the Chancellor should refuse to do it, and you approve of an application to the Assembly, I beg you will mention it, that I may have a memorial prepared\u2014If the latter should be necessary, it perhaps could not have been done at a more favourable time. Mr Randolph & Mr Marshall being both members, and employed in the cause.\n          I am just returned from Staunton, where I expected the suit against McClennegan for fourteen negroes would have been tried \u2014To my astonishment when I got there, I found that the cause belonged to the Greenbriar District\u2014So that I have had another proof of the negligence of Lawers. I therefore wrote to the judges requesting it to be put off \u2019till the Spring\u2014I shall set out in a fiew days for Williamsburg, when I expect the suit against Coll Basset will be tried\u2014I have but little expectations of oversetting his payments.\n          I have not yet been able to consult the deed you mention, in which you have made a conveyance to Mr Custis for the lands I mentioned; having lodged it with Mr Dandridge for the purpose of having the lands in King William surveyed; there being some disputes about lines, with some of the neighbours\u2014Tho\u2019 my information was derived from him, I am pretty certain on recollection, that you are right, as I remember Mr Henry\u2019s applying to me a year or two ago, for your deed to Mr Custis for the land he purchased; and my informing him after consulting the deed, that I could not part with it, as it was included in the deed in which you made a conveyance for the lands in King\nWilliam\u2014I did not recollect this at the time I wrote; and besides supposed Mr Dandridge a better judge than myself.\n          Tho\u2019 I have had but little time of late to attend to Politics, yet I think there is but one voice among us now, since the business of titles, that of approbation. The success of amendments will leave but a fiew scattering opponents\u2014Mr Maddison will be a very popular character hereafter on the South side of James river, for his conduct in this business, as Coll Carrington informs me\u2014The same Gentleman informs me, that there has been scarce an instance where the oaths have been refused\u2014It is perhaps somewhat singular, but the Opponents to the Government, appear more generally pleased with the constru[c]tion of the Constitution, which vests the power of removal in the President, than the friends to it\u2014Their satisfaction however, entirely reconciles the latter to it\u2014Mr Henry is the only one of the party, I have heard of, who disapproves of it\u2014He still thinks too that the single amendment purposed in our Convention respecting direct taxes worth all the rest.\n          When the plan you have adopted with respect to your family, was first heard of, it was understood to extend to the exclusion of all company whatever\u2014This being considered, as too great a departure from the friendly intercourse, & communion which allways subsisted between the people and their first Magistrates, was viewed as a novelty, and disliked\u2014Since the matter has been rightly understood, I have never heard it condemned\u2014I have heard many members of the former Congress in particular, express their approbation of it.\n          The people in Alexandria, were lately much disturbed by a regulation in the Naval System\u2014The likelyhood of a repeal has put them into a good humour again\u2014The last Post brought us an account of the vote of the lower House, respecting the permanent seat of Government. The people here say, that their expectations of it\u2019s being on the Potowmac, were allways centered in you, and hope that as your opinion has been long known on the subject, it will never pass with your concurrence\u2014For my part, I fear from the majority which have prevailed on the question, that even that will not avail\u2014I am unacquainted with the various steps which have preceded the decision, but it appears to me that some advantage has been taken of the absence \nof many members from the Southward. A question which involves all the passions and interests of the different parts of the Union, ought not to have been decided on without much previous notice. Perhaps, it ought not to have been decided on at all, in the absence of two States, who will probably soon join the Union. I have no doubt, but the Opponents to the Constitution in those States, and North Carolina particularly, will consider it, as a striking instance of disrespect\u2014A member of that State, tho\u2019 a friend to the government, will I think be justifyed in refusing to accede to it, when, a question which is to affect them to the latest ages, has been decided on, without their voice\u2014No possible injury could have arisen, from a suspension of the question for a fiew months\u2014As the arguments of population & wealth seem to have been considered as frivolous, and therefore disregarded, I cannot concieve on what principle the question could have met with such a fate\u2014But, it is too probable, tho\u2019 they were not insisted on, that they have had their influence\u2014Upon the whole, it is considered as unfortunate, that a matter of such magnitude should have been agitated at this time, and much more so, that it should be generally considered, that any other circumstance, than that of extent of territory should be supposed to have operated. I am Dr Sir, with great respect Your Affecte Servt\n            P:S: I am just informed that Alexander\u2019s friends are dissuading him from the offer he made, as he is so certain of getting more than double the value of his land\u2014I feared this would be the case, and wish I had had power to have closed with him at once\u2014Coll Simms will be in New York the Stage after your receipt of this, who will be able to give you a more particular acct than I have probably done respecting this important matter to the estate. I have begged him to call on you immediately on his arrival.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0016", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Thompson, 12 September 1789\nFrom: Thompson, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\n          Morris Town, State of New Jersey\n          SirSeptember 12th 1789\n          In expectation that, under the present government of the United States, Congress may shortly find it expedient, amongst other commercial regulations, to establish Consuls at foreign Ports\u2014particularly to the Ports of France & french Islands\u2014and having from a long residence with the french nation, acquired a knowledge of their language, Laws & customs, sufficient I flatter myself to discharge the duties of a Consular trust; Beg leave to offer my services to the consideration of your Excellency, as a person who wishes to be viewed as a Candidate for some such Appointment, whenever the commercial interests of the United States, and the arrangement proper on the Ocasion, may render the Same necessary\u2014But as offices of this nature may most probably fall under the immediate Control and direction of the department of Foreign Affairs, an Application to the Head of that department might perhaps be proper, ignorant however on the subject and totally a Stranger to the gentelman who presides over it, I have ventured to Submit my wish & pretensions to your Excellency, to whom in the early part of the late american war, I had the honor to be somewhat known, although at this day not familiar to your Excellencys memory\u2014The following circumstances may, however, enable your Excellency to call me to your mind.\n          At the commencement of the late american war, I had then been Seven years a resident in Canada and on the entrance of General Montgomery into that province, was one of the first who took an active part in the Cause of America; consequently with many Others I was compelled to take refuge in, & retreat with the american Army in June 1776. on my arrival at New York in July following, I had the honor to be presented to your Excellency as a person who was thought qualified to enter the\nBritish encampment then on Staten Island, with a view to encourage a desertion of the german Troops in the British Service. Afterwards in the same year I was appointed to a command in the Navy, which appearing to afford but little prospect of action at that time, I gave up, for an appointment in the horse Service, in which, in the campaign of Seventy Seven, first as adjutant to Sheldons regiment, and afterwards as acting Brigade Major to Count Pulaski I had sometimes the honor to receive your Excellencys orders\u2014unable to Support my self longer in the Service, in June 1778 I resigned, I have Since held the Office of Commissioner, for Settling the public Accounts between this State & the United States\u2014I have an encreasing young family & but very Slender means for their Support, a circumstance that alone induced me to address your Excellency on this ocasion.\n          I am well known to the representation in Congress from this State but principally to Messrs Patterson Boudinot, & Cadwallader to whom respecting my qualifications, & conduct in life, I beg to refer your Excellency. I have the Honor to be Most Respectfully Your Excellencys Very Obedient Humble Servant\n            Benja. Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0018", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Biddle, Clement\n            New York, September 14th 1789\n          I have now before me your several favors of the 15th, 19th and 29th of August, and 2d of September.\n          The Prayer-Books came safe to hand, and were much approved of by Mrs Washington.\n          As there is, at present, no opportunity from this place to So. Carolina by water, I have taken the liberty to commit the enclosed letter to your care, requesting that you will be so good as to have it put on board the first Vessel which sails from Philadelphia to So. Carolina with a charge to the Captain to have it delivered immediately on his arrival.\n          Mrs Washington wishes you to send 25lb. of Chocolate shells to Mount Vernon by the first opportunity, which you will charge to the Acct of the President; and I will thank you for a statement of his Acct from the last rendered in, whenever it may be convenient for you to send it. I am, Dear Sir, with very great esteem, Your most Obedt Servt\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0019", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati\n            Gentlemen,\n            United-States September 14th 1789\n          In returning my grateful thanks for the flattering and affectionate sentiments, expressed in your address of the 3rd instant, I beg you will do justice to the sincerity of my regard, which reciprocates, with great pleasure, the warmest wishes for your happiness, political and personal.\n          Under a persuasion of the candor and support of my fellow-citizens, I yielded obedience to the voice of my country\u2014and, impressed by a sense of duty, I forsook the pleasures of domestic retirement to promote, if my best exertions can have such tendency, the objects of a dearer interest. Those expectations of support have been amply fulfilled, and my fondest hope of their candor has been gratified by a kind and partial country.\n          I am much pleased, Gentlemen, with the hope which you entertain that mistaken zeal will give way to enlightened policy\u2014and I desire to repeat to your Society assurances of the most affectionate esteem.\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0020", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 14 September 1789\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\n          The constant Hostilities between the Indians who live upon the river Wabash, and the people of Kentuckey must necessarily be attended with such embarrassing circumstances to the Government of the Western Territory, that I am induced to request you will be pleased to take the matter into consideration, and give me the orders you may think proper.\n          It is not to be expected Sir, that the Kentuckey people will, or can, submit patiently to the cruelties and depredations of those Savages. they are in the habits of retaliation perhaps, without attending precisely to the nations from which the injuries are received\u2014they will continue to retaliate, or they will apply to the Governor of the western country (through which the indians must pass to attack them) for redress; If he cannot redress them, (and in present circumstances he cannot) they also will march through that country, to redress themselves, and the Government will be laid prostrate. The United States, on the other hand are at peace with several of the nations; and, should the resentment of those people fall upon any of them, which it is likely enough may happen, very bad consequences will follow; for it must appear to them that the United States, either pay no\nregard to their Treaties, or that they are unable or unwilling to carry their engagements into effect. Remonstrances will probably be made by them also to the Governor, and he will be found in a situation, from which he can neither redress the one, nor protect the other: they will unite with the hostile nations, prudently preferring open war to a delusive and uncertain peace.\n          By a resolution of the late Congress the Governor of the western Territory, had power, in case of hostilities, to call upon Virginia and Pennsylvania for a number of men to act in conjunction with the continental Troops, and carry war into the indian settlements. that resolution, it is now supposed, is no longer in force. the revival of it might be of use, as it would tend to conciliate the western people, by shewing them that they were not unattended to; and would in some measure Justify me in holding a language to the indians which might obviate the necessity of employing force against them. The handful of Troops Sir, that are scattered in that country, tho\u2019 they may afford protection to some Settlements, cannot possibly act offensively by themselves. I have the Honor to be Sir your most obedient and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0022", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Campbell, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Campbell, Arthur\n            New York September 15th 1789\n          Your several favors of the 10th and 16th of May and 22d of August with their enclosures have been received\u2014The information which they communicate claims my thanks, and the personal kindness they express is entitled to my grateful acknowledgments.\n          Watchful over every interest of the Union, Congress during their present Session, have passed a Law authorising the appointment of Commissioners to treat with the Indians, and providing for the expences attendant on the negotiations\u2014In pursuance thereof Benjamin Lincoln, Cyrus Griffin, and David Humphreys Esquires have been appointed Commissioners; and they sailed from New York for Savannah in Georgia fifteen days ago.\n          Circumstances concur to favor a beleif that the most beneficial consequences will flow from this measure, and that its effects will be extended to every description of Indians within, and contiguous to, the United States.\n          I accept with pleasure your obliging offers of further communications, and shall at all times be happy to receive such information as you may think interesting to the Government of the United States. I am, Sir, Your Most Obedient Servant\n            George Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0023", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Gilpin, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gilpin, George\n            New York, September 15th 1789.\n          I am favored with the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant, and thank you for the information, which you have been so good as to communicate.\n          Every circumstance which serves to shew the utility, and which explains the progress of an undertaking so advantageous to the Community, as the navigation of the Potowmack, is at once grateful and interesting.\n          When your leisure allows an opportunity of making out the draft you mention, I shall be glad to receive it, together with such further observations as may consist with your convenience. I am Dear Sir, Your most obedient Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0024", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Biddle, Clement\n            New York September 16th 1789\n          The President has sent to Virginia a German who is to be a Gardener for him there.\n          As he cannot speak the English Language and is unacquainted with the Country\u2014I have paid his passage in the Stage to Philadelphia; and have written to Mr Inskeep\u2014proprieter of the Stage there, to forward him from thence to Alexandria, and have informed him that the Amount of his Passage to the latter place would be paid by you upon his delivering this Letter\u2014\nwhich I request you to do & charge the same to the Ac[coun]t of the President of the United States. I am Dr Sir, with great esteem, Your Most Obt Servt\n            Tobias Lear.\n            P.S. The Man has a trunk which I presume will require to be paid for also.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0025", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Margaret Tilghman Carroll, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carroll, Margaret Tilghman\n            New York, September 16th 1789.\n          A Person having been lately sent to me from Europe in the capacity of a Gardner, who professes a knowledge in the culture of rare plants and care of a Green-House, I am desirous to profit of the very obliging offer you were pleased some time ago to make me.\n          In availing myself of your goodness I am far from desiring that it should induce any inconvenience to yourself\u2014but, reconciling your disposition to oblige, with your convenience, I shall be happy to receive such aids as you can well spare, and as will not impair your collection. Trusting that this will be the rule of your bounty, I have requested General Williams to give you notice, when an opportunity offers to transport the trees or plants in the freshest state to Mount Vernon, and to pay any expence which may be incurred in fitting them for transportation, and to receive them from your Gardner for that purpose. I\nhave the honor to be, most respectfully, Madam, Your obliged and obedient Servant\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0028", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n          United States, 16 September 1789. Nominates Lemuel Wyatt as collector of customs for Reheboth, Massachusetts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0031", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Moore, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Moore, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\n          The judicial Bill now before us requires that a martial should be appointed in each district It is with reluctance I mention a person Who I consider as qualified to discharge the duties of that office And would not have presumd to have thus held up to your view\u2014Had I not been informd that you wisht to be informd of such Characters as might have Pretensions\u2014Colo. Jno. Steel of Virginia I consider as well qualified to fill such an office He has been some time engagd in Studying the Law\u2014And has for some Years been Employd in a Clerks office\u2014I expect he has acquird a sufficient legal knowledge for the Discharge of the duties\u2014Colo. Steel early in the War Was appointed an Ensign in the Ninth Virginia Regiment And Servd to the End He has been high in the Estimation of his Acquaintances\u2014not only in the Army But in private life\u2014should you Consider Colo. Steel As worthy your Attention in this Business\u2014I beg leave to refer you to Colo. Grayson\u2014General Matthews and Genl Muhlenburgh for his Character His present Situation is not so Comfortable as I think his Merits Entitle him to\u2014this Sir Was one reason with me for thus Presenting him to View And I hope will plead my Excuse. I have the Honor to be With respt & Esteem your Mt Obt Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0033", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bellegard, 18 September 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bellegard, Gabriel Dupare de\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Bellegard, 18 Sept. 1789. In a letter of 15 Jan. 1790 to the marquis de Bellegard, GW wrote: \u201cI have received your letter dated the 18th of September 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0035", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William McWhir, 18 September 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: McWhir, William\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William McWhir, 18 Sept. 1789. On 12 Oct. GW wrote to McWhir: \u201cI have received your letter of the 18 ult.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0036", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Read, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Read, James\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia, September 18, 1789\n          I am told by my Friend Colonel Biddle, Marshal of our Court of Admiralty, that he has been well informed that it is probable that the appointment of Clerks in the circuit courts about to be established by Congress will be in your Excellency: I therefore humbly offer myself for that Office in this State, in which I am by seven Years the oldest officer living, having been made Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of the Province September 7th 1745, which Commission I resigned in 1752 on being appointed Prothonotary of the Court of Common Pleas & Clerk of the Peace and to several other Offices in the County of Berks, all which I held till the Declaration of Independence. After the settlement of our Government, on a Constitution established by Convention, a commission from the President in Council for the Prothonotaryship in Berks was sent to me at Reading: But, the People of the County soon after unanimously choosing me one of their Representatives in Assembly, my Office, previous to taking my Seat, became vacant. After some time I was unanimously chosen by them a Member of the Supreme Executive Council where I served the Commonwealth three Years, upon the expiration of which term Council, on the Demise of the Register of the Admiralty, in June 1781, unanimously appointed & commissioned me Register of that Court, which Commission I still hold. The kind People of Berks in 1783 chose me one of the Council of Censors, and in 1787 again a Member of the Supreme Executive, though I had lived, not in Berks, but in this City, from the Year 1781\u2014and I am now in Council. Here I humbly beg Leave to remark that these Elections were without my ever once soliciting a Vote from any Man: And I hope I shall be pardoned if I assure your Excellency, that, though under the late Government I held many respectable Commissions, I never used the Mediation of any Gentleman, having always applied in Person to the Governors, several of them, especially Governors Hamilton and Morris, having, on their coming to the Government, spontaneously declared they heartily wished to do me every Service in their Power and accordingly my every Application was successful. This, Sir, I plead as an Apology for not\ntroubling any Friend to solicit your Excellency, by Letter or otherwise, in my Behalf.\n          I should, Sir, be ashamed to shew any Anxiety for this Appointment, but that Necessity, nigh to Indigence, to which my Steadiness, at all times, in the Cause of America has reduced me, obliges me so to do. My Grandfather and my Father were in high Office in Pennsylvania, and \u2019tis well known that my Love to my Native Country made me sacrifice a very great Interest I had in England to Living here. I shall here make free to mention that Sir Charles Wager, (to whom I had the Honour to be nearly related), when I was in London, in the Year 1741, entreated me to accept and depend on his Help to advance me in the Navy, the Army, the Custom House, or the Church, and to make my Home at Parsons Green, his Residence when he was first Lord of the Admiralty, till he should demonstrate his Affection for me.\n          I must pray your Excellency to interpret in an indulgent manner, an old civil officer\u2019s, thus intruding on your precious time, induced to it by a due consideration of having fallen from a pleasant unincumbered Situation into Distress. I am, May it please your Excellency, Your most obedient humble Servant\n            James Read", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0039", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Archer, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Archer, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\n            Virginia\u2014Norfolk September 21st 1789\n          Although I have not the honor of being personally acquainted with your Excellency I have taken the Liberty of addressing you.\n          I observe a Bill is now pending before the representatives of the United States for establishing Marine Hospitals for Sick and disabled Seamen and preserving regular levies for the Harbours of the United States.\n          The State of Virginia is now erecting a Marine Hospital which is far advanced in the completion; I doubt not but our Assembly at their next Session will pass a vote offering it for Continental cases; they have done me the Honor to appoint me a Commissioner, for compleating the same; I am hopefull such a mark of their approbation and confidence will operate in my favour with your Excellency, when I declare myself a Candidate for an appointment in this or any other department under the United-States that you may please to Honor me with.\n          I have long had it in consideration, to solicit your Excellency for an Appointment, but when I reflected how many worthy Characters there were who fought and bled in our late arduous struggle I could not in justice to my own feelings oppose their pretentions.\n          To the Virginia delagation in Congress I beg leave to refer your Excellency for such information respecting my character and situation in Life, as you may wish to be inform\u2019d of as to most of them I have the honor of being personally acquainted. I have the honor to be Your most Obt Servt\n            Edward Archer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0040", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ebenezer Hazard, 21 September 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Hazard, Ebenezer\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Ebenezer Hazard, 21 Sept. 1789. In a letter to Jeremy Belknap, 27 Sept. 1789, Hazard stated that he had written to GW on this date.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0042", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Smith, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Smith, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            College of Philadelphia, Septr 21st 1789\n          From an Acquaintance and an occasional Correspondence wch I had the Honor & Happiness to commence with You more than thirty years ago, & from the indulgent Notice which you have been pleased to take of me, both in my public & private Capacity, on various Occasions since that Time, I am induced to enclose to you my \u201cProposals for Printing a Body of Sermons upon the most important Branches of Practical Christianity\u201d\u2014a Subject & a Work, which I well know, stand in No Need of Recommendation to your Protection & Encouragment.\n          If you will please to peruse the Preface & Titles to the Sermons, and the public Recommendation annex\u2019d to them, by the late General Convention of our Church at Philadelphia, and also of the Clergy of all Denominations in this City, as Subscribers, I trust you will permit me to solicit the Honour of your Name and Mrs Washington\u2019s next after the printed List of Clerical Subscribers, & before any Application to Members of Congress or others at New York, shall be made.\n          I have enclosed a Copy of the Proposals to the honble Robt Morris Esqr. of the Senate, and have requested Him to solicit your Name & Mrs Washington\u2019s, if you should think proper so far to honor the Work, before he presents it to such Members of the Senate as may be inclined to subscribe\u2014I am, with the most\nprofound Respect & involable Regard, Worthy and illustrious Sir, Your most obedient & much obliged humble Servant\n            William Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0043", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\n          Your letter of the 12th instt came duly to hand. I have given the subject of it every consideration that time and my situation would enable me to do. The result is\u2014that if Mr Alexander\u2014upon your re-conveying of the Land for which the price, & mode of payment is disputed\u2014and paying rent for it during the\ntime it has been out of his possession (the latter to be fixed by Men of judgment and impartiality) is disposed to accomodate the Suit which is pending between you\u2014as Administrator of John Parke Custis Esqr. deceased\u2014and himself, that it would, all circumstances considered, be most advisable to accede to it. My reasons for this opinion are many. It is unnecessary I conceive to detail them if I had leisure, which in truth is not the case. I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington\n            My opinion coincides with the above, and I advise the adoption of the measure accordingly.\n            Martha Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0045", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Franklin, 23 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\n          The affectionate congratulations on the recovery of my health\u2014and the warm expressions of personal friendship which were contained in your favor of the 16th instt, claim my gratitude. And the consideration that it was written when you were afflicted with a painful malady, greatly increases my obligation for it.\n          Would to God, my dear Sir, that I could congratulate you upon the removal of that excruciating pain under which you labour! and that your existence might close with as much ease to yourself, as its continuance has been beneficial to our Country & useful to Mankind\u2014or, if the united wishes of a free people, joined with the earnest prayers of every friend to science & humanity could relieve the body from pains or infirmities, you could claim an exemption on this score. But this cannot be, and you have within yourself the only resource to which we can confidently apply for relief\u2014a philosophic mind.\n          If to be venerated for benevolence\u2014if to be admired for talent\u2014if to be esteemed for patriotism\u2014if to be beloved for philanthropy can gratify the human mind, you must have the pleasing consolation to know that you have not lived in vain; and I flatter my self that it will not be ranked among the least grateful occurrences of your life to be assured that so long as I retain my memory\u2014you will be thought on with respect, veneration and affection by Dear Sir Your sincere friend and obedient Hble Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0046", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 23 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\n          My solicitude for drawing the first characters of the Union into the Judiciary, is such that, my cogitations on this subject last night (after I parted with you) have almost determined me (as well for the reason just mentioned, as to silence the clamours, or more properly, soften the disappointment of smaller characters[)]\u2014to nominate Mr Blair and Colo. Pendleton as Associate & District Judges. And Mr E. Randolph for the Attorney General trusting to their acceptance. Mr Randolph, in this character, I would prefer to any person I am acquainted of not superior abilities, from habits of intimacy with him.\n          Mr Pendleton could not I fear discharge, and in that case I am sure would not undertake, to execute the duties of an Associate under the present form of the Act. But he may be able to fulfil those of the District\u2014The Salary I believe is greater than what he now has; and he would see or it might be explained to him, the reason of his being prefered to the District Court rather than to the Supreme Bench; though I have no objection to nominating him to the latter, if it is conceived that his health is competent, and his mental faculties unimpaired, by age.\n          His acceptance of the first would depend in a great measure, I presume, upon the light in which the District Judges are considered\u2014that is, whether superior in Rank to any State Judges.\n          I am very troublesome, but you must excuse me. Ascribe it to friendship and confidence, and you will do justice to my motives. Remember the Attorney and Marshall for Kentucky, and forget not to give their Christian names. Yours ever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0047", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Page, 23 September 1789\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          That I may not obtrude on you & to the Interruption of other Applicants, I again have Recourse to this Mode of Application in behalf of Gentlemen who wish to be recommended to you for Appointments. The inclosed Letter was left by Mr Andrews with a Friend the Day he set out on his Return to Virginia. I hope you will excuse my troubling you with it as I shall only add respecting him that I think his Knowledge of the Law, as a Justice of James City for several Years & as high Sheriff two Years added to his Study of Law, & his extensive genius leave no doubt with me that he is qualified for the office he solicits. In Justice however to Mr St G. Tucker one of our Judges & to the Gentn whom he recommends I must add that Mr Wm Nelson a Pratitioner of the Law in the General Court for some Years past is warmly recommended by him, & I am requested by Mr Tucker to nominate that Gentleman to you as a proper Person for the same Office[.] I am very sorry to be so troublesome, but your Goodness will pardon me I have the Honor to be with the highest Respect & Gratitude your much obliged & most obedient humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0048", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Smith, 23 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Smith, Thomas\n            New York, September 23rd 1789.\n          I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 24 of July, enclosing a general statement of the monies received for, and paid to my order\u2014and likewise the receipt of a letter from you of the 19th of April last, which has not been acknowledged.\n          It is unnecessary for me to repeat to you the satisfaction which you have given me in conducting the business that was committed to your hands\u2014as a proof of it I must request your further attention to the recovery of the enclosed bond given by John Stephenson, and Hugh Stephenson on the 22 of August 1765 for seventy pounds ten shillings Virginia currency.\n          I likewise enclose a statement of an account, which relates to the said bond\u2014Colonel John Stephenson, the principal in the bond, lives in Fayette County State of Pennsylvania, and is undoubtedly known to you.\n          The repeated applications which have been made to Colonel Stephenson for the payment of the bond\u2014and the more than repeated assurances which he has given that he would immediately discharge it, render any further delay not only unnecessary, but improper\u2014and, therefore, if he neglects to pay it upon application, you will not rely upon promises, but put the bond in suit.\n          Colonel Cannon of Washington county whom I have employed \nto superintend my property there, and in Fayette was recommended to me as a very active, attentive, and punctual man. I wish I could say, from experience, that I have found him so\u2014but it is the reverse\u2014It is now almost three years since he was empowered to take care of my property and collect my rents in that country\u2014during which time I have repeatedly written to him, not only by the post, but by opportunities that must have conveyed the letters to his hands\u2014and so far have I been from receiving regular answers to them, that, I think, I have only had two letters from him since he has conducted my business\u2014the last of which was handed to me in the past winter, in which he mentioned the terms on which he had leased my lands\u2014but I have never heard from him since, or ever received the remittance of one shilling for my rents\u2014I will therefore thank you, Sir, when you are in that part of the country to make some enquiries of Colonel Cannon, relative to the state of my property under his care\u2014and remind him of the necessity there is of his being more frequent in his communications to me, and more punctual in the remittance of my rents. I have enclosed a letter to him, which I will thank you to deliver when you have an opportunity. I am Sir &ca\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0049", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac Stephens, 23 September 1789\nFrom: Stephens, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\n            Algirs Septr the 23d 1789\n          You are not unacquanted of our Long Continueance in a State of Slavery for about four years and more although you Cannot\nfeel for us to Redeem us But have So Much as to allow us a Comfortable Support Whilst we Due Live on the Earth the 13th of September 1789 arrived a Spanish Courier from Spain on the 14th Ditto I wated on the Spanish Consul to Know if any Letters had Com for us americans he Told Me none But Said that he Could not advance any more money to us americans as Mr Carmicheal Could Not pay the money he had advanced for Two years past about 16 hundred Dollars When the Courier Saild from this about Six week ago he wrote to his Banker to Draw the Money and Mr Carmicheal told him that he had Not Received any Support or money for about Two years past and he Could not pay it the Bill was protested and on that account the Consul Said that he Could not advance any more to us as he Could not get his pay it has made a Table talk among all the Consuls in algirs.\n          We must Suffer greatly for the want of it and be obliged to put up with Many insults and Not only the Charatcer of the grand foederal States Does Suffer greatly I hope this will have a Deep Empression on your minds and give us Speedy Releaf and a Speedy Redemption although it Cannot be Speedy after four years Slavary\u2014Take pattern by the infidels the Empereor of moroco has freed all the mooro Slaves all over Christianity the Spaniard have made three Redeemptions Since We have bin here the first 4 hundred the Next 30 the other Day 14 all taken at Sea the Nepollitens about Two hundred your Souls Cannot Spair the money from your most obedent and humble Servent\n            Isaac Stephens Slave\n            My wife wrote me that She was obliged to put hur Children out for their Liveing and hur Self obliged to Work hard for hur bread that is your Liberty in Sweet america I put Confidence in general Washington that he with the help of god may Turn your hard hearts in america for our Redeemption Before a Nother year.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0050", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Canon, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Canon (Cannon), John\n            New York, September 24th 1789.\n          Sometime last winter I received a letter from you by the hands of Major McCormack, giving me a statement of the situation of my lands under your care in the Counties of Washington and Fayette, with the names of the persons to whom they were leased and the terms on which they held them.\n          You likewise informed me that the Tenants would pay the rents in wheat at your mill, which you would turn to the best advantage for me\u2014In consequence of these arrangements I expected to have received remittances from you before this time, or, at least to have heard from you, in both of which I have been disappointed\u2014you will therefore, Sir, not think it strange that I should express my surprise at your conduct in this respect\u2014and more especially as I was induced to put this business into your hands from the favorable information which I received of your punctuality and attention.\n          I think I have received but two letters from you since I empowered you to act for me in that country, which is now almost three years\u2014opportunities certainly have not been wanting\u2014for the post affords them from Pittsburg, if private ones should not offer\u2014and I have repeatedly written to you requesting information relative to my property under your care.\n          Mr Smith will do me the favor to hand this to you, and will be so good as to take charge of, and convey to me any communications you may have to make\u2014and I trust, in future, I shall not have cause to complain of your want of attention in writing.\n          Any remittances you may have to make can be sent either to me here, or to my nephew Major George Aug. Washington at Mount Vernon as opportunities may make it convenient. I am Sir, your most obedient Servant\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0051", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Constant Freeman, Jr., 24 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Freeman, Constant Jr.\n            New York, September 24th 1789.\n          Your letter of the 9th of July has been received and, agreeable to your desire, I embrace the opportunity, by the return of Mr Brown to the western country, to inform you that the letter, account &ca, relative to my business in Red-stone came safe to my hands. I am Sir, your most obedient servant\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0052", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Littlefield, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Littlefield, William\nTo: Washington, George\n          I am unacquainted with the mode pursued by Gentlemen of the other States, when they have applied for Offices; therefore hope the President will excuse the Liberty which I\u2019ve taken in addressing him in this manner; nor should I have presumed so far on the subject had Our present Revenue Officers been such as were approved of by the better sort of people. They took no part in the late Revolution, nor have they been friendly to Federal measures.\n          If the Contrary Character has any Claim for the Collectors Office in this Town when we Join the Union; would beg leave to Observe; that I served my Country upwards of five years in the Continental line of the Army part of which time was in General Greenes family, and in Matters of business was fortunate enough to have some small share of his confidence\u2014When he\nwent to the Southward left a General Power of Atto. with me to conduct his business here; and his last will was deposited in my hands. I must beg leave Sir to trouble you One moment longer by observing that Indisposition alone obliged me to apply for a discharge from the Army. That altho\u2019 I obtained an honorable one, yet forfeited all Claim on the Public for Commutation &c. and that the Notes which I hold against the Treasurer of this State for depreciation of Wages, are forfeited by the Laws of Our present administration.\n          As I was young in the Line of the Army, perhaps the President may not recollect me, will therefore beg leave to refer him to General Knox, Colo. Wadsworth and my Sister Mrs Greene respecting my Character. I have the Honor to be with Great respect your most Obdt and Very Humble Servant\n            Wm Littlefield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0053", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n            Gentlemen of the Senate,\n            United StatesSeptember 24th 1789\n          I nominate for the Supreme-Court of the United States\nJohn Jay of New York, Chief-Justice\nJohn Rutledge, of South Carolina,\nJames Wilson, of Pennsylvania,\nAssociateJudges\nWilliam Cushing, of Massachusetts,\nRobert H. Harrison, of Maryland,\nJohn Blair, of Virginia,\nI also nominate for District Judges, Attornies, and Marshalls, the Persons whose names are below and annexed to the Districts respectively\u2014viz.\n              David Sewell\n              William Lithgow\n              Henry Dearbourn\n              New-Hampshire\n              John Sullivan\n              [John] Saml Sherburne junior\n              John Parker\n              Massachusetts\n              John Lowell\n              Christopher Gore\n              Jonathan Jackson\n              Connecticut\n              Richard Law\n              Pierpoint Edwards\n              Philip Bradley\n              Pennsylvania\n              Francis Hopkinson\n              William Lewis\n              Clement Biddle\n              Gunning Bedford\n              George Read junior\n              Allan McLean\n              Thomas Johnson\n              Richd Potts\n              Nathaniel Ramsay\n              Edmund Pendleton\n              John Marshall\n              Edward Carrington\n              South Carolina\n              Thomas Pinckney\n              John Julius Pringle\n              Isaac Huger\n              Nathaniel Pendleton\n              Mathew McAllister\n              Robert Forsyth\n              Harry Innes\n              George Nicholas\n              Samuel McDowell\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0054", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Fishbourn, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Fishbourn, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\n          New York City Tavern\n          May it please your Excellency.Septr 25th 89\n          I take my departure for Georgia on Monday next; but previous thereto I beg leave to request the favor of your Excellency to signify to me, your approbation of my having sufficiently done away any prejudices, you may have imbibed in consequence of representations having been made against me in the Senate: this request I hope will not prove unreasonable to your Excellency: and the liberty I hope you\u2019l excuse, as I know you ever bear it in remembrence, to do that Justice to all alike, however unfortunate his present situation or dignified it may be. this is all I can now ask: that when I return to the Arms of my Family and friends, I may have it to say I have the sanction as well as the good wishes of his Excellency the President of the United States: my Mind however tortured at present it may be, will be much releived by your Excellencies answer; and I am bold to think I am not undeserving of it. I am with Sentiments of affection, Your Excellencies Most obdt and very humble servant.\n            Bn Fishbourn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0055", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hall, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Hall, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          As I understand the Judiciary Sistem is nearly concluded I take the liberty to request your attention to an application for the office of Marshall to the District Court of Georgia; any information respecting the confidence which may be reposed in me I beg leave to refer you to the Gentlemen Senators and Representatives from Georgia. I have the Honor to be sir your mo. obt and mo. Hble Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0056", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          From a great variety of characters who have made a tender of their services for Suitable Offices, I have selected the following. If Mr Jay & you will take the further trouble of running them over to see if among them there can be found one, who, under all circumstances is more eligable for the Post Office than Col. O.\u2014I shall be obliged to you both for your opinions thereon by Eleven \u2019Oclock\u2014Another Paper which is enclosed, will shew how the appointments stand to this time. And, that you may have the matter fully before you, I shall add that, it is my present intention to nominate Mr Jefferson for Secretary of State, and Mr Edmd Randolph as Attorney Genl; though their acceptance is problamatical\u2014especially the latter. Yrs Sincerely\n            Go: Washington\n                Mr Lewis Pintard\n                Mr John R. Livingston\n                Commodore Nicholson\n                Doctr Cochran\n                Captn Thos Randall\n                Mr Paul R. Randall\n                Mr Hazard Incumbt\n                Mr Henry Remsen\n                Mr Wm Temple Franklin\n                Colo. Cummings\n                Mr Thos Barclay\n                Mr Chas Pettit\n                Mr Jas Milligan\n                Mr Cyrus Griffen\n                Mr Richd Harrison\n                Mr Jonathan Dayton\n                Chancellor Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0057", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Martin, 25 September 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Martin, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Joseph Martin, 25 Sept. 178[9]. In his Memoranda on Indian Affairs, 1789, GW describes this letter as follows: \u201cJos. Martin\u2014from Long Island of Holstein Says (in his Letter dated the 25th of Septr 1789) that on the 27th of August an\nExpress had arrived to him from the Chicasaw Nation with 4 strings of White Beads from Piemingo & other Chiefs of that Nation requesting his advice & assistance in carrying on a War with the Creek Indians\u2014but having no powers to do this he had sent on their talks to the Comrs who were to treat with the Creeks the 15th of Septr. It was unanimously agreed (he says) between the Chicasaws & Choctaws that Piemingo should come in person with four others to lay their grievances before the Presidt of the U. States.\n          \u201cHe states the claim of John Brown to Lands on the Savanna opposite to Augusta\u2014this merits consideration.\n          \u201cMentions his own case, by way of exculpation against charges\u2014which he says\u2014were unjustly alledged\u2014and adds that if there should be any commands for him, they may after the 10th of Octr and until the beginning of Feby meet him in Henry County Virginia.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0059", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n            My dear Genl,\n            Rock Landing Septr 26th 1789\n          Finding an opportunity to Augusta, I could not excuse myself from giving you the progress of our negotiation since my last.\n          On monday last (that is to say the day after the arrival of Genl Lincoln & myself) a deputation from all the Creeks of the Tuccasee, the Hallowing & the Tellasee Kings, waited upon us, to congratulate us on our arrival, to express in general terms their desire for peace, to smoke the pipe of friendship as a token of it, and to brush our faces with the white wing of reconciliation in sign of their sincere intention to wipe away all past greivances\u2014We gave them friendly assurances in return; they, with the fat King, the Euchee King and two or three other great Chiefs dined with us, & seemed well satisfied\u2014in the afternoon we crossed to the Indian Camp, had an interview with McGillivray, shewed him our full powers, and asked in writing for such Evidence of theirs, as the nature of the case would admit. Much general Talk, expressive of a real desire to establish a permament peace upon equitable terms, took place.\n          The next day McGillivray dined with us, & although he got very much intoxicated, he seemed to retain his recollection & reason, beyond what I had ever seen in a person, when in the same condition. At this time I became intimate to a certain degree with him & endeavored to extract his real sentiments & feelings, in a conversation alone, confidentially. He declared he was really desirous of a peace, that the local situation of the Creeks required that they should be connected with us rather than with any other People, that, however they had certain advantages in their Treaty with Spain, in respect to a guarantee & Trade, which they ought not injustice to themselves to give up without an equivalent. Upon his desiring to know what were our intentions, especially as he knew from my character & from my having been long in habits of intimacy with Genl Washington that I would tell him what he might depend upon; I assured him upon my honour that our policy with respect to his nation was, indeed, founded upon honesty, magnanimity & mutual advantages. We descended to no particulars, farther than my assuring him of our good opinion of his abilities & desire to attach him, upon principles perfectly consistent with the good of his Nation,\nto our interest. I concluded by intimating what, in that case, we might possibly consider ourselves at liberty to do for him. Mr Griffin arrived that night.\n          Wednesday was occupied in arranging the proposed Draught of a Treaty, & drawing up a Talk to be delivered the next day. The other Commissioners desired me to go over the Oconee & communicate these draughts in confidence to McGillivray. I did, and found him dissatisfied with the proposed boundary & some other things. Genl Lincoln had in the morning been in McGillivray\u2019s camp & agreed with him that the Chiefs should receive our propos[it]ions at our Camp: but finding a jealousy prevailed with some of the Indians, lest a design might be formed to circumvent them. On my return we wrote, that if it was more convenient we would make our communications in their Camp. This proposal they acquiesced in very gratefully.\n          On thursday at 11 O\u2019clock, we were received with more etiquette, than ever I had before witnessed, at the great Ceremony of Black Drink. We made our Communications in the Square of the nation; and returned.\n          Yesterday morning McGillivray, wrote to us, that the Chiefs had been in council untill late the night before; that they objected to some part of our Talks, & principally to that which related to Boundary; that it was however His decision, that the matter should rest as it was for the present; and that a kind of Truce should be established, untill they should hear farther from us on the part of the United States. In the mean time he signified that some presents to the Chiefs would be necessary. In answer we wrote him, after recapitulating the substance of his letter, that, as the Cheifs objected to some of the articles proposed by us, we desired to receive from them in writing the only terms upon which they would enter into a Treaty with us; that as we were as well prepared to treat now as we should be at any other time, we did not believe that it was by any means probable that the United States would ever send another Commission to them & that we were not authorised to make any presents whatsoever, unless we should conclude a Treaty of Peace with them\u2014Finding from verbal information, that a capital misconception had happened to the Indian Chiefs, with regard to one of the Rivers marked in the Boundary; the other Commissioners [wanted] me to go over to the Creek Camp, explain the\nmistake to McGillivray & make the necessary alteration in the Draught. I had a very long private conversation with him, and he appeared for himself to be much better contented than he had hitherto been. The difficulties in regard to Boundaries seemed to be in a great measure overcome, and an apprehension of the ill consequences of their breaking with Spain, together with an earnest solicitude to have a free (unencumbered) Port were now apparently the great obstacles. He was very much agitated\u2014very much embarrassed; and hardly knew what to determine upon. After I left him, he expressed to an Interpreter a belief that a permanent Peace might take place before we parted. How that may be probably this day will decide. In the afternoon yesterday, McGillivray sent over John Galphin, with Galphin\u2019s father in Law, the Hallowing King, to acquaint us that all the Towns, except the Cowetas were removed about two Miles back; for the sake of pasture for their Horses. Should they go off without any farther discussions, it will be a clear indication that they prefer a connection with Spain rather than with America; and that they wish for war, rather than for Peace.\n          I have not leisure to give you a discription of the person & character of McGillivray. His countenance has nothing liberal and open in it\u2014it has however sufficient marks of understanding. In short, he appears to have the good sense of an American, the shrewdness of a Scotchman, & the cunning of an Indian. I think he is so much addicted to debauchery that he will not live four years. He dresses altogether in the Indian fashion, & is rather slovenly than otherwise. His influence is probably as great as we have understood it was. And his services may certainly be very important, if he can be sincerely attached to our Interests\u2014I hope to have hereafter the honor of reporting to you the substance of several confidential discourses which have occurred between him & me. My most affectionate regards to Mrs Washington & the family conclude me with every sentiment of devotion & consideration My dear General Your Most obliged friend & humble Servant\n            D. Humphreys\n            The Commissioners have acted perfectly harmoniously in every measure which they have hitherto taken. The Characters of\nGenl Lincoln & Mr Griffin have the greatest weight with the Geo. & the Creeks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0060", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\n            Richmond September 26th 1789.\n          The inclosed Letter from the Lieutenant of Woodford County containing the latest accounts of the Situation of the Kentucky District I do myself the Honour to forward to you, as\nthe most probable means of affording relief to the distresses of the Inhabitants of the Western Frontier. I have &c.\n            Beverley Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0064", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sullivan, 27 September 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          Durham in New Hampshire\n          much Esteemed SirSeptember 27th 1789\n          Sensible that your Excellencys exalted Station drew with it an Increase of Cares difficulties and ill judged applications I therefore amidst the dealing out of offices & making the necessary appointments have remained Silent untill your Excellencey saw the proper opportunity of reminding me that my Services were not forgotten but being informed this day by Letter from the Honble Judge Livermore that myself and Mr Pickering are both in nomination as District Judge for this State your Excellency will pardon me for putting in my Claim. I have nothing to say against the other Gentleman in nomination we are nearly of the same Standing in the Law Department I have been for a number of years attorney General, and repeatedly solicited to accept the office of chief Justice of our Superior Court & as often refused he is Now Actually appointed to that office but has not given his answer we were both zealous for Establishing the present Constitution but in the revolution he & I differed so much in Sentiment that he would not Act or appear in the American Councils for a number of years\u2014your Excellencey knows where I was and the part I was Acting at that time\u2014if all other things are\nequal in your Excellenceys mind perhaps this consideration would give the preference to my Claim which will ever be Acknowledged with gratitude by your Excellenceys most obedience & very Humble Servant\n            Jno. Sullivan\n            P.S. as to my office as President of this State I can no Longer bear the Expence of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Bicker, Jr., 28 September 1789\nFrom: Bicker, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York September 28th 1789\n          The Petition of Henry Bicker Jun. of the City of New york Most Humbly Sheweth\n          That in the Year 1775 your Petitioner being well acquainted with the Use of Arms was called upon to teach the Militia of the City of Philadelphia\u2014And for this Purpose left his Business in this City and went to Philadelphia where he instructed the Citizens in the Manual and other Exercises without Fee or Reward\u2014that some Time in latter End of 1775 your Petitioner having accomplished his Design in the City of Philadelphia, he went to the State of New Jersey, and there instructed the Militia of several Counties in the Military Art\u2014That in January 1776\nyour Petitioner had the Honor of recieving a Lieutenants Commission in the Pensylvania Line, and join\u2019d the Army under your Excellency\u2019s Command at the City of New york\u2014That your Petitioner was made a Prisoner of War in the Capture of Fort Washington and remained in Confinement until 1778\u2014That being Exchanged and promoted to the Rank of Captain in the 4th Pensylvania Regiment your Petitioner join\u2019d a Detachment under the Command of General Wayne and marchd to Virginia\u2014That after the Capture of Lord Cornwallis your Petitioner was again orderd to join the Troops under the Command of General St Clair and marched to the State of South Carolina where he remained until the End of the War\u2014Your Petitioner therefore prays that, in Consideration of his early and continued Services, his Impair\u2019d State of Health, from the Heat of the Southern Climates\u2014His reduced Circumstances and want of Means to support a young Family\u2014Your Excellency will relieve his Distresses by appointing him an Inspector of an Invalid Corps or to some other Office that in your Wisdom he may fill with Honor to himself and Service to his Country And as in Duty bound he will ever pray &c.\n            Henry Bicker Jur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0066", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Biddle, Clement\n            New York, September 28th, 1789.\n          Your much esteemed favors of the 16th & 25th instts are before me. The President\u2019s acct contained in the former is right. Mrs Washington will thank you to get for her and send on here, 15 Yards of Padusoy of the enclosed Pattern.\n          The President wishes to procure a considerable quantity of\nClover seed; I will, therefore, thank you to inform me at what price a quantity can be had with you\u2014and the shortest time in which it can be delivered with certainty. I shall make similar inquiries here, and shall finally procure it at the place where it can be had at the lowest price, and del[ivere]d in the shortest time. The time is an essential consideration with the President\u2014he suffered greatly last year by not receiving his Clover seed from this place so early as he should have had it by agreement; and he is now determined to get it in the fall at all events.\n          I congratulate you, my Dear Sir, on your appointment to the Office of Marshal for the District of Pennsylvania. You will, in due time, have official information of it. I am, Dr Sir, with great esteem, Your most Obedt Servt\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moses Michael Hays, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Hays, Moses Michael\nTo: Washington, George\n            Boston Septemr 28th 1789\n          For The Freedom I use in addressing you, I shall rely on The Friendship of General Knox to offer Such Opology, as will impress on you a favorable reception of this Letter. its Motive is to Solicit the appointment of the CoUectorship for the Port of New Port Rhode Island\u2014When That State shall embrace the Feoderal Constitution and appearance Indicate Such measure not to be farr distant; It will not be improper, I presume to Inform your Excellencey, That I am a Native of this Country, Much attacht to its interests & wellfare, a Merchant and resident for many years at Rhode Island, when I should have remained untill this Moment, had it not been possessed by British Forces. When I left it, and Since their departure From thence, The Trade has been so interupted & Much lessned That I Have not as yet, Been induced to return.\n          I shall Leave my Friends to Say How Farr I merit attention and your Countenance, and will beg Leave to assure Your Excellencey, That any Confidence, placed in me, will Be fully justified, by a Steady Pursuit of rectitude and Integrity, with Profound Respect I am Yr Excellencey\u2019s mos. obedient Hble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0070", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Langdon, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Langdon, Samuel\n            New York September 28th 1789.\n          You will readily beleive me when I assure you that the necessary attention to the business in which I have been lately engaged is the sole cause of my not having sooner acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 8th of July\u2014and made a proper return for your politness in sending me the sermon which accompanyed it. You will now, Sir, please to accept my best thank[s] for this mark of attention, as well as for the friendly expressions contained in your letter.\n          The man must be bad indeed who can look upon the events of the American Revolution without feeling the warmest gratitude towards the great Author of the Universe whose divine interposition was so frequently manifested in our behalf\u2014And it is my earnest prayer that we may so conduct ourselves as to merit a continuance of those blessings with which we have hitherto been favoured. I am Sir, with great esteem Your most obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0071", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Pendleton, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\n          I write to you, my dear Sir, on a subject which has engaged much of my reflection, and to which I am persuaded I shall obtain your ready and candid attention.\n          Regarding the due administration of Justice as the corner stone of good government, I have considered the first arrangement \nof the judicial department as essential to the happiness of our country, and to the stability of its\u2019 political system\u2014Under this impression it has been an invariable object of anxious solicitude with me to select the fittest characters to expound the laws and dispense justice.\n          Concurring in sentiment with some others of your friends that the functions of the Supreme Bench, which involve the fatigue of circuit courts, would be too much for the infirm state of your health, I believed it necessary, to avail our Country of your abilities and the influence of your example, by nominating you to the office of Judge of the District-Court of Virginia, which will not require much greater personal exertion than the duties of your present station\u2014and I trust the hope, with which I flatter myself, that I shall have the pleasure to hear of your acceptance of the appointment, is well founded\u2014indeed I cannot doubt it, when I again consider the necessity of giving a tone to the system in its\u2019 out-set, by placing the administration of the laws with the best and wisest of our Citizens.\n          As soon as the Acts, which are necessary accompaniments of these appointments can be got ready you will receive official notice of the latter. This letter is only to be considered as an early communication of my sentiments on this occasion and as a testimony of the sincere esteem & regard with which I am Dr Sir Yrs &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0073", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n          Impressed with a conviction that the due administration of justice is the firmest pillar of good government, I have considered\nthe first arrangement of the judicial department as essential to the happiness of our country and to the stability of its\u2019 political system\u2014hence the selection of the fittest characters to expound the laws, and dispense justice, has been an invariable object of my anxious concern.\n          I mean not to flatter when I say that considerations like these have ruled in the nomination of the Attorney-General of the United States &, that my private wishes wd be highly gratified by yr accepte of the Office\u2014I regarded the office as requiring those talents to conduct its\u2019 important duties, and that disposition to sacrifice to the public good, which I believe you to possess and entertain\u2014in both instances, I doubt not, the event will justify the conclusion\u2014the appointment, I hope, will be accepted, and its\u2019 functions, I am assured, will be well performed.\n          Notwithstanding the prevailing disposition to frugality, the salary of this office appears to have been fixed, at what it is, from a belief that the station would confer pre-eminence on its\u2019 Possessor, and procure for him a decided preference of Professional employment.\n          As soon as the Acts, which are necessary accompaniments of the appointment can be got ready you will receive official notice of the latter\u2014this letter is only to be considered as an early communication of my sentiments on this occasion and as a testimony of the sincere regd and esteem with which I am &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0074", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Hartley, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hartley, Thomas\n            New York September 29th 1789\n          As you are about to return to your own State, you will oblige me by informing the Gentlemen to whom you wrote some time ago\u2014or any others in whom you can place entire confidence that I will give \u00a3400 Pennsa currency (to be paid in specie) for twenty mares of the annexed description, delivered at my Seat of Mount Vernon in Virginia (which is only nine miles from Alexandria) and I will allow besides a commission of 5 \u214c cent on the said \u00a3400 as compensation for the trouble of purchasing, which two sums I mean to be in full of all expences, risk &ca in delivering of them as above.\n          Description\n          None of the above mares are to be under 15 hands high by a proper standard measure\u2014not to exceed six years old last spring\u2014and to be warranted sound. Bays or Blacks would be preferred, but no colour rejected\u2014They must not be low in flesh, or have marks of abuse about them\u2014being a little rubbed by collars will not be regarded.\n          If a contract of this sort can be made, The mares must all be taken to Mount Vernon at one time\u2014and duplicate descriptive lists of their colours, brands, and marks, minutely detailed\u2014One of which must be sent to me by the post, when the mares set off for Mount Vernon\u2014the other will accompany them to that place, in order to receive at the foot of it the receipt of my nephew Major George Augt. Washington, who lives at my house, which receipt will entitle the Purchaser, or bearer thereof with your order annexed to the aforesaid sum of \u00a3420 which shall be paid at this place at any moment it is presented.\n          As I have no doubt of getting mares answering this description for 40 or 50 dollars and am assured of this fact by Col. Thos Lowry, I am not inclined to exceed the sum of \u00a3420 for the above mentioned 20\u2014and therefore beg the favor of you as soon after your return home as you can make it convenient to let\nme know if I may depend upon that number in your parts for this price\u2014Should this commission be executed to the entire satisfaction of my Nephew, who will be charged with the examination of the mares, and will be instructed to reject any, and all, that deviate from the above description, it is not only possible, but very probable that I may take 20 more on the same terms, from the same or other persons, being more convenient than any that could be bought in Jersey. I am &ca\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0075", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Palmer, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Palmer, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Petition of Benjamin Palmer Most humbly Sheweth.\n          That your Petitioner lived on Minefords Island commonly called City Island in the State of New York in the beginning of the War between Great Britain and those States and your Petitioner with all his Family were taken Prisoners by the British\nwho used us very Ill. And then ordered us off my Plantation which I then had on said Island down to New York where I have continued with my Family ever since\u2014The case of their using me so ill was on Account of sending a Letter to General How the Commander of the British Army in Vindication of and setting forth the just Case of the people of this Country had to oppose the King\u2019s orders\u2014A copy of said Letter I wish to lay before your Excellency with the proceedings our people made to take away my Lands from me after they had got quiet possession of those States with several other copies of Letters of consequence, which your Petitioner has a great desire that your Excellency will take some suitable time to peruse them. And your Petitioner as in duty Bound will ever pray &c.\n            Benjn Palmer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0076", "content": "Title: Proclamation on the Treaty of Fort Harmar, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n          By the President Of the United States of America.\n          A Proclamation.\n          Whereas by Virtue of Powers given by the United States in Congress assembled, to Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Territory Northwest of the Ohio, and Commissioner Plenipotentiary for treating with the Indian Nations in the Northern Department, a Treaty was concluded at Fort-Harmar, on the ninth Day of January last past, by the said Arthur St. Clair, on the Part of the United States, with the Sachems, Chiefs and Warriors of the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippawa, Pattiwatima and Sac Nations.\n          And whereas I have, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, in due Form ratified the said Treaty,\u2014NOW Therefore, \nto the End that the same may be observed and performed with good Faith on the Part of the United States, I have ordered the said Treaty to be herewith published; and I do hereby enjoin and require all Officers of the United States, Civil and Military, and all other Citizens and Inhabitants thereof, faithfully to observe and fulfil the same.\n          Given under my Hand in the City of New-York, this Twenty-ninth Day of September, in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-nine, and in the Thirteenth Year of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States.\n          G. Washington.\n              By Command of the President of\n              the United States of America\n              Secretary for the Department of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0077", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Rutledge, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rutledge, John\n          In requesting your candid attention to a subject, which I deem highly interesting to our Country, I am convinced that I address myself well.\n          Regarding the due administration of Justice as the strongest cement of good government, I have considered the first organisation\nof the judicial department as essential to the happiness of our Citizens, and to the stability of our political system. Under this impression it has been an invariable object of anxious solicitude with me to select the fittest Characters to expound the laws and dispense justice.\n          This sentiment, Sir, has over-ruled, in my mind, the opinions of some of your friends, when they suggested that you might not accept an appointment to a seat on the supreme Bench of the United-States\u2014The hesitation, which those opinions produced, was but momentary, when I reflected on the confidence which your former services had established in the public mind, and when I exercised my own belief of your dispositions still further to sacrifice to the good of your country.\n          In any event I concluded that I should discharge the duty which I owe to the Public by nominating to this important office a Person whom I judged best qualified to execute its\u2019 functions\u2014and you will allow me to repeat the wish that I may have the pleasure to hear of your acceptance of the appointment\u2014My best respects are offered to Mrs Rutledge and with sentiments of very great esteem and regard I am, Dear Sir, Your Most Obedient and Affectionate Humble Servant\n            George Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0078", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n          United States\n          Gentlemen of the Senate.September 29th 1789.\n          I nominate William Carmichael as Charge des affaires from the United States of America to the Court of Spain.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0079-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n            United-States\n            Gentlemen of the Senate,September 29th 1789.\n            Agreeably to the act of Congress for adapting the establishment of the Troops in public service to the Constitution of the United States, I nominate the Persons, specified in the enclosed list, to be the commissioned Officers thereof.\n            This nomination differs from the existing arrangement only in the following cases\u2014to wit.\n            Lieutenant Erkuries Beatty promoted to a vacant captaincy in the Infantry\u2014Ensign Edward Spear promoted to a vacant Lieutenancy of Artillery\u2014Jacob Melcher, who has been serving as a Volunteer, to be an Ensign, vice Benjamin Lawrence, who was appointed nearly three years past, and has never been mustered, or joined the Troops.\n            It is to be observed that the order, in which the Captains and Subalterns are named, is not to affect their relative rank, which has been hitherto but imperfectly settled, owing to the perplexity of promotions in the State-quotas conformably to the late confederation.\n              Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0079-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Nominations for the United States Army, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n              United States September 29th 1789.\n            Officers of the Regiment of Infantry\n                Leiut. Colo. Commandant Josiah Harmar\n                And a Brigadier General by brevet, he having been appointed such by a resolve of Congress of the 31st of July 1787\n                John Plasgrave Wyllys\n                John F. Hamtramck\n                Jonathan Heart\n                David Zeigler\n                William McCurdy\n                Joseph Ashton\n                Erkuries Beatty.\n                Lieutenants\n                John Armstrong\n                Ebenezer Frothingham\n                William Kersey\n                William Peters\n                Jacob Kingsbury\n                Ebenezer Denny\n                Cornelius Ryrer Sedam\n                Nathan McDowell\n                Robert Thompson\n                Asa Hartshorn\n                Jacob Melcher\n                Richard Allison\n                John Carmichael\n                Joshua Sumner\n                Officers of the battalion Artillery\n                Major Commandant John Doughty\n                Henry Burbeck\n                William Ferguson\n                Joseph Savage\n                James Bradford\n                Lieutenants\n                William Moore\n                Di[r]ck Schuyler\n                Matthew Ernest\n                Ebenezer Smith Fowle\n                Surgeon\u2019s Mate\n                Nathaniel Heyward\n              Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0081", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n          United States,\n          Gentlemen of the Senate.September 29th 1789.\n          His Most Christian Majesty, by a letter dated the 7th of June last, addressed to the President and Members of the General Congress of the United States of North America, announces the much lamented death of his Son the Dauphin. The generous conduct of the French Monarch and Nation towards this Country renders every event that may affect his or their prosperity interesting to us, and I shall take care to assure him of the sensibility with which the United States participate in the affliction which a loss so much to be regretted must have occasioned both to him and to them.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0082", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hezekiah Welch, 29 September 1789\nFrom: Welch, Hezekiah\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Goodness of the Gentman I am Addresing my self to, and the Necessity that I am under Obliges me to make though to you Sr am an onknown Stranger but your Goodness Emboldings me to send a fue Lines to inform you, I bore a Commission in the Continental Sea Service during the whole of the war. I had with most part of the time three son\u2019s am now some what Advanced in Age with a Fameley yet to bring up should always be happay to be Employde in some thing to Support them when Peace took Place I had Due to me for wages in the Servis near a Eleven Hundred Dollers which through Necessity I was Obliged to sell for four & Eight Pence in the Pound to Support my Fameley and am now Living upon that Little at Preasent I was in Hopes when I heard General Lincoln was Chosen Corlector for the Port of Boston I should have bin so happay as to have Receive\u2019d some appointment as I was Acquainted with the General at the seige at So. Carolina but could not Obtain it, all though I Applide to the General and Suppose it was to so many Applications that it was not in his Power to do as he could have wish\u2019d, the Vice President knowes me Sr I have Applyde to him before and now make bold to wright again to him hoping I shall find some Friends, Any Recommendations which may be wanting can be furnish\u2019d by my Brother Saml Adams who is Leiut. Govenour of this Common wealth and by a Number of Other Gentlemen if Necessary, Excuse me Sr if I have done wrong or maide my Self to Bold in Persuming to Wright to you but Nesessity Obliges me to do it. and am Sr your most Obedent Servant at Command", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0084", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Betty Washington Lewis, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Betty Washington\nTo: Washington, George\n            My Dear Brother\n          I receiv\u2019d your Letter Sepbr 13th in answer to that of Colo. Balls, George, Bushrod, and Corbin is here at this time I shall indeaver to have Every thing done as you desire you mention in your Letter to me that the Negros was to be divided into five Parts and one fifth part would be mine, Bushrod informes me that I have no Right to any Part, there is with that negro that you have thurteen which divided in to fore Parts thear would be more than fore to your Share, the other things that was her property not mention\u2019d in the will, sutch as was left in the House I wish to hear from you how thear to be dis Posed of, the Docters\nbills is more than I expectted, Halls Bill is \u00a345P.\u2014Mortemores \u00a322P. the Debts I think will be upwards of one Hundred Pounds, there is several we have Heard of not brawt in as yet, Colo. Ball thinks the Crop will Pay of the Debts, if that is the Case the Money then ariseing from the Plantation utensils and st[o]ck must be divided, we shall be able to give an Exact accompt of the debts by the next Post, I am Dear Brother With Love to my Sister Washington Robert and the Children Your Affecte Sister\n            Betty Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Richardson, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Richardson, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\n          By Capt. Clarke, who arived here last evening, in 50 days from Nants in France I receiv\u2019d a number of Letters, into the Post Office, one of which was for you Sir, which I enclose, & Send by one of our Packets, which wish safe to your hands, I send it in this way that it may gett to you sooner than by Post, we have but one Post in a Week to N. york, goes from here Tuesdays, and getts to N. york on Saturday following. I am wishing you health and happiness. Your most hume Servt\n            Jacob Richardson\n            P.S. I have Just heard that Mr Osgood, is appointed, Post Master General, if you Sir, would be so kind as to request of him my continuance in this small Office, provided he has a good Report of my services in said Office from 1784 to this time, you will do me a particular favour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0086", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle, 2 October 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Biddle, Clement\n          Your favor of the 30th ultimo came to hand last evening accompanied with the Padusoy for Mrs Washington, the bill of which was enclosed.\n          The President will thank you to get from Mr Bartram a list of the plants & shrubs which he has for sale, with the price affixed to each, and also a note to each of the time proper for transplanting them, as he is desireous of having some sent to Mount Vernon this fall if it is proper.\n          It is customary for those persons who publish lists of their plants &c. to insert many which they have had, but which have been all disposed of\u2014the President will therefore wish to have a list only of what he actually has in his Gardon. I am, Dear Sir, with very great esteem Your most Obedt St\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0087", "content": "Title: Circular to the Governors of the States, 2 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Governors of the States\n            United States October 2nd 1789.\n          In pursuance of the enclosed resolution I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency a copy of the amendments proposed to be added to the Constitution of the United States. I have the honor to be, with due consideration, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient Servant.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0088", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Moriarty, 2 October 1789\nFrom: Moriarty, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          May it please your Excellency\u20142d October 1789\n          I came here from Ireland in the begining of the late war & Cheerfully Contributed to the Cause of freedom & to maintain our rights, and amply bore my share of the burthen.\n          In the year 1782. my losses in trade by Capture and other\nCasualties were great; & to Compleat my ruin \u00a332000. of the old Emmission died in my hands, which the Records of the state Treasurer will Verify\u2014Since which, I have been Strugling to Support my family\u2014and Hope has kept me from Despair, & Chear\u2019d me with the thought that under the new Government I might have Some appointment of which I was Capable that would make some amends for my losses and afford a Support\u2014I flatter myself that in the appointment officers under the Revenue Law I might have been so happy as to obtain one, I applyed to Some of the members of the Honorable house, who I had earnestly Intreated to Solicit in my behalf, but in this, was disapointed as prior Engagemts & motives of Consanguinity Superceded my Claims to their Intercessions\u2014Some friends Inform me that there Will be many other Offices to fill that my abilities & Services may Intitle me to a place in, & advise me to apply directly to your Excellency.\n          With these Encouragements I venture to address your Excellency with all due Difference to your Exalted Station\u2014Humbly to Implore your Condescention to notice me thus far as to appoint me to Some Office that may afford me a support.\n          The Honorable Robert Morris Esquire will give you my Character, & Shew your Excellency in ample manner how Strongly I have been recommended to him by Some respectable Characters in Europe, that may Claim your favourable notice. May God long prosper your Excellency a Savior to this Country in as Eminent and Illustrious a manner as you have been its Defender\u2014is the prayer of your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servant\n            John Moriarty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0090", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Duane, 3 October 1789\nFrom: Duane, James\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York 3d October 1789.\n          I want words to express, as I ought, my grateful acknowledgements for the high honor of your communication this day enclosing my Commission as district Judge.\n          Happy in seeing, thro many difficulties, the first object of my wishes accomplished by the establishment of our national government, I aspired after no personal emoluments or promotion; but was contented to contribute the little in my power to it\u2019s prosperity in the public stations I possessed, or in private life. Unexpectedly, and I fear from too partial an estimate of my abilities; ranked among those distinguished Characters on whom you are pleased to rely to give stability and dignity to our national government; I can only promise that if my success shall any wise equal the rectitude of my intentions, and the fervor of my desire to promote the happiness of our Country and the glory of your administration, my appointment will not prove a misfortune.\n          That you may long continue to preside over our Nation in glory and tranquillity, is the earnest prayer of him who has the honor to be with the utmost respect and most inviolable attachment Sir Your most obedient most obliged and most faithful Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0092", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Solomon Bush, 4 October 1789\nFrom: Bush, Solomon\nTo: Washington, George\n          No. 7 Boulton Street Piccadilly\n          May it Please your ExcellencyLondon 4th Octr 1789\n          I took the liberty to address you some time since, sincerely congratulating your Excellency on your late dignified appointment, which be assured proceeded from the effusions of a Heart fervently thankfull to the great Author of all good for the blessings he has been pleas\u2019d to shower down on my Country\u2014The many respectable Patriots in this Country must give the greatest pleasure to every Man of Virtue, among whom I beg leave to mention Atkinson Bush Esqr. of this City to whose humanity many of my suffering Countrymen were much indebted for numerous Comforts they receivd during rigorous confinement in the inhospitable Prisons of this Kingdom at Mr Bushs request I beg leave to transmit the proceedings and interposition of the City of London during our late Glorious Struggle of which he begs your Excellency\u2019s acceptance\u2014as well as a Letter from his son Mr Michael Bush a Gentleman of respectability and one of the Livery of London. With every mark of sincere Respect, I have the honour to subscribe Your Excellency\u2019s most Faithfull Obdt Hble Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0093", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Dawson, 5 October 1789\nFrom: Dawson, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            May it Please your Excellency\n          You will please to remember that I was manager for Colo. George Mercer on his Estate in Frederick County when the Sam\u27e8e\u27e9 was Sold off by your Excellency, and your Excellency may also remember that Mr Jas Mercer was very often Complaing and Scolding, while at Sd Sale, and that one morning I informed your Excellency before Mr Mercer, what a hard year I had had of it, on account of the Overseers knowing they ware agoing off and the Negroes knowing they ware to be Sold, your Excellency acknowledged, you Exspected it had been the Case with me, but Blam\u2019d me for one thing, that was for not haveing the Crop of Tobo all Cleared out & finish\u2019d I acknowledged I ware in that perticular blameable, had there been any Tobo of Consequence unfinished; but Told your Excellency that their was Some ground leaves, which I thought would not pay a person for troble in Steming &c. and that on finishing the Sale that was an overpless of Corn left and Some wheat to finish, the Whole Care then Divolved on me for the Business of Every place, while Mr Mercer was then up, we appointed the first thursday in January following to Settle our accounts, So I pursued the Business of Delivering Corn &c. Mr Snickers I Suppose (as it had been his Practice before as I can Shew by a letter under Mr Mercers hand) wrote to Mr Mercer informing him of bad Conduct in many things of me, on which Mr Mercer wrote me a letter Baring Date 17th Decr 1774. Sent it to Said Snickers, and by him to me, informing me of what he had from your Excellency by Letter, and others, and that your Excellency had named\nCapt. Edward Snickers as a fit person for the Supervising and finishing Said Crop of wheat &c. the Said Snickers on Receiving Such Instructions, or authurity, came to the place where I lived Nailed up my Corn house Door and forwarnd me from opening the Same or Concearning with any thing farther I began to remonstrate with him and Shew the hardship I was Under, he Told me if I offered to Concearn or open my Cornhouse Door, that Mr Mercer had ordered him to have a general Court Writ Served on me, this So alarmed me, that I Truly ware in Such A strait, I new not what to do, Considering your Excellency who Mr Mercer wrote had informed him of bad Conduct of me which your Excellency had heard from Severals while at the Sale from which I Conceived your Excellency were against me, Mr Mercer himself then a general Court Lawer and Mr Snickers at that time in great Cr. with Lord Dunmore &c. &c. I thought myself, under the disagreable Nesessety, of giving up my Land &c. I had purchased to my Securitys (as I did not wish to involve those my friends) and remove to a place, to Seek for Bread and get Redress\u2019d. And fully intended to have Brought Suit against Mr Mercer for his Treatment. However the war began with Great Brittan which Prevented, and by a paper Inclosed your Excellency will find I Step\u2019d fauth to defend my Countrys Rights &c.\n          after the Paper money was funded I wrote to Mr Mercer informing him of my intention of going to the Southern Country and wished to Settle up all my accounts with him and that I would Leave any Dispute to Gentlemen of Carrecter to decide, he Sent me word to come and See him I went. and he asked me what accounts I wanted to Settle at that time of Day, I told him all my Transactions while Manager for his Brother, he Said he would have nothing to do with me, I Emediately Braught Suit against him in the County Court, and he remooved the Same by writ of Accessory, to the General Court, in which affidavit he took to remoove Sd Suit, if I remember Right Said that your Excellency advised to bring Suit against me for Damages A copy of Said affidavit is inclosed for your Excellencys Perusel as I this very Material I hope your Excellency will Excuse me for Trobleing your Excellency with it, the Said Suit was Sent to the district Court Since which his Honour Mr Mercer hath Refere\u2019d the Same Mr Mercer\u2019s Plea against my Claim is that of non\nasumsit & Act of Limitations, Should Mr Mercer pursue this Plea and make it good he will Leave me in great Distress. I am with all Due rispects your Excellencyes Most Obedient Hble Servt\n            William Dawson\u2019s Questions to Ask his Excellency George Washingto[n] Esquire in writing whos ansr is to be received by the referres, and alow\u2019d as Testimony\u2014warr not, the Middle, the Lower, and the three New Plantations, under good fencing, and Good Crops of wheat Sowed, at Each of Sd plantations.\n            Did not my Self and Famely, Treat your Excellency and his Honour Mr Mercer with due respects while at the Sale.\n            Did your Excellency write to Mr Mercer informing of him that Severals had informed your Excellency of my Selling Stock &c. and that your Excellency Disired Mr Mercer to do his Brother Justice, at our Settlement and Sue me for Damages.\n            Did any Person Inform your Excellency besides Mr Snickers of any Bad Conduct of mine.\n            How much Tobo Did Said Snickers render to your Excellency as finished by him after he turn\u2019d me off\n            Did Not the Black people belonging to the Estate of Colo. Mercer all Look well from the greatest to the Least young and old according to their ages.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0095", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John O\u2019Connor, 5 October 1789\nFrom: O\u2019Connor, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            George Town Potowmack Oct. 5th 1789\n          You should not be interrupted by this address if I thought that any Citizen of America had a heart more sincerely attached to your person than the unhappy and obscure Individual who presumes to submit to your perusal his reflections on an important question.\n          Tho you are not probably a Stranger to my afflictions in this land and the weight of Calumny to which I have been compelled to submit, yet you may be unacquainted with that reverence and awe, I glory to entertain for thy Character and thy measures\u2014These are the impressions which have given me confidence to accompany the enclosed pamphlet with a few lines.\n          If moral writers of every age and clime have not been deceived in estimating the turpitude of sin by the malignity of the intention, I will under the favour of divine providence soon convince the World that some of my fellow travellers have injured Innocence\u2014It was, and is my determined intention to publish the History of America\u2014My Circumstances are improving and all my resources point to that Event, previous to whose accomplishment, I can enjoy no peace nor relish any satisfaction except what I may receive in contemplating the prosperity of my Country under thy auspicious Administration. I have the honor to be Sir with respect your most obliged and most Devoted Hume Sert\n            John O\u2019Connor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0096", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Osgood, 5 October 1789\nFrom: Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n            General Post Office New York October 5th 1789\n          I do myself the honor to inclose a Copy of an Advertisement which I propose to have published tomorrow, relative to Contracts for the conveyance of the Mail for one year to commence on the first Day of January next, at which time the present Contracts expire.\n          It is not materially different from the Advertisement \u27e8illegible\u27e9 By the \u27e8illegible\u27e9 for the \u27e8transportation illegible\u27e9 the Post Office, the Post Master General is as he ought to be, made subject to the direction of the President of the United States in performing the duties of his Office and in forming Contracts for the transportation of the Mail.\n          I shall be extreemly happy to know your pleasure, and will at all times use my utmost indeavours to execute the same with fidelity.\n          I have appointed for my Assistant Jonathan Burrall, one of the late Commissioners for settling Public Accounts\u2014His past services, as well as his Abilities entitle him in my opinion to a better place and I hope in the new arrangement this Office will be made better.\n          I propose to send him immediately to the southward in order that he may, on the spot examine into the Character of the Deputies, and to reappoint such as have behaved well and \u27e8can\u27e9 give good security to discharge faithfully the Trust resposed in them\u2014To displace such as have not, and to appoint others in their places.\n          I have appointed a Deputy Post Master Sebastion Bea\u27e8illegible\u27e9 Bauman for the City of New-York, and Robert Patton for Philadelphia.\n          I hope these appointments will meet with your approbation. From Mr Patton who has been several years in the Post Office at\nPhiladelphia I have acquired nearly all the information I now possess relative to the Post Office business. His conduct in that Office has rendered him universally agreeable to the Citizens of Philadelphia\u2014as will apear from the recommendations in my possession. I have The Honor to be &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0097", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur St. Clair, 6 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: St. Clair, Arthur\n          Congress having by their Act of the 29th of September last empowered me to call forth the Militia of the States respectively, for the protection of the frontiers from the incursions of the hostile Indians, I have thought proper to make this communication to you, together with the instructions herein contained.\n          It is highly necessary that I should as soon as possible possess full information whether the Wabash and Illinois Indians are most inclined for war or peace\u2014If for the former it is proper that I should be informed of the means which will most probably induce them to peace\u2014If a peace can be established with the said indians on reasonable terms, the interests of the United States dictate that it should be effected as soon as possible.\n          You will therefore inform the said indians of the dispositions of the general government on this subject, and of their reasonable desire that there should be a cessation of hostilities as a prelude to a treaty\u2014If however notwithstanding your intimations to them, they should continue their hostilities, or meditate any incursions against the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania, or against any of the troops or posts of the United States, and it should appear to you the time of execution would be so near as to forbid your transmitting the information to me, and receiving my further orders thereon, then you are hereby authorised and empowered in my name to call on the Lieutenants of the nearest Counties of Virginia and Pennsylvania for such\ndetachments of Militia as you may judge proper, not exceeding however one thousand from Virginia and five hundred from Pennsylvania.\n          I have directed Letters to be written to the Executives of Virginia and Pennsylvania, informing them of the before recited Act of Congress, and that I have given you these conditional directions, so that there may not be any obstructions to such measures as shall be necessary to be taken by you for calling forth the militia agreeably to the instructions herein contained.\n          The said militia to act in conjunction with the federal troops in such operations, offensive or defensive, as you and the Commanding officer of the troops conjointly shall judge necessary for the public service, and the protection of the inhabitants and the posts.\n          The said Militia while in actual service to be on the Continental establishment of pay and rations\u2014they are to arm and equip themselves, but to be furnished with public ammunition if necessary\u2014and no charge for the pay of said Militia will be valid unless supported by regular musters, made by a field or other Officer of the federal troops to be appointed by the commanding Officer of the troops.\n          I would have it observed forcibly that a War with the Wabash Indians ought to be avoided by all means consistently with the security of the frontier inhabitants, the security of the troops and the national dignity\u2014In the exercise of the present indiscriminate hostilities, it is extremely difficult if not impossible to say that a war without further measures would be just on the part of the United States.\n          But if after manifesting clearly to the indians the dispositions of the general government for the preservation of peace, and the extension of a just protection to the said indians, they should continue their incursions, the United States will be constran\u2019d to punish them with severity.\n          You will also proceed as soon as you can with safety to execute the orders of the late Congress, respecting the inhabitants at St Vincennes and at the Kaskaskies, and the other Villages on the Mississippi\u2014It is a circumstance of some importance that the said inhabitants should as soon as possible possess the lands to which they are entitled by some known and fixed principles.\n          I have directed a number of copies of the treaty made by you\nat Fort Harmar with the Wyandots &c: on the 9th of January last to be printed, and forwarded to you, together with the ratification, and my Proclamation enjoining the observance thereof.\n          As it may be of high importance to obtain a precise and accurate knowledge of the several Waters which empty into the Ohio on the North West\u2014and of those which discharge themselves into the lakes Erie and Michigan; the length of the portages between, and the nature of the ground, an early and pointed attention thereto is earnestly recommended. Given under my hand in the City of New-York, this 6th day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and eighty nine, and in the thirteenth year of the sovereignty and Independence of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0098", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre Marmie, 7 October 1789\nFrom: Marmie, Pierre\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia October 7th 1789\n          Early in the year 1784, the company I was connected with, and in whose behalf I have now the honor of adressing you, made purchase from Messrs Penn, late proprietaries of Pennsilvania, of that part of their mannor of Pittsburgh, which includes Fort Pitt, and the Whole of its appurtenances. our view was to Erect a distillery, and to make use of Such of the buildings, particularly the brick barracks built by the British, as with Some Small alterations, had been judged convenient for the purpose; In consequence whereof, we had the necessary materials transported from this city, early in the fall of the Same year, to forward our undertaking.\n          By a law of the Commonwealth of Pennsilvania enacted in february 1780, in consequence of a recommendation of congress, all landed property, which the necessities of the war, had induced the officers of congress, to make use of, was directed to be Surrendered by them, to the owners of Such land, as Soon as peace Should take place; but in defiance of said law, under various pretences and in opposition to our repeated remonstrances on this Subject, the possession of the abovementioned property, is at this late day, witheld from us, though perhaps, it will be found of little or no use to the troops of the united States.\n          As a post of defense, your Excellency who knows the ground, can best determine, whether it is any ways tenable against an Ennemy in force: as a place of communication and of deposit for military Stores, it may perhaps be of Some Service; but I beg leave to observe, that we did never refuse to lett the continent, have the use of Such parts of the fort & Buildings, as might be convenient for the public Service, even upon a very triffling consideration: the right of the Soil is what we contend for, and\nto be masters of the disposal of the ground for Such purposes as may be most conducive to our advantage.\n          The injury we have Sustained by this detention, is far beyond Description, but I Shall not trouble your Excellency with this consideration, as we Shall fully enter upon this Subject, before the persons, who will have to pronounce on the damages incurred, and the indemnity we deem ourselves entitled to: I Shall only entreat your Excellency to make Some enquiries on the Subject, and to give Such instructions to the Secretary at war, as being conducive to the public Wellfare, may not be injurious to us as individuals. I am with respect Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0100", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Dandridge, 8 October 1789\nFrom: Dandridge, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Williamsburg Octr 8th 89\n          I take this moment to inform you that I have just recorded a Deed of the Land in Gloucester, to you, agreeable to the price offered in your Letter on that subject; to wit \u00a3800.\n          You will be so good as to present my affectionate duty to my Aunt, & inform her that her Friends here are well. I am, Sir, with respectful regard, Yr Obt Sert\n            J. Dandridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0103", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Wakelin Welch & Son, 8 October 1789\nFrom: Wakelin Welch & Son\nTo: Washington, George\n            London 8th October 1789\n          We had the honr of receiving your Excellencys favour of the 16th Augst the two inclos\u2019d Letters therein we forwarded & whenever Messrs Fenwick & Co. draws for the Wine their order shall be punctualy paid.\n          One Adams here is Suppos\u2019d to be the first optician we have, he purposes to make the Terrestial Globe upon the New & approv\u2019d method, it may take up two Months to Compleat & that will be as early as a Conveyance may offer, for after this Vessell none is expected to Sail before February.\n          The Bag Sent by the Packet is as yet not Sent up, they come no further than Falmouth, & whether the Capt: is permitted to forward it, without an order from the Post Office we shall make an Enquiry after. We beg leave to Subscribe Ourselves Your Excellys Much Oblig\u2019d & Hume Servts\n            Wake. Welch & son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0104", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 October 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Office October 9th 1789.\n          I have the honor to submit to your inspection a general return of the Ordnance, Arms, and Military Stores in possession of the United States specifying the places at which they are deposited.\n          The stores in general were placed in their present situation by the chances or events of the late War\u2014Springfield in Massachusetts and Carlisle in Pennsylvania excepted\u2014At these places buildings were directed by Congress to be erected for the reception of the public Stores\u2014The buildings at Springfield are of wood and of course will soon decay, excepting the Magazine which is of brick well constructed and executed\u2014The buildings at Carlisle are numerous and well constructed being all built of brick and stone\u2014There are but few stores there at present, most of the unserviceable stores having been sold by order of Congress\u2014The buildings were also directed to be sold to the trustees of Dickenson Colledge, but they and the Board of Treasury could not agree respecting the price\u2014Some of the buildings having been damaged by a late hurricane are ordered to be repaired, and I have directed that such of them as are not immediately wanted for the public use be rented to the trustees of the said Colledge to be returned whenever demanded for the public use\u2014From the inland situation of Carlisle it is very equivocal whether it would be wise in the public to make it one of their principal Arsenals\u2014The expence of transportation and retransportation would in a very few years amount to an excessive sum.\n          The stores contained in the return are highly valuable and\nrequire a constant attention in order to preserve them, particularly the Arms and Powder.\n          The powder at Springfield and West Point, in which is included the greatest quantity in possession of the public is in good order, great attention having been paid to its preservation.\n          The Arms at Springfield and those at West Point which have been repaired are in order for immediate use\u2014The arms in Philadelphia require to be cleaned.\n          The damaged Arms at West Point and in Virginia are generally worthy of repairs.\n          The stores at the several places are in charge of store keepers, or a Commissary or deputy Commissary of stores, who are allowed annually the sums herein specified.\n              Providence\n              A store keeper\n              Springfield\n              A Deputy Commissary\n              An Assistant\n              Fort Harkimer and the Mohawk river\n              A Store keeper\n              A deputy Commissary\n              Philadelphia\n              One Commissary\n              One Assistant\n              French Creek a keeper of the\n              Carlisle A store keeper\n              New London & Manchester\n              A deputy Commissary\n              Charleston South Carolina\n              A Store keeper\n          The public are annually charged with the following sums for the rents of buildings, and the post of West Point\u2014To wit\n              Philadelphia\n              Manchester & New London\n              For the Post of West Point\n          The places at which the stores generally are deposited ought to be considered merely as temporary accomodations. They are improper for the permanent Arsenals of the United States\u2014But as this is an object of great national importance it will require a particular discussion\u2014I shall therefore have the honor Sir of submitting to your consideration some ideas on this subject, and a general plan for the establishment of naval and military Arsenals for the service of the United States. I have the honor to be With the most perfect respect Sir Your Obedient Humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0106", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Law, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Law, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\n          New London [Conn.] Oct. 10th 1789. Acknowledges commission as district judge for Connecticut. \u201cA good Judiciary, am sensible, is of the utmost importance, and essential to the well being of every free Government\u2014how far the present Judicial System will answer the Valuable End designed, is perhaps somewhat problematical, and must depend on experiment\u2014much wisdom care & attention has ben, doubtless, employed in the formation & construction of so complicated a Machine, in order to make it answer all the federal purposes and yet not to clash or interfere with the State Judiciaries, however as the modes of proceeding are left in some measure undefined, and the Objects are Sarious & complex\u2014much skill, prudence & delicacy will be requisite to preserve harmony & Consistancy in the Execution.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0109", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Otho Holland Williams, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Williams, Otho Holland\nTo: Washington, George\n            Baltimore 10th October 1789.\n          The appointment of Coll Harrison to the Office of Judge in the supreme Court; and that of Mr Hanson to the Office of Chancellor, in this State; have created vacancies in the Commission of our general Court which, it is expected, will be filled by some of our most antient law Characters, to whom that situation will be most agreeable.\n          The resignation of Mr Thomas Johnson, which is here spoken of as a matter of certainty, induces me to mention these circumstances: and to embrace the opportunity of introducing to your Notice, Mr Robert Smith, of this town, as a Gentleman eminently Qualified to succeed Mr Johnson in the Office of district Judge. The facility with which recommendations are to be procured by any body, and from, almost, every body, renders that mode of judging of merit little worthy of your confidence; But, Sir, if the most Flattering sentiments in Mr Smiths favor, expressed by the most learned, and respectable, Men in Maryland will justify the liberty I now take, there will be no difficulty in obtaining that Testimony. In the mean time I beg leave to inform you that Mr Robert Smith is the Son of Mr John Smith, Senator in this State: and Brother to Colonel Samuel Smith, who has the honor to be known to you. Mr Smith studied Law five years in the Office of Mr Robert Goldsborough, the elder, with the professed design of qualifing himself as a Councellor and has been, since, six Years in very successful practise in the most considerable Courts of Law and Equity in this state. He is much esteemed as a gentlemen; and, as a Citizen very much respected; particularly by the friends of the present government, in the support of which his exertions have been sensibly felt by its adversaries.\n          The great object of an established System being secured, Mr Smith, and his brother Coll Smith have been principally instrumental in composing the Political differences, in this town; in consequence of which the late Election here was determined\nwithout a contest. These matters, Sir, are mentioned not only to give Some testimony of his abilities, but to evince the Estimation of his Character in the opinion of the public.\n          As this is a private letter I beg Your permission to add a line on another Subject.\n          Mrs Carroll prevented my intended visit to Mount Clare, by doing me the honor to call at my House in town. We recapitulated all circumstances respecting the fruit trees: and agreed that it is most eligible, at Present, to send only the small ones. I expect to Ship half a dozen, for Mount Vernon, tomorrow. I am, Dear Sir, Your Most Obedient and Most humble Servant\n            O.H. Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0112", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Betty Washington Lewis, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Betty Washington\n            My Dear Sister,\n          Your letter of the first of this month came duly to hand.\u2014I believe Bushrod is right with respect to the distribution of the negroes\u2014When I gave my opinion that you were entitled to a\nchild\u2019s part it did not occur to me that my Mother held them under the will of my Father who had made a distribution of them after her death.\u2014If this is the case, and I believe it is, you do not come in for any part of them.\n          I thought I had desired in my former letter that all personal property not specifically disposed of by the will had better be sold. This is my opinion as it is from the Crops and personal Estate that the Debts must be paid.\u2014The surplus, be it more or less, is divided among her children; and this I presume had better be done in money than in Stock, old furniture or any other troublesome articles which might be inconvenient to remove, but in one or the other of these ways they must be disposed of, as they are not given by the Will.\u2014If there is anything coming to the estate it ought to be collected.\u2014In a word, all the property except Lands and negroes is considered as personal, and after the Debts are discharged is to be equally divided into five parts one of which five you are entitled to.\n          A sort of epidemical cold has seized every \u27e8illegible\u27e9 under it\u2014hitherto I have escaped and propose in two or three days to set out for Boston by way of relaxation from business and reestablishment of my health after the long and tedeous complaint with which I have been afflicted, and from which it is not more than ten days I have been recovered, that is since the incision which was made by the Doctors for this imposthume on my thigh has been cured.\n          Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you and our other relations in Fredericksburg. And I am My dear Sister Your most affectionate Brother\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0113", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William McWhir, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McWhir, William\n            New York, October 12th 1789.\n          I have received your letter of the 18 ult., and am glad to learn from it that my Nephews apply with diligence to arithmetic and english composition\u2014these are two branches in which I have always thought them deficient\u2014and have ever been pressingly desirous that they should be made well acquainted with them.\n          George may be instructed in the french language, but Laurence had better apply himself, for the present, to his arithmetic, writing and composition.\n          As you have failed in your endeavors to obtain a mathematical Instructor, it is not probable that any success would attend an advertisement in a paper here\u2014however, I will have one inserted.\n          I can give no particular opinion respecting the Boy whom you represent to be an uncommon Genius\u2014but I would willingly give any reasonable encouragement towards the cultivation of\ntalents which bid fair to be useful. I am Sir, your most obedient Servant\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0114", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Mandrillon, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mandrillon, Joseph\n            New York, October 12th 1789.\n          At this late hour I do myself the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 25. of October 1788\u2014and thank you for the book, which you were so polite as to send to me entitled \u201cLiterary and Political fragments collected in a journey to Berlin.\u201d I am Sir, Your most obedient servant\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0115", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Mason, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mason, John\n            New York, October 12th 1789.\n          I have received your letter of the 14th of August together with its enclosures, for which, as well as for the polite offer of your services, I beg you to accept my best thanks.\n          On the 16th and 25th of August I wrote to the House of Fenwick, Mason and Co. requesting them to furnish me with a quantity of the best claret, which letters, I presume have got to hand. I am Sir, your most obedient Servant\n            G. Washington.\n            P.S. I enclose to you the first of a set of exchange on Messrs Jauge et du Preis which I will thank you to receive for me when it becomes due.\n            It was given for money advanced to a Frenchman who was in distress\u2014to pay his passage to France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0116", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Newton, Jr., 12 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newton, Thomas Jr.\n          A variety of avocations has prevented my giving an earlier acknowledgment to your letter of the 17th of July. I will now thank you, Sir, to furnish me with an Acct of the quantity & cost of the materials which have been placed on Cape Henry by the Commissioners appointed by the Assembly of Virginia, for the purpose of building a Light-house\u2014as you have been so obliging as to offer to do it.\n          I am sorry that you have not yet recd any of my outstanding debts, but am not without hope that you will be able to collect at least some part of them shortly. this case is hard, and I believe singular. I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Sert\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Blair, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Blair, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Williamsburg, Octr 13th 1789.\n          The honourable commission which you have been pleased to offer me in the service of the United States came to hand the tenth instt accompanied by your very polite letter, & the laws which have passed relative to the office.\n          When I considered the great importance, as well as the arduous nature of the duties, I could not but entertain some fears, that I might find them well adapted neither to my domestic habits, my bodily constitution, nor my mental capacity; in every other respect, the office promises me a very desirable situation, for which I know not how sufficiently to declare my gratitude.\n          I have determined to make an experiment, whether I may be able to perform the requisite services, with some degree of satisfaction, in respect both to the Public and my self; and I request permission to assure you, Sir, that if any extrinsic circumstance were necessary to induce my acceptance of the appointment, I could find none so powerful as a wish of the man, who possesses the love & veneration of every American, the respect & admiration of all the world. I have the honour to be, with more deference & esteem than I know how to express, Worthy Sir, Your most obedient & affectionate servant,\n            John Blair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0120", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            United States October 13th 1789\n          The sum of two thousand five Dollars is necessary to be advanced to take up notes which were given for money advanced for the household of the President of the United States previous to the organization of the Treasury Department.\n          This sum added to two thousand Dollars which you have already advanced for the purpose of taking up Notes, will compleat the payment of all Monies advanced for the use of the President of the United States previous to your coming into Office\u2014One thousand Dollars will likewise be wanting for the President and a Dft on Boston for five hundred\u2014In my absence Mr Robt Lewis will draw from you such money as may be wanting for the use of the House-hold during the journey of the President. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Sir Yr most Obt Servant\n            Tobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0121", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n          Seventeen Miles east of Camden [S.C.]\n          My dear GenlOctr 13th 1789.\n          Having been led to believe that this route was the shortest & best, we left Augusta this day week; and having now an opportunity by Charles Town, I write (in conformity to the intimation\nyou was pleased to give) for the purpose of keeping you advised of our progress.\n          From the Savannah at Augusta to the Congaree at Friday\u2019s ferry, a distance of about 80 or 90 Miles, is a continuation of Sandy Roads and Pine Woods. Houses are scarce & accomodations miserable. The Congaree, formed by the junction of the Saluda & Broad River just above Friday\u2019s ferry, is navigable for Boats with 60 Hogsheads to the latter. Two miles from which is the new Town of Columbia, now the Capital of the State, in which they are erecting the largest State House on the Continent, for the General Assembly to occupy next Spring. At Camden Elliot Lee is said to have lost at play Magnolio & a dozen more excellent Horses. Magnolio is now at Santee about 20 Miles below Camden; & might be purchased for two hundred Pounds.\n          In our Journey we broke, at different times, the Pole & Axtle Tree of the Carriage, which we got repaired at Friday\u2019s ferry.\n          On the 10th we made a Journey of forty miles from the Congaree to the Wateree. At the Head of the Boat Navigation, on the latter, Camden is situated. The two Rivers Congaree & Wateree form the Santee by their conflux, about 20 Miles below Camden. At this place we passed Sunday, visited the grave of De Kalb & obtained some informations relative to the interesting military transactions which happened in & near it. Camden does not contain quite so many Houses as Augusta, but they are larger and better built. The Inhabitants have an elegant Assembly Room, and are entertained with Concerts or Plays every week. We drank Tea at the House of a Colo. Kershaw, who was the very first Settler of Camden; & who is also the founder of three other considerable Towns. He had been extremely useful to Genl Lincoln in the War.\n          Yesterday we came from Camden to this place by 12 O\u2019Clock. After refreshing our Horses, we set out to make another Stage. In passing from the House on a side-hill, one of the hind Wheels crushed to the ground under us, and every spoke in it was broken. At some places, where we found nothing but pines for 20 miles & not a House in that space, the Catastrophe would have been truly distressing. Here we were fortunate in finding accidentally a House-Joiner from Camden. We collected Tools\nenough in four or five Miles to begin a new wheel; and I hope the disaster will not retard us more than 24 hours. Although we have very unfavorable accounts of the heaviness of the roads through which we are to pass; I expect we shall reach the borders of North Carolina by a great exertion, tomorrow night.\n          We have not yet heard any thing from New York Since we left it. The only News Paper which has fallen into our hands was from Charles Town, & contained accounts of violent tumults in France. Curiosity is strongly excited, but I do not imagine we shall learn the farther particulars before our arrival in Virginia\u2014Adieu, my dear General, and be pleased to believe me Your sincerest friend & most devoted Servt\n            D. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0122", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Jay, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York 13th October 1789.\n          Mr Jay has the honor of informing the President of the United States, that yesterday afternoon he received a letter from Sir John Temple in the following words, vizt\n          \u201cNew York 12th of October 1789, Sir. I beg leave to submit in the most respectful manner, the enclosed memorial to the consideration of the Government of the United States. The memorialist informs me he hath in his possession all necessary and proper vouchers and documents to establish fully the facts set fourth in his said memorial. I am with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant. John Temple.\u201d\n          The memorial mentioned in this letter is herewith enclosed, No. 1.\n          That considering the informality of the measure, he thought it best to give Sir John an opportunity of reconsidering it, especially too as the propriety of any application to Government on the subject was at least doubtful, he therefore wrote this morning to Sir John as follows.\n          \u201cNew York 13th October 1789. Mr Jay presents his compliments to Sir John Temple and returns herewith enclosed the memorial which accompanied the letter Sir John did him the honor to write yesterday.\n          Mr Jay takes the liberty of advising Sir John to consult some able and discreet Councellor as to the measures proper to be taken on the occasion; unless the intention of his letter is merely to convey intelligence of the facts stated in the memorial, in which case Mr Jay on its being returned will immediately lay it before the President.\u201d\n          That he has just received from Sir John Temple a letter herewith enclosed, No. 2.\n          As Sir John requests nothing of Government it does not appear to Mr Jay necessary that the President should at present do any thing on the subject.\n          Mr Jay would have waited on the President with these papers, but he really finds himself too much indisposed to go out, having just returned from a ride with a severe head ache.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0123", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          In the selection of characters to fill the important offices of Government in the United States I was naturally led to contemplate the talents and disposition which I knew you to possess and entertain for the Service of your Country. And without being able to consult your inclination, or to derive any knowledge of your intentions from your letters either to myself or to any other of your friends, I was determined, as well by motives of private regard as a conviction of public propriety, to nominate you for the Department of State, which under its present organization, involves many of the most interesting objects of the Executive Authority. But grateful as your acceptance of this Commission would be to me, I am at the sametime desirous to accomodate to your wishes, and I have therefore forborne to nominate your Successor at the Court of Versailles until I should be informed of your determination.\n          Being on the eve of a journey through the Eastern States, with a view to observe the situation of the Country, and in a hope of perfectly re-establishing my health, which a series of indisposition has much impaired, I have deemed it proper to make this communication of your appointment in order that you might lose no time should it be your [wish] to visit Virginia during the recess of Congress, which will probably be the most convenient season, both as it may respect your private concerns and the public service.\n          Unwilling as I am to interfere in the direction of your choice of Assistants, I shall only take the liberty of observing to you that, from warm recommendations which I have received in behalf of Roger Alden Esqr., Assistant Secretary to the late Congress, I have placed all the Papers thereunto belonging under his care. Th\u27e8ose\u27e9 Papers which more properly appertain to the Office of Foreign-Affairs are under the Superintendance\nof Mr Jay, who has been so obliging as to continue his good-offices; and they are in the immediate charge of Mr Remson. With sentiments of very great esteem & regard\u2014I have the honor to be Sir\u2014Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington\n            I take this occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 4th and 5th Decr of the last\u2014and 10th of May of the present year and to thank you for the communications therein. G.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0124", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Armand, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de\n          I have been honored with the receipt of your letters of the 5th October 1788  and 18th June last\u2014the former I only received a few days ago by Major de Berdt.\n          In answer to your observations respecting the monies due to your Officers from the United States, I can only express my regret that the political circumstances of the country have not heretofore capacitated a more punctual compliance with its engagements\u2014But as there is a prospect that the finances of America will improve with the progression of its government, I can not but entertain a belief that the cause of the complaint will be removed and Confidence restored to our public Creditors\u2014The measures to effect this desireable purpose must be proportioned to the means we possess: and altho\u2019 they may be slow, yet I trust they will be certain in their operation\u2014I shall add to your satisfaction by informing you that the political affairs of the\nUnited States are in so pleasing a train as to promise respectability to our Government and happiness to our Citizens.\n          The opposition offerd to the reform of our federal Constitution has in a great measure subsided and there is every reason to predict political harmony and individual happiness to the States and Citizens of confederated America.\n          The Revolution announced by the intelligence from France, must be interesting to the Nations of the World in general, and is certainly of the greatest importance to the Country in which it has happened\u2014I am persuaded I express the sentiments of my fellow Citizens, when I offer an earnest prayer that it may terminate in the permanent honor and happiness of your government and people.\n          I am much obliged by the flattering and affectionate sentiments expressed in your letters\u2014and I request you to believe that I am with great regard Dear sir your most obedient Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0125", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n            New York, October 13th 1789.\n          In my first moments of leisure I acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 23 of February, 3 of March and 29 of April.\n          To thank you for the interesting communications contained in those letters, and for the pains you have taken to procure me a watch, is all, or nearly all I shall attempt in this letter\u2014for I could only repeat things, were I to set about it, which I have reason to believe have been regularly communicated to you in detail, at the periods which gave birth to them.\n          It may not however be unpleasing to you to hear in one word that the national government is organized, and as far as my information goes, to the satisfaction of all parties\u2014That opposition to it is either no more, or hides its head.\n          That it is hoped and expected it will take strong root, and that\nthe non acceding States will very soon become members of the union\u2014No doubt is entertained of North Carolina, nor would there be of Rhode Island had not the majority of that People bid adieu, long since to every principle of honor\u2014common sense, and honesty. A material change however has taken place, it is said, at the late election of representatives, and confident assurances are given from that circumstance of better dispositions in their Legislature at its next session, now about to be held.\n          The revolution which has been effected in France is of so wonderful a nature that the mind can hardly realise the fact\u2014If it ends as our last accounts to the first of August predict that nation will be the most powerful and happy in Europe; but I fear though it has gone triumphantly through the first paroxysm, it is not the last it has to encounter before matters are finally settled.\n          In a word the revolution is of too great magnitude to be effected in so short a space, and with the loss of so little blood\u2014The mortification of the King, the intrigues of the Queen, and the discontents of the Princes, and the Noblesse will foment divisions, if possible, in the national assembly, and avail themselves of every faux pas in the formation of the constitution if they do not give a more open, active opposition.\n          To these the licentiousness of the People on one hand and sanguinary punishments on the other will alarm the best disposed friends to the measure, and contribute not a little to the overthrow of their object\u2014Great temperance, firmness, and foresight are necessary in the movements of that Body. To forbear running from one extreme to another is no easy matter, and should this be the case, rocks and shelves not visible at present may wreck the vessel.\n          This letter is an evidence, though of a trifling sort, that in the commencement of any work one rarely sees the progress or end of it. I declared to you in the beginning that I had little to say. I have got beyond the second page, and find I have a good deal to add; but that no time or paper may be wasted in a useless preface I will come to the point.\n          Will you then, my good Sir, permit me to ask the favor of you to provide and send to me by the first Ship, bound to this place, or Philadelphia mirrors for a table, with neat and fashionable but not expensive ornaments for them\u2014such as will do credit to\nyour taste\u2014The mirrors will of course be in pieces that they may be adapted to the company, (the size of it I mean) the aggregate length of them may be ten feet\u2014the breadth two feet\u2014The panes may be plated ware, or any thing else more fashionable but not more expensive. If I am defective recur to what you have seen on Mr Robert Morris\u2019s table for my ideas generally. Whether these things can be had on better terms and in a better style in Paris than in London I will not undertake to decide. I recollect however to have had plated ware from both places, and those from the latter came cheapest\u2014but a single instance is no evidence of a general fact.\n          Of plated ware may be made I conceive handsome and useful Coolers for wine at and after dinner. Those I am in need of viz. eight double ones (for madeira and claret the wines usually drank at dinner) each of the apertures to be sufficient to contain a pint decanter, with an allowance in the depth of it for ice at bottom so as to raise the neck of the decanter above the cooler\u2014between the apertures a handle is to be placed by which these double coolers may with convenience be removed from one part of the table to another. For the wine after dinner four quadruple coolers will be necessary each aperture of which to be of the size of a quart decanter or quart bottle for four sorts of wine\u2014These decanters or bottles to have ice at bottom, and to be elevated thereby as above\u2014a central handle here also will be wanting\u2014Should my description be defective your imagination is fertile and on this I shall rely. One idea however I must impress you with and that is in whole or part to avoid extravagance. For extravagance would not comport with my own inclination, nor with the example which ought to be set\u2014The reason why I prefer an aperture for every decanter or bottle to coolers that would contain two and four is that whether full or empty the bottles will always stand upright and never be at variance with each other.\n          The letter enclosed with your draught accompanying it will provide the means for payment\u2014The clumsy manner in which Merchants (or rather their Tradesmen) execute commissions, where taste is required, for persons at a distance must be my apology, and the best that can be offered by Dear Sir Your most obedient and affecte humble Servant\n            G. Washington.\n            Mrs Washington presents her compliments to you.\n            P.S. I was in the very act of sealing this letter when yours of the 31st of July from Dieppe was put into my hands\u2014accept my sincere thanks for the important communications contained [in] it, and for the tables which accompanied. I shall add no more now, except that in the morning I commence a tour, though rather late in the season, through the States eastward of this. Adieu, yours\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0126", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n            New York 13th October 1789\n          My letter to you, herewith inclosed, will give you the Credence necessary to enable you to do the Business which it commits \nto your management, and which I am persuaded you will readily undertake.\n          Your inquiries will commence by observing, that as the present Constitution of Government and the Courts established in pursuance of it remove the objections heretofore made to putting the United States in possession of their frontier posts, it is natural to expect from the assurances of his Majesty and the national good faith, that no unnecessary delays will take place. Proceed then to press a speedy performance of the treaty, respecting that object.\n          Remind them of the article by which it was agreed that negroes belonging to our Citizens should not be carried away; and of the reasonableness of making compensation for them. Learn with precision, if possible, what they mean to do on this head.\n          The commerce between the two Countries you well understand\u2014you are apprized of the sentiments and feelings of the United States on the present State of it; and you doubtless have heard that in the late Session of Congress, a very respectable number of both Houses were inclined to a discrimination of duties unfavorable to Britain; and that it would have taken place but for concilitary considerations, and the probability that the late change in our Government and circumstances would lead to more satisfactory arrangements.\n          Request to be informed therefore, whether they contemplate a treaty of commerce with the United States, and on what principles or terms in general. In treating this subject, let is be strongly impressed on your mind, that the privileges of carrying our productions in our vessels to their Islands, and bringing in return the productions of those Islands to our own ports and markets, is regarded here as of the highest importance, and you will be careful not to countenance any idea of our dispensing with it in a treaty. Ascertain if possible their views on this point; for it would not be expedient to commence negociations without previously having good reasons to expect a satisfactory termination of them.\n          It may also be well for you to take a proper occasion of remarking, that their omitting to send a Minister here, when the United States sent one to London, did not make an agreeable impression on this Country; and request to know what would be their future conduct on similar occasions.\n          It is in my opinion very important that we avoid errors in our system of policy respecting Great Britain, and this can only be done by forming a right judgment of their disposition and views. Hence you will perceive how interesting it is that you obtain the information in question, and that the business be so managed, as that it may receive every advantage which abilities address and delicacy can promise and afford. I am Sir your most obedt humble servant\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0127", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Rochambeau, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\n            Dear General,\n            New York, October 13th 1789\n          I have been honored with the receipt of your letters of the 31st of January and 17th of February last\u2014and I should have had the pleasure to address you sooner, but a tedious indisposition, and very numerous avocations, since my recovery, have so entirely engaged my time as to leave me but very little, or no leisure for the agreeable duties of friendship.\n          I embrace the obliging offer of His Excellency the Count de Moustier (who favors my letter with his care) to renew an intercourse which will ever give me pleasure\u2014and to enhance your satisfaction by telling you that the political affairs of the United States are in so pleasing a train as to promise respectability to their government, and happiness to our citizens\u2014The opposition offered to the reform of our federal constitution has in a great measure subsided, and there is every reason to predict political harmony and individual happiness to the States and citizens of confederated America.\n          The Revolution, announced by the intelligence from France, must be interesting to the nations of the world in general, and is certainly of the greatest importance to the country in which it has happened\u2014I am persuaded I express the sentiments of my fellow-citizens, when I offer an earnest prayer that it may terminate in the permanent honor and happiness of your government and people. with sentiments of respectful affection and esteem I am, Dear General, Your most obedient Servant\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0128", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beauregard and Bourgeois, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Beauregard and Bourgeois\nTo: Washington, George\n            [New Orleans, 14 October 1789]\n          We the underwritten Subjects of his Catholick Majesty residing in New Orleans on the River Missisipi, most respectfully beg leave to address ourselves to your Excellency on a subject in which we find ourselves aggreved and that we are in Duty bound to communicate to you, who are the Father and great Protector of your Country, whose Honor we are persuaded you will not suffer, even in the smallest degree to be tarnished with Impunity.\n          Oliver Pollock acted as Agent for Congress and the State of Virginia in this Town during the early part of the late Revolution which has terminated so happily for the Rights of Mankind and to your immortal Glory. In the Year 1780 he had occasion for Money to support the Demands of the Army of Virginia then acting in the Western parts of that State; and to raise the necessary supply for that purpose, he offered us for Sale Bills of Exchange on France, at this Time we knew Pollocks circumstances to be very low, we always knew his Abilities as a Man of understanding to be mean, and that he being Ambitious, and grasping it was not improbable that he had rather assumed the Character of Agent than that he actually enjoyed it by any Appointment or Authority from Congress or the State of Virginia for indeed we conceived his Capacity inadequate to any office beyond that of a Pensylvania Constable. We therefore refused to purchase his Bills untill he convinced us that he was a regularly appointed Agent. This he delayed not to do, & by producing to us a Letter bearing date the 6th of November 1779 from Govr Jefferson of Virginia and the Board of Trade of that State authorizing & empowering him to draw Bills on the House\nof Penet, Dacosta Freres & Co. of Nantz for 65.814 Dollars & five Ryals; This Letter at once removed our Doubts as to Pollock\u2019s appointment, and as to his right of drawing Bills of Exchange as above related, and considering the afore said Letter as a Caution and Ample Guarantee to us for the due Payments of the Bills or in the alternate case of their being returned unpaid, that we should be reimbursed with all Damages which we might sustain in consequence, conformable to the usage of Merchants and the Laws of Bills of Exchange we unfortunately bought his Bills & paid him instantly in Gold & Silver for them.\n          These Bills we sent to our respective Correspendents in France to do the needfull for us. we waited 18 Months in painful suspence for their Fate; at length we received advice that they were not and would not be accepted this information to us was alarming and it was rendered still more dreadfull to us by the news we had from the North that Lord Cornwallis had in the full carreer of success entered the State of Virginia from the South, Burnt all the Tobacco, and Ware Houses of that Country and from all and every appearance of things the War at that time did not promise a favourable termination for America, at this Period Pollock had neither Fortune, Character, or Credit, His insignificance, Poverty, and the general dislike of the good People of this Country towards him readily procured him a Passport to quit this Country leaving us hopeless, of ever touching a farthing of the Money he received of us for the aforesaid Bills, but the War took a favourable turn in 1782 and Great Sir under the Protection of Heaven as you evidently have been during the great revolution of America, you conquered your Enemy you conquered the most Puissant Power of Europe, and in the Year 1783 restored Peace to your grateful Country; Our hopes then revived, that Virginia ever famed for good faith would reimburse us the Money we advanced her Servant Pollock, in the moment of her Want.\n          In 1784 we were informed that Mr Pollock had settled all his Publick Accompts with the State of Virginia in which he included our Demands with an allowed Damage of 18 \u214c Cent and an Interest of 6 \u214c Cent \u214c annum. Yet untill the Year 1787 we heard no more on this Subject, When Daniel Clark, Pollock\u2019s Agent here and they say is concerned with him, did inform us that he had orders from Mr Pollock to take up our Protested\nBills and to allow us 12\u00bd \u214c Cent damages & 5 \u214c Cent \u214c annum Interest and this in the Paper money of this Country of which 162\u00bd Dollars were only equal to 100 Silver Dollars, we consented to take any Payment he made us having still confidence in the Honor and Justice of Virginia, that on a Representation from us she would reimburse us the difference between what he Pollock paid us and what he Pollock has charged the State with.\n          As Mr Pollock has settled his account with the State of Virginia in solid Mexican Dollars so we humbly conceive he ought to have settled with us in the same solid money and not in Paper Currency at 62\u00bd \u214c Cent Loss. If Mr Pollock charges Virginia 18 \u214c Ct Damages & 6 \u214c ct \u214c annum Interest on our protested Bills we humbly conceive he as an honest Man, should allow us the same.\n          We are the fair Creditors and Claimants of the State of Virginia, we ask no more of her than what is honestly our due; She nobly settles with Pollock, and Pollock basely attempts to defraud us, as we believe he has defrauded her, We paid Pollock for his Bills in Gold and Silver, How does he reimburse us at the end of 9 Years? in paper Currency depreciated 62\u00bd p. % under par. To God, the Honor of Virginia, and the Justice of the President of Congress, we submit our Claim with Humility trusting that the unconscionable and avaricious Pollock shall be compelled to pay us, a Sum equal to that which Virginia on the same account and for the same Purpose allows to him.\n          We humbly take leave to enclose a State of our Accounts from a comparative view of them it may be seen at a Cast of the Eye how much Mr Pollock would wish to rob us of; Individuals may rob States with Impunity but they are seldom allowed to rob each other without being exposed.\n          We now conclude this Representation with an humble Request that your Excellency will cause Justice to \u27e8be\u27e9 done between us and Mr Pollock; praying the Omnipotent to take you into his holy Keeping & that you may be as successful in governing the United States of America as you have been in the Command of her Armies.\n            Luis Toutant\n            Beauregard\n            Le Bourgeois", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0129", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n          This is the first time I have written to you, my dear Marquis, since I have been in this place\u2014and I have not received a line\nfrom you in the same space of time. This has been a long interval of silence between two persons whose habits of correspondence have been so uninterruptedly kept up as ours; but the new and arduous scenes in which we have both been lately engaged will afford a mutual excuse.\n          I wrote to you very fully in my last letters from Mount Vernon; and since that time the gazettes, which I know you receive, have given a pretty ample detail of our public proceedings\u2014I therefore take the advantage of the politeness of the Comte de Moustier, (who is about returning to France) more with a view of assuring you that you are still remembered by me with affection\u2014than with an intent to convey any political intelligence\u2014I will only observe, generally, that the prospect is favourable to the political happiness of this country.\n          The revolution, which has taken place with you, is of such magnitude and of so momentous a nature that we hardly yet dare to form a conjecture about it. We however trust, and fervently pray that its consequences may prove happy to a nation, in whose fate we have so much cause to be interested and that its influence may be felt with pleasure by future generations.\n          Mrs Washington joins me in best wishes to you and your amiable Partner. I am, my dear Marquis, with very great affection, Yours\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Mercer, 15 October 1789\nFrom: Mercer, James\nTo: Washington, George\n            Virginia\u2014Fredericksbg Oct: 15th 1789\n          I hope the necessity of the Case, will be a sufficient appollogy for my intruding myself on your Excellency, who must be too much engaged in the business belonging to yr important & very high office, to attend to business of a private Nature\u2014I have however purposely delayed this application untill the recess of Congress, hoping that your Excellency may by that event, have the leisure to favour my request.\n          The Records accompanying this, will shew your Excellency,\nthat this request is justifyable as far as the Consent of the parties interested requires\u2014and I doubt not, if Leisure permits I shall be favoured with your Excellency\u2019s answer previous to the 2d Day of December.\n          It is however necessary for your Excellency\u2019s understanding the points to which your answer is thought to be material to inform you, that I am sued as an attorney of my late Brother Colo. George Mercer by Wm Dawson\u2014for three years Stewardship & the Shares of Crops made on my Brothers plantations in Frederick County for three years\u2014previous to the Sale thereof in the year 1774 and for turning him off without Notice at the Sale, greatly to his Loss.\n          The truth is, this Man was the most Stupid & ignorant Man ever entrusted with even the Care of Six Negroes\u2014I never saw him from the time of first employing him but for an hour or so\u2014never had or cou\u2019d get any account from him the whole time\u2014& was allways paying orders to Sherifs\u2014blk Smiths Carpenters Wagoners &ca and the little that was made except the Wheat delivered at your Mill, he applyed to his own use, he sold the Stock at his pleasure, and went so far as to pillage the Lands of pine Timber, tho a very precious Article to the Estate\u2014In one word his Conduct compelled my Brother to sell his Estate, which is now totally gone and now he demands of me out of my own Estate a Debt which if just cou\u2019d have paid out of my Brother\u2019s Estate, had he given Notice thereof while there was any Estate left\u2014But on the contrary tho\u2019 he promised me in your Excellency\u2019s presence at the Sale to come & settle with me so soon as the sale shou\u2019d be over, I never saw, nor heard of or from him, from the conclusion of the Sale untill the day I was arrested at his Suit about two years ago, after an interval of thirteen years; by which all persons privy to his bad Conduct, are now either dead, or removed to Kentucky\u2014I trust however that your Excellency may at this day recollect enough to do me justice before Gentlemen\u2014this Suit being now referred to such & got out of the Hands of Overseers, the common Jurors in Virginia.\n          I have, also to shorten your Excellency\u2019s trouble as much as I cou\u2019d drafted a form of what I expect your recollection will enable you to say on this Subject which may be the easier varyed shou\u2019d my expectations exceed your recollection\u2014tho\u2019 I think it probable that you may remember the wretched situation of\nthe plantations under his care at the time of the Sale\u2014his stupidity, & allmost idiotism at the Sale, so that he did not even know the Negroes or any thing else & was of no more use than a perfect Stranger[.] It is yet more likely that you may recollect the Trick he meant to put upon us, by directing us a round about Route to Mr Booths where we went to dine on a Sunday\u2014purposely to avoid our seeing the Pine Timber cut on the Right Road which he sold to one Brady who had a saw mill\u2014this I well remember accusing him off before you to convince you that I knew nothing of his flagitiousness, and I hope you recollect this & in particular, that he begged me not to say any thing to him then\u2014and that he promised to come down & settle with me so soon as I shou\u2019d be returned from the Sale.\n          I have now only to add, that Dawson declines writing your Excellency as was agreed upon, he having nothing to communicate; I am therefore compelled to make my application singly\u2014And beseeching your excuse for this trouble I beg leave to assure your Excellency that I am with the highest Respect & with constant prayers for your Happiness\u2014Yr Excellency\u2019s most respectfull\u2014most obedient & very humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0132", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Paine, 16 October 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I need not tell you how much I rejoice at the prosperous accounts from America, or how happy I feel that you have relinquished the temptations of quiet retirement for the busy scenes of Public Good. Had the opportunity of your coming once more forward not have offered itself you might have injoyed retirement with serenity; but retirement would have lost\nits felicity, had it been haunted, as would have been the case, with the impression of having declined, for the sake of ease, a station in which you could be so publicly useful. I am certain you will feel the happier for this sacrifice, because to be perfectly so the mind must justify itself in every thing.\n          Mr Mappa the Gentleman who will present you this is an exiled Hollander, and, as I am informed, very capital in his line which is that of a letter-founder\u2014I have given him a letter to Dr Franklin, the proper Patron of his Art, and as it is a branch in which improvement is wanted in America, I hope his coming will benifit both the Country and himself.\n          Mr Jefferson who, I expect, will arrive as soon as this letter, will inform you of my proceedings here\u2014I am constructing a Bridge of one Arch in Partnership with the Walkers of Rotherham Yorkshire\u2014The Arch is 110 feet Span and five feet high from the Cord line\u2014We began it in July and I expect it in London about the Middle of Novr\u2014In the mean time I am going over to France\u2014A Share in two revolutions is living to some purpose\u2014I shall be exceedingly happy to see a line from you, which if addressed to the Care of Benjn Vaughn Esqr.\u2014Jeffries Square London will find me any where. With every Wish for your happiness and Mrs Washington\u2019s\u2014I am\u2014my Dear Sir your most affectiona. obedient Humble Servant\n            Thomas PainePlease to remember me among the Circle of my friends.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0134", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Connecticut Legislature, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Connecticut Legislature\n            Gentlemen,\n            New-Haven October 17th 1789.\n          Could any acknowledgement, which language might convey, do justice to the feelings excited by your partial approbation of my past services, and your affectionate wishes for my future happiness, I would endeavor to thank you: But, to minds disposed as yours are, it will suffice to observe that your address meets a most grateful reception, and is reciprocated, in all its\u2019 wishes, with an unfeigned sincerity.\n          If the prosperity of our common country has in any degree been promoted by my military exertions, the toils which attended them have been amply rewarded by the approving voice of my fellow-citizens\u2014I was but the humble Agent of favoring Heaven, whose benign interference was so often manifested in our behalf, and to whom the praise of victory alone is due.\n          In launching again on the ocean of events I have obeyed a summons, to which I can never be insensible\u2014when my country demands the sacrifice, personal ease will always be a secondary consideration.\n          I cannot forego this opportunity to felicitate the Legislature of Connecticut on the pleasing prospect which an abundant harvest presents to its\u2019 citizens\u2014May industry like theirs ever receive its\u2019 reward, and may the smile of Heaven crown all endeavors which are prompted by virtue\u2014among which it is justice to estimate your assurance of supporting our equal government.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0135", "content": "Title: To George Washington from H. Duplessis, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Duplessis, H.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Honored Sir\n            New Haven [Conn.] 17th October 1789.\n          Altho it is the Highest of Presumption in Such unworthy object as me to dare to approach your excellency; yet that universal benevolence and Hospitality, which is the Characteristick of your Excellency has made me take the Liberty of troubling your excellency with my present distressed Situation. I have had the Honour of being during Sept. [7] years Professor of the french Language in the College of Maryland which bear your Illustrious name, where I discharged faithfully my Duty as will appear to your Excellency by the Letter, which I have taken the Liberty to inclose, from Dr Wm Smith to Dr Griffith. I was also honoured by General Smallwood with a letter for your excellency, which was handed to you, Honored Sir, by Dr Craig of Alexandria, being prevented by Sickness to wait personnally on your excellency. having fail\u2019d in my expectation of being employed at Alexandria, I went to frederiskburg, where I Spent last winter, having gain\u2019d the esteem and Approbation of the Gentlemen of that Town, as the numerous Testimonies which I have by me Testifys, and have for the Satisfaction of your excellency, \ntaken the Liberty of inclosing a Letter from Gen: Weedon to me written few days before I left that place\u2014Since that Time, please your excellency, I have been the Sport of Adverse fortune, in So much that I have been obliged to dispose of my cloaths for Substenance, & that I am at this moment in custody for the Sum of three pounds lawful money, without any means Whatever of being released, and to continue my Journey to Boston, where I have friends that would better my situation\u2014thus have I Taken the Liberty to intrude on your excellency with a Short detail of my distresses, in full Hopes that your excellency will not think me absolutely unworthy of its Notice, and will charitably take my distressed Situation into your consideration, and will gladden my Heart by being relieved from confinement, and able to pursue my Journey\u2014Accept, Honoured Sir, the wishes and Sincere Prayers which I Shall continue to offer to God for the perservation of your excellency\u2019s Life. I have the Honour to be with all possible Respect Your excellency most humble & most obliged Servant\n            H. Duplessis\n            P.S. the Bearer is the officer who has me in custody.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0136", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Burgess Ball and Charles Carter, 18 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ball, Burgess,Carter, Charles\n          Having set out on a tour through the Eastern States, it was at this place your letter of the 8th Instt overtook me.\n          Not having my fathers Will to recur to when I wrote to my Sister, nor any recollection of the Devises in it, I supposed she was entitled to a Childs part of the Negros; but if they were otherwise disposed of by that Will (as I believe is the case) she is certainly excluded; and the Sons only, and their representatives, come in. In this manner the division must be made.\n          Every thing of personal property, not specifically disposed of by my Mothers Will had better be sold: with the proceeds of which, and the Crops, the Debts must be paid. The surplus if any, must be divided among the heirs.\n          Being well convinced that the Gentlemen who were so obliging \nas to examin and set a value upon my Lots acted from their best judgment, I am perfectly satisfied with their decision; and beg my thanks may be presented to them for the trouble they have had in this business. If they are not already sold, I am willing to allow three instead of two years credit for the payment of the purchase money\u2014Interest being paid. In a word, as I do not want to tenant them, I should be glad to sell them on any reasonable terms, as that kind of property, at a distance, is always troublesome and rarely productive.\n          I did not mean to give Mr Mercer the trouble of stating any formal opinion\u2014all I had in view was to know if the formalities of the Law with respect to Inventorying, appraising, &ca could be dispensed with. If it could, I was sure no other difficulty would arise, as I knew my Mothers dealings were small\u2014and the business consequently easily closed.\n          I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the loss the Country has sustained from the Frost\u2014The Crops of Corn in this State (Connecticut) along the road I have travelled, are abundantly great. I offer my best thanks to you for your kind services\u2014and my best wishes to my Nieces and your families\u2014and with sincere esteem and regard I am Your most Obedt and Affecte Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0137", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 18 October 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n          In obedience to your commands to write to you on all occasions I have the honor to inform you that Mr Kean arrived here yesterday from South Carolina. He brings a report which he received through such a channel as induces him to credit it, That a Mr Clark arrived at Savannah on the 2d of this month from the Rock Landing on the Oconee, and informed that the treaty had abruptly broken up without the Commissioners having been able to effect any thing owing to the excessive demands of McGillivray\u2014That the day the indians went off the Commissioners \nsent Genl Pickens and Colonel Few after McGillivray with an invitation to return, which he refused with circumstances of insult\u2014And that the conduct of McGillivray and the indians is imputed to the intrigues of the Spania\u27e8rds\u27e9. If this report should be well founded we may soon expect to hear by the way of Savannah from the Commissioners. Any thing that may be received shall be immediately transmitted to you.\n          The Count de Moustiers and the Marchioness de Brehan sailed this day. The Marchioness was exceedingly affected on her embark.\n          The English packet for September arrived on the 16th\u2014Letters from England state the National Assembly of France to be divided into parties.\n          I had the pleasure of seeing Mrs Washington at Church to day in perfect health. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect Sir Your Obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0139", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Coleman, 19 October 1789\nFrom: Coleman, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n          Richmond, 19 Oct. 1789. \u201cIf the United States should want an Officer, in any of the departments of Government in this State, who ought, in the execution of his office, to possess abilities, integrity and Application in an uncommon degree; give me leave to recommend to your Notice Colonel Thomas Meriwether, a Gentleman who hath long served this Commonwealth with honour to himself and great benefit to his Country.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0140", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York October 20th 1789.\n          Agreeably to your desire, I sit down to commit a few lines to the Post.\n          Nothing worth particular mention has occurred since your Departure; except a report brought by Mr Keane from So. Carolina, that McGilivray the Indian Chief had, after a short conference, left our Commissioners, declaring that what they had suggested was only a repe[ti]tion of the old Storey and inadmissible, or something to this effect. It is added that the lower Creeks appear\u2019d notwithstanding, willing to go into a Treaty, but the upper ones declin\u2019d it\u2014Genl Knox who has particularly conversed with Mr Keane, will doubtless give you a more accurate statement of what he brings\u2014It seems however that he has his intelligence at second or third hand. With the utmost respect I have the honor to be Sir Your Obt and humble Servant\n            P.S. I have just seen a letter from a private gentleman of considerable intelligence now in N: Carolina, who gives an ill picture of the prospect there, respecting the adoption of the Constitution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0142", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Reynolds, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Reynolds, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Virginia York 20th October 1789\n          The vicissitudes of fortune all Men are subject to, and perhaps few have experienc\u2019d the truth of the observation more severely than myself. A small inheritance from my Father, somewhat accumulated from five years close and successfull application to business previous to the War, had encouraged me to look forward with satisfaction. but a series, I may say of almost uninterrupted ill success in trade during the War, in addition to receiving most of my specie debts in paper, hath reduced my funds so low, as to prevent my attempting to retreive those losses by pursuing the same line of business, finding myself at present\nposses\u2019d of little else except a large family depending on my efforts for their support. under those circumstances I was induced to request our Representative Colo. Griffin to offer my name as a Candidate for yr favour to some appointmt under the Federal Govermt. I rely on your goodness, in construeing this in the light I mean it which is truly to convey to you, the reasons which prevaild on me to ask employment of my Country, and to assure you it did not proceed from a desire of adding to a fortune already easy but purely to aid me in the support of an unfortunate family. I am with the greatest respect, & esteem sir Yr mo. Obedt Servt\n            Wm Reynolds", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0143", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Smith, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Carlisle [Pa.] 20th October 1789\n          I had the honour of receiving your Letter of the 23d Ulto with its inclosures, by Mr Scott while I was attending Bedford Court last week, whereupon I sent up by the same Gentleman Directions to the Prothonotary of Fayette County to Issue a writ against John Stephenson without loss of Time, & gave pointed directions to the Sheriff to serve it immediately\u2014I thought this necessary, because Mr Stephenson has sold his Land & is going to Kentucke as soon as possible\u2014indeed he would have gone down before this Tim[e] had he not been detained by some Judgments which I had obtained against him as Executor of Col. Crawford. Mr Whaley, whom perhaps you remember, gave me this information the week before last at Westmoreland Court, &\nexpressed his fears that you would lose your Debt, or that the widow of the other obligor (who is already nearly ruined by being obliged to purchase Valentine Crawford\u2019s Land a second Time) would be obliged to pay it; whereupon I requested Mr Whaley to write to you on the subject, which he accordingly did in the Letter which I herewith inclose\u2014I think it proper still to send it, because although what he read to me related to this subject only, it may contain something else.\n          Being on my way down from the western Courts when I was honoured with your Letter, it will be some time before I return to them, & therefore I sent your Letter to Mr Cannon by Mr Scott, by whom I also wrote to Mr Cannon on the subject of it, in pointed Terms, if you should much longer have cause of complaint, I shall entertain a different opinion of Mr Cannon from what I have hitherto had: I informed him that should he find it difficult to transmit money to you, he can send it to Carlisle, almost every week from Pittsburg, & I will with much pleasure send it forward without loss of Time; I have the honour to be with the utmost respect Sir your most obedient & very humble Servant\n            Thomas Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 21 October 1789\nFrom: Hancock, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Boston October 21st 1789\n          Having received information that you intended to Honor this State with a visit, and wishing personally to shew you every mark of attention which the most sincere friendship can induce. I beg the favor of your making my house the place of your residence while you shall remain in Boston. I could wish that the accommodations were better suited to a Gentleman of your respectability but you may be assured that nothing on my part shall be wanting to render them as agreeable as possible.\n          As Governor of the Commonwealth I feel it to be my duty to receive your visit with such tokens of respect as may answer the expectations of my Constituents & may in some measure express the high Sentiments of respect they feel towards you. I have therefore issued orders for proper escorts to attend you, & Colo. Hall, Deputy Adjutant General will wait upon you at Worcester, & will inform you of the disposition I have made of the Troops at Cambridge under the command of General Brooks & request that you would be so obliging as to pass that way to the town where you will receive such other tokens of respect from the People as will serve further to evince how gratefully they recollect your exertions for their Liberties & their confidence in you as President of the United States of America. The Gentlemen of the Council will receive you at Cambridge & attend you to town.\n          I should be obliged to you on the return of this express to let me know when you propose to be in Boston & as near as you can the time of the day. I have the Honor to be, with every Sentiment of Esteem & Respect, Sir, Your most obedt & very hble Servant\n            John Hancock", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0145", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 22 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hancock, John\n            Brookfield [Mass.] October 22nd 1789.\n          A few miles west of this village I met the Express, who delivered me Your Excellency\u2019s letter of yesterday. I have been so fortunate as to proceed thus far without any accident to delay my journey\u2014should nothing occur to prevent me, I shall be at Weston to-morrow night\u2014and I purpose taking dinner so early at Watertown on Saturday, as to reach Cambridge by half past 2 o\u2019clock. Thence I presume we shall arrive within an hour at Boston. I am highly sensible of the honor intended me: But could my wish prevail I should desire to visit your Metropolis without any parade, or extraordinary ceremony.\n          From a wish to avoid giving trouble to private families, I determined, on leaving New York, to decline the honor of any invitation to quarters which I might receive while on my journey\u2014and with a view to observe this rule, I had requested a Gentleman to engage lodgings for me during my stay at Boston.\n          I beg your Excellency to be presuaded of the grateful sense which I entertain of the honor you intended to confer on me\u2014and, I desire to assure you of the respectful regard with which I am Your obliged and obedient Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Pinckney, 22 October 1789\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Charleston 22d Octr 1789\n          I embrace the earliest opportunity of conveying to you my most grateful acknowledgements for the appointment of Judge in the f\u0153deral Court of this District; and at the same time of expressing the extreme regret with which I am constrained to decline this flattering testimony of your approbation.\n          I am well aware, Sir, that with You no considerations arising from personal inconvenience will, or ought, to justify a Citizen in withholding his Services from his Country; but, Sir, when you are informed that I have a numerous family & that my affairs are so situated as to require my own immediate & unremitted exertions, I trust I shall be exculpated from the censure of a criminal neglect of duty to my Country, and of an undue sense of the honor conferd by the appointment, in declining a favor, the remembrance of which I shall ever cherish with the most grateful sensations. With every sentiment of respectful affection I remain Sir Your much obliged and most obedient Servant\n            Thomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0148", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 23 October 1789\nFrom: Hancock, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Boston 23d October 1789\n          Your Letter by the return Express I had the honour to receive at three OClock this morning: it would have given me pleasure had a residence at my house met with your approbation.\n          I observe you had proposed taking an early dinner at Watertown, and proceed to Cambridge, and from thence to Boston on Saturday afternoon; I beg leave, if it should not interfere with your determination, or prove inconvenient, to request that you would so far vary your former intention, as to arrive in Boston by one OClock; in case this request should meet your approbation I beg the favour that you with the Gentlemen of your suit would honor me with your company at Dinner on Saturday, en famille, at any hour that the circumstances of the day will admit.\n          I shall esteem it an honor if you will favour me with a few Lines by the return express with your determination on the subject. I have the honor to be with every sentiment of Esteem and Respect Sir Your very humble Servant\n            John Hancock", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0149", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 23 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hancock, John\n            Weston [Mass.] October 23d 1789\n          I have this moment received your Excellen[c]y\u2019s polite letter of today\u2014and have the honor to inform you that in consequence of suggestions made by the Gentlemen from Boston and the Depy Adjut. Genl (whom I met at Worcester this morning) that it would make it more convenient for the troops, many of which lived at a distance from the place of parade, if I should pass through Cambridge at an earlier hour than I intended, I thought it best to alter the time of my arrival at that place, which I had the pleasure to mention to your Excellency in my letter of yesterday\u2014and the alteration which I had made I immediately communicated to you by a letter which the Gentlemen from Boston were so kind as to take charge of\u2014but lest any accident should prevent that letter from getting to your hands, I would here mention that it is my determination to be at Cambridge tomorrow at 10\u2019 o\u2019clock, and from thence proceed to Boston as soon as circumstances will permit\u2014where it is probable I may arrive by 12 o\u2019clock, and will do myself the honor to accept your Excellency\u2019s polite invitation of taking an informal dinner with you. I have the honor to be, Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0150", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Orina, 23 October 1789\nFrom: Orina\nTo: Washington, George\n            Concord [Mass.] October 23, 1789.\n          The disposition which the British and other nations have Shown to acknowledge our independence, with the perfect liberty we enjoy, plainly indicate that Sovereign providence has bestowed upon us mental abilities Superior to what are in the possession of any foreigners.\n          I am an original professor of human law, Social relation and civil policy; and with my most intimate Correspondent have found the principles of this inestimable Science altogether free from any kind of embarrassment both in theory and practice.\n          By Divine favour, I will the fore-part of next week call at your lodging, and know whether you are disposed for a few minutes conversation with me: and as your feelings Shall then be they will doubtless be gratified. My Friend, Your most affectionate neighbour,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0151", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Cabot, 24 October 1789\nFrom: Cabot, George\nTo: Washington, George\n            Beverly [Mass.] October 24th 1789\n          The public papers having announced \u201cthat the President of the United States is on his way to Portsmouth in New Hampshire,\u201d it immediately occurred to me that your rout wou\u2019d be thro\u2019 this village, & that you might find it convenient to stop here & take a little rest: shou\u2019d this prove to be the case, permit me Sir to hope for your acceptance of such accomodations & refreshment as can be furnished in my humble dwelling, where 2 or 3 beds will be at your disposal.\n          I am fully aware that by indulging this hope I expose myself to the imputation of vanity as well as ambition, & therefore shou\u2019d hardly dare to have my conduct tried by the cool maxims of the head alone, but wou\u2019d rather refer it to the dictates of my heart, where I gratify a sensibility which, in the most affecting concerns of life, I believe to be a sure guide to what is right. I have the honor to be Sir with sentiments of the most profound respect your devoted & most obedient Servant\n            George Cabot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0152", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Fielder, 24 October 1789\nFrom: Fielder, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          T. Fielder presents most sincear Respects to his Excellency The President, of the united States of America[.]\n          Has an uncommunicated Idea on Machinary which he hopes might be of utility to the Country.\n          If when F. calls on Monday Morng at Eight his Excellency will condescend to appoint when he will honor him with a short interview, it will be esteem\u2019d a very particular favor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Massachusetts Legislature, 24 October 1789\nFrom: Massachusetts Legislature\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Boston] Saturday October 24th 1789\n          The Governor & Council present their respectful compliments to the President of the United States & request the Honor of his company with his suite to Dine on Tuesday next at the Coffee house in State Street at 3 o\u2019Clock P.M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0154", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Newton, 24 October 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newton, Thomas Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Newton, Jr., 24 Oct. 1789. On 23 Nov. GW wrote to Newton: \u201cYour letter of the 24th of October . . . has been duly received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0155", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Titcomb, 24 October 1789\nFrom: Titcomb, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\n            Newburyport [Mass.] Oct. 24th 1789.\n          Major General Titcomb presents his profound respects to the President of the United States & would humbly beg to be informed when he intends passing through the County of Essex. The Major General, & the militia of the County wish to be prepared to embrace the opportunity which thus happily presents, to exhibit as far as in their power their veneration for the high and important station & their admiration of the personal character of the President of the United States; Major Hooper who presents this request will wait on the President for an answer as he shall be pleased to appoint.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0156", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jabez Bowen, 25 October 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Washington, George\n            Providence [R.I.] Octobr 25 1789\n          I should have done my self The Honour of paying my Respects to you in person, did not my Duty require my attendance at The General Assembly tomorrow at South Kingston, where The great Question of calling a State Convention to adopt the Federal Constitution will be acted upon. we hope for a favourable Issue, but cannot be free from Fear, lest we may be disappointed Thro The Intrigues of The Enemies of all good Government. if we can agree to Call a Convention all will end well, if not our situation will be truly miserable.\n          I shall be at Home on Sunday next and shall Think my self highly Honoured if you[r] Excellency will take Providence in your way on your Return, and spend a little time with us. I should hope That your Thus kindly noticing of us will not be of any disadvantage towards Establishing The great Cause That we have been so long engaged in promoting.\n          Mrs Bowen presents her most Respectfull Compliments and hopes you will favour us with a Visit. with sentiments of the\nhighest Respect and Esteeme, I Remain Your Excellencys, most Obedent and verry Humble Servant\n            Jabez Bowen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0157", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 25 October 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            New-York 25th of October 1789\n          No further intelligence has been received from Georgia since the arrival of Mr Kean.\n          This silence, and the powers with which the commissioners were invested to render the treaty advantages to the Creeks generally, and to their cheif particularly are sufficient to arrest the beleif of the report.\n          The report itself originated perhaps in the apprehension or misrepresentations of some of the White people in Georgia.\n          No occurrence since my last worthy of being commmunicated to you. I have the honor to be sir with the highest respect Your obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Carrington, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\n          I had the honor a few days ago to receive your Letter of the 30th Ult. enclosing a Commission for the Office of District\nMarshal for Virginia, together with sundry Acts upon the Judiciary system. The confidence you are pleased Sir, to repose in me, in confering this Commission, is an evidence of your good opinion exceedingly flattering and gratifying; and the terms in which you have thought proper to communicate it, excite in my mind the highest sensations of gratitude and respect.\n          Having indeavoured to possess myself of the extent of the duties and degree of responsibility involved in this Office, and also of the probable competency of emoluments to enable the occupant to execute it properly, I perceive that the former are very considerable, and that the latter can only be ascertained from experiment: this experiment I am willing to make, and shall be happy to continue in the appointment, should I find myself enabled to execute it with honor to myself, and advantage to the public.\n          Being a Member of the State Legislature now in session, it is my wish not to vacate my Seat before the duties of this appointment may require it; this I Conceive will not happen before the period appointed for the sitting of the first District Court on the third tuesday in December, when I shall be ready to accept the office of Marshal, and to quallify according to the terms thereof. I have the Honor to be Sir, with the greatest respect your Most Obt humble Servt\n            Ed. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 25 October 1789\nFrom: Hancock, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Sunday \u00bd past 12 oClock[Boston, 25 October 1789]\n          The Governours Best respects to The President, if at home & at leisure, the Governour will do himself the honour to pay his respects, in half an hour\u2014This would have been done much sooner, had his health in any degree permitted, He now hazards every thing as it respects his health, for the desirable purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0161", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 25 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hancock, John\n            Sunday 1. o\u2019clock Boston October [25]th 1789\n          The President of the United States presents his best respects to the Governor, and has the honor to inform him that he shall be at home \u2019till 2 o\u2019clock.\n          The President of the United States need not express the pleasure it will give him to see the Governor\u2014but, at the same time, he most earnestly begs that the Governor will not hazard his health on the occasion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0162", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Michael Lacassagne, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Lacassagne, Michael\nTo: Washington, George\n            Louisville, October 26th 1789. (Rapids of Ohio)\n          An affair has lately happened on the North West side of the Ohio, within the federal territory, which has, in a very great degree, excited my indignation, and which, in the opinion of all friends to liberty, in this quarter, calls aloud for the interposition of the supreme authority. You need not be informed that the legislature of Virginia granted to the officers and soldiers of the regiment distinguished by the name of the Illinois regiment, 150,000 acres of land, on the North West side of the Ohio, as a compensation for their extraordinary services in the late war; in this grant I possess a very considerable interest, and being anxious, both on my own and the public accounts to encrease the value of land on that side of the river, I have, at great trouble and expence, effected a settlement in the vicinity of Fort Steuben,\na continental post, a small distance above the rapids, at present commanded by Capt. Joseph Ashton. This settlement, tho\u2019 unprotected, and consequently exposed to the incursions and depredations of the Savages, whereby it has actually Suffered, yet, from the encouragement given to settlers, promised, in opposition to every obstruction, a rapid increase. But the prospect, however flattering, from the idea of its being productive of both public and private advantage has been blasted by the imprudent (to say no worse of it) conduct of Capt. Ashton.\n          One of the settlers owed another a small debt, which he was either unable or unwilling to pay; the creditor having no tribunal to which he could apply for the recovery of his debt, seized in a public manner upon an ax, the property of the debtor, which he declared he would keep as a security until his debt should be satisfied. The debtor applied to Capt. Ashton for redress, who heard his complaint, deputed the complainant a Constable, and ordered him to bring the creditor before him. The complainant being thus cloathed with power, set out on the execution of his new office, and seeing the creditor, who, from a suspicion of the complainant\u2019s design in going to the garrison, had followed to know the event. They both appeared before the captain. The charge of having taken the complainants axe was then exhibited against him, and being asked what defence he had to make, he repeated the circumstances respecting the taking of the axe, as before stated, upon which the captain, without any proof of a felonious intention in the defendant, without consulting an officer of the garrison on the occasion; in short, without any thing to justify his judgement, pronounced the defendant guilty of Theft, and sentenced him to receive forty lashes at the public whipping post, which was accordingly executed.\n          To a man who has any degree of sensibility\u2014To a man who has ever tasted the sweets of liberty\u2014To a Citizen of America, who feels himself secure in the consideration that he cannot be deprived of his liberty, or subject to punishment, but by the laws of his country\u2014such a sentence executed in such a manner, must be worse than death itself. I love liberty\u2014I reverence the laws of my country\u2014but I detest and abhor the lawless hand of tyranny and oppression\u2014To you, Sir, as the founder, the protector\nof American Liberty, I have ventured in this case to appeal; and tho\u2019 this information is by a private individual, who has no other claim to your confidence than what arises from a consciousness of the rectitude of his intentions, I hope it will not, on that account, pass unnoticed, but that an examination into this case may be directed, on which Every thing herein asserted, will by the testimony of men of character be proven incontestibly. I wou\u2019d not be understood to mean, that I wish this enquiry to gratify any personal resentment against Capt. Ashton. No, Sir, I have lived on rather an intimate footing with that gentleman since his residence at the rapids, and never but in one instance similar to the present, have I, or I believe any person, had reason to censure his conduct\u2014He is generally esteemed a good officer, but in the present case, and the one just alluded to, he has certainly acted subversive of those principles established by the American revolution. The public good is my object\u2014I wish it to be universally known, and acknowledged throughout America, that the military must be subordinate to the civil power, and that in no government which boasts the honor and happiness of having you Sir, at its head, shall the military, on any pretence whatever, assume any authority or Jurisdiction in civil affairs\u2014The reverse of this, particularly in the federal territory, must be pregnant with the worst of consequences\u2014a man who Settles on the North West side of the Ohio, must do it under the persuasion, that he is amenable only to the known\u2014the written laws of the government under which he lives\u2014was it otherwise\u2014was he to be subjected to the capricious will of some petty tyrant who may happen to command at some federal post, whose uninformed judgment shou\u2019d be the Standard of distributive justice, the federal territory would continue a wilderness, and the fertility of the soil in vain court the hand of the husbandman.\n          Nothing, Sir, I assure you, but a sense of the importance of the subject of this address cou\u2019d have induced me to trouble you, and when I reflect (as I often do with pleasure) on the sacred regard you have always manifested to the rights of mankind in general, I flatter myself you will not suffer a citizen of America however obscure, to be unlawfully deprived of the benefit of those blessings which have been obtained at the expence of so\nmuch blood and treasure. With great respect, I am Sir Your most obedient & very humble servant\n            Ml Lacassagne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0163", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Warner Lewis, 26 October 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Warner\nTo: Washington, George\n          Virginia, Warner Hall,\n          Dear Sir,October 26\u2019th, 1789.\n          Engaged as you have been for some months past, I apprehended it would be intrusion for me to trouble you with a letter. With a hope that in the recess of Congress you have somewhat more leisure allowed you, I now take the liberty of replying to your favor of May last.\n          You put a question the most proper that could be imagined to obtain the information you desire of the value of the land that was Bristow\u2019s; and if my judgment does not err in returning an answer to your question, you will indeed have almost as good an idea of it as if you had seen it. I will not, as I dare say you will readily believe, Sir, intentionally deceive you, but give it as my opinion, that if Bristow\u2019s be worth eight hundred pounds, the like quantity of such land as is about Warner Hall, with no more wood and timber, and equally destitute of improvements, would be worth sixteen hundred.\n          I received not long since a letter from a Mr John Nicholson, who lives in Gloucester, wherein he makes the following enquiries, which I beg leave to give you in his own words\u2014\u201cWhat will General Washington take for his land on Back-creek, one half cash, the other half in good bonds, to be assigned and warranted?\u201d\n          \u201cWhat will he lease it for, for two lives, the lessees obliging themselves to build a two story wooden house of four rooms, with all necessary out-houses and a barn?\u201d\n          \u201cWhat credit will the General sell it for, or will he take good bonds on demand, warranted and assigned?\u201d\n          As it was not in my power to give mr Nicholson an answer to either of his interrogatories, I have thought it proper to make you acquainted with them, and whatever answer you may be pleased to return me, I will communicate to him.\n          With the sincerest wishes for your health and happiness, and with the most perfect respect and esteem, I am, Dear Sir, your most obedient, and very humble serv\u2019t\n            Warner Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0166", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bartholomew Bowen, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Thomas Bartholomew\nTo: Washington, George\n            Charleston, South Carolina, October 27th 1789\n          From the exalted Station to which the unanimous suffrages of your admiring Country have called you, will you, illustrious Sir, in the Chair of Empire, amidst the arduous direction of a multiplicity of important affairs, deign to honor with your recollection an inconsiderable and humble Individual, benignly listen to his simple story, and grant the prayer of his petition?\n          Having dedicated my prime of life (and I hope not altogether in vain) to the service of the American cause in the late glorious contest, during the whole course of the War, and generally in the main Army under the immediate command of your Excellency, I had the honor to retire with the rank of Major, and the happiness of posessing the esteem of the Officers under, and with whom I served: as a testimony of which, I was, by the whole Pennsylvania line, unanimously chosen their Agent for receiving and delivering to them their Certificates of final settlement; and discharged that trust to their satisfaction and the approbation of the State legislature. I was also chosen by the Cincinnati of that State one of their Delegates to the first general meeting of the Society at which your Excellency in person presided. I have been likewise informed that I had also the honor of being, by the recommendation of General St Clair, on the return of Officers nominated by your Excellency on the proposed peace-establishment in 1783.\n          Disappointed in the latter expectation and determining to apply myself to Industry for my future subsistance, I sold my Certificates, purchased the materials of a printing Office, and having taken into partnership a brother Officer who had been bred to that business, we in the latter part of 1784 commenced the publication of a Newspaper in this State under the title of \u201cThe Columbian Herald,\u201d which is dignified, as its greatest merit, with a Head of your Excellency for a device. That partnership has been three years dissolved; and owing to my\nignorance of the mechanic part of the printing business, the conducting which became an additional expence consequent thereon, my profits have since scarcely afforded me a decent subsistance.\n          Conscious of my want of consequence, and sensible of the variety of worthier applications which must have been made to you for Offices under the new Constitution, I had not yet presumed to solicit your auspicious patronage: But as I feel the imbecilities of a premature old age, and labour under the afflictions of ill health and a broken constitution (the consequences of so many years hardships in the field, uncommon even to a military life;) and well knowing, by having been long an obscure observer of your exalted virtues, that Benevolence (particularly to the Officers of the late Army) is one of those nearest your heart, I am encouraged to apply for your favor to render the short remainder of my life more probably guarded against the miseries of Age in want.\n          An appointment to the trust and direction of the Post-office in this City, joined to my business here, would conduce to render this desirable end more easily attainable. If this inferior appointment is not immediately in the gift of your Excellency, a hint of your pleasure signified to the Principal in that department must of course have a decided effect.\n          For this I humbly implore your benign and powerful influence; beseeching your gracious pardon for whatever inadvertant impropriety may appear in this direct application to the Great Chief Magistrate of the United States, and presuming to commit my fate to his beneficent hands.\n          My Services, however inconsiderable, have at least entitled me to subscribe myself, Illustrious Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s Most devoted and obedient Old Soldier and Servant\n            Thomas B: Bowen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0167", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Cary, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Cary, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\n          Charlestown [Mass.]\n          Honoured and much Esteemed Sir,Octor 27 1789\n          I am prevented by the Weather (being Unwell) of Personally waiting on You, a Duty, I should have performed with great Pleasure.\n          Its to be Regreted, Your Continuance among us, is so short.\n          I look back with Gratitude, on Your Goodness, and Condescension, to me, when Your Family, was at Cambridge, and my Friend, the Late Mr Reed, was Your Secretary.\n          I Request the Favour of Your Acceptance of the Inclosed, which perhaps may Afford some Satisfaction, on Reading, at Your Leisure.\n          I add my best wishes, that You may be long Continued, [to] the care of a Gracious Providence, a Blessing to Mankind, and Enjoy every Felecity this, and a better World, can Afford.\n          With Dutifull Regards to Your Good Lady, I Begg Leave to Subscribe, Honoured Sir, Your Obedient Humble Servant\n            Richard Cary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0169", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Coles, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Coles, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Charlestown [Mass.] 27th Octr 1789\n          Be Pleased Great Father of thy people, to pardon the Presumtion of this Address, and behold thy Ser[v]ant, at this time, Surrounded with, (not uncommon to him) but Heart Breaking\nCares, for the fate of things, has Ordered them to Continnue, for Seven Years, and Seven, and almost Seven again, Whereby thy Servants Patience, and fortitude, has Came to a Stand, and he is Ready to fall, beneath the Burthen, of Sum of the Laws of his Country. thy Servant, was Born at Boston, and Brought up, to the Courts and Heraldry Painting, Married a faithfull Partner, at 19 years of Age, & Lost father, and mother, before he was twenty two, was an only Child, and Left to the wide world, with out friends or money. his family Increaseing, he Applyed him Self, to the Strickest Rules, of Industry, & Oconamy, and had not Sickness ben hard a pon him he might Prehaps, have ben Better of, However, haveing an Enterprizeing mind, he has by the Blessing, of Divine Providence, Notwithstanding all human things, Seemed to be against him, Suported his family, in the following Charrecters. Viz. a tradesman, a Labourer, a Soldier, a Seaman, and a Merchant, and is now Surrounded by, (whome Next to his Country he wishes to Live for) 9 Children, from 3 years old upwards, all he Ever had, 3 Boys, and 6 Girls, who together with there Parents Are now, Rejoicing on the arival of the Man, to whom only, they Can, unfold there Sorrows. Now if it may Plese thy Great Mind, to Consider, that thy Servant has by Great pains, and Labour, Paid up fifteene hundred Silver dollars, on Acount of his Losses at Sea, over and above the Loss of all the Vessels he was Conscerned in, and Still thare Remains a Ballance to his Credettors of 500 Dollars. this no Dowt thy Servant Could Pay, in two or three years Time, by Observeing the Same Rules, he has Done in all His former Payments, Viz. Receveing, nor Paying, no Visits. Subsisting on the meanest food, and dressing in the Meanest garb, also Divideing his time in Masonic Order. thus thy Servant has Proceeded, Amidst Discouregments, almost Insurmountable, haveing nearly all his Credettors Pushing at One and the Same time, Serveing Writs, with thair Great Expences, on thy willing, but Unable Servant. and the Payment of One Dett was only Reason for Saying, and why did you not Pay me, by another, and often has thy Servant, ben as it ware Obliged, to hurt his feelings by promasing, on a Poor foundation, to keep him Self from being imprisoned, and Rendered Unable, to Any way Provid for his young, and Helpless family. thus your Servant is the worst of Slaves, in a Country\nof Freemen, and the Lives & Morals, of thy young Servants, his Children, Exposed by Poverty, Notwithstanding thy Servant has ben invinceable with Respect, to the Common Learning of his Children, which a few Lines, inclosed from his Oldest Son, may Evidence, thy Servant Prays, nither for Power, Riches, nor Honour, but only, if it may Plese, the President, of these United States, in Due time, to Remember the Poor mans Prayer and to use, his influence, with the Congress, when the Bankrupt Act, may Come forth, as that it may be Calculated to Defend, the Helpless, honest, and industrous Man and to Grant him Time, to Labour, for the Payment of his Just Detts, and Seport of his Family. Which if thy Servant Mistakes not, no Laws, with in these States, Defend him in at Present and thy Servant as in Duty bound, Shall Ever Pray.\n            John Coles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0171", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the President and Fellows of Harvard University, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: President and Fellows of Harvard University\n            Gentlemen,\n            Boston October 27th 1789.\n          Requesting you to accept my sincere thanks for the address with which you have thought proper to honor me, I entreat you to be persuaded of the respectful and affectionate consideration with which I receive it.\n          Elected by the suffrages of a too partial country to the eminent and arduous station, which I now hold, it is peculiarly flattering to find an approbation of my conduct in the judgment of men, whose reverend characters must sanction the opinions they are pleased to express.\n          Unacquainted with the expression of sentiments which I do not feel, you will do me justice by believing confidently in my disposition to promote the interests of science and true religion.\n          It gives me sincere satisfaction to learn the flourishing state of your literary Republic\u2014assured of its\u2019 efficiency in the past events of our political system, and of its\u2019 further influence on those means which make the best support of good government, I rejoice that the direction of its\u2019 measures is lodged with men, whose approved knowledge, integrity, and patriotism give an unquestionable assurance of their success.\n          That the Muses may long enjoy a tranquil residence within the walls of your University, and that you, Gentlemen, may be happy in contemplating the progress of improvement through the various branches of your important departments, are among the most pleasing of my wishes and expectations.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0172", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Office Tuesday evening 27th October 1789\n          I have this moment received a letter from Mr Habersham at Savannah dated the 14th instant informing that he had received a letter from the Commissioners dated at Augusta the 5th instant, directing him to engage a passage for Captain Burbecks company to New York, which he had accordingly done with Captain Schemmerhorn who was to sail about the 20th instant.\n          Mr Habersham adds \u201cYou will doubtless hear before you receive this, that they (the Commissioners) were disapointed with respect to a treaty with the Creek Indians.\u201d\n          I have not received any thing from the Commissioners. The Captain who brought the letter says McGillivray was affronted on his being asked whether he had powers to treat. A short time will bring the necessary explanations.I have the honor to be sir with the highest respect Your Obedient humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0173", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Massachusetts Legislature, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Massachusetts Legislature\n            Gentlemen,\n          To communicate the peculiar pleasure which I derive from your affectionate welcome of me to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, requires a force of expression beyond that which I possess. I am truly grateful for your goodness towards me, and I desire to thank you with the unfeigned sincerity of a feeling heart.\n          Your obliging remembrance of my military services is among the highest compensations they can receive\u2014and, if rectitude of intention may authorise the hope, the favorable anticipation, which you are pleased to express of my civil administration will not, I trust, be disappointed.\n          It is your happiness, Gentlemen, to preside in the councils of a Commonwealth, where the pride of independence is well assimilated with the duties of Society\u2014and where the industry of the citizen gives the fullest assurance of public respect and private prosperity. I have observed too, with singular satisfaction, so becoming an attention to the militia of the State as presents the fairest prospect of support to the invaluable objects of national safety and peace. Long may these blessings be continued to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts! and may you, Gentlemen, in your individual capacities, experience every satisfaction, which can result from public honor and private happiness.\n            G: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0174", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Milligan, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Milligan, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\n          Charleston [S.C.] 27 Oct. 1789. \u201cMrs Milligan has taken the liberty to Send to Your Ladie a Preasent of A Baskett of the Fillagree Work of her Own Make which She begs Mrs Washington\u2019s Acceptence of.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0175", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sullivan, 27 October 1789\nFrom: Sullivan, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Illustrious Sir\n            Portsmouth [N.H.] October 27th. 1789\n          having the happiness to be informed that your Excellencey intends honoring this State with a visit, will you have the goodness to direct one of your aids to inform at what time you expect to leave Newbury, that your excellencey may be met at the Line and escorted to whatever Town you may think proper to honor with your presence; your Excellency may rely that although every Inhabitant of this State ardently wishes to pay you all the respect due to so exalted a Character yet being apprized of your Excellenceys wishes; every possible measure will be taken to prevent your being fatigued with such Acts of parade as will give\npain to the great personage to whom they feel themselves so much indebted; & for whose person and virtues they have such a well gounded Love and veneration. I therefore hope that your Excellencey will not deny them the satisfaction of paying to the Deliverer of their Country such marks of respect as may give the Least pain and trouble to the man they delight to honor. I have the honor to be Sir with the highest respect and Esteem your Excellencys most obedient and very humble Servant\n            Jno. Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0177", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 28 October 1789\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n            My dear General.\n            Petersburg [Va.] Octr 28th 1789\n          I am taking occasion by a water conveyance to inform you, that we are thus far on our way to New York. But my principal object is to mention the political intelligence which we obtained in North Carolina. The prevailing opinion in that State (so far as we could ascertain it from repeated enquiries) is, that the Constitution will be adopted. However, many of those who are opposed to it think otherwise. I believe the information, most to be depended upon was given by Judge Williams of the Supreme Court (then sitting at Halifax) Mr Ireton of the Council, and Colo. Davie, viz., that the State is divided into ten Districts, that the members of seven of them taken collectively are equally divided for and against the adoption of the Constitution, and that the remaining three have a decided majority in favor of it. For example, Edenton District comprehends five Counties, & each County sends five members, who are said to be every one for the adoption. The other two reputed federal Counties are those beyond the Mountains.\n          I have taken considerable pains to learn how the persons appointed to offices in the several States are considered by their fellow Citizens; & am happy to assure you that the appointments in general have met with almost universal approbation. The selection of Characters to fill the great Departments has afforded entire satisfaction: particularly in the Judiciary. I heard it repeatedly said in Halifax, that the Supreme Court would be the first Court in the world in point of respectability. These things cannot but augur well.\n          We met your relation Colo. Washington, with his family, on their way to Charles Town.\n          I will not intrude any longer on your time, than to assure you, that I am with the most unalterable & perfect friendship My dear General Your most obedient & very humble Servt\n            D. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0178", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Massachusetts Veterans, 28 October 1789\nFrom: Massachusetts Veterans\nTo: Washington, George\n            Boston October 28th 1789.\n          The Petition of a Number of Invalids, late belonging to the Massachusetts line, in said Army, Humbly Sheweth,\n          That although the Honble Congress of the United States have made Provision for the payment of Pensions Granted to Invalids of the said late Army, Yet, the period, at which the payment of the first half Year is to be made, is so far distant, And as they have not Received any Pension money for Upwards of 3 Year past, And as a hard Winter is Approaching, Unless they can receive some present releif, they will Inevitably Suffer.\n          They therefore Humbly Pray Your Excellency, their late Worthy General, would be pleased to Commiserate their Unhappy Situation, and Grant them some immediate relief; without which they must still Suffer as they have hitherto. And as in duty bound shall ever Pray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0180", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Vermont Legislature, 29 October 1789\nFrom: Vermont Legislature\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Westminister, Vt. 29 October 1789]\n          The Governor, Council, and Representatives of the State of Vermont in General Assembly, convened.\n          Considering the natural connexion of this State with the United States, and deeply impressed with a sense of your affection for your Country, and the eminent Services you have rendered the United States, by your Wisdom perseverance and fortitude so constantly displayed in the recovery and establishment of their Rights, embrace the earliest opportunity of congratulating \nyou on your Appointment to the exalted station in which the Suffrages of a free people have placed you.\n          The Citizens of this State, though early and uniformly engaged in the late revolution, have had no voice in forming that Federal System, which not only promisses stability to the Government, but peace and Security to the United States, Yet we should do injustice to their feelings, should we omit to express their warmest Sentiments of friendship to the United States, and their general wish to participate in the benefits of that Government to which from their local situation they chearfully contribute a proportionable part of their property.\n          Be assured Sir, they feel the sincerest satisfaction in your appointment to the highest Station in the Federal Government, and wish you all that support and Assistance which may be necessary to the discharge of so important a trust, relying on the justice of the Government over which you preside, we presume those Obstacles which hitherto have prevented a Union of this State with the United States, will speedily be removed; and when we contemplate the disinterested principles which have always adorned your Character we cannot doubt your influence to hasten that happy period.\n          Permit us Sir, to close this address with the most fervent prayers, to Almighty God, for a continuance of his Blessings on your person and Family, and that under your Administration, America may long be continued a free and happy Nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0181", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Catherine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham, 30 October 1789\nFrom: Graham, Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay\nTo: Washington, George\n            Bracknal Berks [England] Octbr [30] 1789\n          It is now about a year and a half since I had the honor of receiving a letter from you dated Novbr. 16. 87. I do not pretend to make you any apology for not troubling you with an acknowledgment sooner, tho I rather think it necessary to make one for troubling you in the important station you now fill, with my congratulations on the event, which placed you at the head of the American government. But it is not you Sir, that I consider as benefited by the unanimous election of the Americans; yr philosophic turn of mind would have lead you to the completion of human happiness in a private station; but the Americans in their judicious choice, have I flatter my self, secured to themselves the full and permanent enjoyment of that liberty for which they are indebted to yr persevering valor in the first instance. Yr wisdom and virtue will undoubtedly enable you to check the progress of every opinion inimical to those rights, which, you have so bravely and fortunately asserted; and for\nwhich many of yr Country men have paid so dear: and you will be a bright example to future presidents of an integrity rarely to be met with in the first stations of life.\n          All the friends of freedom on this side the Atlantic are now rejoicing for an event which in all probability has been accelerated by the American revolution. You not only possess yr selves the first of human blessings but you have been the means of raising that spirit in Europe, which I sincerely hope, will in a short time extinguish every remainr of that barbarous servitude under which all the European Nations in a less or a greater degree, have so long been Subject.\n          The French have justified the nobleness of their original character, and from the immerssions of Luxury and frivolity, have set an example that is Unique in all the histories of human society. A populous nation effecting by the firmness of their union, the Universality of their sentiments; and the energy of their actions; the intire overthrow of a Despotism that had stood the test of ages. We are full of wonder in this part of the world, and cannot conceive how such things should be.\n          Yr Friend and Eleve the Merquis de la Fayette has acted a part in this revolution which has raised him above his former exploits; because his conduct has been directed to the good of his distressed country men and shews him far above those base and narrow selfishnesses with which particular privileges are so apt to taint the human mind.\n          I have heard that a Mons: Brissot de Warville has lately become a citizen of America; he is a warm friend to liberty and a man of the first rate abilities. He is a great friend of mine and as I presume he has been presented to yr Excelency; will take the liberty which yr known goodness inspires to beg that you would remember me to him and to assure him of my wishes for his happiness and prosperity.\n          Mr Graham joins me in best respects to yr self and Mrs Washington. We contemplate with no small pleasure the advantage America will reap from that check to all the luxuries of dress which her example of an elegant simplicity in this article will undoubtedly effect. I am Sir Yr Excellencies Most Obednt And Obliged Humbe Servt\n            Cath: Macaulay Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0182", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Citizens of Newburyport, 30 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of Newburyport\n            Gentlemen,\n          The demonstrations of respect and affection which you are pleased to pay to an individual, whose highest pretension is to rank as your fellow-citizen, are of a nature too distinguished not to claim the warmest return that gratitude can make.\n          My endeavors to be useful to my country have been no more than the result of conscious duty\u2014Regards like yours would reward services of the highest estimation and sacrifice: Yet it is due to my feelings, that I should tell you those regards are received with esteem, and replied to with sincerity.\n          In visiting the Town of Newburyport, I have obeyed a favorite inclination, and I am much gratified by the indulgence. In expressing a sincere wish for its prosperity, and the happiness of its inhabitants, I do justice to my own sentiments, and their merit.\n            G: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John C. Ogden, 30 October 1789\nFrom: Ogden, John C.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Portsmouth [N.H.] October 30th/89\n          Overwhelmed as Your Excellency is, by the Invitations and Solicitations of our grateful and virtuous Countrymen, who wish to pay every tribute of veneration, and give every possible proof of their Affection for your Person, and Reverence for the high office, which you have condescended, to accept for the public good; I would spare you the trouble of this, and in silence rejoice at our being favored with your visit to this quarter, and at a distance recognize the man who possesses the Love and Applause of a World.\n          But, My Family is composed of Madam Wooster the Lady of the late General Wooster, the father of Mrs Ogden.\n          I have with me also, my own Parent, the Mother of two amiable young men who lost their lives during the late revolution; who with me were Brothers to Mrs Barber, The Relict of your much valued Officer Colol Barber. May I ask your Excellency kindly to condescend, to give us such part of your time while here; as shall be most convenient, and appointed by yourself. \nOr may I mention, our having your company at tea on Sunday afternoon.\n          If this is agreable to Your Excellency\u27e8,\u27e9 President Sullivan, has promised to attend you to The Parsonage.\n          Come My Dear Sir, and do me this greatest of favors\u2014and give pleasure to a family bereaved of their most valued friends; and joy to two venerable women, whose fortitude under sufferings, does credit to American Matrons, as well as to human nature. I have the honor and happiness to be, with the greatest respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant\n            John C. Ogden\n            Rector of Queens Chapel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0184", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Piomingo, 30 October 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Piomingo\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Piomingo, 30 Oct. 1789. In a letter to Henry Knox, 18 Nov. 1789, Tobias Lear stated that GW had received a letter \u201cfrom Piamingo or the Mountain Leader, a Chickasaw Chief, requesting a supply of powder & ball for his Nation\u2014dated Richmond October 30th 1789.\u201d In his Memoranda on Indian Affairs, 1789,\n           GW describes this letter as follows: \u201cFrom\u2014Piamingo\u2014Richmond 30th Octr Mentions the long friendship which has subsisted between the United States & his Nation, the Chicasaws. the distressed situation it is in for want of Ammunition. His having set out on a journey for the Seat of Federal Governmt to solicit a supply\u2014But the delays he had met with and the temporary aid he had obtained from the State of Virga had determined him to return, least his people might be distressed\u20142000 lbs. of powder & Lead equivalent having been furnished him. The Creek Indians attack his people as well as ours; but he wishes not to fight with them if they will make satisfaction & give assurances of good behaviour in future; however, he requests & entreats that they may be furnished with powder & Ball against the Spring, as then the War must become general with the Creeks, unless they will listen to reason. Their Nation he says depends upon the U. States\u2014The Choctaws seem friendly, & will be consulted by him on his return. Refers to Genl Lincoln & the Commrs whom he saw at Richmond\u2014gives strong assurances that he will hold me by the right hand of friendship; and requests in strong terms that I will speedily send a letter to him expressive of what he may depend upon.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0186", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Rutledge, 31 October 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Rutledge, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edward Rutledge, 31 Oct. 1789. On 23 Nov. GW wrote to Rutledge: \u201cI have been favoured with your letter of the 31st ultimo.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0187", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church in North America, 19 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church in North America\n            Gentlemen,\n          I receive with a grateful heart your pious and affectionate address, and with truth declare to you that no circumstance of my life has affected me more sensibly or produced more pleasing emotions than the friendly congratulations, and strong assurances of support which I have received from my fellow-citizens of all descriptions upon my election to the Presidency of these United States.\n          I fear, Gentlemen, your goodness has led you to form too exalted an opinion of my virtues and merits\u2014If such talents as I possess have been called into action by great events, and those events have terminated happily for our country, the glory should be ascribed to the manifest interposition of an over-ruling Providence. My military services have been abundantly recompensed by the flattering approbation of a grateful people; and, if a faithful discharge of my civil duties can ensure a like reward, I shall feel myself richly compensated for any personal sacrifice I may have made by engaging again in public life.\n          The Citizens of the United States of America have given as signal a proof of their wisdom and virtue in framing and adopting a constitution of government, without bloodshed or the intervention of force, as they, upon a former occasion, exhibited to the world of their valor, fortitude, and perseverance; and it must be a pleasing circumstance to every friend of good order and social happiness to find that our new government is gaining strength and respectability among the citizens of this country in proportion as it\u2019s operations are known, and its effects felt.\n          You, Gentlemen, act the part of pious Christians and good citizens by your prayers and exertions to preserve that harmony and good will towards men which must be the basis of every political establishment; and I readily join with you that \u201cwhile just government protects all in their religious rights, true religion affords to government its surest support.\u201d\n          I am deeply impressed with your good wishes for my present and future happiness\u2014and I beseech the Almighty to take you and yours under his special care.\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0188", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Society of Quakers, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Society of Quakers\n            Gentlemen,\n          I receive with pleasure your affectionate address, and thank you for the friendly Sentiments & good wishes which you express for the Success of my administration, and for my personal Happiness.\n          We have Reason to rejoice in the prospect that the present National Government, which by the favor of Divine Providence, was formed by the common Counsels, and peaceably established with the common consent of the People, will prove a blessing to every denomination of them. To render it such, my best endeavours shall not be wanting.\n          Government being, among other purposes, instituted to protect the Persons and Consciences of men from oppression, it certainly is the duty of Rulers, not only to abstain from it themselves, but according to their Stations, to prevent it in others.\n          The liberty enjoyed by the People of these States, of worshipping Almighty God agreable to their Consciences, is not only among the choicest of their Blessings, but also of their Rights\u2014While men perform their social Duties faithfully, they do all that Society or the State can with propriety demand or expect; and remain responsible only to their Maker for the Religion or modes of faith which they may prefer or profess.\n          Your principles & conduct are well known to me\u2014and it is doing the People called Quakers no more than Justice to say, that (except their declining to share with others the burthen of the common defence) there is no Denomination among us who are more exemplary and useful Citizens.\n          I assure you very explicitly that in my opinion the Consciencious scruples of all men should be treated with great delicacy & tenderness, and it is my wish and desire that the Laws may always be as extensively accomodated to them, as a due regard to the Protection and essential Interests of the Nation may Justify, and permit.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0189", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Haverhill, Mass., 1 November 1789\nFrom: Citizens of Haverhill, Mass.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Haverhill Novr 1st 1789\n          The Inhabitants of the Town of Haverhill address their most sincere Respects to the President of the United States & assure him, that they should esteem themselves highly honoured in his passing thro\u2019 this Town in his Route to New York and of giving them an Opportunity of testifying to him the Respect due to so distinguished a Character.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0190", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Willis, Jr., 1 November 1789\nFrom: Willis, Francis Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n          May it please your ExcellencyNovr 1st 1789\n          At the request of Colo. Henry I again trouble you on the subject of the Negroes he bought\u2014he apprehends I did not state the situation of the Idiot he bought, as he could wish therefore inclosed you will please to receive his letter to me, & if you will please to honour me with your opinion on the matter I will instantanously proceed agreeable to it I am Sr yr Most Obedt hbl.Sert\n            Francis Willis Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0191", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Citizens of Marblehead, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of Marblehead\n            Gentlemen,\n          The reception with which you have been pleased to honor my arrival in Marblehead, and the sentiments of approbation and attachment which you have expressed of my conduct, and to my person, are too flattering and grateful not to be acknowledged with sincere thanks, and answered with unfeigned wishes for your prosperity.\n          Avoiding to dwell on the diminution of pleasure, which the mention of your impaired circumstances occasions me, I desire to engage your thoughts on the pleasing prospect presented\nto all our interests, and particularly to our fishery, in the efficiency of our government and the invigorated industry of our citizens.\n          Protected in the exercise of those means, which the beneficent Parent of mankind has furnished for their sustenance and comfort, the Citizens of America, animated by virtuous enterprize, and actuated by due obedience to the laws and regulations of their government, may expect with confidence, to enjoy every blessing which industry can promise, and national union may ensure.\n          Your attachment to the Constitution of the United States is worthy of men, who fought and bled for freedom, and who know its value.\n          Your anxiety for my health, and your prayers for my happiness are replied to with solicitude for your welfare, and an earnest entreaty to the Author of good for your felicity.\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0192", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Citizens of Portsmouth, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of Portsmouth\n            Gentlemen,\n          I am sensibly impressed with your friendly welcome to the Metropolis of New Hampshire, and have a grateful heart for your kind and flattering congratulations on my election to the Presidency of these United States.\n          I fear the fond partiality of my countrymen has too highly appreciated my past exertions, and formed too sanguine anticipations of my future services\u2014If the former have been successful, much of the success should be ascribed to those who laboured with me in the common cause\u2014and the glory of the event, should be given to the great Disposer of events.\n          If an unremitting attention to the duties of my office, and the zeal of an honest heart can promote the public-good, my fellow-citizens may be assured that these will not be wanting in my present station.\n          I can claim no particular merit, Gentlemen, for the preservation of your town from the devastation of the enemy. I am happy if by any event of the war your property has been preserved from that destruction, which fell but too heavily on your neighbours\u2014and I sincerely condole with you for the loss which you sustained in navigation and commerce: But I trust that\nindustry and oeconomy, those fruitful and never failing sources of private and public opulence, will, under our present system of government, restore you to your former flourishing state.\n          The interest which you take in my personal happiness, and the kind felicitations which you have expressed on the recovery of my health, are peculiarly grateful to me; and I earnestly pray that the great Ruler of the Universe may smile upon your honest exertions here, and reward your welldoings with future happiness.\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0193", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Presbyterian Ministers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Presbyterian Ministers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire\n            Gentlemen,\n            [Portsmouth, N.H., 2 November 1789]\n          The affectionate welcome, which you are pleased to give me to the eastern parts of the union, would leave me without excuse, did I fail to acknowledge the sensibility, which it awakens, and to express the most sincere return that a grateful sense of your goodness can suggest.\n          To be approved by the praise-worthy is a wish as natural to becoming ambition, as its consequence is flattering to our self-love\u2014I am, indeed, much indebted to the favorable sentiments which you entertain towards me, and it will be my study to deserve them.\n          The tribute of thanksgiving which you offer to \u201cthe gracious Father of lights\u201d for his inspiration of our public-councils with wisdom and firmness to complete the national constitution, is worthy of men, who, devoted to the pious purposes of religion, desire their accomplishment by such means as advance the temporal happiness of their fellow-men\u2014and, here, I am persuaded, you will permit me to observe that the path of true piety is so plain as to require but little political direction. To this consideration we ought to ascribe the absence of any regulation, respecting religion, from the Magna-Charta of our country.\n          To the guidance of the ministers of the gospel this important object is, perhaps, more properly committed\u2014It will be your care to instruct the ignorant, and to reclaim the devious\u2014and, in the progress of morality and science, to which our government will give every furtherance, we may confidently expect the advancement of true religion, and the completion of our happiness.\n          I pray the munificent Rewarder of virtue that your agency in this good work may receive its compensation here and hereafter.\n            G: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0194", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Governor and Legislature of New Hampshire, 3 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Governor and Legislature of New Hampshire\n            [Portsmouth, N.H., 3 November 1789]\n          Allow me, Gentlemen, to assure you that grateful as my heart is for the affectionate regards which my fellow-citizens have manifested towards me, it has at no time been more sensibly impressed with a consciousness of their goodness than on the present occasion.\n          I am truly thankful for your expressions of attachment to my person, and approbation of my conduct\u2014and I reciprocate your good wishes with unfeigned affection.\n          In exercising the vigilance and attention, with which you are pleased to compliment my military command, I did no more than what inclination prompted and duty enjoined.\n          In discharging the duties of my civil appointment, I can sincerely promise that the love of my country will be the ruling influence of my conduct.\n          The success, which has hitherto attended our united efforts, we owe to the gracious interposition of Heaven, and to that interposition let us gratefully ascribe the praise of victory, and the blessings of peace.\n          May the State, in whose councils you worthily preside, be happy under your administration, and may you, Gentlemen, partake of the blessings which your endeavors are intended to bestow.\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0195", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Dawson, 4 November 1789\nFrom: Dawson, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Westmoreland [County, Va.] Novr 4th 1789\n          It is humbly represented to your Excellency by William Dawson who in the Year 1774 acted as Manager for Colo. George Mercers plantations in Frederick County that unable to precure A settlement or induce the Honourable James Mercer to make him payment for Such his Services, he was Compell\u2019d to bring his action for the recovery; to this his Claim, Mr Mercers Pleading the act of Limitations has prevented him from proving the Justice of his demand in a point of Law.\n          In this forlorn and oppress\u2019d Situation he was induse\u2019d to propose and accede to an Arbitration by Consent Sir, your Answer to the Quaries he has now the Honor of Submitting to your Excellency, will be Respectfully Receiv\u2019d as Proof.\n          He Submits to your Excellencys recollections? if the Middle and Lower Plantations, and the three New Quarters ware not under good fencing? if there ware not good Crops of wheat Sown at Each? if the Stock as also the Tools ware not in good order at the Day of Sale? if your Excellency received any Information\nof his misconduct or mismanagement from any other Person then a certain Mr Edward Snickers of Frederick County? if this Mr Snickers did not Sucseed him as manager after having diprived him and his family of their Bread? if Sir whin you Blamed him for not having finish\u2019d all the Tobo on the Plantations: did he not Convince your Excellency what a most Sevear Laborious and unthankful years Service he had contended against, occasion\u2019d by the overseers and Negroes knowing they ware to leave the Estates at the Exspiration of the Year? if he did not Convince you Sir, that all the Tobacco was finished Excepting Some Ground leaves? what Quantity of Tobacco did Mr Snickers Prize for the E[s]tate after the Sale? if the Negroes did not all appear in Good Condition according to thier ages? if he and his Family, did not Conduct themselves with respect to your self Sir, and Mr Mercer? And if your Excellency advis\u2019d Mr Mercer to Sue him for Damages from Instances that you had discover\u2019d of Either his Misconduct or Mismanagement\u2014He inclose\u2019s the affidavit of Mr Mercer for a supersedeas: the Real And imaginary Losses that Gentn attributes to his Misconduct, he Considers to have been Occasioned by the Cruel Aspersions with which a Mr Edward Snickers branded his Character; your Excellency will Pardon a warmth occasion\u2019d by the Recollection of Wantonly Malicious Injuries, as he is firmly Perswaded, that had not this Mr Snickers coveted the Said Earned Lively hood he then Possess\u2019d, the Honorable Mr Mercer would not have added the Injustice of his Plea to his approbious Reflections, on an Injured character, nor Should your Excellencys Valuable time been encroach\u2019d on by his Narrative of the oppression he has Contended Against himself. He has the Honor of Subscribing Your Excellencys most Obedient Servant\n            N.B. your Excellency will please to direct your answer to the Clerk of the District Court of Fredericksburg.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0197", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nicholas Eveleigh, 8 November 1789\nFrom: Eveleigh, Nicholas\nTo: Washington, George\n          New York, 8 November 1789. Acknowledges appointment as comptroller of the treasury. \u201cI consider it, Sir, & the consideration affords me the most heart-felt satisfaction, as an unequivocal proof, that I am view\u2019d by you in a favourable light. to be thought well of by a man, himself not only universally thought well of, but respected & revered, cannot fail of proving to me a source of the highest gratification; but, Sir, it will have another effect; that of stimulating me to a faithful discharge of the duties connected with the office now intrusted to my charge.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0199", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Bondfield, 12 November 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Bordeaux [France] 12 9bre 1789\n          The great and Urgent wants of this Nation, occation\u2019d by the faileur of the two last Crops of wheat, creates dreadful Alarms, to this add the low State of the finnances, occation\u2019d by the Great Revolution effecting; for the two last six months few have paid the Usual Tax\u2019s, that the Treasury is exhausted, this forces the National Assembly to extraordinary exertions, to avert the ill\nconsiquences that may attend a real want of dayly subsistence of Bread to the Nation.\n          The 7th Instant a Motion was made in the National Assembly to impower Le Ministre du finnance to make application to the United States of America, for a supply, and from the Crampt state of the Finnances to Ask a reimburssment, and that in Grain in part of the advances due by America to france[.] their Arguments.\n          In Urgent need America applied to france. france granted powerful Assistance simular circumstances creates simular demands The Glorious revolution now greatly advanct calls in a Multiplied Capacity every exertion of Succor from Antient Amitie strengthend by the new Constitution forming on Simular liberal Principles.\n          A ship sailing to morrow for Philadelphia engages my taking the liberty to transmit you advice of what is here agitating so far as relates to the United States.\n          In an Assembly held yesterday by the Magistrates of this City being call\u2019d on for my sentiments on the dependance of Supplies I assurd them that every exertion on the part of the United States will be made for the releif of this Nation. with due respect I have the Honor to be Sir Your most Obedient and most Humble Servant\n            John Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0201", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Jones, 15 November 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n          After a conflict in my breast for two weeks past, whch I should transgress a rule from which I have in no instance departed, al[t]ho\u2019 honoured with several respectable appointments by my Country, I have determined to inform you of my wish to come into the office of district Judge\u2014the emoluments of the appointment with the profitts I could make from my fortune though small would enable me to disc[h]arge in a few years a debt I owe the estate of the late Col. Tayloe for which I am much pressed and to pay which demand I have offered to sell my land in King George County but cannot (such is the depreciation of property) obtain a reasonable price for it or indeed as yet any offer. Necessity I well know is an unfavourable pretence to offices of great trust, but I think I have integrity and resolution sufficient to bear me through any trial I may be exposed to where doing justice shall occasion the embarrassment\u2014the principal difficulty with me was whether I could execute the trust with propriety, and if I do not deceive myself, notwithstanding my having been long out of the business of the Courts, and am as the common phrase is rusty, yet I Fear not being able to put the business in motion and to carry it on in such manner as not to disgrace the appointment\u2014I should not have presumed to come forward while the office was open to Pendleton, Wythe, Blair and E. Randolph, but as they are no longer in the way should you be at liberty to nominate me consistent with the \u27e8rules\u27e9 prescribed to yourself for such important appointm\u27e8ents\u27e9 you may rely my best endeavours shall be exerted in the office and that should I find myself unequal to the undertaking I shall as soon as the discovery is made afferd you an oppertunity of introducing a more proper person\u2014let the issue of this application be what it may, you will hear no complaint from but as usual retain the good wishes of Dr Sr aff. & obed. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0202", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierce Butler, 16 November 1789\nFrom: Butler, Pierce\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York Novbr the 16th 1789\n          My situation as a senator from Carolina obliges me to trouble You with the perusal of the inclosed letters. As they will speak for themselves I will not intrude further on Your time. I have the honor to be with great respect and attachment Sir, Yr Most Obedt Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0206", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Dunscomb, 17 November 1789\nFrom: Dunscomb, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\n            Beekman Street No. 8 New York Novr 17th 1789\n          As an Old and faithfull servant of the United States I presume to address you, and to solicit your attention and favor.\n          The services I have been engaged in, as particularized in the accompanying Paper No. 1 commenced with the Revolution, nor did they cease when Peace was established\u2014thus employed, I have been prevented from obtaining more than a mere living\u2014Attentive to the Duties and fettered by the Scruples of Office, I suffered the certainty of making an Independant living, \nor at least, of placing my self in easy circumstances to pass by unimproved, by which means I am now left with little other comfort than that peace of mind the result of a well directed conduct in the service of my Country. For all my labours during the War I have received a Certificate from the Registers Office\u2014the value of which is well known.\n          I beg to refer you Sir, to the Certificates and Letters accompanying, as more proper testimonials of my Conduct than any thing I could say on the subject on these and on your goodness I rest my hopes of an Appointment to an Office suited to my Abilities and adequate to the support of a Family.\n          I entreat a pardon Sir for the liberty I have taken to make my wish known to you. I have the Honor to be With respect\u2014Esteem and Regard Sir Your most Obt servt\n            Aw Dunscomb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0207", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Fenwick, 17 November 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Fenwick, Mason, & Company\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Fenwick, Mason, & Company, 17 Nov. 1789. The dealer\u2019s catalog states that this letter deals with matters \u201cregarding the purchase of champagne, claret, etc.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0208", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Goodwin, 17 November 1789\nFrom: Goodwin, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n          Pownalborough: on Kennebeck river in theCounty of Lincoln and State of Masschusets\n          SirNovember 17th 1789\n          I Most Humbly beg leave: to lay before your Excellency, that when there was an Expedtion To Quebeck in: 1775: by the way of Kennebeck River, & over the Carrying Places: to Amaguntick Lake or, Pond, &c. and to Choudire river & to the River St Lawrance, & Quebeck I haveing A Plan of the Sea Shore, (from\nthen Falmouth Now Portland) in Cascobay & as fair as penob-Scut river; of the Great & most leading river Kennebeck: & the Carrying Places, to the river St Laurence &c.; your Excellency was pleased To derict me by Mr Ayers to Copy A plan for the Then Colonal Bennedick Arnold Esqr. To whome Your Excellency Gave the Command of that Army; I went to work Ameaditly in Obedience To your Excellency\u2019s Command; and did Compleat A large plan: (& also two Small plans, the two Small plans was by, Said Arnolds order) I Delivered them to Said Arnold on Thuresday the 21st Of Sepetember. the Great Plan I Delivered at my house: & on the 23d the two Small Plans at Fort western about 16 miles, above where I Hunt I then haveing; Planing Paper & Coulering and all things Redy, for Copying Plans; I also Gave him Said Arnold, A Journal: in June and July: 1761 Containing forty Seven pages in Quarto, from Quebeck by the way of Chaudiere river and the river dsloop [Du Loup] & the head of PenobSecut River & Carrying placesses into Moose Lake which is at the head off the North east branch of Kennebeck river: and through Said lake and Kennebeck river, To Fort Hallefax And: then from, Said Fort Hallefax up Said Kennebeck river, and over the Carrying placesses on the west Side of Said Kennebeck river to the Dead river, So Called, being, the western branch of Said Kennebeck river, & then up Said Western Branch; over Carrying Placess To Amaguntick Lake or pond, & through That Lake to Chadiere river, & down Said River to the river St Lawrance and then To Quebeck; there is some blanks left in Said journal; but for what reason I Could Never learn; every one hath had a Compansation for what they did; except my self, who had nothing but your Excellencys Letter by Mr Stephen Moylan, dated at Cambridge the 4th of November A.D. 1775 which is as follows Viztt\n            Cambridge 4th of November 1775\n          I am Commanded by his Excellency To acknowledge the Recept of your favour of the 17th of October he is pleased that you had supplied Colonal Arnold with the plans for his Rout to Quebeck; if it Should be found Necessary to lay out the road you mention, his Excellency wont be unmindfull of your offer of Service for that Purpose: I am Sir Your H: St\n            Stephen Moylan\n          A Copy from the orignal.\n          Sir I have suffered much by the Late Times if your Excelleny: would be pleased to Think off: and Grant me some favour it Will lay me under Great obligations: as well as Most Dutefull obedients; or other wise as Your Excellency in your Great Wisdom Shall Think Proper: And I as in Duty bound Shall ever Pray\n            Samuel Goodwin\n            N.B. I Most Humbly beg your Excellencys Pardon for Giveing you Any Trouble: about my affairs but your publick & universall; Known Goodness and Charity: who hath ben the means under God of Giveing peace & Liberity to Millions: make me attempt it; When your Excellency was at Boston &c: I attempted to wate on you there to Pay my Duty, but money: was not to had To beare my Expences: So Could not have the Honour to pay my Duty to your Excellency and lay my affairs before you: A Person Distressed in the decline of life is heard I enjoy a Good measur of health Blessed be God; I hope your Excelleny will Pardon Every thing amiss & the in correctness of This and I as in Duty bound &c.\n            Samuel Goodwin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0210", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Anderson, 18 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Anderson, Alexander\n          I have been favored with the receipt of your letter of the 14th of may last accompanying a parcel of seeds, which have been disposed of agreeably to the disposition suggested to you by Mr Benjamin Vaughan.\n          I desire to express my sense of your obliging kindness and to assure you that I shall be happy to aid beneficent intentions on\nany other occasion. I am Sir very respectfully your most obedient Servant\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0211", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Cushing, 18 November 1789\nFrom: Cushing, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Boston November the 18th 1789.\n          On Saturday the 24th of October, at Taunton while on the circuit, I had the honor of receiving your letter of the 30th of September last with a commission for the office of an associate Justice of the Supreme court of the united States. Decency & duty would have prompted an earlier answer, but that two of our state courts, at Cambridge & Salem remaining to conclude the business of the year, Judge Sewall, who has been appointed to the office of district Judge, thought with me, that two immediate resignations would have endangered the falling through or a distant adjournment of those courts, to the public inconvenience & the injury of individuals; which, I doubt not, therefore, you will approve as an apology for the delay. You condescend, Sir, to consider the Judicial System as the chief pillar of our national government, and kindly to say, that you have nominated to that department such men as you concieved would give dignity and lustre to our national government. I should be glad if my poor abilities could in any measure give ground for such a hope respecting myself; but I beg leave to say, that my wish has been from the beginning, to have such a national government take place, as should effectually secure the union, the authority, the peace & prosperity of these states. And since you have been pleased to express a desire of my ready acceptance of the office,\nI do now, with the greater confidence, but hoping for your candor, of which I shall stand in need, declare my acceptance of it. I must take the liberty to express my regret at being depreived of the honor of paying my respects to you at Boston, and joining publickly in the universal joy occasioned by your honoring these northern States with a visit; owing to a bad cold joined to the foulness of the weather the monday & Tuesday after your arrival here. Without troubling you, Sir, with my sense of the great things you thought it your duty to do and Suffer for us during the war, I shall only add my hearty wish, that you may long preside over, and thereby continued to render happy, the people of America. I have the honor to be, with the deepest respect, Sir, Your most obedient obliged humble Servant\n            William Cushing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0212", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Drayton, 18 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Drayton, William\n            United States Novr 18th 1789\n          The Office of Judge of the district Court in and for South Carolina District having become vacant; I have appointed you to fill the same, and your Commission therefor is enclosed.\n          You will observe that the Commission which is now transmitted to you is limitted to the end of the next Session of the Senate of the United States. This is rendered necessary by the Constitution of the United States, which authorizes the President of the United States to fill up such vacances as may happen during the recess of the Senate\u2014and appointments so made shall expire at the end of the ensuing Session unless confirmed by the Senate; however there cannot be the smallest doubt but the Senate will readily ratify & confirm this appointment, when your commission in the usual form shall be forwarded to you.\n          I presume, Sir, it is unnecessary for me to advance any arguments \nto shew the high importance of the Judicial System to our National Government, and of course the necessity of having respectable & influential Characters placed in the important offices of it. The love which you bear our Country will, I am persuaded, lead you to do every thing in your power to promote its welfare; and upon this principle I flatter myself you will accept the above appointment. I am Sir Yr most Obdt Hble St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0213", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 18 November 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\n            United States. November 18th 1789\n          I am directed by the President of the United States to transmit to you the enclosed letters which have been received by him, and which come properly under the cognizance of the Secretary of War.\n          The letters enclosed are as follows, viz.\n          one from Samuel McDowell, as chairman of a committee of a Convention in Kentuckey, upon Indian Affairs in Kentuckey, and containing a list of sundry tribes of Indians not included in any treaty between the United States and Indian tribes, dated Da[n]ville July 26th 1789.\n          One from Daniel Smith, relative to the Chickasaw nation and enclosing a list of depredations committed by Indians on the Inhabitants of Cumberland since may last\u2014dated Miro District on Cumberland River in North Carolina Augt 23d 1789.\n          One signed by a number of respectable Inhabitants of Kentuckey\nrecommendg the Mountain leader a Chickasaw Chief\u2014dated Septr 8th 1789.\n          One from Jos. Martin relative to the Chickasaw nation &c\u2014lands claimed by John Brown &ca\u2014dated Long Island of Holston Septr 25th 178[9].\n          one from Piamingo or the Mountain Leader, a Chickasaw Chieef, requesting a supply of powder & ball for his nation\u2014dated Richmond October 30th 1789. I have the Honor to be with perfect respect Sir, Your most Obedient Servant\n            Tobias LearSecretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0215", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 20 November 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\n          It was my purpose to have dropped you a few lines from Philada but I was too much indisposed during my detention there to avail myself of that pleasure. Since my arrival here I have till now been without a fit conveyance to the post office.\n          You will recollect the contents of a letter shewn you from Mr Innis to Mr Brown. Whilst I was in Philada I was informed by\nthe latter who was detained there as well as myself by indisposition, that he had recd later accounts though not from the same correspondent, that the Spaniards have finally put an entire stop to the trade of our Citizens down the river. The encouragements to such as settle under their own Government are continued.\n          A day or two after I got to Philada I fell in with Mr Morris. He broke the subject of the residence of Congs, and made observations which betrayed his dislike of the upshot of the business at N. York, and his desire to keep alive the Southern project of an arrangement with Pennsylvania. I reminded him of the conduct of his State, and intimated that the question would probably sleep for some time in consequence of it. His answer implied that Congress must not continue at New York, and that if he should be freed from his Engagements with the E. States by their refusal to take up the bill and pass it as it went to the Senate, he should renounce all confidence in that quarter, and speak seriously to the S. States. I told him they must be spoken to very seriously, after what had passed, if Penna expected them to listen to her, that indeed there was probably an end to further intercourse on the subject. He signified that if he should speak it would be \u27e8in earne\u27e9st, and he believed no one would pretend that his conduct would justify the least distrust of his going throug[h] with his undertakings; adding however that he was determined & accordingly gave me as he had given others notice that he should call up the postponed bill as soon as Congs should be re-assembled. I observed to him that if it were desirable to have the matter revived we could not wish to have it in a form more likely to defeat itself. It was unparliamentary and highly inconvenient, and would therefore be opposed by all candid friends to his object as an improper precedent, as well as by those who were opposed to the object itself. And if he should succeed in the Senate, the irregularity of the proceeding would justify the other House in withholding the signature of its Speaker, so that the bill could never go up to the President. He acknowledged that the bill could not be got thro\u2019 unless it had a majority in both houses on its merits. Why then, I asked, not take it up anew? He said he meant to bring the gentlemen who had postponed the bill to the point, acknowledged that he distrusted them, but held his engagements binding on him,\nuntil this final experiment should be made on the respect they meant to pay to theirs. I do not think it difficult to augur from this conversation the views which will govern Penna at the next Session. Conversations held by Grayson both with Morris & others in Philada and left by him in a letter to me, coincide with what I have stated. An attempt will first be made to alarm N. York and the Eastern States into the plan postponed, by holding out the Potowmac & Philada as the alternative, and if the attempt should not succeed, the alternative will then be held out to the Southern members. On the other hand N.Y. and the E. States, will enforce their policy of delay, by threatening the S. States as heretofore, with German Town or Trenton or at least Susquehanna, and will no doubt carry the threat into execution if they can, rather than suffer an arrangement to take place between Pena & the S. States.\n          I hear nothing certain from the Assembly. It is said that an attempt of Mr H. to revive the project of commutables has been defeated, that the amendments have been taken up, and are likely to be put off to the next Session, the present house having been elected prior to the promulgation of them. This reason would have more force, if the amendments did not so much correspond as far as they go with the propositions of the State Convention, which were before the public long before the last Election. At any rate, the Assembly might pass a vote of approbation along with the postponement, and Asign the reason of referring the ratification to their successors. It is probably that the scruple has arisen with the disaffected party. If it be construed by the public into a latent hope of some contingent opportunity for prosecuting the war agst the Genl Government; I am of opinion the experiment will recoil on the authors of it. As far as I can gather, the great bulk of the late opponents are entirely at rest, and more likely to censure further opposition to the Govt as now Administered than the Government itself. One of the principal leaders of the Baptists lately sent me word that the amendments had entirely satisfied the disaffected of his Sect, and that it would appear in their subsequent conduct.\n          I ought not to conclude without some apology for so slovenly a letter. I put off writing it till an opportunity should present itself not knowing but something from time to time might turn up that would make it less unworthy of your perusal. And it has\nso happened that the oppy barely gives me time for this hasty scr\u27e8awl\u27e9. With the most perfect esteem & affect. attachment I remain Dear Sir Yr Mot Obedt \u27e8servt\u27e9\n            Js Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0217", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 21 November 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Office November 21st 1789\n          I have the honor to submit to your inspection the report and letter which I have just received from the Commissioners of Indian Affairs for the Southern district. I have the honor to be Sir With the highest respect Your Most Obedient Humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0221", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 22 November 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n            Richmond November 22. 1789\n          Immediately upon the receipt of your private communication of my appointment, I wrote to you with a head, very much disordered by a fever. As soon as I recovered, I should have written to you again, had I not heard of your tour to the East. By this time I presume you have returned, & therefore beg leave to inform you, that I shall leave Virginia on the 15th of January for New-York. The reason, why I do not make an official reply to your official favor is stated in my former letter. Should you wish to see me earlier than the day, which I have fixed above, I will endeavour to obey your summons.\n          In a fortnight the assembly will rise. Mr Henry has quitted, rather in discontent, that the present assembly is not so pliant as the last. He moved before his departure to postpone the consideration of the amendments until the next session. His motion now lies upon the table, to be discussed tomorrow. I think the result will be, to ratify the first ten, and adjourn the remaining two over, on account of their ambiguity.\n          A motion will also be made tomorrow to publish an inflammatory letter, written by our senators to the assembly. This will be opposed so far, as relates to a publication under legislative sanction. As soon as I can with propriety procure a copy, I will forward it to you. We have reduced the taxes a fourth below the taxes of the last year, and about 25000\u00a3 short of our actual demand. Mr Henry pressed a reduction of a third, and declared that he would come even to a half. He also urged commutables; but the payment is to be made in Specie, and warrants equivalent only. For this year the military certificates will probably support their value. But the draught, which will be made from the next assembly, of men, who are friends to public faith, will I fear leave them in an unprotected state.\n          The plan for a revisal of our la\u27e8ws\u27e9 as mentioned in my former letter, has been approved, after a marked malignity shewn to it by our demagogues.\n          In a day or two we shall be agitated by a question on the sale of the glebes. The partizans of this iniquity wish to keep it off until next year. But it is determined to prepare an antidote for their misrepresentations, by stating the title of the church in a pointed manner. If we find it practicable, we shall draw the assembly to a final decision. I am dear Sir your obliged and affectionate friend & servant\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0224", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Brown Cutting, 23 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cutting, John Brown\n          I have received your letter of the 25th of July enclosing sundry papers respecting the state of public affairs in France, for which mark of attention I request you to accept my best acknowledgements. I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0225", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Newton, Jr., 23 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newton, Thomas Jr.\n          Your letter of the 24th of October, containing an estimate of the cost of a Light-house which was to have been erected on Cape Henry\u2014a draft of the same\u2014and an account of materials placed upon the spot for the purpose of building, has been duly received; and I beg you to accept my thanks for your trouble in preparing & forwarding them\u2014I am, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0226", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Rutledge, 23 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rutledge, Edward\n          I have been favoured with your letter of the 31st ultimo, and am very happy to learn that the appointments under the general Government have given so much satisfaction in your part of the Union. Added to the consciousness of having brought forward\nsuch characters only to fill the several offices in the United States, as, from my own knowledge, or the strictest inquiries, I conceived would do justice to the public & honor to themselves, I have the happiness to find, so far as my information extends, that they are highly acceptable to the good people of this Country.\n          Your brother\u2019s acceptance of his appointment has given me much pleasure;\u2014and I should have been glad if Major Pinckney could have found it compatible with his interest to hold the office of District Judge; however, I am persuaded the duties of that office will be ably and faithfully discharged by Mr Drayton whom I have appointed to fill it, in consequence of your warm recommendation of him, and the concurrent testimony given of his abilities and integrity by those Gentlemen who are acquainted with him, & who have spoken to me on the subject. I am, Dear Sir, with sentiments of affection & esteem Your most Obedt Humbe Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0229", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Goodwin, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Goodwin, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n          Pownalborough, District of Maine, 25 Nov. 1789. Suggests that a lighthouse be established on the island of Seguin, near the entrance of the Kennebec River, and describes the advantages of the location.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0230", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elijah Jackson, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Jackson, Elijah\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York November 25th 1789\n          I hope the Justice of my intensions will excuse the fredom I have taken of Emploreing your Assistance. (For I Solemnly declare in the Name of him whose all searching Eye is Privy to every thing that is Transacted. that it is through Necessity.) I have been somtime Employed in the Study of Physic and my most ardent desire is to gain a Sufficient compotency of Knowledge in the Science in order to render myself Capable of leading a usefull and active life. but to my great and unhappy disappointment, I shall not be able to accomplish my much Desired intension without the assistance of Some Noble and generous hearted Soul. For my finances is Exausted and my Parents reduced by Sickness and other misfortunes, which renders them incapable of assisting me.\n          Should you O! most Illusterous President. who has proved Yourself to be a friend to Mankind. See it consistent within Yourself to assist your humble Pertitioner, I Shall Esteem it a very great Deed of charity. It will be of the greatest importance to me, as my Present prospect of future Success Depends upon Immediate assistance. I am Sir. Your most Humble Pertitioner.\n            Elijah Jackson\n          Should it not be to much trouble Please to favaur me with an Answer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0231", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\n            United States, November 25th 1789\n          The President of the United States has directed me to return the draft of the letter which you are about to send to the Governor of Georgia and to inform you that it meets his approbations. The President of the United States wishes you to send him the copy of the Instructions given to the Commissioners\u2014\nwhich he will return to you in a few days. I have the Honor to be with perfect respect Your most Obedt Servt\n            Tobias LearSecy to the Presidt of the U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 26 November 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          Since my last, written about five days ago, the committee of the whole house have been engaged in the amendments from congress. Mr Henry\u2019s motion, introduced about three weeks past, for postponing the consideration of them, was negatived by a great majority. The first ten were easily agreed to. The eleventh and twelfth were rejected 64 against 58. I confess, that I see no propriety in adopting the two last. But I trust that the refusal to ratify will open the road to such an expression of federalism, as will efface the violence of the last year, and the intemperance of the inclosed letter, printed by the enemies to the constitution, without authority. However our final measures will depend on our strength, which is not yet ascertained.\n          I shall set off on the 15th of January, as I took the liberty of informing you in my last. I am dear sir yr obliged & affectionate friend\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Boyd, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Boyd, James\nTo: Washington, George\n          To the President the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.\n          The Petition of James Boyd of Boston in the County of Suffolk and Commonwealth of Massachusetts Esquire, Humbly sheweth\u2014\n          That your Petitioner was possessed from the Year 1767 till the Beginning of our Contest with Great Britain of very large Property in Lands situated on the Eastern Bank of the River Schoodick, granted him by the British Government of Nova-Scotia, and that during said Period he introduced many Families on the same Lands at his own Charge, and expended much Property in getting the same under considerable Improvement and Cultivation; But feeling himself attached to the Cause of America, he took such an active Part in their Favour, that the resentment of the British Subjects in that Province compelled him to leave the Country, and flee to the Protection of the United States; & that in Consequence thereof he has suffered Poverty and Distress from that Day to the present Time, that the said Lands which your Petitioner held, are on the western Side of the River St Croix, and within the Dominions of the United States, but unjustly now held in Possession by British Subjects\u2014That the Facts aforesaid and your Petitioner\u2019s Situation have been particularly set forth to Congress by the Legislature of this Commonwealth, in a Letter of Instruction to their Delegates in the Year 1786, signed and transmitted by the then Governor Bowdoin, and which is now on the Files of Congress, accompanied wth a Number of Letters from Governor Bowdoin, the present Governor Hancock, and others upon the Subject, to which your Excellency and Honours will please to be refered: that your Petitioner by his thus quitting the British and joining the American Interest has been subjected to peculiar Hardships and Difficulties, which with a large Family he has with great Anxiety sustained: But confiding in the Power and Disposition of the present Congress of the United States to do him compleat Justice, he requests them to put him in Possession of his Lands aforesaid now held by British Subjects, tho\u2019 on this Side the Line between the two Dominions, or otherwise recompence your\nPetitioner who has lost the whole of his Property and Means of procuring a comfortable Subsistence in Consequence of his Attachment as aforesaid.\n          Your Petitioner begs Leave to add that he is possessed of Papers, and that John Mitchel Esqr. of the State of Newhampshire (now an old Man about 76 Years of Age) is also possessed of Papers, that may be useful in determining the real Situation of the River St Croix, entended by the late Treaty of Peace to be the dividing Line between the Dominions of the United States & Great Britain, as will appear by a Plan taken in the Year 1764 by the said Mitchel, and another taken by the Surveyor General of Nova Scotia the Year following, and now in the Possession of your Petitioner, who, As in Duty bound will ever pray &c.\n            James Boyd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0234", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Buckminster, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Buckminster, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n            Portsmouth [N.H.] November 27: 1789\n          I should not have presumed to intrude upon a moment of your time, filled as I know it must be with a variety of the most important cares, were it \u27e8not\u27e9 to execute a request made when you were at Portsmouth, To present in the name of Lady Pepperell, Relict of Sr William Pepperell the inclosed discourse. Though the connections of her Ladyship have been such as would lead us to suppose that she would have entered into the views and prejudices of the British administration, yet she has invariably been friendly to the american revolution, and wished to give some token of her high esteem and respect for one, who had been so highly honored of God, in effecting it. Her ill health and infirmities forbad her soliciting the honor of a visit when you landed at Kittery, near her mansion: But she wishes you to recieve the inclosed, as a token of her respect, presented by one who begs leave to subscribe himself, with the most fervent prayers for your Prosperity and happiness Your most Obdnt Humble Servt\n            Joseph Buckminster", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Office November 27th 1789.\n          I have the honor to submit to you a letter from Brigadier General Harmar dated the 19th of October with several enclosures shewing the State of affairs on the Western Frontiers. I have the honor to be Sir, with the highest respect, your most obedient humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0236", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Winthrop Sargent, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Sargent, Winthrop\nTo: Washington, George\n          Marietta, Territory of the United States\n          SirNorth West of the River Ohio Novr 27th 1789\n          I conceive it incumbent on me to acquaint your Excellency with the Death of Saml H. Parsons Esqr. one of the Judges of this territory.\n          He had been to view some Salt Springs on a Branch of the big Beaver & on the Morng of the 17th Inst: Embarked on Board a Canoe, with one Man only, to descend that River\u2014Before noon on the same Day, the Boat, in a very shattered Condition, with\nsundry Articles of Baggage known to have been the Property of the Judge, were observed floating by a military Post or Station at the Falls of Beaver (four Miles from the Ohio) & the Officer commanding immediately detached a Party in Search of the Bodies\u2014but without Success. Upon the Eveg of the same Day a Soldier, who was with the deceased at the Time of his embarkation, arrived at the Post, being charged with his Horses & a Message to the Officer that he would dine with him at 12 oClock on the same Day\u2014the 17th.\n          Upon the 18th and 19th the Bodies were sought after, but in vain\u2014and we have no Intelligence since.\n          As this melancholy Occasion has given me the Opportunity of introducing myself to your Excellency, devoid of the painful Consciousness of Intrusion I will trespass so far as to express my grateful Satisfaction in the fair Prospects of our Country under the present Constitution & your Excellency\u2019s Administration. with every Sentiment of Respect I have the Honour to be your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most devoted Servant\n            Winthrop Sargent\n            P.S. The Governour is expected every Moment to arrive at this Place on his Way down the River\u2014as the waters, which have been very low, will now permit his Passage.\n            This Tour will give me an Opportunity of visiting a Country in which your Excellency, if I am not misinformed, has formerly been conversant\u2014If there should be at this Time, or hereafter, any Services which I can render you\u2014or if your Excellency should be desirous of any Species of Information within my Ability to acquire, it will be highly gratifying to me to devote my attention thereto\u2014for it will add very much to my Happiness to contribute to your Excellency\u2019s Pleasures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomasin Gordon, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Gordon, Thomasin\nTo: Washington, George\n          Worthy Sir,No. 4 Crown Street\n          The Very distressed and Melancholy Situation I am in at this time occasions my taking a Liberty with your Excellency, which otherwise woud Be unpardonable. I am Sir Confind to My bed, with A Violent fever, in a Strange City, far Remov\u2019d from Every friend and Connection, and have not one Shilling to Support myself, or to buy a morsel of Bread for my fatherless Child, for those two days past. I have therefore app[l]y\u2019d to your Excellency Begging your kind assistance with a few dollars To Save me from Starving. as I Realy have not the Common necessaries of life. the Publick Is Indebted to My late husband Colo. John White of Georgia. but I Cannot Get a Settlement of his Accts till Congress Sits again. for Gods Sake Worthy Sir afford Me a little Assistance. And Reap the Reward in a better World than this, Colo. Alexander hamilton Can make you acquainted With my Character and wretched Situation\u2014with Respect I am Worthy\nSir Your Excellencys most obedie[n]t and very distresd humble Sert\n            Thomasin Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0238", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            United States Novr 28th 1789\n          The President of the U. States being very desirous that the several Accts of those Articles which were furnished by directions of Saml Osgood & William Duer Esqr in pursuance of a resolution of both houses of Congress of the 15th of April 1789 and deposited in the house provided for the President of the United States, for his use, should be settled & paid. He has, therefore, directed me to inform you that it is his wish that the money appropriated to that purpose might be applied thereto as soon as may be; and that you should employ a competent person to examine & settle said Accounts, and previous to their being paid that the person so employed should compare the accounts rendered in, with the articles actually in the house to prevent any abuse. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Sir Your most Obt Servant\n            Tobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Ross, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Washington, George\n            Virginia Richmond 28th Novr 1789.\n          The Petition of David Ross of the State of Virginia\n          Humbly Sheweth,\n          That your Petitioner, being proprieter of certain Salt Springs in the Western Country, at the place known by the name of the Great-Bone Lick is solicited by many of the most respectable inhabitants of Kentucky to establish salt-works at the said springs\u2014That your petitioner would willingly comply with the pressing desire of the people but the situation is at present so much exposed to the depredations of the Indians as to render it too hazardous and expensive for an individual without the assistance of a guard from the public for a short time.\n          Your Petitioner is well informed that the establishment of salt works at the Great Bone Lick, would not only ensure a plentiful supply of salt so essentially necessary to the inhabitants; but that a guard could perhaps be no where more advantageously placed for the protection of a very valuable part of that Country, and would certainly encourage the settlement of the adjacent lands; so that the public aid would not be long required\u2014From these considerations\u2014your Petitioner presumes to pray, that you may be pleased to grant such public aid as may be necessary, for the protection of the Salt-Works, to be erected at the Great Bone Lick, in the district of Kentucky\u2014and your Petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0240", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Trumbull, 29 November 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          Had not the subject been accidentally introduc\u2019d in the conversation with which you was pleas\u2019d to honor me this Evening, I should never have thought of mentioning that any application from me bore a part in procurring to Mr Jefferson the civilities wch He receiv\u2019d from the Custom House in England.\n          But since it has been mention\u2019d you will pardon my enclosing\ncopies of the Letters which I wrote on the occasion to Mr Pitt & which I hope will not meet your disapprobation. I am with all possible Respect sir Your Obligd & Humble servant\n            Jno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0242", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\n            [New York] Monday November 30th 1789\n          The President of the United States presents his best Compliments to the Chief Justice of the United States and his Lady, and encloses them Tickets for the Theatre this evening.\n          As this is the last night the President proposes visiting the theatre for the season, he cannot deny himself the gratification of requesting the company of the Chief Justice and his Lady\u2014altho\u2019 he begs at the same time that they will consider this invitation in such a point of view as not to feel themselves embarrassed, in the smallest degree, upon the occasion, if they have any reluctance to visiting the theatre; for the President presents the tickets as to his friends who will act as is most agreeable to their feelings, knowing thereby that they will meet the wishes of the person who invites them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0243", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          You will perceive by the enclosed letter (which was left for you at the Office of Foreign Affairs when I made a journey to the Eastern States) the motives on which I acted with regard to yourself, and the occasion of my explaining them at that early period.\n          Having now reason to hope\u2014from Mr Trumbulls report\u2014that you will be arrived at Norfolk before this time (on which event I would most cordially congratulate you) and having a safe conveyance by Mr Griffin, I forward your Commission to Virginia; with a request to be made acquainted with your sentiments as soon as you shall find it convenient to communicate them to me. With sentiments of very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0247", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Corbin Washington, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, Corbin\nTo: Washington, George\n          Walnut Farm [Westmoreland County, Va.]\n          My dear UncleNovr 30. 1789\n          Some time late in September la\u27e8st I\u27e9 received a letter from Mr John Marshall informing me that the Suit of the Hites & \u27e8Greens\u27e9 against me for a part of my land in Berkley was set for trial in the succeeding Octr, and, unless I could procure for him sundry papers &c., with which he had not been furnished, he could not maintain the Suit. Upon examination, I found that the papers required were not in my possession, neither did I know where to apply for them. In the height of this dilemma, I had the pleasure of seeing Mr Charles Lee, who informed me, that, in consequence of a conversation he had had with you some time ago, he inclined to believe that you could either inform me where to obtain the necessary papers, or give me some useful instructions respecting the business\u2014if it is in your power to do either, you will much oblige me (Sir) by answering this letter as soon as you conveniently can. I enclose you a copy of Mr Marshall\u2019s letter \u27e8to m\u27e9e, which will serve to shew what papers and other proof he wants to secure me. Could you, without \u27e8m\u27e9uch inconvenience to yourself, contrive, a letter on this subject to my brother in alexandria, come by the fifteenth of Decr it will meet with me there on my way to Berkley, and will possibly save me much fatigue & expence. The subject on which I now address you, is of such consequence to me, that I hope it will in some degree justify the liberty I take in calling your attention a few moments from matters of a public nature. Mrs Washington joins me in sincere love to Aunt Washington, and wishing health & happiness to you both. I am Dr Uncle Your Affectionate & Sincere Nephew\n            Corbin Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Ogle, November 1789\nFrom: Ogle, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n          Delaware State Newcastle County\n          Dear Sirwhite Clay Creek hund. No. W. [November 1789]\n          I am in the Greatest Distress as per N. 1 from Principles of, I know not what, but to make A Pray of My Fidelety & patriotism, for the heat of the Enemys, Progress through the Jersey A Number of the fineest Men we have now was then not to be found, though at that time I Sacreficed Every thing that was near & Dear to a Man of feeling & thought I gave up, & proceeded on till I Seen the Close of the war & then Retired after, laying out all the money that I had & runing in debt for A Considirable sum To Support the postes, Near my districk, & my own Service, & am now to be Devourd by a few who took the advantage of the Only few who Stood forth to Defend the whole all I want is that the Certificates in my Name might not be Sold Till the interest might be paid which is far Inadquait to my\nbodyly distress But in General am willing to be Sattisfied With it Sir I hope youll Pardon me (for Presuming to write to you who are the head) Whom am & has been a Sincere friend to the United States as far as my Knowledge led you[r] Hume Sert\n            Joseph Ogle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0250", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 1 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\n            [New York] December 1st 1789\n          The President of the United States hath read with attention the Papers herewith returned, relating to our Affairs in Morocco: and as far as he can form an opinion without knowing the contents of Guiseppe Chiappe\u2019s Letters of the 25th of April & 18th of July 1789\u2014no translation thereof being sent\u2014approves the Draft of the Letters to the Emperor and Guiseppe & Francisco Chiappe; and wishes, as the case seems to require it, that they may be forwarded by the first good conveyances that offers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0252", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Habersham, 2 December 1789\nFrom: Habersham, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Savannah, December 2d, 1789.\n          The letter which you will herewith receive I beleive respects the appointment of a Collector of the Customs for the Port and District of Brunswick, which is now vacant by the resignation of Mr Handley. Mr Hillary informs me he has applied for it; if he should meet with your approbation, I have no doubt but he will discharge his duty properly, being I beleive a Man of integrity and sufficient ability. I have the honor to be, with due respect, Sir, Your most obedient, humble, Servant\n            John Habersham\n            Collector of the Customs at Savannah", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0254", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to William Duer, 4 December 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Duer, William\n            New York December 4th 1789.\n          The President of the United States will keep the Carriage provided for his use previous to his arrival in New-York\u2014and as it will be considered upon the same footing with other articles furnished at that time and for that purpose \u2014Mr Manley will therefore bring in his Accot accordingly. I am sir, with great respect Your most Obt Servt\n            Tobias LearSecy to the president U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Mandrillon, 4 December 1789\nFrom: Mandrillon, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n            Amsterdam 4th Decr 1789\n          The kind indulgence which you have deigned to give my productions, is a benefit which expands my soul with a joy which can only be equalled by the sentiment of acknowledgement & gratitude; and to express which, one must possess that elevation\u2014that sublimity of idea which nature has but rarely given to man\u2014and which has been so happily bestowed upon you for the benefit of your country, & for the edification of those who are friends to virtue & liberty.\n          My friend Mr Cazenove, carrys to your Excellency a copy of my Patriotic wishes towards France. After having essayed my zeal in favour of the regeneration of America, I ought equally to manifest my patriotic devotion towards France\u2014my Count[r]y.\n          I observe by the letter of the 12th of October last with which\nyour Excellency has honored me\u2014that my transmissions to America have been retarded; I hope, however to be more fortunate at this time, and that this little work will get quickly to your Excellency, and will be honored with your attention. I have the honor to be, my General, with the most perfect veneration Yr Excellencys most Hble & Obedt Servt\n            Jos. Mandrillon\n            P.S. I have but one desire\u2014but one Ambition capable of filling my soul with unalterable felicity\u2014this is the Glory of possessing Your Excellency\u2019s portrait. Ah! Great man deign to be interested in my favour & fulfil my expectation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0256", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the North Carolina Ratifying Convention, 4 December 1789\nFrom: North Carolina Ratifying Convention\nTo: Washington, George\n          Fayette Ville, State of North Carolina\n          Sir,4th of December 1789.\n          By order of the Convention of the People of this State, I have the honor to transmit to you the Ratification and adoption of the Constitution of the United States by the said Convention in behalf of the People. With sentiments of the highest consideration and Respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most faithful and Obedient Servant\n            Samuel JohnstonPresident of the Convention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Christian Febiger, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Febiger, Christian\nTo: Washington, George\n          Pardon this Intrusion and believe me, when I solemnly aver, that I have no other Motive, than a real Inclination to promote by every means in my power the Prosperity of our dear Country. At the Time, when we first attempted the manufactury of Cotton in this City, I was one, who paid much Attention to it, I usd every Endeavour to obtain Information on a Subject then little understood, This drew me into a Correspondence with various people, among others with Thomas Diggs Esqr. of Virginia then in Ireland, from whom I have receivd a Number of intelligent Letters, among others the one inclosd. Permitt me Sir to introduce the Bearer of both Mr Thomas McCabe junr of Belfast, he has been here about a Week and much with me, he appears to be a young Man of Probity and well vers\u2019d in his Bussiness, he has won my Friendship, which prompts me to sollicit in his Behalf your Excellencys Patronage & Protection.\n          He has a great Desire to bring his Family to this Country, he will more fully explain his Intentions & Motives to your Excellency; if your Excellency will condescend to inform me through Mr McCabe, whether & through what Channel a Loan of the Brass Model mentiond by Mr Diggs could be obtaind, it would lay me under singular Obligations.\n          I further beg Leave respectfully to inform your Excellency, that I had lately the honor of being appointed Treasurer of this State, if in that Capacity or as an Individual, I can render any Information or other Service to Your Excellency or my Country; none will more chearfully do it than he, who has the honor to be with every Sentiment, which the sincerest Veneration & Respect can dictate Your Excellencys Most obedient and most humble Servt\n            Christian Febiger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0258", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Fenwick, Mason, & Company, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Fenwick, Mason, & Company\nTo: Washington, George\n          Bordeaux [France] 5 December 1789. The dealer\u2019s catalog description of this document notes that it deals with GW\u2019s order for wine which included twenty-six bottles of claret and twelve dozen \u201cvins de grave. We have taken much pains to procure this Wine and are well persuaded it is the best to be had. But we fear it (the claret particularly) may not be found fit for drinking immediately though it is old pure & of one of the first growths since it has just been bottled. Since the best wine is always bought in cask we beg leave to recommend to you to order always somewhat in advance that it may lie six or eight Months in bottle to ripen.\u201d The catalog description notes that the firm informed GW that \u201cno good Champagne wine is to be had but through a friend in Rheims they have secured a case of two dozen bottles which they are taking the liberty to send him.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Harry Innes, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Innes, Harry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Kentucky Danville Decr 5th 1789\n          I have the hono\u2019r to acknowledge the receipt of your very polite Letter of the 30th of September with the several papers therein inclosed, permit me sir to return my most grateful thanks for the attention paid & the hono\u2019r confered on me by the supreme Executive of the United States.\n          The Office of Judge is of the first Magnitude, and when I reflect on its importance & my own imbecility it is with diffidence that I accept it, my situation being different from that of any other Judge in the Union; because great will be the business that will come before the F\u0153deral Court in this District, relative to Landed Property founded on the Laws of this State, which from their ambiguity, & want of certainty, will require certain principles to be established, as rules of decission & which are to be done without the aid of Precedent or a Coadjutor.\n          Impressed with a due sense of the importance of the Trust I can but accept the Commission with fear & trembling; however, my most active exertions shall be caled forth to support me under it\u2014should I err\u2014I hope & trust it will be imputed to the common frailties of Mankind, for I have the broad Basis of Opinion to Combat. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem your mo. ob. servt\n            Harry Innes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0260", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William McNamara, 5 December 1789\nFrom: McNamara, William\nTo: Washington, George\n          I would have conformed to my promise of troubling you no more, were I not actuated by the sincerest regret for having undesignedly offended your Excellancy, by my last letter. I was far from imagining, when I wrote it, that it would have been taken as an insult: tho its being wrote in the anguish of disappointment, \narrayed it in attire, which it was never intended it should ware; even then, it was far remote from my thoughts to use the smallest insolence to your Excellancy, as the letter was intended, at most, but as a remonstrance. I am not so irrational as to be the least displeased with your Excellancy for not granting my reques[t], when unacompanied by recommendations that seem indispensably necessary; but which are so far removed from my attainment, that before I could possibly receive them, the indigence of my circumstances would constrain me to seek some other mains of support, distant from hear; and were I to receive them, they could not insure me success; nor do I wish, for my private interest, the inovation of a custom that might be very ingerous to the public good. I suppose that I have appered so insignificant to your Excellency, that you are very cairless about my esteem or aversion; and tho you\u2019l neither see me, nor ever hear of me after this, yet I could not perfectly quiet my mind, untill I ask your forgiveness, and recall the words that have offended you. To commit an unjust action would be more pain-ful to me than poverty: and it would be a piece of injustice that admits of no apology, to censure that unblemished character, that has deservedly gained the admiration of every people and country, as far as the American history is known; and that you deserve nothing but respect and esteem from all men, the annals of the world, and the personal knowledge of multitudes, can sufficiently avince. I ever had the utmost respect, admiration, and reverance, for them illustrious virtues you possess; for thirteen years disinterested, and unremitted endeavours to benefit mankind, which the almight[y] has blessed with success; and for that mild, an[d] gentle disposition, which is a greate ornament to you, than the station you possess (and that you deserve no other from me, or any other person, is an incontestable truth) and tho I have not the honour to be known to you, yet it would pain me for you to imagin, I thought otherwise.\n          I hope your excellancy will do me the justice to think, my present declerations sincere, since they proceed from no motives of interest, nor expectation of favour, as I never intend to enter your abode, nor ever to adress you any more.\n          Forgive, great Sir, what you are pleased to term insolence, and believe me, no person alive can have a truer respect, or more real esteem, for them excellant qualifications, of which the illustrious\nWashington is possessed, than, Your Excellancies most obediant, humble servant\n            William McNamara", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0261", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 5 December 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\n          Since my last I have been furnished with the inclosed copy of the letter from the Senators of this State to its Legislature. It is well calculated to keep alive the disaffection to the Government, and is accordingly applied to that use by the violent partizans. I understand the letter was written by the first subscriber of it, as indeed is pretty evident from the stile and strain of it. The other it is said, subscribed it with reluctance. I am less surprized that this should have been the case, than that he should have subscribed at all.\n          My last information from Richmond is contained in the following extract from a letter of the 28th Novr from an intelligent member of the H. of Delegates. \u201cThe revenue bill which proposes a reduction of the public taxes one fourth below the last year\u2019s amount is with the Senate. Whilst this business was before the H. of Delegates a proposition was made to receive Tobacco & Hemp as commutables, which was negatived; the House determining still to confine the collection to specie and specie warrants. Two or three petitions have been presented which asked a general suspension of Executions for twelve months; they were read, but denied a reference. The Assembly have passed an Act for altering the time of choosing Representatives to Congress, which is now fixed to be on the third Monday in September, suspending the powers of the Representative until the Feby after his election. This change was made to suit the time of the annual meeting of Congress. The fate of the Amendments proposed by Congress to the Genl Government is still in suspense. In a Com[mitte]e of the whole House the first ten were acceded to with little opposition; for on a question\ntaken on each separately, there was scarcely a dissenting voice. On the two last a debate of some length took place, which ended in rejection. Mr E. Randolph who advocated all the others stood in this contest in the front of opposition. His principal objection was pointed agst the word \u201cretained\u201d in the eleventh proposed amendment, and his argument if I understood it was applied in this manner\u2014that as the rights declared in the first ten of the proposed amendments were not all that a free people would require the exercise of, and that as there was no criterion by which it could be determined whether any other particular right was retained or not, it would be more safe and more consistent with the spirit of the 1st & 17th amendts proposed by Virginia that this reservation agst constructive power, should operate rather as a provision agst extending the powers of Congs by their own authority, than a protection to rights reducible to no definitive certainty. But others, among whom I am one, see not the force of the distinction; for by preventing an extension of power in that body from which danger is apprehended, safety will be ensured, if its powers be not too extensive already, & so by protecting the rights of the people & of the States, an improper extension of power will be prevented & safety made equally certain. If the House should agree to the Resolution for rejecting the two last I am of opinion that it will bring the whole into hazard again, as some who have been decided friends to the ten first think it would be unwise to adopt them without the 11 & 12th. Whatever may be the fate of the amendments submitted by Congress, it is probable that an application for further amendments will be made by this Assembly, for the opposition to the federal Constitution is in my opinion reduced to a single point, the power of direct taxation\u2014those who wish the change are desirous of repeating the application, whilst those who wish it not are indifferent on the subject, supposing that Congs will not propose a change which would take from them a power so necessary for the accomplishment of those objects which are confided to their care. Messrs Joseph Jones & Spencer Roane are appointed Judges of the Genl Court to fill the vacancies occasioned by the death of Mr Cary & the removal of Mr Mercer to the Court of appeals.\u201d\n          The difficulty started agst the amendments is really unlucky, and the more to be regretted as it springs from a friend to the\nConstitution. It is a still greater cause of regret, if the distinction be, as it appears to me, altogether fanciful. If a line can be drawn between the powers granted and the rights retained, it would seem to be the same thing, whether the latter be secured, by declaring that they shall not be abridged, or that the former shall not be extended. If no line can be drawn, a declaration in either form would amount to nothing. If the distinction were just it does not seem to be of sufficient importance to justify the risk of losing the amendts of furnishing a handle to the disaffected, and of arming N.C. with a pretext, if she be disposed, to prolong her exile from the Union. With every sentiment of respect & attachment I am Dr Sir Yr Obedt & hble servt\n            Js Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0263", "content": "Title: Farm Reports, 6\u201312 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Mount Vernon, 6\u201312 December 1789]\n              Murcury in the Morng\n              Dr. Dogue Run Plantn for the work of 7 Men & 11 Women Amtg \u214cweek to\n              Cr. By breaking up ground in No. 1\n              By breaking up a p[iec]e of low ground next to the Tumbling dam joining No. 7\n              By breaking up ground at River plantn in No. 5\n              By hauling Corn\n              By gathering ditto\n              By Husking ditto\n              By Sickness Lucy in Child bed 6 days, Brunswick 6, Matt 6 days\n          Sent to the Mill 60 Bushels of Oats to grind, 16 Bushels of Corn, 3 Barrels Soft ditto for the hogs, Recd from ditto 3\u00bd Bushels B. Meal and 5\u00bd ditto Ship stuff; Sent to Mansn House 30 Bushels Oats, Used by the Horses 10 Bushels of ditto, fed to the Hogs 3 Barrels soft Corn. Stock 56 head Cattle, 92 Old Sheep, 35 Lambs, 8 working Horses, 16 Calves from Mansn House.\n              Dr. Ferry & Frenches Plantn for the work of 7 Men 16 Women and 3 Boys Amtg \u214c week to\n              Cr. By breaking up ground in No. 2\n              By hauling Corn\n              By ditto wood at the Mansn House\n              By gathering Husking and lofting Corn\n              By Spinning\n              By Lucy Confined to the House on acct of her Swell\u2019d legg, & sowing\n              By Sickness, Cupid 6 days, Lucy 6, Daphney 6 days\n          Recd from the Mill 11\u00bd Bushels B. Meal, Sent to ditto 9\u00bc Bushels Corn, Sent to Mansn House 4\u00be Bushels black Eyed pease, 4\u00be Bushs. red ditto and 3 pecks small round ditto, Stock 81 head Cattle, 88 old Sheep, 28 Lambs, 15 Working Horses, 2 ditto Mules, 2 ditto Spring Mules Ferriages 20/.\n              Dr. Muddy Hole Plantn for the work of 3 men & 10 women\n              Cr. By breaking up ground in No. 6\n              By hauling Corn and Housing ditto\n              By hauling Corn at Dogue Run\n              By gathering Corn\n              By rip[in]g a House for the Overseer\n              By Sickness Sacky 6 days\n          Increase 7 Cows Sent from Mansn House, Sent to the Mill 5 Bushels Corn Recd from ditto 11 Bushels bran and Oats Mixed for horse feed and 5\u00bd Bushels B. Meal, Measured this week 7 Barrels Sound Corn 9 ditto of Nubbings, 2 ditto of Soft ditto\u2014Stock 29 head Cattle 20 old Sheep 4 Lambs, 9 Working Horses.\n              Dr. River Plantn for the work of 7 Men 17 women 3 Boys and 1 girl Amtg \u214c week to\n              Cr. By breaking up ground in No. 5\n              By hauling Corn; and at Mill 1 day\n              By dressing Flax\n              By Striping Tobo\n              By threshing Oats\n              By gathering and Husking Corn\n              By Sickness Essex 6 days\n          Decrease 1 Sheep Sent to the Mill 11\u00bd Bushels Corn 10\u00bd Bushl. Oats fed to the Horses this week 21 Bushels Oats, 1\u00bd to D. Run Horses Stock 91 head Cattle, 129 Old Sheep, 53 Lambs, 14 Working Horses.\n              Dr. Mansn House for the work of 14 Men 9 Boys & 6 Girls Amtg \u214c week to\n              Cr. By waggon hauling Hay\n              By hauling wood for the House, lime kiln, and at Mill\n              By 1 Cart hauling wood and water\n              By 1 ditto hauling lime and Sand to the green House\n              By Cuting wood\n              By diging post holes and puting up post and rail fence\n              By baking bread 3 days, tending dairy 2 ditto\n              By Cuting and Clearing the New road by the Mill\n              By Cuting Stuff for rails\n              By loading the waggon with Hay 2 days going to Alexa. with flower 1 Do\n              By Stoped by rain 6 days, Seting lime kiln 2 ditto\n              By tending the brick layers\n              By feeding beeves and Stowing away Hay\n              By beating out timothy Seed and Stowing away Hay\n              By Carrying Shells to lime kiln 6 days, Sifting lime 6 days\n              By Making Baskets\n              By tending Stock and heaping up Manure\n              By tending Jacks and going of errands\n          Decrease 7 Cows Sent to Muddy Hole Recd from the Mill 27 Bushels B. Meal Stock 17 head Cattle, 38 Old Sheep, 3 wethers, 18 Lambs, 5 last spring Mules 1 ditto 2 Years Old, 4 ditto spring ditto, 3 ditto Spring Colts, 2 ditto Spring Jennies, 3 ditto Old ditto, 3 ditto Jacks, 1 ditto spring ditto.\n              Dr. ditchers for the work of 5 Men Amtg \u214c week to\n              Cr. By ditching finished 28\u00bd roods\n              By Mortising posts and lost on Acct of rain\n              By Sickness, Charles, 4 days, Botswain 3 ditto Robin \u00bd ditto\n              Dr. Joinners & Carpenters for the work of 4 Men Amtg \u214c week to\n              Cr. By Thos Mohony About the green House window Shetters\n              By Isaac engaged about ditto\n              By James & Sambo Sawing 8 pieces for the green House & 8 laths 16 feet long\n              By James Confined to the House having fallen from the saw pit & wounded himself\n              By Sickness Thos Mohony 2 days\n              By rounding Shingles\n              By hewing 10 Stocks 16 feet long 10 Inches deep\n              Rem[ainin]g in the Mill\n              To toll this week\n              To Dogue Run plantn\n              To River plantn\n              To Muddy Hole Plantn\n              To Ferry & Frenches Plantn\n              Remg in the Mill\n              By D. Run plantn\n              By Muddy Hole Plant.\n              By F. & Frenches Pltn\n              By Mansn House\n              By Miller & Coopers\n              Dr. Coopers for the work of 3 Men Amtg \u214c week to\n              By Cuting hoop poles Cr.\n              By triming pales\n              By going to Alexa. with flower\n              By puting the flower on board of the boat", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0264", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 6 December 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          When I had the honor of writing to you last, the amendments had, I believe, been under consideration in a committee of the\nwhole, and ten were adopted, and the two last rejected. Upon the report being made to the house, and without a debate of any consequence, the whole twelve were ratified. They are now with the senate, who were yesterday employed about them. That body will attempt to postpone them; for a majority is unfriendly to the government. But an effort will be made against this destructive measure.\n          In the house of delegates, it was yesterday moved to declare the remainder of the amendments, proposed by our convention, essential to the rights and liberties of the people. An amendment was offered, saying, that in pursuance of the will of the people, as expressed by our convention, the general assembly ought to urge congress to a reconsideration of them. The amendment was carried by the speaker, giving a casting vote. This shews the strength of the parties, and that in the house of delegates the antif\u0153deral force has diminished much since the last year. A representation is to be prepared, and the inclosed speaks the temper, which we wish to exhibit in it. Whether we shall succeed in our attempt to carry such a remonstrance through, is with me very doubtful. It will be pushed; because it seems to discountenance any future importunities for amendments; which in my opinion is now a very important point. I should have been sanguine in my belief of carrying the representation thro\u2019 in its present form, if the friends would have joined the enemies of the constitution, in suspending the ratification of the eleventh amendment; which is exceptionable to me, in giving a handle to say, that congress have endeavoured to administer an opiate, by an alteration, which is merely plausible.\n          The twelfth amendment does not appear to me to have a \u27e8very real\u27e9 effect, unless it be to excite a dispute between the United States and every particular state, as to what is delegated. It accords pretty nearly with what our convention proposed but being once adopted, it may produce new matter for the cavils of the designing. I am dear Sir yr obliged and affectionate friend and serv\u27e8t\u27e9\n            Edm: Randolph\n            P.S. I shall do myself the honor of replying to your official letter as soon as the assembly rises.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0265", "content": "Title: William Jackson to Clement Biddle, 7 December 1789\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Biddle, Clement\n            New York, December 7th 1789.\n          The letter for Mr Holker, which encloses one for the Person, applying to be Steward of the Household, is, by the Presidents desire, committed to your care for conveyance.\n          Be so good as to give it an early transmission.\n          I shall take the liberty to write to you on my own account within a few days.\n          The President and Mrs Washington are in perfect good health. I am, very respectfully, Dear Sir, Your most obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Fenwick, 7 December 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Fenwick, Mason, & Company\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Fenwick, Mason, & Company, 7 Dec. 1789. The dealer\u2019s catalog description of this document states that it concerns \u201cthe purchase of champagne, claret, etc.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0267", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Washington, 8 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George (of N.C.)\nTo: Washington, George\n            Tarboh North Carolina December 8th 1789\n          Since the adoption of the Constitution in this State, I have undertaken though with a trembling heart to ask your intrest in appointing me an Officer in the Naval department of this State, for my maintainance, though I must seriously acknowledge to you that I little deserve it, But I must inform your honnor that I am at this Period voi\u2019d both of Fortune & friends, which induce\u2019s me to implore your most gracious Benevolence, when I reflect on your extensive Humanity I flatter myself with a feeble hope of acquireing your Paternal attention, there are four Ports in this State, Edentown Washington Bath & Wilmington & should your unden\u2019yable Humanity grant me a Commission, I would rather chuse the latter should it meet with your approbation,\nComplying with my request will ever be reflected on by your distres\u2019d Petitioner\n            Geo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elijah Hunter, 9 December 1789\nFrom: Hunter, Elijah\nTo: Washington, George\n            Mountpleasant Decbr 9th 1789\n          I have Been for Some time Past in Greate Contemplation whether I Should Trouble your Excellensy with a Line by way of Remembrance, Respecting Some of the Transactions of the Late war or Not, Which I hope you will Not Take amis, if you Should Not Think it worthy your Notice to answer.\n          I must also Beg leave to appologise For Languge and Stile To address Such a Character in Life as yourself, For I am Not a Profit Nor a Profits Son Neither was I Brot up at the Feet of Gomalea, But through Divine assistance I Shall be able to Lay Before you Matters of Fact which I Shall only appeal to your Self For the Truth of.\n          In the First Place In the winter 1779 when your Excellensy had your Quarters at the Rarritan in Newjersy you may Remember I Came to you with a Letter from Genl McDogal\u2014Informing you that Governor Tryon had Sent a Packet of Letters to me and others to be Distributed and one to myself Insinuating with me to alter my Sentaments and Promising me the Protection of Govermt and its Emoluments in Case of my Being discoverd in Giving them Inteligence These Letters with a Letter From Genl McDogal of my Character you had Before you as I was then a Total Stranger to you.\n          I was also Sent by you to Philadelphia To Congress Mr John Jay Being then Presedent who I was well acquainted with, and you Requested me to Call on you In my Return which I Did.\n          you then Sr Requested me to Countenance a Corespondance with the British, I then Made Some appoligy that I was unequal to Such a Task and the Resque was Greate, and that I must Become an obnoctious Character on Both Sides, which I Daily Experience to be True, Instances of which if opertunity offerd\nCould Site you to\u2014But your Excellensy usd Some Forcable arguments to Excite me To undertake by assuring me the Protection of the States and in Case of our obtaining Independasy that Such Persons who Stood forth at Such a Cretical Moment would Not be Forgot by them, and that it Might be of More Servise than Five hundred men in the Field at my own Expence\u2014and that I had Taken an active Part In my Countries Cause, and that it Become Every Man to Take Such a Part for Gaining our Independansy as Providenc Pointed out, upon thes Conditions, with Nearly the Same from the Then Presedent of Congress I Concluded on the Business and your Excellensy Gave me the Statement of the army and wrote by me to Genl McDogal and also you may Remember that you made an appology to me that it would be attended with Considerable Expence out of Pocket But the Funds were Low and that you Could Not Furnish with Cash for that Purpose, Neither have I Recd any During the war, Except Two half Joes, I Re[ceive]d from you at a Time at Newinsor when I Brot up Four Men By your Express Request to be as Pilots on the Sound which Cost I was to and Did Give them for their Expensis. But if Independansy was obtaind that No Doubt I Should be amply Rewarded I upon these Conditions with I Trust a Zeal for the Cause I went on with Chearfulness and Kep up a Continual Correspondance with them which Soon Became So General That it Took up all my Time To Ride To Head Quarters and So to Meet those who were Imployed Between the Lines This was Kep up More or Less to the End of the war. Now Sr as to the advantages arising from this Inteligence I must Leave to yourself But This I have To Give me Some Satisfaction I have Recd from your Excellensy From west-point a Letter wherein you Returnd me your Thanks for the Information Re[ceive]d by yourself & the Different officers of Ports and also I have a Satificut From you upon your Departure from Newyork Left with genl McDogal To Secure my Character and Recommend me to whom it might Consern Such Like ones I have from Different officers.\n          But Sr as to the Intelegence which was Given by me I will Site To Two Instanses Paticulor as No Doubt your Memory may Fail and as I Conseave it was Important I Shall only mention them Two one of which when the Enemy Came up the North River and Took Verplanks Point and Stony Point with an Intent on\nWest Point and to Make an attack on Connecticut at the Same Time In order to Draw our Troops from the Highlands and also another Instance when Majr Talmage was attacked\u2014at Poundridge which I Gave Talmage Possitive Information Two Days before it happend and the Time when Exactly as I Dont Doubt you will Remember by the Letters which Passed Between you and Talmage about the Matter the other Instance the Information was Given to Genl McDogal Pointedly and the Enemies Design which at First he Could Not Beleave But in a Few Hours Provd the Fact which he has alwaeys acknowledged with the Greatest Gratitude the Many other Instanses would be To Tedious to Mention Genl McDogal a Few Days Before his Death To Two Persons of Character who he Supposd might be of Servise to me in a Future Day Told them that the States were under Greate obligation to Capt. Hunter and was Sorry that he Could Not Se that Full Satisfaction was Made him But it was out of his Power to Do more and Requested as I understand that Those men might Mention this from him In Case it Might Be Nessesary.\n          But Sr Sometime Previous to this Genl McDogal Through his Influance as a Temporary Releaf obtaind from the Treasurer of this State about Eight Hundred Pounds in Satificuts which was at about 3/6 Pounds and that as I was a Capt. Malitia and So was Considerd as Being in Servise and the Reason why this was Done was Because I Did Not Chose to apply to Congress as that must be In Such a Publick Manner that my Situation must be Laid open to the World and which has been the Reason why I have Never Made application Since and in Peticulor Since the New Goverment has Taken Place\u2014as all Debates are Made Publick.\n          But Sr when I Consider the Justness of my Claim and the Character of the administrator of Goverment and that it is him who I must appeal to as a Living witness of the Truth of these Things, Gives me Courage to Lay the Matter Before you and also another Motive when I Consider that Many Persons who Now Reseave Large Sallar\u27e8ies\u27e9 from Goverment who have Never Resqued Life Nor Property In the Servise of the Country and are Now Injoying the Liberties and Emoluments of it, which I as a Siteson am obliged to Pay my Dues and Taxes to Defray the Expence and What I have Recd has Not amounted to half of my\nPock\u27e8et\u27e9 Expence I have Sr a Family To take Care of which is Near and Dear to me as Perhaps to any other man, Therefore in Duty to them as well as the Justness of my Cause I Cannot Rest the Matter in Silence any Longer.\n          I Cannot with Justise omit Mentioning Two Persons who were also Imployed in the Same Servise under my Deretion and your order and approbation who have Not Re[ceive]d one Cop[pe]r and Both Now in Low Surcumstance one of which was a Man of Some Property and Good Character who has Been undone by the war and has Long been Confind in Goal But through my assistance I have Got him out and For Further Peticulors on Many Different Subjects I Shall omit at Pres\u27e8ent\u27e9 and Now Dear Sr if what I have Mentioned Should be by you thot worthy your attention Should be Glad if you Could Let me Know whether it would be agreeable For me to Call on you For Further advise on the Matter and That a Line Left With Malankton Smith of Newyork who I Expect will be the Bearer of this or to Samuel Frankling & Co. who will Forward it to me by my Sloop who will Return from Newyork on Friday Next.\n          Now Dear Sr I Shall Leavve the Matter to your wise Consideration Praying that you may be Led in to all Truth and the God of the universe may bestow on you all that grace wisdom and understanding that you Need For to Direct you in the Greate Important Trust Reposed in you For without that you Cant Do anything, acseptable to him and that you may Finish your Course with Joy and at Last Receave a Crown of Glory Laid up In heven for those who Love the Lord Jesus Christ and his appering which God Grant may be the Happy Lot and Portion of us all for Christ Sake which is the Sinseare Desire of your Humbe Sert\n            Elijah Hunter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0270", "content": "Title: William Jackson to \u2014\u2014, 9 December 1789\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Unknown\n          The President of the United States having occasion for Mitchell\u2019s map, which hangs in one of the offices of Congress, and is supposed to be in your care, requests that you will be so good as to send it by the Servant, who delivers this note. I am Sir, Your obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0271", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 9 December 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Robert Morris, 9 Dec. 1789. On 14 Dec. GW wrote to Morris: \u201cI have been favored with the receipt of your letter of the 9th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0272", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Osgood, 9 December 1789\nFrom: Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n            General Post Office New York December 9th 1789\n          As the meeting of the Congress of the United States is near at hand, it becomes my Duty to state the situation of the Post Office, in order that if any defects shall be found in the present System, the Supreme Executive may make such representation of the same, as the importance of the business may require.\n          I have employed as much of my time, as could be spared from the necessary and current Transactions of the Office, in exa[m]ining into the nature of the Business, and the Defects of the System. And beg leave to submit the following observations for Consideration.\n          If the views of the Legislature should be to raise Revenue from the Post Office, in order to aid and support the General Government, the Defects of the present regulations of the Post Office are many, and may easily be pointed out.\n          If their should be no view of raising a permanant and sure Revenue, yet for the purpose of establishing more confidence, and security in the Post Office Department, in the minds of those that may be interested in it, many alterations will be found essentially necessary.\n          These alterations cannot all be pointed out by men, from mature consideration; for I find the business is more extensive and various, than I had expected; and that it will require some Months Practice and Experience, to obtain adequate & Just Ideas of it.\n          The two following articles, upon the present regulation, operate very powerfully against the Revenue.\n          Any person may receive carry and deliver inland Letters and Dispatches; and is subject to no Penalty, if it is done without hire or reward.\n          All Masters of Ships and Vessels, and passengers in them, may bring letters to the United States, and are not obliged to carry them to a Post Office, nor are they subjected to a penalty, if the Letters are brought without hire or reward.\n          The subsequent alterations may be found necessary for greater security in the Post Office, whether Revenue be, or be not an object.\n          A more acurate and particular description of Offences and frauds, that may be committed by any person employed in any way or manner whatever in the Department; and penalties proportioned to the Injuries that may happen from the committing such Offences, or being guilty of such frauds.\n          In this way then will be brought into View, such Offences as may be committed by the Postmaster General, and those employed in his Office.\n          The Deputy Postmasters and such as they employ.\n          The Contractors for carrying the Mail, and their Agents and Servants.\n          Many Offences may be pointed out, that probably never have been committed in the United States; but the Opportunity to commit them is great, and the injury may be irreparable, as property to a very great amount is frequently conveyed by the Mail. It therefore appears to me, that it would only be exerciseing a due Degree of caution and prudence, to guard against them by defining the Crimes, and affixing to them such penalties as would be most likely to deter from, and prevent the actual committing of them\u2014If afterwards they should be committed, the injured person would have the satisfaction of knowing that the Laws of the Country extended to him as much Protection and Security, as he can reasonably expect.\n          It is not necessary to detail all the Crimes and frauds that may be committed in the Post Office Department; If the Legislature should proceed to a new arrangment of it, they will readily occur in an examination into the nature of the business.\n          The Duties of the Postmaster General at present seem to be as follows\u2014To keep an Office at the place where Congress may hold their sessions\u2014To obey such orders and Instructions as he may from time to time receive from the President of the United States\u2014To appoint Deputy Postmasters, and instruct them in their Duty in conformity to the Acts of Congress. To receive and\nexamine their Accounts and Vouchers, and draw out of their, Hands Quarterly, the Balances due the United States: To render to the Treasury annually an Account of the Receipts and expenditures for examination, and Allowance; and to pay over the Surplus Monies\u2014To provide by Contract, and otherwise, when Contracts cannot be made, for carrying the Mail; and to pay the necessary expences thereof\u2014To establish and open new Post Offices, and new Post Roads, whenever and wherever they may be found necessary. And in general, to superintend the Department, and to be accountable for it, in the various duties assigned to it, except the carrying of the Mail.\n          On any Breach of Oath the Postmaster General one due conviction, forfeits to the United States one thousand Dollars.\n          It is further Ordered, how often he shall cause the Mail to be carried Weekly; and that he shall advertise for proposals for carrying the Mail.\n          On the accountability of the Postmaster General, I beg leave to observe, that no man can, however great his Industry, however Sagacious and cautious he may be in his appointments, without subjecting himself to a certain loss, be answerable for the conduct of his Deputies. The calculation of loss being certain in case of Responsibility, if he has not a salary sufficient to compensate such Loss, he must transact the business and keep the Accounts in a manner that the Treasury shall not be able to Charge him with any more Money than he chooses to be Charged with; which has in fact been the case, I believe ever since the Revolution. Or he may hold the Office untill he shall find he cannot preserve his Reputation and Credit, and then if he is an honest man he will resign.\n          The number of times that the mail shall be carried weekly; the advertising for Proposals for carrying the Mail; and the establishing new Post Offices, and new Post Roads, appear to me to be matters, that should remain in the Discretion of the supreme Executive. Very great Embarrassments ensue, when business is pointed out in detail, and there is no Power at hand that can alter that detail, however necesary the alteration may be.\n          Suitable Penalties should be required of the Postmaster General, in case he neglects or refuses to render true and Just Accounts of the Receipts and expenditures, & to pay over the\nMoneys to the Treasury, that may be over and above the annual expenditures, at such periods, as may be required of him.\n          In some regulations of foreign Post Offices, that I have attended to, it does not appear that the Postmaster General has an Office separate from one, in which common and ordinary business is done\u2014There may be some reasons given why it should be so: The minutiae of the common business, is important\u2014Those who are most likely to be immediately acquainted with any irregularities, are they who have the receiving and Delivering of the Mail\u2014When the Postmaster General keeps a separate Office many of these irregularities escape his notice\u2014or never come to his knowledge.\n          But these remarks would apply more forcibly if there were in the United States, one City of so much consequence, as to have nine Tenths of all the business Center in it. As this is not the case; many Irregularities may take place, and the Postmaster General whether in an Office or not, when the mail is received and delivered will never be acquainted with them.\n          I found the General Post Office not blended with one, in which common and ordinary business is done; and it remains in the same situation.\n          Let the regulations of the Post Office be calculated in the best possible manner to draw business into it, yet the Revenue will be greater or less in proportion to the rates of Postage\u2014The rates at present have reference to two kinds of Letters\u2014Inland Letters, and Letters that pass and repass by Sea. According to what I am informed is the true instruction of the Ordinance of Congress that imposes the Rates; every single Ship Letter, bro\u2019t to a post Office ought to be charged, in the first instance, with 24/90 of a Dollar, and if it is forwarded by land, the usual rates of travelling Letters, ought to be added to the same. But in the manner the business has been transacted, these Letters have been a burthen and expence to the General Post Office.\n          Letters may come from beyond Sea to the United States, in their own Packets, when established, in foreign Packets, and in private Ships or Vessels: So far as I have been able to find out the regulations of other Nations; the rates of Postage are the same, or nearly so, on Ship Letters, let them come in any of the before mentioned ways. The British Postmaster General is subject to a\nheavy Penalty if he sends any letters in Ships not navigated according to Law.\n          The Letters that come to the United States by Sea, are very numerous; and may be made a source of considerable Revenue, under Proper Regulation.\n          With respect to inland Letters, the Prohibition against receiving and carrying them will be of little consequence unless it extends to all persons, who may receive and carry Letters, with or without hire and reward; and proper penalties be annexed to enforce a due observance of it. Some few exceptions may be necessary, where Masters of Vessels carry letters respecting the Merchandize under their immediate care; Letters sent by Friends, or special Messengers, or by common known Carriers if their be such in the United States.\n          Regulations may probably be found necessary respecting Bye or Way letters: embezzlling or destroying Letters, on which the Postage has been paid. Detaining or opening letters\u2014secreting, embezling, destroying and stealing any valuable papers out of any letters. Against the Carrier of the Mail, in case they neglect or desert it, or loiter on the road. To oblige Ferrymen to set the Mail across in all possible cases, in a given time.\n          To recover small Debts due to, and from the Postmaster in a summary way.\n          These are some of the principals that may be found necessary to be introduced into the Regulations of the Post Office, and no doubt many others may suggest themselves to the wisdom of the Legislature.\n          The Privilege of Franking Letters is claimed, in some instances, where it is supposed the present regulations do not extend it. In doubtful cases I have taken the advice of Council; and have conducted agreeably thereto. It will be found necessary to make alterations with respect to franking Letters.\n          The Secretary of the Treasury having lately requested my Opinion, as to what might probably be the Surplus Revenue in the Post Office Department upon its present establishment, or any one that might be substituted in the place thereof, I take the liberty of enclosing my answer to him, which contains all that I can say respecting the same, until I shall have better Documents for forming estimates. I have The Honor to be &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0273", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Powel, 9 December 1789\nFrom: Powel, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia December 9. 1789\n          In my answer to the Enquiries made by Major Jackson, when last in this City, respecting the Hessian Fly, I recollect that I informed him that this destructive Insect had disappeared from this State. That answer, I then believed, from all the Information I was then possessed of, that I was fully warranted in giving\u2014but, upon a Conversation that I had last Night with a very intelligent Farmer, I find it necessary to inform you that this Insect still abounds in Pennsylvania.\n          The Purport of the Information given by this Gentleman, is, that the Wheat is, at this Time much infested by the Hessian Fly in his Neighborhood in Bucks County; but that those Farmers who have sown the Yellow-bearded Wheat, are not under Apprehensions of a Failure of their Crops at the ensuing Harvest from it\u2019s Ravages, as this Species of Wheat has been found from Experience, in Pennsylvania as well as in some other of the\nStates, to be more capable of resisting its Devastations than any other.\n          I am sorry to find that Facts are such as to oblige me to contradict the Answer and Information I have given to Major Jackson on this Subject\u2014The Love of Truth, however, will not permit me to withold from communicating this Intelligence, by the first Opportunity after I received it[.] I sincerely hope it may arrive in Time to prevent any Error that might have arisen from my Information to Major Jackson.\n          Be pleased to accept the best Thanks of the Society for promoting Agriculture for your obliging Care of Mr Young\u2019s Tenth Volume. If you should have written to Mr Young on the Subject of the Hessian Fly, I shall take it as a particular Favor if you will be so good as to inform me of it, that I may have it in my Power, immediately, to inform him of the true State of Facts, & how far I have contributed to this Error.\n          Mrs Powel requests Leave to offer her best Compliments to Mrs Washington, yourself, and all the good Family. I have the Honor to be, with real Respect & Regard Your most obedt humble Servt\n            Samuel Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0274", "content": "Title: Clement Biddle to Tobias Lear, 10 December 1789\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n            Philadelphia 10th December 1789\n          Since my last of the 30th Ulto I have had an Opportunity of further Enquiry Concerning Buckwheat and find that it cannot easily be had before the Close of Winter but can be Certainly procured during the winter about the prices mentioned in my last letter. Capt. Carhart is arrived from Alexandria and tells me he shall return immediately to potowmack if he can procure a Freight and in that Case will sail about the 20th of this Month\u2014\nI shall take care to inform Mrs Meredith in time to ship the Potatoes if the Vessel goes for Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0275", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Hanson, 10 December 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nLetter not found: to Samuel Hanson, 10 Dec. 1789. On the same day Hanson wrote to GW: \u201cYour favour of this date is just received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hanson of Samuel, 10 December 1789\nFrom: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nTo: Washington, George\n            Alexandria, 10th Decr, 1789.\n          Your favour of this date is just received.\n          I am sincerely distressed at having given you one moment\u2019s uneasiness, and truly repent the occasion of it. I am ashamed at having subjected you to the trouble of so full & particular a Communication of your sentiments upon a subject, which I had as little right, as intention, to explore. In apology, I can only say that I had not the most remote wish, or expectation, of obtaining any promise in my favour. This I knew to be as impossible as it was improper. The object of my Address was to discover\nwhether there were any circumstances respecting my character which would induce you either, in a private Capacity, to withhold your testimony in it\u2019s support, or, in a publick one, determine you to suppress my Suit, as inadmissible. It is true I was conscious that, if there had ever been any imputation upon me, either as a Man or a Citizen, it had never come to my Knowledge. I knew, too, that, with regard to charges of this kind, the Party interested is not usually kept long in ignorance. But the case was possible. I was anxious, therefore, to discover whether my Character appeared as irreproachable in your Eyes as it did in my own, and as, I trusted, it was in reality. Peculiarly situated with respect to the School, I found that, if there was no prospect of Success from my application, it was important to me to know it. I was, therefore, desirous of Knowing whether You had determined against me; without any design of discovering whether I might reckon upon your patronage and Support. Merely to know that you had not determined to reject my Suit, could not, I conceived, be construed into a promise of Encouragement[.] Between the State of not being absolutely rejected, and that of certain Success, there appeared to me so vast a difference, that, from the former in favour of the latter, no conclusion, or even Argument, could be drawn. But I am, now Sir, sensible the distinction was improper, and am extremely sorry it was attempted to be made.\n          Begging you to excuse this, last, trouble upon the Subject, I remain, with perfect respect & Esteem, Sir your much obliged & most obedient Servant\n            S. Hanson of Saml", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0277", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the New Jersey Legislature, 4 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: New Jersey Legislature\n            Gentlemen,\n          In replying to the flattering and affectionate address, with which you are pleased to honor me, I confess a want of expression to convey the grateful sentiments which it inspires\u2014You will do justice to those sentiments by believing that they are founded in sincere regard and respectful esteem.\n          The opportunities which were afforded me, in the trying vicissitudes of our arduous struggle, to remark the generous spirit which animated the exertions of your citizens, have impressed a remembrance of their worth, which no length of time or change of circumstance can efface. To the gallantry and firmness of their efforts in the field, they have added the wisdom and liberality of distinguished patriotism in council\u2014appreciating, with judicious discernment, the blessings of that independence, which their efforts contributed to establish, they were unanimously agreed to secure and perpetuate them by adopting a Constitution, which promises equal and efficient protection to the privileges of confederated America.\n          The assurance now given by your honorable Body, to support the federal system, is a renewed proof of the estimation in which it is held, and a happy indication of the beneficial effects already experienced, and hereafter expected to flow, from its operations\u2014As such it is to me peculiarly grateful, and must be so to every citizen of the Union, whose wish is private prosperity and public honor\u2014Allow me, Gentlemen, to assure you of every endeavor on my part, to promote these desirable objects.\n          In making my acknowledgements for the favorable opinions you express of my military conduct, as it reflected the observance of civil-rights, it is justice to assign great merit to the temper of those citizens, whose estates were more immediately the scene of warfare\u2014Their personal services were rendered without constraint, and the derangement of their affairs submitted to without dissatisfaction\u2014It was the triumph of patriotism over personal consideration, and our present enjoyment of peace and freedom reward the sacrifice.\n          Imploring a continuance of these enjoyments to our country, and individual happiness to the citizens, who procured them, I offer up a sincere prayer for you, Gentlemen, and your constituents.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0279", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Vaughan, 11 December 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Vaughan, James\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from James Vaughan, 11 Dec. 1789. In a letter to GW, 15 Oct. 1791, Vaughan stated he sent a letter to GW \u201cthe 11th Decr 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hopley Yeaton, 11 December 1789\nFrom: Yeaton, Hopley\nTo: Washington, George\n            Portsmouth New Hampshire December 11th 1789.\n          Permit an inferior Officer in rank, tho\u2019 not inferior in Affection for you in your high Sphere, or for my Country\u2019s welfare, amidst the great concerns of a happy Continent, who have called you, by their united voice to your present important Station, to lay before you my humble Memorial, vizt\n          That I was in the earliest Stage of the late arduous Contest, on the side of my Country;\n          That I had the Honour to serve as first Lieutenant on Board the Continental Frigate the Deane. That I continued in the Continental Navy in a rank not inferior to that of Lieutenant to the Close of the War, with as much zeal, and I hope as much honor, as will permit me to lay claim to some notice, but give me\nleave to appeal from myself to those who are well acquainted with my Character on this subject and pleace to Remember that I say nothing of the great pecuniary losses I have sustained, and the Sacrifice of domestic pleasures I have cheerfully made for my country\u2019s cause; Whenever therefore, there shall be in your gift, Sir, such Offices in this State, or any other in the Union, for which you shall think I am equal and in which I may deserve from that public to which I have devoted the cream of my life, your united Goodness and Justice will not forget. Sir your dutifull and most devoted Humble Servant\n            Hopley Yeaton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Philip Dalby, 12 December 1789\nFrom: Dalby, Philip\nTo: Washington, George\n            Winchester [Va.] 12 Decembr 1789\n          Presuming upon Favors I have already receiv\u2019d from you, I take the Freedom now to address you, wishing to draw your Attention towards me, if any Opportunity should offer of an Appointment to a small office, appertaining to the Federal Court or otherwise in this part of the World; I am at present but little engag\u2019d in Business (my mercantile Concerns not having answered my Expectations) it wou\u2019d therefore be in my power to attend fully to any post you might [be] pleased to think me adequate to; which would be ever gratefuly acknowledgd by Sir, Your most obligd humble Servant\n            Philip Dalby", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Walker, 13 December 1789\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Wilmington North Carolina December 13th 1789\n          I had the honor to be appointed Naval Officer for Port Brunswick in this State by joint ballot of both houses of our Legislature in the year 1782\u2014and have continued in that office untill this time, by the laws of this State it is held during good behaviour\u2014This State has lately ratified the federal Constitution by which I learn that my Office is vacated, and that it is to be filled by your Excellencys appointment.\n          I am informed that an application is to be made by Mr Callender of this place supported by the petition of many respectable Citizens for his advancement to this Office\u2014Against Mr Callenders merit I have not a word to offer\u2014nor against the Gentlemen whose names are subscribed to his petition, I have however been told that a report prevailed and gained credit with many of those Gentlemen that I had resigned which implied a voluntary going out of Office, which was certainly not true and so far those Gentlemen were deceived, and in order to convince me that they were so, most of those very Gentlemen subscribed the enclosed certificate subsequent to their petition in favour of Mr Callender.\n          Mr Callender has served in the American Army with reputation during the late war, I also had the honor to serve under your Excellencys command and had once the good fortune to be Known to you but cannot now flatter myself that I retain a place in your recollection\u2014To your Excellencys judgement this will appear of little moment as to the subject on which I trouble you, but I rely on your humanity to excuse me if I betray some vanity in recalling to mind the honor I have enjoyed in being known to your Excellency.\n          I am not conscious that I have neglected any Duty or committed any ill practice in the Office I have held\u2014I am sure no\ncomplaint has been made that I know of\u2014which the aforementioned certificate will demonstrate\u2014I am therefore only removed by this States having entered into the New federal Government\u2014We have rejoiced at being reunited to the other States under the New federal Constitution, I trust your Excellency will not make the event painfull to any one.\n          I beg pardon for the trouble I have given your Excellency\u2014and beg leave to subscribe myself with th\u27e8e\u27e9 greatest respect and submission, Your Excellencys, Most obedt & Most humbe Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0285", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 14 December 1789\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n            Charleston [S.C.] December 14 1789\n          Your avocations have been so numerous & important since your entrance into office that I have not troubled you with but one letter which was to recommend Mr Hall, & to very sincerely congratulate you upon your appointment to the supreme magistracy. I am well convinced that to increase the number of your correspondents unnecessarily is to do you a serious injury, for I should suppose with official communications\u2014with proper & improper applications for favours\u2014& the oppressive correspondence\nof numbers, who with very little information or pleasure to you write merely for the purpose of boasting the honour of your correspondence\u2014with such I have always considered you as so overwhelm\u2019d that I have hitherto forborne to write you although motives of respect as well as information ought frequently to have induced me.\n          Upon the present occasion I feel myself in some measure obliged from the situation which I hold to state to you my sentiments on the critical situation of our neighbouring State & eventually the frontiers of this\u2014To predict with some degree of certainty what may be the consequence of things remaining in the state they are & no treaty formed with the Creeks & southern Indians, permit me to trespass for a moment upon your time by observing\u2014that however I confess it is conjectural, yet there appears to me to be good grounds for supposing that the situation of our foreign concerns is totally changed with respect to Spain\u2014Upon the conclusion of the peace I believe it was the intention of that court to have entered into a treaty of amity & commerce with us\u2014to have been our friends & to have done every thing in their power to have promoted the intercourse\u2014but they mistook the means\u2014for instead of forming a treaty upon those terms which would have insured a reciprocity of Benefits, they thought the best way to remove every future ground of difference\u2014to prevent our becoming dangerous neighbours\u2014& to keep us at a distance was to propose the surrender of a right as degrading to the honour as it would have been ultimately injurious to the interests of the Union\u2014I happened to be in Congress at the time the proposal was brought forward through the then Secretary Mr Jay\u2014having more leisure or having more maturely considered the offer, I was requested by the opponents to prepare an answer to the reasons which Mr Jay offered in support of Mr Gardoqui\u2019s proposal\u2014this I did, & being afterwards desired by many of the southern members to furnish them with copies, I had a few printed which were confidentially delivered to some of my friends, for their information upon a subject which at that time very much engaged the attention of the public\u2014I have the honour to inclose you one of the few copies I have left\u2014I do so in order that I may not only more clearly illustrate the observations I am about to make but also that in case another attempt should be made to\nconclude this treaty you may be informed of the reasons which at that time induced an Opposition\u2014as the Business of treaties must ever be of a secret nature you will no doubt consider the communication as it is intended entirely confidential.\n          The Court of Spain being defeated in this measure have appeared to me to entirely change their ground\u2014The original & I believe the only reason of Spain\u2019s anxiety to conclude a treaty with us was to secure her American Continental possessions from being at any time the object of invasion or insult from the southern or more probably the western inhabitants of the Union\u2014they have ever dreaded the settlement of the western territory & looked forward to the time when it would become necessary for its inhabitants to use the Mississipi, as a period very likely to produce those uneasinesses which would perhaps end in the invasion of their dominions\u2014Had they at first proposed a solid & reciprocally beneficial treaty it would have prevented or at least postponed for a number of years any danger of this sort\u2014but having as I have already observed wrongly concieved the means of effecting it & being foiled in their first attempt they have now changed their ground\u2014They are endeavouring by every exertion in their power to attach not only the southern Indians but as many as they possibly can of the inhabitants of the Western territory closely to their interest\u2014they have compleatly succeeded with some of the most powerful nations of the southern Indians. hence the difficulty of treating with them\u2014& I am sorry to find from accounts which appear to me to be tolerably authentic that they have diverted a considerable number of the inhabitants of some of the States & tempted them to become settlers within their borders\u2014thus situated it seems to me as beyond a doubt that they are the spring of all the present disturbances with the Creeks & that they are cherishing a spirit of discontent & disaffection in them & the western inhabitants to the Government of the Union\u2014By means of their intrigues Georgia has been for some years in a lamentable state of depredation & distress\u2014although they have hitherto forborne to commit hostilities on the citizens of this State, yet the inhabitants of the frontiers are in an uneasy & disagreable situation\u2014they all look up to the Union for the establishment of that solid & permanent treaty which can alone secure to them the peaceable enjoyment of their possessions.\n          Not having been officially informed of the reasons of the late commissions miscarrying, I am unable to form any judgements of the motives which occasioned it\u2014as I am confident a general Indian War would not only be attended with great inconvenience to Georgia & our frontiers, but with a very considerable expenditure of Blood & Treasure to the Union, I have made it a point to acquire from the most respectable authority on their borders & elsewhere such information as is the most to be depended upon\u2014not to detain you with a circumstantial account of the means used to obtain it, or a detail of their relations, the result is\u2014that however anxious the Spanish Court are to foment & continue the existing animosities, yet there is a disposition in the Indians upon just & proper principles to again become the friends & probably the allies of the Union\u2014In this temper they now are, & I am convinced that detaching Mr McGillivray from his Spanish connexions & confirming him the friend and perhaps the useful agent of the United States is not a difficult or improbable measure. To you Sir I have been repeatedly requested to suggest these opinions\u2014from the weight & influence of your character & situation much is very properly expected\u2014as the organ therefore of a growing & important territory, whose future population & consequence depend upon the friendship & intercourse of their Indian neighbours, I intreat the early & earnest attention of the general Government, to whom with great propriety the sole management of India[n] affairs is now committed\u2014I am the more anxious on this point because on the renewal of hostilities in June last the Executive of Georgia in virtue of the Union made a formal requisition on me for the aid of this State\u2014fortunately a truce was concluded before it was necessary to interfere\u2014When I consider the number & force of the hostile indian tribes\u2014how formidably their number might be increased should the same intrigues induce the Choctaws to join them\u2014how much the power of the Indian nations must be increased by the arrangement of their affairs being in the hands of such a man as Mr McGillivray\u2014& how amply they are assisted by the Spanish Court, not only in stores & money but even in the aid of disciplinarians to introduce as much order as Indians are capable of recieving\u2014when I add to these the little that is to be obtained by a war & the distresses & expences it must occasion, you will pardon I am sure the anxiety\nI am under to have a permanent & solid peace\u2014no State arrangement\u2014no truce\u2014no partial compromise will be sufficient, They must be taught to revere the justice of the Union & look up to it as the sole means of giving to them a lasting treaty & the secure possession of their real rights.\n          So much for Business of a public nature permit me now to thank you for the many marks of regard I recieved while with you in 1787\u2014particularly in furnishing me with introductory Letters to your friends in Europe had I pursued the route I at that time intended\u2014although I have hitherto been prevented by marrying & being requested by my friends to accept the Government I have by no means given it up altogether\u2014My term of office will expire in a twelvemonth\u2014when if nothing prevents I shall endeavour to execute my former plan\u2014I am strengthened in this Idea by the wish of my Wife to revisit that part of the World\u2014she is the daughter of Mr Laurens & sister to your former aid de Camp our deceased & much lamented friend Colonel John Laurens\u2014from the age of seven to fourteen she was educated in France & until she came to this Country remained in England\u2014so that her accurate knowledge of the french language & acquaintance with their customs will be extremely useful should curiosity or Business make it necessary for me to go there or to any of the neighbouring States of Europe\u2014From your late tour we are flattered with the hope of your one day visiting this country\u2014whenever you so far honour us I am sure that every thing in our power will be done to render your Visit pleasing and agreable to you. I am with the sincerest Respect & Esteem much obliged Dear Sir Yours truly\n            Charles Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jabez Bowen, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Washington, George\n            Providence [R.I.] Decembr 15. 1789\n          In my Letter that I addressed to your Excellency in Boston I informed you that I should attend the General Assembly, where the Question would be determined wheather we should Call a Convention, or not. altho\u2019 we found a small Majority, whose private sentiments were for the motion, yet so many of them were bound by Instructions from their Constituents to vote against it that the motion was lost by a Majority of 22.\n          The Assembly now stands Adjorned to the second Monday in January then to meet in this Town.\n          We have just heard of the Adoption of the Constitution by North: Carolina, on which I hartily Congratulate your Excellency, more especially as the Majority is so verry large. This Event will have some weight with the oposition with us, but I am afraid not sufficient to Insure a Convention.\n          The Towns of Newport Providence Bristol &c. with the whole Mercantile interest in the other Towns in the State are Federal.\nwhile The Farmers in general are against it. Their oposition arises principally from Their being much in Debt, from the Insinuations of wicked and designing Men, That they will loose their Liberty by adopting it; That The Sallerys of the National Officers are so verry high That it will take the whole of the Money Collected by The Impost to pay Them. That The Intrest & principle of The General Debt must be raised by Dry Taxation on Real Estates &c. We have Exerted our utmost abilities to Convince Them of the Errors that they have Imbibed by hearing to The old Tories and Desperate Debtors. but all in vain, what further Sir is to be done? if we knew what our Duty was, we are willing to do it. Tho\u2019 I have no Idea that The Antis will or can be induced to come in without the arm of Power is Exerted and That They shall be taught that The principles that they hoald and Disseminate among the Citizens of The Neighbouring States as well as This is inconsistent, and not propper to be professed by any person or persons that Live on the Teritorys of the United States. their wish is to overturn the whole Federal Government rather Than This State should submitt to it.\n          If we faile in getting a Convention at the next Meeting of the General Assembly will Congress protect us if we seperate from the State Government: and appoint us Officers to Collect The Revennue, if this should be Thot well of and should be put in practice but in part I have no doubt but it will bring the Country part of the Community to their sinses soon\u2014and that one Town and another will be a Dropping off so that The oposition will be done away. be pleased Sir to give me an answer to this proposition as soon as Convenient. wishing for a Continuance of your Health I Remain Sir with sentiments of the highest Esteeme Your Obedient Humble Servant.\n            Jabez Bowen\n            This will be deliverd by Major J. S. Dexter who is a Member of our Genl Assembly and to whom I Refer your Excellency for further particulars.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have received at this place the honour of your letters of Oct. 13 and Nov. 30 and am truly flattered by your nomination of me to the very dignified office of Secretary of state: for which permit me here to return you my humble thanks. Could any circumstance seduce me to overlook the disproportion between it\u2019s duties & my talents it would be the encouragement of your choice. but when I contemplate the extent of that office, embracing as it does the principal mass of domestic administration, together with the foreign, I cannot be insensible of my inequality to it: and I should enter on it with gloomy forebodings from the criticisms & censures of a public just indeed in their intentions, but sometimes misinformed & misled, & always too respectable to be neglected. I cannot but foresee the possibility that this may end disagreeably for one, who, having no motive to public service but the public satisfaction, would certainly retire the moment that satisfaction should appear to languish. on the other hand I feel a degree of familiarity with the duties of my present office, as far at least as I am capable of understanding it\u2019s duties. the ground I have already passed over enables me to see my way into that which is before me. the change of government too, taking place in the country where it is exercised, seems to open a possibility of procuring from the new rulers some new advantages in commerce which may be agreeable to our countrymen. so that as far as my fears, my hopes, or my inclination might enter into this question, I confess they would not lead me to prefer a change. but it is not for an individual to chuse his post. you are to marshal us as may best be for the public good: and it is only in the case of it\u2019s being indifferent to you that I would avail myself of the option you have so kindly offered in your letter. if you think it better to transfer me to another post, my inclination must be no obstacle: nor shall it be, if there is any desire to suppress the office I now hold, or to reduce it\u2019s grade.\nin either of these cases, be so good only as to signify to me by another line your ultimate wish, & I shall conform to it cordially. if it should be to remain at New York, my chief comfort will be to work under your eye, my only shelter the authority of your name, & the wisdom of measures to be dictated by you, & implicitly executed by me. whatever you may be pleased to decide, I do not see that the matters which have called me hither will permit me to shorten the stay I originally asked; that is to say, to set out on my journey Northward till the month of March. as early as possible in that month I shall have the honor of paying my respects to you in New York. in the mean time I have that of tendering you the homage of those sentiments of respectful attachment with which I am Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Morrell, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Morrell, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n          Pardon me a straing boy for troubling your Excellency on so extrordnor an ocasion, I am the s[on] of James Morell an offcer in the Ammerecan army under Excellencys emedeat Command, but by the war is reduced to poverty unable to help him selfe or me, bound me to a Traid my master beate me severely my father applyd to a Court of justice who releaved me I have acquired as mutch of the traid as will Enable me to carey on the business\u2014Could but prevail on the noble generous mind to aid me a little with Cash to purchess Tools with, Mr John jay hes lent me Three Pounds four shillings untill may nixt Mr John Franklin promisesed to answer as mutch, Could I but prevail on your Excellencys jenerous mind to do me the like favour four Pounds will set m[e] to work and Enable me to assis my father with his large famely help my selfe return the money by may or June with Every degree of thanks I am your Excellencys Most obedeant & verey Humble Sert\n            Charles Morrell\n            I wait at your Excellencys dore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          Your friendly favor of the 30th Ultimo is this moment delivered to me. My three last letters since the 8th of October have, I hope, been received, and will satisfy you of my having determined to proceed to New York about the 15th of next month.\n          You may be assured, that Mr Wythe neither wished nor expected to be the successor of Mr Pendleton. I will candidly tell you the reason, upon which this assurance is founded. In the month of July it was intimated to me in a letter from Colo. Griffin, that it was his desire to know, whether Mr Wythe would enter into f\u0153deral employment. The intimation seemed to arise from a purpose to say something to you concerning him. I therefore took an indirect opportunity of communicating Colo. Griffin\u2019s request to Mr Wythe; whose answer was, that he could not make a reply in the then state of the application, and even if it were made in a stile, which permitted him to declare himself, he should say, that he was too old and too happy in his present situation to be induced to a change. It is true, that the office of the district-judge would not have compelled him to travel much beyond Richmond; but he sits in a kind of legal monarchy, which to him is the highest possible gratification. We shall however enter into some general discourse, that will lead to a discovery of his true sensations; tho\u2019 I am confident, that he felt as much pleasure at the idea of being thought of, as an actual appointment would have afforded.\n          Mr Griffin opened the court to-day. He was inclined at first to enter upon duty in the county-court-house. But Colo. Carrington and myself remonstrated with him on the necessity of doing this very publickly, and in the court-room of the capitol. To this remonstrance he yielded. The truth is, that every body is highly pleased, that Mr Griffin is put into the mode of getting a livelihood; and they have an earnest hope, that he will conduct himself in the situation, which requires great prudence, circumspection, and indeed talents.\n          The senate, as I mentioned in my last, rejected the 3d, 8th, 11th & 12th amendments, and adopted the rest. It has been thought best by the most zealous friends to the constitution to\nlet the whole of them rest. I have submitted to their opinion; not choosing to rely upon my own judgment in so momentous an affair. The ground of their opinion is a resolution to throw the odium of rejection on the senate. I am my dear sir your obliged friend and affte servant.\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0293", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation\n          I have sent Major Doughty one of our Warriors, in order to convince you that the United States well remember the treaty they made with your Nation four years ago at Hopewell on the Keowee\u2014guard and protect him and show him the places at which trading posts shall be established in order to furnish you with goods; and when the said posts shall be established, support them to the utmost of your power.\n          Be attentive to what he shall say in the name of the United States for he will speak only truth.\n          Regard the United States as your firm and best support\u2014Keep bright the chain of friendship between the Chickasaws and your nation\u2014reject the advice of bad men who may attempt to poison your minds with suspicions against the United States. Given under my hand and Seal, at the City of New York this seventeenth day of December One thousand, seven hundred and Eighty nine.\n            Go: WashingtonBy Command of the President of the United States.\n            H. KnoxSecretary for the department of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0294", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            United States Decr 17th 1789\n          As I am uncertain of the condition & even the Office in which the papers containing accounts of our disbursments for subsistence of British prisoners remain; and as it is not improbable that some negotiations may (whenever our Union under the General Government shall be completed) take place between the United States & Great Britain, in which an accurate understanding of those Accots will become necessary\u2014I have therefore thot proper to suggest the expediency of having some immediate attention paid to them.\n          Notwithstanding, on as fair a statement of Expenditures as could now be made, much property must undoubtedly be lost by the United States for want of Vouchers and by reason of the negligence with which the business was conducted on our part; yet I was always impressed with an idea, that, under all these disadvantageous circumstances, a very considerable balance would still be found in our favor\u2014My present wish is, to have the subject so far investigated, as that we might not commit ourselves, by bringing forward Accounts, which had better continue dormant. Shou\u2019d there be no danger of that Kind, it would then be desirable to have the business placed in a state, which might enable us to speak from a general knowledge of facts, and in a proper tone; in case a demand of the American posts held by the King of Great Britain should draw pecuniary subjects into discussion. I believe Lists of property carried away by the British, at the time when they evacuated the posts they had occupied during the late War, are lodged in the Office of Foreign Affairs. I am sir with great esteem Your most Obt Servant\n            G. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0296", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 18 December 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            United States Decr 18th 1789.\n          I am directed by the President of the United States to send you the enclosed letter from General Hazen dated Decr 16th\u2014and likewise a memorial from the same person of the 12th inst: together with the Copy of a letter written by the Presidents command in answer to the enclosed Memorial. I have the honor to be with perfect consideration Sir Your most Obedt Servt\n            Tobias Lear.Secy to the President U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0297", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 18 December 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\n            Richmond December 18th 1789.\n          I do myself the honour to inclose you an act of the General Assembly authorizing the Governor of this Commonwealth to convey certain land to the United States in Congress assembled for the purpose of building a light House.\n          The State had some years ago placed upon the shore at Cape Henry nearly a sufficient quantity of materials to compleat such a light House as was at that time thought convenient, which have been in the course of time covered by sand. Measures are taking to extricate them from this situation and to place them in a more safe one.\n          If the United States shall accept the cession now offered and will purchase the abovementioned materials the Executive will be ready to dispose of them as soon as their value can be ascertained. I have &c.\n            Beverley Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0298", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Paul Jones, 20 December 1789\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Washington, George\n            Amsterdam December 20. 1789.\n          I avail myself of the departure of the Philadelphia Packet Captain Earle, to transmit to your Excellency a Letter I received for you on leaving Russia in August last, from my Friend the Count de Segur Minister of France at St Petersburg. That Gentleman and myself have frequently conversed on subjects that regard America, and the most pleasing reflection of all has been the happy establishment of the new Constitution, and that you are so deservedly placed at the Head of the Government by the Unanimous Voice of America. Your Name alone, Sir, has established in Europe a confidence that was for some time before entirely wanting in American concerns, and I am assured that the happy effects of your Administration are still more sensibly felt throughout the United-States. This is more Glorious\nfor you than all the Laurels that your Sword so nobly won in support of the Rights of Human Nature! In War your Fame is immortal as the Hero of Liberty! In Peace you are her Patron & the firmest supporter of her rights! Your greatest Admirers, and even your best Friends, have now but one Wish left for you\u2014That you may long enjoy Health and your present Happiness!\n          I send by this occasion to Mr C. Thomson & to Mr J. Adams Sundry documents, from the Count de Segur, on my Subject. I presume that those Peices will be communicated to your Excellency. They explain, in some degree, my Reasons for leaving Russia, and the Danger to which I was exposed by the dark Intrigues and mean Subterfuges of Asiatic Jealousy and Malice.\n          Mr Jefferson can inform you respecting my Mission to the Court of Denmark. I was received and treated there with mark\u2019d Politeness, and, if the fine Words I received are true, the Business will soon be settled. I own however that I should have stronger Hopes, if America had created a respectable Marine; for that argument would give weight to every transaction with Europe.\n          I acquited myself of the Commission with which you honored me when last in America, by delivering your Letters with my own Hand at Paris to the persons to whom they were addressed. I am, Sir, with great respect, esteem, and Attachement Your Excellency\u2019s most devoted and most humble Servant\n            Paul Jones\n            N.B. In case your Excellency should have any Orders to send me, I think it my duty to subjoin my Address\u2014Under cover \u201cTo Messieurs N. and J. Van-Staphorst & Hubbard Amsterdam.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0299", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle, 21 December 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Biddle, Clement\n            New York, December 21 st 1789\n          I have to acknowledge your three favors of the 22d & 30th of Novr and 10th of Decr\u2014all of which have been duly laid before the President, who now directs me to request that you will be so good as to inform me in your next, at what price per bushel 350 bushels of Buckwht could be delivered at Alexandria if sent in bags, includg the cost of the Buckwheat\u2014the bags\u2014commission on purchasing\u2014freight and every incidental charge; and what would be the cost per bushl if sent in Barrels including every expense as above. He wishes this particular calculation to determine whether he shall procure it from Philadelphia or from the back Counties in Virginia\u2014and requests this information to be given, if it can be obtained, in the course of this week, that he may, in his letter of next week to Major Washington, direct him to procure it from the back Country or wait its arrival from Philadelphia. From your last letter it is not probable the Buckwheat could be got in time to send (if it should be ordered) before the Rivers close, therefore, the calculation, I suppose, must be made with an idea of its being forwarded as early in the spring as possible.\n          Mrs Washington will be much obliged to you to get from Mr Reinagle, who taught Miss Custis music last summer, such music as he thinks proper for her to progress with through the winter\u2014and pay him for the same, which you will be good enough to forward to New York.\n          Present my best Respts to Mrs Biddle\u2014and tell her I will present her compliments to Mrs Lear on the first day of my marriage whenever that may be \u2014and I thank you, my dear Sir, for your kind congratulations which shall be reserved for the proper occasion. I am, with very sincere esteem Dr Sir, Yr most Obedt Sert\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0302", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mary Katherine Goddard, 23 December 1789\nFrom: Goddard, Mary Katherine\nTo: Washington, George\n            Baltimore, Decemr 23d 1789.\n          The Representation of Mary Katherine Goddard, Humbly sheweth\u2014That She hath kept the Post Office at Baltimore for upwards of fourteen years; but with what degree of Satisfaction to all those concerned, She begs leave to refer to the number & respectability of the Persons who have publickly addressed the Post Master General & his Assistant, on the Subject of her late removal from Office; And as Mr Osgood has not yet favoured between two and three hundred of the principal Merchants & Inhabitants of Baltimore with an answer to their last application, transmitted to him by Post on the 19th Day of November ultimo, nor with any Answer to sundry private Letters, accompanying the transcript of a like application, made to Mr Burrell when at Baltimore: She therefore, at the instance of the Gentlemen thus pleased to interest themselves on her behalf, lays before your Excellency, Superintendant of that department, as briefly as possible, the nature & circumstances, of what is conceived to be an extraordinary Act of oppression towards her.\n          That upon the dissolution of the old Government, when from the non importation Agreement and other causes incident to the Revolution, the Revenue of the Post-Office was inadequate to its disbursements, She accepted of the same, and at her own risque, advanced hard money to defray the Charges of Post Riders for many years, when they were not to be procured on any other terms; and that during this period, the whole of her Labour & Industry in establishing the Office was necessarily unrewarded; the Emoluments of which being by no means equal to the then high Rent of an Office, or to the Attention required both to receive & forward the Mails, as will evidently appear \u27e8by\u27e9 the Schedule, here unto annexed, and therefore, whoever thus established & continued the Office, at \u27e8the\u27e9 gloomy period when it was worth no Person\u2019s Acceptance, ought surely to be thought worthy of it, when it became more valuable. And as it had been universally understood, that no Person would be removed from Office, under the present Government, unless manifest misconduct appeared, and as no such Charge could possibly be made against her, with the least colour of Justice, She was happy in the Idea of being secured both in her\nOffice, and the Protection of all those who wished well to the prosperity of the Post Office, & the new Government in general.\n          That She has sustained many heavy losses, well known to the Gentlemen of Baltimore, which swallowed up the Fruits of her Industry, without even extricating her from embarrassment to this day, although her Accounts with the Post Office were always considered, as amongst the most punctual & regular of any upon the Continent; notwithstanding which She has been discharged from her Office, without any imputation of the least fault, and without any previous official notice: The first intimation on that head being an Order from Mr Burrell, whilst at Baltimore, to deliver up the Office to the Bearer of his Note; and altho\u2019 he had been there several days, yet he did not think proper to indulge her with a personal Interview, thus far treating her in the Stile of an unfriendly delinquent, unworthy of common Civility, as well as common Justice. And although Mr White, who succeeded her, might doubtless have been meritorious in the different Offices he sustained, yet, She humbly conceives, he was not more deserving of public notice & protection in his Station, than She has uniformly been in hers: It must therefore become a matter of serious Importance & of peculiar distress to her, if Government can find no means of rewarding this Gentleman\u2019s Services, but at the Expence of all that She had to rely on, for her future dependence & subsistence.\n          That it has been alledged as a Plea for her removal, that the Deputy Post Master of Baltimore will hereafter be obliged to ride & regulate the Offices to the Southward but that She conceives, with great deference to the Post Master General, \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 impracticable, & morally impossible; because the business of the Baltimore Office will require his constant Attendance, & he alone could give satisfaction to the people, if therefore the duties of the Assistant, Mr Burrells\u2019 Office are to be performed by any other than himself, surely it cannot well be attempted by those who are fully occupied with their own; and as two Persons must be employed, according to this new Plan, She apprehends, that She is more adequate to give Instructions to the Riding Post Master, how to act than any other Person possibly could, heretofore unexperienced in such business.\n          She, therefore, most humbly hopes from your Excellency\u2019s Philanthropy and wonted Humanity, You will take her Situation\ninto Consideration; and as the Grievance complained of, has happened whilst the Post Office Department was put under your auspicious Protection, by a Resolve of Congress, that Your Excellency will be graciously pleased to order, that She may be restored to her former Office, and as in duty bound, She will ever pray &c.\n            Mary K: Goddard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0304", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 23 December 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          I returned from the assembly the day before yesterday. Since my last nothing material has occurred in either house; except that the bill is passed, authorizing restitution to be made of Abingdon to Mr Alexander, if you shall approve.\n          I found a fortunate moment for a conversation with Mr Wythe. He repeated what I wrote to you in answer to your favor of the 30th Ulto. Indeed he declared himself happy in believing, that he held a place in your esteem; and that he was confident, you had looked towards him with every partiality, which he could wish. Nay without going into the detail of our discourse, I am convinced from his own mouth, that the knowledge of his present situation is considered by him, as the only reason of a seat on the bench, not being tendered to him.\n          I shall have the pleasure of seeing you so soon, that I shall now only add, that I always am Dear sir yr obliged friend & serv.\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Read, 23 December 1789\nFrom: Read, James\nTo: Washington, George\n            Wilmington North Carolina Decr 23rd 1789\n          The Politeness with which you were always pleased to treat me in the Army, when I had occasion to wait on you, imboldens me to take the liberty of addressing you at present, and soliciting a continuance in the Office that I now hold, which is Collector of Port Brunswick; the General Assembly of this State appointed me to the Office in eightyfour (the first time that Duties were laid since the Revolution) and to continue Collector of the Continental Impost when the rest of the State adopted the measure, recommended by the late \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 I have continued in the Office since that time, and beg \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 to refer to a Certificate from the Treasurer (enclosed) \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 the punctuality of my Settlements.\n          I served as an Officer in the Army from the Year seventyfive to the end of the War, and after the Defeat of General Gates, when there were no Continental Troops belonging to this State, I offered my Service to the Assembly who gave me the Command of a Regiment of Militia, with which I joined General Greene, and had the Honor of presenting that worthy and respectable Officer\u2019s aprobation of my Conduct, to the General Assembly, on my return from the Campaign. I hope Sir you will not think that I mean any thing more by this than that I have been a faithful Servant to the Public. I am Sir with the greatest Respect your obedient and very humble Servant\n            James Read", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0306", "content": "Title: William Jackson to George Turner, 23 December 1789\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Turner, George\n            New-York. December 23rd 1789.\n          The communication which I now make to you though painful, is friendly, and has no other object \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 your interest.\n          I suggested to you, when in Philadelphia that your delay, in repairing to the western-terri\u27e8tory\u27e9 would as certainly excite the President\u2019s displeasure as I was convinced it would his disappointment. Accustomed to punctuality himself, he expects to see it in others\u2014especially in the discharge of those trusts which involve the most interesting concerns of the \u27e8mutilated.\u27e9\n          You must excuse the freedom and force of this expression\u2014it is the language of truth uttering sentiments of friendship\u2014and better far it should be thus conveyed than take the form of an official communication.\n          The President of the United States was told, yesterday, that you were still in Philada, and he is, indeed, much dissatisfied at the circumstance.\n          Let me request you to do away his dissatisfaction by setting out immediately for the place of your official residence, where I wish you to reap a large harvest of honorable fame and private happiness. Being very sincerely Your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0307", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Willard, 23 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Willard, Joseph\n          Your letter of the 7th Ultimo was handed to me a few days since by Mr Savage, who is now engaged in taking the Portrait which you, & the Governors of the Seminary over which you preside, have expressed a desire for, that it may be placed in the Philosophy chamber of your University.\n          I am induced, Sir, to comply with this request from a wish that I have to gratify, so far as with propriety may be done, every reasonable desire of the patrons & promoters of Science\u2014And at the same time I feel myself flattered by the polite manner in which I am requested to give this proof of my sincere regard & good wishes for the prosperity of the University of Cambridge. I am, Sir with great esteem, Your most Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0308", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fitzhugh, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzhugh, William\n          I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 4th inst. which announced to us the disagreeable intelligence of Mrs Plater\u2019s death\u2014Mrs Washington and myself sincerely condole with you, your Lady and the other friends of Mrs Plater upon this melancholy event.\n          Mr Johnson has, as you supposed, declined the appointment of Judge to the District of Maryland, and I have lately appointed Mr Paca to fill that office. Mr Thomas whom you recommend\nfor that place undoubtedly possesses all those qualifications which you have ascribed to him\u2014and so far as my own knowledge of that Gentleman extends, he is justly entitled to the reputation which he sustains. But in appointing persons to office, & more especially in the Judicial Department, my views have been much guided to those Characters who have been conspicuous in their Country; not only from an impression of their services, but upon a consideration that they had been tried, & that a readier confidence would be placed in them by the public than in others, perhaps of equal merit, who had never been proved. Upon this principle Mr Paca certainly stands prior to Mr Thomas altho\u2019 the latter may possess in as high a degree every qualification requisite in a Judge. With very sincere regard I am, Dear Sir, Your most Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0309", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\n            My dear General\n          Docr Oliphant was during the war at the head of the medical department at the southward\u2014He always supported the character as master of his profession a Gentleman of arangment, of Justice, \u0153conomy & industry\u2014He is among those unhappy men who have suffered by the late war and has seen better days If there should be an opening for him again in the public line I have no doubt but he would honour to any appointment he should receive. I have the honour of being My de[a]r General with the most perfect esteem your most obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0310", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to John Henry Livingston, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Livingston, John Henry\n          The President of the United States observing in the Public Papers that a sermon was to be delivered at the Dutch Church in this City for the benefit of a charity school belonging thereto, and not having an opportunity of contributing toward it at that time, he has now directed me to send you the enclosed sum of ten Dollars to be applied to that purpose. With very great respect I am Sir Yr most Obedt Servt\n            Tobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Martin, 24 December 1789\nFrom: Martin, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            North Carolina\u2014Fayetteville December 24th 1789\n          I do myself the honour to inclose your Excellency herewith a copy of an Act of the General Assembly of this State passed at their last Session at this place, \u201cfor the purpose of ceding to the United States of America certain western Lands therein described,\u201d which your Excellency will please to lay before the honorable the Congress of the United States at their next Session. I have the Honour to be with the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient humble Servant\n            Alex: Martin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0312", "content": "Title: To George Washington from \u201cAn Old Soldier\u201d, 25 December 1789\nFrom: \u201cAn Old Soldier\u201d\nTo: Washington, George\n            Commonwealth of Massachusetts\u2014Decr 25th 1789\n          I hope it is a moment of leasure if this luckely should fall into your hands\u2014urgent necessity induces me thus humbly to approach your Excellancy\u2014I will not Sr long divert your attention from your arduous employment\u2014but beg leave to observe\u2014that on the first alarm of war I entered the Service of my Country being a minute Man in the then Massachusetts State\u2014and having a fervant zeal to see the Conclusion I engaged from term to term till the first time of Inlisting for the War\u2014which I unfortunately complyed with and had not the advantage of large Bounties as others afterwards had\u2014and being a miner my Master had my wages till the last engagement\u2014when the money began to depreciate\u2014& our nec[e]ssaties so urgent that it procured\nbut scanty release\u2014hoping and expecting every Campaign to be the last\u2014and not ambitious for office obtaind none took my tour as sentinal at all times and on all occations\u2014cold & hot\u2014wet & Dry\u2014and being with the infantry was almost continually on the loins of the Enemy\u2014I always loved\u2014and had the love of my officers\u2014obey\u2019d every order punctually and considered your Excellencies as sacred\u2014The promises of my officers\u2014the incoragments in Genl orders\u2014and the Resolves of the State and Congress induced me to hope and depend on an aduquate reward for my long toyl\u2014hazard\u2014& sufferings\u2014when peace should be restored to our country again; but\u2014alass! how aghast was I when with all my prudance\u2014and many times suffering pinching need to preserve and save my earnings\u2014& 250 Dollars in final settlements was my only Subsidy.\n          And when I reflect on the many\u2014many dark & dangerous Nights I walked my Post all attentive\u2014the much fatigue nakedness\u2014and hunger I have indured\u2014the many hazards I have run for my country\u2014first on Bunkers-hill\u2014at Perls Point\u2014at white plains\u2014the fatigueing but glorious action at Trenton & Princeton\u2014the malancoly retreat from Ty\u2014the Victory at Bemises-heights\u2014the Battle at Monmouth & the Concluding seage of Yorktown\u2014and that Eight Years of my prime was gon\u2014had lost my trade\u2014was unacquainted with husbandry\u2014had formd the Connection of matremony in a very respectable family\u2014had Two babes by a most agreable companion\u2014her father impatent for my return to releave him of the long burden of my Wife & children\u2014and I\u2014unfortunate Man had no where to put them nor any provisions made for them\u2014where said I is my dear General whome I ever hoped would have it in his power to see us righted\u2014my officers have forsaken me\u2014Congress dont pay me\u2014my country dont thank nor pitty me! I offered my Securities for sail they would fetch only 2s./10d. on the pound\u2014and I resolved if they was ever made good I would have the benefit of them if I worked my fingers to the bone for bread\u2014but too close application soon redused my health\u2014and to keep from goal for the doctors bill my securities are redused to Two hundred Dollars\u2014Seven Long Years have elapsed and no releaf till my patiance is nearly gon with my constitution by unremited strugles at day labour to pay Taxes and bearly support my family which now is Eight in number\u2014six children\nuntaught through poverty\u2014and by a rearage of rent my landlord thretens the remainder of my securities @ 5s./2d. on the \u00a3 unless a spedy prospect of the Interest being paid saves them to me\u2014Is there or is there not, my dearest of Generals any ground of hope\u2014I ketch at every incouragement\u2014and recolect in the Generals last and farewell orders to the Armies of the United States he observed that \u201cthe officers & soldiers may expect considerable assistance in recommencing their civil occupations, from the sums due to them from the public which must and will most inevitably be paid\u201d\u2014also in the Genls presenting his thanks to the several classes of the Army he says\u2014\u201cAnd to the non commissioned officers and Soldiers for their extreordinary patience in suffering, as well as their invincible fortitude in action; to the various branches of the Army the General takes this last and solemn opertunity of profesing his inviolable attachment and friendship\u201d\u2014then observes \u201che wishes more then bare profession were in his power, that he was really able to be useful to them in future life.\u201d\n          Now I trust heaven has put it in his power\u2014And when the new Constitution took place (which was pro\u27e8illegible\u27e9 of in the above Quoted genl orders) my heart leaped with Joy\u2014but not more than when I was advertized of the great-good Man put at the head of it\u2014and felt confidant of releaf\u2014but how was I affected when I found the old creaditer was neglected and the revenew whittled up among the multiplicity of officers and offices of the new government\u2014may they not with propriety wate for a part of their inormus Sallerys as well as the poor Soldier for his seven Years Interest on his heard earnd pettance\u2014one Years neglect more and all my expectations are blasted\u2014my Securities must go to keep me out of goal and my family from Starving\u2014what oppression! what crualty! such a severe Strugle to save my country\u2014and their promised rewards arested from me\u2014through their neglect and my necessity for almost nothing\u2014and I exposed in some future day to pay my proportion of the whole sum to the menopalizer\u2014Dear sr help for all other help but that of Heaven faileth\u2014The demand by Taxes\u2014by my Landlord\u2014by my Family and my infermities bares me down my courage is nearly exosted and I reduced to invy those who\u2014not only bled with me but died in their Countries service and are now mouldring in the dust.\n          But most worthy Sr\u2014fully confidant of the rectitud of your mind\u2014and your sincere wish to releave all in destress, and especially the deserving\u2014And to distribute Justice to all men; and in perticular to the injuerd\u2014I earnestly implore Heaven to Send all needed aid to the all attentive Preasidents exertians to contribute to all equally the rewards of their Country, according to their deserving\u2014then may I depend on the small pittance due to your Excellancies most devoted & obedeant humbe Servt\n            An Old Soldier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Ely, 25 December 1789\nFrom: Ely, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            SayBrook 25th Decembr 1789\n          Permitt me Mr President to wish You & your Lady the Compliments of the Season.\n          And also be Pleased to Permitt me to Inclose you a Coppy of a Letter I wrote you in 1780 and also one to the President of Congress of a Similar Nature, Together with a Petition to Congress, Those Letters Anticipated Events which have since Taken Place, as will appear by my Petition to Congress\u2014I take this Method to Prevent Trouble to the President as I cannot Expect him to Pay Attention to Matters of an Individual Subject, when Great National Matters Calls for his Attention; Yet should I be so Fortunate as to Attract a Moments Reflection on my Conduct & Sufferings while in Captivity it might give a Favorable turn to an Unfortunate man, my Petition was Prefered to the Old Congress about 4 Years Past on which a Committe was appointed, which Committe who consisted of Doctr Johnson Mr King & Mr Henry made a Favourable Report. Leaveing a Blank for the Sum Found Due in which Situation, it now Lies, I Intend to wait on Congress in February Next for a Desition\u2014I Flatter my self if aught in my Carrector Deserves your Notice and that of Congress I shall have Justice Done me. Permitt Further to add that as it is the Opinion of the Mercantile & Tradeing Part of this State that you will Ultimately Think Propper to Establish a Navil\nOffice at the Port of SayBrook; should that be the Case and I so Fortunate as to have the appointment I should Esteem my self Happy and should keep a good Lookout\u2014I am with Every Sentiment of Respect to the President\u2014his most Obedt and Very Hume Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0314", "content": "Title: Indenture with William Gray, 25 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine,Gray, William\nTo: \n            [Fairfax County, Va., 25 December 1789]\n          This Indenture of a Lease made this twenty-fifth day of December Anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine by & between George A: Washington, for and in behalf of George Washington Esq. as his true and Lawful Attorney, on the one part and William Gray on the other part, both of the County\nof Fairfax and Commonwealth of Virginia, Witnesseth that the said George A: Washington for and in consideration of the Rents and covenants, herein after mention\u2019d to be paid and performed on the part of the said William Gray\u2014doth lease and to farm let, unto the said William Gray for the term of one year from the above mentiond date\u2014A certain tract or parcel of Land belonging to the said George Washington Esq. of Mount Vernon, laying in said County of Fairfax and occupied last year by said Gray & John Robinson and being part of a tract formerly known by the name of the Chappel Land.\n          For and in Consideration of the above being done on the part of sd George A. Washington the said William Gray doth agree to pay unto the sd George A: Washington the full and just sum of ten pounds Virginia Currency in Specie, or the amount thereof in Wheat deliverd into the Mill of George Washington Esq. of Mount Vernon at the market price provided the wheat is deliverd on or before the expiration of the Lease\u2014Said William Gray doth also promise and agree that he will work no greater number of hands on said Land than he did last year, which consisted of himself, his Children & one Negroe\u2014that he will not clear up any more of said Land than what is now cleared\u2014that he will cut no timber off said Land more than is absolutely necessary for repairing the fences of sd Land and that the laps of such Trees shall be made use of for fuel\u2014that he will sell or remove no wood or Timber from the Land\u2014that he will make no more Tobacco than will be made use of in Chewing and smoaking in his own family\u2014that he will make no waste of any kind on said Land\u2014and lastly that he will at the expiration of the year peacibly & quietly give up & quit said premises unless the parties should agree to continue a lease for a longer term.\n          In testimony of all these things, and for the true and faithful performance of them, the parties have hereunto interchangeably set their hands and seals, the day and year first written. Done in presence of\u2014\n            Geo: A. Washington\n            William Gray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0315-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Thomson, 25 December 1789\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n            At the time I made my resignation, I took the liberty of recommending to your notice John Fisher, who had served as a clerk in the office for several years and whom I then considered not only as sober attentive and diligent, but as faithful. To my astonishment and indignation I find by a letter which I received last evening that I entertained an opinion of him which he by no means deserved, I therefore think it my duty as speedily as possible not only to recal my recommendation, but to transmit you a copy of the letter I received with the papers which accompanied it, that you may, if you will deign to take the trouble see the man in his true colours. To give a clearer view of the state of facts, I beg leave to mention, that formerly every individual in the several offices under Congress had an account opened in the books of the treasury, carried in his own account to the board and received his own Money\u2014That Mr Morris, during his administration, fixed the stated quarterly payments and directed the accounts of each individual in the several departments to be included in one account and paid by one warrant drawn on the treasurer, that as I was always averse to have public money pass through my hands, especially when the payments at the treasury began not to be punctual and when the paper money of the states was substituted in the place of specie, I desired Mr Alden, the deputy Secretary, to make up the quarterly account, carry it to the treasury board, receive the Money and pay it as he received it. In doing this it seems Mr Alden for some time past\nentrusted Fisher to carry some of the money to individuals but that instead of paying he emblezzled part of it. I would not have troubled you with this disagreeable subject, had I not from motives of humanity been led to recommend the man to your notice.\n            Be pleased to accept, from my retirement, the compliments of the season and my congratulations on the accession of North Carolina to the Union. I now consider the revolution complete, and now it is accomplished I cannot without a mixture of wonder, joy and gratitude to the Supreme disposer of events, reflect on what easy terms compared to what it has cost others in similar circumstances, we have obtained a rank among the nations of the earth, and with what tranquilitty a reform has been made in our constitution & government, which bids fair to transmit the blessings of freedom, independence & happiness to future generations.\n            Mrs Thomson desires with me to be remembered to Mrs Washington. With the greatest & most sincere esteem & respect I am Sir Your most obedient and Most humble Servt\n              Chas Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0315-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Roger Alden to Charles Thomson, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Alden, Roger\nTo: Thomson, Charles\n            I have been induced by desire of Mr Fisher to suspend writing to you until this time respecting some transactions in which he is\nmaterially concerned. It is a duty which I owe to you to declare the truth. As I never could practise duplicity to serve myself I never will be guilty of it to oblige another.\n            On the first of this month he asked my permission to be absent 8 or ten days to collect some money due to him at Claverack [N.Y.]. I readily granted his request. A few days after he left town I was informed that he was very much involved and the report was that he had absconded to avoid the payment of his debts. The day that he had promised to return, his wife informed me of his distress & added that he had heard of the reports. She requested me to advise him what was best to be done. I pitied him and wishing to relieve him wrote the letter N1 addressed as I thought to an honest, tho\u2019 unfortunate man, and directed her to ascertain the amount of his debts that his friends might be the better able to advise & assist him. Three days after this she told me it was impossible to ascertain the sum\u2014that the manner of incurring his debts doubly encreased her own distress\u2014that he had contracted an unjustifiable acquaintance with a family in town whose interest and happiness he had preferred to his own\u2014that he had retained money which he had received from the public & had expended it for their support. This alarmed me. The same day I examined the files in the Register\u2019s office where I had directed the accounts & receipts to be preserved together. But many were missing. I called upon some of the gentlemen whose names she had mentioned, from their information and his papers I found there remained due to\n                Doctor Provost\n                Doctor Rodgers\n            He had told these gentlemen that the money was not received, but the accounts would be paid when the new treasury department was compleated. This prevented farther enquiries, and having told me that the receipts were lodged with the accounts I never suspected his honesty or veracity.\n            Having ascertained these facts I was preparing to communicate them to you when I received his letter N2. Agreeably to his request I went to see him at a room his wife had taken in Broadstreet in his absence, being obliged to leave the house in which they had lived. It was such a scene of poverty and distress that I found no object for my resentment. I did not even enquire the causes of his conduct. On examining the paper, he mentioned I found they contained his accounts against the family which he had supported and a list of his debts amounting to \u00a3130 exclusive of the above sum. He proposed to surrender all he possessed which is a mere trifle, and was desirous of being continued in the office. To the latter I could not assent. I told him he must make no calculation upon that, and it was unnecessary for me to say more, his own mind could best suggest the reasons which determined me. I was not disposed to encrease the distress of a man whose misery seemed compleat. I rather wished to lessen it and encouraged his wife to summon her resolution by hoping that her husband would become a more industrious man & a better christian after his trials.\n            I called the next day with Dr Tillary one of his creditors. He advised him to write to his creditors & recommended the taking a lodging house and to begin the world anew. This has been done. Some seem disposed to treat him with lenity and to grant him his liberty for two years. To what they will eventually agree is uncertain.\n            It is about a year since he has used his discretion in paying the money entrusted to him and such has been his management that his conduct has been unsuspected by me. In Septr last he informed me that a man to whom he was endebted for rent hearing that he was to go with the southern commissioners as he had applied for a place had sued him, and asked me if I would not accept an order for the wages due to him. I replied that I could not\u2014that I would not make myself responsible to any man for the payment of money which it was uncertain I should receive. After painting his troubles and the damage it would be to his reputation he obtained my consent to retain it to my hands and to pay it in the manner expressed in my letter N5. The lawyer gave up his note & took me for security & now demands payment.\n            His wages from Oct. 1 to the middle of Novr & the debts due\nfrom the family he has supported amounting to above \u00a3100 are all the funds he can calculate upon. He is now confined in his house and lies at the mercy of those whose confidence he has betrayed & whose property he has abused. His letters shew the present state of his mind and his countenance discovers all the marks of corroding remorse and aggravated guilt. Had he been imprudent only, a sense of my own faults and failings would dictate some plea for the exercise of charity, but knowing the facts I cannot offer a single word to extenuate his crimes or to avert his punishment. If justice could be satisfied with sufferings the poor fellow has in some degree cancelled his debts.\n            In this situation what is to be done & how am I to proceed? To whom must the public creditors apply for justice? Here my trouble commences. Some of the accounts are presented for payment. I want your advice & can take no measures until I am honored with your instructions.\n            Doct. Rogers desired me to enclose the letter he recd. He can say nothing for him, but with me supposes that from a state of facts you will be best able to judge of the man and of his conduct. I don\u2019t know what view the unhappy man had in applying to him unless he considered it as a favorable opportunity to shew his contrition and repentence.\n            Please to make my respects to Mrs Thomson & be assured that to promote your happiness will always give the greatest pleasure to your sincere friend & humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0316", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burgess Ball, 26 December 1789\nFrom: Ball, Burgess\nTo: Washington, George\n            Travellers Rest [Va.] 26th of Decr 89.\n          I fear you will think we have been very dilatary respecting the Settlement of the Old Ladys Affairs &c., as it has been a long time since we have given you any Information of them. For my part I have been so embarrass\u2019d for some time by being Security for Majr Willis, that I cd scarcely think of any thg else. The Negroes are at length divided, but all the things of the Old Ladys are not yet quite dispos\u2019d of, as there were many wch cd not (with propriety) be sent to Vandue, and Mrs Lewis sells them off to Private Purchacers\u2014We concluded to divide the Negroes into four parts by wch it \u27e8m\u27e9eans you have a Fellow call\u2019d Dundee in \u27e8ad\u27e9dition to the one you had before\u2014None of the Families are parted, which is a happy Circumstance, but, those whose Husbands or Wives did not belong to the Estate, were obliged to part with such, of Course. Your two Fellows here (George & Dundee) I shall give a Pass to, as soon as the Hollidays are over, to go to Mount Vernon. Mrs Lewis will transmit you an Accot of the Division &c. in a few days.\n          We have endeavour\u2019d to dispose of your Lotts to sundry Gent, who inclin\u2019d to purchace but the Valuation is, by every Body,\n(even those who valued \u2019em) thought to be too high; therefore, least the Houses &c. shd be injur\u2019d this Winter, we have recommended it to Mr Carter to move immediately into them, especially, as he wishes himself to be a Purchacer, & I expect will give as much as any person\u2014He will, I believe give \u00a3350 payable in three Years with int. and I do not know any Person who will give so much\u2014If he does not purchace, he will at any time move out for any Person who may. Any Security you shd require he will give. Fanny joins in best Wishes for you & yours & I am with the highest Esteem Dr sir, yr mo. Obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0317", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Perez Morton, 26 December 1789\nFrom: Morton, Perez\nTo: Washington, George\n          If, as the Commerce of the United States is every day extending, & their Intercourse with the East Indias rapidly growing into an established Trade, The Wisdom of the Supreme Executive should suggest the Necessity of appointing Consuls in that Quarter of the Globe, permit me to solicit the favor of an appointment of that kind for the Hither India in behalf of a Brother, Joseph Morton, Merchant at Fort St George, on the Coromandel Coast.\n          He is twenty five Years of Age; he left this Country early in the Year 1787, and has been established at Madrass in the mercantile Line about two Years. Educated in the habits of \u0152conomy, he is prudent & discreet beyond his period of Life; and for his Integrity, Capacity and Patriotism I can chearfully pledge myself. least however both the Candidate and the Solicitor may be personally unknown to you, I beg leave to refer you to Genl Lincoln\u2019s Letter accompanying this, whose Enquiries respecting the Qualifications & Character of the Candidate have been such, as have induced him to support his Pretensions in the manner\nhe has\u2014I flatter myself, should no other present, who in your Judgement would better serve the Interests of the United States, you will honor him with your Nomination & Support; which will confer an Obligation on him, who has The Honor to subscribe himself, with every Sentiment of Respect your most Obedient and very hu. Servt\n            Perez Morton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0318", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Poellnitz, 26 December 1789\nFrom: Poellnitz, Friedrich Charles Hans Bruno, baron von\nTo: Washington, George\n          The countenance Your Exellency has been pleas\u2019d to give, to my feeble efforts in agriculture, has encouraged the promulgation of this Essay, the manuscript of which, I send to your Exellencys perusal, before I giv\u2019 it to the printer, from whom I\nexpect the alteration, of the to a foreigner unavoidable faults of ortography.\n          Permit\u2019 me Sir to decorate this pamphlet with a great Title, by writing on the head \u201cThis Essay is respectfully inscribed &.&.&. to your Exellency; this will make more impression on the minds, then all the Arguments contained in the Essay, as it conveys the Idea, that what may be Useful in it, has received your Exellency\u2019s gracious Sanction. I am respectfully your Exellencys, most humble, and devoted, Servant.\n            The quantity the Mill can thrash in an hour, is left in bianco, \u2019til I receive Your Exellency\u2019s Order, for the Experiment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0319", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jabez Bowen, 27 December 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bowen, Jabez\n          The letters with which you have been pleased to favor me, dated in Octr and the 15th of the present month came duly to\nhand, and are entitled to my thanks for the communications contained in them.\n          As it is possible the conduct of Rhode Island (if persevered in) may involve questions in Congress which will call for my official decisions, it is not fit that I should express more than a wish\u2014in reply to your letter\u2014than that the Legislature at the coming Session would consider well before it again rejects the proposition for calling a Convention to decide on their accession to or rejection of the present government. The adoption of it by No. Carolina has left them entirely alone. I am much obliged to you for your good wishes, and with esteem & regard I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Christopher and George Champlin, 27 December 1789\nFrom: Champlin, Christopher,Champlin, George\nTo: Washington, George\n            Newport Decemb. 27th 1789\n          The Inclosed came under cover to us which we have the honour of Transmiting to your Excellency.\n          Mr Hans Rudolph Saaby the subscriber is a merchant of Copenhagen and the acting person in the House of Nicholas Ryburg Esqr. & Co. of that City.\n          We conceive it a duty incumbent upon us, (not only as Freinds to the Union) but in Justice to the Character of Mr Saaby; to inform your Excllency, that from a Commercial conection of five years Standing, we have found him a Gentleman of information, punctuality, and Probaty. and that the House of Nicholas Ryburg Esqr. & Co. is reputed the most oppulent in Copenhagan; and from thier extensive conections, have it in thier power to render services to the Commerce of this country.\n          If a Foreigner is admissable to the office of Consul General. We have the honour to be with the greatest respect Your Excellencys Most obedient, and most humble servants\n            Chrisr Champlin\n            Geo: Champlin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Harwood, 28 December 1789\nFrom: Harwood, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Annapolis Decemr 28th 1789.\n          Having served as Continental Loan Officer in the State of Maryland, during the Revolution to this present time, and occasionally receiver of the Money appropriated by this State to Congress, and presuming that under the present Government, in the Arrangement of the Business of the United States such an Office or one similar to it may be necessary; and flattering myself with having the Approbation of Congress and those under whom I acted in the Business of that Office, beg leave to Solicit your favor and attention; and a certainty of doing the best in my Power may be depended on in the Duties of that, or any other Office that I may be thought Worthy of.\n          My Brother Mr Benjamin Harwood who has done Business with me during the time of my being in Office, and who acted under Mr Morris, while he was Financier, as the Continental Receiver is at present in no Office, he is well Qualified for any Business, and should he succeed to an Appointment, I am sure he would give entire satisfaction; for information respecting my Brother and myself, I beg leave to refer you to Mr Morris, the late Board of Treasury and the Senators and Delegates from this State, who have a perfect knowledge of us. With Sentiments of the Highest Esteem, I am Sir Your most Obedient and very Humble Servant\n            Tho. Harwood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0324", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 28 December 1789 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Huntington, Samuel\nLetter not found: to Samuel Huntington, 28 Dec. 1789. In a letter to GW of 2 Jan. 1790, Huntington referred to \u201cyour letter of the 28th Ulto.\u201d It is possible that Huntington misread the date of GW\u2019s letter to him of 23 Dec. 1789 as 28 December.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0326", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Daves, 29 December 1789\nFrom: Daves, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            New Bern [N.C.] 29th December 1789.\n          North Carolina having adopted the new Constitution I presume that Officers are soon to be appointed in the several Ports of this State; In the Year 1784 I was favored by the General Assembly with the appointment of Collector for Port Beaufort to which New Bern belongs\u2014the inclosed Certificates will shew in what manner I have acquitted myself in the discharge of that Office, and if Sir you will have the Goodness to appoint me to the same Office under the new Government, I hope that my future Conduct will not give you any reason to complain.\n          Having a Wife and some small children, neither the Remains of the pay that I was able to save when the Army was disbanded, nor the profits of the Office I now hold, make it convenient for me to give personal attendance at New York, this circumstance, however, I am persuaded, will have no effect on your deliberations. I have the Honor to be Sir Your most obedient and respectful Servant\n            John Daves", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 1789\u20131795\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n          Mr Hamilton will with pleasure execute the command of the President by the time appointed and have the honor of waiting upon him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0330", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Invalid Pensioners of Pennsylvania, 1789\nFrom: Invalid Pensioners of Pennsylvania\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Petition of The Subscribers, pensioners According to Act of Congress of 7th June 1785 in consequence of wounds and disabilities incurred in the service of the United States during the late war with Great Britain, Most respectfully sheweth,\n          That your Petitioners have found that the legislature of the\nUnion at their last session have made a temporary continuation for one year of the pension they had hitherto received from the State of Penna as aforesd and that they have with great propriety left with your \u27e8Excely\u27e9 the mode in which they are to receive it. Your Petitioners represent that many of them, nay all of them are in the greatest distress and want occasioned by the late stoppage of their payments, that many of them are maimed so as to be unable to go any great distance for relief. Your Petitioners therefore beg leave to intreat your Excellency to direct that the benefits aforesaid may be speedily extended to them and that it may be paid to them the State of Pennsylvania where they now are and your petitioners as in duty bound will every pray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0332", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Michael McDonnell, 1789\nFrom: McDonnell, Michael\nTo: Washington, George\n            Wednesday morning. [1789]\n          Permit one of the lowest of the people to approach you with every sentiment of Gratitude and Respect which has been, or can be expressed by any individual, or collective Body in the Union. Likewise to intrude upon your patience with a request, which if inconsistent with your inclination to admit, must rely on your well-known candour to pardon the impertinent intrusion.\n          I am a person Sir of a tolerable English education, and use a pen in the Character you are perusing, (the same Character in which you were frequently addressed by Brigadier General Nixon in the year 1779 and 80) I never possessed an Interest, but thro a variety of misfortunes, and particularly from a variety of maladies, which attended my own person, from June 1784 to April 1787, (during all which time I could not earn a Shilling) myself and small family are reduced to as much poverty as persons can well suffer: and the beforementioned sickness has so much impaired my formerly robust Constitution, that I cannot gain a subsistence by Labour; my only dependence is my Pen, which procures me (but) a scanty subsistence in temporary Schools. During an interval of fifteen Months, in which time Roxbury has been erecting a New Grammar School I have been employed there as a private Teacher, but that being now completed, I have again lost my Bread for no other reason but my Ignorance of the Learned Languages: I can bring from the most respectable Characters that employed me in that Town, such recommendations as I trust will be satisfactory to any gentleman.\n          I wish for no more than a decent permanent support for myself and little family; but unhappily I have no connexions or acquaintance of sufficient consequences to introduce me into\nany permanent Business that may offer; so that I am in the same situation with the poor Man at the pool of Bethsaida.\n          Under these circumstances I am emboldened to look up to yourself, as the real friend of such as struggle for an honest subsistence thro\u2019 the difficulties of Life; and if my pen or figures, both which I can use with accuracy and dispatch can be serviceable to yourself, or any of the Gentlemen of your Houshold, I am ready to attend your Commands at any time or place: as my family is at present small, my expectations shall ever be circumscribed by your own Generosity, and my attention to Business shall be unremitted by night or Day.\n          Waiting with the utmost deferrence and submission for what you may please to communicate upon the subject, I beg leave to conclude with every sentiment of the most profound respect, Sir, Your ever Obedient and Devoted Humble Servant\n            Michael McDonnell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0335", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre Penet, 1789\nFrom: Penet, Pierre\nTo: Washington, George\n            to his excellency general Washington\n          the Subscriber parthener of Emanuel Pliarne decea\u2019d in the year 1777 in crosing Potomock River, then charged of publick affairs, hath the honor to represent to your excellency, that he was in St Eustache in the year 1775 at the arrival of an american Vessel dispatch\u2019d by the governer Coock of providence in the state of Rodeland, wishing to procure munitions of war the\ninhabitants of that island having refused, to satisfy his demand then the Subscriber offered to the capin of the said Vessel to go the cap francois where he procure him fire arms, powder &ca the Subscriber also Emanuel pliarne his parthener have with generosity supplyed the said Vessel with all the munitions of war without any interest that the satisfaction to Shew their Earnest desire to promote the americain cause they embarked in the Said Vessel to go to Providence, few days after their arrival in November 1775 they were at Cambridge to have the honor to See his excellency general Washigon and offered him their Service to Supply the americains with all munitions of war and furnitures wanting for their army, knowing all the importance of our Proposition the general advised Pliarne also the Subscriber to go instantly to Philadelphia and that he will inform the honorable congres of our propositions.\n          the 28 January 1776 a contract was made between the committee Secret of the honorable congress, the Subscriber and his partherner, for a considerable furniture of munitions of war and other articles necessary for the use of the army and by the Said contract, it is Said in case that the Subscriber and his Parthener Would Succeed in the negociation committed to their care, they Should participate to the future favour of the united States of america.\n          the subscriber embarked on board of the concorde at Philadelphia for france in March 1776 emanuel Pliarne was resident in this City, When the Subscriber arrived in france he go to Versailles obtained an audience of the Minister, and has been so succesful in his negociation that he is the first frenchman that hath procured useful correspondance between french and america, he give information to his parthener that all the produce and americains Vessel Should be received in the port of Nantes from whence the Subscriber was oblidge to send several Vessel to the Congress the first Were the Hancoke & Adam Capin Smith the Mary elizabetha, loaded with munitions of war, clothing and furniture for the troupes.\n          in December 1776 his excellency D. B. Francklin delivered letters directed for the subscriber from the Secret committee of the honorable congress he Stay Sometime with him, and I want with him at Paris, after having supply him with Money also the americain frigatte the represaille [Reprisal] in which his excellency\ncame to Nantes, the Subscriber continued to do all the advance to all Americain Vessel directed to him by the united states or By the Board of War of Boston the President of which in his letter give acknowledgement that by receiving his invoice of 7000 firearms in due time, they have very much contributed to the glorious Journey of Saratoka. it is with the Same Zeale and fidelity that he hath completed all the order he received during the war as far as his faculty and credit Shoud permit Since 1775 till the peace took place.\n          the Subscriber wishing to be employed in the americain service asked to your excellency a Brevet of aide de camp which has been granted to him in the year 1776 by the honorable Congress, the importance of the orders successively comitted to his care in Europe for the supplement of the armys in which he has been constantly employed during the War, is the only motive that prevented him to return and to be employed in the americain army. all his familly Wishing for his return in Europe particularly his Brother in law Knight of the order of St Louis and employed in the Royal Corps of artillery in which I have been employed myself before to come in america, in going to his country he wished to have Some mark of distinction to prouve to his nation that he hath fulfil with honor Zeal and fidelity the mission in which he hath been concerned, these be considered the Subscriber beseech your excellency to have him Received as a member of the order of St Cincinnati with permission to make use of the priviliges accorded to the order, in So doing you shall do Justice and the Subscrirer shall for ever pray for your excellency.\n          (his excelancy the President of the united states of america) it is with respect that I beg your excellency to examine the memoirs of my services here annexed, and I beseech you to be favourable to my demand, if you are So good to protect them, I got no doubt that I shall suceed to obtain the favour that my Zeal and attachment for the americain Cause deserve, having ever been ready to discharge my duty with honour in the mission in which I have been employed for the Service of the united States. in granting my request I Shall have an eternal acknowlegment of your gratitude. I am with Respect the Most obedt humble servant of your excellency.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0336", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander White, 1789\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n          General Edward Stevens\u2014solicits an appointment in the Customs particularly the District of Norfolk He is a Gentleman in high repute in his Country both as a Citizen and a Soldier.\n          Col: Will. Heth\u2014has I expect explained to your Excellency his particular Views\u2014I have known him from his Infancy. There is not a man in whom I would more readily confide for the discharge of any Office he may undertake\u2014As a Soldier he is probably better known to Your Excellency than to me, though his early exertions may have escaped your notice or your Memory\u2014I know him to be an excellent Accountant, an affectionate and dutiful Son to his indigent Parents notwithstanding his circumstances are narrow and he has a young Wife and an increasing Family.\n          Col: Gustavus Wallace is desirous of a Collectors Place\u2014particularly that of Rappohannock\u2014I have but a very general acquaintance with him He was an Officer in the Army, from that circumstance, and from what I know of his Connections I presume he is not unknown to Your Excellency.\n          Hudson Muse, is desirous of the same Office He is an entire Stranger to me\u2014but has been long in that Office, and is recommended by Gentlemen on whom I can depend, as a faithful diligent able man in his office, and a good Citizen.\n          Col: Christian Febiger\u2014has explained to Your Excellency his particular Views\u2014I knew him well early in the War. he was much esteemed among us at that time, and I understand has supported a good character both as a Soldier and a Citizen ever since.\n          Elias Langham\u2014is desirous of being appointed a Commissary of Military Stores\u2014He married a young Lady in my Neighbourhood, and lived there sometime, I believe his character is good\u2014and I find he has given satisfaction in his present Office at the Point of Fork.\n          Frederick Phile\u2014solicits the Appointment of Naval Officer of the Port of Philadelphia He has been twelve years in that Office, and brings ample Testimonials of his faithful discharge of the Duties of his Office, and of his general Good Character\u2014I am not personally acquainted with him.\n          Joseph Shallcross\u2014solicits the Appointment of Collector of the Customs at Wilmington. He is also a Stranger to me, but from the character given him by those on whom I can rely\u2014I have no doubt of his fitness for the Office, and of his general good character.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-04-02-0394", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, 14 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College\n            Gentlemen,\n          In assigning so important an agency to the endeavors of an individual, as is mentioned in your address, you render a tribute to my services, which a sense of propriety forbids me to assume.\n          For the flattering terms in which you are pleased to express your sentiments of those services, and for the kind wishes you prefer in my behalf, I thank you with grateful sincerity.\n          To the animated spirit of freedom, that pervaded our country, and to the firm temper of our citizens, which braved all dangers in defence of their privileges (under the protecting care of divine providence) are we indebted for the blessings of political independence\u2014To the enlightened policy, which has directed our public councils, we owe the reform and establishment of our federal constitution. Under its auspicious influence, aided by the industry and moral conduct of those citizens, who compose the great family of our union, we may hope for the substantial enjoyments of individual happiness and national honor.\n          From your superintending care, Gentlemen, as the Guardians of a Seminary, and an important source of science, we are to derive great assistance in accomplishing those desiderata.\n          That your labour may be crowned with success, and render you happy in its consequences is my sincere prayer.\n            G. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-06-02-0137-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Minutes of Creek Council, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Creek Council\nTo: Washington, George\n[Corvatas, 2 March 1789]\nBy the Kings Chiefs and head Warriors of the Creek and Cherickes Nations of Indians at a Genera\u27e8l\u27e9 meeting over black Drink at the Square of \u27e8the\u27e9 Corvatas the 2d of the windy moon 1789.\nMaster of the Talks John Galphin, Hula Mica the Hollowing King M. Daurazaux Linxter.\nTalk 1st That the Georgians comes on our land by Building houses on the Altamaha River on our hunting ground, and Driveing our game five or Six hundred miles further Back Then when our fathers and friends the English nation had it in their Possesion.\nTalk 2d That we are at war with them and will not make peace with them, untill are further advised after the Busk.\nTalk 3d That we are Ready to Send the Broken days through all our nations to our Kings and head warriors who \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 not at this meeting to proclaim a General war again\u27e8st\u27e9 the Rebels that drove our beloved away from us a Cros\u27e8s\u27e9 the great water.\nTalk 4th That the Spanards also are our Enemies and that we will not be friends with them for that they give us Tabacco Rice with Red pepper and Rum which they give us for Taffie A Brime Salt in Exchange for our Beaver furs and Skins and that we Cannot get Blankets nor Strouds from them in Exchange for our furs and Deer Skins &a &a.\ntalk 5th That we acknowledge no King nor nation to Rule or govern us but the great King of England a Cross the great water, And that he is our father and brother and that all of his Country are our beloved men and that the Spanards and Americans are our Enemies and that we will be Enemies to them while the Sun and moon Reigns.\ntalk 6th That we want a British fort and house built at Apalatcha or St Marys for Comerce and that British goods may be Sent out to us powder and lead, which we will give our furs and peltry in Exchange, and that we will defend the fort ourselves against the Spanards and Americans.\ntalk 7th That we will send our fathers and brothers the English a Return of the Warriors, in our Towns who owns the great King of England to be their Brother and will fight for him and his great nation and make war or peace for him when he pleases to Command us.\ntalk 8th Return of our warriors in our Nations\n            Latchaway and its Boundaries Including Simclomans\n            Flint River St Mary\u2019s and St Johns and two Hilohatri Towns\n            N\u27e8a\u27e9ches Cursetors and its boundaries\n            Corsators Broken Arrow and its Boundaries\n            Tuckabachas and both Talasses\n            Talapusie and its Boundaries\n            Cherickes nation by Report of the Kings Chiefs and head Warriors Ready to go to war\ntalk 9th That the Nation of Mowhawks Chickasaws and Chacktaws will Join our nations against the Spanards and Americans if the are Supported by the King of the English Nation.\ntalk 10th That if our brother the great King a Cross the great water will furnish us with powder and Lead and war stores we will make war with Spain and america and Hoist his Colours when Ever we gain a Victory.\ntalks Still Continued\n1st That we appoint our beloved man and warrior Thomas Dalton Esquire our leader to Cross the great water and make our talks Known to our brother the great King of England and his beloved Chiefs and head warriors and to give out his talks and to Receive theirs in their Squares or war Cabbins and we shall governed by his Talks as he is our beloved man Captain and warrior.\ntalk 2d That three warriors may be Sent Express to our head King Alexander McGillivry Esqr. with our talks that he may make them Straite in his war Cabbin at little Tallasses in the upper Creek nation and that if these talks are good and Straite talks they must accompany our beloved man to Pensacola and there gett a Spanish pass for him to Cross the great water So as to make our talks Known to the King of the English nation his head warriors and beloved men.\ntalk 3d That if our beloved man is hurt or Insulted by the\nSpanards or Stoped in his way while on our business we will take the Governor ONeels Scalp and burn pensacola.\ntalk 4th That our beloved man after he Returns from holding our and his talks with our fathers and friends a Cross the great water may Come to our nation by way of the Ohio from lake Superior or Arie and Come down the Missippi River and that he may give out our talks to our brothers the Mohawkes He Knows them and their Country and head warrior our brother Colonel Guy Johnston.\nTalk 5th That as our beloved man goes amongst our brothers the English to hold our talks we hope he not be injured in any mannor Suffer for any thing while he Remains in their Country and that they may Send him again out to us with their talks wither by Canada or East Florida as they and he may agree in the talks of their great King head warriors and beloved men.\nWe now Confirm these talks as our Straite talks with a Holoh and full Cup of Black Drink with our beloved man and Spils our Blood to shew the English nation we are Ready to Spill it for them.\nJohn Galphinthe mark of HulaMica HollowingKing\u2003\u2003X", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-06-02-0137-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Dalton to Thomas Townshend, 30 May 1789\nFrom: Dalton, Thomas\nTo: Townshend, Thomas\nCopyNo. 2 Northumberland Court Strand\nMy lord30 may 1789  \npermit me to inform your lordship I am arived in this nation from the Spanish port of Pensocola with the talks of the Kings Chiefs and head warriors of the British Indians in north america held at the Cowatas in the Creek nation last mindy moon (March) the head King of the Creek nation directed me pr\u27e8i\u27e9vious to my departure to make my talks Known as Soon as possible to the great King of the English nation his head warriors and beloved men, agreeable to which I beg you may be pleased to grant me an audiance I wou\u2019d do myself the honour of weating on your lordship in person were I in any other Habit \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 that of the Indian, I hope for the honour of your answe\u27e8r mutilated\u27e9 wish to Return to the Indian nation as Soon as poss\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 your lordship I hope will Excuse my Indian language \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 if your lordship is otherwise ingaged at present appoin\u27e8t\u27e9 Some of your head warriors or beloved men to he\u27e8ar\u27e9 my talks where I will weat upon your lordship or an\u27e8y\u27e9 other person you may authorise, I Cannot Convey the Indian talks by letter So well as to Speake them so I hope you may hear them that I may make them Strict. I have the Honour to be my lord your lordships most Hum. faithfull Hume Servt\nThomas Dalton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-06-02-0137-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Dalton to William Wyndham Grenville, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Dalton, Thomas\nTo: Grenville, William Wyndham\n(Copy)No. 2 Northumberland Court \nSirStrand 8th June 1789 \nbe pleased to permit me to inform you I am the bearer of the talks of the Kings Chiefs and head warriors of the Creek nation of British Indians in america.\nthe talks I alude to are now in the possision of Evan Napior Esqr., who was pleased to inform me I was to have the honour of an answer in the Course of three or four days, the time limited is five days Elapsed I am in pain untill I am informed of the Isue thereof and perticulary as I have no other habit in this nation but that of the Creek Indian in which I am obliged to Confine myself to my Chamber and as I have no other object in view but the liquedation of my business in this nation I must hope you will be pleased to order the Indian talk to be laid before you and honour me with your oppinion one way or the other for I woud Reather be a Sparrow on flight then a Canary bird in a Cage. I have the honour to be Sir your Hume Servt\nT: D.Capt. Creek nation", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-06-02-0137-0007", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Townshend to Thomas Dalton, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Townshend, Thomas\nTo: Dalton, Thomas\nSir\nWhite Hall 12th June 1789\nIn answer to your letter 4th Inst. I am Commanded by his Majesty to inform you you have his liberty to travel through his province of Canada and hold your war Council with his faithfull mohawk Indians and give out your talks as the nature of your Embasy in this his majestys Kingdom directs you\u2014I am further Directed by the British King to Requist you will Honour me with the Result of your Council through Guy lord Dorcaster Vice Roy of British america\u2014Qubeck now head Quarters I wish you a Safe passage to america. I have the honour to be Sir your most obt Hume Servt\nSydney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-06-02-0137-0008", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Minutes of Thomas Dalton\u2019s Council with the Mohawks, 1789\nFrom: Dalton, Thomas\nTo: \n[c. Summer 1789]\nat a private meeting of the Head &a &a &a Smoaking Shoemark under a white Ming the first of the hot moon near the Country Seat of the late British Genl Sir Guy Carlton.\nthe first talk to our brother let him give his answer, did he ask any brother if there was any one in new york auhorised to hear our private talk with our father and brothers a Cross the great water, answer from our brother that he had Spoke to a great\nwarrior which belongs to the nation of our father a Cross the great water on the midle of the first Busk moon on the first talk and the brothers answer was himself had not but he wished your nation well.\n2d talk did you give out our talks of the Mindy moon at the Cowatas nine Chalk moons ago to our father a Cross the great water, answer I did what was his talk was it Straite, or did he throw it away as a bad talk, he loved th\u27e8e\u27e9 talk and wished it had Come to his great warrior at Quebeck before it had gone to his great King your father as his great warrior Knows your moha\u27e8es\u27e9cas (mowhacks) to be your brothers who are all brothers to him.\n3 talk does that great warrior hear your talks in private and does he answer them and meet you when you bid him as a good brother, brother answer he does.\ntalk 4 has he given you good and Safe private talks of his love, answer he is a good and Safe brother and has given me proofs of his love meet him in private when the first Sun is over your bed of wampum and give him your bid of wampum as a token of our love for him as a good brother and warrior.\ntalk 5th ask this great warrior if he will Send you to his great warrior at Quebeck to hold the talks you Caried a Cross the great water and Send with you to our nation Some of his Kings Chiefs and head warriors and where we Shall meet them in our nation, answer I will.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0297", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Eve, 2 January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Eve, George\nSir,\nJanuary 2d. 1789\nBeing informed that reports prevail not only that I am opposed to any amendmends whatever to the new federal Constitution; but that I have ceased to be a friend to the rights of Conscience; and inferring from a conversation with my brother William, that you are disposed to contradict such reports as far as your knowledge of my sentiments may justify, I am led to trouble you with this communication of them. As a private Citizen it could not be my wish that erroneous opinions should be entertained, with respect to either of those points, particularly, with respect to religious liberty. But having been induced to offer my services to this district as its representative in the federal Legislature, considerations of a public nature make it proper that, with respect to both, my principles and views should be rightly understood.\nI freely own that I have never seen in the Constitution as it now stands those serious dangers which have alarmed many respectable Citizens. Accordingly whilst it remained unratified, and it was necessary to unite the States in some one plan, I opposed all previous alterations as calculated to throw the States into dangerous contentions, and to furnish the secret enemies of the Union with an opportunity of promoting its dissolution. Circumstances are now changed: The Constitution is established on the ratifications of eleven States and a very great majority of the people of America; and amendments, if pursued with a proper moderation and in a proper mode, will be not only safe, but may serve the double purpose of satisfying the minds of well meaning opponents, and of providing additional guards in favour of liberty. Under this change of circumstances, it is my sincere opinion that the Constitution ought to be revised, and that the first Congress meeting under it, ought to prepare and recommend to the States for ratification, the most satisfactory provisions for all essential rights, particularly the rights of Conscience in the fullest latitude, the freedom of the press, trials by jury, security against general warrants &c. I think it will be proper also to provide expressly in the Constitution, for the periodical increase of the number of Representatives until the amount shall be entirely satisfactory; and to put the judiciary department into such a form as will render vexatious appeals impossible. There are sundry other alterations which are either eligible in themselves, or being at least safe, are recommended by the respect due to such as wish for them.\nI have intimated that the amendments ought to be proposed by the first Congress. I prefer this mode to that of a General Convention, 1st. because it is the most expeditious mode. A convention must be delayed, until \u2154 of the State Legislatures shall have applied for one; and afterwards the amendments must be submitted to the States; whereas if the business be undertaken by Congress the amendments may be prepared and submitted in March next. 2dly. because it is the most certain mode. There are not a few States who will absolutely reject the proposal of a Convention, and yet not be averse to amendmends in the other mode. Lastly, it is the safest mode. The Congress, who will be appointed to execute as well as to amend the Government, will probably be careful not to destroy or endanger it. A convention, on the other hand, meeting in the present ferment of parties, and containing perhaps insidious characters from different parts of America, would at least spread a general alarm, and be but too likely to turn every thing into confusion and uncertainty. It is to be observed however that the question concerning a General Convention, will not belong to the federal Legislature. If \u2154 of the States apply for one, Congress can not refuse to call it: if not, the other mode of amendments must be pursued. I am Sir with due respect your friend & Obedt. servant\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0298", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 2 January 1789\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nIt gives me pleasure to find by your letter of the 29th. of Decr. that you have returned home and intend to make your sentiments known to the inhabitants of your district. Justice to yourself and your country both require that this should be done and in an effectual manner. Every art has been used to prejudice the minds of the people against you. They are told, that you tricked this country into the business by the manner in which you first proposed a general convention to our legislature; that you had a chief hand in sending forth the constitution from the Convention without the amendments generally wished; and that you are now opposed to all amendments. These things I believe originated with Henry and have been circulated through the state by his tools such as Strother &c. You have no doubt heard that when you was proposed as a Senator Henry objected to you in his place and represented you as averse to all amendments. Only one of two ways appears to me to be proper in your situation; either for you in this month to visit the different counties on their court days, or to publish an address to the people. The first will be the most disagreeable and the least likely to have a good effect as from the season of the year it cannot be expected that many will attend either the election of electors or their January court. The latter mode if the address is printed and in sufficient numbers will convey your sentiments to every freeholder\u2019s fire side. The attack that has been made on you in your absence, the false light in which your opinions have been placed not only make this proper but I think necessary: and if I may give my real sentiments as Henry undertook in a most unprecedented manner to oppose you when nominated and to give a false account of your opinions, that you should address him also in the news papers, which address should also accompany that to the freeholders of the district, stating his conduct and that this was the only way left you from your absence and the short time you had to justify yourself. The sentiments expressed in your letter will I am certain be satisfactory with this addition that if elected let your private opinion of any particular amendment proposed by our convention be what it may, that you should consider it as your duty to procure the adoption of them all: this if it conforms to your sentiments of the conduct proper to be observed by a representative would give satisfaction to all moderate well meaning men.\nI have thus with a freedom which no occasion but the present could have induced me to take offered you, whose judgment I know to be so much superior to mine upon all occasions, my sentiments as to the line of conduct most proper for you to pursue on this occasion. I consider the opposition to you as an attack on the constitution itself, and that if after leaving you out of the senate they can also prevent you from being appointed to the house of representatives it will be thought by the other states as an expression of dislike to the constitution both by the legislature and the people.\nThe conduct of the last Assembly may very easily be used in favor of the new government and made to prove that their conduct proceeded from a wish not to amend but to destroy the new government. If this was not the case why after objecting to the additional expence wh. would be caused by the new governt. have they passed a law to prevent any man from holding any office under the genl. and state governments at the same time which will double the expence which would other wise have been necessary for that government. If you approve of what I have mentioned there is yet time enough to get the address published and sent to the courts of the difft. counties in the district except Fluvanna and Amherst and I could send them to such hands in those counties as would distribute them. I think you had better also write to Col: Hugh Rose in Amherst, Col: George Thompson in Fluvanna, Thomas Underwood and some other of your acquaintance in Goochland, Callis, Morris and Jas. Dabney in Louisa. The other counties I am not acquainted in. I apprehend greater danger of the event than those gentn. you mention in your letter. From the information I can gather the counties this way will stand thus: Amherst \u00be ths. at least against you; Albemarle a majority in your favor but not as great as I could wish; Fluvanna at most divided, Goochland a majority against you; you should write to Ford the preacher in that county whom you know. Louisa a small majority in your favor.\nI fear my situation will oblige [me] to leave this county before the election but as long as I stay no opportunity shall be lost of explaining my opinions to the people and I speak only what is thought by much the greater part of the worthy citizens of the state, when I assure you that I consider much good or evil to depend on the event of the election.\nOne thing strikes me respecting a second genl. convention which I have not heard mentioned by any body. If Congress call a second convention they are to determine on the mode by which the members to that convention shall be chosen. The senate is composed of the creatures of the state legislatures and if they can have influence enough the choice will certainly be referred back to their masters: thus the convention also will be the tools of the state legislatures; and by referring their proceedings to the different assemblies in the states instead of conventions for their final decision the whole business of amendments from first to last will be determined by the state legislatures. What the event will be when their power is so much abridged by the new government may be easily imagined: but I hope the people will never suffer a government adopted by them, to be changed without their being consulted, and yet I do not see how this is to be avoided if a second general convention is called.\nYour county man Leland has great influence in Louisa and Goochland cannot he be prevailed on to exert himself. Culpeper and Spotsylvania are most to be dreaded and the greatest efforts made in that quarter.\nIf you incline to visit the different counties this month it will give me great pleasure to see you here; and if you do not come on business, if your leisure will permit it would afford me great satisfaction to see for the last time one of my acquaintance whom I most respect.\nIf agreeable to you our communications shall not end with my departure for Kentucky; but be renewed as often as our situation will permit. And I will thank you to give me your opinion as to the probable line of conduct that will be pursued by the new government towards that country, and the present views and future conduct of Great-Britain and Spain respecting her. Any part or the whole of your communication shall if desired remain in my own breast.\nI make these enquiries not as a politician but as a private citizen of that country for I shall go there with a determined resolution never to engage in public business of any kind.\nI shall make a sufficient sacrafice when I bury myself there without giving up my happiness and content by engaging in a new state of warfare with knaves and fools.\nYou will excuse the unconnected manner in which my thoughts are placed here. They have been inserted as they occurred from the perusal of your letter and time will not permit an attempt to reduce them into order, or add to them. I am, with the greatest respect and esteem, and the warmest wishes for your welfare, Dr. Sir, Yr. most obdt. hum: Servt.\nG: Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0300", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, [ca. 6 January] 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\n[ca. 6 January 1789]\nSince I wrote you nothing worthy your attention has presented itself; We have now six states on the floor viz Massachusetts-bay, New York, New Jersey Pennylvania S. Carolina and Virginia; and a member from Rhode Island, North Carolina & Georgia\u2014another member from Rhode Island is on his way and one from N. C. in Pennylvania. Connecticut, you know can come in at any time; we therefore expect in three or four days to have nine states represented. Colo Wardsworth, I think will be chosen President.\nI have lately receivd an address from the convention of Kentucky, respecting the navigation of the Mississippi; this will be laid before Congress on their meeting; you are well aware of the difficulties which will attend this business; especially as there will not be more than nine states represented, some of which are in favour of the surrender of the river to Spain, in which number I am sorry to include South Carolina. The business of Colo Morgan, with the Court of Spain, which you mentiond to me at Philadelphia I find much more important than I at first apprehended; in my opinion it will prove an interesting era in the American history & furnisheth many arguments for U. States insisting on the free navigation of the Mississippi. I have lately seen some letters from Hutchins, and there remains not a dout but the emigrations to the New Madrid will be very great. How long these neighbours will prove friendly to Spain, or how soon she will have cause to repent of her policy is very doutful, & can only be determind by time. We are told, & I presume you heard it before you left this that a negociation is on foot between France & Spain by which New Orleans & the Floridas are to be exchan[ge]d for some of the French Islands. Shoud this event take place, and France pursues that line of policy which she has hitherto observd, it may prove highly beneficial to our western country, as well as to that Kingdom.\nNo packet is yet arrivd from Europe. Private accounts say that Mr. Fox is gone up to the house of Lords, as Lord Holland.\nIn consequence of a dispute which has taken place, & which has continued for three weeks between the two houses of assembly it is expected that there will not be any Senators to the New Goverment, appointed by this State. The house of delegates, in which there is a large majority unfriendly to the Govert. wish to make the choice by Joint ballot, and the Senate insist, that one nominated by them shall be elected. How this dispute will end I cannot say, but expect the fear of the seat of Govert. being removd from this place will induce both sides to be less obstinate than otherwise they woud be.\nWe hear from Massachusetts, that in their late election, only one person, (Mr Thacher) was chosen their act requiring a majority of the whole to make good an appointment. This game may continue for some time, as the friends on all sides will become warmer, & the second election is not confind to the two Candidates who had the most votes, but is on the same plan, as the first.\nWilliamson, from N. C. was marrid a few days since to a Miss Apthorp, a beautiful girl, about twenty two. She appears much pleasd with her bargain. May she never repent. The Marchioness charges me to present her best wishes to you. Yr. Friend.\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0301", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nicholas Lewis, 9 January 1789\nFrom: Lewis, Nicholas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\t\nAlbemarle Janry. 9th. 1789\nI was Applyed to lately by Mr. Peter Carr for a considerable Supply of money, he at the same time informed me that A Fund was established in Your Hands by Mr. Jefferson for the purpose of discharging the expence of his Tuition and Board & observes that that Was but A small proportion of the money that was Necessary for him to answer his other purposes. Your information on this Head, as Also Your direction & Advice respecting Mr. Carr would be thankfully recd. as I suspect that Young Gentleman is inclined to be extravigant. I am Sir with great respect your very Humble Servt.\nNicholas Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0302", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 12 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 12. 1789.\nMy last to you was of the 18th. of Nov. since which I have received yours of Sep. 21. and Oct. 8. with the pamphlet on the Mohiccon language, for which receive my thanks. I endeavor to collect all the vocabularies I can of the American Indians, as of those of Asia, persuaded that if they ever had a common parentage it will appear in their languages.\nI was pleased to see the vote of Congress of Sep. 16. on the subject of the Missisipi, as I had before seen with great uneasiness the pursuit of other principles which I could never reconcile to my own ideas of probity or wisdom, and from which, and my knolege of the character of our Western settlers, I saw that the loss of that country was a necessary consequence. I wish this return to true policy may be in time to prevent evil. There has been little foundation for the reports and fears relative to the M. de la Fayette. He has from the beginning taken openly part with those who demand a constitution: and there was a moment that we apprehended the Bastille: but they ventured on nothing more than to take from him a temporary service on which he had been ordered; and this more to save appearances for their own authority than any thing else; for at the very time they pretended that they had put him into disgrace, they were constantly conferring & communicating with him. Since this he has stood on safe ground, and is viewed as among the foremost of the patriots. Every body here is trying their hands at forming declarations of rights. As something of that kind is going on with you also, I send you two specimens from hence. The one is by our friend of whom I have just spoken. You will see that it contains the essential principles of ours accomodated as much as could be to the actual state of things here. The other is from a very sensible man, a pure theorist, of the sect called the \u0153conomists, of which Turgot was considered as the head. The former is adapted to the existing abuses; the latter goes to those possible as well as to those existing.\nWith respect to Doctr. Spence, supposed to have been taken by the Algerines, I think it extremely probable. Obrian, one of our captives there, has constantly written to me, and given me information on every subject he thought interesting. He could not have failed to know if such a capture had been made, tho\u2019 before his time, nor to inform me of it. I am under perpetual anxiety for our captives there. The money indeed is not yet ready at Amsterdam; but when it shall be, there are no orders from the board of Treasury to the bankers to furnish what may be necessary for the redemption of the captives: and it is so long since Congress approved the loan, that the orders of the Treasury for the application of the money would have come if they had intended to send any. I wrote to them early on the subject & pointedly. I mentioned it to mr. Jay also merely that he might suggest it to them. The paiments to the foreign officers will await the same formality. I thank you for your attention to the case of mrs. Burke. We have no news of Dr. Franklin since July last when he was very ill. Tho\u2019 the silence of our letters on that subject is a proof that he is well, yet there is an anxiety here among his friends. We have lately had three books published which are of great merit in different lines. The one is in 7. vols 8vo. by an Abb\u00e9 Barthelemy, wherein he has collected every subject of Gr\u00e6cian literature, after a labour of 30. years. It is called les voiages d\u2019Anacharsis. I have taken a copy for you, because the whole impression was likely to be run off at once. The second is a work on government by the Marquis de Condorcet, 2. v. 8vo. I shall secure you a copy. The 3d. are the works of the K. of Prussia, in 16 vols 8vo. These were a little garbled at Berlin before printed. The government lais it\u2019s hands on all which come here, and change some leaves. There is a genuine edition published at Basle, where even the garblings of Berlin are reestablished. I doubt the possibility of getting a copy, so vigilant is the government as to this work. I shall obtain you one if it be possible. As I write all the public news to mr. Jay, I will not repeat it to you.\nI have just received the Flora Caroliniana of Walter; a very learned and good work. I am with very sincere esteem and respect Dear Sir, your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP. S. I beg you to find sure occasions for the inclosed which are interesting to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0304", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Mann Randolph, 13 January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir,\nLouisa, January 13, 1789.\nBeing informed, that report has ascribed to me many opinions relating to the public trust, for which I am a Candidate in this District, and being unable to rectify the mistakes by personal explanations, I have thought it proper to give written communications of my real opinions, to several of my acquaintances in your, and the other Counties. It has been with reluctance in every instance, that I have taken such a liberty; and in none have I felt more, than in troubling you with the grounds, on which my services are offered. Whatever hopes I may indulge, that my opinions are not materially inconsonant to yours, and that my pretensions, may not in other respects, be disapproved by you, I have no particular warrant for either, that renders an apology unnecessary. The best, perhaps, I can make, is the one which departs least from the truth; that as far as my opinions, and pretensions, may not receive your approbation, I rely on your candor, for a proper interpretation of the motives, with which they are communicated; and that, as far as I may be favored in both respects, with your approbation, you will not only excuse  the liberty I take, but feel sufficient inducements, as opportunities may fall in your way, to set the misinformed part of your county right.\nThe report, which, I have reason to believe is most injurious, charges me, with being a strenuous advocate for the perfection of the Constitution as it stands, and an inflexible opponent to the change of a single letter. The truth, on the contrary is, that I have ever thought it might be improved in several points, although I never could see the dangers which alarmed many; and what is more, was an unsuccessful advocate in the General Convention, which framed the instrument, for several of the very amendments, since recommended by this, and other States. But, if my own judgment, did not entirely concur in the scheme of revising the work of that Assembly, I should hold myself bound by the strongest motives, to wish for such an alteration of it, as may banish the party heats, which have so long, and so injuriously prevailed.\nWhilst the Constitution was unratified, those who viewed the difficulty of uniting the various interests, and prejudices of the States, and the various opinions, and speculations of their political leaders, in any one plan whatever, were naturally led to withstand all previous amendments, as a dangerous road to public confusion. That this policy was warranted by the general state of things in America, is, perhaps, the belief of a greater majority of the people of the United States at this time, than then concurred in it. Whatever opinion may be entertained as to this point, however, it is evident, that the change of situation produced by the establishment of the Constitution, leaves me in common with other friends of the Constitution, free, and consistent in espousing such a revisal of it, as will either make it better in itself; or without making it worse, will make it appear better to those, who now dislike it. It is accordingly, my sincere opinion, and wish, that in order to effect these purposes, the Congress, which is to meet in March, should undertake the salutary work. It is particularly, my opinion, that the clearest, and strongest provision ought to be made, for all those essential rights, which have been thought in danger, such as the rights of conscience, the freedom of the press, trials by jury, exemption from general warrants, &c. I think also, that the periodical increase of the House of Representatives, until it attains a certain number, ought to be expressly provided for, instead of being left to the discretion of the government. There is room likewise in the Judiciary department for amendment. It ought to be so regulated, as to render vexatious, and superfluous appeals, impossible. In a number of other particulars, alterations are eligible either on their own account, or on account of those, who wish for them.\nI have said, that I think the amendments ought to be undertaken by the Congress. I prefer that mode, to a General Convention, as most expeditious, most certain (since there are States who will object to the mode of a Convention, without being averse to amendments in themselves) as most safe, and as most \u0153conomical. It will not have escaped you, however, that the question concerning a General Convention, does not depend on the discretion of Congress. If two thirds of the States make application, Congress cannot refuse to call one; if not, Congress have no right to take the step. With the greatest esteem and respect, I am, Dear Sir, Your obedient and most humble servant,\nJ. Madison, Jun.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0305", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nOrange Jany. 14th. 1789.\nYour favor of the 2d. instant with the letters attending it never came to hand till last evening. I have good reason to believe that the delay happened between Alexanda. & Fredg. rather than at or from the latter place. Mr. F. Maury pays particular attention to all letters which arrive there for me, and forwards them to Orange by opportunities which are frequent & safe. I apprehend there will be no impropriety in committing a confidential letter to that channel. As an additional precaution, I will desire him to be particularly attentive to any letter which may have your name on it.\nI have heard from two only of the returns from the Electoral districts, the one in favor of Mr. Gilchrist\u2014the other of General Stephens. He succeeded agst. Col: Cabel by a majority of 82 votes. He owes his success to the coalition between the two parties in Spotsylva. My situation is unfavorable for intelligence from the State at large, and therefore I can say little of the prospects as to the Feby. election. I fear, from the vague accounts which circulate, that the federal candidates are too likely to stand in the way of one another. This is not the case however in my district. The field is left entirely to Monroe & myself. The event of our competition will probably depend on the part to be taken by two or three descriptions of people, whose decision is not known, if not yet to be ultimately formed. I have pursued my pretensions much farther than I had premeditated; having not only made great use of epistolary means; but actually visited two Counties, Culpeper & Louisa, and publicly contradicted the erroneous reports propagated agst. me. It has been very industriously inculcated that I am dogmatically attached to the Constitution in every clause, syllable & letter, and therefore not a single amendment will be promoted by my vote, either from conviction or a spirit of accomodation. This is the report most likely to affect the election, and most difficult to be combated with success, within the limited period. There are a number of others however which are auxiliaries to it. With my respectful compliments to Mrs. Washington & the others of your family, I remain Dear Sir, your most Obedt. & Affecte. servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nStephens\nCabel\n\u200771.\u2014Albemarle\n   The unanimity in Amherst was produced by a previous declaration as I am told, of Col: Cabel on the subject of the Presidt. which satisfied the federal party. Little attention seems to have been paid any where to the vice-president. Among the bulk of the people, the choice of a President has been regarded as the sole object of the election.\n270 \u2014Amherst\n\u200766 \u2014Fluvanna\n\u200710 \u2014Spotsylva.\n\u2007\u20074 \u2014Orange\n\u200726 \u2014Culpeper\n157 \u2014Buckingham\n\u200782 bal: in favor of Stephens.\nP. S. I this moment hear that Mr. Zachy. Johnson is the Elector for his district.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0306", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Jameson, Jr., 14 January 1789\nFrom: Jameson, David, Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nCulpr. Ct.house Jany: 14th. 1789\nI must hope to meet with your forgivness for the great trouble I urged you to when here last week. Nothing would have induced me to Solicit your Address to the People, But an anxiety to remove some false prejudices which I apprehended were predominating in this County against you; I am sensable your mind is delicate on such occasions, But think the Customs of the times fully justifies the measure: If rectitude was generally prevalent there would be no occasion for exertions of that Nature: But when we find there are evil minds using every measure which Envy or Malice can Suggest to our prejudice it frees us from that restraint we otherwise should feel. Mr. Monroe (through Mr. Strother) has given notice that he will be here on Monday next (Court day) to explain the Constitution to the People and erase any false impressions from their minds\u2014as this is in consequence of what you said when over[,] there are many of your friends think it expedient you should be notified of the appointmt. and Solicit most earnestly that you will favour us with your Company on that day. Genl Stevens prays that you will not fail (if possible to come). I am far from wishing you unnecessary Trouble But am very anxious to see you and think much depends on it, as I am well convinced every advantage will be taken by your Adversaries.\nYour being here will prevent false representations of your Sentiment, and extravagant deviations on the minds of the People. I am Dr: Sir Your friend and Obt Servt\nD Jameson Jun\nP. S. I am informed by good Authority that Mr Early reported that you were against any Amendments whatever, conceiving the Constn. a perfect one, this Capt. Robt. Yancy says he heard him say, and from this I suppose Colo. Green gathered what he informed you of.\nD J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0307", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\nMarmion. 14t. Jany 89\nI am so far on my return from Richmond to Alexa. at which place Mrs Lee still is. The attack which commenced when you was in Alexa. has been very severe & her condition when I last heard from [her] was very unpromising. It may so happen that I shall be detained in Alexa. during the winter, tho\u2019 my hope & intention is to return soon home.\nHave you recovered my packet with the plan of the canal, & when will you find leisure to execute what was concerted between us & forward to me the work.\nIn Richmond the reports concerning your election were unfavorable to its prosperous issue, but as I have approached upwards accounts have been gradually more pleasing.\nIn Culpepper we are told Genl. Stevens, Pendleton with many other influential characters are successfully active in your support, & that Strother the champion for your competitor fades in his influence daily.\nIn Amherst Rose with some few others are struggling to break the weight of the Cabals, & altho they will not be able to give you a majority there, they will add considerably to your poll.\nIf these things are true I reckon on your election as certain, for which I sincerely pray on principles very opposite to those of personal regard &c.\nR. B. Lee will be elected, Page also\u2014Sam Griffin has offered in the Henrico district, Harrison & Miles Selden his adversarys. In Norfolk Matthews & Parker contend, & Theodk. Bland is unrivalled. The last act of the Henryetts was to honor Crt Bullit with a station among our Judges. Yours always\nH Lee\nA Lee has declined pursuing his election, & I yielded in favor of Page. Cyrus Griffin is published as a candidate for my district, this will injure Page without the chance of assisting himself & should be immediately retracted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0308", "content": "Title: Remarks on the Situation at Great Falls, [post 14] January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[post 14] Jany 1789\nThe importance of the spott at the great Falls of Potowmack, and the value of the property including it appear from the following considerations\u2014\nFirst: The singular fitness of the situation for every species of water works. Merchants Mills, Forges, Slitting & Plating Mills, Saw Mills &c. &c. may be erected here with greater advantages from nature than at any place perhaps within the whole compass of the United States. The spot was long ago marked out by a very sagacious undertaker, for these purposes and has been left unimproved from no other cause than the want of Funds. The addition made to the natural advantages of the place, by the opening of the navigation above, requires no explanation. Wheat, Timber &c. can by that means be collected from an extent of Country which is capable of supplying them in the most ample quantities that can be desired. Iron ore also & mineral coal are distributed along the main River & its branches in great abundance, and can be brought to the Works on the best terms.\nSecondly The importance of the situation as a resting place for an extensive commerce. That the commerce through this Channel will be extensive, will be best shewn, if all proof be not superfluous, by a few plain & known facts. The main river is already navigable  miles above the falls. A Boat of  tons burden came down last fall from  with a load of  and the navigation of that part of the river will be ready for general use as soon as the spring season comes on, or at farthest before the ensuing Summer is over. The Shanandoah branch may and probably will be, very soon, made navigable for 150 miles from its mouth which is  miles above the Falls. The South branch is equally capable of the same improvement for 100 Miles from its mouth which is  miles above the falls. There are a number of smaller streams running into the Potowmac above the falls, which are either already navigable, or may easily be made so, not only on the Virginia but also on the Maryland Sides. By means of the latter no small part of the produce now transported by land to Baltimore, from the upper parts of Maryland & the skirts of Penna. will be drawn into the navigation of the Potowmack. The great region of Country embrac\u2019d by these several waters is in general extremely fertile, particularly in the parts through which they immediately flow, is already setled and cultivated, and is found excellently adapted to almost every article which has been raised within this state. But the commerce of the Potomack will not [be] limited to this region, extensive as it is. Another prospect presents itself on the western side of the alleghany mountains. The communication between the atlantic and the western country, can be more easily established through the Potomac than through any other channel. The source of this river lies nearest to the sources of those which run westerdly; its course forms the most direct line with the course of the latter; and having such of its natural obstructions as require locks all at one spot, it has commanding advantages over other channels for attracting the produce & supplying the consumption of great part of the fertile Country on the Ohio and its upper branches, if not on the lakes also and the streams running into them. That the Scite in question will be one of the resting places for this extensive commerce results from several circumstances. 1. Wheat the staple article to be exported through this Channel, will be here most conveniently turned into flour for the purpose. It will therefore be here purchased by the Merchants or rather agents of the Merchants, residing at the Seaport Towns; who will of course, keep at the same place merchandize, in order the more easily to pay for the produce. One side of commerce necessarily attracts the other. The place of buying will always become the place of selling also. There may be other articles, which will undergo some manufactoring process before exportation, and to which the same remark may be applied. But the arrangements established for a principal article will extend themselves to others which would otherwise require or produce them. 2. The navigation above being open two weeks earlier than below the falls, and the Town of Alexandria to which a good road may be made being not more than 17 miles distant there will be a farther inducement to make the falls a place of Exchange for exports and imports. 3. The navigation above being already fitted for use, & that below being not likely to be opened for some time, and on account of its peculiar difficulties, perhaps a long time, the Falls will if proper measures be accelerated, have the habit of Commerce in its favour & might be continued as the Entrep\u00f4t from causes not otherwise entirely equal to the effect.\nThirdly. The convenience of the place for a manufactoring Town. This advantage is evident from the remarks already made. In no place can materials or provisions be more cheaply or plentifully assembled. Every branch of manufacture with Iron or other water works, must be particularly favourd at this Spot and as such are numerous and have mutual relations again with many other branches, a better Seat for manufactories can scarcely be fancied. The place is moreover healthy, is surrounded by a fertile and well wooded Country, and admits of an easy supply of every foreign implement & article which manufacturers may stand in need of.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0311", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Nicholas, 23 January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, George\nLetter not found. 23 January 1789. Acknowledged in Nicholas to JM, 24 Jan. 1789. Reports prospects for his election. Encloses a copy of his remarks on Jefferson\u2019s draft constitution (Observations on Jefferson\u2019s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia, ca. 15 Oct. 1788 and n.). Requests Nicholas to deliver his letter of 21 Jan. 1789 to John Brown.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0313", "content": "Title: From James Madison to a Resident of Spotsylvania County, [27 January] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: A Resident of Spotsylvania County\n[27 January 1789]\n\u201cThe offer of my services to the district, rests on the following grounds: That although I always conceived the constitution might be improved, yet I never could see in it, as it stands, the dangers which have alarmed many respectable citizens; that I held it my duty therefore, whilst the constitution remained unratified, and it was necessary to unite the various opinions, interests and prejudices of the different states, in some one plan, to oppose every previous amendment, as opening a door for endless and dangerous contentions among the states, and giving an opportunity to the secret enemies of the union to promote its dissolution: That the change of circumstances produced by the secure establishment of the plan proposed, leaves me free to espouse such amendments as will, in the most satisfactory manner, guard essential rights, and will render certain vexatious abuses of power impossible: That it is my wish, particularly, to see specific provision made on the subject of the Rights of Conscience, the Freedom of the Press, Trials by Jury, Exemption from General Warrants, &c, to see, effectual provision made also for the periodical increase of the representatives, until the number shall amount to the fullest security on that head, and for prohibiting appeals to the federal court in cases that might be vexatious or superfluous: That there are a variety of other alterations which ought to be inserted, as either eligible in themselves, or as due to those who think them so.\n\u201cWith regard to the mode of obtaining amendments, I have not withheld my opinion that they ought to be recommended by the first Congress, rather than be pursued by way of a General Convention: 1st, Because the former is the most expeditious mode. If Congress undertake the business, the amendments may be prepared in March next, and immediately submitted to the states; whereas a Convention must be delayed until two-thirds of the states shall have assembled their legislatures, and these shall have applied for one; and after a convention itself shall have been formed, and agreed on amendments, the same formalities will remain, as if the amendments should be proposed by Congress in March next. 2dly, Because it is the most certain mode. There are not a few states who will in no case agree to a convention, and yet have no objection to amendments in themselves. 3dly, Because it is the safest mode. No danger can be apprehended from the deliberations of Congress on the subject. What might result from a Convention, meeting in the present foment of parties, and consisting, as would probably be in part the case, of insidious characters from different quarters of the union, is more than can be foreseen. It is a sufficient objection against the experiment, if the same avowed end can be otherwise answered, that a great part of America is filled with the most serious apprehensions from it. One thing, however, ought not to be disregarded, to wit, that the question relating to a Convention will in no respect depend on the discretion of Congress, and consequently the sentiments of the candidates for that body, on that point, cannot affect their pretensions. If two-thirds of the states apply for a Convention, Congress cannot refuse to call one. If not, Congress have no right to take such a step, but must proceed in the other mode pointed out by the constitution.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0314", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 27 January 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nNew York 27th. Jany 1789.\nI have been here about a Fortnight during which time we have not made a Congress. So. Carolina, Virga, Pennsa, N. Jersey, & Massachussets are represented. There is one Member from each of the States of Rhode Island, N. Carolina & Georgia, but none from New Hampshire, Connecticut N. York, Delaware or Maryland. I very much wish we may make a house in a week or ten days, as I think the Appearances in Europe, & perhaps even here, of the old Congress being in full operation and tranquilly yielding the seats to the new would have a good effect. The misrepresentations in Europe have been extremely gross, and must have an unfavorable effect upon Emigration in the poorer ranks of life. Col. Wadsworth has been mentiond as President. I respect him much, but I wish to give appearance to the old System by a Character of rather more celebrity. Mr. Adams would meet my Judgment better than any member of the present house. The principal Objection is his Absence, which I fear will deprive him of his chance.\nThe federal business in Pennsa. is happily closed. Our Electors, & Senators are all federal, & seven of our Reps. The eighth is a german, so that I doubt not he will feel the influence of the federalism of his countrymen which is actual, and he will also I think, from being rather fond of public office, feel the federalism of the state. His Sentiments were doubting if not opposed to the Constitution. He is a man of private virtue some Patriotism & judgment, and not ignorant of the Affairs of Pennsylvania. In our state politics he has been a constitutionalist latterly a mild one, that is a prudent politician.\nThe State of New York still retain their impressions against the Constitution. They still decline to elect Senators upon legislative principles, and I think an absence of two of the Senate is, from Appearances determined on to avoid the precedent of conceding their due legislative independence. They will have two antifdlts, and no Merchant on their Senate. Massachussets & Pennsa. alone have attended to mercantile character in the Senate, which will assist in obviating the Objections to the commercial powers of that body. This is in favor of the Constitution, but possibly not so favorable to the interests of the Union as if there were five or six merchants. The practice under the Constitution will, in my opinion, be more agreeable to the Opposition in many other particulars than their leaders are aware of. In this particular instance it is fortunate that our Senator is a man of extensive political information, and landed property and, tho a practical Merchant, a friend to a pretty free System of Trade. I do not think the most captious agriculturist in the Senate will find Mr. Morris tenacious of any principle that will be injurious to the landed interest.\nThe election of New Jersey for Electors is federal. This with the choice of their Senators augurs well with regard to the reps. I do not find any doubt that there will be two fedts. among them, most probably three and I think very probably four. The federalism of Jersey, and its obligations and inducements to adhere to the union & a vigorous system of federal politics will be a pretty strong Security for the good Conduct of her Representatives.\nThe re-election of a federalist for a Senator by new Hampshire is a symptom of the continuance of the Acquiescence of that State in the Constitution. Mr. Wingate I mean in the room of Mr. Bartlett. I find too they think of Mr. Adams as V. P. which also shews there is no violent discontent. There are good Symptoms also in the Elections so far as known here. Massachussetts seems also to evince feelings equally favorable, and Connecticut still more. I understand however from Dr. Johnson that the latter State mean to remove all their Senators & reps. from all state offices. This tho merely from general republican reasons will probably lose us an individual or two of the Senate & house of Reps. Mr. Ellsworth, and I think Mr. Sherman are of the state Judiciary. They will be great losses to the government, if they adhere to their state Appointments. Delaware has given us federalists altogether, and I believe Maryland. From this detail, of wch. I presume you knew the greater part before I think the Government will be well supported from the North side of the Powtowmack, even in the house of Reps. New York by her districts will have two federalists & very able ones I hope.\nThe Election of Virga. is an Object of great Anxiety with me\u2014not that I hope or fear much, for I presume the ticket will have a very moderate portion of federalism. But, Sir, when [I] examine the list of representatives & see how few are yet returned and how few are likely to be returned to that house, who are able to take the lead in a scene of that kind I confess I feel some apprehensions about the advantages the opposition may gain from the Speakers of your state, and the greatest solicitude lest we should be deprived of that support which your ticket may give us. I most sincerely hope this will find your own election secured. The Senate was in my mind not the place in which the cause required you to be in any point of view, but one that there seemed little probability that your legislature would favor the pretensions of any federalist unless they would elect you. Your election would be a gain therefore, wch. could not perhaps be otherwise secured, but the Senate was never the place where my fears rested. I therefore felt little regret at the issue of the choice by your state. The house of Representatives is a scene of the utmost importance. If happily conducted little is to be feared\u2014if it proves unfriendly great talents\u2014great exertions\u2014great public estimation in favor of our leading friends will be necessary to prevent the most serious evils\u2014if it cannot be induced to countenance the constitution the unanimity of the Senate would, under present circumstance avail but little.\nThe election of the President seems likely to be unanimous. It is perhaps the greatest personal point that will ever occur in this Country, that it be secure\u2014and I feel the most cordial satisfaction in considering it beyond all hazard. The Office of V. P. seems destined for Mr. Adams, who will have nearly all Pennsa, Delaware & New England probably Jersey. Mr. Rutlege I understand will be pushed by S. Carolina, and Mr Jay who is the only candidate besides that is talked off [sic] will have but little support in this Matter left. He appears to have no Views himself. Tho well qualified for more important station than the proper Duties of the VP. render that yet I think it would be wrong to draw him for the Office of foreign affairs. Our treaties are all unformed\u2014he alone knows the whole Negociations\u2014he is among the very few who have been in the way of qualifying themselves for foreign negotiation. He is much esteemed in Pennsa. but her votes & influence would be exerted against him in the present state of the question on the seat of Government. Mr. Adams is esteemed by the people\u2014has high ideas of Government\u2014is a friend to property\u2014will take the feelings of New England with him\u2014has been used to the forms of legislative & diplomatic business\u2014he is a man of a pure private Character, & has knowlege & abilities beyond the proper duties of a V. P. which indeed are not very important. He will lose few votes, I think from the North side of Maryland (where also he is seriously thought of) but from an apprehension that he may outrun the genl. or hazard the election of the latter. This tho in my mind a very small hazard indeed I am pleased to observe is foreseen, and will be attended to.\nMr. Dawson assures me this letter will reach you if sent to the Office at Fredericksburg which is the Reason of my sending that way. I am with very great truth dear Sir, yr. respectful & aff. h. Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0315", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Thompson, 29 January 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Thompson, George\nSir,\nJany 29th 1789\nA convenient opportunity offering I take the liberty of adding to the former explanation of my sentiments relating to the federal constitution the grounds on wh. I dislike a change of that part of it which authorizes direct taxes. I am led to give you this further trouble, by intimations that the necessity of such a trust in the Union is by many not truly understood; & is a subject on which the reasons in favour of my opinion may with propriety be suggested. Should I judge amiss your candour will excuse the communication: Should I judge aright, your discretion will make a proper use of it.\nI approve this part of the Constitution because I think it an essential provision for securing the benefits of the Union: the principal of which are 1st the prevention of contests among the States themselves: 2dly security against danger from foreign Nations.\nOn the first point, it is evident that there is no way to prevent contests among the States but by establishing justice among them: and equally evident that this cannot be done but by some system that will make each bear it\u2019s just share of the public burdens. If some States contribute their quotas and others do not, justice is violated; the violation of justice is the ground of disputes among States as well as among individuals; and as among the latter they produce an appeal to the law, so among the former they produce an appeal to the sword. The question to be considered then is which of the two systems, that of requisitions or that of direct taxes, will best answer the essential purpose of making every State bear it\u2019s equitable share of the Common burdens. Shall we put our trust in the system of requisitions, by which each State will furnish or not furnish its share as it may like? Reason tells us this can never succeed. Some States will be more just than others, some less just: Some will be more patriotic; others less patriotic; some will be more, some less immediately concerned in the evil to be guarded against or in the good to be obtained. The States therefore not feeling equal motives will not furnish equal aids: Those who furnish most will complain of those who furnish least. From complaints on one side will spring ill will on both sides; from ill will, quarrels; from quarrels, wars; and from wars a long catalogue of evils including the dreadful evils of disunion and a general confusion. Such is the lesson which reason teaches us. But we have a surer guide in our own experience; which like that of every other confederacy that has tried Requisitions, assures us that they will not be duly complied with; that they will not therefore answer the public exigences; and that they moreover lay the foundation for injustice, for discord and for contention. I need not quote particular instances in proof of what is here advanced. The whole history of requisitions not only during the war but since the peace stamps them with the charecter which I have given them, and proclaims the necessity of resorting for safety to the other system; the system of direct taxes which the Constitution has substituted.\nTo say that requisitions ought first to be tried, and if they fail, that direct taxes are then to enforce them, is little better than to yeild the point by the manner of urging it: For it admits that requisitions are not likely to be complied with voluntarily; at the same time that the efficacy of them is so much insisted on: It admits again that direct taxes are practicable, although the argument against them is that the General Government cannot in the nature of things levy them. But surely if they be practicable after the refusal of the State Government to comply with the requisitions, shall have raised prejudices against the general Government, the practicability will be much greater if no such prejudices be thrown in the way. One remark however ought not to be omitted. It is, that every State which chuses to collect it\u2019s own quota may always prevent a federal collection by keeping a little beforehand in it\u2019s finances and making it\u2019s payment at once into the federal Treasury. Another remark deserves to be here made. From the reasoning of many on this subject it would seem as if the question concerning requisitions & direct taxes was, whether direct taxes shall be levied or not. This is by no means the case. If extraordinary aids for the public safety be not necessary, direct taxes will not be necessary. If extraordinary emergences call for such aids, the only question will be whether direct taxes shall be raised by the General Government itself or whether the General Government shall require the State Governments to raise them: or in other words whether they shall be raised in all the States, or be raised in some States, whilst others unjustly withdraw their shoulders from the common burden.\nOn the 2d point to wit, security against danger from abroad, it is no less evident that Requisitions will fatally deceive us. For the same reason that they will not obtain from the States their respective shares of Contribution and thence become a source of intestine quarrels, they must invite foreign attacks by shewing the inability of the Union to repel them: and when attacks are made, must leave the Union to defend itself, if it be defended at all, as was done during the late war; by a waste of blood, a distruction of property, and outrages on private rights, unknown in any Country which has credit or money to employ the regular means of defence. Whilst the late war was carried on by means of impressed property, &c, the annual expense was estimated at about twenty millions of Dollars; at the same time that thousands of brave Citizens were perishing from the scarcity or quality of the supplies provided in that irregular way: to say nothing of the encouragement given by such a situation to the prolongation of the war. Whereas after the General Government was enabled by the pecuniary aids of France to provide supplies in a regular way, the annual expense was reduced to about eight millions of dollars, the army was well fed, the military operations went on with vigour & the blessings of peace were visibly & happily accelerated. Should another war unfortunately be our lot (and the less our ability to repel it, the more likely it is to happen) what would be the condition of the Union if obliged to depend on Requisitions? There are but two methods by which Nations can carry on a regular plan of self defence, one by raising the necessary supplies by taxes within the year equal to the public expences: The other by borrowing money on the credit of taxes pledged for the future repayment of it. The first method is considered by most, if not all nations, as impossible with the aid of every resource they possess. In the United States, possessed of no resource but duties on trade, and their trade probably at the mercy of an enemy superior on the Seas, the very idea of such a method is chimerical. The only remaining method is that of borrowing. But who could be expected to lend to a Government which depended on the punctuality of a dozen or more Governments for the means of discharging even the annual interest of the loan? No man who will candidly make the case his own, will say that he would chuse to become a creditor of a Government under such circumstances. Even if the scheme of trying requisitions first, and eventually resorting to direct taxes after a refusal of requisitions, were free from other objections which condemn it, the delay & unpunctuality inseperable from it, would be fatal to it as a Fund for borrowing: Or if loans could be attained at all, it could only be from usurers who would make the public pay threefold for the risk & disappointment apprehended. What would have been the condition of America at any period since the peace, that is under the system of Requisitions, if Great Britain had renewed the war, or an attack had come from any other quarter, and money had become essential for the public safety? How was it to have been obtained? Would requisitions have obtained it from the States? There is not a man accquainted with our affairs who will pretend it. Would they have obtained it in loans from individuals to be repaid out of Requisitions? There is probably not a man within the United States aiming at profit only, who would have trusted his money on such a security; or who would not at least have exacted an interest of 20, 30, or 40 perCent, as an indemnification for the fallen State of public credit. We see then that the article of the Constitution in question is absolutely essential whether we consider it as a means of preserving justice & tranquility among the States, or of preventing or repelling foreign wars.\nBut besides these general Considerations which affect every part of the Union, there are others which claim the most serious attention of the Southern parts of it, and of Virginia particularly. If direct taxes be prohibited, and no reliance can be placed on requisitions, the inevitable consequence will be, that whenever public exigences arise, the duties will be accumulated on imports, until they shall have yeilded every farthing that can be squeezed out of them. Now who is it that pays duties on imports? Those only who consume them. What parts of the Continent manufacture least and consume imported manufactures most? The Southern parts. It is clearly the interest of the Southern parts therefore, and of Virginia particularly that trade should not be overburdened; but that direct taxes when necessary should come in aid of that fund; since being laid on all the States by an equal rule provided in the Constitution, they tend to equalize the general burden on every part of the Continent. It is truly wonderful that from the same quarter it should be urged, as dangerous to yeild a full power over trade, lest the Northern interest should overburden it with duties; and as proper to make an alteration, that might drive the Government into the necessity of overburdening it. In another view the Southern States have peculiar reasons for retaining the article of direct taxation. If war ever breaks out against America where will it fall? On the weakest parts. Which are the weakest parts? The Southern parts; particularly Virginia, whose long navigable rivers open a great part of her Country to surprize and devastation whenever an enimy powerful at Sea chuses to invade her. Strike out direct taxation from the list of federal authorities and what will be our situation. The revenue from commerce must in great measure fail along with the security of Commerce. The invaded and plundered part of the Union will be unable to raise money for its defence. And no resource will be left; but under the name of Requisitions to solicit benefactions from the Legislatures of other States, who being not witnesses of our distresses cannot properly feel for us; and being remote from the scene of danger cannot feel for themselves. Is [that a] situation in which any man who loves his Country ought to wish it to be placed? Are these the benefits for which Virginia can wish to stipulate as a return for her concessions in favour of a Union and a General Government? That a Northern State should not be averse to expunge the power of direct taxation may be conceived; because a local interest is not always postponed to the general interest. But that a Southern State should hearken to the measure, and be ready to sacrifice it\u2019s local interest as well as the general interest, admits of no rational explanation to which I am competent. With great respect & esteem I am Sir, Your Obedt. & humble Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0316", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, ca. 30 January 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 30 January 1789. Mentioned in Washington to JM, 2 Jan. and 16 Feb. 1789. Requests JM\u2019s advice concerning a proposed speech drafted by David Humphreys (see Washington to JM, 16 Feb. 1789, n. 1).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0319", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Pendleton, 11 February 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, John\nTo: Madison, James\nVirga. Richmond 11 feb. \u201989\nPermit me, sir, to introduce to you Mr. Wm. Lambert a native of our State. He is employed on a public occasion which brings him to New York & is desirous of engaging in business in some department under the first arrangements of the Congress. I can speak of his talents with confidence because I judge from my own experience & I do assure [you] that, sir, he understands thoroughly the power of figures, Accounts, & book-Keeping methodically; is a very neat, expert penman; remarkably assiduous, careful, temperate. I have the honor, sir, to be with great respect & regard Your most obt. Servt.\nJ. Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0320", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 12 February 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir\nRichmond Feb 12th 1789.\nAmong the arrangements of office which will most likely take place in the United States, some will probably be peculiar to the different states. As I am confident that a knowledge of characters here would assist those in whose hands this business rests, I shall not scruple to request your attention to my particular friend colo. William Heth.\nHe was an officer of distinguished merit in the Virginia line; is now a member of our executive council, where, I can testify his services to have been, during my connection with that board, independent and judicious. For the department of accounts, accuracy and assiduity I pledge myself. And I am persuaded that I might risque my reputation on whatsoever he shall undertake.\nI should add an apology for troubling you on this occasion, were it not that I have the happiness to believe, that my recommendation will not be unacceptable to you. And I feel an assurance that I am presenting to the acceptance of the United States a gentleman in whom you cannot be decieved. I am, dear sir, with great respect & esteem Yr mo. ob. servt.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0321", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hudson Muse, 13 February 1789\nFrom: Muse, Hudson\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nUrbanna Feby. 13. 1789.\nYou being Elected to represent this State in the honble. the Congress of the United States, I have to request the favour of your Interest in Continuing me in my present appointment as Naval Officer for the District of Rappahannock River. Shoud you think it requisite for me to procure a recommendation of my past Conduct, I flatter myself, I coud readily obtain One to Satisfy the Convention that not an Office in the State has been better Attended, or Conducted with more propriety Since I have had the management. And may I presume it will opperate in my favour with Gentlemen acquainted with the Circumstances, that hitherto it has been the pleasure of our Assembly so frequently to remove the Office backwards and forwards from Tappahannock to this place, as to occasion me considerable trouble & Expence in procuring Houses & Lotts Suitable for the purpose\u2014being so long a Member of our Assembly & having the Interest and convenience of the people at heart, I doubt not if you are not particularly acquainted with the Situation of Rappahannock river from your own knowledge, that you are so from the Description so often given of it in the House, to Consider this as the properest port in the District for the Entrance & Clearance of all Vessels in Order to Secure the Duties. And I can Assure you with truth, that the last regulation of our Assembly in fixing it so, & also making it a Port of delivery, with Tappahannock, Port Royal, & Fredericksburg [will?] win general Content, more especially as they then also directed that all Bonds given for duties Shoud remain in the respective Offices \u2019till due, and if not then discharged, to be returned to the Solicator. Were it to be the pleasure of the honble. House to continue me in Office, I might be thought Interested to mention this Circumstance; but Sir, you\u2019l readily Judge from the Commission of One \u214c Cent only for receiving & paying up the Money, is Scarcely equal to the risque & therefore cannot be any great object with the officers, but is often convenient for the Merchants to Settle their Accots. at the Office where they have frequent calls. And their pride & Interest will occasion them to exert every nerve to pay within the limitted time, rather than Suffer the Stigma of having their bonds returned, the truth of which I have experienced, not having had occasion to return one Bond Since the regulation took place, neither Shall I have a half dozen to return for the last Quarter, & on the Contrary, I well know Several Gentlemen who have lated made payment, have prior bonds returned now in the hands of the Solicator unsatisfied. I have taken the liberty to mention these Circumstances to you, knowing that on every occasion you are desirous of serving the people & State, & with-all capable of making a true State of the facts. I am Sir, Your Obeadt Servt.\nHudson Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0322", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Leland, [ca. 15 February] 1789\nFrom: Leland, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\n[ca. 15 February 1789]\nI congratulate you in your Appointment, as a Representative to Congress; and if my Undertaking in the Cause conduced Nothing else towards it, it certainly gave Mr. Madison one Vote. I expect that Congress will be very busy for some years, in filling a continental Blank with a Code of general Laws; and I think it will be very Judicious to send those Laws very liberally into the States, that their Eyes may always be open. No Danger of the Destruction of Liberty where the Community is well informed. Ignorance always brings on, either Mutiny or Lethargy, which equally pave the Way for Tyranny. If Mr. Madison can get Leisure enough in Congress it would please my Fancy to have a List of all the Names of the Members of Congress; in which State they reside, and which House they fill: and it would inform my Mind to have an Account of all our National Debts; to what Powers they are due, and at what pr Cent; and likewise of our internal debt. And it would give me further Satisfaction to know (after the Trial) whether the Duties arising from Commerce are sufficient (without a direct Tax) for Supporting the federal Government, and the Payment of our Interest upon Debts. No doubt, there will be printed Statements, at proper Times; but I am so little acquainted with the literary and political World, that without the Aid of a particular Friend, I shall never see them. If I could see all the Laws I should be glad, altho\u2019 in Person, I have little Use for them. One Thing I shall expect; that if religious Liberty is anywise threatened, that I shall receive the earliest Intelligence.\nI take the Liberty of writing thus to you, lest I should not be at Home when you pass by on your Way to Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0323", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Tench Coxe, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nDear Sir\nOrange (Virga.) Feby. 16th. 89\nYour favor of the 27th. Ult: has found me so nearly prepared to set out for N. York that I should not have thought it worth while to acknowledge it from hence, were it not for the more speedy rate at which the mail will travel. I am glad to find your calculations for the House of Representatives so favorable. Others which I had seen held out a different prospect in the States North of Pennsylvania, and South of Virginia. Here the event has exceeded the hopes of most of the federalists, and totally disappointed the adverse party. Six out of the ten are firm and known friends to the Constitution. The sentiments of a seventh Mr. Avery are unknown to me. I had never heard of his being a Candidate. The Counties which must have elected him, the two on the Eastern Shore where he resides, and every other circumstance from which I can draw a conjecture, lead me to consider him as on the side we wish, and there is a chance of an Eighth federalist from Kentucky. Should Mr. Brown be a candidate the chance will not be a bad one. The two anti-federal members are Col: Bland and a Mr. Cole, a Kinsman of Mr. Henry. The former was not opposed; the district being wholly poisoned with enmity agst. the Constitution. The latter was but barely preferred to a young gentleman of good sense, and great moderation. The choice of our Electors was not less friendly to the organization of the Government. Of the twelve three only were taken from the antifederal party. These including Mr. Henry have voted for Governour Clinton. Of the others two were hindered from attending, five have voted for Mr. Adams; and the remaining two have thrown their votes on Mr. Hancock and Mr. Jay, solely with the view I presume to keep Mr. Adams in the place really allotted him. The vote for Genl. Washington was unanimous. Even the choice of our Senators will not fully abet the plans of our last Assembly. Richd. H. Lee, I understand through a direct & sure channel, censures the intemperance of his Constituents, and condemns the idea of a Second Convention. With great esteem & regard I am Dear Sir Your Obedt. servant\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0327", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 20 February 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nPowhatan Feby. 20. 1789\nI did myself the pleasure to write you from Richmond a few days ago: that letter, as well as this, will probably meet you at New York.\nThe Freindly disposition you have been pleased to entertain for me, and the consoling reflection that this has arisen upon an opinion that I, in some degree deserve your confidence, induce me to take the liberty of communicating to you a wish which I now have; and I do it with the less restraint as I am certain you will not understand it as meant to ask upon the score of the former, one tittle more than you may conceive to be warranted by the latter.\nThe weight of antifederalism in the District where I reside, being much greater, I beleive, than in any other part of the State, my prospects as to getting into the House of Representatives, forbad my putting it to the trial\u2014indeed the preceeding choice of Electors gave decided proof upon this point: in the House of Representatives it would have been my choice to give my services to my country, at least in the first Stage of the Govt. This my zeal would have led me to, yet I am conscious that it is time for me to be done with desultory life, and in that manner has the public from time to time called for my services almost throughout my life; during the War it was my lot to Blend with my Military duties many extraneous toils, and some Trusts, and although one appointment which I held may be supposed to have been in its Nature emolumental, yet it was in a Manner forced upon me, and such were the terms upon which it was then established, that little or no pecuniary advantage could honestly result\u2014in fact little or nothing did result to me from it. Whether I discharged the duties of the Office well, must be left to the decision of those under whom I served; whether I acted honestly must be refered to Mr. Burral the Commissioner with whome my Accounts have undergone a thorough investigation. There are sums of money yet due from sundry persons to the department, but they are for debts contracted in the Sales of the public property on Credit at the end of the War by proper Authority, and for some other transactions unavoidable in the Course of the business, all which is Noticed by Mr. Burral who has certifyed accordingly, exonerating me from having sums in my hands unaccounted for. I just mention these things as some kind of justification for the liberty I am taking with you. It is now my desire to render service under the New Govt. in some appointment which may be tolerably respectable and permanent, were I in New York I should avoid personal solicitation, but yet it would be necessary that my wishes be known to those who have the powers of appointment\u2014being at a distance, excuse me for asking the favor of you to consider with yourself how far you can venture from your acquaintance with me, and general propriety to turn your attention to this object for me, at the same time let me entreat you to suffer my request to carry you to no lengths which you can not reconcile to perfect propriety.\nIt is as yet unknown what appointments will arise and therefore I cannot now signify a predelection for any one in particular\u2014the head of the Customs at the port of Norfolk would however be desirable if attainable\u2014but upon the whole I submit myself to your Judgement as events may occur. Here my dr sir I have communicated to you my wishes and must request the favor of you to do as you shall find proper upon every possible consideration. I am My dr sir with great sincerity Your Freind & Hl st.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0328", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hudson Muse, 22 February 1789 (Abstract)\nFrom: Muse, Hudson\nTo: Madison, James\nAbstract. Urbanna, 22 February 1789. A follow-up to Muse\u2019s letter of 13 Feb. soliciting JM\u2019s aid in procuring the customs collector\u2019s post at the Rappahannock River port of entry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0329", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 24 February 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond. Sir\nMount Vernon Feby. 24. 89\nThe obstructions to my journey from the Snow, the River at Fredericksburg, and the unparallelled badness of the roads, prevented my arrival here sooner than the Evening before last. Harry will be able to give the particulars of the Journey. I detained him yesterday in order to give both him & the horses a little rest after their fatigue; and shall leave it in some measure to himself, to return either by way of Fredg. or Norman\u2019s Ford, according to the State of the Weather and the information he may receive concerning the latter route. I am not yet decided as to the day on which I shall go forward from this place. Being now convinced from the State of the Weather & the rivers that I could not possibly reach New York by the day fixed for the Meeting of Congs. and if I could that there will not be a sufficient number of members for business, I shall think myself more at liberty to consult my own conveniency. By waiting a few days I promise myself also the company of some of my Colleagues, particularly Mr. Page who will I think be sure to call on the General. Mr. R. B. Lee is the only member who has yet set out, according to my information. He has gone on to Alexanda. but will wait I presume for Company, at least untill the weather shall invite him to proceed.\nI meet here with no news worth communicating. The inclosed papers, I recd. at Fredericksbg. and may be read as a continuation of the intelligence from New York.\nI find myself perfectly well after my ride, & hoping that this will find my mother in better health, and the rest of the family still well, I remain Yr. Affece. son\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0330", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 24 January [February] 1789\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nLiverpool Jany [February] 24. 1789\nSince my letter of the 20th August I have the Honor of your much esteemed favor of 3 July with the F\u0153deralist, for which I am particularly obliged to you, as also for your very interesting Information of the State of our politicks.\nI now have the pleasure to hand you Sales of your eight Hhds Tobaccoe by the Venus with Account Current, the Balance of which you may draw for when you please\u2014if you wish it in the way of a Bill of Exchange it may be some Advantage to you to make payable in London; which you are at full Liberty to do. Your Tobaccoe was all heavy & well adapted for Africa & Flanders which are generally favorable Circumstances to the Owner. This is by the Venus in my Employ and should it again suit your Convenience to try this Market, I shall be much obliged by your kind Assistance to this Vessell. I am with great Esteem & respect Dr Sir your most obt Sert\nJames Maury\n[First Enclosure]\nLiverpool 19th: Feby: 1789\nAccount Sales of Eight Hogsheads of Tobacco received by Venus from Virginia on accot. of Hon. James Madison Junr. Esq\nth\nSepr.\nWagner & Busch\nI M\nNo 18\nV: Busigny\nJoseph Taylor\nJ: L: Ryngaut\n3\u215c more 6\u00be\nOctr.\nJ: & W. Mathews\nJ: C: H: Garbers\nCharges\nFreight @ 40/. Mark 1/\nLanding & port charges Including Insurance from fire @ 7/6\nCommission @ 21/\nNt proceeds.\nErrors Excepted\n [Second Enclosure]\nLiverpool 19th. Feby 1789.\nDr.\nThe Honble. Jas. Madison Junr. Esqr. in acct. Currt. with Jas. Maury\nAug:\nTo\nprem: of Insurance on eight hogsheads Tobacco \u214c Venus\nFeb: 19\nBy nt. proceeds eight hhds Tobacco \u214c Venus\nSep:\nFonte. Maury pd.duty on ditto\nyour draft on me due this day\nFeb:\nBalance carried down\nBy Balance due you\nJ. Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0331", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 1 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friend\nAlexandria March 1st. 1789\nThis is the first convenient opportunity I have had for dropping you a line since I last came into the State. Your sanction to my remaining in N. York during the crisis of the elections, conveyed through Col: Carrington, never came to hand till I had arrived in Orange. It coincided so fully with my inclination, and indeed with my judgment, that had it been received in due time, I do not know, but I should have disregarded all the pressing exhortations which stood opposed to your opinion. I am persuaded however that my appearance in the district was more necessary to my election than you then calculated. In truth it has been evinced by the experiment, that my absence would have left a room for the calumnies of antifederal partizans which would have defeated much better pretensions than mine. In Culpeper which was the critical County, a continued attention was necessary to repel the multiplied falsehoods which circulated. Whether I ought to be satisfied or displeased with my success, I shall hereafter be more able to judge. My present anticipations are not flattering. I see on the lists of Representatives a very scanty proportion who will share in the drudgery of business. And I foresee contentions first between federal & antifederal parties, and then between Northern & Southern parties, which give additional disagreeableness to the prospect. Shoud the State-Elections give an antifederal colour to the Legislatures, which from causes not antifederal in the people, may well happen, difficulties will again start up in this quarter, which may have a still more serious aspect on the Congressional proceedings.\nIn my last or one of my last letters was inclosed a Quere from Mr. St. John the French Consul at New York, relating to the law here which regulates the recording of deeds &c. As I shall on my return be applied to for an answer, I will thank you for the proper one as soon as your leisure will allow.\nI shall go on from this tomorrow. On my arrival I shall attend as far as I can, to whatever may deserve your perusal. Besides the private satisfaction, which I shall have in the Continuance of our correspondence, I promise myself the benefit of your suggestions on public subjects. Present me respectfully to Mrs. R. and rely on the Affection with which I remain Yrs truly\nJs. Madison Jr\nAs your neighborhood gives you frequent interviews with the Presidt. remind him of my best regards for him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-11-02-0332", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison, 1 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James (Reverend)\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Friend\nMarch 1st. 1789 Williamsbg.\nI cannot refuse so favourable an oppy. as this wh. Col. Griffin offers, of writing a Line or two. It afforded me great Satisfaction to hear of your Election, especially as I had urged you, by a Letter written previous to the last of the Legislation, respecting the Elections, to permit yourself to be proposed for this District. I rejoice that you are in a Situation, which enables you to be extensively useful, & that, we who are to receive the Law may at least be assured, one Voice will always utter what Wisdom & Virtue shall dictate. I beleive no People ever experiencd a more important Crisis, than this at wh. Ama. is now arrived. For whatever may be said of the Perfection or Imperfection of the general Plan upon wh. you are to proceed\u2014certain it is, that the Prosperity of the federal Govt. will depend in a great Measure upon the Wisdom of the Laws & Arrangements first proposed. If they shd fortunately, as I trust they will, bear the evident Stamp of Wisdom & of Justice, they may gradually eradicate opposition, and thus in it\u2019s Stead establish in the Affections of the People, the strongest Attachment to the General Govt.; and perhaps, within the Period of one Century, the World may see a Republic composed of at least 60 Millions of free Men, for such will be the Population of America, within that Time, provided it continues nearly at the Rate it hath hitherto observed. The only Chain by which such a Multitude will be bound together is that of wise & just Law.\nMay your Beginning promise such a Blessing. I beg you to write to me now & then for you see that I write as usual only to be written, & that you will ever beleive me to be Yr sincerely Affe. Friend\nJ Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0001", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lindsay, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Lindsay, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPort Royal Virginia March 2. 1789\nIn consequence of Col: Parker\u2019s being Elected a Representative in Congress, He resigned the Naval office for the district of Norfolk, & I had the pleasure of being elected in his stead by the Honorable the Executive of this State. I shall be in N. York, by the first of April. I must beg the Favour of you to mention this, to the President & Senate. I hope when this is known, it will stop further Applications. I should think it hard to loose it, tho I hope their is no danger, they will certainly continue all the Old Officers. I am Dear Sir Your Humt. Sert\nWm. Lindsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0002", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Miles King, 3 March 1789\nFrom: King, Miles\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nVirginia Hampton 3rd March 1789.\nI congratulate you and our Country in being Elected as one of the Representatives in Congress, I was truly sorry you was not one of our Senators. Be Assured we did every thing in our power for you. You gott Sixty Six Single Votes but Mr. Henrys Interest in the House at that time was two powerfull, but whatever department you are In I well know your Object is the good of Your Country.\nTomorrow is the day for the Meeting of Congress and I expect the first Business you go upon will be the Regulating trade which I think [of] the Most Importance at Present and will take some time to be put on a good and propper footting. You will have gentlemen of Abillitys in Your Body and the Experience of all Nations and it will be your faults if you dont do better than we have for some time. The Naval Officers will be among the first Appointments. How Many may be thought Necessary Congress will determine & the propper places for the Offices to be fixed at will be one Question. You and myself have formerly had some Conversation on that Subject and agreed pretty well. I hope you still will think the Rivers where Offices are Necessary will be Near the Mouths of the Rivers and good and Respectable Men Appointed to those Offices. You will please to Remember that I allways told you I never Would Wish to Hold any Post Under Goverment. I still am of that Opinion and will allways give you my Opinion who is propper Men for Such Offices in our State being well Acquainted with Most Gentlemen in our Country. Wether there Will be an Office Continued at Hampton or Not is to be Considered of but I think Near Hampton will be the best place to. Colo. Grayson who was Stayondd in the War at Hampton for some time & will give you full Information as to the best place. Norfolk is a great trading place but when we was Under the British Goverment they thought Hampton the Most Convenient place but Whether at Hampton or Not, I would begg leave to Recommend One Gentleman in My Real Opinion as the Most fitting Man in my Acquaintance for a Naval Officer. The Gentleman is no Ways Related to me by my long Acquaintance with that Gentleman Authourize\u2019s me to say he ought to be Continued in Office. The Man is Mr. Jacob Wray who was one of the first Officers Appointed in 1776. & is now in Office and I hope you Will Continue him as I am Certain he will do Honour to the Appointment. I have one More favour to Ask of you, Mr William A Bayley who lives in Norfolk a Gentleman who I can Recommend to the Office of Searcher and will Make an Exceeding good one. Both of these Gentlemen are good Friends to the New Goverment. I hope Congress will take up the Amendments proposd. by the States and do What is Necessary without there being a New Convention. I think Many of the Amendments are good & Necessary, but the great point of Direct Taxation will be of the Most Importance, When your Body Meets together and they should think it best for Congress to Retain that, I am perfectly Satisfyd. they Should Retain it. I am very Willing to trust them, but Many of the Opposers to the Goverment will not agree Congress should have that power. Mr. Griffin is the Representative from our District. You May think it odd I did not Vote for him as he and myself was both in favour of the Constituion, but Sir as a friend to my Country I Could not think him a proper Man. You know his Inattention to Business and being two fond of pleasure, I thought we ought to send Men of Example. Mr Harrison nor Mr Selden pleasd. me but hope Mr Griffin will be More Attentive than he Was in Our Assembly. When you have a Minute to Spare I will thank you for a line or two and any Information you May Want from our part of the Country I will give you And Am Dear sir with Real Esteem Your Friend &c\nMiles King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0004", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 5 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore March 5th. 1789\nOn our journey hither we have fallen in with the Bearer of the Electoral Votes of Georgia. They are unanimous as to the President and are all thrown away on individuals of the State as to the Vice President. The Representatives were not chosen when the Gentleman set out, but the election was to take place in a day or two after. General Matthews, he tells us will be one, Mr. Baldwin another, & the third either Osborne, or Genl. Jackson. All the Candidates I understand are well affected to the Constitution. In South Carolina, the Votes for Presidt. were also unanimous, as the Gentleman informs us. Of the others 5 were given to Mr. Rutlidge and the remaining two not to Mr. Adams.\nThe badness of the Roads & the weather prevented our getting to this place sooner than last Evening, by which means we lose two days. R. H. Lee left this on his way to New York on Monday morning. Mr. White had preceded him a day or two. With the highest esteem & mo: affect. attacht. I am Dr Sir Yours\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0007", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilada. March 8th. 1789\nWe arrived here yesterday evening where we have met with Mr. Dawson just from New York. When he left it, 18 Representatives and 8 Senators had assembled. It is not certain when the deficiences will [be] made up. The most favorable conjectures postpone it to Monday Sev\u2019-night. The members attending are cheifly from the Eastward. I do not learn that a single member except Mr. White is from a State South of Pennsylva., unless indeed Dr. Tucker is to be included in the exception. The N. Jersey Reps. are not yet announced. Mr. Clarke it is supposed will be one. Mr. Cadwallader, Mr. Boudinot, and Mr. Skureman, are talked of as the others.\nI find that the communication made you from Kentuckey corresponds with an official letter to Congs. from Govr. St Clair, which speaks of the same emissary, and the same errand. Notice has been transmitted of the affair to the Executive of Virga. in order that regular steps may be taken, if sufficient ground be afforded, for apprehending the incendiary. The project of G. M\u2014\u2014n for establishing a Colony beyond the Mississippi is also going on. It is the opinion of Mr. Brown, as explained to Mr. Griffin, that emigrations to the Spanish territory will be enticed from Kentucky, as rapidly, as the allurements of the latter place, have obtained them from the Atlantic States. All these circumstances point out the conduct which the New Govt. ought to pursue with regard to the Western Country & Spain.\nI dropped you a few lines from Baltimore mentioning the unanimity of the Electoral Votes of S. Carola. & Georgia for a Presid & the manner in which the Secondary votes were disposed of. I am Dr. Sir Yr. truly Affecte\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0008", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\nAlexa. March 8h. 89\nThe papers necessary to our European project are enclosed herewith\u2014viz my power of attorney, your remarks which are so full that I can add nothing, the old plot of the canal which must be kept by you, and a copy sent, it being not fit\u2014& my letr. to Mr. Jefferson. The last explains fully the manner which appeared to be best for us to embrace, but should any thing be improper, you can pass it away in your letr & can add such other matters as may occur to you.\nI receveid [sic] Mr Carrols reply the day after you left me. Negative\u2014willing to lend but unable to collect.\nIf a copy of the plot of the canal at the great falls accompanyed with proper remarks was inserted in the Museum it would be gratifying to the editors, entertaining to the public & useful to the potomac. Always yours\nH. Lee\nThe monocacy is navigable & brings into potomac the produce of the rich county about Fredr. town &c. The chonogocheague is also navigable & brings into the potomac the produce of the rich vale between the mountains as far nearly as Carlysle in Pensylvania.\nI forgot to mention to Mr. Jefferson that the original papers with A packet from G W goes via Bordeaux to the care of Mr. Mason Merchant for transmission to Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0009", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Pleasants, Jr., 8 March 1789\nFrom: Pleasants, Thomas, Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nRaleigh. 8th March 1789.\nI recieved in due Course your obliging favor of \n   Not having the letter before me, I do not recollect its date.\n last.\nI have intended at a proper time to remind you of my application in favour of Mr Thomas Thompson, and now take the liberty of transmitting to you a Letter from him; which will unfold his views and wishes\u2014and if in the New arangement you Can give him any hopes of Success: he will wait upon you at N York. I believe he is personally known to Gen Washington\u2014and as the General will be President of the States, and as my Letter to you Mentioning Mr Thompson passed thro. his hands, it will afford you a good oppy. of hinting the subject to him.\nCap Connors papers came safe\u2014the business was done much to his satisfaction\u2014and he says you will accept his grateful thanks for your care therein. He will suffer his Claim of Land to lie dormant, on a presumption that it will be to no purpose to Revive it. I am, With sentiments of Sincere Regard & Esteem Your obliged, & Mo ob Hbl St.\nThomas Pleasants jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0010", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Thompson, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Thompson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDr sir\nVirginia Js. Rr. Fair Hill 8 March 1789\nMy Friend Mr. Thomas Pleasants read to me a Paragraph in a letter he wrote you, recommending me, shoud the New Government be adopted & consequent commercial arrangements take place, as a Candidate for the Consulship to the Kingdom of Portugal, at same time solliciting your interest wth. General Washington in my behalf; he also shewd me your answer.\nA Severe & tedious indisposition prevented me from waiting upon you while you were yet in Richmond, to thank you for your kind intention, & to confer with you on the best probable means of acquiring to me so desirable an object, wch. I have to regrett as also of being disapointed of being personally known to a Character I so very much esteem.\nThis goes inclosed to you by Mr. Pleasants; serves to request the continuance of your interest as an obligation I shall ever retain in grateful remembrance, & to intimate that altho\u2019 from my acquaintance with the manners, custums language &c. of the Portuguese, & (I may say) Spanish Nations as they differ very little, I consider myself as best qualify\u2019d to watch over & promote the interest of the United-States in either of those Countries, yet, that shoud neither be attainable, I shou\u2019d be very happy to serve Congress abroad, & thankfull for any apointment they may be pleas\u2019d to honour me with, & from wch. a decent income may be deriv\u2019d, in which the most indefatigable Zeal & attention shall mark my Service. If my personal attendance at New York, woud be of any service in forwardg the success of this business, altho\u2019 not very convenient, I will do myself the pleasure of paying my respects to you there, at the time wch. you may think most suitable.\nIt may not be improper to mention, that I have been regularly bred to business in the Island of Madeira where I resided constantly for 17 Years. I am with the greatest esteem Dear sir Yr. much Obld. & Obedt. servt.\nThos Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0011", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Morris, 10 March 1789\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nGreen Springs Mar. 10th. 1789\nThe post at the point of fork it is supposed will be sold to the continent by this state as a place of arms. The charge of it, the victualling the men necessary to keep the arms in proper order, should such an event take place, would be an object of attention to me; & as it is convenient, in point [of] situation, should be glad of the appointment. The gentleman who holds it, under the state, I was informed a few days past meant to resign his office. Mr. Page & yourself, being the only members from this state, who were personally acquainted with my conduct, whilst in public service, (he more particularly & for a greater length of time than yourself) are the only persons to whom I shall apply, resting my success intirely on your approbation or disapprobation of my former conduct. I am Sir yr. obedt. hb St.\nRd Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0012", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Beckley, 13 March 1789\nFrom: Beckley, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York\u201413th: March 1789.\nIn appealing to your Candor I feel a confidence that no apology will be necessary for the present mode of address. Before I left Virginia I communicated to my good friend Mr: Randolph, the reasons that induced me to become a Candidate for the appointment of Clerk to the House of Representatives of the United States, and for that purpose to relinquish the public situation in which I stood there; he was pleased to approve those reasons, and to favor me with Letters of introduction here, (one of which I enclose for your perusal) couched in terms which his friendship, rather than any merit of mine, prompted. At the same time I took the liberty to write to you on the subject, submitting the hope I entertained of your friendship and countenance therein, to your own knowledge of my public and private Character, but the casualty of the conveyance did not permit me to state the more particular and private reasons by which I was influenced; these I now beg leave, breifly to explain, referring to your Candor and goodness, how far the hope I have expressed, may be indulged: the adoption of the new Government by Virginia I have always regarded as a certain and considerable reduction, in point of emolument, of the Clerkship of the House of Delegates, added to this, the new arrangement of our Judiciary, created the necessity of a new field of practice in my professional line; thus circumstanced, and having parted with nearly all the savings of ten Years service, in the marriage and settlement of an unfortunate Sister, I found myself unable to make the necessary remittance for the support of aged parents, reduced by misfortune to a dependance on me, and oppressed with the care of an unhappy son deprived of his reason. Considerations, Sir, which, altho\u2019 they may excite your sympathy, I hope you will regard as merely intended to explain the seeming incongruity of applying for Office here, in the certain relinquishment of Business, apparently better at home; for altho\u2019 I do not expect the Office I seek will be one of great emolument, yet as affording the means of longer and more constant employment, it will of consequence become more productive. These reasons and my public pretensions I submit to that general sense of propriety with which I am sure you will regard this and every other application for your friendship and favor, being, with true regard and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient, and very humble Servant,\nJohn Beckley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0013", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Governor of Virginia, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Governor of Virginia,Randolph, Beverly\nTo: Madison, James,Virginia Delegates\nGentlemen,\nRichmond March 14th. 1789\nSome difficulties having occurred in the settlement of the Accounts of this state with the United States between the agents of the two parties; the Executive have thought it proper to send forward Colonel Davies immediately to the seat of the f\u0153deral government there to represent the particular situation of this business. He is instructed in all cases of difficulty to confer with you. Permit me therefore to recommend him to your assistance and attention in all things belonging to the object of his journey.\nIn pursuance of the directions of the general assembly, I do myself the honour to forward to you a resolution of that honourable body of the 13th. of December last together with the Account and Vouchers of the expenditures of this state in the defence of her frontier inhabitants since the cession of Western territory. I have the honour &c.\nB. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0014", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\u2014\nAlexa. 14h. March 89\nTomorrow I go from hence, Mrs. Lee as when you left her. If I forgot to fill up the power of attorney, please to insert Mr Jeffersons name.\nYesterday the original papers went off in the Maryland bound to Bordeaux to the care of Mr. Mason Merchant there\u2014I am told in three or four days the mail reaches Versailles from that port.\nMany applicants above & here, on each side of the river have waited on me for lots at the great falls, Gilpin is now engaged in the road, & every thing would prosper if we had possession.\nSurely the sum might be got in N York, if I knew so I would ride to see you. Old Bland after undergoing strange adventures by land & by sea got yesterday by the assistance of several f\u0153deral acquaintances from the mouth of Potomac to Mt. Vernon, & will proceed in mondays stage. I have not seen the sable knight. Adieu\nHenry Lee\nTittles\nThe president of the U S.\nHis Excellency the V. P. of the U. States.\nHis Excellency A. B Senator of the U. S.\nThe hond. a b delegate in the Congress of the U. S.\nThe hond. A. B. Ambassa[d]or\nThe hond. a b. c heads of the principal departments in Governt.\nI prefer no title to the president sooner than the one common to state governors & which I have given to the senate, and I know not how our people would bear a new name.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0015", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 15: 1789.\nI wrote you last on the 12th. of Jan. since which I have received your\u2019s of Octob. 17. Dec. 8. & 12. That of Oct. 17. came to hand only Feb. 23. How it happened to be four months on the way, I cannot tell, as I never knew by what hand it came. Looking over my letter of Jan. 12th. I remark an error of the word \u2018probable\u2019 instead of \u2018improbable,\u2019 which doubtless however you had been able to correct. Your thoughts on the subject of the Declaration of rights in the letter of Oct. 17. I have weighed with great satisfaction. Some of them had not occurred to me before, but were acknoleged just in the moment they were presented to my mind. In the arguments in favor of a declaration of rights, you omit one which has great weight with me, the legal check which it puts into the hands of the judiciary. This is a body, which if rendered independent, & kept strictly to their own department merits great confidence for their learning & integrity. In fact what degree of confidence would be too much for a body composed of such men as Wythe, Blair & Pendleton? On characters like these the \u2018civium ardor prava jubentium\u2019 would make no impression. I am happy to find that on the whole you are a friend to this amendment. The Declaration of rights is like all other human blessings alloyed with some inconveniences, and not accomplishing fully it\u2019s object. But the good in this instance vastly overweighs the evil. I cannot refrain from making short answers to the objections which your letter states to have been raised. 1. That the rights in question are reserved by the manner in which the federal powers are granted. Answer. A constitutive act may certainly be so formed as to need no declaration of rights. The act itself has the force of a declaration as far as it goes: and if it goes to all material points nothing more is wanting. In the draught of a constitution which I had once a thought of proposing in Virginia, & printed afterwards, I endeavored to reach all the great objects of public liberty, and did not mean to add a declaration of rights. Probably the object was imperfectly executed: but the deficiencies would have been supplied by others in the course of discussion. But in a constitutive act which leaves some precious articles unnoticed, and raises implications against others, a declaration of rights becomes necessary by way of supplement. This is the case of our new federal constitution. This instrument forms us into one state as to certain objects, and gives us a legislative & executive body for these objects. It should therefore guard us against their abuses of power within the feild submitted to them. 2. A positive declaration of some essential rights could not be obtained in the requisite latitude. Answer. Half a loaf is better than no bread. If we cannot secure all our rights, let us secure what we can. 3. The limited powers of the federal government & jealousy of the subordinate governments afford a security which exists in no other instance. Answer. The first member of this seems resolvable into the 1st. objection before stated. The jealousy of the subordinate governments is a precious reliance. But observe that those governments are only agents. They must have principles furnished them whereon to found their opposition. The declaration of rights will be the text whereby they will try all the acts of the federal government. In this view it is necessary to the federal government also: as by the same text they may try the opposition of the subordinate governments. 4. Experience proves the inefficacy of a bill of rights. True. But tho it is not absolutely efficacious under all circumstances, it is of great potency always, and rarely inefficacious. A brace the more will often keep up the building which would have fallen with that brace the less. There is a remarkeable difference between the characters of the Inconveniencies which attend a Declaration of rights, & those which attend the want of it. The inconveniences of the Declaration are that it may cramp government in it\u2019s useful exertions. But the evil of this is shortlived, moderate, & reparable. The inconveniencies of the want of a Declaration are permanent, afflicting & irreparable: they are in constant progression from bad to worse. The executive in our governments is not the sole, it is scarcely the principal object of my jealousy. The tyranny of the legislatures is the most formidable dread at present, and will be for long years. That of the executive will come in it\u2019s turn, but it will be at a remote period. I know there are some among us who would now establish a monarchy. But they are inconsiderable in number and weight of character. The rising race are all republicans. We were educated in royalism: no wonder if some of us retain that idolatry still. Our young people are educated in republicanism. An apostacy from that to royalism is unprecedented & impossible. I am much pleased with the prospect that a declaration of rights will be added: and hope it will be done in that way which will not endanger the whole frame of the government, or any essential part of it.\nI have hitherto avoided public news in my letters to you, because your situation ensured you a communication of my letters to mr. Jay. This circumstance being changed, I shall in future indulge myself in these details to you. There had been some slight hopes that an accomodation might be effected between the Turks & two empires. But these hopes do not strengthen, and the season is approaching which will put an end to them for another campaign at least. The accident to the king of England has had great influence on the affairs of Europe. His mediation joined with that of Prussia would certainly have kept Denmark quiet, and so have left the two empires in the hands of the Turks & Swedes. But the inactivity to which England is reduced, leaves Denmark more free, and she will probably go on in opposition to Sweden. The K. of Prussia too had advanced so far that he can scarcely retire. This is rendered the more difficult by the troubles he has excited in Poland. He cannot well abandon the party he had brought forward there. So that it is very possible he may be engaged in the ensuing campaign. France will be quiet this year, because this year at least is necessary for settling her future constitution. The States will meet the 27th. of April: and the public mind will I think by that time be ripe for a just decision of the Question whether they shall vote by orders or persons. I think there is a majority of the nobles already for the latter. If so, their affairs cannot but go on well. Besides settling for themselves a tolerably free constitution, perhaps as free a one as the nation is as yet prepared to bear, they will fund their public debts. This will give them such a credit as will enable them to borrow any money they may want, & of course to take the feild again when they think proper. And I believe they mean to take the feild as soon as they can. The pride of every individual in the nation suffers under the ignominies they have lately been exposed to: and I think the states general will give money for a war to wipe off the reproach. There have arisen new bickerings between this court & that of the Hague, and the papers which have passed shew the most bitter acrimony rankling at the heart of this ministry. They have recalled their Ambassador from the Hague without appointing a successor. They have given a note to the Diet of Poland which shews a disapprobation of their measures. The insanity of the King of England has been fortunate for them as it gives them time to put their house in order. The English papers tell you the king is well: and even the English ministry say so. They will naturally set the best foot foremost: and they guard his person so well that it is difficult for the public to contradict them. The king is probably better, but not well by a great deal. 1. He has been bled, and judicious physicians say that in his exhausted state nothing could have induced a recurrence to bleeding but symptoms of relapse. 2. The Prince of Wales tells the Irish deputation he will give them a definitive answer in some days: but if the king had been well he could have given it at once. 3. They talk of passing a standing law for providing a regency in similar cases. They apprehend then they are not yet clear of the danger of wanting a regency. 4. They have carried the king to church: but it was his private chapel. If he be well, why do not they shew him publicly to the nation, & raise them from that consternation into which they have been thrown by the prospect of being delivered over to the profligate hands of the prince of Wales. In short, judging from little facts which escape in spite of their teeth, we may say the king is better, but not well. Possibly he is getting well; but still, time will be wanting to satisfy even the ministry that it is not merely a lucid interval. Consequently they cannot interrupt France this year in the settlement of her affairs, & after this year it will be too late.\nAs you will be in a situation to know when the leave of absence will be granted me which I have asked, will you be so good as to communicate it by a line to mr. Lewis & mr. Eppes? I hope to see you in the summer, and that if you are not otherwise engaged, you will encamp with me at Monticello for a while. I am with great and sincere attachment Dear sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0016", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Elias Langham, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Langham, Elias\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nPoint of fork March 15th. 1789.\nI am induced to think that a Commissary of Military Stores will be one of the first Appointments that Congress will make under the new Government, I therefore take the Liberty of writing to you on the Subject, & inclosing some Other letters to your care, you being the representative of the district in which I live.\nI leave open the letters for your examination, which after readg. be pleased to seal & deliver, provided you think this a proper time for the delivery thereof. When I send the recommendations therein mentioned, I shall write you more fully. I have the honor to be with due respect Your Most Obt Ser.\nE Langham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0017", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia March 16th. 1789\nA very long acquaintance with Col. Saml. Hanson, who will have the honor to deliver you this letter, and the respectability and number of testimonials of his merits, which he carries with him to New York have induced me to trespass on your friendship. He goes as a candidate for some public employment for which his talents may be thought equal, and I wish to give him a chance of your support. His character, &, I believe, his veiws are not unknown to the president. When he shall have delivered his letters for New York they will also be made known in a Way very honorable to him to the Gentlemen of the Senate. I feel a great deal of reluctance, Sir, in taking this liberty, but were you acquainted with my friend I am satisfied you would make the same effort to serve him with a gentleman for whom you entertain the same very respectful sentiments, as are entertained for you by, Sir\u2014your mo. obedt. and mo. affecte. Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0019", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Stevens, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Stevens, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nCulpepper March 16th: 1789\nI beleive you were a member of our Assembly some years agoe when their was a notion of making new regulations in the Customs of the State, if so, expect you were acquainted with my intention then of offering for an appointment in that Line. As I expect new arrangments will now take place under the Federal Government, have taken the Liberty to solicit the President and the Senators from this State for an appointment, am at a loss to Know whether they will be made by the President or the Senate. If it should happen in your way and no other Person offering that you wish a preference shall be greatfull for any aid which you may think yo. with Propriety can afford me. I have as much vanity to think I might once have obtained from the Legislature of the State an appointment to the Norfolk District, but at that time it was out of my power to enter on the Office. Colo. Parker who was then appointed has now given it up by taking a Seat in Congress. If I could obtain it at this time should be thankfull. And can venture to declare none would be more attentive or desirous of a Punctual and faithfull discharge of the trust. I am most respectfully Sir Your very Obedt. hum. Servt\nEdward Stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0020", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 18 March 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. March 18th. 1789\nI have this afternoon obtained from a friend of Col. Geo. Morgan a copy of his handbill which was put into the hands of confidential people in N. Jersey & Pennsylvania for the purpose of procuring followers. I know your solicitude about the western Country, and have therefore enclosed you a copy, which after you have done with it be pleased to give to Mr. Jay when you have an opty.\nI am this day favored with yours from Virginia and am happy to find that the favorable termination of the elections renders any answer to it unnecessary.\nThe country members of our legislature express so much anxiety to return that I think it not improbable the house may rise on Saturday. In that event Mr. Clymer & Mr. Fitzsimons will proceed immediately. We are yet uncertain about Mr. Scott\u2019s serving.\nI have reflected since I had the pleasure of seeing you on the form of a declaration to be introduced into the constitution in favor of religious liberty, and I think the Idea of extending the powers of the union to an interposition between the state legislatures & their respective constituents might be accomplished, to universal satisfaction, by something like the 4th. Sec. of the 4th. Article relating to a republican form of Government. It would give great eclat to the constitution in Europe, and would give it an honest Triumph over the disingenuousness of those, who have opposed it on that score against their better knowlege. It is a little remarkable in how great a degree Events have justified some of the most censured powers of the plan. The non election of senators in New York\u2014the conduct of the Jersey election\u2014and the suppression of the Senatorial negative in Maryland &ca. may be adduced, at least among the candid & reflecting, as examples.\nI must apologize to you, Sir, for the liberty I took in troubling you with a letter by Mr. Hanson. When you see his respectable letters\u2014and know his character & Situation from the General you will be somewhat disposed to excuse it.\nOur state have determined to dismiss the public creditors of the Union\u2014and leave them to Congress from a conviction of their being unequal to the formation of adequate funds. This business of the public Debt is an immense & most important Affair. To ascertain what substantial justice requires & to establish the necessary funds in the least burden-some way seems, of all our affairs, to be now most\u2014opus et labor. A complete survey of the various public obligations must of course be taken. In doing this we are not to forget the separate state Debts, which are now existing. These are to be paid\u2014or to be funded\u2014or in some proper way disposed of. They unpaid, or improperly managed will lessen the ability of the state\u2014our internal order\u2014and will affect our public credit. Foreigners, tho friendly, will not always be able to distinguish between federal & state Debts\u2014and, if unfriendly, may purposely misrepresent them. During my stay at New York I pursued the examination of our finances, & the investigation of the subject in general, which has always engaged a good deal of my attention. I found some facts in the estimate of the state Debts, that were astonishing. Massachussetts for instance owes \u00a31,500,000 Lawful Money or 5 Millions of Dollars, the simple interest whereof is 300,000 Drs. \u214c Ann. without any considerable body of lands or other public property to sink it. South Carolina owes \u00a3800,000 Stg. which in Dollars at 4/8 is 3,428,571, Drs worth at 7 \u214c Cent, her interest, about 240,000 Drs. These tho the largest are only a part of the great mass of separate state Debts. I am, dear Sir, with very great respect & esteem your obedt. Servant\nTench Coxe\nMr. Gorhams purchase of \u00a3300,000 must be deducted from the Massts. Debt which leaves 4. Millions of Dollars.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0021", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 19 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nN. York March 19. 1789.\nOn our arrival here we found that the number of Representatives on the spot had been stationary from the second day of the Meeting. Mr. Page, Mr. Lee, & myself raised it to 21. and Mr. S. Griffin and Mr. Moore have been since added. The number of attending Senators continues at 8. When a Quorum will be made up in either House, rests on vague conjecture, rather than on any precise information. It is not improbable I think that the present week will supply the deficiency in one, if not in both of them. The States most convenient, are among the defaulters. It will not be known, I am told, in this State, who the Representatives are till some time next month. The federal party calculate on an equal division of the six: Mr Laurence, for the City district, Mr. Floyd for the Long Island district; and Mr. Benson for a third. In New Jersey, the election has been conducted in a very singular manner. The law having fixed no time expressly for closing the polls, they have been kept open three or four weeks in some of the Counties, by a rival jealousy between the Eastern & Western divisions of the State, and it seems uncertain when they would have been closed, if the Governour had not interposed by fixing on a day for receiving the returns, and proclaiming the successful candidates. The day is past, but I have not heard the result. The Western ticket in favor of Skureman, Budinot, Cadwallader, & Sennickson if this be the name, is supposed to have prevailed; but an impeachment of the election by the unsuccessful competitors has been talked of. Two of the Representatives from Massachussetts, are also unknown to us. In one of the districts, it is supposed that a disaffected man has prevailed.\nAn English Packet has been long expected, and is not yet arrived. The State of foreign news remains of consequence little altered. The accounts of latest date through other channels shew that the progress in France towards a Constitutional establishment, is unchecked, and that a coalition between the King and the Commons, agst. the Nobility & Clergy, will direct the innovations. With respectful Compliments to Mrs. Washington & the rest of the family, I am Dear sir truly & affecely. Yr. Obedt. servt\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0022", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 20 March 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhil. March 20. 1789\nWhen you were in this town I took the liberty of mentioning to you that I expected a bill from Mr. Ambler, which I thought might be forwarded to New York. This bill has not come to hand and my finances being rather low I have taken the liberty of drawing on you in favour of Colo Coles for seven Guineas; a liberty which I hope you will excuse, and may be assurd that I will forward a bill on New York immediately on my arrival at Fredericksburg to which place I set out immediately & shall be happy in hearing from you. Yr. Friend\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0023", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Pollard, 20 March 1789\nFrom: Pollard, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nHonble. Sir\nFairfax County Virginia 20th. March 1789.\nNot having the pleasure of seeing you at your Election in Spotsylvania, have taken the freedom to address you by Letter altho an intire strainger, to beg your advice or rather information, respecting the Redemption of the Continental Currency that is still remaining in the hands of sundrie persons, particularly in this State, I having a considerable quantity, that I did not fund, agreeable to a Law of Virginia, chose rather to hazard the redemption than to fund it, & as I frequently consulted our particular friend The Honble. Edmd. Pendleton Esqr. on that point he always expected that Whenever the New Congress was established they would take the matter up on some equitable principle, for my particular part was I the only one that was to suffer by it, would not hesitate a moment to commit what I possess to the flames, but when I reflect on sundrie poor people that really parted with their property for that Currency, conceive it must be ruinous to several industruous Citizens of every State. Having Sir, thought & expected that whenever Congress proceeded to business there would be many places of proffit in order to execute the different Laws & Regulations that will be thought necessary, and as I have a Considerable family not less than thirteen Children & only a Small fortune to support them on, must beg leave to offer myself for any office that you and any of my friends & Acquaintance in Congress may think proper to bestow the appointment, for believe me Sir I have from my Youth to this time made something by my pen & having been brought up by The Honble E. Pendleton Esqr. who I must beg leave to refur you, for my particular Charactor should not, His Excellency, Mr. John Page, Mr. Richd. B. Lee and Colo. Wm. Grayson be able to give that Satisfaction as is necessary on such an Occation.\nAs the Collection of the Potomack district I expect will be desirable & Mr. Lee not having made application for it, Shall always Esteem it as one of the greatest favours to offer me as a Candidate for the appointment, & should I fail there is any other post that you may think desirable will be gladly accept.\nHope that the freedom I have taken may be overlooked & that it was done through a particular desire to support & Educate such a numerous ofspring not altogether at the publick Expence but that the Publick will have it to say should I be so happy as to meet with success that they found one Honest officer. I am Sir with much esteem yr. Obt. Hble servt.\nThos. Pollard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0025", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 22 [March] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon, May [March] 22d. 1789\nYour favors of the 5th. & 8th. came duly to hand; the first from Baltimore, the latter from Philda. The design of this is merely to acknowledge the receipt of them, and to forward the enclosed; but I will add, as I have my pen in my hand, that Col. Bland, after having lain a week with the Gent at Gunston, after having been shipwrecked & land-wrecked, mired, fatigued with walking, &c. &c. arrived here on Saturday afternoon, and left us yesterday, probably to encounter new disasters in the stage to Newyork. But as he is hastening to get there, he may arrive before this tale of his misfortunes, & will be able and willing to give them in detail himself. I am, &c\nGeo Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0026", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. March 24th. 1789.\nI wrote you a few lines some days ago, which I hope you have received. The letter contained Col. Morgan\u2019s propositions to our farmers & tradesmen.\nOn sunday last I sat down to make a few notes on some points which appear necessary to be considered in forming our System of impost. Enclosed you will find a copy of them hastily transcribed, of which you will make any use you see proper. Some of them are common & obvious, yet cannot be omitted with safety I believe; others perhaps have somewhat more novelty in them & therefore will require a cautious discussion. I mentiond to Mr. Maclay that I would make some Notes of this kind, but I prefer sending them to you as I presume moneybills will originate most often in your house. You will oblige me by giving Mr. McClay an opportunity to run his Eye over them as well as any other Gentleman, you may think should see them. I should particularly desire them to be examind by Mr. Morris, Mr. Clymer & Mr. Fitzsimons, of whose Judgement on these points I have a very high Opinion.\nA very important Event has this day taken place in our legislature. A Majority of 41 to 16 (above 3 to 1) have entered into a resolution contenancing the call of a state convention to alter our Constitution. The people are to justify this Measure by petitions to this house in their last Session of August or Septr. and then the call of a Convention will certainly take place. It will be a great Event in our favor for we have been remarkably unfortunate in our form of Government.\nMr. Coles yet continues too much indisposed to proceed. I have seen him within an hour. Mr. Scott of our state will go on soon, being here on his way. The Jersey Election by the difference of Mr. Clarke, has proved more favorable than I expected. I am, dr Sir, with great truth yr. mo. respectf. h Servt.\nTench Coxe\nWill you favor me so far as to make my respects to Mr S. Griffin who I hear is arrived\u2014as also to his good brother & family from whom I recd. a great deal of kindness last winter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0029", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg March 27. 1789.\nColo. Griffin having announced to me, that you were safely lodged within the f\u0153deral precincts, I shall renew the assault of my uninteresting correspondence.\nThere is a general calm of politicks. The discontented themselves seem willing to wait with temper, until congress shall open their views. It gave me much pleasure, to read your letter to Colo. T. M. Randolph; as it shews a consciousness of amendments being necessary, and a disposition to procure them. Altho\u2019 I am convinced, that nothing will soften the rancour of some men, I believe that a moderate and conciliating conduct in our f\u0153deral rulers will detach from their virulence those, who have been opposed from principle. A very injudicious, and ill written publication, which you have seen under the signature of Decius, may impede perhaps this salutary effect; by keeping in a state of irritation those minds, which are well affected to the object of his bitterness. His facts are of a trivial cast, and his assertions are not always correct; and he thus becomes vulnerable in almost every part. The liberty of the press is indeed a blessing, which ought not to be surrendered but with blood; and yet it is not an illfounded expectation in those, who deserve well of their country, that they should be assailed by an enemy in disguise, and have their characters deeply wounded, before they can prepare for defence. I apply not this to any particular person.\nThe judiciary have made a retreat, by which they sacrifice the vitals of their remonstrance, and give absolute permission to the legislature, to incroach upon them at pleasure. This is a sufficient hint of my aversion to their proceeding; under which I have no consolation, but that we have in motion a system of jurisprudence, which they commend in higher terms, than I could venture to use. However the inaccuracies in the laws, establishing the new courts, call for a speedy alteration, in order to carry the scheme through with due harmony.\nOn examining the revised laws, I find many defects, which require the attention of the committee. Mr. Wythe declines the prosecution of the work, and the other gentlemen wish me to take a part. But I do not choose to encounter the anxiety, which I must undergo, in supporting such a work in the legislature, when I have been in any manner concerned in it out of doors. To say the truth, I absolutely fear, that the new language, which those laws contain, is far, very far, from being fixed by adjudications. It is acknowledged by some of the revisors themselves, that the law of descents must be considerably changed; and none of them can explain the Act, intended to determine who shall be mulattoes, which makes a man more of a mulatto, in proportion as he is more of a negro.\nIf the peace of this country is interrupted by any untoward event, one of three things will have a principal agency in the misfortune; the new constitution, british debts and taxes. The two former are not within the reach of any act of Virginia; the latter too will become formidable, chiefly by the accumulation of the public burthens, on account of f\u0153deral purposes. I wish you could suggest some expedient, by which these dangers can be averted, and in which we can cooperate, in our different legislative functions.\nI feel here a happiness, to which I have been hitherto a stranger; and which is not a little increased, by having shaken off a dependance on those, who think every man in office to be the servant of the legislature. I enjoy that opportunity, which I long sought in vain amidst the tumult of business, of examining and settling my opinions. But the scarcity of money obliges me to attend the court of appeals, and to give advice, which labours, could I avoid, would leave behind them no cares, but for public tranquillity.\nI cannot at present answer Mr. St. John\u2019s question; but will do so next week. Adieu my dear friend; and believe to be in all changes of time & place", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0030", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Pinckney, 28 March 1789\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nCharleston March 28: 1789.\nIt is not often I am deficient in Attention to my friends, particularly those whose friendship I think worth cultivating\u2014but I will confess that to you I have been almost inexcusably & to myself unaccountably inattentive. There are however some excuses to be made for me. I have not been sure of ever finding you either in New York Philadelphia or in Virginia\u2014for being in Congress, in our unsettled state of public affairs, & there seldom being a Quorum, & if so, no question of any importance to interest your attention, I took it for granted you were seldom there. Besides I have had a great deal upon my own hands. Enough most surely to excuse me in the opinion of a batchelor & a young man. Although it is not more than Sixteen months since I saw you I have done a great deal of business. Sometimes in public & more frequently of a private nature\u2014but what is more than all I have become a husband and a father\u2014& you know, or ought by this time to know, And I trust for your characters sake will soon know that a wife and a son are although pleasing, yet serious concerns. Let these therefore atone for my seeming inattention & let us commence a correspondence as if no such chasm had existed, but as if I had been as punctual as I ought.\nI will begin by saying what I am sure you will believe, that I am much pleased to find you in the federal Legislature. I did expect you would have been in the senate & think your state was blind to it\u2019s interest\u2019s in not placing you there, but where you are may in the event prove the most important situation. For as most of the acts which are to affect the Revenue of the Union must originate with your house, and as they are the most numerous body, a greater scope will be afforded for the display of legislative talents than in the other branch, whose radical defect is the smallness of their numbers & whose doors must be always shut during their most interesting deliberations.\nIt will be sometime perhaps before I hear of you, but when you write, answer me candidly as I am sure you will the following Queries, without suffering any little disappointment to yourself to warp your Opinion.\nAre you not, to use a full expression, abundantly convinced that the theoretical nonsense of an election of the members of Congress by the people in the first instance, is clearly and practically wrong. That it will in the end be the means of bringing our councils into contempt & that the legislature are the only proper judges of who ought to be elected?\nAre you not fully convinced that the Senate ought at least to be double their number to make them of consequence & to prevent their falling into the same comparative state of insignificance that the State Senates have, merely from their smallness?\nDo you not suppose that giving to the federal Judicial retrospective jurisdiction in any case whatsoever, from the difficulty of determining to what periods to look back[,] from it\u2019s being an ex post facto provision, & from the confusion & Opposition it will give rise to, will be the surest & speediest mode to subvert our present system & give it\u2019s adversaries the majority?\nDo not suffer these and other queries I may hereafter put to you, to startle your Opinion with respect to my principles. I am more than ever a friend to the federal constitution, not I trust from that fondness which men sometimes feel for a performance in which they have been concerned but from a conviction of it\u2019s intrinsic worth. From a conviction that on it\u2019s efficacy our political welfare depends. My wish is to see it divested of those improprieties which I am sure will sooner or later subvert, or what is worse bring it into contempt.\nAlthough I am persuaded motives of friendship will always induce you to attend as far as you can with convenience to my requests I must apologize to you for the trouble I give in requesting you after the Impost has passed to mention to your friends in the senate Mr. George Abbott Hall our present collector, as the Collector of the impost for this state. It is upwards of twelve years since he held this post & has discharged it\u2019s duties with such diligence & fidelity, that I am well warranted in Not only privately but officially recommending Him.\nMr Smith will deliver you this. He goes to morrow to New York as one of the members for this state in the house of Representatives. He is a near relation of mine. But it is not only on this account that I recommend him to your particular notice & attention. You will find him a valuable acquaintance, with a mind highly cultivated and accomplished and an attention to public business which when he comes to be acquainted with the affairs of the Union will render him an useful member of your house. Present him if you please in my name to Henry, Grayson & all our quondam acquaintances & be assured that any civilities he receives from you will be gratefully remembered by me.\nYou may perhaps be surprized at not seeing me a member. I think there is no doubt I could if I had pleased have been a member of the Senate. My friends were sufficiently numerous and powerful both among the members of the Upper & lower country to have in all probability insured my election & I was for a considerable time talked of as one\u2014but the situation of my wife just on the point of giving me a son & the advanced age & infirmities of my mother & some others whom I did not wish to leave\u2014& the large purchase of a house determined me not to leave Carolina for a time\u2014but to stay at home at least for a few years & place myself in a situation hereafter to do & to go where I please if alive & well. In the interim I am placed in an Office where although I have a great deal of trouble I have the pleasure to reflect that my former Endeavours have been so far approved as to give me the confidence & respect of my country. I have only to get well through this & I think the next two or three years I will struggle to be my own master or rather the master of my own time\u2014in other words to enjoy the Luxury of doing as I please.\nIf you are still at Elsworth\u2019s give my compliments to Mrs. E & Mrs. H & tell them that I still keep my Opinion about Charleston. That I think the house I have lately bought is not only a handsomer & better house than any in New: York (which it might very easily be) but that the situation is as airy & the prospect as fine as any they have. That in short I like Charleston so well at present that I cannot consent to exchange it for Any other place & that it will be with very great relunctance I shall ever leave it again for any length of time, except for a trip to Europe. To which as my wife is from her education almost An European I am the more than ever inclined\u2014but which must still be subordinate to my more important pursuits.\nWrite me frequently & fully & give me as much political intelligence as you can\u2014assured that I am & ever will be my dear Sir Your\u2019s Truly\nCharles Pinckney\nExcuse the blots & scrawl of this letter. I am writing in an astonishing hurry & my secretary is so much engaged in copying public, that he has no time to devote to private letters. & my female secretary is at present in the straw with a young gentleman who sends his compliments to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0031", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 29 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nNew York, March 29th, 1789.\nMy last was committed in December to Mr. Gouverneur Morris. I was then on my way to Virginia. The elections for the new government commenced shortly after my arrival. The first was of Electors, to Ballot for a President and Vice President. The successful candidates were General Wood, Mr. Zachy Johnson, Genl Edward Stephens, Doctor David Stuart, Mr. W. Fitzhugh of Chatham, Mr. Warner Lewis of Gloucester, Mr. Jno. Harvey, Mr. Walk, of or near Norfolk, Mr. Kello of Southampton. These nine were federalists. The remaining three, Mr. Patrick Henry, Mr. Roane of King and Queen, and Mr. Pride of Amelia, were of the adverse party. Two of the former party did not attend. The votes were unanimous with respect to General Washington, as appears to have been the case in each of the States. The secondary votes were given, among the federal members, chiefly to Mr. J. Adams, one or two being thrown away in order to prevent a possible competition for the Presidency. Governor Clinton was the secondary choice of the anti-federal members. In the succeeding election of Representatives, federalism was also proved to be the prevailing sentiment of the people. The successful candidates on this list are Mr. Moore, late of the Executive Council, (from Rockingham,) Mr. Alexander White, Mr. Richard Bland Lee, Mr. John Page, (Rosewell,) Mr. Samuel Griffin, Mr. Brown, member of the old Congress, (from Kentucky,) J. Madison, Col. Parker, (late nav. officer at Norfolk,) Col. Isaac Coles, (of Halifax,) and Col. Bland. Of these, the seven first have been on the side of the Constitution; the three last in the opposition. Col. Parker appears to be very temperate, and it is not probable that both the others will be very inveterate. It was my misfortune to be thrown into a contest with our friend, Col. Monroe. The occasion produced considerable efforts among our respective friends. Between ourselves, I have no reason to doubt that the distinction was duly kept in mind between political and personal views, and that it has saved our friendship from the smallest diminution. On one side I am sure it is the case.\nNotwithstanding the lapse of time since the birthday of the new Government, (the 4th of March,) I am under the necessity of informing you that a quorum is not yet formed, either in the Senate or House of Representatives. The season of the year, the peculiar badness of the weather, and the short interval between the epoch of election and that of meeting, form a better apology for the delay than will probably occur on your side of the Atlantic. The deficiency at present in the House of Representatives requires two members only for a Quorum, and in the Senate one only. A few days will, therefore, fit the Body for the first step, to wit, opening the Ballots for the President and Vice President. I have already said that General Washington will be the first by a unanimous suffrage. It is held to be certain that Mr. Adams, though refused a great many votes from different motives, will have the second appointment. A considerable delay will be unavoidable, after the ballots are counted, before the President can be on the spot, and, consequently, before any Legislative act can take place. Such a protraction of the inactivity of the Government is to be regretted on many accounts, but most on account of the loss of revenue. A prospect of the Spring importations led to the appointment of the first meeting at a time which, in other respects, was unseasonable.\nIt is not yet possible to ascertain precisely the complexion of the new Congress. A little time will be necessary to unveil it, and a little will probably suffice. With regard to the Constitution, it is pretty well decided that the disaffected party in the Senate amounts to two or three members only; and that in the other House it does not exceed a very small minority, some of which will also be restrained by the federalism of the States from which they come. Notwithstanding this character of the Body, I hope and expect that some conciliatory sacrifices will be made, in order to extinguish opposition to the system, or at least break the force of it, by detaching the deluded opponents from their designing leaders. With regard to the system of policy to which the Government is capable of rising, and by which its genius will be appreciated, I wait for some experimental instruction. Were I to advance a conjecture, it would be, that the predictions of an anti-democratic operation will be confronted with at least a sufficient number of the features which have marked the State Governments.\nSince my arrival here I have received your favor of November 18th. It had been sent on to Virginia; but not reaching Fredericksburg before I passed that place, it followed me back hither. I am much concerned that your scheme of passing the ensuing summer in your native country has been defeated. Mr. Jay, with whom I have conversed on the subject, tells me that his answer to your public letter has explained the impossibility of giving effect to your wishes, no Congress having been formed under the old Confederation since the receipt of your letter, or, indeed, since the expiration of the last federal year. The most that can now be done will be to obtain from the new authority, as early as possible, some act which may leave the matter to your own discretion. Perhaps it may be neither more inconvenient to your private nor to the public affairs to make your visit in the fall instead of the Spring, and to pass the Winter instead of the Summer in America. The same cause on which you are to charge your disappointment in this instance prevented a decision on the question of outfit, stated in one of your former communications.\nWith some printed papers containing interesting articles, I inclose a manuscript copy of Col. Morgan\u2019s invitation to persons disposed to seek their fortunes on the Spanish side of the Mississippi. There is no doubt that the project has the sanction of Gardoqui. It is a silly one on the part of Spain, and will probably end like the settlements on the Roman side of the Danube, with the concurrence of the declining empire. But it clearly betrays the plan suggested to you in a former letter, of making the Mississippi the bait for a defection of the Western people. Some of the leaders in Kentucky are known to favor the idea of connection with Spain. The people are as yet inimical to it. Their future disposition will depend on the measures of the new Government.\nI omitted to mention that a dispute between the Senate of this State, which was federal, and the other branch, which was otherwise, concerning the manner of appointing Senators for the Congress, was so inflexibly persisted in that no appointment was made during the late session, and must be delayed for a considerable time longer, even if the dispute should on a second trial be accommodated. It is supposed by some that the superintending power of Congress will be rendered necessary by the temper of the parties. The provision for the choice of electors was also delayed until the opportunity was lost; and that for the election of Representatives so long delayed that the result will not be decided till tuesday next. It is supposed that at least three out of the six will be of the federal party. In New Jersey, the inaccuracy of the law providing for the choice of Representatives has produced an almost equal delay, and left room for contests, which, if brought by the disappointed candidates into the House, will add a disagreeable article to the list of its business.\nI am much obliged for the two estimates on the subject of our foreign debt, and shall turn your ideas to the account which they deserve.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0032", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Lee Turberville, 30 March 1789\nFrom: Turberville, George Lee\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir.\nRichd. County\u2014Epping March 30th. 1789\nEver since the second day of February I have been confined with excrutiating Gout\u2014and to this moment altho I am nearly recover\u2019d since my first attack I have never partaken of a morsel at any Table but my own. This with my retired situation\u2014which prevents easy Access to post offices\u2014and affords little worth communicating\u2014will account for my silence hitherto\u2014for I assure you my wishes for your Welfare & happiness keep pace with those of the foremost of your Friends.\nI congratulate you on the triumph of Federalism in our Native state. The sense of the People so conspicuously manifested in favor of the New Government as it has been by the Election of seven Federalists (perhaps indeed of Eight, for Colo. Bland counts Josiah Parker a Federalist) out of ten Representatives\u2014must strike dumb the bold declamers of the last unfortunate session. \u201cFour-fifths of the state\u201d said the boldest of the bold ones \u201care opposed in Conscience to this new project.\u201d How cautious shou\u2019d a man be if he regards his Reputation\u2014in asserting his visionary speculations to be positive facts\u2014and especially when his speculations are the result of an ardent, a capricious attachment to a particular opinion\u2014taken up on a sudden\u2014without proper consideration or indeed (if it is not uncharitable to say so) the result of Attachment to personal interest and aggrandizement in direct opposition to every thing Rational Virtuous or Patriotic such assertions are so apt to be contraverted\u2014that they generally operate as they ought to do\u2014rather than as they were intended to do\u2014and by undeceiving the fascinated populace they lay open the fallacious Arguments\u2014and the insidious designs of their authors to the undistemper\u2019d Eye of keen investigation\u2014beleive me I augur much good from the next session. I trust we shall find the Virginia Legislature emancipated from that thraldom\u2014in which they have been involved for the two last sessions of my experience\u2014& for many sessions previous to my political existence.\nBefore this you have been a witness to the inauguration of the General Government. But it is yet too soon to expect even the commencement of any essential operations. If your leizure wou\u2019d permit you will be very greatly obliging me by communicating the occurrences of the times and a Letter directed to the care of Mr. Page of Mannsfeild or given to Colo. R. H. Lee will meet a ready conveyance to my hands. Be pleased to present me Affectionately to my Friend & relation Mr. R. B. Lee\u2014& beleive me to remain With unalterable esteem & regard yr. Most Affectionate & Obedt. &c\nGeorge Lee Turberville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0034", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Christian Febiger, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Febiger, Christian\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aprill 2nd. 1789.\nHaveing had the honor of being Known to and treated with the politest Attention by you and conscious of haveing done nothing to obliterate your good Opinion,\nI boldly venture to address you in the familiar Style of a Friend.\nThe Supreme Executive Councill of Pensylvania are on the Brink of appointing me naval Officer in this City, with the express View of recomending for and getting me appointed to said Office or any one created in its stead under the new Government. A Favourite of a certain political Party here is in the Way, he has held it more than 12 Years\u2014Particulars relative to this, my Friend General Muhlenberg will inform you. Whether I gett the State Appointment (:which would be butt of short Duration:) or not, I propose solliciting the justly reverd. Chief & the most honorable Senate for that or some other Office, which I may fill with Propriety.\nPermitt me my Dear Sir to sollicit your Interposition in my Behalf.\nA Gentleman of your long standing in Congress has Weight & Influence, if you exert a small Part of it in my Behalf, you may rest assurd: that every Exertion on my part shall be usd: to deserve it. I have the honor to be with the most unfeignd Regard\u2014Your much obligd. & most obedient Servant\nChristian Febiger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0035", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Fitch, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Fitch, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 2nd: 1789.\nI flatter myself you will excuse the freedom I take in requesting your Patronage before the Congress of the united States respecting my claims to the Invention of Steam-boats, as far as you shall deem me worthy, when you consider that through that honorable Body only I can receive an exclusive Right or Title to the Enjoyment of my Labor, and that in whatever manner I may profit by the project, my private Emoluments will be trifling compared to the Advantage I shall render my Country by extending the plan to general use. I should not have had the boldness to trouble Congress at so early a period had not necessity prompted me, as I am confident an early Application will be made in opposition by Mr. James Rumsey and his numerous influential Associates, from whom I have nothing to fear if a fair and deliberate Hearing be granted me. I should bear your kindness in the most grateful Remembrance if you would so far oblige me as to present my petition, which will be a Caveat against the Claims of any other person or persons until Congress shall have time to take the prayer of my petition into serious Consideration, and grant me that Encouragement to which they shall think me entitled. I have sent another petition to the Honorable Doctor Johnson of the Senate, from whose Regard to Justice and the Rights of a Citizen I have full reason to hope some little attention will be paid to put my Business in a proper Train. I have no Expectation that Congress will pay an early Attention to my Business, nor could I urge it, till a favorable Opportunity present itself. I shall get my papers and Documents ready as soon as possible and when they judge it proper to hear my Claims, shall attend for the purpose. You will pardon this Letter, as there is no other person in the House of Representatives on whom I can rely with so much satisfaction and confidence, and I request of the Congress no more than I shall be thought to merit. I am, Sir with the greatest respect your most obedient humble Servant\nJohn Fitch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0036", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Ramsay, 4 April 1789\nFrom: Ramsay, David\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nCharleston April 4th. 1789.\nPresuming on our ancient acquaintance I take the liberty of solliciting your attention to an affair of mine that is now before your Honorable House. One of the elected federal representatives of this State is, in my opinion, ineligible. The case is in short thus: the Gentleman alluded to left Carolina in the year 1770 his parents died about the same time and he was absent from America during the whole of the war and till November 1783. As in the time of his absence the Revolution took place I contend that in order to his becoming a Citizen of the United States something must have been done previously on his part to shew his acquiescence in the new Government established without his consent. The lowest test of acquiescence is in my opinion residence in the Country. Till he resided under the Government of the united States I cannot therefore see how he acquired Citizenship. We were all born subjects but you and I were released from our allegiance by the restraining act of Parliament passed in December 1775. You and I became Citizens by being parties to the Declaration of Independence. By that act a new compact for a new Government was formed between the then residing and consenting inhabitants of these States. But an absent native neither lost his allegiance by the one nor acquired Citizenship by the other. Such continued subjects while in Europe and under British protection and could only become Citizens on their returning and by residence by an oath or by some other mode manifesting their acquiescence in the revolution. It is impossible to do justice to the argument in a l[e]tter nor is it necessary to one of your enlightened un[derst]anding. But as the Subject is new I beg your attention to it and if your opinions co[ncur] with mine I shall thank you for supporting my Petition on the subject when the merits of it are discussed before your Honorable House. I am sir with great respect and esteem, Your most Obedient and Humble Servant\nDavid Ramsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0039", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nN. York April 6th. 1789.\nThe arrival of R. H. Lee yesterday has made up a Quorum of the Senate. A Quorum in the other House was made on wednesday last. The ballots will be opened today unless an indisposition of Mr. Basset should prevent, which was not probable yesterday afternoon. The notifications to the President & Vice President will be left to the Senate. Mr. Charles Thomson will be the Messenger to the former.\nThe papers will have made known that Mr. Mulenburg was the choice of the Representatives for their Speaker, & Mr. Beckley for their Clerk. The competitor of the former was Mr. Trumbul who had a respectable vote: of the latter Mr. S. Stockton of new Jersey, who on the first ballot had the same number with Mr. Beckley.\nA British Packet arrived some days ago, but has not brought, as far as I have learned, any public letters. The other information brought has passed into our Gazettes and will have reached you thro\u2019 that channel. I am Dear Sir with the highest respect & attachment Your Obedt. & very hble servt.\nJs. Madison Jr\nYour favor inclosing a letter recd. at Mount Vernon for me has been duly received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0040", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 7 April 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nVirga. April the 7th. 1789.\nWill you Pardon my interrupting for a moment your Attention to the great subjects before you, to ask you how you do, whethr. your Legislative body is Organized, the President & V. P. in Office, and the general complexion of yr. Members? You know how much I esteem yr. Correspondence, & my earnest appetite for News; as I do your kind inclination to gratify me, but I must repeat my Caveat agt. your doing it, when it will interfere either with business, or that necessary recreation, of which I fear you do not take enough for your health. A line in any leisure moment, will be thankfully accepted.\nI have nothing to give you from hence, the Papers being occupied by Decius, Anti-Decius & their Auxilaries\u2014but what do you think of I. W\u2019s new Species of Patriotism, that of paying British debts into the Treasury at 1 for 75? This is a bold stride to annex that sacred Character, to what had hitherto been only attempted to be Palliated.\nOur Elections are commencing & seem to be as warmly canvassed, as if there were loaves & fishes to be distributed, & the feast to continue for seven years. Alas! \u201cwhat havock does Ambition make amongst mankind.\u201d Of wch., as far as I know myself, I have None but that of being esteemed by the great and good of my acquaintance, which will always induce me to be wth. sincere regard, Dear Sir Yr. mo. Affe. & Obt. Servt.\nEdmd Pendleton\nMy Complts. to all my representatives who care for me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0041", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 8 April 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear Sir\nNew York April 8th. 1789.\nYou will not learn without some surprize that the sixth of this month arrived before a quorum was made up in both branches of the New Legislature, and the first of the month, before a Quorum was attained in either. The first & only joint step taken by the Congress was the examination of the ballots for President & vice president. The votes were found, as was expected, to be unanimously given to General Washington; and by a sufficient number, though smaller than was expected, to give the secondary dignity to Mr. Adams. The entire number of votes was 69. Mr. Adams had 34 only. Governour Clinton had not a single vote except those of his three friends in Virginia. Mr. Chs. Thomson set out yesterday as the herald to Mount Vernon, and a private gentleman with notice to the vice president. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is Mr. Mulenburg of Pennsa. The Clerk Mr. Beckley. Mr. Langdon was placed in the chair of the Senate for the special purpose of opening the ballots, and will remain in it, until Mr. Adams arrives. The Clerk of that House is not yet appointed.\nI inclose a copy of the Rules agreed on yesterday. They are to receive a supplement as soon as prepared by a Committee. The first regular business to be discussed will relate to commerce which is in a State of anarchy at present. Some propositions on that subject will be taken up tomorrow. It is thought proper that the preparatory work should be done before the arrival of the President. The subject of amendments has not yet been touched. From appearances there will be no great difficulty in obtaining reasonable ones. It will depend however entirely on the temper of the federalists, who predominate as much in both branches, as could be wished. Even in this State, notwithstanding the violence of its antifederal symtoms, three of its six representatives at least will be zealous friends to the Constitution, and it is not improbable that a fourth will be of the same description.\nBy a late British Packet we understand that the King continues under his disability, though without mortal symtoms; that the care of his person is committed to the Queen, and that the Prince of Wales is sole regent by an Act of the two Houses, but under certain limitations of power, which have produced a pointed and public discussion between him & Mr. Pitt. With the sincerest esteem & affection I am Dear Sir Your Obedt. servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0043", "content": "Title: Import and Tonnage Duties, [8 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nMr. Madison. I take the liberty Mr. Chairman, at this early stage of the business to introduce to the committee a subject, which appears to me, to be of the greatest magnitude; a subject, Sir, that requires our first attention, and our united exertions.\nNo gentleman here can be unacquainted with the numerous claims upon our justice; nor with the impotency which prevented the late Congress of the United States from carrying into effect, the dictates of gratitude and policy.\nThe union, by the establishment of a more effective government having recovered from the state of imbecility, that heretofore prevented a performance of its duty, ought, in its first act, to revive those principles of honor and honesty that have too long lain dormant.\nThe deficiency in our treasury has been too notorious to make it necessary for me to animadvert upon that subject. Let us content our selves with endeavouring to remedy the evil. To do this a national revenue must be obtained; but the system must be such an one, that, while it secures the object of revenue, it shall not be oppressive to our constituents: Happy it is for us that such a system is within our power; for I apprehend that both these objects may be obtained from an impost on articles imported into the United States.\nIn pursuing this measure, I know that two points occur for our consideration. The first, respects the general regulation of commerce, which in my opinion ought to be as free as the policy of nations will admit. The second, relates to revenue alone, and this is the point I mean more particularly to bring into the view of the committee.\nNot being at present possessed of sufficient materials for fully elucidating these points, and our situation admitting of no delay, I shall propose such articles and regulations only, as are likely to occasion the least difficulty.\nThe propositions made on this subject by Congress in 1783, having received, generally, the approbation of the several states of the union, in some form or other, seem well calculated to become the basis of the temporary system, which I wish the committee to adopt. I am well aware that the changes, which have taken place in many of the states, and in our public circumstances, since that period, will require, in some degree, a deviation from the scale of duties then affixed: nevertheless, for the sake of that expedition, which is necessary in order to embrace the spring importations, I should recommend a general adherence to the plan.\nThis, Sir, with the addition of a clause or two, on the subject of tonnage, I will now read, and, with leave, submit it to the committee, hoping it may meet their approbation, as an expedient rendered eligible by the urgent occasion there is for the speedy supplies to the federal treasury, and a speedy rescue of our trade from its present anarchy.\nResolved, as the opinion of this committee, That the following duties ought to be levied on goods wares and merchandise imported into the United States, viz.\nOn rum, per gallon,  of a dollar.\nOn all other spiritous liquors\nOn molasses\nOn Madeira wine\nOn all other wines\nOn common bohea teas, per lb.\nOn all other teas\nOn pepper\nOn brown sugars\nOn loaf sugars\nOn all other sugars\nOn cocoa and coffee\nOn all other articles  per cent. on their value at the time and place of importation.\nThat there ought, moreover, to be levied on all vessels in which goods, wares or merchandises, shall be imported, the duties following, viz. On all vessels built within the United States, and belonging wholly to citizens thereof, at the rate of  per ton.\nOn all vessels belonging wholly to the subjects of powers with whom the United States have formed treaties, or partly to the subjects of such powers, and partly to citizens of the said states at the rate of\nOn all vessels belonging wholly or in part to the subjects of other powers, at the rate of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0044", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Carrington, 8 April 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carrington, Edward\nLetter not found. 8 April 1789. Acknowledged in Carrington to JM, 12 May 1789. Encloses application of William Mason for military claim.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0045", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 9 [April] 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\nRichmond 9h. June [April] 89\nWhenever I ask your aid to the promotion of the wishes of my friend, receive it on this express condition, that the public good must combine with the views of the gentlemen recommended.\nVery happy in the appointent [sic] of my old fellow soldier Lindsay to the vacancy occasioned by Mr. Parkers election, I desire only to entreat your attention to his compeer Mr. M. Livingston, should it be found proper to appoint two officers instead of one to the several posts.\nI had the pleasure once or twice last year to express myself fully to you concerning Mr L. as to character & circumstances. You yourself indeed manifested a thorough knowled[ge] of the same gentleman.\nIt is then unnecessary for me to enter into particulars.\nIf the change of system presumed should take place, an opportunity will offer of associating Mr. Livingston with Mr. Lindsay in the execution of the trust at the port of Norfolk.\nShould you co-incide with me in sentiments on this subject, altho your official situation does not afford you an opportunity of being immediately useful to my friend, yet I am very confident you can materially assist him.\nConfiding in which I can only assure you that you will in my judgemt. promote the public good, & reward a meritorious citizen. Yours always\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0046", "content": "Title: Notes for Speech in Congress, [ca. 9 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nNotes on commercial policy\nImportance of right outset\u2014more easy to limit\u2014than unfetter\u20141. prove that generality\u20142. point out the exceptions\u2014 \u27e8in liberty of trade\u27e9\n1 (a) \u27e8between\u27e9 indivil. farmer & manufactu[r]er\u2014do. Manufacr. & do \u2014do. farmer & do\u2014\n(b) county & village\u2014village & village\u2014county & County\u2014\n(c) nation & nation\u2014as to produce\u2014to manufactures\u2014to produce & manufactures\u2014suppose each nation one [body?]\n(d). application to U. S.\u2014agriculture preferable\u2014as appears from spontaneous bias\u2014from high price of labor tho\u2019 provisions cheap\u2014from the exclusive advantage of cheapness of soil wch. like other \u27e8natural monopolies\u27e9 ought to be made use of\u2014compared to peculiar quality\u2014or climate\u2014or machines\u2014fisheries\u2014\nUniversal freedom presents the most noble spectacle, unites all nations\u2014makes \u27e8every man\u27e9 a citizen of the whole society of mankind\u2014and perfects the good aimed at by the Social union & Civil Govt: this two-fold 1. security vs violence. 2. mutual relief and comfort. Universal intercourse favors the 1st. by abolishing the causes of external violence and making it interest of all to maintain the peace of all. 2 compleates mutual supply of wants by making the superfluities of every Country & every individual tributary to those of every other. (Note\u2014finally reduce all nations to natural advantages\u2014& so far diminish subjects of interchange)\nSuppose all the world under one Govt\u2014provinces of one empire\u2014free intercourse desirable as France for their mutual advantage.\nExceptions\u20141. reduce foreign in [e]qualities\n\u25c7. encourage ships & seamen.\n2. implements of defence independent\u2014(law of neutrality [illegible] delusive)\n3. invite manufactures\n\u25c7. support existing manufacturers\u2014\n4. institute manufactures necessary &\u2014\n5. Sumptuary regulations\u2014justice & paymt. of taxes best\n6. profit by a monopoly\u2014this however barred by clauses relating to exports.\n7. embargo in time of war\u2014this however doubtful\u2014\n8. Revenue\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0048", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Hopkins, 10 April 1789\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nRichmond April 10 1789\nHaving been the Loan Officer of the United States in the State of Virginia since the Year 1780, and by a subsequent arrangment of Congress also the Receiver of Continental Taxes within the State, since the Year 1785, my views and habits have been formed on the expectation of holding the Office, so long as it may be necessary to the public interest to Continue it, & so long as my Conduct shall entitle me to the approbation of Government. Should it be deemed proper to Continue the Office, either, under the present arrangments or with some modifications, I conceive it incumbent on me to Communicate to you my wishes on this subject, least my silence may be construed the effect of an inclination to withdraw from public business.\nTrusting entirely to my Conduct as a servant of the United States, which may be fully Known, from the Honble Board of Treasury, I feel a perfect Confidence that no application whatever can be supported with better pretentions, than that of a public servant, whose discharge of the trust Reposed in him, he ventures to say has uniformly received the approbation of those under whom he acted. I have the honor to be with the most perfect Respect & Esteem Sir Your mo obedient humble servant\nJno: Hopkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0050", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 12 April 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friend\nNew York April 12. 1789.\nI am just favored with yours of the 27. Ulto. My last was sent from Alexandria, and as the receipt of it is not mentioned, I fear that it may have miscarried. I have not sooner written from this place, because I waited for an opportunity of collecting the features & complexion of the new Government, which in its legislative capacity never became practically organized till the 6th. instant; and in its Executive capacity will not be so for ten or 15 days. I need scarcely tell you that the votes were united in favor of Genl W. or that J. Adams is the secondary choice. He had however 34 votes only out of 69. The others were dispersed among Jay, Harrison, Rutledge &c. The compliment to Clinton was limited to his three Electoral friends in Virginia. Langdon was appointed by the Senate to open the votes, and will hold the chair, till Adams can take it. Muylenburg is in the Chair of the H. of Reps. and Beckley Clerk.\nThe subject taken up in this House is an impost. Opinions are divided on the point whether the first plan, shall be a hasty and temporary essay; or be digested into a form as little imperfect as the want of experience will admit. There are plausible arguments on both sides. The former loses ground daily, from the apparent impracticability of reaping the Spring harvest of importations. It is probable that the law will in the event be limited to a longer or shorter duration, according to the accuracy & extent, which can within a decent time be given to its provisions. I need not remark to you the difficulty of the work. Nothing but experience, and successive revisions can render it tolerably adequate & respectable. There will be difficulty also in adjusting a scale of duties &c. to the different ideas & interests of difft. States, & Statesmen. But I suspect the latter difficulty will be less perplexing than the former; tho\u2019 I know a contrary apprehension has prevailed. The Senate have appointed a Committee on the subject of the Judiciary Department.\nOn the subject of amendments nothing has been publickly and very little privately said. Such as I am known to have espoused, will as far as I can gather, be attainable from the federalists, who sufficiently predominate in both branches; though with some, the concurrence will proceed from a spirit of conciliation rather than conviction. Connecticut is least inclined though I presume not inflexibly opposed, to a moderate revision. A paper wch. will probably be republished in the Virga. Gazettes, under the signature of a Citizen of New Haven, unfolds Mr. Shermans opinions. Whatever the amendments may be it is clear that they will be attempted in no other way than thro\u2019 Congress. Many of the warmest of the opponents of the Govt. disavow the Mode contended for by Virginia.\nI wish I could see an equal prospect of appeasing the disquietude on the two other points you mention\u2014British debts and taxes. With respect to the first, you know my sentiments. It will be the duty of the Senate in my opinion to promote negociations with G. B. as speedily as circumstances will admit, and the aspect of the Governt. seems likely to command a respectful attention to its measures. I see nothing else that can be done. As to the taxes I see nothing that can be done, more than the ordinary maxims of policy suggest. They may certainly be diminished in consequence of the revolution in the federal Gov[ernment,] since the public wants will be little if at all increased, [and may] be supplied in greater proportion out of commerce.\nI congratulate you on the repose which Williamsbg gives you, which is less compleat however than I had supposed. I was a stranger to the project of renewing a part of your forensic labours. With the sincerest affection I am Yrs.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0051", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Muscoe Livingston, 12 April 1789\nFrom: Livingston, Muscoe\nTo: Madison, James\nNorfolk 12 Apl 1789\nMay I be permited My Good Sir, to Ask Your Friendly Aid on the Subject of Colo Lees Letter, which I here take the liberty to Inclose; & which Letter, I did intend to have don My Self, the Honor to deliver but that A trip to N York, will be attended with considerable Expence; & unless I can Meet with Some incouragement from you, & the Other Genttlemen I have taken the liberty to write to, I had perhaps, better Stay at home. I am very Sencible Sir, How cautious one Should be, in Making Such applications, As I take the liberty to do to you; but as many appointments will take place under Our New goverment, I flatter my Self from Many circumstances Some of which you are No Stranger to; that I am Not the least worthy, (of all that will apply,) for Some or Other of them.\nIf Losses during the war in consequence of my attempts, to Serve My Country, had Any weight at this time\u2014I hope I shall Not be alltogether forgotten.\nIf therefor, you can with propriety, do Me any Service I shall be very thankfull for it, wishing you every Happiness I have the Honor to be With Sincere Respect Sir Your Mt Obd H St\nM Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0052", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nPowhatan April 14 1789\nI was a few days ago favored with your very freindly and polite letter of the 19th. Ult. by Mr. Donaldson. Accept my thanks for the terms in which you acknowledge the Rect. of mine of the 20th. of February. Assure yourself that I have long had a due sense of the favorable sentiments you are pleased to entertain of me, and that they are contemplated with the greater satisfaction, as they are discovered in better evidences of reality, than ever will, or can, be conveyed in verbal professions. You have understood my communication as it was intended, to inform you of my wishes, & put it in your power to forward them, should your ideas of public propriety, and a favorable opportunity concur. It is to be regretted that the attainment of Objects of this kind, is precarious unless by a conduct to which a Man of due delicacy cannot descend. That degree of personal solicitation which is generally adopted, I cannot nor will I submit to. There is a propriety in making ones wishes known, and this I shall do in such communications to a very few particular Freinds as I made to you. It has been done to our two Senators as a Matter of propriety, in addition [to] the other considerations, which would lead me to confide in them. It might by some be supposed, that a personal visit at least, to the Seat of Govt. would be proper, but even a situation of this kind would be painful to me while it would be thought that I had come to solicit. But for this, I beleive I should spend a few weeks in a trip to take a look at your assembly.\nI suppose it has become proper that I should drop my veiws as to the particular object which I formerly mentioned. Upon the resignation of Colo. Parker the Executive filled up that appointment, before I was apprised of its being vacant, by an election of Major Lindsey. He is a very proper character, and I do not suppose it will be thought proper to confer the Office, under the New Govt. on any other. As yet no other object can be particularly taken into veiw, and I shall take the liberty to leave this subject on a general ground. I shall be happy to render to the public my services, in some situation not altogether unimportant, such as those acquainted with me shall think me fitted for. I will thank you for information as your arrangements progress\u2014and whenever you have leisure to give me any thing else that may be passing, you know it will be pleasing to me to hear from you. I am however so fully apprised of the full employment you will constantly have, that I shall not ask you to write but when you can do it with convenience. In the mean time I shall write you as often as any thing occurs here worth communicating. I am my dr sir with great sincerity yr. Freind & Servt.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0053", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [14 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The Committee of the Whole proceeded to set the amount of duty on each of the enumerated articles, beginning with rum. Sherman proposed fifteen cents per gallon; Laurance preferred twelve cents.\nMr. Madison. I would tax this article with as high a duty as can be collected, and I am sure if we judge from what we have heard and seen in the several parts of the union; that it is the sense of the people of America, that this article should have a duty imposed upon it weighty indeed.\nThe duty proposed by the gentleman from New-York, (Mr. Lawrance) very little exceeds what is laid in this state and very little what is laid in some other states, while some have thought it expedient to impose an excise superior. The question then is, whether the highest sum can be collected? I am of opinion, that higher duties may generally be collected under the government of the union, than could be under that of the particular states, because it has been the policy of some not only to decline going hand in hand together, but actually to oppose regulations made in a neighbouring state. Being persuaded likewise, that the highest sum will not exceed the power of the law to enforce the collection, I shall vote for it.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 42. The committee agreed to a duty of fifteen cents on Jamaica rum and twelve cents on all other spirituous liquors.\n   The duty on molasses was under consideration.\nMr. Madison. It is agreed I presume, that spirits of every kind are proper objects of taxation, but whether we shall tax spirits in the case before us, or whether we shall tax the article from which it comes, is a question worthy of the consideration of the Committee for several reasons. I believe it will be best to lay our hands on the duty, by charging this article on its importation, to avoid a more disagreeable measure. I would therefore lay such a duty on molasses as is proportioned to what we have affixed upon rum, making an allowance in favor of our own manufacture. I think 8 cents per gallon will allow a sufficient advantage to them, but of this I am not positive, and therefore shall not pertinaciously adhere to that sum if it be thought too high; but I presume I am right in the principle upon which I contend we ought to collect the duty on the importation of molasses in preference to any other way.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 45 (also reported briefly in N.Y. Daily Gazette, 15 Apr. 1789).\n   Laurance objected to eight cents as too high, observing that molasses was \u201ca necessary of life\u201d and a raw material for the domestic manufacture of rum.\nMr. Madison, Viewed the present question in two points of light. First, as it respected the use of the article in the substance; and second, as it related to a manufacture of considerable importance. If it was possible to make a discrimination between them, he was ready to agree to one in favor of the first class; but conceiving this to be impracticable, he thought the question was reducible to this, whether our revenue should be lessened as much as distilled spirits confessedly ought to pay, and our country consequently filled with a baser liquor, or whether we shall tax an article which will indirectly tax the rum manufactured from it in due proportion to what is brought from the islands.\nI do not conceive, (continued Mr. Madison) that the quantity of this article manufactured and exported to foreign countries, is any wise considerable. I find by an account of the exports of Massachusetts (which appears to be authentic) and it is a state that manufactures in full proportion to any other state in the union\u2014that there has been shipped off to different parts of this country 49,943 gallons of rum manufactured there; to Nova-Scotia 801 gallons; to Europe 1206, and to Africa and the East-Indies 897 gallons.\nSo that the great exportation which the gentleman from New-York mentions, is made to the different parts of the United States and not to foreign countries; the duty therefore will be principally paid by our own citizens who are the consumers. The gentleman has mentioned a drawback as a relief to the manufactures; he does not perhaps consider the advantage which a general regulation of trade gives to the state manufacturing rum; the admission of that commodity into every state is perfectly free under the new constitution, and unencumbered with the duties heretofore laid by the state legislatures, from which it is manifest, that a drawback so far as relates to the coasting trade, is unnecessary. I think also, that the small quantity exported to Europe and Africa is too inconsiderable to justify the legislature in allowing drawbacks, under which system great frauds can easily be committed upon your revenue. To what purpose shall we collect revenue if it is put in the power of every individual clandestinely to reclaim it without a possibility of our discovering the injustice?\nIf a discrimination can be suggested I shall readily agree to it; but I think it cannot be done unless we substitute an excise, or a tax on stills. Neither of these would be equally convenient or productive, and therefore neither would be proper for the house to agree to. The proportion between the duty on country rum at 8 cents, and West-India at 12 cents, is a considerable difference in favor of home made spirits, and sufficient to answer the purpose of protecting the manufacture.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 46\u201347 (also reported briefly in N.Y. Daily Gazette, 15 Apr. 1789).\n   Lloyd garbled JM\u2019s recital of these statistics. In a footnote to a subsequent speech, he quoted from the report of Massachusetts exports that JM used. The footnote reads: \u201cThis article in the exports from Massachusetts stands thus\u2014\u2018Country rum\u2014hogsheads shipped to the several parts of the United States, 5327, value \u00a349,943; to Nova-Scotia 89 hhds. value \u00a3801; to Europe, 134 hhds. value \u00a31206; and to Africa and the East-Indies 897 hhds. value \u00a38073\u2019\u201d (Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 49). See also JM\u2019s second speech of 20 Apr.\n   After further debate the committee reduced the duty to six cents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0055", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathaniel Gorham, 16 April 1789\nFrom: Gorham, Nathaniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nCharles Town April 16 1789\nYour election to a seat in the new Goverment I think you can entertain no doubt was pleasing to me. I sincerly hope your attendance will be as pleasant to yourself as beneficial to your Country. It is suggested here that you intend to pass a short Resolve requesting the several States to collect a Revenue for you intill you can have time to digest & prepare a system. Suffer me to suggest for your consideration whether a plan like the foregoing will not have a tendency to lessen the dignity of Government. It appears to me that one of the greatest mistakes the old Government ever made was the frequent applications to States and in some instances when there was no real necessity for it; the Congress itself having sufficent power in the case\u2014the consequence was that at length they became afraid to use some of their Constitutional Powers. It appears to me that the loss of one or two Months collections although in a favorable season is not an object to induce a departure from a dignified conduct\u2014besides I think a Resolve like the one I have heard mentioned would infringe the Presidents prerogative\u2014this ought carefully to be avoided at the outset. It has allways appeared to [me] that Parliamentary forms should be observed as much as possible and that all you[r] doings except in some trivial case should be in the form of an act rather than a Resolve\u2014the latter being a kind of slovenly practise of doing business, which has for the sake of expedition or to serve a purpose crept into use in the Legislatures of America\u2014but I belive seldom or never known in G Britain. You know the State Legislatures will encroach upon the National Government where ever they can\u2014be carefull therefore how you set out. Excuse my suggestions mention not my name as having written on the subject\u2014& belive me to be Your sincere Friend & Humble sert\nNathaniel Gorham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0056", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [16 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   White suggested the duty on hemp be fixed at seventy-five cents per hundredweight.\nMr. Madison Feared 75 cents was too high; he was doubtful whether it would not have been as well to have left out cordage; for if a duty on hemp was impolitic because it burthened navigation, so also was that on cordage. He by no means approved of measures injurious to ship-building, which he considered in a three-fold view; first, as it related to vessels employed in the coasting trade; second, as it respected those employed in those channels of trade, the stream of which depends upon the policy of foreign nations; and third, as it was connected with vessels built for sale. With respect to the first, no doubt but we can prevent any discouragement from the operation of the duty, because we can make such discrimination as will prevent a rivalship; but in relation to the two other points, and particularly the last, he was sensible that every penny laid upon cordage would enter into the price of the vessel, and by raising the price drive the purchasers to seek a better bargain at other hands. Fearful therefore of injuring this interest he should vote for a small duty at present, in hopes of being able to see in a little time sufficient quantities of hemp brought to market, as predicted, at even a less price than was given now for the imported.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0057", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Vaughan, Jr., 17 April 1789\nFrom: Vaughan, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhila 17 April 1789\nI make no excuse for sending you at present the Work of Mr Le Trosne because from your conversation I think you have not seen it, that I conceive it will interest you, & that when I arrive at New York I shall myself stand in need of it. The whole of the work is worthy your perusal, tho\u2019 my view is only to communicate the Treatise de l\u2019Interest Social which is the most regular & complete work I am acquainted with on the Free System of modern Philosophers.\nI have been much entertained with your Speech on the motion of Mr. Fitzsimmons (on the Extention of the Impost Duty) as published in our Papers. From the inaccuracy of News Paper accounts in general I regret much not having been present. I wish the Doctrine was more generally known; the Instances in support of your Argument are so familiar & simple that without doubt they will extensively carry conviction. There are a thousand ways of missing truth, but it has this advantage over error that when found or stumbled on, it has the best chance of keeping its ground.\nI beg my Respects to the Gentn. of the house & remain Sir Your very obedt Servt.\nSamuel Vaughan Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0058", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [17 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The duty on salt was under consideration.\nMr. Madison. From the nature of the arguments made use of on this occasion, it is necessary to proceed with some circumspection, though not to depart from that policy which can be justified by reason and experience. I am willing to trust a great deal to the good sense, justice and penetration of our fellow citizens for support; and though I think it might be just to lay a considerable duty generally on imported articles, yet it would not be prudent or politic at this time to do so. Let us now proceed to consider the subject before us, on the principles of justice and principles of policy. In the first point of view we may consider the effect it will have on the different descriptions of people throughout the United States, I mean different descriptions as they relate to property. I readily agree, that in itself a tax would be unjust and oppressive that did not fall on the citizens according to their degree of property and ability to pay it; were it therefore this single article which we were about to tax, I should think it indispensible that it should operate equally agreeably to the principle I have just mentioned. But in order to determine whether a tax on salt is just or unjust, we must consider it as part of a system, and judge of the operation of this system as if it was but a single article; if this is found to be unequal it is also unjust. Now, examine the preceding articles, and consider how they affect the rich, and it will be found that they bear more than a just proportion according to their ability to pay\u2014by adding this article we shall rather equalise the disproportion than encrease it, if it is true, as has been often mentioned, that the poor will contribute more of this tax than the rich. When we consider the tax as it operates on the different parts of the United States, dividing the whole into the northern, middle, and southern districts, it will be found that they contribute also in proportion to their numbers and ability to pay. If there be any distinction in this respect, it will be perceived to be in favour of the southern division, because the species of property there consists of mouths that consume salt in the same proportion as the whites, but they have not this property in the middle and northern districts to pay taxes for. The most important objection is, that the western part of our country uses more salt than any other; this makes it unequal, but considered as a part of a system, the equilibrium is restored when you find this almost the only tax they will have to pay. Will they contribute any thing by consuming imported spirits? Very little, yet this is a principle source of revenue; they will subsist upon what they procure at home; and will they submit to a direct tax, if they murmur at so light a one on salt? Will they submit to an excise? If they would, I trust it is not in the contemplation of gentlemen to propose it; certainly it requires but time for reflection to discover, in every point of view, the justice of the measure now proposed. If then there be no particular objection on the footing of justice, it must be an argument in favour of the policy, for it cannot be presumed that good policy deviates from the principles of justice. There may exist prejudices against measures founded in the strictest justice and soundest policy, but certainly they will flee before reason and conviction. While in search of revenue for such essential and important purposes as urge us at present, we cannot discriminate and spare one part of the community; this would be unjust, and excite those complaints which some gentlemen seem to fear.\nIt has been said by the enemies of this government, that its administration would immediately betray the features of tyranny and oppression. It was likewise said, that its operations would be gentle and insinuating at first, in order to obtain the confidence of the people to enable it to supplant the state governments. Would not a discriminating policy seem to make good these charges? Let us then avoid it with caution, and endeavour to distribute the public burthen with a just and equal hand. In short, under whatever point of view you consider this tax, I think it will be seen to be improper to expunge it; I would make it moderate, and in so doing it cannot be unjust, nor can the popular clamour be excited.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0059", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Fontaine Maury, 18 April 1789\nFrom: Maury, Fontaine\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sir.\nFredericks burg April 18th. 1789\nI have recived your two favors with their respective Inclosures, which have been forwarded.\nI am happy to hear you are so near being prepared to proceed to business under the new System & I will be much obliged to you to inform me when you expect any thing will be done with respect to the General Impost, and whether or not, you suppose the Interest on Final Settlement Certificates will be recieved for duties under the new regulations.\nI have shiped 6 hhds of your Tobo. to Liverpool and I expect two more will go by a vessell I hourly look for, you may draw for \u00a356 Sterling on these Eight hhds\u2014and if agreeable I will take your draft and remit you one in lieu thereof, payable in New york\u2014there is about twenty pounds due me for sundrys furnished your estate by order of your Brother, which he informs me you\u2019ll adjust out of the proceeds of your Tobacco, if so I will deduct that sam [sic] from the amount of your draft on my Brother.\nI have some Idea that the Book you allude to came to hand and was forwarded to Orange but I will make further inquiry into the matter & advise you. Your friends in Orange are well. I am very Respectfully D sir Your mo: ob st\nFontaine Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0060", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [18 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   FitzSimons proposed duties on teas that discriminated between those imported from India and China in American ships and those imported in foreign vessels or from countries other than India or China.\nMr. Madison Felt a reluctance in being obliged to state his reasons why he doubted the policy of the proposed measure. What, said he, is its object? It is not to add to the revenue, for it will in fact tend to diminish it, in that proportion, which the importation from China lessens that from other parts; it is not to encrease our commerce, for long voyages are unfriendly to it; it is not to encrease the importation of necessary articles, for India goods are mostly articles of luxury; it is not to carry off our superfluities, for these articles are paid for principally, if not altogether, in solid coin. If the trade is beneficial at all to the United States, it must be in this single point of view: that the articles can be imported cheaper through that channel than any other; and if so, that it is the interest of the people to be supplied as cheap as possible. There are no collateral good purposes to claim our attention in this case; it is not in the nature of things that we should derive any other advantage than the one I have mentioned, without it is that of raising our India commerce from its weak and infant state, to strength and vigour; to enable it to continue supplies at a cheaper rate than they could otherwise be obtained at.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0062", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Reverend James Madison, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James (Reverend)\nLetter not found. 19 April 1789. Acknowledged in the Reverend James Madison to JM, 5 May 1789. Reports that Congress has begun its work and that there is less disagreement \u201cbetween the different Parties\u201d than he had expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0063", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathaniel Gorham, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Gorham, Nathaniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nBoston April 20 1789\nI must beg you to excuse my freedoms: it is with a good intention that I am led to mention that the idea of 6 Cents pr Gallon on Mollasses excites a considerable degree of uneasiness here\u2014not that any objcect [sic] to that duty on what is consumed in the Country\u2014but only as it will injure the distillery & consequently the Fishery. The answer that a suitable draw back upon Rum will be allowed\u2014they say does not obviate their objections because the Distiling business is now become so poor that it is by making every possible saving that they are enabled to carry it on\u2014and by the proposed duty the manufacturer of Rum must increas[e] his capital one third part to do the same business that he now does. In addition they say that the French are doing all they possibly can to encourage the distiling business in the West Indies and are now actually making exertions to get Americans acquainted with the business to go to that Country.\nI have one or two other reasons which have some weight in my mind which are these\u2014mollases in our Country is used principally by the Country people & the poorer sort of People in the Towns; they will attend to the duties laid on the several articles and when they find that Mollasses paid a duty so much heavier in proportion to its value, than Wine they will be apt to cry out and raise a popular clamour against it. If this should be the case it will very much encourage and assist the importer in the runing this article\u2014which from the great number of Harbours in this qua[r]ter it will be dificult to prevent\u2014& the saving six hundred dollars duty upon 100 hhs. of Mollasses may be an object worth the risque\u2014when half that sum might not be an inducement so that I realy beleive more money would be collected on this article at 3 Cents \u214c Gallon than at six. I can easily se[e] the great dificulties you will meet with in adjusting the system so as to give tolerable satisfaction.\nI think myself not very Local\u2014and I am sure you are not Local in your veiws\u2014it is therefore that I presume to write to a Gentm not belonging to my own State on the question. If it will not take too much of your time I would mention one or two ideas of a more general nature. I think you must have one Reciever in each State\u2014and as it will be next to impossible for you to determine how many subs will be necessary\u2014that this Point must be left to the descretion of the Principal\u2014he being accountable for his Deputies\u2014that the allowance to the Receiver should be a commission rather than a Salary\u2014because by the first mode you make his interest & that of the public the same. New York & Philadelphia may be conducted for a less commission than any other State\u2014because all the imports for those States are brought to the Capital. I apprehend that besides the Receiver there must be a Naval Officer who should be with his Offices to watch the Vessells so that no goods be Landed\u2014but such as are certified to the Naval Officer by the Recvr\u2014for unless this is the case there will be but little check\u2014the Recvr. in the large States will have full employment in recving the duties & keeping his accounts\u2014the operation of the business would then be something in this way. The Master or owner would apply at the Recrs Office & (I presume under oath) enter his Cargo as contained in various packages\u2014the Recvr would then certify to the Naval Officer that such an entry had been made & that he was satisfied for the duties upon the goods contained in certain packages as described in the certifica[te]. The Naval Office should then attend to the unloading the Vessell. The Naval Officer to be paid by fees as provided in the Law.\nI have run into greater length than I at first intended\u2014beg you to excuse & to beleive me your Friend & very Hume Servt\nNath Gorham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0064", "content": "Title: John Churchman\u2019s Petition, [20 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   A committee had recommended a cautious approach in supporting Churchman\u2019s proposed scientific expedition to Baffin Bay (see Samuel Stanhope Smith to JM, 26 Mar. 1789 and n. 2).\nMr. Madison. I wish that the committee had stated the expences attending a voyage to Baffin\u2019s Bay, for the purpose of discovering the cause of the magnetic variation as proposed by Mr. Churchman, that the House might be better able to judge of its propriety. Well aware as I am, that public bodies are liable to be assailed by visionary projectors, I nevertheless wish to ascertain the probability of the magnetic theory. If there is any considerable probability that the projected voyage would be successful, or throw any valuable light on the discovery of longitude, it certainly comports with the honor and dignity of government to give it their countenance and support. Gentlemen will recollect, that some of the most important discoveries, both in arts and sciences, have come forward under very unpromising and suspicious appearances.\nI am also well aware, that the deranged situation of our treasury, would not warrant us in spending considerable sums in visionary pursuits; but if an inconsiderable sum will answer on this occasion, and there is a probability of improving the science of navigation, I see no reason against it. Gentlemen who have been on the committee understand the subject best, and they will please give the House their sentiments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0065", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [20 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   FitzSimons proposed a drawback of six cents per gallon on exports of rum distilled in the United States.\nMr. Madison Was sorry the gentlemen from Massachusetts were absent, because they could give authentic information with respect to the quantity. He had in his hands a state of the exports from Massachusetts, which he believed to be pretty accurate, from January 1, to December 31, 1787. From this it appeared, that there was exported during that period, to Nova-Scotia 89 hhds. to Europe 134 hhds. and 897 to Africa and the East-Indies. Now he submitted the committee, how far it was proper to adopt a measure for such a trifling consideration, which would become a most dangerous cover to the clandestine trade that must necessarily follow. Rum will, no doubt, be exported in the day and brought back in the night, for the sake of drawing back the duty, as has been done already in similar cases.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 102\u20133 (also reported briefly in Gazette of the U.S., 22 Apr. 1789).\n   See JM\u2019s third speech of 14 Apr. and n. 1.\n   FitzSimons continued to defend drawbacks on rum exports.\nMr. Madison Thought there were very few cases in which drawbacks ought to be allowed, perhaps none but what related to the East-India trade. The small proportion of distilled rum exported did not justify so great a risque; but of the small proportion which went abroad, the greatest part went to the coast of Africa; he feared this trade was inconsistent with the good of mankind, and ought to be reprobated instead of encouraged. If gentlemen were to consider the great advantages derived to the distillers from the present government, they would perhaps think them sufficient for their encouragement without allowing a draw-back. The annual exportation from Massachusetts to the several ports of the United States, is 5327 hhds. This quantity was formerly subjected to an equal duty with West-India rum. If under these circumstances country rum could command this great sale, what will it do now when the communication is free? and many parts of the United States laid open to this trade, that was shut before. This consideration alone ought to do away all complaints for want of a drawback.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 103. After his original motion was defeated, FitzSimons introduced a more general motion allowing drawbacks, which passed the next day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0066", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 21 April 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. April 21st. 1789\nHaving for some time felt a great deal of anxiety about the consequences to the United States, which appear likely to rise out of the Affairs of the Western Country I have turned my attention a good deal to considering that Subject, and as I know you also have had a very great solicitude about it I shall trouble you with such thoughts or facts relating to it as I think may possibly be of use.\nIt is very certain that the attention paid by the old Government to the Overtures of Spain, and the resolutions relative to the Navigation of the Missisipi were improper, and, in principle, dangerous in a free country. They were therefore unjustifiable in ours, and impolitic in the highest degree considering the lax & feeble cords by which the temper & situation of the Western people bind them to us. It is but reasonable that they should be alarmed\u2014that they should doubt our justice and regard for those rights, which, whether the eastern or western people are the claimants, are not to be dispensed with, or infringed. Tis manifest that such doubts and Apprehensions have been excited by the measures of Congress, and it is very certain that the hesitation about the new Constitution in that quarter arose in a greater part from those causes, than from any faults they found in it as a System of Government. Besides the obligations of justice and liberty, which must govern the Administrators of our affairs in every place, and with every part of our Citizens there is another light in which the Western people must be viewed, which should be most seriously considered. They alone are possibly to be converted into powerful neighbouring enemies. The Northern country of G. Britain is so bound up for a great part of the Year, its soil is so bad in one part and its Government in another, that little is to be feared from that quarter. The Climate & soil of the Floridas, and the civil & religious objections to the Spanish Government with the difficult approach of the Mouth of the Missisipi and the want of enterprize & policy in that court leave little ground of Apprehension from them. But the Western Country if seperated from us, in close connexion with either, especially the latter, would expose the remainder of the Union to a very troublesome & growing Enemy.\nAs these considerations impress our Minds wth. the necessity of keeping them not only friendly but connected with us in Government, it seems a very important Object in our Affairs to devise the most likely Methods of allaying their fears, reviving their confidence and encreasing their Attachments to the Union; and at the same [time] to establish our plans in such a way that we may draw revenue from them. All these Appear to me practicable.\nTo allay their fears we must candidly examine the conduct that has offended them\u2014and frankly give them efficient securities for our refraining from such Attempts in future. A part of the ideas in the 2d. division of the 7th. Amendment of Virginia might perhaps be safely modified and adopted, if the subject of Amendments is touched. A Majority of every legislature in the Union would I am of Opinion ratify such an Amendment should Congress send it forward. Frankly to remove fears and do justice always revives confidence & encreases affection\u2014and I am satisfied the measure proposed would have that effect in an eminent degree on a people governed exceedingly by their feelings, and whose situation seperates them from all the world but their relatives on the one hand, & two powers whom they either despise or dislike on the other. The measures that we should next pursue are those which while they will encrease their prospects of profit from their lands will support our commerce & manufactures by diverting their produce from the Gulf of Mexico and the St. Laurence to the ports of the Union. A very influencial thing in that country would be the support of regular posts to facilitate the interchange of political, commercial & family letters & communications. The same language, religion, habits, theory & practice of Government &ca. will always render these communications very influential in the Western Country, but the most useful measure to them which we can pursue, and at the same time the most beneficial to us, is to join the Navigation of the Atlantic Rivers to those of the Missisipi, the Lakes & the St. Laurence, by clearing our rivers to their heads, cutting canals, or establishing roads at the several portages. The Rivers Penobscot, Ameriscoggin, Merimack, Connecticut River, Hudson The Mohawk, The Susquehannah, The Potowmack, James River, The Roanoke, the Santee, Pedee, Savannah & Altimaha may all be improved exceedingly and to places that approach the waters of the St Lawrence, the Lakes, and the Missisipi, to which they may be connected by good roads, perhaps in some instances by canals. These improvements will enable them to send us their produce\u2014and will enable us to send them our manufactures & importations\u2014the first charged with excises, if we lay them, the last with impost which it is agreed by all should be substituted for direct taxes in a very great degree\u2014or as far as it can be prudently carried. Our market for European & W. & E India goods will be greater, more various, more easily supplied & of course lower than either that of Canada, or New Orleans. The activity and enterprize of our people will be greater than theirs especially the Spaniards\u2014and of course, if we steadily & vigourously exert ourselves to open these Communications, we shall secure most and indeed I trust nearly all their import trade and a great part of their exports. I have no doubt also that the interior colonists of Spain and England on this continent will take many goods from us, thus supporting Our trade, our manufactures, & system of Revenue; and this as observed on a former occasion is a strong Argument for prefering Revenue by impost to direct taxation. I will confess to you that when I first turned my thoughts to this Subject, that while I decidedly disapproved of unjust or unkind Measures towards the Western people, I doubted whether the expence, trouble &ca. of promoting a people, whom I saw we could not tax would ever be repaid. But the importance of keeping them out of the hands of our enemies, the hold we shall have of their produce by our roads, rivers & canals, & the money we shall draw from them as consumers of goods dutied at our threshold, in the manner explained above are circumstances that, it appears to me on maturer reflexion, should, determine us to promote their interests with decision and firmness.\nI have been respectably informed within a few days that Col. Morgan received Money of Mr. G. prior to his leaving Jersey. The intimates of his family there & in this city are satisfied it is so, both from Appearances, & from Conversation, that without being confidential, has fal\u2019n from them. Tis certain he has wanted Money for many years. Tis certain he has it now, tho he was obliged in 1787 or 1788 to part with the farm he lived on to settle an account. It is a matter of some alarm that so pure a character as Col. Morgan once was, a man so firmly & warmly attached to the interests of this Country should, without consulting any of its friends, embark in a plan like his\u2014and it does not lessen the alarm that there is an appearance of foreign funds among the inducements which have influenced him, & the means which have enabled him to conduct his enterprize.\nUnless some further ideas occur to you in which I can be of use it will be unnecessary to trouble yourself with answering this letter, which I have addressed to you because I know your views of the Subject, and your optys of rendering it, as far as it is capable, of public Utility. I am, dear Sir, with very great esteem & regard\u2014yr. respectful h. Servt.\nTench Coxe\nBefore I left Congress, Mr. Muhlenberg, who had arrd. in New York requested me to send him some Remarks upon the Subject of Manufactures. As they are connected with the hints I sent you concerning the Impost I wish you would take the trouble to ask him to shew them to You. All these things, before acting upon them, should be very strictly examined.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0069", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Swanwick, 22 April 1789\nFrom: Swanwick, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 22. 1789\nThis Letter will I expect be presented to you by my Brother in Law Mr. James B. Nickolls of Portsmouth in Virginia who goes to New york with a view of solliciting the appointment of Collector of Customs at Norfolk in the State of Virginia.\nHe is a very worthy Amiable Young man perfectly well qualified for the office in every respect, and as such I can freely recommend him, appealing also in these respects to the Honble Mr. Fitzsimmons Member of the House of Representatives, with whom Mr. Nickolls was educated and who can certainly give the best Accounts of him, as will also Col. Parker of the same House of Representatives and of late Naval Officer at Norfolk who is well acquainted with his abilities & diligence in Business. If you can be of service to him I shall consider it as a great obligation conferred upon me & I do really believe the office will be filled entirely to the publick benefit & satisfaction.\nExcuse the Trouble thus given You and be assured of my diligence on all occasions to evince myself Your very sincere friend & very hble Servant\nJ Swanwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0070", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Pleasants, Jr., 23 April 1789\nFrom: Pleasants, Thomas, Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nRaleigh 23d. April 1789\nI had the pleasure of writing to you in last Month by Colo. Wm Heth. This you will receive by Mr William Vannerson, who hath for some time been engaged by Mr Ross, and myself in the settlement of our affairs; and now visits New-York upon business with Mr William Hunter jr of Alexandria, Who hath been for some time past in that City: it is of importance to us, and as Mr Hunter is well known, and is probably no stranger to you, I have thought that your friendly interposition might prevent Measures no less painful to Mr Ross, and myself, than they may in their Consequenses, be inconvenient and prejudicial to him. This Consideration alone has induced me to trouble you with Matters of a private Nature; when I am sensible that your Mind is fully occupied with business of great National Importance.\nMr Vannerson will explain to you his business, and both Mr Ross, and myself will in a particular Manner be obliged by your friendly advice to him. I am, with great Regard Your obliged & Mo obt st.\nThomas Pleasants jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0071", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 23 April 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg April 23. 1789.\nI was this morning favored with yours of the 12th. instant, as I had been many weeks before with your other from Alexa. I did not recollect, that I had omitted to acknowledge the receipt of the latter until you expressed a doubt of its miscarriage.\nI confess, it strikes me, as expedient, that a temporary arrangement of impost should be made. The merchants, (I am told and I believe with truth) give their bonds at Norfolk as usual; but subjoin a caveat against payment, until the f\u0153deral claims, which came into existence on the first wednesday in March, shall be adjusted. Delay is therefore ruinous to the state and general government. To the former; because if it be intitled to what has arisen since that day, tardiness in collection is a real evil; to the latter; because if the fixing of duties be postponed, until a large sum shall become due, and congress should assert their right to them with effect, a new topic of clamor will be urged against it.\nWhat wisdom a priori is equal to a nice comparison, immediately and suddenly to be made, between the relative interests of the different members of the Union? The recommendations of 1783 are indeed worthy of attention, as being palateable to every State now associated. But it would be hardiness to assert, that it is worthy of perpetual force. If the character of the government is likely to be established by its first measures, ought it to be hazarded upon those, as permanent, which may be prepared in a hurry, unaided by the lights of practice?\nI have learnt nothing of the elections. It was said, but I am confident without foundation, that Mr. H\u2014\u2014y refused a seat in the next assembly. Mr. Dawson is elected with Mr. John Willis, as his colleage. Colo. Mercer, I hear, has returned to Virginia, as His changeable abode.\nIt has become a serious question, whether the general ought to have accepted. He appears to have left Mount Vernon the second day after Thompson arrived. Had he been forewarned of his appointment by any members of the senate, while that body was unorganized? Yrs. Mo. afftely\nE. Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0072", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [24 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Formal consideration of the Committee of the Whole report was now before the House. Several representatives argued that the proposed fifteen-cent duty on Jamaica rum was too high.\nMr. Madison. The question is not whether the whole scale of duties agreed to in the committee shall be reduced, but whether the particular duty on the article of spirit; I will not differ with the gentlemen altogether, and say that none of the subsequent articles are too high to be collected with certainty, but I am not convinced by any thing yet said, that 15 cents per gallon is too much to be laid upon spirit of Jamaica proof. The gentleman from New-York says the example of the states has proved that high duties are not expedient, and that this article does not correspond with the rate they have fixed to it. The state governments, no doubt, collected what duty they thought best, but it does not follow that the general government cannot collect more than the state governments have done. The people adopted the new constitution, I believe under an universal expectation that we should collect higher duties\u2014we must do this, I believe, if we mean to avoid direct taxation, which was always a mean of revenue in the particular states. But with respect to what the states have judged expedient to be derived from this source, let us turn to authentic acts; they will neither deceive nor mislead us. We find in Massachusetts one-sixth of a dollar laid some years ago\u2014if it did not succeed, was it not owing to the inauspicious policy of the neighbouring states? In Pennsylvania, the consumer of rum pays to government 10d. a gallon.\nThe same gentleman has said that our laws ought to be such as to execute themselves, and not depend upon the support of the people; now I cannot descern how the law can execute itself without the support of the people, therefore I think it right to place the dependence where I have imagined it will be well supported. It was also remarked that smuggling depraves the morals of the people\u2014if we are to consider the effect of our laws in this point of view, (laying aside the corruption which the general use of rum occasions) let us consider what will be the effect of a deficiency in the revenue by the proposed reduction of the impost; and no gentleman has suggested a substitute for this defalcation, nor no gentleman pretends that we shall raise more than we want. What then will be the consequence? Lessening the impost will prevent the government from performing its engagements, and doing justice to its creditors. Have we not seen the turpitude of such conduct and the consequent contamination of morals? Examine both sides, and say which of these evils is most to be depricated.\nBut if people are disposed to enter into a system of smuggling, they will find a better interest in running fine goods with only 5 or 10 per cent. than in such a bulky and inconvenient article as rum, at 30 per cent. A worthy gentleman from Connecticut (Mr. Wadsworth) suspects there is not money enough in the country to pay the duties; if there is any dearth of money, let us take measures to prevent the importation of rum, and then we may get money for our produce and soon supply the vacancy. I cannot believe the virtue of our citizens is so weakly fortified as not to resist the impression which a seeming interest may make\u2014their conduct under the British government in the article of smuggling, is no proof to me of a natural disposition to evade a just tax; they conceived themselves at that time oppressed by a nation in whose councils they had no share, and the resistance on this principle was justified to their consciences; but as the case is altered, so that each has an equal voice in every regulation, I do not despair of a great revolution in sentiment in this particular, when it is known and understood that the man who wounds the honour of his country, by a baseness in defrauding the revenue, only exposes his neighbours to further and greater impositions. Under this impression, I trust the great body of the people will unite and drive out smuggling from our country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0073", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Bingham, 25 April 1789\nFrom: Bingham, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDr sir,\nPhilada April 25 1789.\nI will make no Apology to you for the small Portion of Time that the Perusal of this letter may claim from more valuable Avocations.\nBy Letters I have received from Europe, I am induced to think that Strong Impressions on the public Mind, will be made by the first legislative Acts of Congress, which will display in Some Measure, the Character of our new Government.\nI am afraid we Shall be compelled to perform what to other Nations, whose characters are well established, might be deemed Works of Supererogation, in order to regain the Credit we have lost.\nI wish Some Mode could be adopted to express the sentiments of Congress on Some of the capital Points of legislative Attention, as well as on those political Virtues, which dignify, adorn & aggrandize a Nation.\nThey would be translated & published in all the Languages of Europe, & would be very instrumental in increasing our freinds & detaching our Enemies.\nI remember well, (when in Europe,) that General Washington\u2019s Circular Letter became the common Topic of Conversation, & the most favorable Opinions were formed of the growing Importance of a Country, where Such Sentiments of good Government prevailed.\nI think the Arrival of the President would furnish an opportunity, in a congratulatory Address, of announcing the Views of Congress to adhere to Such Principles, as can alone do honor to the Councils of a Country. Such a Measure would not be novel. Various Instances occur in the History of England, of a display of Such Sentiments in King\u2019s Speeches from the Throne, & the Replies of Parliament thereto. They have an excellent Tendency in giving Confidence to the People in the Administration of their Affairs, & inspire Foreigners with Respect & Reverence for the Government. I am with much Regard & Esteem Dr Sir Your obed hble st\nWm Bingham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0074", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [25 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   A fifteen-cent duty on Jamaica rum was approved. The House then took up the twelve-cent duty on other spirits. Smith (Maryland), in order to introduce the principle of discrimination between treaty and nontreaty countries, moved for a six-cent per gallon duty on French brandy (Gazette of the U.S., 29 Apr. 1789).\nMr. Madison. Discriminations however small may have a good political effect; even a difference of 1 cent on brandy may have a tendency to advance the interest of the United States. I differ essentially from the gentleman from New-York (Mr. Lawrance) on the subject of preference. I think we have a great deal in our power by this policy, if we make a right use of it. I wish to teach those nations who have declined to enter into commercial treaties with us, that we have the power to extend or withhold advantages as their conduct shall deserve. If the situation of our country and our public wants admitted the experiment; I should interdict the importation of rum altogether, until we should be allowed to carry to the West India islands, in our own vessels, the produce of America, which necessity compels them to take. In any case, where we have made a treaty to open all our ports to the vessels of a nation without stipulating for reciprocal advantages, I agree we must abide by it, but where we have entered into no stipulations I would give no encouragement, unless equal advantages were obtained on our side. We have now the power to avail ourselves of our natural superiority, and I am for beginning with some manifestation of that ability, that foreign nations may or might be taught to pay us that respect which they have neglected on account of our former imbecility. This language and these sentiments are the language and sentiments of our constituents; the great political revolution now brought about, by the organization of the new government, has its foundation in these sentiments. Sensible of the selfish policy which actuated a nation long disposed to do all she could to discourage our commercial operations, the states singly attempted to counteract her nefarious schemes; but finding their separate exertions ineffectual, with an united voice they called for a new arrangement, constituted to concenter, conduct, and point their powers, so as to obtain that reciprocity which justice demands. The arrangement has taken place, and though gentlemen may contend, that we are not at this moment prepared to use it in the latitude I could wish; yet let them concur in doing what shall indicate, that on a proper occasion we dare exert ourselves in defeating any measure which commercial policy shall offer hostile to the welfare of America\u2014The mere shewing such a disposition at this time may have a good effect. I believe such a discrimination as is proposed will be a manifestation of that disposition; but perhaps a less discrimination may effect the business as well as a large one; if so, I would rather brandy should be reduced 2 or 3 cents below the West-India rum, and then the revenue would be but little diminished, and the consumption could not be supposed to encrease considerably.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 136\u201337 (also reported fully in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 27 Apr. 1789, and Gazette of the U.S., 29 Apr. 1789).\n   Laurance argued that a discrimination in favor of treaty partners would decrease customs revenue in order to pay tribute to the principal United States ally\u2014France.\nMr. Madison. I did not rightly comprehend the gentleman who has just sat down, when he supposed the discrimination which is moved for, to be merely the payment of a tax or tribute to our allies, and therefore cannot reply particularly to what I did not comprehend; but I acknowledge with pleasure the services America derived from that nation, and I admit the justice of the debt we owe her; but I never meant that the preference we are inclined to shew her in common with nations with which we have commercial treaties, should be considered as a tribute to our allies\u2014I consider it rather as a lesson to those powers that are not within that description. If it reduces the revenue, it is a good object so far as the reduction goes\u2014if it is reduced one or two cents, it will have no sensible effect upon the amount of the duties collected from distilled spirits. In Virginia, brandy from France, imported in either French or American bottoms, is clear of duty whilst the duty on rum is 6d. per gallon that money; there has not, however, been imported more than 10,000 gallons annually till very lately, and now it amounts to but 12,000, while the quantity of West-India rum is from 5 to 600,000\u2014this tends to shew the proportion the two articles bear to each other, and the effect it would have on the revenue. The gentleman supposes that a difference of one or two cents will change the consumption from rum to brandy, but commercial people do not suddenly alter their operations; beside, the habits and prejudices of the community are not easily removed, the habit of using rum is so fixed, that it will perhaps take more than a century to change it to another object\u2014hence the evil which the gentleman contemplates as resulting from the present measure, must be remote indeed. But I am clearly of opinion, that a discrimination will have the most salutary effects; it will redound both to the honour and interest of America, to give some early token of our capacity and disposition to exert ourselves to obtain a reciprocity in trade.\nLet us review the policy of Great Britain toward us; has she ever shewn any disposition to enter into reciprocal regulations? Has she not by a temporising policy plainly declared, that until we are able and willing to do justice to ourselves, she will shut us out from her ports and make us tributary to her? Have we not seen her taking one legislative step after another, to destroy our commerce? Has not her legislature given discretionary powers to the executive, that so she might be ever on the watch, and ready to seize every advantage the weakness of our situation might expose? Have we not reason to believe she will continue a policy void of regard to us, whilst she can continue to gather into her lap the benefits we feebly endeavour to withhold, and for which she ought rather to court us by an open and liberal participation of the commerce we desire? Will she not, if she finds us indecisive in counteracting her machinations, continue to consult her own interest as heretofore? If we remain in a state of apathy, we do not fulfil the object of our appointment; most of the states in the union have, in some shape or other, shewn symptoms of disapprobation of British policy; those states have now relinquished the power of continuing their systems, but under an impression that a more efficient government would effectually support their views. If we are timid and inactive we disappoint the just expectations of our constituents, and I venture to say, we disappoint the very nation against whom the measure is principally directed.\nIt has been said, that Great-Britain receives all the produce of this country in our own bottoms. I believe that in some ports of that kingdom our vessels are admitted, but those in the West-Indies, into which we want admission most, are closely barred against us; but the reason that she admits us, is because it is necessary to repay herself for her exports to this country, and to constitute herself a market for this and the European nations. Adventitious causes have drawn within the commercial vortex of her policy, almost all the trade of America, and the productions of the most distant clime, consumed among us, are tributary to her revenue; as long therefore as we do not protect ourselves and endeavor to restore the stream of commerce to its natural channel, we shall find no relaxation on the part of Britain, the same obnoxious policy will be pursued while we submissively bear the oppression. This is a copious subject, and leads to serious and important reflections. After what has passed, I am certain that there is a disposition to make a discrimination, to teach the nations that are not in alliance with us, that there is an advantage to be gained by the connection: To give some early symptom of the power and will of the new government to redress our national wrongs, must be productive of benefit. We soon shall be in a condition, we now are in a condition, to wage a commercial warfare with that nation. The produce of this country is more necessary to the rest of the world than that of other countries is to America. If we were disposed to hazard the experiment of interdicting the intercourse between us and the powers not in alliance, we should have overtures of the most advantageous kind tendered by those nations. If we have the disposition, we have abundantly the power to vindicate our cause; let us but shew the world that we know justly how to consider our commercial friends and commercial adversaries. Let us shew, that if a war breaks out in Europe, and is extended and carried on in the West-Indies, that we can treat with friendship and succour the one, while we can shut the other out of our ports. By these favors, without entering into the contest, or violating the law of nations, or even the privilege of neutrals, we can give the most decided advantage.\nI will not enlarge on this subject; but it must be apparent to every gentleman, that we possess natural advantages which no other nation does; we can therefore with justice stipulate for a reciprocity in commerce. The way to obtain this is by discrimination; and therefore, though the proposed measure may not be very favorable to the nations in alliance, yet I hope it will be adopted for the sake of the principle it contains. I should rather be in favor of a small discrimination than a large one, on purpose to avoid the loss of revenue which any how in this article will be but trifling.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 139\u201342 (also reported fully in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 27 Apr. 1789; reported briefly in Gazette of the U.S., 29 Apr. 1789). The original motion for six cents on French brandy was modified to twelve cents on Jamaica rum and ten cents on other spirits imported from countries having a commercial treaty with the U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0076", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [28 April] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Goodhue, Gerry, and Thatcher of Massachusetts objected to the six-cent duty on molasses as ruinous to the Massachusetts fishing industry and rum distillers and burdensome to the poor.\nMr. Madison. I shall make no observation, Mr. Speaker, upon the language of the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Thatcher) because I do not conceive it expresses either the deliberate temper of his own mind, or the good sense of his constituents. I am more inclined to try this measure by the rule of justice, than on the imaginary effects which gentlemens apprehension fear it will produce. I do not find from what has been said, yesterday or this morning, that the arguments have taken a different turn, or that the opposition is supported on any other principles than it was on a former debate; the subjects that were before discussed have been repeated and amplified, but no new matter has offered, nothing has been said to invalidate the former decision of the committee; we are told again that the consequence of so high a duty on molasses, will be the destruction of one part of our commerce important to our allies, and essential to a considerable manufacture, that without this branch of commerce our fisheries cannot be carried on. I should have supposed that, in order to make good this doctrine, the gentlemen in opposition ought to have shewn what disadvantage the manufacture of rum would be exposed to greater than it used to be when the molasses stood clear of duty, but had the competition of West-India rum also without duty. I find before the revolution, that the quantity of molasses annually imported, amounted to 3,580,144 gallons\u2014the quantity of rum manufactured within the same period was 2,534,252 gallons\u2014at this time West-India rum was subjected to no duty, and molasses paid one penny sterling per gallon, nearly equal to three cents, or half the present duty. Now if the manufacture was carried on with profit (and the extent of it proves that it was productive) when it had to contend with a duty of 15 per cent. on the value of the raw material, against a superior liquor imported duty free, is it to be imagined that this trade is to be destroyed by a duty only double on molasses, when the competition is supported by an impost, 50 fold of what it was before, against foreign rum? I think it can be demonstrated from calculation, that if the duty was extended to 15 cents per gallon, it would still receive encouragement superior to what it had before the revolution. If we compare the state of the manufacture since the revolution, we shall find it labouring under greater disadvantages than what can arise from the proposed duty. In almost all the states it has been considered and treated as foreign rum, yet even under the disadvantage which this must have occasioned, we find that the exportation to the several parts of the United States amount annually to 5 or 600,000 gallons\u2014a certain proof that it is able to carry on a successful competition in America with West-India rum, without the aid of government; and that the preference given by this revenue system, and by the new constitution which permits its free entry into every state, will enable the manufacture to rise into an importance hitherto unknown to it.\nWe are told that molasses is not merely used in the distilleries, but that it enters into the subsistance of the inhabitants as an article of food, and that in this light it bears harder upon the poor than upon the rich; I will not deny but the consumption of molasses in substance is greater in the eastern states than in the others; but I do presume that this disproportion of consumption is productive of an equalization in the system: If we compare the consumption of the northern and southern states, as it respects the articles of sugar and molasses, we shall find that the duty on molasses does not bear harder upon the one than sugar does upon the other; for reduce a gallon of molasses to weight, in order to make the comparison fairly, you will find it weighing at least 8 lb.; now 8 lb. of this article taxed at 6 cents cannot be so much as 8 lb. of sugar at 1 cent per lb. so that on the ground of equality, I do not see there is any room for the opposition to maintain themselves. It has been said that the duty will be burthensome on the merchants, and require greater capitals than they possess, or will necessarily lessen their operations; there may be some weight in this consideration, but let me ask the gentlemen if it does not apply to our duties in general; but will they say, that the objection is sufficient to deter us from this mode of taxation? I apprehend it will not be said, because it has been constantly admitted in this house, that although it is an inconvenience, yet it is such an one as must be submitted to, to avoid a greater, either we must derive a revenue from this source, or take a mode much more exceptionable.\nBut how will it affect the fisheries? It is said that if rum is indirectly taxed through molasses, it will ruin this interest, yet at the same time the state of Massachusetts collects near 17 cents per gallon from rum; then there must be a draw-back allowed on what is consumed in that business; but I am informed there is no draw-back allowed, so that the fisheries at present labour under greater discouragement from the policy of Massachusetts, than they will be exposed to from the policy of the United States. The gentlemen have told us that the duty cannot be collected, from a supposition that the officers will neglect their duty, or that the high impost furnished such a temptation that the people cannot with-stand it, and must of consequence engage in an illicit trade; if this supposition is warrantable, how can the duty affect the fisheries? If it is not warrantable can it be supposed that a duty of three-fourths of a cent on a lb. of sweetening in the form of molasses, will mortally affect the terms on which the fishermen carry on their business; and will it contribute to the success of other nations engaged in the same employment? When gentlemen so repeatedly tell us, it will be impossible to guard against smuggling, I own it has some impression on my mind; I fear we shall encounter difficulties in this part of our regulations, but I trust they will not be greater, as they respect the collection of a duty on molasses than on other articles\u2014the bulk and weight of which, added to the smallness of its value, will rather deter people from engaging in a clandestine trade of this kind, than almost any other; I believe more just apprehensions may be entertained with respect to tea, a lb. of which is taxed at 20 cents. I do not therefore conceive that the arguments drawn from the danger of smuggling molasses are of an insuperable nature.\nIt has been suggested to the house, that there would be more propriety and convenience in substituting an excise in lieu of part of the impost duty; for my part I consider such a tax inexpedient if not impolitic; it will not be necessary to go into a discussion of its expediency, for it is a question not before the house; it will be time enough to enter upon the subject when it has been proved by experience that the impost is ineffectual. At present I will content myself with observing, that an excise, in my opinion, would be received with indignation in some parts of the union, and it is not for this government to disgust any of its citizens if it can be avoided.\nIt has been said, that the duty agreed to by the committee is higher than has been laid by any particular state upon molasses. Granted, but are gentlemen unacquainted with this circumstance; all the rum imported from New-England into those states were subjected to a heavy duty, and the duty on the rum answered the purpose which the committee had in contemplation when they agreed to 6 cents per gallon on molasses. The states have now disqualified themselves from this mean of self defence; if the general government therefore does not defend them they will be abandoned altogether, to the effects of a torrent poured in upon them by the Massachusetts distillers. Surely gentlemen who are in favor of reducing the impost on molasses, do not consider the effect it will have upon the revenue; when it stands at 6 cents it leaves a bounty of several cents to favor a competition with West-India rum. We have been witnesses to the great quantity manufactured even when the raw material had a high duty upon it, and had to contend with foreign rum which was duty free. I have no doubt but under this favorable regulation the manufacture will encrease; if the duty shall be reduced we bid fair to lose the great revenue we expect from West-India rum, and have its place supplied with a baser spirit. Thus the interests of 3,000,000 of our fellow citizens are to be sacrificed to the establishment of a few distilleries.\nIf on a general view of the system, gentlemen had proved that Massachusetts would be injured, they might with propriety contend for the reduction of this article; but I think I can say with truth, and support the position, that that end of the continent will not bear a greater proportion of the public burthen than the other\u2014there are, as has been often remarked before, parts of this system which bear harder upon some states than others, but take the whole together the duties will not be unequal; those states that raise less produce, export less, consequently they import less, and consume in the same proportion\u2014if so, they must pay less impost than other states. It is on these principles I contend against a reduction of the duty, and I think the house upon a strict examination of the subject, will be found to have shewn a great degree of liberality to their eastern brethren, when they were satisfied with carrying the impost on molasses no higher than 6 cents.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 156\u201360 (also reported in Gazette of the U.S., 2 May 1789).\n   Thatcher had remarked: \u201cSuppose a member from Massachusetts was to propose an impost on negroes; what would you hear from the southern gentlemen, if 50 dollars was the sum to be laid? and yet this is not more than the proportion laid upon molasses\u201d (Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 153).\n   Ames had spoken against the molasses duty, mainly in reply to JM\u2019s previous remarks.\nMr. Madison. The gentleman from Massachusetts has endeavoured to prove that no advantage the general government can give to New England rum, will bring it into use; he proves this by the observations I made the other day relative to the effect produced in Virginia, where French brandy is imported in certain vessels free of duty; I shall add nothing more on this point than stating what is well known to be the case. In Virginia the habits of the people are so strong in favor of rum, both foreign and domestic, that it requires the greatest exertion to change them; they consume vast quantities of this article; if we lay the duty low, the more of it will come within their power, and the transition from one kind of rum to another is more easy.\nIt was asked, if the business of distillation was able to support itself under the discouragement of government, why it would not do as well when it received encouragement? To this it was replied, that some of the channels of the trade are dried up, and some obstacles now occur in procuring the raw material. But is not the population of the United States encreased? And is not the home market daily extending by natural means? What then is to be expected from the encouragement given but an enlarged demand? But after all the embarrassments which the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Ames) has detailed, it does not appear that the number of distilleries are lessened; nor did we hear any thing in reply to the observation I made respecting the use of this article in the fisheries; can they suffer more under the policy of the United States than what they are subjected to by the state of Massachusetts? The hardships which our regulations expose them to, are not greater than those of every other part of the continent.\nAnother argument was urged to shew, that the state of Massachusetts did not contribute in proportion to other states. It was stated, that where the produce was small, the exports and imports were in the same proportion. Compare the imports of Massachusetts with those of Virginia, and you will find they do not exceed one-third of what the latter amounts to; then of consequence, under a system of impost, they do not pay in proportion either to their population or representation. The southern states import many articles which the eastern states do not, many things that are necessary to the poor, and why may we not with equal justice colour our reasoning by a description of our sufferings? May not public exclamations be excited, and the children, for want of clothes, be taught to breathe a vindictive spirit? But let me ask gentlemen, why these apprehensions for one part of the union more than the other? Are the northern people made of finer clay? Do they respire a clearer air? Do their breasts burn with a more generous ardor for their rights as men, or for their country\u2019s happiness and glory? Are they the chosen few? Are all others to be oppressed with accumulated burthens, and they to take their course easy and unrestrained? No; I trust the general government will equally affect all; they were instituted for the protection [of] all, and it is expected they will accomplish the end for which they were appointed; but it can only be done by acts of justice and impartiality, and on this ground I rest the decision to the house.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 166\u201367 (also reported briefly in Gazette of the U.S., 2 May 1789). The duty on molasses remained at six cents. The House on this day completed consideration of the committee\u2019s report, except for the tonnage clauses, which were postponed. The House resolutions on impost duties are printed in DHFCLinda Grant De Pauw et al., eds., Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America (3\n        vols. to date; Baltimore, 1972\u2014)., III, 35\u201337.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0077", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Walker, 29 April 1789\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 29 April 1789. Calendared in the lists probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). The two-page letter was offered for sale in the Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 694 (1892), which listed items from the McGuire collection of JM\u2019s papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0079", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 3 May 1789. Acknowledged in JM to Pendleton, 17 May 1789. The list probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany) notes that Pendleton wrote a two-page letter to JM from Virginia on this day. The summary reads: \u201cOrganization of the new government. Mr. Madison\u2019s proposition for making provision for revenue. Virginia\u2019s disqualifying act. Anti-federal State Elections. Mr Henry.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0080", "content": "Title: Tonnage Duties, [4 May] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Before this day\u2019s debate began, JM gave notice that on 25 May he would introduce the subject of amendments. \u201cHe thought it necessary thus early to mention the business, as it was weighty and important\u201d (Gazette of the U.S., 6 May 1789). The postponed tonnage clauses were then taken up. Laurance moved to strike out the discrimination between countries having a commercial treaty with the United States and those that did not.\nMr. Madison. I conceive, Mr. Speaker, that we must consider this as a general question involving these points\u2014How far it is expedient, at this time, to make a discrimination between foreign nations and the United States, for the purpose of promoting and accelerating the improvement of the American navigation? And how far it is expedient to make such a discrimination between foreigners, as may induce them to permit us to extend our own navigation on principles of reciprocity? For I imagine these subjects will be found to be connected. The arguments offered against the measure are founded on a maxim of impolicy. It is stated, that as we have not got vessels enough of our own to transport the produce of the country, and as this produce sells low, we ought not to enter into regulations that will encrease the price of freight; the plain meaning of which I take to be, let us employ those vessels that will do our business cheapest, making no kind of discrimination whatever: If this argument has weight it goes against discriminating in favor of our own shipping. I admit, that laying 50 cents on foreign vessels and but six on our own, is a regulation by which the owners of American shipping will put a considerable part of the difference into their pockets. This, Sir, I consider as a sacrifice of interest to policy; the sacrifice is but small, but I should not contend for it, if we did [not] stand in need of maritime improvements; was it not for the necessity we are under of having some naval strength, I should be an advocate for throwing wide open the doors of our commerce to all the world, and making no kind of discrimination in favor of our own citizens. But we have maritime dangers to guard against, and we can be secured from them no other way, than by having a navy and seamen of our own; these can only be obtained by giving a preference. I admit it is a tax, and a tax upon our produce, but it is a tax we must pay for the national security. I reconcile it to the interest of the United States, that this sacrifice should be made; by it we shall be able to provide the means of defence, and by being prepared to repel danger, is the most likely way to avoid it: This tax therefore may prevent the horror of a war, and secure to us that respect and attention which we merit.\nI am a friend to the navigation of America, and shall be always ready to go as great lengths in favor of that interest as any gentleman on this floor. I have in contemplation to propose a distant time to be fixed, at which these high duties on tonnage shall begin to operate; by which means the interests of that part of the community, employing foreign shipping, will be unaffected for the present, and the other part will have time to encrease its tonnage, so as to answer for the transportation of the produce of all America.\nWith relation to the discrimination proposed to be made between foreigners, I think nothing new has been offered now\u2014it has not been denied, and therefore I take it to be tacitly admitted, that the public sentiments are friendly to such a discrimination as is proposed. I do not think it necessary therefore to relate particularly some facts which would have shewn that almost all the states in the union have manifested their opinion on this subject, and decide that a discrimination ought to be made, and ought to operate particularly on Great Britain. A discrimination of this kind first appeared in New-Hampshire, the influence of its example expanded the whole extent of the union, and state after state adopted regulations for the salutary purpose of checking a power that was monopolizing our trade\u2014but finding, from fatiguing experience, that their separate efforts were ineffectual, they united in forming the government under which we deliberate. I will not say only, that if in the first act of Congress we abolish this favorite distinction, we disappoint the expectations of the warmest friends and advocates of the constitution, but we shall also disappoint the expectations of its enemies and the people of Britain.\nThe policy manifested by that nation toward us since the revolution must evince to every thinking mind, the necessity of extending our commerce to other channels, and no longer suffer her to regulate and limit us in this particular: The policy of her parliament has been on the watch to seize every advantage which our weak and unguarded situation exposed; she has bound us in commercial manacles, and very nearly defeated the object of our independence.\nWe all know there was a time when Britain shewed a disposition to form the treaty we wish for; this resulted from an apprehension, that the United States possessed both the power and inclination to do themselves justice. The moment she discovered we had not the power to perform our contracts, her disposition changed. Now, for my part, I can discover no motive for that nation to alter its conduct; if now that we have the power we want the inclination. She will persevere in her selfish interest and narrow policy, to exclude us from a reciprocal share of trade; they will continue the ability to the executive magistrate to regulate the intercourse by circumstances as they arrive, but ever studious of their own interest alone. The gentleman from New-York seems to apprehend, that if we commence commercial hostilities, we shall suffer by reprisals. For my part, I am not afraid of suffering in the contest; her interests can be wounded almost mortally, while ours are invulnerable. She is sensible of this; and the people of America are not unacquainted with the natural advantages possessed over her\u2014if it was necessary, and means of a pacific nature were not immediately successful, America could defend herself. Suppose Great Britain not pleased with our regulation, but disposed to counteract and oppose us with other restrictions, and we proceed to do each other all the injury which commercial prohibitions can produce\u2014which, let me ask, of the parties are most vulnerable? How we could sustain our wounds I will not say; those who know our country well will have but little uneasiness on that head; but though I do not say how we could sustain our wounds, I can point out how we could inflict most deadly ones. If we were to say, that no article should be exported from America to the West-Indies, but what went in our own bottoms, we should soon hear a different language from any that has ever been held out to us on the subject of commercial regulations. It may be said, the British West-Indies could draw supplies from the mother country; but this is only precarious. There are always times when they must be dependent upon us, even for the necessary subsistance to save them from destruction.\nNow, let me ask, what article it is that we are dependent upon Great Britain for, that is necessary for our subsistance? If it be said there are articles of convenience we must have from her, I beg gentlemen to look round and observe, that those materials for manufactures which she supplies us with, and fabricates in the highest perfection, are to be found in the United States, and within these few years we have made rapid advances in manufacturing ourselves; this must eventually lessen the imports from Britain, and her independent situation arises from the flourishing condition of her manufactures and commerce; I have therefore no fears of entering in a commercial warfare with that nation. If fears are to be entertained they lay on the other side. I could go more largely into this subject, and demonstrate clearly that we have infinite advantages over her. Even at this moment we hear the cry of distress from one part of her dominions, which can only be relieved by the resources they have in this country. But I will not take up the time of the committee longer on this subject, nor dilate upon the nature and extent of the direct trade carried on between foreigners and us, and the circuitous one through Great Britain, from which she derives great advantages; nor shew the comparative motives we have for making a discrimination between her and other foreign nations. Whale oil is prohibited in Britain, at least subjected to a duty amounting to a prohibition; but it is admitted into France. I need not remark the value which we ought to set upon this part of our commerce\u2014fisheries are perhaps the best nurseries for seamen of any employment whatever. Rice is also an article received by them, and enters considerably into the consumption of the people; these articles are making their way through that country, and will open a considerable vent for the surplus that we have. In this point of view, it is important not to take any steps that check that spirit which seems disposed to favor the commerce and interests of America. Tobacco is also consumed in considerable quantities in France; undoubtedly it is our interest that a direct trade should be carried on with that kingdom in this article. Eighty or ninety thousand hogsheads of this article have been shipped to Great-Britain, of which scarce 15,000 are consumed there, the remainder is sent off to other countries, 20,000 hogsheads of this very tobacco is consumed in France; it is not the fault of our merchants that this supply does not go direct to that kingdom, as good policy would dictate. I need not repeat the advantages to be derived from a direct intercourse with those nations, whose inhabitants consume the staples of our country. I conceive where no special reason to the contrary exists, we may consider trade in its natural channel, when the articles are carried immediately to the consumer. Considering our trade in this point of view, a great part of ours is extremely diverted from the course it ought to pursue; but a small proportion of it flows in any other than in that between Great Britain and us; our policy therefore, as I stated on a former occasion, ought to be calculated to give it that impulse which nature directs. I wish that any general principle would permit us to make a distinction between Spain and Britain; but I do not know there is such a general principle; there is none in the possession of this house for us to avail ourselves of; we must consider Spain as a nation not having formed a treaty of commerce with us; if they are disposed to make such a treaty, they will only be subjected for a short time to the inconvenience which the proposed measure will inflict. Admitting that the duty on tonnage is not very agreeable to every part of the union, yet their momentary inconvenience must give way to considerations of greater importance. I have no reason to suppose, that the sense of the house will lead us to disagree to the measure. I have made these remarks, not because I thought they would influence the vote of any gentleman, but because I thought it decent to shew the principles upon which our determination is founded. I trust there will be a majority, and a large majority too, in favor of the proposed discrimination; indeed the question stands predetermined\u2014we have made a discrimination on the article of spirits upon the same principle\u2014it would be a violation of propriety therefore to suppose a contrary decision in this case.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 183\u201387 (also reported in Gazette of the U.S., 6 May 1789; reported briefly in N.Y. Daily Gazette, 5 May 1789).\n   According to the Daily Gazette, JM spoke \u201cwith animation\u201d during this debate.\nMr. Madison. I believe a few considerations that lay in a small compass, will be sufficient to guide us in our determination on the present occasion. Although it is an old maxim, that trade is better left to regulate itself; yet circumstances may and do occur to require legislative interference; the principles which have actuated us in laying the duties on several articles of impost are founded upon this necessity. Our commerce with France and Great Britain, may be considered in the same point of view: the one is depressed beyond what its nature deserves, and the other enhanced beyond its due proportion; the justice of this remark is too flagrant to be disputed. A considerable quantity of our produce goes through Great Britain into France; does not this demonstrate that our commerce flows in an improper channel, and calls loudly on us to give it a different direction. I think the good policy of fostering the trade of France cannot be doubted; we must make the other nation feel our power to induce her to grant us reciprocal advantages. Gentlemen will not contend, that we ought to allow her every thing, and trust to her gratitude; they say it is a slender obligation; for my part I have no hopes from that source; because I have all along observed her seizing to herself every advantage in commerce that presented to her view by all the ingenuity she could devise. Gentlemen admit, that we are now in a different situation from what we were when she declined entering into treaty with us, and they expect she will now come forward with generous offers. But permit me to ask gentlemen, if it is not the same thing whether we want the power or the will to compel them to do us commercial justice? Yet do not the gentlemens arguments tend to create an opinion that we have not the power? They teach us to be afraid of reprisals. If she really believes us to be afraid on this head, will she not act in the manner she has hitherto done when we really did not possess the power? When I hear remarks of this nature, the more convinced I am of the necessity there is of making a discrimination to convince her of our power, and make her see that her interest is concerned in being on terms of friendship with us. It will be the most likely way to obtain from her the advantages we contend for\u2014I have no doubt in my own mind but what it will have this effect. Can it be expected that she will shut her ports against us, when she re-exports the greater part of what she takes from us\u2014instance tobacco? Will she refuse to receive this article, when she does not consume the tenth part of what she carries from the United States? Will she shut her ports to the raw materials necessary for her manufactures? I think her dependence, as a commercial and manufacturing nation, is so absolutely upon us, that it gives a moral certainty that her restrictions will not, for her own sake, be prejudicial to our trade.\nGentlemen who fear any ill effect upon the agricultural interest, apprehend it from a supposition that the discrimination will be high. Now, I profess, it is not so much for a high duty as for the policy of the measure that I advocate it. I shall be content with a small preference, and surely no doubt can be entertained of its justice or propriety.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 194\u201395. Laurance\u2019s motion to eliminate the discrimination clause was defeated \u201cby a considerable majority\u201d (N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 5 May 1789).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0081", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James (Reverend)\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Col.May 5h 1789. Williamsburg\nMr. Peter Carr will deliver this. He has taken the opportunity of the Spring Vacation, to visit New York, but is apprehensive you may not immedy. recollect him, & has therefore desired me to notify him to you.\nI am greatly obliged for your Favour of the 19h. Apl., and am happy to find, you have not only entered upon the arduous Task of legislating for this extended Continent, but that there will be less Discordancy between the different Parties than might have been expected. I shd. suppose the Subject of Impost, will in the Progress of it\u2019s Discussion pretty fully evince how far the different States, can be brought to acquiesce in one general Plan of commercial Regulation, or perhaps in a National Government. But Doubts must now be laid aside; we are fairly in for the Experiment, & that should be made in its full Extent.\nMr. Ellicott, who is a particular Friend of mine, requested me to recommend him to yourself & the President, as a proper Person to succeed Mr Hutchins shd. the Post he holds, become vacant. I can assure you with great Truth, that I believe no one upon the Continent is better qualified to discharge the Duties of that office than Mr Ellicott. He is a Man of great Skill & Industry\u2014& who might be really useful in the office of Geog. Genl. We shd. by his Labours, I think stand the best Chance of obtaining the necessary Principles for a correct Map of those Parts of Ama. wh. he might visit, & whose Situations are as yet but imperfectly known. With the sincerest Wishes for your Happiness I am yr. affe.\nJ Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0082", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,New York May 5th 1789\nNotwithstanding the conviction I am under of the labour which is imposed upon you by Public Individuals as well as public bodies\u2014Yet, as you have began, so I would wish you to finish, the good work in a short reply to the Address of the House of Representatives (which I now enclose) that there may be an accordance in this business.\nThursday 12 O\u2019clock, I have appointed to receive the Address. The proper plan is with the House to determine. As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles. With affectionate regard I am, ever Yours\nGeo Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0084", "content": "Title: Tonnage Duties, [5 May] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Jackson moved to lower the proposed duty on vessels from nations having commercial treaties with the United States from thirty to twenty cents, pointing out the burden high tonnage duties placed on the agricultural exporting states of the South.\nMr. Madison. I believe every gentleman who hears the observations from the different quarters of this house, discovers great reason for every friend of the United States to congratulate himself upon the evident disposition, which has been displayed to conduct our business with harmony and concert.\nWe have evinced a disposition different from what was expected to arise from the different interests of the several parts of the union. I am persuaded that less contrariety of sentiment has taken place than was supposed by gentlemen, who did not chuse to magnify the causes of variance; every thing we have hitherto done, tends to make this evident; the importance of the union is justly estimated by all its parts; this being founded upon a perfect accordance of interest, it may become perpetual. I know that the point before us has often been selected as a proof, that there was an incompatibility of interests in the United States. On this opinion I beg leave to remark, that the difference in point of capacity in the several states to build ships, and furnish seamen, is much less than has generally been supposed. From the extremity of the northern states until we reach South-Carolina, materials of all sorts for ship-building can be obtained in abundance from the bounty of nature; even Georgia abounds with materials of superior quality; although their population disqualifies them for ship-building at present, yet their advantages are such as to enable them in a short time to rival the most prosperous state. In the next place, I may remark, that so far as the encouragement of our own shipping will be given, at the expence of the people of the United States, it will diffuse and equalize its operations in every part. The ships belonging to one place will, like the people, seek employment in another where better wages are obtained, and this in its operations will level any inequalities supposed to arise from legislative interference.\nWith respect to the particular article before the house, I do not think it requires the discussion that has been gone into. If we consider the small proportion of shipping belonging to nations in commercial alliance with the United States, a duty of 30 cents per ton will be found to affect, in a very small degree, the interest of any particular state; if it encreases a supply from that quarter, the burthen will lighten in proportion. With respect to the clause which follows, I have in view to make a proposition to obviate the complaints of the southern states. I mean that the duty shall be light until the 1st of January 1791, when it shall be encreased; this will give a considerable opportunity for those states that are able, to make gradual preparations to fill up the vacancy that will be left by the withdrawing of foreigners. The more I have been able to collect and compare facts, with respect to American and foreign shipping, the more I am persuaded that it is in our power, in a very short time, to supply all the tonnage necessary for our own commerce. It was said that the foreign tonnage consisted of two-thirds of what we employed; the facts before me warrant a result more favorable to the navigation of America. It appears from the returns of Massachusetts, that she employs in her commerce 76,857 tons of American, and but 8,794 foreign; New-York 55,000 American, and 30,000 foreign; Pennsylvania 44,089 tons of her own vessels, and 28,012 belonging to various other nations; Maryland gives employment to 35,671, 1\u20132 tons, the property of citizens of the United States, and 26,061, 1\u20132 belonging to foreigners; Virginia employs rather more foreign vessels, namely, 29,567 tons, and less American, viz. 26,705; South-Carolina has engaged in her trade 31,904 American, and 25,073 foreign; and Georgia employs but 6,500 American, and 13,500 foreign; so that, beside this latter, no state employs so great a proportion as two-thirds foreigners. New Hampshire, Connecticut, New-Jersey, and Delaware I have not been able to ascertain, but I think there is good reason to believe, that the proportion in those states is considerably in favor of American vessels. The tonnage employed in the seven states I have enumerated, amounts to 437,641 tons, of which 160,907 are all that is owned by foreigners. If I can draw any conclusion from this statement of facts, it is that we have a greater proportion of shipping than has been supposed. This circumstance, annexed to our capacity of encreasing the quantity of our tonnage, gives us a favourable presage of our future independence.\nIt has been said that the eastern states have not vessels to transport our produce. I believe, from a variety of circumstances, that the vessels of Massachusetts have not been so readily employed in the southern commerce as could be wished; this will perhaps continue to be the case, except our own citizens carry on our trade. At present it is almost exclusively in the hands of British merchants, and as long as their vessels are upon an equality with ours, they will naturally be inclined to give a preference to their own; but I hope to see this matter soon rectified, and the citizens of one state enabled to assist those of another and receive mutual benefits and advantages. To accomplish this, without doing an injury to any part of the union, I would propose to reduce the duty only to 25 cents, and encrease it at the end of the next year to 60 cents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0085", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Hawkins, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hawkins, Benjamin\nLetter not found. 5 May 1789. Acknowledged in Hawkins to JM, 1 June 1789. Encloses draft of the House of Representatives\u2019 address to President Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0087", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sirKentuckey May 8th. 1789\nIt was with great pleasure that I received the accounts of your election; this satisfaction has been made compleat by finding so great a majority of friends to the new Government in the list of members. Do not its enemies acknowledge this to be a sufficient evidence of the disposition and sentiments of the people at large? I am more fully satisfied every day that the opposition proceeded in a Great measure from a fear in particular characters of a loss of power and consequence. Upon what other principle can the difference in opinion between our legislature and the body of the people be accounted for: a difference the more remarkable as the opinion of the latter has been formed in opposition to all the influence of the former.\nI have adhered to the resolution I informed You I had made not to interfere in the politicks of this Country and shall steadily persist in it but think it not inconsistent with that line of conduct to state to you my observations and the information I have received as to the parties and real situation of this Country. It is stated in your papers that the leading men in this Country are for a total seperation from the union and that Mr. Brown is included in that number. They deny the charge and say that all they wished was that as Congress and our assembly had both declared that it was proper and necessary to indulge the district with a seperate government that the district should set their government in motion without waiting for the formal assent of Congress. They supposed that the district would be more likely to be received into the Union after such a step than on an application from her as a part of the state of Virginia and that they would have less to fear in that situation than in their present one from Northern Politicks. These are the sentiments sent to the district by Mr. Brown after Congress had referred the matter to the new Government and such as he now avows. Previous to the choice of this last Convention in the district an alarm had gone forth that those who were for assuming the powers of government immediately were also for a total seperation from the other states, and in consequence of it some of the leading characters were left out of the Convention altogether and others dropped the subject from a conviction that the district was at least too much divided in opinion to give any probability of success to such an attempt. They remained silent in the Convention and have continued so since. It is said that most of them are now opposed to a seperation from Virginia. They declare they are so from a dislike of the alterations introduced into the terms by the last act of Assembly but their enemies say it is only a pretext used to prevent a seperation by consent in order that they may pave the way for a total seperation. I beleive it is certain that it has been given out in the district that if this was an independent state spain would grant her the free use of the river and many other commercial advantages. A Colonel Connoily has also on the part of the British offered if a seperation should take place to afford this Country any aid she might require to assert her rights. These circumstances I think prove that the situation of this Country is critical and may require not only all her wisdom but that of the General Government to prevent her from getting into such a situation as may be finally prejudicial to both. I beleive a majority of the District wish a seperation from Virginia but to remain a member of the Union and I am satisfied that a few proper steps being taken by the General Government will make it more popular here than in any part of America.\nLet the proper steps to assert the right and procure the enjoyment of a free navigation be pursued. The right is unquestionable and no principle can justify the government in being silent about it. If the Delaware was blocked up would they not interfere?\nLet the General Government take the proper steps to defend the country from the Indians. The same expence that they are now at in the Western Country if properly applied would go a great way towards affecting it. No people will remain long under a Government which does not afford protection much less will they agree to live under one where an armed force is kept up but expressly forbid to attack their enemies even when coming to or returning from an attack on their country unless they actually commit hostilities on the troops themselves. Besides the disaffection which the with-holding this defence will cause here it will depopulate this country and carry most of the people to the Spanish settlements. It is not now the question whether the settlement in the western Country shall be encouraged but whether such steps shall be taken as will fill the Spanish territory with American Citizens. The emigration from this country to that is already alarming and unless greater security can be given to the settlements here there is no saying where it will stop. I know fifty families of Dutch who have been repeatedly driven by the Indians from their settlements, and are now living on rented land who are determined unless they can return with safety to their own land to go to the spanish Country where they are offered land and protection without paying for either. If this support was given effectually Congress would gain more by the advanced price they would obtain for their lands than their expences would amount to. It is falsely asserted by some that the inhabitants of this country are the aggressors in the disputes with the Indians; this is sufficiently disproved by the mischiefs always being done on our side of the Ohio.\nIf the federal Courts are to have Jurisdiction between Individuals let an inferior Tribunal be fixed here in such a way as will give content to the people. Mr. Brown will explain fully the necessity of this and I shall only add it as my opinion that if it is not adopted Kentuckey will renounce the government within three months from the time she gets the information.\nI fear that a proper idea as to the importance of this country has not yet been taken up. Be assured that no great length of time will elapse before her inhabitants will be more numerous than those of all the other parts of Virginia. Beleive too that the Western Country will all unite in demanding what I have stated above and that they will live under any Government to obtain them. These things if done will have the greater effect as the people here have been taught to beleive that they are to expect nothing but oppression and a sacrifice of their dearest rights from the new Government.\nLet me conjure you then my dear sir to exert yourself to obtain for us these reasonable demands. You know my attachment to the union but I declare freely to you if I am disappointed in my expectations from the justice and policy of the new Government that I shall be ready to join in any other Mode for obtaining our rights. That government which with-holds from us the necessary defence and suffers our most valuable rights to be taken from us by another nation has no right to expect our support.\nThese points are so essential to our well-being that all delays in establishing them will be dangerous. Recollect how willingly Great Britain would have acceded to the terms first demanded by America after she had in vain attempted to subjugate her. Reasonable terms when once rejected will not give satisfaction.\nYou may perceive that I am much attached to this Country indeed I think it the most eligible situation in our world for a man who has a numerous family to provide for and who can bring himself to sacrifice some of the gratifications of the palate to their welfare. The soil beggars all description and nothing is wanting but the just and proper aid of government and a turn given to the industry of the people towards manufactures. The first we look up to you for and the second we have in contemplation to attempt as you will learn from Mr. Brown. If the general government consider us as enemies or aliens, at least let us be treated as men and told what we have to expect from her. She may fix in her interest this people as one man who will always be ready to oppose any improper attempts that may be made by any other states. I may be too sanguine but I do not think any part of America can boast so large a proportion of independent men who will be desirous of giving up to government all necessary power and will ask at their hands nothing but what freemen and fellow-citizens have a right to demand.\nIn the state that I have given you of parties here, I have not neither do I mean to give any opinion of my own as to their intentions, it is sufficient I think to know that there is a possibility that danger may arise even if it has not taken place, to induce a wise Government to take the proper steps to guard against it: Here, timely applications may prevent, but none will be effectual enough to cure the disorder.\nI have not yet had leisure to consider your observations; as soon as I have I will write you on the subject. I am with every sentiment of respect and esteem Dear sir yr. obt. servt.\nG: Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0088", "content": "Title: Reply of the President to the House of Representatives, [8 May] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: House of Representatives\nGentlemen,[8 May 1789]\nYour very affectionate Address produces emotions which I know not how to express. I feel that my past endeavors in the service of my Country are far Overpaid by its goodness: and I fear much that my future ones may not fulfill your kind Anticipation. All that I can promise is, that they will be invariably directed by an honest and an ardent zeal. Of this resource my heart assures me. For all beyond, I rely on the wisdom and patriotism of those with whom I am to cooperate, and a continuance of the blessings of Heaven on our beloved Country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0089", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirNew York May 9. 1789\nMy last was of the 29th. March. A few days ago I had the pleasure of yours of the 12. Jany. I thank you for your attention to the works of the Abb\u00e8 Barthelemy and the Marquis Condorcet, And wish much that your attempts to procure me a genuine copy of the King of Prussia\u2019s may succeed.\nI send you herewith the first No. of the Congressional Register, which will give you some idea of the discussions in the new Legislature. You will see at once the strongest evidences of mutilation & perversion, and of the illiteracy of the Editor. The following nos. shall go after it, as conveyances occur, unless they should be found wholly unworthy of it. The deliberations of the H. of Representatives have been cheifly employed on the subject of an Impost. Opinions have been considerably divided on the quantum of duties that would be practicable, and in some instances on the ratio of different duties likely to operate differently in different States that would be just. In general the interests and ideas of the Northern & Southern States have been less adverse than was predicted by the opponents or hoped by the friends of the new Government. Members from the Same State, or the same part of the Union are as often separated on questions from each other, as they are united in opposition to other States or other quarters of the Continent. This is a favorable symtom. The points on which most controversy has been raised are 1st. the duty on Molasses. 2 the discri[mi]nation between nations in, & those not in treaty. The arguments agst. what appears a proportionate duty on Molasses to that on rum, turned on its disproportion to the value of the article\u2014the effect on the trade in it which yields the only market for certain exports from the Eastern States\u2014the effect on the fisherys in which both rum & molasses are consumed, and finally the effect on the poor in that part of the Union where the latter enters into their ordinary diet. The opposite arguments have been that a proportion to the duty on rum was essential to the productiveness of the fund as well as to the rules of justice as applied to different States, some of which consume foreign & some country rum, that if the proportion was not violated the trade in Molasses could not be affected, nor the distilleries injured, that the effect on the fisheries would be too small to be felt, and that the poor who consume molasses would escape the burden falling on the poor who consume sugar. By the inclosed printed resolutions you will see the rates on these articles as they yet stand. It is not improbable that further efforts will be made to reduce that on Molasses. Some of the other rates have been altered since they were printed! I do not note them because they are not yet in their final State. It will become a serious question whether a general reduction of the rates shall be made or not, on the idea of the danger of smuggling. The discrim[in]ation between Nations in & not in Treaty, has given birth to three distinct & urgent debates. On the last the minority was very small for putting G. B. at once on the same footing with the most favored nation. This policy tho\u2019 patronized by some respectable names is cheifly abetted by the spirit of this City, which is steeped in Anglicism. It is not improbable from the urgency of its representative that a further effort may be yet made.\nNot knowing how far the present conveyance may be a certain one, I decline, on reflection, inclosing the Register untill a more direct opportunity offers when I will add sundry matters which I have not time now to put in Cypher. Inclosed is the Speech of the President with the Address of the House of Reps. & his reply. You will see in the caption of the address that we have pruned the ordinary stile of the degrading appendages of Excellency, Esqr. &c. and restored it to its naked dignity. Titles to both the President & vice President were formally & unanimously condemned by a vote of the H. of Reps. This I hope will shew to the friends of Republicanism that our new Government was not meant to substitute either Monarchy or Aristocracy, and that the genius of the people is as yet adverse to both. Accept my ardent wishes for your happiness. Yrs affectly.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0092", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, [10 May] 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nNo safe opportunity offering, the letter for Mr. Nelson has not been forwarded, and I shall now reserve it for him untill the chancery term commences which will be in a day or two\u2014those from Mr. Jefferson have been attended to, the one to Dr. Currie I have delivered, that for Mr. Lewis met a ready conveyance by Mr. Bob Nelson who was here, when it came to hand, on his way to Charlottesville, and the other for Mr. Eppes I shall commit to the care of Mr. Dl. Hylton, who being connected with the family, will take proper care of it. The Generals journey to N. York shews the people still retain the same respect and veneration for his person and Character they heretofore entertained and altho\u2019 he is little captivated by ceremonial distinctions yet he could not fail of being sensibly gratified by such universal demonstrations of affection as were exhibited through his progress, among them none I conceive could be more pleasing than his reception at Trenton bridge. The papers inform us the Committee of the whole had gone through the system of impost\u2014although in the progress of the business some instances of local attachment were exhibited and it is to be expected will always be exhibited yet upon the whole it appears to have been conducted with temper and moderation and such middle ground generally taken as will probably in the Outset prevent clamour and submit to time and the conviction of experience such changes as shall be found for the common welfare. R. Island not being subject to the regulations & so convenient a Place to the eastern and N. York States may interpose difficulties to the faithfull collection of the revenue and North Carolina in this quarter wod. do the same but for the obstacles to navigation\u2014these interruptions will be only temporary as I presume they cannot long remain out of the Union. The organization of the Judiciary which the Senate has undertaken will I apprehend be found a labour of great difficulty\u2014one important object should be invariably pursued which is not to incur more expence than is indispensably necessary for moving smoothly forward the great machine. Offices and emoluments when found necessary may be easily established, when established although found to be of little use they are not so easily abolished. A circuit plan seems to be essential to the extent of the Country for dispatch and accommodation, as well for civil as criminal prosecutions. The point is to make the judges ride such distances as may be conveniently executed withot. hazarding delay and disappointment in the business. Capt. Lindsey has I hear Been in N. York soliciting his being continued in the office to which he was lately appointed by the Executive here. He is I think pretty well known to you and therefore it will be unnecessary to say any thing in his favor\u2014supposing the President not to be so well acquainted with his private character and situation as I was I took the liberty when I heard he had moved on to New York to address a few lines to him and to mention Mr. Lindseys situation. I hope he received it as I very truly wish Lindsey to be continued and think him a worthy honest man and capable of discharging the duties of the Office. The Trade here doubt the right of the State to gather duties on imported articles after the period fixed for the commencement of the new government\u2014they give bond but protest agt. the Power or right to demand duties. The Constitution prohibits the States levying imposts and vests the power of doing so in Congress but has not expressly provided for the interval unless under those words which declares if such duties are laid they shall go to the general Treasury\u2014here indeed is room for dispute between The general and particular governments but of which I think the Traders cannot avail themselves. If the point should be disputed between the two governments I am inclined to think the decision will be in favour of the State as the particular regulations must be presumed to exist under the Authority of the State untill the general regulations under the laws of the new government operate their repeal\u2014besides it wod. perhaps be impolitic in the general Government to agitate the question as it wod. generally disgust the commercial States tho\u2019 it may not improbably be deemed an object with those not commercial or but so in a small degree. Yr friend & Servt\nJos: Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0093", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirParis May 11. 1789.\nMy last to you was of the 15th. of March. I am now in hourly expectation of recieving my leave of absence. The delay of it a little longer will endanger the throwing my return into the winter, the very idea of which is horror itself to me. I am in hopes this is the last letter I shall have the pleasure of writing you before my departure.\nThe madness of the king of England has gone off, but left him in a state of imbecillity and melancholy. They talk of carrying him to Hanover. If they do, it will be a proof he does not mend, and that they take that measure to authorize them to establish a regency. But if he grows better they will perhaps keep him at home to avoid the question Who shall be regent? As that country cannot be relied on in the present state of it\u2019s executive, the King of Prussia is become more moderate: he throws cold water on the fermentation he had excited in Poland. The K. of Sweden will act as nobody not even himself can foresee: because he acts from the caprice of the moment, and because the discontents of his army & nobles may throw him under internal difficulties while struggling with external ones. Denmark will probably only furnish it\u2019s stipulated aid to Russia. France is fully occupied with internal arrangement, so that on the whole the prospect of this summer is that the war will continue between the powers actually engaged in the close of the last campaign, and extend to no others. Certainly it will not extend this year to the Southern states of Europe. The revolution of France has gone on with the most unexampled success hitherto. There have been some mobs occasioned by the want of bread in different parts of the kingdom, in which there may have been some lives lost, perhaps a dozen or twenty. These had no professed connection generally with the constitutional revolution. A more serious riot happened lately in Paris in which about 100 of the mob were killed. This execution has been universally approved, as they seemed to have no view but mischief & plunder. But the meeting of the states general presents serious difficulties which it had been hoped the progress of reason would have enabled them to get over. The nobility of & about Paris have come over as was expected to the side of the people in the great question of voting by persons or orders. This had induced a presumption that those of the country were making the same progress, and these form the great mass of the deputies of that order. But they are found to be where they were centuries ago as to their disposition to keep distinct from the people, & even to tyrannise over them. They agree indeed to abandon their pecuniary privileges. The clergy seem at present much divided. Five sixths of that representation consists of the lower clergy, who being the sons of the peasantry are very well with the tiers etat. But the bishops are intrigueing & drawing them over daily. The tiers etat is so firm to vote by persons or to go home, that it is impossible to conjecture what will be the result. This is the state of parties, as well as we can conjecture from the conversation of the members, for as yet no vote has been given which will enable us to calculate on certain ground. Having formerly written to you on the subject of our finances I inclose you now an Abstract of a paper on that subject which Gouverneur Morris communicated to me. You will be a better judge of it\u2019s merit than I am. It seems to me worthy good attention. I have a box of books packed for you which I shall carry to Havre & send by any ship bound to N. York or Philadelphia. I have been so inexact as to take no list of them before nailing up the box. Be so good as to do this, and I will take with me my bookseller\u2019s account, which will enable us to make a statement of them. They are chiefly Encyclopedies from the 23d. to the 30th. livraison. Paul Jones has desired me to send to yourself and Colo. Carrington each his bust. They are packed together in the same box. There are 3. other boxes with 2 in each for other gentlemen. I shall send them all together & take the liberty of addressing them to you. I rejoice extremely to hear you are elected in spite of all cabals. I fear your post will not permit me to see you but in New York, & consequently for a short time only. I shall much regret this. I am with sentiments of sincere attachment & respect dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\n[Enclosure]\nPlan of American Finance.\nPreliminary. Consider all requisitions heretofore made by Congress on the states, as if they had never been made.\nThis gets rid of the adjustment of Quotas for the past.\nThe Contributions in money, provisions &c made by each state to the Union, become a debt from the Union to the respective state. Deduct from this all monies advanced to that State by the Union; the balance will constitute the debt of the Union to the state.\nLet that debt bear an interest of 6. per cent.\nWith that interest each state may pay annually the interest of the debts they owe, and the annual expences of their government.\nThey will then have no occasion for taxes, & consequently may abandon all the subjects of taxation to the Union.\nI. Let the Union lay an Impost of 5. pr. cent on Importations. Suppose it worth from 1\u00bd to 2. millions of Dollars.\nOpen a loan in Europe sufficient to pay the foreign debts, & to support the government a year or two. Suppose this to be of 12. millions of dollars at 5. per cent interest. = 600,000 Doll. a year.\nAppropriate this Impost\n1. to pay the interest of the new loan, suppose about 600,000 Doll. a year.\n2. the Surplus to form an Aggregate fund.\nII. Lay a Direct tax of 1/20 of all produce, paiable in kind, but commutable for half it\u2019s worth in money.\nShould this produce more than the state\u2019s quota, let the surplus belong to the state.\nThe state legislature may then be entrusted with fixing the objects on which it is to fall, their value, the places of delivery, sale of the produce, conduct of the receivers &c.\nAppropriate it\n1. to the military and naval establishments\n2. to pay the interest of the debts of the Union to the respective states.\n3. the Surplus to form an Aggregate fund.\nIII. Postages and a tax on Civil process may form a third fund.\nAppropriate it.\n1. to the Civil list\n2. the Surplus to the Aggregate fund.\nThe Aggregate fund thus formed of the residuary parts of all taxes\nAppropriate it\n1. to pay the interest of the Domestic debt\n2. to contingencies.\n3. to be applied as a sinking fund to pay off the capital of the general debts of the Union.\nFix such an order of paiment as will ensure the sinking the whole capital in time.\nBut leave a portion of the sinking fund free, to be employed by the Executive at their discretion in buying up the general debts at their market price.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0094", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,May 11th 1789\nThe enclosed were communicated to me (as you will perceive) to make a Confidential use of. Upon receipt of the first letter I expressed a desire to be informed (if there was nothing improper in it) through what channel the report came, and what reliance could be placed in the authenticity of it. This produced the sec\u2019d letter. As you are upon business which requires every information of the State of the Union and knowledge of our relative situation with G. Britain I give you the perusal of them, at your leizure as I am in no immediate want of the Papers. I am always Your Affect\u2019e\nGeo Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0095", "content": "Title: Title for the President, [11 May] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The debate concerned a title for the executive office. Should the House appoint a committee to confer with a Senate counterpart on the proper title for the president? The House had already indicated its disapproval of majestic titles to the Senate, but the senators refused to accept this decision. A Senate committee had recommended on 9 May that the president be addressed as \u201cHis Highness the President of the United States of America and Protector of the Rights of the Same\u201d (DHFCLinda Grant De Pauw et al., eds., Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America (3\n        vols. to date; Baltimore, 1972\u2014)., III, 32, 45, 55; Maclay JournalThe Journal of William Maclay, United\n          States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789\u20131791, Introduction by Charles A. Beard (1927;\n        New York, 1965 reprint)., p. 25; JM to Jefferson, 23 May 1789).\nMr. Madison. I may be well disposed to concur in opinion with gentlemen that we ought not to recede from our former vote on this subject, yet at the same time I may wish to proceed with due respect to the Senate, and give dignity and weight to our own opinion so far as it contradicts theirs by the deliberate and decent manner in which we decide. For my part, Mr. Speaker, I do not conceive titles to be so pregnant with danger as some gentlemen apprehend. I believe a President of the United States cloathed with all the powers given in the constitution would not be a dangerous person to the liberties of America, if you were to load him with all the titles of Europe or Asia. We have seen superb and august titles given without conferring power and influence or without even obtaining respect; one of the most impotent sovereigns in Europe has assumed a title as high as human invention can devise; for example, what words can imply a greater magnitude of power and strength than that of high mightiness; this title seems to border almost upon impiety; it is assuming the pre-eminence and omnipotency of the deity; yet this title and many others cast in the same mould have obtained a long time in Europe, but have they conferred power? Does experience sanctify such opinion? Look at the republic I have alluded to and say if their present state warrants the idea.\nI am not afraid of titles because I fear the danger of any power they could confer, but I am against them because they are not very reconcilable with the nature of our government, or the genius of the people; even if they were proper in themselves, they are not so at this juncture of time. But my strongest objection is founded in principle; instead of encreasing they diminish the true dignity and importance of a republic, and would in particular, on this occasion, diminish the true dignity of the first magistrate himself. If we give titles, we must either borrow or invent them\u2014if we have recourse to the fertile fields of luxuriant fancy, and deck out an airy being of our own creation, it is a great chance but its fantastic properties renders the empty fantom ridiculous and absurd. If we borrow, the servile imitation will be odious, not to say ridiculous also\u2014we must copy from the pompous sovereigns of the east, or follow the inferior potentates of Europe; in either case, the splendid tinsel or gorgeous robe would disgrace the manly shoulders of our Chief. The more truly honorable shall we be, by shewing a total neglect and disregard to things of this nature; the more simple, the more republican we are in our manners, the more rational dignity we acquire; therefore I am better pleased with the report adopted by the house, than I should have been with any other whatsoever.\nThe Senate, no doubt, entertain different sentiments on this subject. I would wish therefore to treat their opinion with respect and attention. I would desire to justify the reasonable and republican decision of this house to the other branch of Congress, in order to prevent a misunderstanding. But that the motion of my worthy colleague, (Mr. Parker) has possession of the house, I would move a more temperate proposition, and I think it deserves some pains to bring about that good will and urbanity, which for the dispatch of public business, ought to be kept up between the two houses. I do not think it would be a sacrifice of dignity to appoint a committee of conference, but imagine it would tend to cement that harmony which has hitherto been preserved between the Senate and this House\u2014therefore, while I concur with the gentlemen who express in such decided terms, their disapprobation of bestowing titles, I concur also, with those who are for the appointment of a committee of conference, not apprehending they will depart from the principles adopted and acted upon by the House.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0096", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dr sir,Richmond May 12. 1789\nI had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 8th. Ult. inclosing the application of William Mason. I did transmit to Colo. Merewether certain papers of this Man and long ago informed him that they were insufficient to establish his claim which recd. no aid from the Muster Rolls of the Army. I do not now recollect signing the Rect. of which he sends a Copy, but it is highly probable I did, when he gave me the papers. It will be to no purpose for him to repeat his application here.\nOur Antifederal districts have become perfectly calm and generally shew a disposition to acquiesce in whatever may be the fate of the proposed alterations, relying upon their meeting with due consideration. I find by the papers that your House has agreed upon the several duties and Tonage which are to be collected. A discrimination between our own & Foreign Bottoms, is the only principle upon which we can expect to grow into any degree of importance as a Maritime people, and it is an object which has long interested my mind\u2014but perhaps the difference made in the present arrangement may be too great. It may lead to combinations between American & Foreign Merchants to evade the Law. Upon this I will not venture an opinion being at all times willing to waite for the issue of such experiments as it may be thought well to try. Present me to your worthy Colleagues and beleive me to be with the greatest sincerity your Affe Freind & Hl St\nEd Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0097", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,New York, May 12. 1789.\nTo draw such a line for the conduct of the President as will please every body, I know is impossible; but to mark out and follow one (which by being consonant with reason) will meet general approbation, may be as practicable as it is desireable. The true medium I conceive must lye in pursuing such a course as will allow him time for all the official duties of his station. This should be the primary object. The next, to avoid as much as may be, the charge of superciliousness, and seclusion from information by too much reserve and too great a withdraw of himself from company on the one hand, and the inconveniences as well as reduction of respectability by too free an intercourse, and too much familiarity on the other.\nUnder these impressions I have submitted the enclosed queries for your consideration, and would thank you for your sentiments thereon with the return of the paper. For the remarks which it contains, it is necessary that some plan should be adopted by the President for his mode of living; that the pecuniary estimates for the department may have an eye thereto; and though secondary, it is a motive for my bringing the matter before you at this time. I am your affectionate friend and obedient servant.\nG Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0098", "content": "Title: Import Duties, [12 May] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The committee had resumed consideration of the impost bill. The question was whether to strike out the six-cent duty on molasses. Ames suggested that an excise on country rum was preferable to a duty on molasses.\nMr. Madison Said his mind was incapable of discovering any plan that would answer the purpose the committee have in view, and not produce greater evils than the one under consideration. He thought an excise very objectionable, but as no actual proposition for entering into such a system was before the committee, he forbore to say any thing further about it. He admitted an excise would obviate in part some of the difficulties; but he did not think the answer given to his argument altogether satisfactory; yet there was another argument he urged on a former occasion [that] remained unanswered\u2014it was, that, at this moment, the fisheries, distilleries, and all its connections, were laboring under heavier duties than what is proposed; true, the duty is collected in a different mode, but it affects the consumer in the same manner. The gentlemen have said, to be sure, that the duty is evaded, but if half is collected, it amounts to more than 6 cents per gallon.\nIt is said, that a tax on molasses will be unpopular, but not more so than a tax on salt: Can gentlemen state more serious apprehensions in the former than the latter case? Yet the committee did not forego a productive fund, because the article was a necessary of life, and in general consumption. If there is the disposition, that is represented, for people to complain of the oppression of government, have not the citizens of the southern states more just ground of complaint than others? The system can only be acceptable to them, because it is essentially necessary to be adopted for the public good.\nGentlemen argue, that a tax on molasses is unpopular, and prove it by experience under the British government; if this is to be adduced as a proof of the popularity of a measure, what are we to say with respect to a tax on tea? Gentlemen remembered, no doubt, how odious this kind of tax was thought to be throughout America, yet the house had, without hesitation, laid a considerable duty upon it. He did not imagine that a duty on either of those articles were in themselves objectionable; it was the principle upon which the tax was laid, that made them unpopular under the British government.\nIt is said that this tax is unjust; now he had not a single idea of justice, that did not contradict the position. If it was considered as it relates to rum, he was certain the consumers of foreign rum paid a larger proportion of revenue into the treasury than the consumers of country rum; they paid more than equal distributive [justice] required\u2014if it was considered as it respected molasses, there would appear no injustice; molasses was consumed in other states, but if it was not, sugar was used in its stead, and subject to a duty full as high as that on molasses. But dismissing both these considerations, and even admitting the whole weight to fall upon the northern states, it would not be disproportioned, because in the long list of enumerated articles subject to a high duty, she imported few or none; indeed the articles were pretty generally taxed for the benefit of the manufacturing part of the northern community\u2014see loaf sugar, candles, cheese, soap, &c. He hoped gentlemen would not infer from this observation, that he thought the encouragement held out by the bill to manufactures improper, far from it; he was glad to see their growing consequence, and was disposed to give them every aid in his power. From this view of the subject, he was inclined to adhere to the bill, and not make any reduction.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0099", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 13 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear SirN. York May 13. 89.\nI have been favored with yours of April . The newspapers will have given you some idea of our proceedings, though in a state always mutilated, and often perverted. The Impost is still the subject of deliberation. The general quantum of duties has at some periods been a source of discussion. At others, the ratio of particular duties, have produced still more of it. The proper one between rum & Molasses has been the last & the longest question of that sort. I fear it will not be possible to establish a due & politic proportion without admitting excises so far as to reach the distilleries. The dilemma between that expedient and a palpable inequality in the burden, and injury to the Treasury is a perplexing one.\nI have no late letter from Mr. Jefferson. A British packet arrived a day or two ago, but without news that has come to my knowledge. She brings young Vanberkel in the character of a Public Minister. Your friends in B. way are well. I am Dr. Sir yours sincerely\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0102", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Eliza House Trist, 15 May 1789\nFrom: Trist, Eliza House\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 15 May 1789. Acknowledged in JM to Eliza House Trist, 21 May 1789. Reports illness of her son, Hore Browse Trist.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0103", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Gustavus Scott, 16 May 1789\nFrom: Scott, Gustavus\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 16 May 1789. Calendared in the lists probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). The three-page letter was offered for sale in the Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 694 (1892), which listed items from the McGuire collection of JM\u2019s papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0105", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, [17 May] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSunday\u20147\u2019Oclock AM. [17 May 1789]\nMr. Madison having been so obliging as to draw the answer to the Address of the House of Representatives\u2014GW. would thank him for doing the same to that of the Senate. If he receives it any time this day or tomorrow morning it will be sufficient.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0107", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friendWmsburg May 19: 1789.\nWhile I acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 10th. instant, I must assign as my apology for forgetting to answer the legal question, that a variety of family sickness has taken away a cool attention to business. The deed, to which the inclosed memorandum relates was executed in France. The following extract from a law of the revised code, intituled an act for regulating conveyances, will shew, in what manner it is to be recorded. \u201cIf the party, who shall sign and seal any such writing (that is any deed for lands) reside not in Virginia, the acknowledgment by such party, or the proof by the number of witnesses requisite (that is three) of the sealing and delivering of the writing before any court of law, or the mayor, or other chief magistrate of any city, town or corporation of the county, in which the party shall dwell, certified by such court, or mayor, or chief magistrate, in the manner such acts are usually authenticated by them, and offered to the proper court to be recorded (that is to the supreme court of Kentucky, or the court of the county, in which the lands lie) within eighteen months after the sealing and delivering, shall be as effectual as if it had been in the last mentioned court\u201d (that is in the proper court). Altho\u2019 the 18 months may have expired the deed is binding against the party making it, but not against creditors or subsequent purchasers. If Mr. Blagden &c. should refuse to change the date, let him reacknowledge the same deed before the proper person abovementioned, and that re-acknowledgement will answer the purpose of him, who claims the land, at all times, after it is committed to record.\nWe had received a confused account of the committee of titles, before your accurate information reached me. In it R. H. L. was represented, as having publickly holden a discourse with A. L and some of the representatives, asserting the superior pretensions of the senate to distinction. The simple but dignified address from your house, in which we discover your pen, is a subject of general approbation, and, is supposed to have drawn the best answer, which the president has yet given. Great indeed will be the astonishment of R. H. L\u2019s confederates here. Richmond now resounds with the report of his opinions, brought hither by young Mr. Randolph. And yet it is an unmerciful style of proceeding, that we should enter so heartily into the condemnation of a man, in public office, without having any ground to insinuate any thing against his integrity in discharging it.\nThe elections seem tolerably judicious. Mr. H\u2014\u2014y is said to have made a great parade in refusing to be reelected; but reelected he is, and will serve.\nMessrs. Pendleton, Wythe and Blair have declined the completion of the revisal. The first is urgent, that I should undertake it singly; but as upon mature reflection I consider the laws which have been enacted from the code, as productive of very little benefit, if not of real harm in many instances, I shall decline interposing in it, farther than to make some supplements to them. The law of descents is in practice often found to be most unrighteous and difficult of execution. Nay I might say, that it is almost contradictory sometimes.\nThe judges have returned from their ridings, and bring accounts of a general satisfaction with the district law. But a murmur is now beginning to run against the execution law, which by accumulating at market large quantities of property is beginning to operate the effects, which you predicted on its passage. Negroes sell at the auctions of sheriffs for \u2155 of their value. Lands have scarcely any price at all. But justice in this part of the world goes forward briskly and equably, and tho\u2019 it purges the debtors with hyssop, it will finally make us clean.\nI wish, that by communicating with a friend, I could forget the situation of my wife. She suspects and I fear truly, that she has a cancer in her mouth. She supposes, that she feels all the acknowledged symptoms of that cruel ulcer, and that it has advanced most rapidly for a month past. In this country real aid is unattainable; nay even that species of aid, which can merely flatter, is unattainable. I have resolved, if the alarm should prove decidedly true, to carry her to Europe or Philadelphia. The former holds out the best source of hope; but I see no chance of converting property into sterling money. The latter would be visited with more ease. But as I should be obliged almost to become a resident there, should I go upon such an errand, pecuniary difficulties would be equally great. An effort, however, must be made, even at the risque of my whole fortune. Indeed I have sometimes seriously thought of attempting something professional, should I be compelled to visit Philadelphia without being able to raise money from my estate. In that case, a new revolution would take place with me. For if I found that I could live there, I should emancipate my slaves, and thus end my days, without undergoing any anxiety about the injustice of holding them. But I really do not know, why I have troubled you with this detail, unless I am imperceptibly led to unbosom myself to you without reserve; being always Yrs. mo. sincerely & afftely.\nE. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0108", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hugh Williamson, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sirSuffolk 19th May 1789\nAt Baltimore & Norfolk and wherever I touched since I left New York I have heard Complaints that Molasses was to be taxed six Cents. This is what I did not expect in southern States, but they say that Molasses is a necessary Part of food for the Poor. In Virginia the Complaints I have heard are very loud that the Vessels of Foreigners not treating are only taxed 50 Cents. This trifling Tax they say will not stop a single British Bottom & will not make it worth while to build a single American Ship. This is what I did expect notwithstanding the Declamations of some southern Gentlemen aided by New York\u2014usual associates. Let me risque a Conjecture. The mercantile Interest thinking that they are sacrificed to the avidity of Planters who are afraid of paying six Pence \u214c Hhd more for the freight of Tobacco or Rice will take ample Revenge by smugling. That Tax must fall on the Planters. In Order to prevent Smugling as much as possible I think that Ship Owners should be encouraged as much as possible. You will forgive this Opinion from the Citizen of a foreign State. From Baltimore I came to Norfolk by the Packet & am to proceed in the morning to morrow for Edenton by the Stage.\nWill you be so good as [to] send the inclosed to Mrs Seabring at the Corner of Crown Street & broad Way. Mrs Williamson will direct her Servant occasionally to call there for Letters. If any Letters are for me in the Post Office be so good as [to] inclose them & send me withal any Acts that may have passed or other material Intelligence. I am Dr sir Your most obedt servt:\nHu Williamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0109", "content": "Title: Removal Power of the President, [19 May] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The House took up the establishment of executive departments. JM moved the creation of foreign affairs, treasury, and war departments. The debate centered on the clause vesting in the president alone the power to remove the officers heading these departments. Smith (South Carolina) contended that impeachment was the only constitutional means of removal.\nMr. Madison Did not concur with the gentleman in his interpretation of the constitution. What said he would be the consequence of such construction? It would in effect establish every officer of the government on the firm tenure of good behaviour, not the heads of departments only, but all the inferior officers of those departments would hold their offices during good behaviour, and that to be judged of by one branch of the legislature only on the impeachment of the other. If the constitution means this by its declarations to be the case we must submit, but I should lament it as a fatal error interwove in the system and one that would ultimately prove its destruction. I think the inference would not arise from a fair construction of the words of that instrument.\nIt is very possible that an officer who may not incur the displeasure of the president, may be guilty of actions that ought to forfeit his place; the power of this house may reach him by the means of an impeachment, and he may be removed even against the will of the president; so that the declaration in the constitution, was intended as a supplemental security for the good behaviour of the public officers. It is possible the case I have stated may happen; indeed it may perhaps on some occasion be found necessary to impeach the president himself; surely therefore it may happen to a subordinate officer, whose bad actions may be connived at or overlooked by the president; hence the people have an additional security in this constitutional provision.\nI think it absolutely necessary that the president should have the power of removing from office; it will make him, in a peculiar manner, responsible for their conduct, and subject him to impeachment himself, if he suffers them to perpetrate with impunity high crimes or misdemeanours against the United States, or neglects to superintend their conduct, so as to check their excesses. On the constitutionality of the declaration I have no manner of doubt.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n   Bland thought the Senate should have the same role in removing as it did in appointing. Jackson favored impeachment, giving the president only a suspending power.\nMr. Madison Did not conceive it was a proper construction of the constitution to say, that there was no other mode of removing from office than that by impeachment; he believed this, as applied to the judges, might be the case, but he could never imagine it extended in the manner which gentlemen contended for. He believed they would not assert, that any part of the constitution declared, that the only way to remove should be by impeachment. The contrary might be inferred, because congress may establish offices by law; therefore, most certainly, it is in the discretion of the legislature to say upon what terms the office shall be held, either during good behaviour, or during pleasure. Under this construction the principles of the constitution would be reconcileable in every part; but under that of the gentleman from South-Carolina, it would be incongruous and faulty. He wondered how the gentleman from Georgia (Mr. Jackson) would reconcile his principles so far as to permit the president to suspend the officer. He begged his colleague (Mr. Bland) to consider the inconvenience his doctrine would occasion, by keeping the senate constantly sitting, in order to give their assent to the removal of an officer; they might see there would be a constant probability of the senate being called upon to exercise this power, consequently they could not be a moment absent: now, he did not believe, the constitution imposed any such duty upon them; why then, said he, shall we enjoin it, especially at such an expence of the public treasure?\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\nMr. Madison. I look upon every constitutional question, whatever its nature may be, of great importance; I look upon the present to be doubly so, because its nature is of the highest moment to the well being of the government. I have listened with attention to the objections which have been stated, and to the replies that have been made; and I think the investigation of the meaning of the constitution, has supported the doctrine I brought forward. If you consult the expediency, it will be greatly against the doctrine advanced by gentlemen on the other side of the question. See to what inconsistency gentlemen drive themselves, by their construction of the constitution. The gentleman from South-Carolina, (Mr. Smith) in order to bring to conviction and punishment an offender in any of the principal offices, must have recourse to a breach of the common law, and yet he may there be found guilty, and maintain his office, because he is fixed by the constitution. It has been said, we may guard against the inconveniency of that construction, by limiting the duration of the office, to a term of years, but during that term, there is no way of getting rid of a bad officer, but by impeachment. During the time this is depending, the person may continue to commit those crimes for which he is impeached, because if his construction of the constitution is right, the president can have no more power to suspend than he has to remove.\nWhat fell from one of my colleagues (Mr. Bland) appears to have more weight, than any thing hitherto suggested. The constitution at the first view, may seem to favor his opinion; but that must be the case only at the first view, for if we examine it, we shall find his construction incompatible with the spirit and principles, contained in that instrument.\nIt is said, that it comports with the nature of things, that those who appoint, should have the power of removal, but I cannot conceive that this sentiment is warranted by the constitution; I believe it would be found very inconvenient in practice. It is one of the most prominent features of the constitution, a principle that pervades the whole system, that there should be the highest possible degree of responsibility in all the executive officers thereof; any thing therefore which tends to lessen this responsibility is contrary to its spirit and intention, and unless it is saddled upon us expressly by the letter of that work, I shall oppose the admission of it into any act of the legislature. Now, if the heads of the executive departments are subjected to removal by the president alone, we have in him security for the good behaviour of the officer: If he does not conform to the judgment of the president, in doing the executive duties of his office, he can be displaced; this makes him responsible to the great executive power, and makes the president responsible to the public for the conduct of the person he has nominated and appointed to aid him in the administration of his department; but if the president shall join in a collusion with this officer, and continue a bad man in office, the case of impeachment will reach the culprit, and drag him forth to punishment. But if you take the other construction, and say, he shall not be displaced, but by and with the advice and consent of the senate, the president is no longer answerable for the conduct of the officer; all will depend upon the senate. You here destroy a real responsibility without obtaining even the shadow; for no gentleman will pretend to say, the responsibility of the senate can be of such a nature as to afford substantial security. But why, it may be asked, was the senate joined with the president in appointing to office, if they have no responsibility? I answer, merely for the sake of advising, being supposed, from their nature, better acquainted with the characters of the candidates than an individual; yet even here the president is held to the responsibility he nominates, and with their consent appoints; no person can be forced upon him as an assistant by any other branch of the government.\nThere is another objection to this construction, which I consider of some weight, and shall therefore mention to the committee. Perhaps there was no argument urged with more success, or more plausibly grounded, against the constitution, under which we are now deliberating, than that founded on the mingling of the executive and legislative branches of the government in one body. It has been objected, that the senate have too much of the executive power even, by having a controul over the president in the appointment to office. Now, shall we extend this connection between the legislative and executive departments, which will strengthen the objection, and diminish the responsibility we have in the head of the executive? I cannot but believe, if gentlemen weigh well these considerations, they will think it safe and expedient to adopt the clause.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 360\u201362. By a large majority the Committee of the Whole declared in favor of the president\u2019s having the sole power of removal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0112", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hugh Williamson, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sirEdenton 21st May 1789\nI am just informed by Govr Johnston that a Treaty is to be held on the 24th Inst at french Broad by the Indian Agent for the southern Departmt & the three Commissioners from the States of Georgia South Carolina & North Carolina. That Sevier lately called Governor of an insurgented State has submitted to the Govt of North Carolina and taken the accustomed Oaths. There is an End to the new, so called, State. Our Governor and Council have prepared a very pretty Address to the President of the U. S. which may possibly pass through your Hands.\nOur People near the Sea Coast are in gr[e]at Pain on the Idea of being shut out from the Union. They say that unless they can continue in the Coasting Trade without the Alien Duty they must starve with their Families or remove from the State. Can no Exception be made in favour of such apparent Aliens for so long as to the first of Jany next?\nBe so good as [to] give furtherance to the inclosed & oblige Dr sir Your most obedt servt\nHu Williamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0113", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nFriday morning 22 May 89.\nMr. Carroll presents his complits to Mr. Madison returns him the inclosed estimate, & is much obliged to Mr. Madison for the perusal of it.\nQuere how the deficiency on this branch of revenue is to be made good? Would not an excise on ardent spirits, foreign & domestic be adviseable? Stamp duties I hope may be collected to defray the expence of the federal Judiciary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0114", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Johnston, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Johnston, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirEdenton 22d. May 1789\nThe inclosed Address was voted unanimously and contains, I believe, the genuine Sentiments of much the greatest part of the Inhabitants of this Country; The State of North Carolina having no Agent or any person in a publick Character at this time in New York, I take the liberty to request the favor of you to deliver it, my Motive for troubling you on this occasion rather than any one else, arises from my knowledge of the benevolence of your disposition and the readiness you have on all occasions discovered to promote the Union & happiness of all the States.\nI am very happy to find that the New Government is in so fair a way of being firmly established, notwithstanding the unwearied diligence of some factions and some weak and uninformed men in opposing it, the conciliating and accomodating Spirit which is observable from the Debates which have appeared in print is a happy presage of what the Publick may hope from the Wisdom of the present Congress. I beg you will pardon this Liberty and believe me, with every Sentiment of the most freindly regard and highest Esteem Dear sir Your most Obedient Servant\nSam Johnston\nP. S. The reason why this address was not forwarded sooner arose from my indisposition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0115", "content": "Title: Citizenship, [22 May] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The House took up the petition of David Ramsay, who claimed that the election of William Smith of South Carolina was invalid because he had not been a citizen for seven years when elected (Ramsay to JM, 4 Apr. 1789 and n. 2).\nMr. Madison. I think the merit of the question is now to be decided, whether the gentleman is eligible to a seat in this house or not, but it will depend on the decision of a previous question, whether he has been seven years a citizen of the United-States or not.\nFrom an attention to the facts which have been adduced, and from a consideration of the principles established by the revolution, the conclusion I have drawn is, that Mr. Smith, was on the declaration of independence a citizen of the United-States, and unless it appears that he has forfeited his right, by some neglect or overt act, he had continued a citizen until the day of his election to a seat in this house. I take it to be a clear point, that we are to be guided in our decision, by the laws and constitution of South-Carolina, so far as they can guide us, and where the laws do not expressly guide us, we must be guided by principles of a general nature so far as they are applicable to the present case.\nIt were to be wished, that we had some law adduced more precisely defining the qualities of a citizen or an alien; particular laws of this kind, have obtained in some of the states; if such a law existed in South-Carolina, it might have prevented this question from ever coming before us; but since this has not been the case, let us settle some general principles before we proceed to the presumptive proof arising from public measures under the law, which tend to give support to the inference drawn from such principles.\nIt is an established maxim that birth is a criterion of allegiance. Birth however derives its force sometimes from place and sometimes from parentage, but in general place is the most certain criterion; it is what applies in the United States; it will therefore be unnecessary to investigate any other. Mr. Smith founds his claim upon his birthright; his ancestors were among the first settlers of that colony.\nIt is well known to many gentlemen on this floor, as well as to the public, that the petitioner is a man of talents, one who would not lightly hazard his reputation in support of visionary principles: yet I cannot but think he has erred in one of the principles upon which he grounds his charge. He supposes, when this country separated from Great Britain, the tie of allegiance subsisted between the inhabitants of America and the king of that nation, unless by some adventitious circumstance the allegiance was transferred to one of the United States. I think there is a distinction which will invalidate his doctrine in this particular, a distinction between that primary allegiance which we owe to that particular society of which we are members, and the secondary allegiance we owe to the sovereign established by that society. This distinction will be illustrated by the doctrine established by the laws of Great Britain, which were the laws of this country before the revolution. The sovereign cannot make a citizen by any act of his own; he can confer denizenship, but this does not make a man either a citizen or subject. In order to make a citizen or subject, it is established, that allegiance shall first be due to the whole nation; it is necessary that a national act should pass to admit an individual member. In order to become a member of the British empire, where birth has not endowed the person with that privilege, he must be naturalized by an act of parliament.\nWhat was the situation of the people of America when the dissolution of their allegiance took place by the declaration of independence? I conceive that every person who owed this primary allegiance to the particular community in which he was born retained his right of birth, as the member of a new community; that he was consequently absolved from the secondary allegiance he had owed to the British sovereign: If he was not a minor, he became bound by his own act as a member of the society who separated with him from a submission to a foreign country. If he was a minor, his consent was involved in the decision of that society to which he belonged by the ties of nature. What was the allegiance as a citizen of South-Carolina, he owed to the King of Great Britain? He owed his allegiance to him as a King of that society to which, as a society he owed his primary allegiance. When that society separated from Great Britain, he was bound by that act and his allegiance transferred to that society, or the sovereign which that society should set up, because it was through his membership of the society of South-Carolina, that he owed allegiance to Great Britain.\nThis reasoning will hold good, unless it is supposed that the separation which took place between these states and Great Britain, not only dissolved the union between those countries, but dissolved the union among the citizens themselves: that the original compact, which made them altogether one society, being dissolved, they could not fall into pieces, each part making an independent society, but must individually revert into a state of nature; but I do not conceive that this was of necessity to be the case; I believe such a revolution did not absolutely take place. But in supposing that this was the case lies the error of the memorialist. I conceive the colonies remained as a political society, detached from their former connection with another society, without dissolving into a state of nature; but capable of substituting a new form of government in the place of the old one, which they had for special considerations abolished. Suppose the state of South Carolina should think proper to revise her constitution, abolish that which now exists, and establish another form of government: Surely this would not dissolve the social compact. It would not throw them back into a state of nature. It would not dissolve the union between the individual members of that society. It would leave them in perfect society, changing only the mode of action, which they are always at liberty to arrange. Mr. Smith being then, at the declaration of independence, a minor, but being a member of that particular society, he became, in my opinion, bound by the decision of the society with respect to the question of independence and change of government; and if afterward he had taken part with the enemies of his country, he would have been guilty of treason against that government to which he owed allegiance, and would have been liable to be prosecuted as a traitor.\nIf it is said, that very inconvenient circumstances would result from this principle, that it would constitute all those persons who are natives of America, but who took part against the revolution, citizens of the United States, I would beg leave to observe, that we are deciding a question of right, unmixed with the question of expediency, and must therefore pay a proper attention to this principle. But I think it can hardly be expected by gentlemen that the principle will operate dangerously. Those who left their country to take part with Britain were of two descriptions, minors, or persons of mature age. With respect to the latter nothing can be inferred with respect to them from the decision on the present case; because they had the power of making an option between the contending parties: whether this was a matter of right or not is a question which need not be agitated in order to settle the case before us. Then, with respect to those natives who were minors at the revolution, and whose case is analogous to Mr. Smith\u2019s, if we are bound by the precedent of such a decision as we are about to make, and it is declared, that they owe a primary allegiance to this country, I still think we are not likely to be inundated with such characters; so far as any of them took part against us they violated their allegiance and opposed our laws; so then there can be only a few characters, such as were minors at the revolution, and who have never violated their allegiance by a foreign connection, who can be affected by the decision of the present question. The number I admit is large who might be acknowledged citizens on my principles; but there will very few be found daring enough to face the laws of the country they have violated, and against which they have committed high treason.\nSo far as we can judge by the laws of Carolina, and the practice and decision of that state, the principles I have adduced are supported; and I must own that I feel myself at liberty to decide, that Mr. Smith was a citizen at the declaration of independence, a citizen at the time of his election, and consequently entitled to a seat in this legislature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0117", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hugh Williamson, 24 May 1789\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sirEdenton 24th May 1789\nWe are told that Genl Person the bell Weather of Opposition in this State continues indefatigable in his Endeavours to preserve the Spirit of Antifederalism in the State. Our Judges, two of them at least, there are three, continue most malignant anti\u2019s. They seem to think that the new Court will cast a Shade on them. Whether the constitution will or will not be adopted by the next Convention has been as I am told a Subject of Wager at ten to one on both sides according to the zeal of the Parties. To the best of my Beleif the true Anti\u2019s in the State do not wish to hear that Congress have adopted many of the modifications or alterations proposed by this State & Virga. One Position however appears to be pretty certain viz that the Inhabitants of Edenton District are extremely unanimous, nine Counties. It is generally understood here that unless the People bordering on Virga in the Northern and Western Parts of the state shall agree to confederate we must of necessity adhere to the other States and divide this State leaving the Genlty who care nothing for Commerce to shift for themselves. By the Way, I verily believe that the desire of eluding all Taxes and defrauding the Nation leaving the Burden on other Shoulders is the great Object of our Antifeds. Qu: Would it not be proper for your Congress to call upon this State very pointedly for its Quota of the annual Supplies? Perhaps you cannot with Propriety charge us with the civil List, but you will doubtless charge us with our Quota of the Interest of all the liquidated Debts, foreign and domestic. On such a Call it might fairly be intimated to the State, that her not thinking fit to be governed as the other States are affords no possible Excuse for not discharging a Debt, & that full Payment will be expected. You know that our Assembly is to meet about two Weeks before the Convention meets & I verily believe that a pointed Call of Congress for Money would help the Federal Party more than any other Argument.\nThe Preservation of your Health requires occasional Exercise and Mrs Williamson will thank you if you call at Bloomingdale with the inclosed but if you have not Leisure for Exercise or have other Engagements you will be so good as [to] forward the Letter to Mrs Seabring. I have the Honour to be with the utmost Regard Dear sir Your most obedt servt\nHu Williamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0118", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirNew York May 27th. 1789\nSince my last which was written on sunday last and included an introduction of young Mr. Colden who is to be the bearer of it from Scotland where he now resides, I have had the pleasure of yours of March 15. My former letters will have made known to you the obstacles to a licence for your visit to America. The new authority has not yet taken up your application. As soon as the auxiliary offices to the President shall be established & filled, which will probably not be long delayed, I hope the subject will be decided on, and in the manner you wish. It is already agreed in the form of resolutions that there shall be three departments one for finance, another for foreign affairs, and the third for war. The last will be continued in the hands of General Knox. The second will remain with Mr. Jay, if he chooses to keep it. The first is also to be under one head, though to be branched out in such a manner as will check the administration. Chancellor wishes this department but will not succeed. It will be given I think to Jay or Hamilton. The latter is perhaps best qualified for that species of business and on that account would be preferred by those who know him personally. The latter is more known by character throughout the United States.\nI have been asked whether any appointment at home would be agreeable to you. Being unacquainted with your mind I have not ventured on an answer.\nThe Bill of rates which passed the House of Representatives a few days ago is not yet come down from the Senate. The duties will it is said be pretty much reduced. In a few instances perhaps the reductions may not be improper. If they are not generally left as high as will admit of collection, the dilemma will be unavoidable, of either maiming our public credit in its birth, or resorting to other kinds of taxation for which our Constituents are not yet prepared. The Senate is also abolishing the discriminations in favor of nations in treaty whereby Britain will be quieted in the enjoyment of our trade as she may please to regulate it and France discouraged from her efforts at a competition which it is not less our interest than hers to promote. The question was agitated repeatedly in the House of Representatives and decided at last almost unanimously in favor of some monitory proof that our new government able and not afraid to encounter the restrictions of Britain. Both the senators from Virginia particularly Lee go with the majority in the Senate. In this I suspect the temper of the party which sent them is as little consulted as in the conduct of Lee in the affair of titles and his opinion in relation to the western country.\nI have already informed you that Madam Brehan is every day recovering from the disesteem and neglect into which reports had thrown her and that Moustier is also becoming more and more acceptable or at least less and less otherwise. His commercial ideas are probably neither illiberal nor unfriendly to this country. The contrary has been supposed. When the truth is ascertained and known unfavorable impressions will be still more removed.\nThe subject of amendments was to have been introduced on monday last; but is postponed in order that more urgent business may not be delayed. On Monday sevennight it will certainly come forward. A Bill of rights, incorporated perhaps into the Constitution will be proposed, with a few other alterations most called for by the opponents of the Government and least objectionable to its friends.\nAs soon as Mr. Brown arrives who is the Representative of Kentucky, the admission of that district to the character of a State and a member of the union, will claim attention. I foresee no difficulty, unless local jealousy should couple the pretensions of Vermont with those of Kentucky: and even then no other delay than what may be necessary to open the way for the former, through the forms and perhaps the objections of this State, which must not be altogether disregarded.\nThe proceedings of the new Congress are so far marked with great moderation and liberality; and will disappoint the wishes and predictions of many who have opposed the Government. The spirit which characterises the House of Reps. in particular is already extinguishing the honest fears which considered the system as dangerous to republicanism. For myself I am persuaded that the biass of the federal is on the same side with that of the State Govts. tho\u2019 in a much less degree. Yrs. truly.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0119", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear SirPowhatan May 27. 1789\nI have been favored with yours of the 8th. Instant and thank you for the notice you take of my declining a visit to N. Y. I am the less inclined to take such a trip, since you have mentioned the great numbers who are there. I would not be rated amongst them for the best that any one of them will obtain.\nI am pleased to discover from the debates of your House that although an accurate attention appears to be given by Gentlemen to the local Interests of their respective States, yet a liberal spirit of concession and accommodation seems to be the prevailing principle of action. The paper you was so good as to enclose was truly acceptable; any that you will be pleased to send in future, will be gratefully acknowledged, although you may not have liesure to accompany them with a single line. The Motion for placing G. B. upon the footing of the most favored Nation is, in my mind incomprehensible; I see neither good Will, nor a necessary policy, for its foundation. In our supine State her hostility manifested itself in every commercial arrangement; and I really think that of all the Nations of the Earth she may be made the most dependent on our policy. The West India Islands must be supplied with provisions lumber & Cattle from the U. S. or be greatly diminished in their value to the Nations to whom they belong\u2014G. B. is the greatest possessor, and of course must be the most affected by an interruption in the Supplies of these Articles.\nI have not a Syllable of news to give you. As to rains we have a seasonable Spring, but as to warmth we have not yet advanced beyond the 1[s]t. of april, I am now writing by a fire. I know not whether those Philosophers may not be right who say the Earth is gradually cooling. Present me to your worthy Colleagues and beleive me to be, with great sincerity & truth yr. Affe. Freind & Hl. St.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0120", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sr.Fredericksburg 28th. May 1789.\nWe have heard much of the di[s]agreement between the two Houses respecting titles and the rules to be established for their correspondence\u2014if report speaks truth they have manifested a strong desire for titles and pre-eminence\u2014how comes it that the doors where the Senate sit in their legislative capacity are shut and those of the representatives open\u2014it appears to be equally proper and necessary for the information and satisfaction of the people that their conduct and proceedings in the Character I have mentioned should be as public and well known as that of the other house and I am inclined to think had the public Ear listened to their proceedings on the above subjects of discussion their propositions would have been more equal and their pretensions less lofty than they were. I am pleased with the plain manly stile of address \u201cG. W. president &c,\u201d the present name wants no titles to grace it and should the office be filled by an unworthy Person the stile will not dignify the man Or cast a beam of light around his head. The bill for levying impost according to the proportions of the duties on importations is in favor of the carrying States especially since the 10 \u214c ct discount has been carryed\u2014I am well satisfied it was wise to limit its duration\u2014laws regulating the commerce of the States where their measures and interests have been so different cannot it is to be presumed in the outset be made so as to give general satisfaction, time and experience will prove the best expositors of the propriety of the regulations, and if found usefull and convenient may easily be continued, but if oppressive and injurious to some to the benefit and advantage of others states, the repeal will perhaps be difficult. State prejudices and interests are to be removed and reconciled by degrees\u2014the first movement of the governmt. should be actuated by the spirit of accommodation\u2014that mild feature shod. be seen in all the acts of the Congress, and will gradually establish the government in the hearts of the people. In a former letter I mentioned Mr. Lindsay to you\u2014I am now requested to mention to you another of our naval officers Mr. H. Muse[.] What is the plan of the Judiciary if you can pray give me a sketch of what is intended. Yr. friend & Servt.\nJos: Jones.\nP. S. I shall return to Richmond in about a week.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0121", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Mennis, 28 May 1789\nFrom: Mennis, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 28 May 1789. Calendared in the lists probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). Mennis (b. 1755) was a member of a prominent York County, Virginia, family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0122", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 31 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friendN. York May 31. 1789.\nI have been favored with yours of the 19th. instant and thank you for the answer to Mr. St. John\u2019s enquiries. The apprehensions of Mrs. Randolph give me unfeigned concern, but I indulge strong hopes that they proceed from an imaginary cause. There are so many symptoms which mimic the cancerous that it would be wrong to suffer appearances to prevail against the favorable chances. At the same time it is impossible to disapprove of the forecast with which the occasion inspires you.\nOur business here goes on very slowly, though in a Spirit of moderation and accomodation which is so far flattering. The bill for regulating the quantum of duties is not yet come back from the Senate. Some alterations will be made, but none that affect the substance of the plan, unless it be the abolition of a small favor to the Nations in Alliance with us copied from the laws of Virginia. One of our Senators whose ideas on another point excite animadversions among his constituents seems not to consult their sentiments on this. I think myself that it is impolitic, in every view that can be taken of the subject, to put G. Britain at once on the footing of a most favored nation. The bill for collecting the duties is now before the H. of Reps. and I fear will not be very quickly despatched. It has passed thro\u2019 several hands legal as well as mercantile, and notwithstanding is in a crude state. It might certainly have been put into a better; though in every step the difficulties arising from novelty are severely experienced, and are an ample as well as just source of apology. Scarcely a day passes without some striking evidence of the delays and perplexities springing merely from the want of precedents. Time will be a full remedy for this evil; and will I am persuaded, evince a greater facility in legislating uniformly for all the States than has been supposed by some of the best friends of the Union.\nAmong other subjects on the anvil is the arrangements of the subordinate Executive departments. A Unity in each has been resolved on, and an amenability to the President alone, as well as to the Senate by way of impeachment. Perhaps it would not be very consistent with the Constitution to require the concurrence of the Senate in removals. The Executive power seems to be vested in the President alone, except so far as it is qualified by an express association of the Senate in appointments; in like manner as the Legislative is vested in Congress, under the exception in favor of the President\u2019s qualified negative. Independently of this consideration I think it best to give the Senate as little agency as possible in Executive matters, and to make the President as responsible as possible in them. Were the heads of departments dependent on the Senate, a faction in this branch might support them agst. the President, distract the Executive department, and obstruct the public business. The danger of undue power in the President from such a regulation is not to me formidable. I see, and politically feel that that will be the weak branch of the Government. With a full power of removal, the President will be more likely to spare unworthy officers, thro\u2019 fear, than to displace the meritorious thro caprice or passion. A disgusted man of influence would immediately form a party agst. the administration\u2014endanger his reelection\u2014and at least go into one of the Houses and torment him with opposition.\nI can not close this without a disagreeable recollection of the date of my last. I am most negligent towards my best friends perhaps because I have most confidence in their forgiveness. I will at least in future inclose the newspapers when I can do no more. I never had less time that I could truly call my own than at present, of which I hope you will consider my irregular correspondence as the fullest proof, Yrs. truly Most Affecly.\nJs. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0124", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Hawkins, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend!Warren the 1st. June 1789.\nI have had the pleasure to receive your favour of the 5th of may, with the report of the committee, and the newspapers, and I can assure you I concur in every thing and from the bottom of my heart. The Character of the president, will give dignity and energy to our government, and will together with the favourable appearances stated by you tend to reconcile all parties to it. I, having know[n] the determination of the President never more to take any share in transactions, of a public nature was fearful that even our melancholy situation would not (altho\u2019 the choice should be unanimous) call him forth. My fears arose from my love for him, I thought his character was as perfect as human nature is capable of being, that he wanted no additional lustre, and might eventually loose. But I was [w]rong, and he is right indubitably. Your scheme of impost, being temporary is highly approved here. Go on as you have begun and all things will come right.\nA circumstance trivial indeed, but from its effect here, important, deserves to be told. The opponents had predicted that Congress being once possessed with power, the friends to the new Government would never consent to make any amendments, Your motion on that great and delicate subject directly contradicts it. And they swear that they will never forget Bland, Grayson and their other friends for suffering any business however important to be done in Congress prior to the subject of amendments, And moreover for suffering this important prophecy by their tardiness to be contradicted.\nIf you can do something by way of amendment without any material injury to the system, I shall be much pleased, and as far as I can learn it will be pleasing to my countrymen, or a majority of them I mean. We certainly are more friendly than we were at the meeting of our Convention, several counties who were much opposed to it, are now decidedly very friendly, and I count on its being adopted at Our next convention.\nI wish the senate may do something effectual on the Indian department, I have had letters from McGillivray and some of my friends in that quarter, and I believe there will be great difficulties in accommodating a line of boundary between the white people and the Indians, and without such a line, we may hope for peace in vain. If our commissioners should not succeed I have promis\u2019d our western people and the Indians to pay them a visit. The indians hope every thing from Congress, and the whites are afraid that their speculative views will be blasted, if the business should be left wholy in the power of Congress.\nPray excuse the liberty I take in requesting the favour of you to present my congratulations to the President, this I would do myself altho\u2019 N. Carolina hath hitherto been in the Opposition. But I would not put his politeness to the trouble of answering it just now when he must be overwhelmed with the functions of his office.\nI am to go on tomorrow to Wilmington for a fortnight, from whence I will write to you again. If you should have leisure to write to me sometime, address to me via Petersburg to the care of Mr. Gracie. Adieu my dear friend and believe me yrs.\nBenjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0125", "content": "Title: Notes for Speech in Congress, [ca. 8 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nReasons urging amendts.\n1. to prove fedts. friends to liberty\n2. remove remaining inquietudes\n3. bring in N. C. & R. Island.\n4. to improve the Constitution\nReasons for moderating the plan\n1. No stop if door opend to theoretic amendts.\n2. as likely to make worse as better till trial\n3. insure passage by \u2154 of Congs. & \u00be of Sts.\nObjectns. of 3 kinds vs the Constn:\n1. vs. the theory of its structure\n2. vs. substance of its powers\u2014elections & direct taxes\n3. vs omission of guards in favr. of rights & libertys\nThe last most urged & easiest obviated.\nRead the amendments\u2014\nThey relate 1st. to private rights\u2014\nBill of Rights\u2014useful\u2014not essential\u2014\nfallacy on both sides\u2014especy as to English Decln. of Rts\u2014\n1. mere act of parlt.\n2. no freedom of press\u2014Conscience\nGl. Warrants\u2014Habs. corpus\njury in Civil Causes\u2014criml.\nattainders\u2014arms to Protestts.\nfrequent parlts. cheif trust\u2014\nfreedom of press & of Conscience unknown to Magna Cha. & Pet: Rts\nContents of Bills of Rhts\u2014\n1. assertion of primitive equality &c.\n2. do. of rights exerted in formg. Govts.\n3. natural rights, retained\u2014as Speech, Con:\n4. positive rights resultg\u2014as trial by jury\n5. Doctrinl. artics. as Depts. distinct\u2014Electns free\n6. moral precepts for the administrn. & natil. character\u2014as justice\u2014\u0152conomy\u2014&c\u2014\nObject of Bill of Rhts\nTo limit & qualify powr. by exceptg. from grant cases in wch. it shall not be exercised or exd. in a particular manner.\nto guard1. vs. Executive & in Engd. &c\u2014\n2. Legislative as in Sts\u2014\n3. the majority of people\nought to point vs greatest danger which in Rep: is Prerogative of majority\u2014\nHere proper, tho\u2019 less nessary., than in small Repubs\u2014\nObjectns. vs. Bill of Rhts.\n1. in Elective Govt. all power in people hence unnec[e]ssary & improper\u2014this vs Sts\u2014\n2. In fedl. Govt. all not given retained\u2014Bill of powers\u2014needs no bill of Rhts\u2014\nSweeping clause\u2014Genl Warrants &c\n3. St: Bills not repeald.\u2014\ntoo uncertain\nSome Sts have not bills\u2014others defect:\u2014others\u2014injurious\u2014as Protestts.\n4. dispar[a]ge other rights\u2014or constructively enlarge\u2014\nthe first goes vs St: Bills\u2014\nboth guarded vs. by amendt.\n5. Not effectl. vs Sts also\u2014but some check\nCourts will aid\u2014also Ex: also.\nSts Legisls: watch\nTime sanctify\u2014incorporate public Sentiment\nBill of Rts ergo. proper\u2014\nII increase of Reps. 2 for each H.\nIII pay of Congs.\nIV Interdict to States as to Conscience\u2014press\u2014& Jury\u2014\nthis more necsy. to Sts. than Congs.\nV Check on appeals\u2014& Common law\u2014\nVI. partn. as to 3 Depts. & do. as to Genl. & St: Govts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0126", "content": "Title: Amendments to the Constitution, [8 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   On 25 May, the day assigned to take up amendments, JM moved to postpone the subject for two weeks (Gazette of the U.S., 27 May 1789). On 8 June he moved to refer the business to a Committee of the Whole. Jackson opposed amendments at this time as premature, and suggested a postponement until March 1790. Others objected that Congress had more pressing business to complete before amendments could be considered.\nMr. Madison. The gentleman from Georgia (Mr. Jackson) is certainly right in his opposition to my motion for going into a committee of the whole, because he is unfriendly to the object I have in contemplation; but I cannot see that the gentlemen, who wish for amendments being proposed at the present session, stand on good ground when they object to the house going into committee on this business.\nWhen I first hinted to the house my intention of calling their deliberations to this object, I mentioned the pressure of other important subjects, and submitted the propriety of postponing this till the more urgent business was dispatched; but finding that business not dispatched, when the order of the day for considering amendments arrived, I thought it a good reason for a farther delay, I moved the postponement accordingly. I am sorry the same reason still exists in some degree; but operates with less force when it is considered, that it is not now proposed to enter into a full and minute discussion of every part of the subject, but merely to bring it before the house, that our constituents may see we pay a proper attention to a subject they have much at heart; and if it does not give that full gratification which is to be wished, they will discover that it proceeds from the urgency of business of a very important nature. But if we continue to postpone from time to time, and refuse to let the subject come into view, it may occasion suspicions, which, though not well founded, may tend to inflame or prejudice the public mind, against our decisions: they may think we are not sincere in our desire to incorporate such amendments in the constitution as will secure those rights, which they consider as not sufficiently guarded. The applications for amendments come from a very respectable number of our constituents, and it is certainly proper for congress to consider the subject, in order to quiet that anxiety which prevails in the public mind: Indeed I think it would have been of advantage to the government, if it had been practicable to have made some propositions for amendments the first business we entered upon; it would stifle the voice of complaint, and make friends of many who doubted its merits. Our future measures would then have been more universally agreeable and better supported; but the justifiable anxiety to put the government in operation prevented that; it therefore remains for us to take it up as soon as possible. I wish then to commence the consideration at the present moment; I hold it to be my duty to unfold my ideas, and explain myself to the house in some form or other without delay. I only wish to introduce the great work, and as I said before I do not expect it will be decided immediately; but if some step is taken in the business it will give reason to believe that we may come at a final result. This will inspire a reasonable hope in the advocates for amendments, that full justice will be done to the important subject; and I have reason to believe their expectation will not be defeated. I hope the house will not decline my motion for going into a committee.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 418\u201319 (also reported in Gazette of the U.S., 10 June 1789).\n   Several members continued to speak against going into a Committee of the Whole.\nMr. Madison. I am sorry to be accessary to the loss of a single moment of time by the house. If I had been indulged in my motion, and we had gone into a committee of the whole, I think we might have rose, and resumed the consideration of other business before this time; that is, so far as it depended on what I proposed to bring forward. As that mode seems not to give satisfaction, I will withdraw the motion, and move you, sir, that a select committee be appointed to consider and report such amendments as are proper for Congress to propose to the legislatures of the several States, conformably to the 5th article of the constitution. I will state my reasons why I think it proper to propose amendments; and state the amendments themselves, so far as I think they ought to be proposed. If I thought I could fulfil the duty which I owe to myself and my constituents, to let the subject pass over in silence, I most certainly should not trespass upon the indulgence of this house. But I cannot do this; and am therefore compelled to beg a patient hearing to what I have to lay before you. And I do most sincerely believe that if congress will devote but one day to this subject, so far as to satisfy the public that we do not disregard their wishes, it will have a salutary influence on the public councils, and prepare the way for a favorable reception of our future measures. It appears to me that this house is bound by every motive of prudence, not to let the first session pass over without proposing to the state legislatures some things to be incorporated into the constitution, as will render it as acceptable to the whole people of the United States, as it has been found acceptable to a majority of them. I wish, among other reasons why something should be done, that those who have been friendly to the adoption of this constitution, may have the opportunity of proving to those who were opposed to it, that they were as sincerely devoted to liberty and a republican government, as those who charged them with wishing the adoption of this constitution in order to lay the foundation of an aristocracy or despotism. It will be a desirable thing to extinguish from the bosom of every member of the community any apprehensions, that there are those among his countrymen who wish to deprive them of the liberty for which they valiantly fought and honorably bled. And if there are amendments desired, of such a nature as will not injure the constitution, and they can be ingrafted so as to give satisfaction to the doubting part of our fellow citizens; the friends of the federal government will evince that spirit of deference and concession for which they have hitherto been distinguished.\nIt cannot be a secret to the gentlemen in this house, that, notwithstanding the ratification of this system of government by eleven of the thirteen United States, in some cases unanimously, in others by large majorities; yet still there is a great number of our constituents who are dissatisfied with it; among whom are many respectable for their talents, their patriotism, and respectable for the jealousy they have for their liberty, which, though mistaken in its object, is laudable in its motive. There is a great body of the people falling under this description, who at present feel much inclined to join their support to the cause of federalism, if they were satisfied in this one point: We ought not to disregard their inclination, but, on principles of amity and moderation, conform to their wishes, and expressly declare the great rights of mankind secured under this constitution. The acquiescence which our fellow citizens shew under the government, calls upon us for a like return of moderation. But perhaps there is a stronger motive than this for our going into a consideration of the subject; it is to provide those securities for liberty which are required by a part of the community. I allude in a particular manner to those two states who have not thought fit to throw themselves into the bosom of the confederacy: it is a desirable thing, on our part as well as theirs, that a re-union should take place as soon as possible. I have no doubt, if we proceed to take those steps which would be prudent and requisite at this juncture, that in a short time we should see that disposition prevailing in those states that are not come in, that we have seen prevailing [in] those states which are.\nBut I will candidly acknowledge, that, over and above all these considerations, I do conceive that the constitution may be amended; that is to say, if all power is subject to abuse, that then it is possible the abuse of the powers of the general government may be guarded against in a more secure manner than is now done, while no one advantage, arising from the exercise of that power, shall be damaged or endangered by it. We have in this way something to gain, and, if we proceed with caution, nothing to lose; and in this case it is necessary to proceed with caution; for while we feel all these inducements to go into a revisal of the constitution, we must feel for the constitution itself, and make that revisal a moderate one. I should be unwilling to see a door opened for a re-consideration of the whole structure of the government, for a re-consideration of the principles and the substance of the powers given; because I doubt, if such a door was opened, if we should be very likely to stop at that point which would be safe to the government itself: But I do wish to see a door opened to consider, so far as to incorporate those provisions for the security of rights, against which I believe no serious objection has been made by any class of our constituents, such as would be likely to meet with the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses, and the approbation of three-fourths of the state legislatures. I will not propose a single alteration which I do not wish to see take place, as intrinsically proper in itself, or proper because it is wished for by a respectable number of my fellow citizens; and therefore I shall not propose a single alteration but is likely to meet the concurrence required by the constitution.\nThere have been objections of various kinds made against the constitution: Some were levelled against its structure, because the president was without a council; because the senate, which is a legislative body, had judicial powers in trials on impeachments; and because the powers of that body were compounded in other respects, in a manner that did not correspond with a particular theory; because it grants more power than is supposed to be necessary for every good purpose; and controuls the ordinary powers of the state governments. I know some respectable characters who opposed this government on these grounds; but I believe that the great mass of the people who opposed it, disliked it because it did not contain effectual provision against encroachments on particular rights, and those safeguards which they have been long accustomed to have interposed between them and the magistrate who exercised the sovereign power: nor ought we to consider them safe, while a great number of our fellow citizens think these securities necessary.\nIt has been a fortunate thing that the objection to the government has been made on the ground I stated; because it will be practicable on that ground to obviate the objection, so far as to satisfy the public mind that their liberties will be perpetual, and this without endangering any part of the constitution, which is considered as essential to the existence of the government by those who promoted its adoption.\nThe amendments which have occurred to me, proper to be recommended by congress to the state legislatures, are these:\nFirst. That there be prefixed to the constitution a declaration\u2014That all power is originally vested in, and consequently derived from the people.\nThat government is instituted, and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the right of acquiring and using property, and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.\nThat the people have an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to reform or change their government, whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution.\nSecondly. That in article 1st. section 2, clause 3, these words be struck out, to wit, \u201cThe number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such enumeration shall be made.\u201d And that in place thereof be inserted these words, to wit, \u201cAfter the first actual enumeration, there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand, until the number amount to  after which the proportion shall be so regulated by congress, that the number shall never be less than  nor more than  but each state shall after the first enumeration, have at least two representatives; and prior thereto.\u201d\nThirdly. That in article 1st, section 6, clause 1, there be added to the end of the first sentence, these words, to wit, \u201cBut no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of representatives.\u201d\nFourthly. That in article 1st, section 9, between clauses 3 and 4, be inserted these clauses, to wit, The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, or on any pretext infringed.\nThe people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be inviolable.\nThe people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good; nor from applying to the legislature by petitions, or remonstrances for redress of their grievances.\nThe right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person.\nNo soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor at any time, but in a manner warranted by law.\nNo person shall be subject, except in cases of impeachment, to more than one punishment, or one trial for the same offence; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor be obliged to relinquish his property, where it may be necessary for public use, without a just compensation.\nExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\nThe rights of the people to be secured in their persons, their houses, their papers, and their other property from all unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, or not particularly describing the places to be searched, or the persons or things to be seized.\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation, to be confronted with his accusers, and the witnesses against him; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.\nThe exceptions here or elsewhere in the constitution, made in favor of particular rights, shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people; or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the constitution; but either as actual limitations of such powers, or as inserted merely for greater caution.\nFifthly. That in article 1st, section 10, between clauses 1 and 2, be inserted this clause, to wit:\nNo state shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases.\nSixthly. That article 3d, section 2, be annexed to the end of clause 2d, these words to wit: but no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to  dollars: nor shall any fact triable by jury, according to the course of common law, be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law.\nSeventhly. That in article 3d, section 2, the third clause be struck out, and in its place be inserted the clauses following, to wit:\nThe trial of all crimes (except in cases of impeachments, and cases arising in the land or naval forces, or the militia when on actual service in time of war or public danger) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage, with the requisite of unanimity for conviction, of the right of challenge, and other accustomed requisites; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member, presentment or indictment by a grand jury, shall be an essential preliminary, provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy, or in which a general insurrection may prevail, the trial may by law be authorised in some other county of the same state, as near as may be to the seat of the offence.\nIn cases of crimes committed not within any county, the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed. In suits at common law, between man and man, the trial by jury, as one of the best securities to the rights of the people, ought to remain inviolate.\nEighthly. That immediately after article 6th, be inserted, as article 7th, the clauses following, to wit:\nThe powers delegated by this constitution, are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed: so that the legislative department shall never exercise the powers vested in the executive or judicial; nor the executive exercise the powers vested in the legislative or judicial; nor the judicial exercise the powers vested in the legislative or executive departments.\nThe powers not delegated by this constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the States respectively.\nNinthly. That article 7th, be numbered as article 8th.\nThe first of these amendments, relates to what may be called a bill of rights; I will own that I never considered this provision so essential to the federal constitution, as to make it improper to ratify it, until such an amendment was added; at the same time, I always conceived, that in a certain form and to a certain extent, such a provision was neither improper nor altogether useless. I am aware, that a great number of the most respectable friends to the government and champions for republican liberty, have thought such a provision, not only unnecessary, but even improper, nay, I believe some have gone so far as to think it even dangerous. Some policy has been made use of perhaps by gentlemen on both sides of the question: I acknowledge the ingenuity of those arguments which were drawn against the constitution, by a comparison with the policy of Great-Britain, in establishing a declaration of rights; but there is too great a difference in the case to warrant the comparison: therefore the arguments drawn from that source, were in a great measure inapplicable. In the declaration of rights which that country has established, the truth is, they have gone no farther, than to raise a barrier against the power of the crown; the power of the legislature is left altogether indefinite. Altho\u2019 I know whenever the great rights, the trial by jury, freedom of the press, or liberty of conscience, came in question in that body, the invasion of them is resisted by able advocates, yet their Magna Charta does not contain any one provision for the security of those rights, respecting which, the people of America are most alarmed. The freedom of the press and rights of conscience, those choicest privileges of the people, are unguarded in the British constitution.\nBut altho\u2019 the case may be widely different, and it may not be thought necessary to provide limits for the legislative power in that country, yet a different opinion prevails in the United States. The people of many states, have thought it necessary to raise barriers against power in all forms and departments of government, and I am inclined to believe, if once bills of rights are established in all the states as well as the federal constitution, we shall find that altho\u2019 some of them are rather unimportant, yet, upon the whole, they will have a salutary tendency.\nIt may be said, in some instances they do no more than state the perfect equality of mankind; this to be sure is an absolute truth, yet it is not absolutely necessary to be inserted at the head of a constitution.\nIn some instances they assert those rights which are exercised by the people in forming and establishing a plan of government. In other instances, they specify those rights which are retained when particular powers are given up to be exercised by the legislature. In other instances, they specify positive rights, which may seem to result from the nature of the compact. Trial by jury cannot be considered as a natural right, but a right resulting from the social compact which regulates the action of the community, but is as essential to secure the liberty of the people as any one of the pre-existent rights of nature. In other instances they lay down dogmatic maxims with respect to the construction of the government; declaring, that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches shall be kept separate and distinct: Perhaps the best way of securing this in practice is to provide such checks, as will prevent the encroachment of the one upon the other.\nBut whatever may be [the] form which the several states have adopted in making declarations in favor of particular rights, the great object in view is to limit and qualify the powers of government, by excepting out of the grant of power those cases in which the government ought not to act, or to act only in a particular mode. They point these exceptions sometimes against the abuse of the executive power, sometimes against the legislative, and, in some cases, against the community itself; or, in other words, against the majority in favor of the minority.\nIn our government it is, perhaps, less necessary to guard against the abuse in the executive department than any other; because it is not the stronger branch of the system, but the weaker: It therefore must be levelled against the legislative, for it is the most powerful, and most likely to be abused, because it is under the least controul; hence, so far as a declaration of rights can tend to prevent the exercise of undue power, it cannot be doubted but such declaration is proper. But I confess that I do conceive, that in a government modified like this of the United States, the great danger lies rather in the abuse of the community than in the legislative body. The prescriptions in favor of liberty, ought to be levelled against that quarter where the greatest danger lies, namely, that which possesses the highest prerogative of power: But this [is] not found in either the executive or legislative departments of government, but in the body of the people, operating by the majority against the minority.\nIt may be thought all paper barriers against the power of the community, are too weak to be worthy of attention. I am sensible they are not so strong as to satisfy gentlemen of every description who have seen and examined thoroughly the texture of such a defence; yet, as they have a tendency to impress some degree of respect for them, to establish the public opinion in their favor, and rouse the attention of the whole community, it may be one mean to controul the majority from those acts to which they might be otherwise inclined.\nIt has been said by way of objection to a bill of rights, by many respectable gentlemen out of doors, and I find opposition on the same principles likely to be made by gentlemen on this floor, that they are unnecessary articles of a republican government, upon the presumption that the people have those rights in their own hands, and that is the proper place for them to rest. It would be a sufficient answer to say that this objection lies against such provisions under the state governments as well as under the general government; and there are, I believe, but few gentlemen who are inclined to push their theory so far as to say that a declaration of rights in those cases is either ineffectual or improper. It has been said that in the federal government they are unnecessary, because the powers are enumerated, and it follows that all that are not granted by the constitution are retained: that the constitution is a bill of powers, the great residuum being the rights of the people; and therefore a bill of rights cannot be so necessary as if the residuum was thrown into the hands of the government. I admit that these arguments are not entirely without foundation; but they are not conclusive to the extent which has been supposed. It is true the powers of the general government are circumscribed; they are directed to particular objects; but even if government keeps within those limits, it has certain discretionary powers with respect to the means, which may admit of abuse to a certain extent, in the same manner as the powers of the state governments under their constitutions may to an indefinite extent; because in the constitution of the United States there is a clause granting to Congress the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution all the powers vested in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof; this enables them to fulfil every purpose for which the government was established. Now, may not laws be considered necessary and proper by Congress, for it is them who are to judge of the necessity and propriety to accomplish those special purposes which they may have in contemplation, which laws in themselves are neither necessary or proper; as well as improper laws could be enacted by the state legislatures, for fulfilling the more extended objects of those governments. I will state an instance which I think in point, and proves that this might be the case. The general government has a right to pass all laws which shall be necessary to collect its revenue; the means for enforcing the collection are within the direction of the legislature: may not general warrants be considered necessary for this purpose, as well as for some purposes which it was supposed at the framing of their constitutions the state governments had in view. If there was reason for restraining the state governments from exercising this power, there is like reason for restraining the federal government.\nIt may be said, because it has been said, that a bill of rights is not necessary, because the establishment of this government has not repealed those declarations of rights which are added to the several state constitutions: that those rights of the people, which had been established by the most solemn act, could not be annihilated by a subsequent act of that people, who meant, and declared at the head of the instrument, that they ordained and established a new system, for the express purpose of securing to themselves and posterity the liberties they had gained by an arduous conflict.\nI admit the force of this observation, but I do not look upon it to be conclusive. In the first place, it is too uncertain ground to leave this provision upon, if a provision is at all necessary to secure rights so important as many of those I have mentioned are conceived to be, by the public in general, as well as those in particular who opposed the adoption of this constitution. Beside some states have no bills of rights, there are others provided with very defective ones, and there are others whose bills of rights are not only defective, but absolutely improper; instead of securing some in the full extent which republican principles would require, they limit them too much to agree with the common ideas of liberty.\nIt has been objected also against a bill of rights, that, by enumerating particular exceptions to the grant of power, it would disparage those rights which were not placed in that enumeration, and it might follow by implication, that those rights which were not singled out, were intended to be assigned into the hands of the general government, and were consequently insecure. This is one of the most plausible arguments I have ever heard urged against the admission of a bill of rights into this system; but, I conceive, that may be guarded against. I have attempted it, as gentlemen may see by turning to the last clause of the 4th resolution.\nIt has been said, that it is unnecessary to load the constitution with this provision, because it was not found effectual in the constitution of the particular states. It is true, there are a few particular states in which some of the most valuable articles have not, at one time or other, been violated; but does it not follow but they may have, to a certain degree, a salutary effect against the abuse of power. If they are incorporated into the constitution, independent tribunals of justice will consider themselves in a peculiar manner the guardians of those rights; they will be an impenetrable bulwark against every assumption of power in the legislative or executive; they will be naturally led to resist every encroachment upon rights expressly stipulated for in the constitution by the declaration of rights. Beside this security, there is a great probability that such a declaration in the federal system would be inforced; because the state legislatures will jealously and closely watch the operations of this government, and be able to resist with more effect every assumption of power than any other power on earth can do; and the greatest opponents to a federal government admit the state legislatures to be sure guardians of the people\u2019s liberty. I conclude from this view of the subject, that it will be proper in itself, and highly politic, for the tranquility of the public mind, and the stability of the government, that we should offer something, in the form I have proposed, to be incorporated in the system of government, as a declaration of the rights of the people.\nIn the next place I wish to see that part of the constitution revised which declares, that the number of representatives shall not exceed the proportion of one for every thirty thousand persons, and allows one representative to every state which rates below that proportion. If we attend to the discussion of this subject, which has taken place in the state conventions, and even in the opinion of the friends to the constitution, an alteration here is proper. It is the sense of the people of America, that the number of representatives ought to be encreased, but particularly that it should not be left in the discretion of the government to diminish them, below that proportion which certainly is in the power of the legislature as the constitution now stands; and they may, as the population of the country encreases, increase the house of representatives to a very unwieldy degree. I confess I always thought this part of the constitution defective, though not dangerous; and that it ought to be particularly attended to whenever congress should go into the consideration of amendments.\nThere are several lesser cases enumerated in my proposition, in which I wish also to see some alteration take place. That article which leaves it in the power of the legislature to ascertain its own emolument is one to which I allude. I do not believe this is a power which, in the ordinary course of government, is likely to be abused, perhaps of all the powers granted, it is least likely to abuse; but there is a seeming impropriety in leaving any set of men without controul to put their hand into the public coffers, to take out money to put in their pockets; there is a seeming indecorum in such power, which leads me to propose a change. We have a guide to this alteration in several of the amendments which the different conventions have proposed. I have gone therefore so far as to fix it, that no law, varying the compensation, shall operate until there is a change in the legislature; in which case it cannot be for the particular benefit of those who are concerned in determining the value of the service.\nI wish also, in revising the constitution, we may throw into that section, which interdicts the abuse of certain powers in the state legislatures, some other provisions of equal if not greater importance than those already made. The words, \u201cNo state shall pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, &c.\u201d were wise and proper restrictions in the constitution. I think there is more danger of those powers being abused by the state governments than by the government of the United States. The same may be said of other powers which they possess, if not controuled by the general principle, that laws are unconstitutional which infringe the rights of the community. I should therefore wish to extend this interdiction, and add, as I have stated in the 5th resolution, that no state shall violate the equal right of conscience, freedom of the press, or trial by jury in criminal cases; because it is proper that every government should be disarmed of powers which trench upon those particular rights. I know in some of the state constitutions the power of the government is controuled by such a declaration, but others are not. I cannot see any reason against obtaining even a double security on those points; and nothing can give a more sincere proof of the attachment of those who opposed this constitution to these great and important rights, than to see them join in obtaining the security I have now proposed; because it must be admitted, on all hands, that the state governments are as liable to attack these invaluable privileges as the general government is, and therefore ought to be as cautiously guarded against.\nI think it will be proper, with respect to the judiciary powers, to satisfy the public mind on those points which I have mentioned. Great inconvenience has been apprehended to suitors from the distance they would be dragged to obtain justice in the supreme court of the United States, upon an appeal on an action for a small debt. To remedy this, declare, that no appeal shall be made unless the matter in controversy amounts to a particular sum: This, with the regulations respecting jury trials in criminal cases, and suits at common law, it is to be hoped will quiet and reconcile the minds of the people to that part of the constitution.\nI find, from looking into the amendments proposed by the state conventions, that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the constitution, that the powers not therein delegated, should be reserved to the several states. Perhaps words which may define this more precisely, than the whole of the instrument now does, may be considered as superfluous. I admit they may be deemed unnecessary; but there can be no harm in making such a declaration, if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated. I am sure I understand it so, and do therefore propose it.\nThese are the points on which I wish to see a revision of the constitution take place. How far they will accord with the sense of this body, I cannot take upon me absolutely to determine; but I believe every gentleman will readily admit that nothing is in contemplation, so far as I have mentioned, that can endanger the beauty of the government in any one important feature, even in the eyes of its most sanguine admirers. I have proposed nothing that does not appear to me as proper in itself, or eligible as patronised by a respectable number of our fellow citizens; and if we can make the constitution better in the opinion of those who are opposed to it, without weakening its frame, or abridging its usefulness, in the judgment of those who are attached to it, we act the part of wise and liberal men to make such alterations as shall produce that effect.\nHaving done what I conceived was my duty, in bringing before this house the subject of amendments, and also stated such as I wish for and approve, and offered the reasons which occurred to me in their support; I shall content myself for the present with moving, that a committee be appointed to consider of and report such amendments as ought to be proposed by congress to the legislatures of the states, to become, if ratified by three-fourths thereof, part of the constitution of the United States. By agreeing to this motion, the subject may be going on in the committee, while other important business is proceeding to a conclusion in the house. I should advocate greater dispatch in the business of amendments, if I was not convinced of the absolute necessity there is of pursuing the organization of the government; because I think we should obtain the confidence of our fellow citizens, in proportion as we fortify the rights of the people against the encroachments of the government.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., I, 423\u201337 (also reported in Gazette of the U.S., 10 and 13 June 1789).\n   For a table showing the sources of JM\u2019s proposed amendments and the subsequent action taken on them by Congress and the states, see Dumbauld, Bill of Rights, pp. 160\u201363.\n   After further debate, the House agreed to refer JM\u2019s propositions to a Committee of the Whole, as he originally intended.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0127", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, [9 June] 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\n\u2026 I hope the idea of titles is sent to eternal repose. I know nothing which in my judgment would more strengthen opposition than the adoption of such a measure, giving countenance to all the suspicions hitherto forged only, of a tendency in the Goverment to fav\u2019r Aristocratic principles.\u2026", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0128", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William R. Davie, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Davie, William R.\nTo: Madison, James\nSirHalifax, No. Carolina, June 10h., 1789.\nMy private acquaintance with you would by no means warrant a correspondence of this kind, but the interest we have in your public character and exertions will sufficiently apologise for the freedom.\nYou are well acquainted with the political situation of this State, its unhappy attachment to paper money, and that wild scepticism which has prevailed in it since the publication of the Constitution. It has been the uniform cant of the enemies of the Government, that Congress would exert all their influence to prevent the calling of a convention, and would never propose an amendment themselves, or consent to an alteration, that would in any manner diminish their powers. The people whose fears had been already alarmed, have received this opinion as fact, and become confirmed in their opposition; your notification however of the 4h. of May has dispersed almost universal pleasure, we hold it up as a refutation of the gloomy profecies of the leaders of the opposition, and the honest part of our Antifederalists have publickly expressed great satisfaction on this event. Our Convention meet again in November, with powers to adopt the Constitution and any Amendments that may be proposed; this renders it extremely important that the Amendments, if any, should be proposed before that time. And although we may be nominally a foreign State, yet I hope the Alterations will come officially addressed to the people of this Country, an attention however trifling in itself, that will be of importance in the present state of the public mind here.\nThat farago of Amendments borrowed from Virginia is by no means to be considered as the sense of this Country; they were proposed amidst the violence and confusion of party heat, at a critical moment in our convention, and adopted by the opposition without one moments consideration. I have collected with some attention the objections of the honest and serious\u2014they are but few & perhaps necessary alterations. They require some explanation rather than alteration of the power of Congress over elections\u2014an abridgment of the Jurisdiction of the federal Court in a few instances, and some fixed regulations respecting appeals\u2014they also insist on the trial by jury being expressly secured to them in all cases\u2014and a constitutional guarantee for the free exercise of their religious rights and priviledges\u2014the rule of representation is thought to be too much in the power of Congress\u2014and the Constitution is silent with respect to the existing paper money an important and interesting property. Instead of a Bill of rights attempting to enumerate the rights of the Indivi[du]al or the State Governments, they seem to prefer some general negative as will confining [sic] Congress to the exercise of the powers particularly granted, with some express negative restriction in some important cases. I am extremely anxious to know the progress of this delicate & interesting business; and if you could find leisure from the duties of office and the obligations of Friendship to give me some information on this subject, it might perhaps be of some consequence to this Country, and would in any event be gratefully acknowledged by your mo. obt. humle. servt.\nWilliam R. Davie.\nP. S. Letters addressed to the care of Kellock & Morrison, Merchts. Petersburg, will be certainly received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0129", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 10 June 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sirAlexa. 10h. June 89\nI have not heard from you for a long time but often hear of you. All ranks of people within my observation seem highly pleased with the govt. since its commencement & reckon far too much on the benefits which it may produce\u2014these expectations will meet with disappointment, which may create chagrin in the public mind & renew clamor.\nThe president is dear to the citizens beyond parralel or expression, the senate is reported to contain much wisdom & the house of representatives much integrity\u2014our papers are full of your proceedings & debates, I suppose incorrectly taken from the contradictions which seem occasionally to be exhibited by the same speaker, the lameness of stile & crudeness of matter which seem generally to charecterize their doings. Much impatience & much self sufficie[ncy \u2026] belong to your body. On the subject of title their conduct receives as it merits pointed opprobrium not because they opposed adding to the constitutional title of the cheif Majistrate, but because they treated the senate with marked indecency. Whether the President shall have a new name is merely a question of policy & its result must be insignificant in its consequences to the people, but that the two branches of Legislature should hold to each other the most marked respect is necessary for their honor, their respectability & our good.\nThe impost bill is thought too high & some proper articles for taxation (or duty rather) omitted\u2014Bar iron for instance. Every idea of nationality seems to command that we should encourage those things essential to the independence of our country, we abound in iron ore, but unless encouraged by govt. must depend on [\u2026] requisite to national independence\u2014your dutys are laid ad valorem at time & place of importation, this is opposite to the custom prevalent in this state and in my mind indeterminate as well as productive of loss to revenue\u2014A imports from London a cargo of Merchandize into Norfolk, under the late act he is to pay dutys as above mentioned, who decides on the value of the cargo, the importer or your officer or how is this value to be ascertained.\nRevenue will be diminished because the goods will be imported to the lowest market afterwards conveyed to the highest market.\nWe are told that your commercial officers will be numerous & that you mean to imitate the British usage in this particular, certainly it becomes you to advert to the difference between that nation & ours\u2014the one most rich the other most poor, how can it be expected that we can sustain the expence of her numerous officers from the tide waiter to the collector. I thought that Mr. Pitts administration had convicted all the world that smuggling is only to be prevented by moderation in the laying of dutys, that hosts of officers & numerous coast guarders & tenders were insufficient. Why then will we run counter to this exper[ience \u2026] when the creation of a new office frightens our people as well as adds to the drains on our scanty purse. Your house it seems has determined that our fiscal affairs should again be placed in the hands of one, here is another fruitful topic of censure. As integrity is in this department the first object to cherish, I must hold to my former sentiments on this subject & prefer three men to one for the management of the public money.\nWhile I give this preference I acknowlegde [sic] I obtain a good with an evil, I confess while I secure the heart, I yeild the head up in degree. But if I am right in my first position viz that integrity is the first point in view, I am right in determining to prefer three to one, for I am secured by nature from intentional injury, which is a security far more valuable in my Judgement than all the checks which the ingenuity of man can invent to controul the individual. Three men cannot be found in the higher order so corrupt as to unite in peculation, if they did their own jealousys & rivalship [\u2026] them. One man [who] is des[perate \u2026] the money of the people to his own uses & corrupt those who are entrusted by the community to superintend his conduct. On this point there are two opinions to be sure, & very good men embrace different sides of the question. I am among those who would feel safer & pay quicker, was the public coffers under the orders of a commission I confess, but whatever may be done I sincerely hope, good to the people may be its result.\nAdieu to politics, the navigation of the river from fort C to the great falls is now in common use in various parts & will be free from every obstruction very soon.\nCol. Gilpin tells me that not only the owners of the canal land are highly interested in getting possession of the spot for their own views, but that the potomac co, & the town of Alexa. [\u2019]s interest require no longer delay should be permitted if possible to be prevented. I shall wait to hear from Mr. Jefferson & should his letr. be discouraging I will proceed to Philada. & N york to borrow the [\u2026]. Mr Gilpin says that he has recd. many applications from respectable people for lots, & that the desire of fixing at the great falls is very general among the commercial people here & above on both sides of the river.\nMr. Maury has sent in good sales of tobacco, for four Hhds. shipped by me I have 11 \u00a3 pr. hhd. sting, & some of his correspondents in spotsylvania & orange have recd. 16 to 18 \u00a3 pr. Hhd sting. I hope you may have been among this fortunate class.\nYou have heard of the loss we have met with in the death of Mrs. Fendall\u2014better for her to be sure had this event taken place sooner & altho we are convinced of this truth yet our affliction is immoderate.\nPoor Mrs. Lee is particularly injured by it, as the affiction [sic] of mind adds to the infirmity of her body. Be pleased to present us to our friend Mrs. Colden most affey & arrest her execution of the commission she was so good as to undertake. Adieu always [\u2026]ffly.\nH Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0130", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.Richmond 12th. June 1789.\nWe have nothing in this quarter worth mentioning or I should more frequently make communications. I conclude you receive our papers regularly or would inclose them weekly. Although the proceedings of the House of representatives on the impost bill produced some remarks and altercation respecting its equality and policy yet I think the disputes appr. to have somewhat more of warmth respecting the allowances to the V. p. & the Members of the two Houses as reported by the Com:\u2014these are generally thought too high at 5M dols. for the V. p. & six \u214c day for the members of Congress. There are however some, but those not many who think the proposed allowances inadequate. Is it proposed to have collectors and naval officers. If a Minister of Finance does he appoint the officers in the States under him or will they do you think be nominated by the President. A Gentleman who has acted in the Treasury department in this State has been for some time attending and I suppose looks for employment\u2014he may have his merit he has also his faults. Yr. friend & Servt\nJos: Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0131", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Walter Jones, 12 June 1789\nFrom: Jones, Walter\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.Northumberland, Virginia June 12th. 1789.\nOur personal acquaintance having been hitherto cursory I can claim no great Share of a correspondence, necessarily and very deservedly so extensive as yours. Your public Conduct, and the Intervention of our private & common Freinds have fixt you high in my Esteem, and I am persuaded that we are very intimately united, in our dispositions to exert our respective Talents & opportunities in promoting the true Republican honor & Interest of the united States. I can farther assure you, that any Communications, which you may have Leisure or Inclination to make me, will be very acceptable & obliging, and that I should value none more, either in respect to the Integrity or Selection of them.\nThe proceedings of your House, have met with general approbation in this part\u2014the disappointed party are much puzzled to give any unfavourable turn to the appearance of the federalists, in their forward defence of republican principles, on the few occasions that have hitherto been offered. I regret that the Senate have so soon discovered, a vain predilection for European Corruption in respect to Titles. I hope nevertheless, that its progress will be effectually stifled, by the successive firmness & Complexion of the House of delegates. The duties, as they are presented by the Committee of your house, are generally thought high. I am a poor Judge of the matter, but I conceive that any Expedient, short of a material [Injury to] Commerce should be tried, rather than resort to the delicate [Experiment] of direct Taxation. Some persons here, of good Judgement in mercantile affairs, are of opinion that the eastern people, without very strict regulations, will elude the payment of the Duties on Salt & molasses, by feigned clearances of their Rum and Salt to foreign Ports.\nOur Freind Mr. Page and myself have established a course of Communication; and thro his hands any Intelligence you may oblige me with, will be properly directed. I am Sir with much regard your obedient Servant\nWalt: Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0132", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, [12 June?] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nFriday Morng. [12 June 1789?]\nAs the Communications herewith enclosed will not take much time to Read; As there are matters related which to me are new; and as the information respecting land transactions, and other things in the Western Country will require to be noticed & acted upon in some way or another, I send them to you together with a Gazette with a marked paragraph containing some suggestions that have not, I believe, been touched upon in any of the Papers I gave you yesterday\u2014but are handed to you for the same purpose that they were\u2014i e\u2014merely for Consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0133", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 13 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirN. York. June 13th. 1789.\nThe letter herewith enclosed from Col: H. Lee with the papers accompanying it fully explain themselves. Inclosed also is a letter from Mr. P. Carr, who has been here several weeks. One of his inducements to visit N. York during the present vacation, was a hope of falling in with you on your visit to America. I regret much both your disappointments. It is not yet in my power to say when the cause of Yours will be removed. Every step taken under the new System is marked with tardiness; the effect of that want of precedents which give a mechanical motion to business under old establishments.\nTo the above inclosures is added a chart of the Great falls copied from a draught sent me by Col: Lee. I should have observed that all the papers from him, except this are duplicates, the originals having been consigned by a conveyance from Alexanda. to the care of Mr. Mason who resides at Bourdeaux, to be forwarded to Paris.\nThis will go by a Gentleman, Mr. Joy, who is returning to London, and will be forwarded by such opportunity as he may judge sufficiently certain. Considering it as likely to be long on the way, and having written pretty lately to you, I shall suspend further communications, till a more direct & convenient channel presents itself. The Newspaper inclosed will shew you the form and extent of the amendments which I thought it adviseable to introduce to the H. of Representatives as most likely to pass thro\u2019 \u2154 of that Hs. & of the Senate & \u00be of the States. If I am not mistaken they will if passed, be satisfactory to majority of those who have opposed the Constitution. I am persuaded they will be so to a majority of that Description in Virginia. I wish you all happiness & am Dear Sir Yrs most affectly\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0134", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Fontaine Maury, 14 June 1789\nFrom: Maury, Fontaine\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sir.Fredg. June 14th. 1789\nI wrote you some time since, informing you that as exchange was higher with you, than here, that I should decline taking the Bill I applyed to you for, and that twould be most to your advantage to sell it in New York. Since this Letter, I have shiped the remaining three hhds of your Tobacco to my Brother, and you may draw as usual on them.\nI have today drawn on you in favor of French L. Gray for \u00a321.0.0 V C at 20 days Sight, it being the amount of sundries furnished Your Brother for the use of your plantation the last year, which you\u2019ll please honor and place to my debit. Your freinds in Orange were well a few days ago. I am very Respectfully D sir your mo: ob st\nFontaine Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0135", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy Dr frd.N. Y. June 15. 1789\nThe inclosed paper contains the proposition made on Monday last on the subject of amendments. It is limited to points which are important in the eyes of many and can be objectionable in those of none. The structure & stamina of the Govt. are as little touched as possible. Nothing of a controvertible nature can be expected to make its way thro\u2019 the caprice & discord of opinions which would encounter it in Congs. when \u2154 must concur in each House, & in the State Legislatures, \u00be of which will be requisite to its final success. The article which I fear most for is that which respects the representation. The small States betray already a coolness towards it. And I am not sure that another local policy may not mingle its poison in the healing experiment. The papers inclosed from time to time mark our progress, or rather our delays in the revenue business. They are to be lamented, but seem unavoidably incident to the first essay on the subject. Subsequent tasks will be easy. I am anxious to hear that Mrs. R.[\u2019]s alarm is removed. Yrs. mo. affectly.\nJs. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0136", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirRichmond June 15. 1789.\nUpon my return home the other day after the close of the Chancery term, I found a letter from you in the post office, wh. had been there for sometime. This will apologize for my not answering it sooner. I am again call\u2019d here, & shall attend untill the last of this month, upon the genl. & court of appeals. Mr. Jefferson we are taught to believe will visit this state in the course of the summer\u2014& reside some months at Monticello. But as his request for leave to perform this tour was, (as I have understood) presented in the interval between the dissolutn. of the late & organitn. of the prest. govt., whilst no one might be authoriz\u2019d to grant it, & the season was far advanc\u2019d before the latter event, I have feard the report was without foundation. Owing however to the contrary expectation together with the want of materials, I have declin\u2019d writing him latterly. I had intended to have given Mrs. M. an opportunity of visiting her friends in N yk. this year, but have latterly declin\u2019d it. The expence of the trip & approaching heat of the season present difficulties not to be surmounted. On my return I shall send my furniture, & soon after move up to Albemarle. This I expect to accomplish in the course of the next month or certainly in August. Mrs. M. was of our party to the district court & was well pleas\u2019d with the country. You must not expect, in return for your attention, any communicatn. of importance from me. The country furnishes nothing of the kind, & you have intelligence from other quarters, sooner than it reaches us.\nThe operations of the government is the object here that engages the publick attention. As yet no act of importance has pass\u2019d, and of course no ground laid, for particular approbation or censure. In general however so far as I have seen the effect, the discussion of the subjects that have been before you, has made, it hath been a favorable one. An anxiety seems to prevail for greater dispatch, but this the more discerning are sensible must be impracticable. Before I move shall arrange the line of correspondence between us & apprize you of it. I am with real esteem sincerely yours\u2014\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0137", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anthony Wayne, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Wayne, Anthony\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirRichmond State of Georgia 15th. June 1789\nPermit me to congratulate you upon the adoption, & organization, of the Federal Constitution, a business in which you took so early\u2014so conspicuous\u2014& so Effectual a part, & altho\u2019 I have not the honor of a seat in the Magnum Concilium of America\u2014I feel myself much interested in her Dignity, wealth, & Power\u2014& therefore take the liberty to suggest a measure which in my humble opinion will have a tendency to promote the whole\u2014it is at least, interesting to the Southern States\u2014& may merit some attention.\nThe present situation of this Country from the reiterated depredations of the Indians\u2014on One Quarter\u2014& the insiduous protection afforded our run-away Negros by the Spaniards on the other, are of so alarming & serious a nature as to th[r]eaten this lately flourishing State with ruin & desolation\u2014unless timely Protected by Congress. I am now decidedly of Opinion that we shall never have a permanent peace with the Creek Nation (who are Numerous & insolent) until they experience our superiority or until an Army is Stationed for our Protection. I have been more than once engaged with those Indians\u2014& always proved them Vulnerable\u2014& was I clothed with proper Authority\u2014& the necessary means\u2014(which rests with you) I wou\u2019d engage to raise\u2014organize & discipline A Legionary Corps\u2014in the course of a few months (say by Winter the season for Operation in this Climate)\u2014at the head of which I wou\u2019d pledge myself to Produce a Glorious\u2014speedy\u2014& happy Issue.\nIn fact\u2014a regular force is indispensibly necessary to protect (not only) the Southern States against the Indians\u2014but also the United States from the Ideal & insolent Claim of the Spanish Nation to that invaluable territory lately Ceded to Congress by the State of Georgia, possessing ever[y] possible advantage, that a happy Climate\u2014luxuriency of soil & Navigation can afford\u2014which in addition to other & further Cessions of Georgia & North Carolina\u2014presents a field for National speculation vastly superior to all the Country between the Ohio & Mississipi.\nThese considerations will naturally draw the attention of Congress to this Quarter\u2014& probably induce them to make an Establishment in the Southern District simular to that, which Genl. St. Clair presides over to the Westward\u2014it will not only be an effectual barrier against the Indians & vague Claims of the Spaniards in future, but it will also open an Ample fund towards sinking the National debt, by the rapid sale of Lands superior to any on the Contenent, so that whatever expence may be incured at the first outset\u2014will be more than Counterbalanced by the many Advantages resulting from it, independent of the expediency of a Measure equally fraught with\u2014Prudence\u2014honor\u2014& Justice.\nI candidly acknowledge that I feel myself interested in this business\u2014not only as an individual\u2014but as a Soldier\u2014& a Citizen of America. You\u2019l therefore have the goodness to pardon this liberty\u2014& shou\u2019d the Opinion I have hazarded\u2014quadrate with your own, I am confident that you possess the Abilities to give it every necessary, & Proper support in your House. I shall however be particularly gratified by your sentiments on this subject. Interim I am with every sentiment of Esteem Your Most Obt. & very Huml Sert\nAnty. Wayne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0138", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 15 June 1789. The list probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany) notes that Pendleton wrote a two-page letter to JM on this day. The summary reads: \u201cCommending Nathaniel Pendleton jr for the appointment of District Court Judge in Georgia\u201d (see JM to Pendleton, 15 July 1789 and n. 3).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0140", "content": "Title: Removal Power of the President, [16 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The Committee of the Whole took up the bill establishing a department of foreign affairs. Smith (South Carolina) and others wished to strike out the clause declaring the secretary \u201cto be removeable from office by the President of the United States.\u201d\nMr. Madison. If the construction of the constitution is to be left to its natural course with respect to the executive powers of this government, I own that the insertion of this sentiment in law may not be of material importance, though if it is nothing more than a mere declaration of a clear grant made by the constitution, it can do no harm; but if it relates to a doubtful part of the constitution, I suppose an exposition of the constitution may come with as much propriety from the legislature as any other department of government. If the power naturally belongs to the government, and the constitution is undecided as to the body which is to exercise it, it is likely that it is submitted to the discretion of the legislature, and the question will depend upon its own merits.\nI am clearly of opinion with the gentleman from South-Carolina (Mr. Smith,) that we ought in this and every other case to adhere to the constitution, so far as it will serve as a guide to us, and that we ought not to be swayed in our decisions by the splendor of the character of the present chief magistrate, but to consider it with respect to the merit of men who, in the ordinary course of things, may be supposed to fill the chair. I believe the power here declared is a high one, and in some respects a dangerous one; but in order to come to a right decision on this point, we must consider both sides of the question. The possible abuses which may spring from the single will of the first magistrate, and the abuse which may spring from the combined will of the executive and the senatorial qualification.\nWhen we consider that the first magistrate is to be appointed at present by the suffrages of three millions of people, and in all human probability in a few years time by double that number, it is not to be presumed that a vicious or bad character will be selected. If the government of any country on the face of the earth was ever effectually guarded against the election of ambitious or designing characters to the first office of the state, I think it may with truth be said to be the case under the constitution of the United States. With all the infirmities incident to a popular election, corrected by the particular mode of conducting it, as directed under the present system, I think we may fairly calculate, that the instances will be very rare in which an unworthy man will receive that mark of the public confidence which is required to designate the president of the United States. Where the people are disposed to give so great an elevation to one of their fellow citizens, I own that I am not afraid to place my confidence in him; especially when I know he is impeachable for any crime or misdemeanor, before the senate, at all times; and that at all events he is impeachable before the community at large every four years, and liable to be displaced if his conduct shall have given umbrage during the time he has been in office. Under these circumstances, although the trust is a high one, and in some degree perhaps a dangerous one, I am not sure but it will be safer here than placed where some gentlemen suppose it ought to be.\nIt is evidently the intention of the constitution that the first magistrate should be responsible for the executive department; so far therefore as we do not make the officers who are to aid him in the duties of that department responsible to him, he is not responsible to his country. Again, is there no danger that an officer when he is appointed by the concurrence of the senate, and has friends in that body, may chuse rather to risk his establishment on the favor of that branch, than rest it upon the discharge of his duties to the satisfaction to the executive branch, which is constitutionally authorised to inspect and controul his conduct? And if it should happen that the officers connect themselves with the senate, they may mutually support each other, and for want of efficacy reduce the power of the president to a mere vapor, in which case his responsibility would be annihilated, and the expectation of it unjust. The high executive officers, joined in cabal with the senate, would lay the foundation of discord, and end in an assumption of the executive power, only to be removed by a revolution in the government. I believe no principle is more clearly laid down in the constitution than that of responsibility. After premising this, I will proceed to an investigation of the merits of the question upon constitutional ground.\nI have since the subject was last before the house, examined the constitution with attention, and I acknowledge that it does not perfectly correspond with the ideas I entertained of it from the first glance. I am inclined to think that a free and systematic interpretation of the plan of government, will leave us less at liberty to abate the responsibility than gentlemen imagine. I have already acknowledged, that the powers of the government must remain as apportioned by the constitution. But it may be contended, that where the constitution is silent it becomes a subject of legislative discretion; perhaps, in the opinion of some, an argument in favor of the clause may be successfully brought forward on this ground: I however leave it for the present untouched.\nBy a strict examination of the constitution on what appears to be its true principles, and considering the great departments of the government in the relation they have to each other, I have my doubts whether we are not absolutely tied down to the construction declared in the bill. In the first section of the 1st article, it is said, that all legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the United States. In the second article it is affirmed, that the executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. In the third article it is declared, that the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as congress may from time to time ordain and establish. I suppose it will be readily admitted, that so far as the constitution has separated the powers of these great departments, it would be improper to combine them together, and so far as it has left any particular department in the entire possession of the powers incident to that department, I conceive we ought not to qualify them farther than they are qualified by the constitution. The legislative powers are vested in congress, and are to be exercised by them uncontrolled by any other department, except the constitution has qualified it otherwise. The constitution has qualified the legislative power by authorising the president to object to any act it may pass, requiring, in this case two-thirds of both houses to concur in making a law; but still the absolute legislative power is vested in the congress with this qualification alone.\nThe constitution affirms, that the executive power shall be vested in the president: Are there exceptions to this proposition? Yes there are. The constitution says that, in appointing to office, the senate shall be associated with the president, unless in the case of inferior officers, when the law shall otherwise direct. Have we a right to extend this exception? I believe not. If the constitution has invested all executive power in the president, I venture to assert, that the legislature has no right to diminish or modify his executive authority.\nThe question now resolves itself into this, Is the power of displacing an executive power? I conceive that if any power whatsoever is in its nature executive it is the power of appointing, overseeing, and controlling those who execute the laws. If the constitution had not qualified the power of the president in appointing to office, by associating the senate with him in that business, would it not be clear that he would have the right by virtue of his executive power to make such appointment? Should we be authorised, in defiance of that clause in the constitution\u2014\u201cThe executive power shall be vested in a president,\u201d to unite the senate with the president in the appointment to office? I conceive not. If it is admitted we should not be authorised to do this, I think it may be disputed whether we have a right to associate them in removing persons from office, the one power being as much of an executive nature as the other, and the first only is authorised by being excepted out of the general rule established by the constitution, in these words, \u201cthe executive power shall be vested in the president.\u201d\nThe judicial power is vested in a supreme court, but will gentlemen say the judicial power can be placed elsewhere, unless the constitution has made an exception? The constitution justifies the senate in exercising a judiciary power in determining on impeachments: But can the judicial power be farther blended with the powers of that body? They cannot. I therefore say it is incontrovertible, if neither the legislative nor judicial powers are subjected to qualifications, other than those demanded in the constitution, that the executive powers are equally unabateable as either of the other; and inasmuch as the power of removal is of an executive nature, and not affected by any constitutional exception, it is beyond the reach of the legislative body.\nIf this is the true construction of this instrument, the clause in the bill is nothing more than explanatory of the meaning of the constitution, and therefore not liable to any particular objection on that account. If the constitution is silent, and it is a power the legislature have a right to confer, it will appear to the world, if we strike out the clause, as if we doubted the propriety of vesting it in the president of the United States. I therefore think it best to retain it in the bill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0141", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friendN. Y. June 17. 89\nThe inclosed bill relating to the Judiciary has been just introduced into the Senate. Having not yet looked it over I can say nothing of its merits. You will be a better judge, and such remarks as your leisure will permit, will be acceptable & useful.\nA very interesting Question is started\u2014By whom officers appointed during pleasure by the Presidt. & Senate are to be displaced?\u2014whether the power results to the authority appointing\u2014or to the Presidt as an Executive function, to the Presidt. who is vested with the Executive power, except so far as it is expressly qualified. My present opinion is that the Senate is associated with the Presidt. by way of exception, and can not therefore claim beyond the exception. This Construction has its inconveniences particularly in referring too much to a single discretion, but it is checked by the elective character of the Executive, his being impeachable at all times\u2014and the subordinate officers being also impeachable. His power under this Construction will lie merely in a capacity to remove worthy officers: but experience shews that this is not the prevailing evil, the continuance of the unworthy being the most so. Add to this, that his caprice would be restrained, by the necessity of the Senate\u2019s concurrence in supplying the vacancy; and that injured merit would be supported by the public opinion, would attack with probability of success the re-election of the Presidt. and would at least be able to make a party agst. him in the Legislature and to go into one or other of its branches, to plague his administration. High as the existing Presidt. stands, I question whether it would be very safe for him even not to reinstate J\u2014\u2014y\u2014or K\u2014\u2014x &c. On the contrary construction, the Senate must sit constantly\u2014officers would make parties there to support them vs the Presdt. and by degrees the Ex. power would slide into one branch of the Legislature. On the most favorable supposition it would be a two headed Monster.\nExcuse the scrawl which a moment only has permitted, the hour of the mail being come. Yr[s.] most aff[ectly.]\nJs. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0142", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Bingham, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Bingham, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sir,Philada June 17th 1789\nI observe by the public Prints, that the Bill for the Establishment of the Impost has returned from the Senate, with considerable Reduction of the Duties on Several Specified Articles.\nI will not undertake to Scrutinize the Reasons that have urged the Amendments.\nBut, as the Bill is now before the House of Representatives, I will take the Liberty of commenting on that part of it, which limits its Operation to Seven Years.\nMy principal Objection arises from the injurious Tendency it will have on public Credit, whose support Should claim So devotid an Attachment, on the part of the United States.\nIf this Reasoning is just, it becomes an Object of the most important Consequence, for every Government to engage the Confidence of the public Creditors by pledging every security that it has the power of offering. G Britain, in the famous Act of 1787 which consolidated the Duties of Customs & Excise, Set apart a Sufficient Portion of their Produce to pay the Interest of the public Debt, before any Money could be issued for any other Purposes whatsoever.\nThe Difference betwixt the value of the unfunded Debt of G Britain, which is floating in the Market, & has no Specific Appropriations for its Support, & that which is funded on productive Revenues, is always very considerable.\nIt appears therefore to me, that the Funds should be at least coextensive with the Engagements they are meant to relieve.\nThe Jealousy of the House of Representatives on the subject of a perpetual Revenue Law is very natural, from the Character of that Body as constituting the democratic Branch, & possessing exclusively the Power of originating Money Bills. But, it is not found that in England, Laws for the Creation of Revenue, commensurate in their Duration with the Necessity that gave Birth to them, have ever been attended with injurious Consequences.\nOn the Contrary, they have had a Tendency to establish public Credit on a permanent Footing, which, in its Consequences has So increased the Capital Stock of the Country, as to furnish Sufficient funds for the most extensive Operations of Industry, & Views of national Aggrandizement.\nYou will pardon the Trouble I occasion by the Perusal of these few Reflections;", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0143", "content": "Title: Removal Power of the President, [17 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Debate continued on the clause in the bill establishing a foreign affairs department that declared the secretary could be removed from office by the president.\nMr. Madison. However various the opinions which exist upon the point now before us, it seems agreed on all sides, that it demands a careful investigation and full discussion. I feel the importance of the question, and know that our decision will involve the decision of all similar cases. The decision that is at this time made will become the permanent exposition of the constitution; and on a permanent exposition of the constitution will depend the genius and character of the whole government. It will depend, perhaps, on this decision, whether the government shall retain that equilibrium which the constitution intended, or take a direction toward aristocracy, or anarchy among the members of the government. Hence how careful ought we to be to give a true direction to a power so critically circumstanced. It is incumbent on us to weigh with particular attention the arguments which have been advanced in support of the various opinions with cautious deliberation. I own to you, Mr. Chairman, that I feel great anxiety upon this question; I feel an anxiety, because I am called upon to give a decision in a case that may affect the fundamental principles of the government under which we act, and liberty itself. But all that I can do on such an occasion is to weigh well every thing advanced on both sides, with the purest desire to find out the true meaning of the constitution, and to be guided by that, and an attachment to the true spirit of liberty, whose influence I believe strongly predominates here.\nSeveral constructions have been put upon the constitution relative to the point in question. The gentleman from Connecticut (Mr. Sherman) has advanced a doctrine which was not touched upon before. He seems to think (if I understood him right), that the power of displacing from office is subject to legislative discretion; because it having a right to create, it may limit or modify as is thought proper. I shall not say but at first view this doctrine may seem to have some plausibility: But when I consider, that the constitution clearly intended to maintain a marked distinction between the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government; and when I consider, that if the legislature has a power, such as contended for, they may subject, and transfer at discretion, powers from one department of government to another; they may, on that principle, exclude the president altogether from exercising any authority in the removal of officers; they may give it to the senate alone, or the president and senate combined; they may vest it in the whole congress, or they may reserve it to be exercised by this house. When I consider the consequences of this doctrine, and compare them with the true principles of the constitution, I own that I cannot subscribe to it.\nAnother doctrine which has found very respectable friends, has been particularly advocated by the gentleman from South-Carolina (Mr. Smith). It is this; when an officer is appointed by the president and senate, he can only be displaced from malfeasance in his office by impeachment: I think this would give a stability to the executive department so far as it may be described by the heads of departments, which is more incompatible with the genius of republican government in general, and this constitution in particular, than any doctrine which has yet been proposed. The danger to liberty, the danger of mal-administration has not yet been found to lay so much in the facility of introducing improper persons into office, as in the difficulty of displacing those who are unworthy of the public trust. If it is said that an officer once appointed shall not be displaced without the formality required by impeachment, I shall be glad to know what security we have for the faithful administration of the government. Every individual in the long chain which extends from the highest to the lowest link of the executive magistracy, would find a security in his situation which would relax his fidelity and promptitude in the discharge of his duty.\nThe doctrine, however, which seems to stand most in opposition to the principles I contend for, is that the power to annul an appointment is in the nature of things incidental to the power which makes the appointment. I agree that if nothing more was said in the constitution than that the president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, should appoint to office, there would be great force in saying that the power of removal resulted by a natural implication from the power of appointing. But there is another part of the constitution no less explicit than the one on which the gentleman\u2019s doctrine is founded, it is that part which declares, that the executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States. The association of the senate with the president in exercising that particular function, is an exception to this general rule; and exceptions to general rules, I conceive, are ever to be taken strictly. But there is another part of the constitution which inclines in my judgment, to favor the construction I put upon it; the president is required to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. If the duty to see the laws faithfully executed be required at the hands of the executive magistrate, it would seem that it was generally intended he should have that species of power which is necessary to accomplish that end. Now if the officer when once appointed, is not to depend upon the president for his official existence, but upon a distinct body (for where there are two negatives required either can prevent the removal), I confess I do not see how the president can take care that the laws be faithfully executed. It is true by a circuitous operation, he may obtain an impeachment, and even without this it is possible he may obtain the concurrence of the senate for the purpose of displacing an officer; but would this give that species of control to the executive magistrate which seems to be required by the constitution? I own if my opinion was not contrary to that entertained by what I suppose to be the minority on this question, I should be doubtful of being mistaken, when I discovered how inconsistent that construction would make the constitution with itself. I can hardly bring myself to imagine the wisdom of the convention who framed the constitution, contemplated such incongruity.\nThere is another maxim which ought to direct us in expounding the constitution, and is of great importance. It is laid down in most of the constitutions or bills of rights in the republics of America, it is to be found in the political writings of the most celebrated civilians, and is every where held as essential to the preservation of liberty, That the three great departments of government be kept separate and distinct; and if in any case they are blended, it is in order to admit a partial qualification in order more effectually to guard against an entire consolidation. I think, therefore, when we review the several parts of this constitution, when it says that the legislative powers shall be vested in a Congress of the United States under certain exceptions, and the executive power vested in the president with certain exceptions, we must suppose they were intended to be kept separate in all cases in which they are not blended, and ought consequently to expound the constitution so as to blend them as little as possible.\nEvery thing relative to the merits of the question as distinguished from a constitutional question, seems to turn on the danger of such a power vested in the president alone. But when I consider the checks under which he lies in the exercise of this power, I own to you I feel no apprehensions but what arise from the dangers incidental to the power itself; for dangers will be incidental to it, vest it where you please. I will not reiterate what was said before with respect to the mode of election, and the extreme improbability that any citizen will be selected from the mass of citizens who is not highly distinguished by his abilities and worth; in this alone we have no small security for the faithful exercise of this power. But, throwing that out of the question, let us consider the restraints he will feel after he is placed in that elevated station. It is to be remarked that the power in this case will not consist so much in continuing a bad man in office, as in the danger of displacing a good one. Perhaps the great danger, as has been observed, of abuse in the executive power, lies in the improper continuance of bad men in office. But the power we contend for will not enable him to do this; for if an unworthy man be continued in office by an unworthy president, the house of representatives can at any time impeach him, and the senate can remove him, whether the president chuses or not. The danger then consists merely in this: the president can displace from office a man whose merits require that he should be continued in it. What will be the motives which the president can feel for such abuse of his power, and the restraints that operate to prevent it? In the first place, he will be impeachable by this house, before the senate, for such an act of maladministration; for I contend that the wanton removal of meritorious officers would subject him to impeachment and removal from his own high trust. But what can be his motives for displacing a worthy man? It must be that he may fill the place with an unworthy creature of his own. Can he accomplish this end? No; he can place no man in the vacancy whom the senate shall not approve; and if he could fill the vacancy with the man he might chuse, I am sure he would have little inducement to make an improper removal. Let us consider the consequences. The injured man will be supported by the popular opinion; the community will take side with him against the president; it will facilitate those combinations, and give success to those exertions which will be pursued to prevent his re-election. To displace a man of high merit, and who from his station may be supposed a man of extensive influence, are considerations which will excite serious reflections beforehand in the mind of any man who may fill the presidential chair; the friends of those individuals, and the public sympathy will be against him. If this should not produce his impeachment before the senate, it will amount to an impeachment before the community, who will have the power of punishment by refusing to re-elect him. But suppose this persecuted individual, cannot obtain revenge in this mode; there are other modes in which he could make the situation of the president very inconvenient, if you suppose him resolutely bent on executing the dictates of resentment. If he had not influence enough to direct the vengeance of the whole community, he may probably be able to obtain an appointment in one or other branch of the legislature; and being a man of weight, talents and influence in either case, he may prove to the president troublesome indeed. We have seen examples in the history of other nations, which justifies the remark I now have made. Though the prerogatives of the British king are great as his rank, and it is unquestionably known that he has a positive influence over both branches of the legislative body, yet there have been examples in which the appointment and removal of ministers has been found to be dictated by one or other of those branches. Now if this is the case with an hereditary monarch, possessed of those high prerogatives and furnished with so many means of influence; can we suppose a president elected for four years only dependent upon the popular voice impeachable by the legislature? Little if at all distinguished for wealth, personal talents, or influence from the head of the department himself; I say, will he bid defiance to all these considerations, and wantonly dismiss a meritorious and virtuous officer? Such abuse of power exceeds my conception: If any thing takes place in the ordinary course of business of this kind, my imagination cannot extend to it on any rational principle. But let us not consider the question on one side only; there are dangers to be contemplated on the other. Vest this power in the senate jointly with the president, and you abolish at once that great principle of unity and responsibility in the executive department, which was intended for the security of liberty and the public good. If the president should possess alone the power of removal from office, those who are employed in the execution of the law will be in their proper situation, and the chain of dependence be preserved; the lowest officers, the middle grade, and the highest, will depend, as they ought, on the president, and the president on the community. The chain of dependence therefore terminates in the supreme body, namely, in the people; who will possess besides, in aid of their original power, the decisive engine of impeachment. Take the other supposition, that the power should be vested in the senate, on the principle that the power to displace is necessarily connected with the power to appoint. It is declared by the constitution, that we may by law vest the appointment of inferior officers, in the heads of departments, the power of removal being incidental, as stated by some gentlemen. Where does this terminate? If you begin with the subordinate officers, they are dependent on their superior, he on the next superior, and he on whom?\u2014on the senate, a permanent body; a body, by its particular mode of election, in reality existing for ever; a body possessing that proportion of aristocratic power which the constitution no doubt thought wise to be established in the system, but which some have strongly excepted against: And let me ask gentlemen, is there equal security in this case as in the other? Shall we trust the senate, responsible to individual legislatures, rather than the person who is responsible to the whole community? It is true the senate do not hold their offices for life, like aristocracies recorded in the historic page; yet the fact is they will not possess that responsibility for the exercise of executive powers which would render it safe for us to vest such powers in them. But what an aspect will this give to the executive? Instead of keeping the departments of government distinct, you make an executive out of one branch of the legislature; you make the executive a two-headed monster, to use the expression of the gentleman from New-Hampshire (Mr. Livermore); you destroy the great principle of responsibility, and perhaps have the creature divided in its will, defeating the very purposes for which an unity in the executive was instituted. These objections do not lie against such an arrangement as the bill establishes. I conceive that the president is sufficiently accountable to the community; and if this power is vested in him, it will be vested where its nature requires it should be vested; if any thing in its nature is executive it must be that power which is employed in superintending and seeing that the laws are faithfully executed; the laws cannot be executed but by officers appointed for that purpose; therefore those who are over such officers naturally possess the executive power. If any other doctrine be admitted, what is the consequence? You may set the senate at the head of the executive department, or you may require that the officers hold their places during the pleasure of this branch of the legislature, if you cannot go so far as to say we shall appoint them; and by this means you link together two branches of the government which the preservation of liberty requires to be constantly separated.\nAnother species of argument has been urged against this clause. It is said, that it is improper, or at least unnecessary to come to any decision on this subject. It has been said by one gentleman, that it would be officious in this branch of the legislature to expound the constitution, so far as it relates to the division of power between the president and senate; it is incontrovertably of as much importance to this branch of the government as to any other, that the constitution should be preserved entire. It is our duty, so far as it depends upon us, to take care that the powers of the constitution be preserved entire to every department of government; the breach of the constitution in one point, will facilitate the breach in another; a breach in this point may destroy that equilibrium by which the house retains its consequence and share of power; therefore we are not chargeable with an officious interference; besides, the bill, before it can have effect, must be submitted to both those branches who are particularly interested in it; the senate may negative, or the president may object if he thinks it unconstitutional.\nBut the great objection drawn from the source to which the last arguments would lead us is, that the legislature itself has no right to expound the constitution; that wherever its meaning is doubtful, you must leave it to take its course, until the judiciary is called upon to declare its meaning. I acknowledge, in the ordinary course of government, that the exposition of the laws and constitution devolves upon the judicial. But, I beg to know, upon what principle it can be contended, that any one department draws from the constitution greater powers than another, in marking out the limits of the powers of the several departments. The constitution is the charter of the people to the government; it specifies certain great powers as absolutely granted, and marks out the departments to exercise them. If the constitutional boundary of either be brought into question, I do not see that any one of these independent departments has more right than another to declare their sentiments on that point.\nPerhaps this is an omitted case. There is not one government on the face of the earth, so far as I recollect, there is not one in the United States, in which provision is made for a particular authority to determine the limits of the constitutional division of power between the branches of the government. In all systems there are points which must be adjusted by the departments themselves, to which no one of them is competent. If it cannot be determined in this way, there is no resource left but the will of the community, to be collected in some mode to be provided by the constitution, or one dictated by the necessity of the case. It is therefore a fair question, whether this great point may not as well be decided, at least by the whole legislature, as by a part, by us as well as by the executive or judicial? As I think it will be equally constitutional, I cannot imagine it will be less safe, that the exposition should issue from the legislative authority than any other; and the more so, because it involves in the decision the opinions of both those departments whose powers are supposed to be affected by it. Beside, I do not see in what way this question could come before the judges, to obtain a fair and solemn decision; but even if it were the case that it could, I should suppose, at least while the government is not led by passion, disturbed by faction, or deceived by any discoloured medium of light; but while there is a desire in all to see, and be guided by the benignant ray of truth, that the decision may be made with the most advantage by the legislature itself.\nMy conclusion from these reflections is, that it will be constitutional to retain the clause; that it expresses the meaning of the constitution as must be established by fair construction, and a construction which, upon the whole, not only consists with liberty, but is more favorable to it than any one of the interpretations that have been proposed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0144", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirPhilada. June 18th. 1789\nI observe you have brought forward the amendments you proposed to the federal Constitution. I have given them a very careful perusal, and have attended particularly to their reception by the public. The most decided friends of the constitution admit (generally) that they will meliorate the government by removing some points of litigation and jealousy, and by heightening and strengthening the barriers between necessary power and indispensible liberty. In short the most ardent & irritable among our friends are well pleased with them. On the part of the opposition I do not observe any unfavorable animadversion. Those who are honest are well pleased at the footing on which the press, liberty of conscience, original right & power, trial by jury &ca. are rested. Those who are not honest have hitherto been silent, for in truth they are stript of every rational, and most of the popular arguments they have heretofore used. I will not detain you with further remarks, but feel very great satisfaction in being able to assure you generally, that the proposed amendments will greatly tend to promote harmony among the late contending parties and a general confidence in the patriotism of Congress. It has appeared to me that a few well tempered observations on these propositions might have a good effect. I have therefore taken an hour from my present Engagements, which on account of my absence are greater than usual, and have thrown together a few remarks upon the first part of the Resolutions. I shall endeavour to pursue them in one or two more short papers. It may perhaps be of use in the present turn of the public opinions in New York state that they should be republished there. It is in fed. Gazette of 18th. instant.\nAt some future day I should wish the powers of the general government extended to the declaring in what places canals may be cut, without giving them the power of providing for the expence, but at present this would be a dangerous Idea. I much doubt whether the federalists of N. Cara. would consent to adopt the constitution, if it contained such a power. You will see however infinite advantages, both pecuniary & political in a canal at the dismal Swamp in Virginia, and another at the head of the Delaware peninsula.\nThe article in our late papers relating to the trade of aux Cayes & two other ports in Hispaniola is very important. I understand from the french Consul that his brother & the Govr. general having on late visit to the South part of the island, found that it was of great natural value, and but indifferently improved by reason of the inattention of the french Merchants to a poor new settlement, they determined on this Measure for the advancement of it. Tis a politic Measure & as they will take our flour, pork &c and give us sugars & coffee it must prove very beneficial to Us.\nI cannot comprehend the late alteration in regard to cotton. The papers say it is to be introduced among the free Articles with a duty of 3 Cents \u214c lb. This is a contradiction. I have urged strongly to several Members of the two houses who have written you on the impost the necessity of making it free. Tis the only article to which labor saving Machines can be applied\u2014and it may be encreased by the planters & importers to any quantity, while wool is limited and flax is unfit for winter uses.\nGold & silver leaf are dutied \u214c Cent, I suppose upon sumptuary principles, but the makers of frames, girandoles &ca. in Europe will send us their wares free of that duty, while our workmen in that line will be injured by paying it. The duty on plate, plated ware and lace appears to be very proper, but I confess I do not approve the addition of Leaf. It appears more important as operating against the proper principles of the law than in Value.\nI observe in the debates it has been urged that the rates of impost have been complained of as too high\u2014and this by the Merchants. You may be assured, Sir, that is not the case here. My attention has been particularly called to this point from my profession, & from the letters I have recd. from our Members, and I do assure you that little either of clamor or argument has appeared against the duties proposed in your house. I am with very great Esteem dr. Sir yr. aff. & ob. Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0145", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis June 18. 1789.\nMy last to you was of May 11. Yours of Mar. 29. came to hand ten days ago: and about two days ago I received a cover of your hand writing, under which was a N. York paper of May 4. & a letter from mr. Page to Mazzei. There being no letter from you makes me hope there is one on the way which will inform me of my Cong\u00e9. I have never received mr. Jay\u2019s answer to my public letter of Nov. 19. which you mention him to have written, and which I fear has been intercepted. I know only from you that my letter got safe to hand. My baggage has been made up more than a month, so that I shall leave Paris almost in the instant of receiving the permission.\nThe campaign begins under unfavorable auspices for Russia. The death of the grand Seignior, who was personally disposed for peace, has brought a young & ardent successor to the throne, determined to push the war to extremity. Her only ally, the emperor, is in articulo mortis, and the grand Duke of Tuscany, should he succeed, loves peace & money. Denmark is forbidden by England & Prussia to furnish even it\u2019s stipulated maritime aid. There is no appearance of any other power\u2019s engaging in the war. As far as I can discover, the king of England is somewhat better in his head, but under such a complete depression of spirits, that he does not care how the world goes, and leaves his ministers to do as they please. It is impossible for you to conceive how difficult it is to know the truth relative to him, he is environed in such an atmosphere of lies. Men who would not speak a falsehood on any other subject, lie on this from a principle of duty: so that even eye witnesses cannot be believed without scanning their principles & connections; & few will stand this of the very few permitted to see him.\nCommittees of conciliation having failed in their endeavors to bring together the three chambers of the States general, the king proposed a specific mode of verifying their powers; for that having been the first question which presented itself to them, was the one on which the question of voting by persons or orders was first brought on. The Clergy accepted unconditionally. The Noblesse accepted on conditions which reduced the acceptance to nothing at all. The Commons considered this as a refusal on the part of the nobles, & thereupon took their definitive resolution, to invite the other two orders to come & verify their powers in common, & to notify them they should proceed with or without them to verify, and to do the business of the nation. This was on the 10th. On the 15th. they moved to declare themselves the national assembly. The debates on this were finished yesterday when the proposition was agreed to by 400 and odd against 80 odd. The minority agreed in substance but wished some particular amendment. They then immediately made the proposition relative to taxes which I inclose you, as this moment stated to me by memory by a member who left the assembly a little before the question, because there was no opposition to the matter but only to the form. He assures me, on the information of another member who was present, that Target\u2019s motion passed. We shall know I think within a day or two whether the government will risk a bankruptcy & civil war rather than see all distinction of orders done away, which is what the commons will push for. If the fear of the former alternative prevails, they will spin the matter into negociation. The Commons have in their chamber almost all the talents of the nation, they are firm & bold, yet moderate. There is indeed among them a number of very hot headed members; but those of most influence are cool, temperate, & sagacious. Every step of this house has been marked with caution & wisdom. The Noblesse on the contrary are absolutely out of their senses. They are so furious they can seldom debate at all. They have few men of moderate talents, & not one of great in the majority. Their proceedings have been very injudicious. The clergy are waiting to profit of every incident to secure themselves & have no other object in view. Among the commons there is an entire unanimity on the great question of voting by persons. Among the noblesse there are about 60. for the commons and about three times that number against them. Among the clergy about 20 have already come over & joined the commons, and in the course of a few days they will be joined by many more, not indeed making the majority of that house, but very near it. The bishops & archbishops have been very succesful by bribes & intrigues in detaching the Cur\u00e9s from the Commons to whom they were at first attached to a man. The Commons are about 554. in number, of whom 344 are of the law. These do not possess an influence founded in property: but in their habits of business & acquaintance with the people, and in their means of exciting them as they please. The Cur\u00e9s thro\u2019 the kingdom form the mass of the clergy, they are the only part favorably known to the people, because solely charged with the duties of baptism, burial confession visitation of the sick, instruction of the children & aiding the poor. They are themselves of the people & united with them. The carriages & equipage only of the higher clergy, not their persons, are known to the people & are in detestation with them. The souldiers will follow their officers, that is to say their captains, lieutenants & ensigns. These are of the lower nobility, & therefore much divided. The Colonels & higher officers are of the higher nobility are seldom with the souldiers, little known to them, not possessing their attachment. These circumstances give them little weight in the partition of the army. I give you these miscellaneous observations that knowing somewhat the dispositions of the parties you may be able to judge of the future for yourself, as I shall not be here to continue it\u2019s communication to you. In hopes to see you soon I conclude with assurances of the perfect esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0146", "content": "Title: Removal Power of the President, [18 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The removal clause in the bill establishing a foreign affairs department was still under consideration.\nMr. Madison. The question now seems to be brought to this, whether it is proper or improper to retain these words in the clause, provided they are explanatory of the constitution. I think this branch of the legislature is as much interested in the establishment of the true meaning of the constitution, as either the president or senate; and when the constitution submits it to us to establish offices by law, we ought to know by what tenure the office should be held; and whether it should depend upon the concurrence of the senate with the president, or upon the will of the president alone; because gentlemen may hesitate in either case, whether they will make it for an indefinite or precise time; if the officer can be removed at discretion by the president, there may be safety in letting it be for an indefinite period. If he cannot exert his prerogative, there is no security even by the mode of impeachment; because the officer may intrench himself behind the authority of the senate, and bid defiance to every other department of government. In this case the question of duration would take a different turn. Hence it is highly proper that we and our constituents should know the tenure of the office. And have we not as good a right as any branch of the government to declare our sense of the meaning of the constitution?\nNothing has yet been offered to invalidate the doctrine, that the meaning of the constitution may as well be ascertained by the legislative as by the judicial authority. When a question emerges as it does in this bill, and much seems to depend upon it, I should conceive it highly proper to make a legislative construction. In another point of view it is proper that this interpretation should now take place, rather than at a time when the exigency of the case may require the exercise of the power of removal. At present the disposition of every gentleman is to seek the truth, and abide by its guidance when it is discovered. I have reason to believe the same disposition prevails in the senate. But will this be the case when some individual officer of high rank draws into question the capacity of the president, with the senate, to effect his removal? If we leave the constitution to take this course, it can never be expounded until the president shall think it expedient to exercise the right of removal, if he supposes he has it; then the senate may be induced to set up their pretensions: And will they decide so calmly as at this time, when no important officer in any of the great departments is appointed to influence their judgments? The imagination of no member here, or of the senate, or of the president himself, is heated or disturbed by faction: If ever a proper moment for decision should offer, it must be one like the present.\nI do not conceive that this question has been truly stated by some gentlemen. In my opinion it is not, whether we shall take the power from one branch of the government and give it to another\u2014but the question is, to which branch has the constitution given it. Some gentlemen have said that it resides in the people at large; and that if it is necessary to the government, we must apply to the people for it, and obtain it by way of amendment to the constitution. Some gentlemen contend, that although it is given in the constitution as a necessary power to carry into execution the other powers vested by the constitution, yet it is vested in the legislature. I cannot admit this doctrine either; because it is setting the legislature at the head of the executive branch of the government. If we take the other construction, of the gentleman from South-Carolina, that all officers hold their places by the firm tenure of good behavior, we shall find it still more improper. I think gentlemen will see, upon reflection, that this doctrine is incompatible with the principles of free government. If there is no removability but by way of impeachment, then all the executive officers of government hold their offices by the firm tenure of good behavior, from the chief justice down to the tide-waiter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0147", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Walker, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 18 June 1789. Calendared in the lists probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). The two-page letter was offered for sale in the Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 694 (1892), which listed items from the McGuire collection of JM\u2019s papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0148", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Strode, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Strode, John\nTo: Madison, James\nCulpeper 20th. June 1789\nDesperate must be His circumstances\u2014and Credulous the Man, who forsakes His Country & friends, to follow an Adventurer So Wild as Morgan, who does not even pretend to originate His scheme in Any Manner of Security, or from power or Authority, whatever. His proposals can have no influence on me. Am Nevertheless most humbly thankfull my Good Sir for Your kind Condescention and trouble in the Matter\u2014more, infinitely, than I could with Reason expect\u2014to draw Your Attention from public Matters of highest importance\u2014whose Magnitude in point of Comparison, wd. Reduce, not only me, but Colo. Morgan Himself, with all His Sufficiencey, to an Atom, too Small for Occular discovery. His scheme, or any thing He can do, will not in the least effect the Public. If those Lands are Rich healthy and well Scituated for Trade &c, They will be Peopled Cultivated and improved. To what State or Nation they are here after to belong, Local circumstances unavoidably decide. I believe that the boundary Line between Spain and the United States of America, cannot long Remain where it is, and that the first Settlers on those Lands, will be confirmd in their possessions, by the Governmt. that may next take place over them, which will Grant them also, all the priveledges and immunitys in Common with their other Citizens. But why they are to pay this projector \u215b of a Dollar \u214c Acre, or how He is to protect them or make good His Other engagements, does not Appear. I Shall not add to the Number of His Vassals. Yet Sir have some times Seriously Contemplated, an Advantage wh. I might in A New Country derive to my self & Children from the experience and Mechanical knowledge I possess\u2014particularly in all the different branches of Manufa[c]toring Iron, from the taking it out of the earth, through each State and process untill Converted into every devise, in which Potmetal, Bar Iron & Steel can be made usefull; from the largest to the Minutest Article, and the Construction of every Water works and Machinery Necessary thereto. The uncultivated Country to the Westward, present a Large field (as Yet unexplored, or at least not properly Scrutinized) for the founding, in some part or other thereof, a General Iron Manufactory, to public utillity, but more especially to the private emollument of the Owner, or Owners. And altho\u2019 I never intend to be concernd in the Conduction or prosecution of Such a works, but under the Auspices of Government, Yet have no Manner of pecuniary Assistance or exclusive priveledge to Ask, for indeed I think all Such Grants are founded in unequallity and Injustice, and tend to destroy or Subvert the Very purposes they were Designd to Aid and promote. Some Cases might be instanced, of the forward & presuming, who have but very Superficial and confused Ideas of Mechanism, pushing importunately on Legislative Bodys, who in Order to encourage usefull Arts & Sciences, in the plenitude of their Zeal for public good, Grant them exclusive Rights & priviledges to some particular Branch\u2019s of business, and that to the Determent of Others who are thereby prevented or deprived of the exercise of their Abilitys. That it is Right to Reward Genius (to Such as will Receive it) I will not dispute. He that invents any usefull Machinery, or improves on the invention of another, will Recieve the Gratuity of the Public, without envy from me; but it ought to be in Some gift, or Reward, which cannot press unequally on any other Individual, nor deprive Him of the effects of His Own ingenuity, nor tend to Cramp the Genl. enterprising Spirit of Contrivance, where ease and Advantage may be Derived. As to my Self Such an extensive Manufactory as I have in View, it would be absolutely Necessary that those therein Concernd, possess the power of Regulating Subsidiary or bye Laws, within the pale of their Own Comunity, So far as Respe[c]t One Another for the peace, good order and benefit of the whole, with Out internal police they never could be kept together, to the prosecution of the Work, to public Utillity, or to advantage or benefit of themselves &c. With this Small priviledge (which could effect no man but those which Voluntarily and Spontaneously of themselves made and enterd into the Compact) I will Venture to Say, That All Manner of Hardwares can be furnishd, any Quantity, to as high Perfection, and full as Cheap as they can be imported, for Ready Cash, from any part of Europe. However absolutly Necessary Such a priviledge may be for Carrying on Such works, I know not where to apply for it, untill Some of the New States be more Regularly form\u2019d & Organized.\nSuch a tedious incoherent Scrawll, I am well aware Ought to have been introduced by a formal apologie, with the Art of which, I am unacquainted, and therefore Chuse my Worthy Sir to Relye on Your goodness, only, for pardon.\nI am glad that Such harmony and Liberallity prevails in Congress, all Ranks and Orders of people in these parts are pleasd with the New governmt., even those that were Once opposed to it Seem Now to presage Very happy consequences therefrom.\nMay God of His infinite merceys inspire Your Councils to the Completion of the best & most Salutary System of Politicks of Laws & Government, is the fervent prayer of Sir Your most Obedient and most Obliged Hble Sert.\nJohn Strode\nIf indeed my Good Sir You are pleased to honor me with any further Correspondance, or Commands whatever, please do not order the Letter to Care of any one\u2014by that means I was deprived of the felicity of Receiving Your last till A few days past. Whereas my Clerks, or the Clerks or Assistants, of My frd Vernon call weekly at the post office in Fredericksbg for my Letters &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0149", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Underwood, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Underwood, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nGoochland 20th. June 1789\nYours I recd. for which I thank you and am happy to hear that the Members of your honorable body agree so well in Political matters. I wish very much to know your oppinion of the public debt, that bears so hard on us whether it can be discharged in any short time without having recourse to direct taxes\u2014and how the general oppinion runs respecting the Certificates due to the officers and Soldiers of the Contenental Army a few of which I have got and keep them with a view of paying a British Debt I owe which was due pryor to the War, as it now is and always has been my oppinion that all Just debts should be paid and fair Contracts comply\u2019d with so I expect Congress will take great care to support Public credit & keep up our National honor.\nThe Spring has been exceeding Cool, the Crop is very backward, the wheat indifferent, the grass hopper has injured the Tobo. very much so that I fear we shall have a very short Crop this Season which is greatly to be lamented seeing that most of our people have of late become both frugal and industrious and appear very anxious to get clear of Debt and in order the more certainly to effect this many of my acquaintances are begining to manefacture most of the cloathing necessary for there Slaves. I am able to inform you with great truth that the people of your district who live near me are abundantly pleased with your conduct in Congress and many of those who voted against you say they are now sorry for it, I hope to hear from you every oppertunity and believe me to be with the utmost regard Dear sir Your mo. obt. Servt.\nThos. Underwood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0150", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Johnston, 21 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Johnston, Samuel\nDear Sir\nNew York June 21 1789\nI lost no time in handing to the President the address inclosed in your favor of the 22 of May, and have postponed an acknowledgment of the latter in expectation of being able at the same time to cover the President\u2019s answer. This has been and continues to be delayed by a very serious indisposition. We hope that he is not in much danger, but are by no means without our fears also. His disorder commenced in a fever which has greatly reduced him, and is terminating in a very large tumor which, unless it degenerate itself into a dangerous malady, will probably be remedial.\nIn the inclosed paper is a copy of a late proposition in Congress on the subject of amending the Constitution. It aims at the twofold object of removing the fears of the discontented and of avoiding all such alterations as would either displease the adverse side, or endanger the success of the measure. I need not remark to you the hazard of attempting any thing of a controvertible nature which is to depend on the concurrence of \u2154 of both Houses here, and the ratification of \u00be of the State Legislatures. It will be some time before the proposed amendments will become a subject of discussion in Congress; The bills relating to revenue, and the organization of the Judiciary and Executive Departments, being likely to remain for some time on hand. This delay proceeds partly from the intricacy and partly from the novelty of the business. At every step difficulties from one or other of these sources arrest our progress. After the first essays the work will become every day more easy.\nAmong other difficulties, the exposition of the Constitution is frequently a copious source, and must continue so until its meaning on all great points shall have been settled by precedents. The greatest part of the week past has been consumed in deciding a question as to the power of removal from offices held during pleasure. Four constructive doctrines have been maintained. 1. that the power is subject to the disposal of the Legislature\u20142. that no removal can take place otherwise than by impeachment\u20143 that the power is incident to that of appointment, and therefore belongs to the President & Senate\u20144. that the Executive power being generally vested in the President every power of an Executive nature, not expressly excepted is to be referred thither, and consequently the power of removal, the power of appointment only being taken away.\nIn support of each of these constructions the argumenta ab inconvenientibus have been elaborately dealt out against the others. The decision in a Committee of the whole on the office of Foreign affairs has adopted the 4th. opinion, as most consonant to the frame of the Constitution, to the policy of mixing the Legislative & Executive powers as little as possible, and to the responsibility necessary in the head of the Executive Department. With very great esteem and Affection I am Dear Sir Your Obedt. & mo. hble sert.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0152", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 21 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear Sir\nN. York June 21. 1789.\nThe last favor for which I am to thank you is of June 9th. For some time past I have been obliged to content myself with inclosing you the Newspapers. In general they give, tho\u2019 frequently erroneous and sometimes perverted, yet on the whole, fuller accounts of what is going forward than could be put into a letter. The papers now covered contain a sketch of a very interesting discussion which consumed great part of the past week. The Constitution has omitted to declare expressly by what authority removals from office are to be made. Out of this silence four constructive doctrines have arisen 1. that the power of removal may be disposed of by the Legislative discretion. To this it is objected that the Legislature might then confer it on themselves, or even on the House of Reps. which could not possibly have been intended by the Constitution. 2. that the power of removal can only be exercised in the mode of impeachment. To this the objection is that it would make officers of every description hold their places during good behavior, which could have still less been intended. 3. that the power of removal is incident to the power of appointment. To this the objections are that it would require the constant Session of the Senate, that it extends the mixture of Legislative & Executive power, that it destroys the responsibility of the President, by enabling a subordinate Executive officer to intrench himself behind a party in the Senate, and destroys the utility of the Senate in their legislative and Judicial characters, by involving them too much in the heats and cabals inseparable from questions of a personal nature; in fine that it transfers the trust in fact from the President who being at all times impeachable as well as every 4th. year eligible by the people at large, may be deemed the most responsible member of the Goverment, to the Senate who from the nature of that institution, is and was meant after the Judiciary & in some respects witht. that exception to be the most unresponsible branch of the Government. 4 that the Executive power being in general terms vested in the President, all power of an Executive nature, not particularly taken away must belong to that department, that the power of appointment only being expressly taken away, the power of Removal, so far as it is of an Executive nature must be reserved. In support of this construction it is urged that exceptions to general positions are to be taken strictly, and that the axiom relating to the separation of the Legislative & Executive functions ought to be favored. To this are objected the principle on which the 3d. construction is founded, & the danger of creating too much influence in the Executive Magistrate.\nThe last opinion has prevailed, but is subject to various modifications, by the power of the Legislature to limit the duration of laws creating offices, or the duration of the appointments for filling them, and by the power over the salaries and appropriations. In truth the Legislative power is of such a nature that it scarcely can be restrained either by the Constitution or by itself. And if the federal Government should lose its proper equilibrium within itself, I am persuaded that the effect will proceed from the Encroachments of the Legislative department. If the possibility of encroachments on the part of the Ex. or the Senate were to be compared, I should pronounce the danger to lie rather in the latter than the former. The mixture of Legislative Executive & Judiciary authorities lodged in that body, justifies such an inference; At the same [time] I am fully in the opinion, that the numerous and immediate representatives of the people, composing the other House, will decidedly predominate in the Government.\nMr. Page tells me he has forwarded to you a copy of the amendments lately submitted to the H. of Reps. They are restrained to points on which least difficulty was apprehended. Nothing of a controvertible nature ought to be hazarded by those who are sincere in wishing for the approbation of \u2154 of each House, and \u00be of the State Legislatures. I am Dr. Sir mo: affetly Yrs.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nThe President has been ill\u2014but is now in a good way.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0153", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Short, 21 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nNew York June 21. 1789.\nMr. George James of Virginia is recommended to me by a friend as of integrity and worth, and on that ground I take the liberty of introducing him to you. He is not sure that his objects in visiting Europe will carry him to Paris, but the possibility of such an event interests him in the means of becoming known to you, and I lend my aid for the purpose the more readily, as it affords an opportunity of assuring you of the great esteem & regard with which I am Dr. Sir Yr: mo:\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0154", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James McHenry, 21 June 1789\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nBaltimore 21 June 1789\nI was very happy to learn that you had dismissed the first reported bill for the collection of the revenue. In this State and perhaps in some of the others, the Laws were too much in favor of the officers at the expence of the revenue. Here, where the imports are so very considerable, instead of a naval officer and collector constituted to be checks upon each other, the whole power was lodged in a single person. I hope this evil will be avoided in your new bill. I am persuaded, generally speaking, and without intending any reflexion, that the public will save more by allowing eight hundred pounds to two men than five hundred to one.\nI am much obliged to you for your letter of the 5. I cannot help, when I read the debates, wishing you better informed and abler associates. Your task is arduous, but I flatter myself you will get happily through it. Being about to set out for the Sweet Springs with my brother where he proposes remaining the season I shall hear little of your proceedings. I leave you however my best wishes and am Dr. Sir very sincerely your ob. st.\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0156", "content": "Title: Removal Power of the President, [22 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The bill establishing a department of foreign affairs was still being debated in the Committee of the Whole. On 19 June the motion to strike out the clause, \u201cto be removable from office by the President,\u201d was defeated. The objection arose, however, that this clause had the appearance of being a grant of power by the legislature. To avoid this difficulty, Benson moved that whenever the secretary \u201cshall be removed by the President,\u201d the chief clerk should have custody of the department records. After this motion (implying the president\u2019s removal power) carried, the original clause became unnecessary. Benson then moved to strike this clause.\nMr. Madison. I am in favour of the motion for striking out; but not upon the principles of my worthy colleague. I will briefly state my reasons for voting in the manner I intend. First, altering the mode of expression tends to give satisfaction to those gentlemen who think it not an object of legislative discretion: and second, because the amendment already agreed to, fully contains the sense of this house upon the doctrine of the constitution\u2014and therefore the words are unnecessary as they stand here. I will not trouble the house with repeating the reasons why the change of expression is best, as they are well understood. But gentlemen cannot fairly urge against us a change of ground, because the point we contended for is fully obtained by the amendment. It was said truly by the gentleman from New-York (Mr. Benson), that these words carry with them an implication that the legislature has the power of granting the power of removal.\nIt is needless to assign my reasons why I think the legislature not in possession of this power; they were fully explained before. I therefore shall only say, if there is a principle in our constitution, indeed in any free constitution, more sacred than another, it is that which separates the legislative, executive and judicial powers; if there is any point in which the separation of the legislative and executive powers ought to be maintained with greater caution, it is that which relates to officers and offices. The powers relative to offices, are partly legislative and partly executive. The legislature creates the office, defines the powers, limits its duration, and annexes a compensation. This done, the legislative power ceases. They ought to have nothing to do with designating the man to fill the office. That I conceive to be of an executive nature. Although it be qualified in the constitution, I would not extend or strain that qualification beyond the limits precisely fixed for it. We ought always to consider the constitution with an eye to the principles upon which it was founded. In this point of view, we shall readily conclude that if the legislature determines the powers, the honors and emoluments of an office, we should be insecure if they were to designate the officer also. The nature of things restrains and confines the legislative and executive authorities in this respect; and hence it is that the constitution stipulates for the independence of each branch of the government.\nLet it be understood that the Legislature is to have some influence both in appointing and removing officers; and I venture to say the people of America will justly fear a system of sinecures. What security have they but offices will be created to accommodate favorites or pensioners subservient to their designs? I never did conceive that so far as the constitution gave one branch of the legislature an agency in this business, that by any means it was one of its most meritorious parts; but so far as it has gone, I confess I would be as unwilling to abridge the power of that body, as to enlarge it. But considering, as I do, that the constitution fairly vests the president with the power, and that the amendment declares this to be the sense of the house, I shall concur with the gentleman in opposition so far as to strike out these words, which I now look upon to be useless.\nI have a great respect for the abilities and judgment of my worthy colleague, Mr. Page, and am convinced he is inspired by the purest motives in his opposition to what he conceives to be an improper measure; but I hope he will not think so strange of our difference, if he considers the small proportion of the house which concurs with him with respect to impeachment being the only way of removing officers. I believe the opinion is held but by one gentleman beside himself. If this sentiment was to obtain, it would give rise to more objections to the constitution than gentlemen are aware of; more than any other construction whatsoever: Yet while he professes to be greatly alarmed on one account, he possesses a stoic apathy with respect to the other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0157", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Johnston, 22 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Johnston, Samuel\nLetter not found. 22 June 1789. Acknowledged in Johnston to JM, 8 July 1789. Encloses President Washington\u2019s reply to the address from North Carolina. Recommends the publication of both the address and the reply.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0159", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 24 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friend\nN. York June 24. 89\nMy last stated a question relating to the power of removal from offices then on the anvil of the H. of Rs. I now inclose the discussions as conveyed to the public thro\u2019 the Newspapers. It is not necessary to apprize you that the reasonings on both sides are mutilated, often misapprehended, and not unfrequently reversed. You will perceive yourself that much of the reasoning is also founded on a misconception of the ideas of the adverse side.\nMr. Jefferson has at length obtained formal leave to visit his own Country. Mr. Short is to be charged with the affairs of the U. S. in his absence.\nThe President has been ill, but is now in a safe way. His fever terminated in an abscess which was itself alarming, but has been opened with success, and the alarm is now over. His death at the present moment would have brought on another crisis in our affairs. Yrs. Most: truly\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0160", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 24 June 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sr\nRichmond 24th. June 1789.\nI thank you for the copy of the amendments proposed to the constitution which you lately inclosed to me\u2014they are calculated to secure the personal rights of the people so far as declarations on paper can effect the purpose, leaving unimpaired the great Powers of the government\u2014they are of such a nature as to be generally acceptable and of course more likely to obtain the assent of Congress than wod. any proposition tending to separate the powers or lessen them in either branch. The Part that speaks of facts triable by Jury not otherwise reexaminable than may consist with the principles of the common law, means I suppose that the Court of appls. shall not re:examine the facts but by a Jury, or what is the true meaning?\nI have occasionally mentioned to you the names of persons at their particular instance who are candidates for office\u2014in doing this I had no wish to interest you in their behalf further than suited your convenience and particular views and on my part to comply with a promise made that I wod. mention their names to you. I took occasion also to throw out a hint pointing to a particular person which was rather unfavourable\u2014the person alluded to was I believe qualified to execute the office he filled but so far as my observation went was disposed to make the most of the opportunities afforded him\u2014this has been I think pretty generally the disposition of public officers and is therefore not more reprehensible in him than in others but is perhaps more improper in the man through whose hands much public money may pass. Alexandria and George Town are very inconvenient ports of Entry and if established as such will I fear open the door to great abuses. In what forwardness is the bill for the judiciary department. I have heard the Senate had undertaken the business and some sketches of the plan, but little has been said on the subject lately, at your leisure I shall thank you for the outline of the plan. Virga. ought to have one of her Citizens in the Superior Court but we have very few fit for it\u2014of our Judges\u2014Pendleton, Wythe, Blair, would either of them answer well\u2014the first will I fear be unable to execute his present office long the others are qualified and able if they would act. Among the Lawyers I know of none but Randolph\u2014it is of the first consequence to have your Supreme court of able Lawyers & respectable characters. We have another case before the general Court wherein the Judges are disposed to pronounce the law a nulity as unconstitutional. It has been brot. on in the case of the Clerks on the Soliciters motions agt. them for the \u2153d their fees demanded by the law of 86 imposing new Taxes\u2014they made up a purse of 100 gs. for the Bar and were supported by the whole agt. Innes for the Commonwealth\u2014last monday the decision was to have been pronounced but was then postponed for further argument the next term which happens during the sitting of the assembly. I see it is directed for the present that two copys of the acts as they pass Congress shall be sent by the president to the respective Executives, and one prescribing the oath has been received and no request or mode proposed to carry it into effect\u2014we had some little difficulty how to conduct the business but ultimately directed it to be printed in the Gazette and to have a sufficient number of copies struck to furnish each of the Superior Courts and the Co: Courts with one or two that they may swear or not as they choose. Yr. friend & Servt\nJos: Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0161", "content": "Title: From James Madison to [Nicholas Lewis?], 25 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas\nSir\nNew York June 25. 1789.\nIn a letter of March 15. from Mr. Jefferson I am requested to communicate to you the result of his application for leave to make a visit to America. The application was made long ago, but never decided on under the old Congress, nor taken up under the present Government till a few days ago. His wish is now complied with and notice that he has leave of absence will be forwith transmitted through several channels in order to ensure and hasten his receipt of it. I am Sir with great respect & esteem Your mo: obedt. servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0162", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Stevens, 25 June 1789\nFrom: Stevens, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nFredericksburg June 25th: 1789\nYour very obliging Letter of the 11th May has been received some time past, and I thank you for the information it gave. We in this Quarter are anxciously looking forward for the events of the Deliberations of Congress. Numbers of us have been astonished at their leting slip through their hands all the Duties on the Spring importations and think it will be lamented, that your first plan on that business had not been acceeded to. It affords me no small pleasure to inform you, that your proposition of amendments to the Constitution, among all my acquaintance that I have had communication with, gives general Satisfaction, and I trust if adopted will shut the mouths of many. The Procedure of the Senate on the Subject of a new Title to the President, has alarmed their best friends. I confess my feelings were much wounded. It gave a great opening to the enemies of the Constitution to insult its friends. Pardon me Sir for intruding on so much of your time, and beleive me to be with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem Dear Sir Your very Obedt. hum. Servt\nEdward Stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0163", "content": "Title: Treasury Department, [25 June] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Objections arose against the clause in the treasury department bill enjoining the secretary \u201cto digest and report plans for the improvement and management of the revenue, and the support of the public credit.\u201d\nMr. Madison observed that by looking into the Journals of the late Congress, it would be found that, when the department of finance was established, the same words or very similar words were used to vest the same power in that officer. His duty was expressed to be, to digest and report plans for the improvement of the finances. In a subsequent ordinance to establish the board of treasury; the same powers were annexed to that board as belonging to the office of finance; so that this power existed at this moment, as far as the treasury board had an existence. Perhaps if the board had exercised this power, they might have been of service to the public. It was true, he said, that the Secretary might have some influence in the house; but a comparison should be made between the inconveniencies and dangers on one side and on the other. In his opinion there was more to be apprehended from the ill effects of impolitic and indigested systems, and from ignorance, and a fluctuation of measures, than from all the influence which the Secretary could create.\nThe gentleman (Mr. Gerry) had asked what was meant by responsibility; and what responsibility there could be for an error in judgment? There might be, at least, he answered, a responsibility in point of reputation, a responsibility to the public opinion. It was well known that men of talents and distinction had a great regard for public opinion, and that when they were to perform any duties for the discharge of which their reputation was pledged, they would take care to perform them well.\nHe said, if the person who should recommend measures and propose plans was considered as originating money bills, the President might be said to possess the power; for the constitution had made it one of his duties to recommend such measures to the legislature as he should judge expedient. If the principle of the gentleman were admitted, the house would be abridged of the right, and the President would have the power of originating revenue laws.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0165", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 28 June 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\ndear Sir.\nFrdksburg June 28. 1789\nYou will be pleas\u2019d to accept my thanks for the Journals receivd a few days since by mr. Hopkins, from whom I learnt the different subjects which engage the attention of Congress and the variety of opinions on some of them.\nYou have it in contemplation, I hear, to adjourn in August. Surely you will not do this without recommending those alterations which have been so ardently desird by many of the states, most of which will not materially effect the system, but will render it more secure, and more agreable in the eyes of those who were oppos\u2019d to its establishment. I rejoice to find that you come forward at an early day with a proposition for amendments, altho I coud have wish\u2019d they had been more extensive. Experience, as well as sound policy point out, in my humble opinion, the propriety of the amendment propos\u2019d by this state for rendering more secure our Western territory, & for guarding against the danger of the surrender of the Mississippi\u2014that in the commercial regulations there will be efforts in the one part of the Continent to throw the weight of the duties on the other, is apprehended by many and therefore the amendment propos\u2019d to this part of the system is thought to be of importance.\nThose who are unacquainted with the difficulties and delays which ever attend the transactions of Congress, begin to complain, that too much time is taken up with rum, sugar, Molasses &c.\nThe Court of Appeals, on the motion of the Solicitor, have determind that the law on Clks &c was contrary to the Constitution, and therefore they woud not grant Judgt. A doubt having arisen under the district Law, whether Attornies on qualifying in the circuit Courts shoud pay 20/. or \u00a315\u2014they have determind that they shoud pay nothing\u2014these questions with some other motions of the Solicitor took up most of the time of the courts, wherefore very little was done with the docket.\nI had it in view to have paid N. Y. a visit about this time but having enterd as an Attorney at the bar, have been obliged to pospone my plan, altho I have not altogether relinqui[s]hd it, but hope to execute it some time this summer.\nWill you be pleasd to present my best wishes to Mrss. Elsworth & Harman. With much esteem & respect, I am Yr. Friend & hm Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0167", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter and enclosure not found. 29 June 1789. Calendared in the lists probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). The two documents were offered for sale in the Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 694 (1892), which listed items from the McGuire collection of JM\u2019s papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0168", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York June 30. 1789.\nBy this conveyance you will receive permission through Mr. Jay to make your proposed visit to America. I fear it will not reach you in time for your arrival here before the commencement of the windy season; yet I hope the delay will not oblige you to postpone your voyage till the Spring.\nThe federal business has proceeded with a mortifying tardiness; chargeable in part on the incorrect draughts of Committees, and the prolixity of discussion incident to a public body, every member of which almost takes a positive agency, but principally resulting from the novelty and complexity of the subjects of Legislation. We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us. Our successors will have an easier task. And by degrees the way will become smooth short and certain.\nMy last informed you of some of the difficulties attending a regulation of the duties. The bill on that subject has at length recd. the fiat of both Houses and will be forthwith made a law by the concurrence of the President. The rates are not precisely on the scale first settled by the House of Reps. The most material change is in the articles of rum and molasses. The necessity of preserving a certain ratio between them is obvious. The ratio sent to the Senate was that of 12 Cents on the former and 5 do. on the latter. The Senate returned them in the ratio of 8 and 2\u00bd. which has, after a conference, prevailed.\nThe Senate has prevailed on another point in the bill which had undergone more discussion and produced more difficulty. It had been proposed by the H. of Reps. that, besides a discrimination in the tonnage, a small reduction should be made in the duty on distilled spirits imported from Countries in treaty with the U. States. The Senate were opposed to any discrimination whatsoever, contending that even G. Britain shd. stand on the same footing with the most favored nations. The arguments on that side of the question were that the U. S. were not bound by treaty to give any commercial preferences to particular nations\u2014that they were not bound by gratitude, since our allies had been actuated by their own interest and had obtained their compensation in the dismemberment of a rival empire\u2014that in national & particularly in commercial measures, gratitude was moreover, no proper motive, interest alone being the Statesman\u2019s guide\u2014that G. B. made no discrimination agst. the U. S. compared with other nations; but on the contrary distinguished them by a number of advantages\u2014that if G. B. possessed almost the whole of our trade, it proceeded from causes which proved that she could carry it on for us on better terms than the other Nations of Europe\u2014that we were too dependent on her trade to risk her displeasure by irritating measures which might induce her to put us on a worse footing than at present\u2014 that a small discrimination could only irritate without operating on her interests or fears\u2014that if any thing were done it would be best to make a bolder stroke at once, and that in fact the Senate had appointed a Come. to consider the subject in that point of view. On the other side it was contended that it would be absurd to give away every thing that could purchase, the stipulations wanted by us, that the motives in which the new Govt. originated, the known sentiments of the people at large, and the laws of most of the States subsequent to the peace shewed clearly that a distinction between Nations in Treaty and Nations not in Treaty would coincide with the public opinion, and that it would be offensive to a great number of Citizens to see G. B. in particular put on the footing of the most favd. nations, by the first act of a Govt. instituted for the purpose of uniting the States in the vindication of their commercial interests agst. her monopolizing regulations\u2014that this respect to the sentiments of the people was the more necessary in the present critical state of the Government\u2014that our trade at present entirely contradicted the advantages expected from the Revolution, no new channels being opened with other European nations, and the British channels being narrowed by a refusal of the most natural and valuable one to the U. S.\u2014that this evil proceeded from the deep hold the British monopoly had taken of our Country, and the difficulty, experienced by France Holland &c in entering into competition with her\u2014that in order to break this monopoly, those nations ought to be aided till they could contend on equal terms\u2014that the market of France was particularly desireable to us\u2014that her disposition to open it would depend on the disposition manifested on our part &c &c\u2014that our trade would not be in its proper channels untill it should flow directly to the countries making the exchange, in which case too american Vessels would have a due share in the transportation, whereas at present the whole carriage of our bulky produce is confined to British Bottoms\u2014that with respect to G. B. we had good reason to suppose that her conduct would be regulated by the apparent temper of the New Government\u2014that a passiveness under her restrictions would confirm her in them, whilst an evidence of intention as well as ability to face them would ensure a reconsideration of her policy\u2014that it would be sufficient to begin with a moderate discrimination, exhibiting a readiness to invigorate our measures as circumstances might require\u2014that we had no reason to apprehend a disposition in G. B. to resort to a commercial contest, or the consequences of such an experiment, her dependence on us being greater than ours on her. The supplies of the United States are necessary to the existence, and their market to the value, of her islands. The returns are either superfluities or poisons. In time of famine, the cry of which is heard every three or four years, the bread of the United States is essential. In time of war, which is generally decided in the West Indies, friendly offices, not violating the duties of neutrality, might effectually turn the scale in favor of an adversary. In the direct trade with Great Britain, the consequences ought to be equally dreaded by her. The raw and bulky exports of the United States employ her shipping, contribute to her revenue, enter into her manufactures, and enrich her merchants, who stand between the United States and the consuming nations of Europe. A suspension of the intercourse would suspend all these advantages, force the trade into rival channels from which it might not return, and besides a temporary loss of a market for \u00bc of her exports, hasten the establishment of manufactures here, which would so far cut off the market forever. On the other side, the United States would suffer but little. The manufactures of Great Britain, as far as desirable, would find their way through other channels, and if the price were a little augmented it would only diminish an excessive consumption. They could do almost wholly without such supplies, and better without than with many of them. In one important view the contest would be particularly in their favor. The articles of luxury, a privation of which would be salutary to them, being the work of the indigent, may be regarded as necessaries to the manufacturing party: that it was probable nothing would be done at this session, if at all, in the way projected in the Senate; and in case a discord of opinion as to the mode, the degree, and the time of our regulations should become apparent, an argument would be drawn from it in favor of the very policy hitherto pursued by Great Britain. The event of the tonnage bill, in which the discrimination was meant to be most insisted on by the House of Representatives, is not yet finally decided. But here, also, the Senate will prevail. It was determined yesterday in that House to adhere to their amendment for striking out the clause, and there is no reason to suppose that the other House will let the Bill be lost. I mentioned in my last that both the Senators of Virginia were for admitting Britain to an equality with the most favored nation. This was a mistake as to Grayson.\nThe other bills depending relate to the collection of the Impost, and the establishment of a war, foreign, and Treasury Department. The bills on the two first of these departments have passed the House of Representatives, and are before the Senate. They gave birth to a very interesting constitutional question\u2014by what authority removals from office were to be made. The Constitution being silent on the point, it was left to construction. Four opinions were advanced: 1. That no removal could be made but by way of impeachment. To this it was objected that it gave to every officer, down to tide waiters and tax gatherers, the tenure of good behaviour. 2. That it devolved on the Legislature, to be disposed of as might be proper. To this it was objected that the Legislature might then dispose of it to be exercised by themselves, or even by the House of Representatives. 3. That it was incident to the power of appointment, and therefore belonged to the President and Senate. To this it was said that the Senate, being a Legislative body, could not be considered in an Executive light farther than was expressly declared; that such a construction would transfer the trust of seeing the laws duly executed from the President, the most responsible, to the Senate, the least responsible branch of the Government; that officers would intrench themselves behind a party in the Senate, bid defiance to the President, and introduce anarchy and discord into the Executive Department; that the Senate were to be Judges in case of impeachment, and ought not, therefore, to be previously called on for a summary opinion on questions of removal; that in their Legislative character they ought to be kept as cool and unbiased as possible, as the constitutional check on the passions and parties of the other House, and should, for that reason also, be as little concerned as possible in those personal matters, which are the great source of factious animosities. 4. That the Executive power being generally vested in the President, and the Executive function of removal not expressly taken away, it remained with the President. To this was objected the rule of construction on which the third opinion rested, and the danger of creating too much weight in the Executive scale. After very long debates, the 4th opinion prevailed, as most consonant to the text of the Constitution, to the policy of mixing the Legislative and Executive Departments as little as possible, and to the requisite responsibility and harmony in the Executive Department. What the decision of the Senate will be cannot yet be even conjectured. As soon as the bills are passed, Mr. Jay and General Knox will of course have their commissions renewed.\nThe bill relating to the Treasury Department is still before the House of Representatives. The Board will be discontinued, but the business will be so arranged as to make the comptroller and other officers checks on the Head of the Department. It is not clear who this will be. The members of Congress are disqualified. Hamilton is most talked of.\nThe Senate have in hand a bill for the Judiciary Department. It is found a pretty arduous task, and will probably be long on its way through the two Houses.\nInclosed is a copy of sundry amendments to the Constitution lately proposed in the House of Representatives. Every thing of a controvertible nature that might endanger the concurrence of two-thirds of each House and three-fourths of the States was studiously avoided. This will account for the omission of several amendments which occur as proper. The subject will not be taken up till the revenue and Department bills are passed.\nThe President has been ill. His fever terminated in a large anthrax on the upper end of his thigh, which is likely to confine him for some time. Wishing you an expeditious and safe passage across the Atlantic, I am, my dear Sir, yours, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0169", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg June 30. 1789.\nI thank you sincerely for several letters, which my vagrant life between this place and Richmond upon business has prevented me from acknowledging in due season.\nThe amendments, proposed by you, are much approved by the strong f\u0153deralists here and at the Metropolis; being considered as an anodyne to the discontented. Some others, equally affectionate to the union, but less sanguine, expect to hear at the next session of assembly, that a real melioration of the constitution was not so much intended, as a soporific draught to the restless. I believe indeed, that nothing, nay not even the abolishment of direct taxation would satisfy those, who are most clamorous. But I confess, I am still in hopes to see reported from your mouth some review of the various amendments proposed, and reasons against the fitness of such, as appeared improper for adoption.\nI am now well-persuaded, that there is danger of the executive being a feebler member of the government, than I once supposed. I therefore much approve of the power of removal for which you have lately contended. But the temper of those, who boast of being democrates, does not relish the fabrication of one great man, and throw out of view, when they manifest their intemperance on this subject, the probable wickedness of faction.\nAt this distance from the center of deliberation, it would be rashness in the extreme to charge the arrangement of the f\u0153deral courts with impropriety. I myself in particular, who know the discordancy of the states in judiciary matters, and the difficulty of obtaining concessions from lawyers, and especially from lawyers of different usages, cannot be hasty in dealing out censure. But you will excuse me for the following sentiments, formed without premeditation.\n1. I pass by the title; tho\u2019 judiciary courts might perhaps be converted into an expression, indicative of more accuracy and attention.\n2. The number of supreme judges is too small, to make head against eleven state-judiciaries, always disposed to warfare. Nine or perhaps eleven would not transgress the limits of \u0153conomy too far, and would give an opportunity of gratifying each state with a supreme as well as a district judge.\n3. In general I see nothing improper in an even number of judges in the dernier resort. In the present case a question decided by a bare majority in a circuit court, one of which shall be the district judge, but affirmed in the supreme court, merely because the voices there are equal on each side, will excite murmur.\n4. The jurisdiction is inartificially, untechnically and confusedly worded. Would it not have been sufficient to have left this point upon the constitution itself? Will the courts be bound by any definition of authority, which the constitution does not in their opinion warrant?\n5. I cannot discover, what disadvantage the system would have sustained by dividing the courts into separate laws. The equitable jurisdiction at least, which has crept in, seemingly uninvited and half forgotten, would have come forth with more lustre, than it does, crammed into a corner.\n6. No man is to be sued but in his own district, or where the writ shall be served. What limitation is this?\n7. The minute detail ought to be consigned to the judges. Every attempt towards it must be imperfect, and being so may become a topic of ridicule to technical men. I wish this idea had been thought worthy of attention; thus the bill would have been less criticized. I wish even now, that the judges of the supreme court were first to be called upon, before a definitive step shall be taken. A temporary provision, until their report can be had, surely is not impossible.\nI can speak in generals only; but I beseech you and my friend A. White, to whom I should have written but for the heat of the day, and a hope, that you will shew him this letter\u2014not to suffer the bill to be sealed as a law in its present dress. Yrs. mo. sincerely & afftely\nE. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0170", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hugh Williamson, 2 July 1789\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sir\nBaltimore. 2nd July 1789\nThe Post Master at Peters burg informed me on this Day Week that a Letter in your Hand for me had but two days before that passed through his Hands. I verily believe that unless you can persuade Congress seriously to take up & agree to some such Amendmts as you have proposed North Carolina will not confederate but of this more particulars when I have the Pleasure of seeing you which I hope will be about the End of next Week.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0172", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr\nFredericksburg 3d. July 1789.\nYours by Mr. Hopkins with the journal inclosed has been received and the journals as you desired delivered to Mr. Randolph who requests me to return you his thanks\u2014that of the 21t. is also come to hand. I have seen a copy of the bill establishing the judiciary and from the cursory reading I have given it the different powers and jurisdictions of the Courts would have been more clearly seen had they been taken up in several bills, each describing the province and boundary of the Court to which it particularly applied\u2014where there is danger of clashing jurisdictions the limits should be defined as acurately as may be, and this danger will exist where there are concurrent jurisdictions\u2014in so extensive a country as the united States every precaution, consistent with the right of appeal, should be interposed to prevent inconvenience and legal oppression.\nAs far as my observations extend the allowance to the V. P. is thought high\u2014this may be owing to the want of information what reasons exist for a high allowance to that Officer acting as it is supposed he generally will do as President of the Senate. The current of opinion too seems to run in favor of 4 instead of 6 dols for the Members of both branches having heard no distinction made respecting their pay Though there may be good reasons for making the Senators a higher allowance than the representatives. The Senatorial branch hath lost some Degree of popularity by the effort for titles and establishing a distinction between the houses rather degrading to the representatives; but nothing seems to be more generally exclaimed agt. than their keeping the door shut while acting as legislators. The question respecting the removal of the heads of departments by the President is no doubt a question of importance and not being expressly provided for would seem to be necessarily incident to the Executive Office. There is great force in the observation that those who appoint should remove and had the constitution kept the 3 branches of the government really separate and distinct the difficulty wod. not have been great but the Senate partaking in some degree of all the powers made the construction more necessary on the present occasion to withhold from that body a concurrence in the removal as it tended to diminish responsibility and in great degree to render the first Majestrate a Cypher. I may be mistaken but I conceive no constructive powers should be admitted that serve more closely to unite the first Majestrate as the Executive with the Senate than are expressly prescribed by the constitution\u2014if this is not guarded agt uniformly in the progress of the government the Senate will become all powerful. I am yr. friend & Servt\nJos: Jones.\nAltho\u2019 I am now here direct yr. letters as usual to Richmond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0173", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, [3 July] 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\n\u2026 The question concerning the power of removing Officers was important, and twas much better to investigate it fully, tho\u2019 at the expense of a weeks discussion, than take a wrong step in it. I concur in sentiment with the decision. The Argument that the Power of removal should follow that of Creation has weight, but is abundantly overballanced by the objection that an Executive Officer might intrench himself behind a party in the Senate, setting at defiance the Control of the President & impeachment of the House of Representatives.\u2026", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0174", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 5 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond Sir\nN. York July 5th. 1789.\nThe last letter from my brother A. left me in much anxiety for the State of my mother\u2019s health. I have ventured to hope from the silence which has followed, that she has been on the recovery. I wish much to hear oftener from the family than I do and would set the example if other occupations, and particularly a very extensive correspondence would permit.\nThe business goes on still very slowly. We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us. It is consequently necessary to explore the way with great labour and caution. Those who may follow will have an easier task. The bills imposing duties on imports & tonnage have at length got thro\u2019 both Houses. The question whether a distinction should be made between Nations in Treaty and those not in Treaty, was finally settled in the negative, so that G. Britain is in fact put on the same footing with the most favored nation, altho\u2019 she has shewn no disposition to treat with the U. States, and will probably be confirmed by such a measure in the belief, that America, even if under a United Government, would be unable to unite her counsels on this subject. The discrimination was struck out of the bills in consequence of the refusal of the Senate to agree to the bills on other terms. They urged in a Conference between Committees from the two Houses on the subject, that something more efficacious was necessary in order to counter work the restrictions of G. Britain; and that they had accordingly appointed a Come. for the purpose of devising such a plan. It is very doubtful however whether it will come to any thing, & whether a more moderate mode of shewing a determination in the new Government to vindicate our commercial interests would not have answered every purpose that can be answered at all. If any thing should be done on the plan of the Senate, it will probably consist of regulations founded on the principle of the British navigation Act; which will disable her vessels from bringing to this Country any articles not the growth or manufacture of G. B. and embarrass her W. Indies untill the trade to them shall be opened to American as it is to British Vessels. Bills for establishing the several Departments of war, finance & foreign Affairs have passed the House of Reps. and are before the Senate. The bills for collecting the Impost and regulating the Coasting trade are still before the House of Reps. but will be pushed thro\u2019 as fast as their length & importance will permit.\nThe subject of amendments will not be resumed til the revenue matters are over. I hope it will then be duly attended to, and will end in such a recommendation as will satisfy moderate opponents. This however is but opinion, nothing having passed from which any conclusion can be drawn with regard to the Sentiments of the two Houses, particularly the Senate. With the most dutiful regards I am Yr. affecte. son\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0175", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Nicholas, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, George\nDear Sir\nNew York July 5th. 1789.\nYour favor of May 8th. was duly handed me by Mr. Bro[wn.] I thank you for the information it contains. You are right in su[pposing] that the importance of the Western Country is not sufficiently unders[tood.] Many errors with regard to it have been corrected, but many still lurk in the minds of those who view it at so great distance and through the medium perhaps of local prejudices. I hope juster sentiments will continue to increase. Nothing can promote them more than the testimony of intelligent and respectable characters who cannot be deceived themselves and who are incapable of deceiving others. In this point of view your communications and remarks from time to time will be doubly acceptable to me, as they will add to the personal satisfaction I receive from them, the best means of impressing necessary truths on the minds of others.\nNo question has yet been started by which the disposition of Congress towards the Western Country or of the Senate towards the Mississippi could be determined. I am not apprehensive that any injurious designs are indulged in either branch, and would fain hope that an active policy of the right sort will prevail in both. Danger to the Mississippi cannot exist I think during the Administration of the Existing President, nor any defect of attention to the Western interests in general. How far an attainment of the several objects you point out will be possible within the time wished is more than can be yet decided. Provision will I flatter myself be made during the present Session, by which the Executive [Dep]artment will be enabled to take measures for your d[efense.\u2026] measures with respect to Spain will not lie with the House of Representatives. It is [to] be hoped they will be taken up as soon as the way is prepared for them. I concur fully in the absolute necessity of accomodating your District with convenient access to federal Justice. The Senate have originated and are now discussing a Bill for the Judiciary Department. If the case of Kentucky should be overlooked there, it shall be properly urged on the attention of the House of Reps. It is a misfortune that the Western Country is not represented in the Senate. The speedy erection of Kentucky into a State is a desireable event in order to supply that defect as well as on other accounts.\nThe proceedings of Congress have been conducted hitherto with as much moderation but with less despatch than were to have been wished. The subjects of past discussion have been an Impost, a navigation act under the name of duties on tonnage, and the establishment of the Departments of Foreign affairs, War, and the Treasury. The first & second have passed into laws. The rate of duties brought forth a variety of opinions, and in a few instances, betrayed the influence of local interests. This happened most evidently in the ratio between the duty on rum & that on Molasses. A high duty on the former was a great object. A high duty on the latter which is consumed in substance as well as distilled to a great amount in the Eastern States met with persevering opposition from that quarter. The House of Reps. fixed the ratio at 12 & 6 Cents. [The other br]anch changed it to 8 and 2\u00bd. with a disallowanc[e] of the drawback on Country rum exported from the U. States. Af[ter se]veral experiments concluding with a conference, the ideas of the Senate were established. It appeared in the progress of the Bill imposing duties that the friends to the Constitution did not err in supposing it to be safe in allowing a majority to decide in such cases. The votes of the same State & same part of the Union were as much split as those of different parts; and in general the advocates for low duties were in greater proportion from the East than from the States most apprehensive of oppression from that quarter. The duties on tonnage ought to have an equal effect in suppressing Southern apprehensions. Foreign Vessels are to pay half a dollar only. This is less than would have suited the States of Maryland & Virginia, and was a sacrifice to the mistaken policy of S. Carolina and Georgia. In the passage of these bills the question was repeatedly agitated whether a higher tonnage &c should not be imposed on Nations not in Treaty than on those in Treaty. The bills passed the House of Reps. with such a discrimination agreed to on the last vote by a majority of upwards of 40 agst. 8 or 9. and as I conceive on the most obvious and solid grounds of national policy. The Senate viewed the subject in a different light and after mutual disagreements & a conference, reduced the H. of Reps. to the dilemma of giving up the discrimination or the Bill. One of the arguments used on the [par]t of the Senate during the conference, was that something more [effectu]al ought to be attempted for extorting a relaxation [in British] policy, and that a Comme. had been appointed by the Senate for the purpose of devising such a plan. I much doubt that it will come to nothing, and that room will be given for triumph to the prophets who have hitherto dissuaded that nation from regarding this as capable even under a United Government, of uniting its counsels on this subject. It is possible however that the thing make take a more favorable turn.\nThe Bills on the Ex: Depts. are before the Senate, having all passed the H. of Reps. They are formed on the old models, except the Treasury department, which in place of a Board substitutes a Secretary controlled by a Comptroller and other officers among whom the business is divided and who are not dependent on the head. As these officers are not during good behavior, it became a constitutional question, by whom they were to be removable. By some it was contended that they could only be removed by impeachment. This was thought inadmissible: by others that the power of removal was subject to legislative disposal; this was also disapproved by a majority\u2014by others that the power of removal was attached to that of appointment; and therefore belonged [to] the President & Senate; to this it was said that the Senate could claim no Executive power not expressly given to it, that as they were a legislative branch they should be no farther blended in Exec[utive power] than was indispensable\u2014that as they were [given] extensive Judicial power in [cases o]f impeachment, they [ought not] to be bound to give a previous & summary opinion on [questions that] might come before them in their Judicial capacity; that it would destroy the responsibility of the President, and by enabl[ing] the subordinate officers to entrench themselves behind a party [in] the Senate destroy the harmony & energy of the Executive [De]partment. The opinion which prevailed was that th[e Executive] power being generally vested in the President, and this not [being] particularly taken away, it remained to him, but without diminishing the power of removal by the two houses by way of impeachment.\nThe Bills for the collection of the duties &c. are now before the H. of Reps. They require great labour & time in the first formation & will probably go out full of inaccuracies. Time however will supply the proper corrections, and make the future work easy to our successors.\nIt was proposed in the beginning of the Session that the collection of revenue should be accelerated by adopting the rate of duties settled by Congs. in 1783. and by referring to the laws existing in the several States. It was concluded however by a majority that this could not well [be] done. The duties then settled were not only too low, but not [\u2026 proport]ioned to each other, and therefore likely to ope[rate unequally and the states] deprived of the power of defending themselves by colle[ction re]gulations of their own. Added to this, the State laws had been adapted to a different situation of things, were in many of the States [ex]ceedingly defective, and in some of the States no laws existed at all on the subject.\nInclosed is a copy of a proposition made on the [8th of June on] the subject of amendments. They are meant to exclude every thing that might endanger their passage thro\u2019 Congress, or their ratification by \u00be of the States. They will be taken up as soon as the Revenue bills are passed with those for compleating the organization of the Government. With very sincere esteem & regard I am Dear Sir Yr Obedt. hble sert\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0176", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Peters, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nBelmont July 5th. 1789\nIt is better to be late in thanking you for your Present of Tobacco by Mr Delany than not to do it at all. You have given me the Quid but as to the pro quo you must find it in the Satisfaction you enjoy in doing civil Things. I am in the Midst of a popular Assembly of Mowers & Haymakers & my Harvest will overtake me before I am ready for it. You are in the Midst of a popular Assembly of Politicians but when your Harvest will ripen the Lord knows. You are but preparing your Seed & you take so much Pains in the cleaning of it that some will be ground to Powder & not a little blown away in the Operation. I see you have been offering Amendments to the Machine before it is known whether it wants any. After these shall be added the Ingenuity of those who wish to embarrass its Motions will find out some Things that it wants & so after making it as complicated as a Combination of Dutch Stocking Looms they will alledge it to be too intricate for Use. I was glad on one Account to observe you were not joined by these great Artists who offer Repairs before a Thing is worn, but I was mortified on the other Hand that you were in a Situation to put it in their Power to neglect you. You must not be hurt at these clodhopping Sentiments of mine for I love you so truly that I dislike your mixing with so many Parts of your Conduct that command my Approbation, any one I cannot praise. You see into what a Scrape you have brought yourself by being kind to me. Yet it is more than possible I am wrong in all this Business as you know more of the Necessity of such Accomodations than I do. If Chips must be put into the Porridge however, I think I would let the bad Cooks put them into the Pot, nor should any throw out Tubs but those who were afraid of the Whale. But a Truce with all this lest you should think my Ideas on a Level with my Company\u2014the Gentlemen of the Scythe & the Rake. If however I can provoke you to oblige me with a Line I shall gain something by these Observations on a Subject which I hope is put to Sleep & at any Rate I have an Opportunity of assuring you of the very sincere Esteem with which I always am Your obed Servt\nRichard Peters\nP. S. I see you intend that the Ministers at the Heads of Departments should communicate with Congress immediately. Would it not be more proper that they should be Auxiliaries to the President & all Communications come thro\u2019 him as well as all Orders to subordinates pass from him? This may seem trifling but I think I perceive a democratical Jealousy in Members of the House as to the Presidents Powers which induces them to make his Agency in Measures as little necessary as possible. I confess myself more afraid of the popular Part of our Government than of any Exercise of Power elsewhere.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0177", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, ca. 5 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 5 July 1789. Acknowledged in Monroe to JM, 19 July 1789. Reports passage of impost and tonnage bills by Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0178", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Johnston, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Johnston, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nEdenton 8th. July. 1789\nI had the pleasure of receiving your Letters of the 21st and 22d. of June by the last post and feel very sensibly the Obligation you have conferred on me, by the trouble you have taken in this Business, at a Season when you were too much engaged to have any time to spare without inconvenience.\nEvery one is very much pleased with the President\u2019s answer to our Address. I have agreeably to your Wishes published them and send you a Copy that you may if you think proper have them inserted in some of the New York papers. I shall be very glad if they should have such effect as you suppose, tho I should be sorry to see any material Alterations take place in the Constitution, yet the addition of a little Flourish & Dressing without injuring the substantial part or adding much to its intrinsic value, such as a pompous Declaration of Rights, may have a happy effect in complimenting the Judgment of those who have themselves up in Opposition to it and afford a Salvo to some well disposed men, who were unwarily drawn into these measures, for changing an Opinion which they had too hastily adopted.\nI can easily conceive that you will at first meet with a great many perplexities in your progress of carrying the Constitution into effect, but these will gradually lessen as you proceed, and Precedents once formed on solid principles will prevent difficulties from recurring on the same points.\nPeople in general appear to be very well pleased with the proceedings of Congress and in nothing more than that accomodating Spirit by which the members seem to be actuated. Some of your people from Norfolk & Portsmouth who either have Distilleries or an Intention to erect them, were here the other day clamoring very loudly against the impost on Molasses, but as the Views of the People here did not correspond with theirs, it had very little effect, indeed I should be sorry if the Duty on that Article should be lessened. Since our Imports from the West Indies have been reduced within so narrow a Compass, it has become an Article of much more general Consumption in most of the States than it formerly was and will be productive of a considerable Sum to the Revenue. With the most sincere Regard and Esteem, I am My dear sir Your most Obedient Servant\nSam Johnston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0179", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Rittenhouse, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia July 10th. 1789\nEngaged as you are in business of the greatest importance as well as difficulty, and harrass\u2019d by a thousand importunate applications, I am fully sensible of the impropriety of troubling any of my friends in Your situation, even with a letter, unless I had either some useful information or matter of amusement to communicate. Permit me nevertheless, by this method, to recommend to your notice the bearer, Mr. William Barton, with whom I have been intimately acquainted from his infancy. His Education his abilities, and still more his principles and integrity, render him a worthy member of Society, and promise to make him more conspicuously useful. Any attention shewn to him will be acknowledged as a particular favour conferred on, Dr. Sir, Your sincere friend & Very humble Servant\nDavd. Rittenhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0180", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George W. Smith, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Smith, George W.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nTappahannock July 10th. 1789\nYou will doubtless be much surprised at an Obtrusion so unexpected, and from one who much [sic] be considered by you as a Stranger. I am however, no Stranger to your Character; in which Wisdom & Virtue unite to render it amiable, and which can never fail to acquire you the Respect, the admiration, & the Esteem of all who know it. Much time & much labour it hath cost you. You were happy, Sir, to be early initiated into the paths which lead to it. You explored them with diligence & assiduity. Those Cares are now all past\u2014and the reward is now all your own. Had providence been pleased to turn the attention of my father early towards my Education\u2014my Time also, had been better improved; and my prospects in life less painful than they are. It was not so: and now, destitute of Fortune, I want also the advantages of Education. I do not expect at this period of Life fully to retrieve the Time mispent when a boy\u2014now, when a necessary intercourse with the world, must prove a source of continual Interruptions. I am however, anxious, to be qualified to sustain some Character, in which I may promote equally the Good of our Country & my own Reputation. With these Dispositions, & under those Impressions of your Character, Sir, I have presumed to address you, with a hope to interest you so far in my favour, that in case there should occur any vacancies in Offices which I may be thought Capable to fill, you would confer upon me the Obligation of your Services to obtain some appointment. My attention hath been drawn rather towards public employments, because I conceive they must afford greater opportunity for improvement; beside, that my natural Inclination would lead me to the Service of my Country preferably to all other. But I could not wish to engage in business which I am incapable to discharge well\u2014and therefore, could I have my own choice, I should prefer some Clerkship appertaining to any of the great Departments of Government, where I might be habituated to Method & the Forms of business, or some office in the Customs or Imposts in Virginia. There is at present a prospect of New & general commercial Regulations throughout the Ud. States\u2014and from the debates of Congress, \u2019tis probable, I think, there will be some new Offices instituted. Were I to await the Event of those arrangments, which seem so certain, my remoteness from the Seat of Government would put it out of my power to make a timely application\u2014my wishes might be anticipated by some person more conveniently situated. This reflection will, I hope, prove a sufficient apology for an Application which might otherwise be thought premature.\nI regret much, Sir, that upon this Occasion I have no better Claim to your friendly Services than importunity\u2014and that I must be ranked among the number of those who are Strangers to you. Under such circumstances, should you condescend to be my friend, my obligation to you must be greatly enhanced by them. Should I succeed\u2014it shall be my constant Aim by deligence & Assiduity to atone for my other defects\u2014Esteeming, that the best return I can possibly make for your favourable Opinion of me, will be my unwearied endeavours in some little degree to deserve it. I have the honor to be, Sir, with due Respect & Esteem, Yr. most obdt. & hble. servt.\nGeo: W: Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0181", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir\nPetersburg July 11h. 1789.\nMr. Christopher Roane, who is a searcher at City Point, requests to be introduced to you. He would wish to continue in office. He is a man of great integrity, and has conducted himself well as a Searcher. He was an officer during the late war. Your assistance, in continuing him in office, will, I think, be of service to him, & of advantage to our country, if appointed; he appears to me, to be such a Man, as ought to be employed, from his honesty & uprightness. I am, with the utmost respect, Dr sir Your most obt Sert.\nJoseph Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0182", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Vaughan, Jr., 11 July 1789\nFrom: Vaughan, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nSaturday Morning 11 July [1789]\nI have erased the names of my Brothers between whom the above Letter passed, to leave you at liberty to make what use you think proper of it. I send you inclosed also an Extract from the Printed report above-mentioned which I recd by the Packet, & which I sent for general information to Mr Fenno. I think it may be particularly useful in Virginia. I remain Dr Sir Your obedt Servt.\nSamuel Vaughan Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0184", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Peter Carr, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Carr, Peter\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir,\nSunday Morning\u2014July 13. 1789.\nYou informed me some time ago, that there remained in your hands a balance of some money due Mr. Jefferson, and that you were willing it should be applied to the use of my brother and myself. Being disappointed in receiving money which I had expected here you will oblige me much, by advancing what is in Yr. hands. I am Sir Yr. very H Servt\nPeter Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0186", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friend\nN. York July 15. 89\nI have been favd. with yours of the 30 Ult. and thank you for your remarks on the Judiciary bill.\nI am glad to find you concurring in the decision as to the power of removal. It seems to meet with general approbation North of Virga. and there too as far as I yet learn. Mr. Pendleton is fully in opinion with you. So is Monroe I am told. The more the question is weighed the more proper I think it will be found to reduce the Ex. agency of the Senate to the very minimum that will satisfy the Constitution. To say nothing of their being the least responsible member of the Government, the nature of their other functions forbids an extension of their Executive. As a Judiciary body for impeachts. they ought not to be called on for a summary opinion on cases that may come judicially before them. And as a controul on the passions of the H. of Reps. they ought to have as little as possible to do with those personal questions which are sources in all Governmts. of the most frequent & violent animosities & factions. The Senate have not yet declared themselves on the question. The event there is doubtful.\nYou will find among the inclosed papers the impost act as it finally past. The collection bill is gone to the Senate. It is very long, has cost a great deal of trouble, and is by no means in a very correct State. It will do only to begin with. We endeavd. to make the regulations for Va. more palatable than the State laws, by relaxing the plan of the port bill. Adieu\nJ. M Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0187", "content": "Title: Salary of the Vice-President, [16 July] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   An annual salary of $5,000 was proposed for the vice-president. White objected to any salary being appropriated to the office.\nMr. Madison. I do not concur, Mr. Speaker, in sentiment with my colleague on this subject. I conceive, sir, if the constitution is silent on this point, that it is left to the legislature to decide according to its nature, and its merits. The nature of the office will require, that the vice president shall always be in readiness to render that service which contingencies may require; but I do not apprehend it to be in our power, to derive much advantage from any guides furnished by the examples of the several states; because we shall find them differently provided for, by the different governments. If we consider, that the vice-president may be taken from the extremity of the continent, and be from the nature of his office obliged to reside at, or within the convenient reach of the seat of government, to take upon him the exercise of the president\u2019s functions, in case of any accident that may deprive the union of the services of their first officer, we must see, I think it will often happen, that he will be obliged to be constantly at the seat of government; no officer under the state government, can be so far removed as to make it inconvenient to be called upon when his services are required; so that if they serve without a salary, it may be that they can reside at home, and pursue their domestic business; therefore the application in that case does not appear to me to be conclusive.\nMy colleague says, that he will derive advantages from being in the line of appointment to the presidential chair; if he is to be considered as the apparent successor of the president, to qualify himself the better for that office, he must withdraw from his other avocations, and direct his attention to the obtaining a perfect knowledge of his intended business.\nThe idea that a man ought to be paid only in proportion to his services, holds good in some cases, but not in others: It holds good in legislative business, but not in the executive or judicial departments. A judge will be at sometimes unemployed, as is the case with the vice-president, yet it is found necessary to claim the whole of his time and attention to the duties for which he is appointed: If the principle of proportioning the allowance to the quantum of services performed obtains, it will be found, that the judiciary will be as dependant on the legislative authority, as if the legislature was to declare what shall be their salary for the succeeding year; because, by abridging their services at every session, we could reduce them to such a degree, as to require a very trifling compensation indeed: neither do I, Mr. Speaker, consider this as a sinecure, but that will appear from the reasons I have already given; the office of a judge is liable, in some degree, to the same objection, but these kind of objections, are levelled against the institutions themselves: We are to consider his appointment as a part of the constitution, and if we mean to carry the constitution into full effect, we ought to make provision for his support, adequate to the merits and nature of the office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0188", "content": "Title: Salaries for the Congress, [16 July] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   A daily pay of six dollars for both senators and representatives was proposed. Sedgwick moved to reduce the representatives\u2019 pay to five dollars.\nMr. Madison Was of opinion that a discrimination was necessary; he observed, that it had been evidently contemplated by the constitution, to distinguish in favor of the senate, that men of abilities and firm principles, whom the love and custom of a retired life might render averse to the fatigues of a public one, may be induced to devote the experience of years, and the acquisitions of study, to the service of their country: And unless something of this kind is adopted, it may be difficult to obtain proper characters to fill the senate, as men of interprize and genius will naturally prefer a seat in the house, considering it to be a more conspicuous situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0189", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nDear Sir\nN. York July 18. 1789\nI inclose herewith the only printed addition which has been made to the sheets of the Journal forwarded by Mr. Hopkins.\nThe bill imposing duties on imports having been published in all the Newspapers as it finally passed both houses I do not inclose it. The bill imposing duties on tonnage has since become a law in the hands of the President, but is not yet in print. The clauses discriminating between nations in & not in Treaty, were struck out of both by the Senate, & through their perseverance, lost. It was urged on the part of the Senate that something more effectual would be better, and that a Committee had been appointed in that House to devise such a plan. The Committee has since reported, I am told, something like a retaliating regulation on the West-India trade. It will probably come to nothing, many of the members in both Houses having shewn by the nature of their arguments, that they do not think the U. S. ought to risk the scanty privileges G. B. now vouchsafes, by an effort to extend them. The collecting bill is gone to the Senate & will probably become a law in a few days. It is very long, has cost much time and discussion, but will never be very correct until it can be revised under the light of experience. We have thought it proper to enlarge the principle of our port-bill in the regulations for Virginia, in a manner that will be much approved by the opponents of that measure, and I should suppose not disliked by its friends, under the change of situation which has supervened. Bills for establishing the Executive Departments are also with the Senate. The question involved in these concerning the power of removal, produced much discussion. Four opinions were advanced in the course of it. 1. that there could be no removal in any case but by impeachment. This had few advocates. 2. that the power not being given to either department expressly, devolved on the Legislature to be disposed of as might be deemed expedient. Agst. this it was argued that the Legislature might then give it to themselves, or even to the House of Reps. 3. That it was incident to the power of appointment and therefore was the joint right of the Presidt. & Senate. To this it was objected that the Agency of the Senate in the Executive dept. being an exception to the general power given to the Presidt. was to be taken strictly; that this construction was favored by the recd. maxim concerning the separation of the departments of Governt.: that the degree of mixture established by the Constn: has been a ground of one of the strongest objections agst. it; that if the Presidt. could not remove Ex. officers his responsibility would cease; and that the Senate, if they were to be necessarily consulted in such cases, would be obliged to give a summary opinion in that capacity, in the very instances wherein an impeachment might afterwards oblige them to decide in their judicial capacity. 4. that the power being of an Executive nature remained of course to the Presidt. in whom was vested the Executive power not particularly taken away. The objection here was, that it gave the President a very dangerous power, and that it was not warranted by the true exposition of the Constitution. The 4th opinion prevailed in the House of Reps. and has been just acceded to in the Senate Where the division was very nice. The question was an important one and will probably be viewed in different lights without as well as within doors. As far as I have letters on the subject from Virga. the decision is entirely approved, but I have heard (except verbally) from none of my friends but Mr. E. Randolph, Mr. Pendleton & Mr. Jones.\nThe Judiciary bill has got through the Senate but is not yet before the H. of Reps. Several bills relating to the Western Country & the public accts. are on the Anvil in the latter. The subject of Amendments has awaited the conclusion of business of the first necessity. It will be resumed as soon as a vacancy presents itself.\nThe provision for the Civil list has been agreed to in the form of Resolutions. The Presidt. is allowed 25,000 dollars. As he means not to apply any part to his own emolument, and will expend no more than he finds requisite, the allowance is of an experimental nature. It was necessary to ensure a sufficiency. During his administration the proper sum to be made permanent will be discovered. The Vice president is to have 5000 Dollars. This was opposed by some as too much & by others as too little. The members of Congs. are to be paid at the rate of 6 dollars per day. My own idea was that the Reps. shd. receive less & the Senators more than that allowance. The Utility of the Senate will depend on its being composed of the first characters, and this on its being a situation substantially preferable. The H. of Reps. like our house of Delegates will have many peculiar attractions, and if these be not outweighed by some peculiar advantages in the Senate, this body like our Senate, will degenerate into an inferior and unavailing institution. Unfortunately the Senate have rendered themselves obnoxious at this moment by their silly attempt to bestow titles; by an injudicious neglect to open their doors, and by some other errors.\nIn one of the papers inclosed you will find an estimate of the public wants reported by Mr. Gerry. How he makes the Civil list, exclusive (or even inclusive) of the Revenue officers, amount to 300,000 dollars, or why he introduced an invidious comparison between the old & new fedl Govt. are best known to himself. Whether he designed it or not, the tendency of the statement will coincide with his known sentiments towards the Constitution. Present my respects to your brother, and be assured that I am Dr. Sir Yr. Obedt. hble sert\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0190", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nFredricksburg July 19. 1789.\nYour favor advising of the passage of the tonage & impost bills by both houses I have recd. It was my intention to have remov\u2019d to Albemarle & attended the Chancery next month thence. But as it will be better to leave Mrs. M. here in that interval than there, where she has comparitively but few acquaintance, have postpon\u2019d our removal untill abt. the 15. of August.\nThe contest between the two houses respecting a discrimination in those bills, in favor of nations with whom we have treaties of commerce, has I own terminated contrary to my wishes. Our experience since the peace has demonstrated that whilst left to herself, without apprehension of restraints from us, we have nothing to expect from the liberality of G. B.; whether such restraints might ultimately succeed in bringing her to terms, especially with respect to the west Indies, is incertain, but there can be no doubt that untill the experiment is made we must abandon the hope. The conduct of France likewise toward us requires some attention, for altho\u2019 not bound by treaty to give her any preference, even over those nations with whom we are not thus united, yet sound policy and good neighbourhood suggest the propriety of meeting her advances, as well to compensate for those benefits she has already extended to us, as to induce her to grant us others. The subject is however still capable of being manag\u2019d to the best advantage. A restraint on the commerce of B. whether on her shipping or manufactures gives a bounty to France. If the latter is willing to pay the price of such a preference, and to secure the consideration on each side, it may be done thro\u2019 the Executive department of govt. As therefore this door is still open I have hopes the object will not be given up, but that the disposition which the B. have shewn, may be improv\u2019d in that line, with the aid of the Senate, for the common benefit of both nations. Will you adjourn in the course of the year? If so and you visit Virga., we shall be happy to see you in Albemarle.\nIn what state is our Mohawk affr? A total neglect on our part may be prejudicial to us. He may sell to some other person & convey the land. A communication with him wod. perhaps be proper. I was inform\u2019d by Govr. C. before I left N. Yk. that the land had appreciated at that time in his estimation abt. one dolr. pr. acre. If it had in that degree, at that time and as the Eastern people have settled almost the whole of that country, tis presumeable it has since, to a greater nominal amount tho\u2019 not perhaps in equal ratio. If it is in effect an object I wod. willingly make a sacrifice of other property for it, but if upon a view of present circumstances you are of opinion it is not, it wod. be more convenient for me to divert the money to other purposes than let it lie unprofitably idle. I believe you drew our prize of \u00a33. in this lottery. How many tickets shall I make for you in the last class to be drawn in sepr. Our respects to our friends in B. W. when you see them. Yrs. sincerely\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0191", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg July 19. 1789.\nI am told, that within these few days a considerable quantity of Madeira wine has been run into Virginia in the face of day; and that the opinion of the bar is, that neither law nor court exists, which can embrace the case. We shall have a total anarchy in the customs, unless you speedily forward both to us. The impost-bill, we are informed, has been matured into a law.\nWe hear nothing of those, who were most strenuous in their opposition to the f\u0153deral government. One of them seems from report to keep his eye more upon the practice of the law in the county courts than any other subject. It is supposed, that he will take the oath, against which he protested; but of this I know no certainty. The different county and corporation-courts in this quarter have given the necessary assurance of their f\u0153deral fidelity without an objection from any body. In Henrico, the most violent were on this occasion temperate.\nI have received from Colo. Griffin a letter, dated July 10. 1789, in which is this passage. \u201cI had yesterday morning a long conversation with our worthy president on the subject of officers of the judiciary and the customs. He appears very anxious to know whether any of the gentlemen, who are now in the judiciary department in the state of Virginia, would prefer the continental establishment, and mentioned Mr. Pendleton, Mr. Wythe, Mr. Lyons and Mr. Blair; and ask\u2019d me, whether you had ever intimated a wish to serve in that or any other line, under the f\u0153deral government. May I ask the favor of you to sound Mr. W. & Mr. B. on the subject. I have written to Mr. Marshall relative to the wishes of Mr. P. and Mr. L.\u201d So far as this paragraph respects myself, I do not choose to make a direct answer to Colo. G, but thro\u2019 your medium, and I hope you will not find it inconvenient to communicate with him on the subject. The following is a candid exposition of my situation\u2014\nWhen I quitted my practice, I had arranged my affairs in such a manner, as amply to justify the measure, which I then adopted. The most important debt, which I owed, had arisen from a purchase of Fry\u2019s land; to whic[h] I had opposed for payment a tract, containing twice its quantity in Ch[ar]lotte. This I cannot sell to answer my purpose, and thus do and mus[t] encounter some difficulty. From these circumstances I was led partial[ly] to resume my profession. Since that time, the apprehension with respect to my bosom-companion grows stronger; and the disorder itself, from circumstances suggested in a former letter, will probably make a large demand for money. I have lately too discovered a debt, due from my uncle\u2019s estate of about 800 \u00a3, which somewhat alarms me. These pressures must be baffled by some vigorous exertions. If the sale of that portion of property, which I always allotted for the first and third of these exigencies could be effected, my ordinary income would suffice for the second. But a fourth of its value cannot be had; and no extent of practice, which any lawyer possesses, or into which I could return, would supply the necessary aid on this emergency. Unless I were to be in Richmond or to be \u00be of the year without my family, 300 \u00a3 would be the utmost produce of the most earnest endeavours. To neither of these conditions can I submit. I had therefore once thought of a seat on our appeals; tho\u2019 there are obstacles to a real wish to succeed of a very particular cast.\nColo. G\u2019s letter has, however, called me to reflect upon a different destination. It would bring with it many conveniences in reference to the complaint of my wife, if a northern journey should be deemed necessary for her. But these would be counterbalanced by the load of calumny, which would be poured upon me. I am aware, in regard to those, whose irritation against the new govt. is not to be allayed, as I could not assuage them, so I cannot exasperate them to a greater degree, than they already are. But for any emolument or honor whatsoever, I would not hazard the esteem of the virtuous, who know my conduct on the great f\u0153deral topic, and, I flatter myself, acknowledge its consistency, and, above all things, its purity. Yes, my dear friend, its purity. For it has been insinuated (and in defiance of truth) that my espousal of the constitution had alienated even its friends from me, who would not elect me to the house of representatives. The insinuation has been carried so far as to apply it to the disposal of offices under the government. My sincere desire then would be to have it in my power to refuse, and actually to refuse an office. But as the tender of a post could not be made on such ground, I commit myself to you, and leave you to represent this business to Colo. Griffin, as you please, if you think, that there is no impropriety in my inlisting under f\u0153deral banners. And yet I ought to add, that nothing definitive can be said, until I learn the changes, which the bill has undergone.\nOn the 2d. of August I go for Loudoun to argue a cause against Mr. P. Henry. Write me an answer to this letter, and direct for Fredericksburg, there to await me. Ever yrs.\nSince writing the inclosed, I thought it adviseable to postpone sending it, until the mail of today should arrive; hoping that if there was any ground for the paragraph referred to in my letter, I might possibly hear something of it by you. Colo. Parker came to town last night, and confirms in some measure what that letter says; for he has himself made the communication to me. I confide every thing to you in this business; for it would counteract some capital measures, which I contemplate for the next session, were it divulged, that I would go into office, and yet not have it offered to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0192", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Turner, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Turner, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nPhila: July 19th. 1789\nAs many of the public offices are about to be disposed of, may I crave the favour of your influence? Having experienced your friendship on a former occasion, though I did not make use of the letter you favoured me with, I feel emboldened to offer you this additional trouble, which, I trust, you will excuse.\nI am unacquainted with the particular appointments which are, at this time, to be made, and cannot therefore point out any as the particular object of my wish. Indeed, if I have any pretensions to public favour, I consider myself the least qualified to judge of them: my Friends must decide for me.\nI have made no application to any gentleman in Congress, except Mr. Burke\u2014and he has not been so polite as even to answer my letter. I did expect some appearance, at least, of attention from him; especially as he comes from a state in which I long served, with no discredit, I hope, to myself.\nImpressed with the sincerest regard and respect for your character, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obliged and most obedient Servant\u2014\nG Turner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0193", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Peters, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nBelmont July 20th. 1789.\nIt is but within a Day or two that I recieved yours of the 14th. in which you very properly leave me as you found me on the Subject I rambled into. But I will revenge myself by sending you a Copy of an old Fable which I have in a curious Collection I keep by me entitled \u201cAunciente connynge Balladdes.\u201d I am chained to my Chair by my old Tormentor the Piles & I maliciously wish not that all my Friends should be entirely at Ease. But I let you off gently by only obliging you to read some bad Verses which I know not that you are any wise concerned in save that had you lived in the Days of these Cooks your Easiness of Temper (for which I do not like you a Jot the worse) would have prompted you to indulge the Anti Soupites in some of their Whims of an innocent Nature especially if they had been some of your Neighbours. Believe me very truly your affectionate Friend & Servt\nRichard Peters\n[Enclosure]\nThe Wise Cooks & foolish GuestsA Fable\nEleven Cooks assembled once\nTo make a Treat of Soup\nAll knowing\u2014not a Dunce\nAmong the skilful Group.\nThe Soup was made\u2014delicious! good!\nExclaim\u2019d each grateful Guest,\nBut some who would not taste the Food,\nDeclar\u2019d it wanted Zest.\nAmong those Malcontents were found\nSome faulting each Ingredient\nWhile others eager search\u2019d around\nTo find out some Expedient\nWith which at once to damn the whole\nNot take it in Detail.\nThey would not sup a single Bowl\nLest more they dare not rail.\nAt Length the Grumblers all fell out\nIn Nothing could agree\nNot e\u2019en while making of a Rout\nOf what the Soup should be.\nThey curse the Cooks & hungry rave\nFor those of better Skill\u2014\nAnother Mess some swear they\u2019l have\nOn which they\u2019l freely swill.\n\u201cPray taste the Soup\u201d requir\u2019d the Cooks\n\u201cWe\u2019ll yield if we\u2019re outreason\u2019d.\u201d\n\u2014We know \u2019tis bad\u2014\u201cby what?\u201d\u2014its Looks\n\u2019Tis rich & highly season\u2019d\u2014\nWe wish for Soup in th\u2019 Maigre Stile\nThat\u2019s thin\u2014to save Expences\u2014\n(The Cooks exclaim & archly smile\n\u201cGood Sirs you\u2019ve lost your Senses!\u201d)\nWe know you Cooks who\u2019ve learnt your Trade\nWill think we talk like Asses\u2014\nBut we\u2019ll have Broth that\u2019s cheaply made\nNo Salt\u2014not much Molasses.\nInstead of Dumplins we\u2019ll have Chips\nInstead of Gravy\u2014Vapour\u2014\nAnd e\u2019er it goes between our Lips\nWe\u2019ll fine it down with\u2014Paper\u2014\nAnd that all Palates we may please\nAnd on your Plan refine\nWe\u2019ll add some scrap\u2019d Rh: Island Cheese\nWarm\u2019d up with Knotts of Pine.\nWe\u2019ll tender this to all we meet\nAnd if their Tastes forsake \u2019em\nSo that our Fare they will not eat\nBy\u2014\u2014with Force we\u2019ll make \u2019em\u2014\nIf we cant have our proper Broth\nWe\u2019ll join & spoil your Mess.\nNo Master Cook we\u2019ll have\u2014In Troth\nWe wish for Nothing less\u2014\nWe\u2019ll make a Bargain with ourselves\nThat one sha\u2019n\u2019t poison t\u2019other\nWe are such wise suspicious Elves\nThat none will trust his Brother.\nWe\u2019ll watch our Pot with sleepless Care,\nO\u2019er all we\u2019ll keep a tight Hand,\nFor Honesty we feel\u2019s so rare\nOur left will cheat our right Hand\u2014\n\u201cOur Comprehensions\u201d cry the Cooks\n\u201cWith yours are not on Level.\n\u201cTo us your Mixture really looks\n\u201cA Pottage for the Devil.\n\u201cAt us, good Sirs, then cease to rave\n\u201cYou\u2019re surely touch\u2019d with Mania.\n\u201cWe\u2019ll eat our Soup\u2014do you go shave\u2014\n\u201cLord help your Pericrania![\u201d]\nMoral\nTo mend is truly always right\nBut then the Way to do it\nIs not so facile to the Wight\nWho undertakes to shew it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0195", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 23 July 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg July 23. 1789.\nI this morning received your favor of the 15th.\nIn my letter of yesterday, I gave you a faithful narrative of my situation. On further reflection I feel the propriety of the communication more strongly. More confidentially therefore do I repose myself on you. Colo. Parker seems to think (but I am persuaded upon grounds, in no respect tenable,) that the president expects applications from those, who are willing to become servants of the U. S. It is too outrageous, to be believed, and even when believed, cannot be submitted to by men of real merit.\nThe tincture, with which he has coloured some subjects, has nauseated some of the best f\u0153deralists here. And the form of the levee, with the pres[iden]t\u2019s total alienation (in point of dinners,) from the representatives, has awakened a degree of jealousy. In short he represents every thing, as marching with furious rapidity, towards monarchy; as far as manners can work such an effect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0198", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Leighton Wood, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Wood, Leighton\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York 25th July 1789.\nBeing desirous from a variety of reasons mostly of a private na[ture] to change my residence, & presuming on your Friendship I ta[ke] the liberty of soliciting your recommendation to some O[ffice] under the new Government, for which you may deem [me] qualified. The different Departments that I have had the honour to hold for twelve Years past in the State of Virginia, & for almost nine of them the office of Solicitor, I trust will be some recommendation; for altho\u2019 I am fully sensible of my inabilities to discharge so important an appointment with that propriety which, others possessed of superior Talents might have done, yet the approbation of both the Assembly & Executive that may be inferred from their permitting me to continue in the publick Service for such a length of time, will I hope in your opinion, operate in my favour. I will not Sir, however desirous I may be of a completion of my wishes, attempt to impose upon you a Beleif, or endeavour to insinuate an Idea of my being possessed of any extra knowledge in Accounts; the keeping of which, & especially those of the Publick being generally but of a simple nature, requires little more than common abilities except Diligence and Attention, & those requisites being somewhat within the power of every Man, I can venture to say shall on my part be sufficiently given to any Business I may have the honour to be entrusted with. I wish not for any conspicuous Office being conscious of the imprudence & presumption it would be in me to indulge hopes of that kind. A second[ary] appointment only, is what I wish, with emoluments suffic[ient to] answer such purposes, that Men with Families generally [have i]n veiw, And to obtain that Sir, if you from your own kno[wledg]e of my Conduct deem me worthy of your attention, my wi[shes] will be satisfactorily accomplished, & the favour gratefully [re]membered by Sir Your most obt. & very hble Servt:\nLeig wood Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0199", "content": "Title: Washington\u2019s Queries concerning Negotiations with Spain, [ca. 25 July] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nQueries\n1st.If there should be a majority\u2014or a large minority\u2014in the Senate for continuing the negotiations (maugre the difficulty with respect to the navigation of the Mississipi) from an opinion that the terms, upon the whole, ought to be acceded to; will the President stand justified under the notification of Mr. Gardoqui\u2019s leave of absence, & intended departure by the first opportunity, for letting him do this without submitting the matter in some form or another to the Senate?\u2014notwithstanding it is the opinion of the President that the claim of the U. S to this Navigation ought not to be weakened by any negotiation whatsoever.\n2d.Is there not something in the expression of the answer of Mr. Jay to Mr. Gardoqui that may be construed into a relaxation on this point, when the present derangements are done away, and we shall be in a condition to renew the Negotiations under the new Governt.\n3d.Would it be improper, besides withholding or qualifying the expression above alluded to, to convey verbally (a memorandum of which to be taken) but delicately to Mr. Gardoqui that from the very nature of things, and our peculiar situation we never can loose sight of the use of that Navigation however it might be restrained\u2014and that by a just & liberal policy both Countries might derive reciprocal advantages?\nHe had better, in my opinion, return with our ideas to this effect, delicately & tenderly expressed, than with any hope or expectation of our yeilding the navigation of a River which is so tenaciously contended for by a large part of the Union, and the Relinquishment of which, or the fear of which, founded on appearances, would occasion\u2014certainly\u2014the seperation of the Western territory.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0200", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Hoomes, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Hoomes, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir,\nVirginia Boling Green July 27h. 1789.\nI have lately made a tour of the district of Kentucky & am very much pleased with the face of the Country & have Serious thoughts of moving to it, which may be a matter of considerable consequence to me, & perhaps of the greatest & lasting importance to my family.\nFor those reasons I trust you will excuse me for troubling you on a Subject so interesting & if hastily determined on may end in ruin. I believe I may venture to Say that the lands in Kentucky, are richer than any yet found in N. America & that they do produce more of every thing put into them than any yet Settled & nothing appears to be wanting but a good market for what the inhabitants will have to Spare. I am conscious that your line of life added to your great Knowledge of things in general puts it in your power to judge of the prospects of a trade down the Mississippi, (Which must be the Key to that country) therefore I am induced to ask you whether you think the Spaniards are or will be disposed to trade with the Settlers of Kentucky or if the navigation of that river will be free or whether there is any (even the most distant) prospect of New Orleans being made a free port which is certainly the best thing that could be done for that Country, or whether the immense Quantities of Corn, Wheat Tobo. Flour & provisions of every Kind that may be Sold (at near half the price they now Sell for in this State) as soon as the Country gets well Settled will not be an Object worth contending for by Europeans, & if Spain will ever be Suffered to Shut up a river that (perhaps) waters the Most extensive & richest Country in the Whole World. If I have gone farther than I ought you will please to answer only Such parts of my letter as you think proper & well Knowing the great Burden of Business you must have on your hands I intreat you to answer this at your leisure & to give me your Opinion of the Country in any manner you think best.\nI parted with Colo. George Nicholas who has become a resident of Kentucky the last of June, he is building himself an Elegant house, & wi[ll] Soon be well fixed he is much pleased & has a great run of business in his way, & so has our old Schoolmate Hary Innes. The people that went wit[h] Morgan to the Spanish Side of the Mississippi retu[rn]ed much disgusted & it is said there is not the smalle[st] prospect of his effecting a Settlement there. Produce is at present high Tobo. from 18 to 20/. per Hundred Corn 10/. per Barrel Wheat 4/. Rye 3/. & other things in proportion Owing to the Number of new Settlers in [it?] except the Tobo. which is carried to Orleans. They are a great deal more populous than I expected having at least 8,000 Militia & upwards of 60,000 Souls. I am Dr Sir with the greatest Esteem very respectfully yr. mo. Obt. Hble. Sert\nJohn Hoomes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0201", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Grubb, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Grubb, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nRichmond Virginia July 29th. 1789\nAt a time when Your extensive abilitys and attention are so constantly engaged and unremittingly employed in the advancing the happiness, of Your Country, an Address from an Individual and who has not the honor of being personaly known to You, And on a subject which may appear somewhat partial, May be an intrusion deman[d]ing great merit in the subject and Party intruding to apologize for. The one he is certain will have your excuse if in any portion of it You should perceive a future good to Society. For that share in which the Individual appears interested he rests for pardon solely on Your condescension.\nFrom an early propensity and a long attachment to the study of The Mechanic Arts and the various ways in which they may be applyed to useful purposes I have at different periods invented a variety of Instruments, Machines &c, But which I have never had sufficient confidence in myself to venture imparting a sight of to any other person. Not satisfyed upon Reflection that such diffidence was altogether commendable\u2014joined to a Resolution (arising from an Aversion to and a determination to withdraw from farther Mercantile pursuits, a profession always clashing with my natural inclination and in which I have been singularly unfortunate) Of devoting myself in future entirely to that Study\u2014And in aid to those motives The encouragment held forth in the New Constitution for securing Inventors &c. in their Right to reward for useful productions, Al[t]ogether induce me to make a first Essay with the Object named in the inclosed form of Petition, and which I have taken the liberty of requesting leave to submit to you for Your approbation, which should I have the satisfaction of Obtaining and in addition your kind assistance in informing me the mode In which it must be introduced to the Honble. Body for whose consideration it is intended, I will have wrote in the prescribed manner and put into progress through the Channel and in the manner the instructions Your kind condescendsion may honor me with, point out.\nAs I am I beleive equaly unknown to all the Gentlemen Your Honble. Colleagues from this State, I hope to have your pardon for this self introduction to You, To whom my wishes have led me in particular from (permit me Sir to say) An admiration of and esteem for Your eminently Patriotic Character, I should have done myself the honor of personally and Respectfully waiting on You on this subject, but engagements to unavoidable appearance in several suits pending in the different supreme Courts of this State, and in which I am greatly interested, And which from the late appointment of district-Courts, has occasiond to fall for early trials and within a short time of each other, prevent me.\nRenewing my request for Your pardon, and beging the Honor of an answer I remain with Respectfull deference Sir, Your Most Obedient and Very Humble Servant\nRichard Grubb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0202", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis July 29. 1789.\nI wrote you on the 22d. Since that I have received yours of the 23d. of May. The president\u2019s title as proposed by the Senate was the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of. It is a proof the more of the justice of the character given by Doctr. Franklin of my friend[:] always an honest man often a great one but sometimes absolutely mad. I wish he could have been here during the late scenes. If he could then have had one fibre of aristocracy left in his frame he would have been a proper subject for bedlam. The tranquility of this place has not been disturbed since the death of Foulon & Bertier. Supplies of bread are precarious, but there has not as yet been such a want as to produce disorder, and we may expect the new wheat harvest to begin now in ten or twelve days. You will wonder to find the harvest here so late: but from my observations (I guess, because I have not calculated their result carefully) the sun does not shine here more than 5. hours of the 24. through the whole year. I inclose you some papers worth notice, which indeed have principally induced me to address you so soon after my last. I am with perfect esteem & attachment Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0203", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 30 July 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nPowhatan July 30. 1789\nThat several of the Packets you have done me the favor to send have remained so long unacknowledged is owing to my having been engaged in business which took me out of reach of the Post Office. I a few days ago was possessed of the whole together. The papers containing the debates upon the powers of the President to remove Officers of the Executive department, were truly acceptable. This was an important Matter and, in my opinion involved the vitals of that part of the Constitution. The President without such powers would have been, but nominally, at the head of the Executive; his authority would have been diminished to almost nothing, and proportionably his responsibility. The debates in the oposition were, some of them ingenious\u2014they have however turned principally on the possibility of wanton abuses in the President, when I think it might have been considered that divesting him of these powers would expose the public to very probable abuses in many other hands: the question is reducible to this alternative, either to leave it in the power of the President to abuse his Trust in wantonly removing inferior Officers; or subject the public to daily abuses in the hands of every inferior officer who may be employed. His situation will always afford the public a good security against his exercising his powers to the injury of a good Officer, whilst that of the inferior Officers, were they independent of him, would be constantly productive of abuses in neglect of duty, not to say any thing of active vices. To say he might have procured the removal of a bad Officer by impeachment was saying nothing, he must have been constantly employed as a prosecutor, in which he would have lost much of the weight necessary to his Station, nor would that establishment for the trial of High Officers have long retained the necessary solemnity, had it been resorted to too frequently. In fine, the inferior Officers of the Executive department, are but aids of the President, and it would, in my opinion, have been absurd, to give him less than full powers over them.\nAccept my thanks for the punctuallity with which you favor me with the papers which contain your debates; be good enough my dr sir to continue sending them, with just so much writing, as you can, with convenience, spare the time to commit to paper. Present me to your worthy Colleagues and beleive me to be with great sincerity yr Affe. Freind &c.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0204", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Johnston, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Johnston, Samuel\nDear Sir:\nI was duly honored with your favor of the 8th instant, inclosing a copy of the President\u2019s answer to the address of the Executive of your State. The arrival coincided with the very moment when the subject of amendments had been resumed, and was certainly not an unpropitious circumstance. You will find the result of a committment of the business in the inclosed paper. From the dispatch and concord which have latterly prevailed, I have no doubt that something will be effected during the present session, at least so far as may depend on the House of Rep\u2019s. For the Senate I cannot answer, though I have no reason to suppose that any difficulties will be encountered there, if the plan of alterations be not extended beyond its present limits.\nDelays which could not be avoided have postponed the passage of the collection bill so long that a short interregnum in the customs will be unavoidable. In the neighboring ports, however, it will not go beyond a day or two. The Judiciary system has been sent from the Senate and will probably be taken up to day in the House of Rep\u2019s. It is pregnant with difficulties, not only as relating to a part of the constitution which has been most criticised, but being in its own nature peculiarly complicated & embarrassing. The Senate have proceeded on the idea that the federal Gov\u2019t ought not to depend on the State Courts any more than on the State Legislatures, for the attainment of its ends and it must be confessed, that altho\u2019 the reasons do not equally hold in the two cases, yet not only theoretic propriety, but the vicious constitution and proceedings of the Courts in the same states, countenance the precaution in both. At the same time it seems scarcely practicable to carry federal justice home to the people on this plan without a number of offices & a degree of expense which are very serious objections to it. The plan of the Senate is perhaps disagreeable with encountering these objections without securing the benefits for which the sacrifice is to be made. In criminal matters it appears to be particularly defective, being irreconcilable as it stands with a local trial of offenses. The most that can be said in its favor is that it is the first essay, and in practice will be surely an experiment. In this light, it is entitled to great indulgence, and if not material improvement, should be made in the H. of Rep\u2019s, as is likely to be the case, will, I trust, remain that proof the public candor whenever it may make its appearance. With the highest respect and sincerest regards, I am, Dear Sir, Your obed\u2019t & mo. oblg. servant,\nJas. Madison, Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0205", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Anthony Wayne, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wayne, Anthony\nDear Sir\nN. York July 31st. 1789.\nYour favor of the 15th of June has been some time in my hands, but no opportunity of acknowledging it has hitherto occurred; and I write now more in order to be ready for the first casual conveyance rather than with a reliance on any known one. I do not make use of the mail, because it is rendered ineligible by the delay & uncertainty incident to it.\nI can not undertake to decide on the merits of your suggestion with regard to Indian and Spanish Affairs in your quarter. As the question depends on a knowledge both of military and local circumstances, it is more proper that I should pay the attention due to your remarks on it. Some systematic provision for the security of our frontiers, and the respectability of our national posture, ought not and I hope will not be long delayed. As far as this provision may depend on the Legislature of the Union I have no reason to apprehend a backwardness to the subject. Hitherto it has been necessarily excluded by subjects of prior necessity. There can be as little reason to doubt that the measures depending on the Executive Authority will be such as they ought to be. It is fortunate that to the other qualifications of the President, is added a more than common knowledge of Western and Indian affairs, which will enable him to make the best use of all information relating to them, at the same time that his knowledge of military characters will suggest to him the fittest for executing plans of public defence. What is most to be apprehended in this case is the delay inseparable not only from the nature, but the newness of our Government.\nYour observations in favor of an early establishment in South Western, corresponding with that under Genl. St. Clair in the N. Western district, appear to me to be just and important. How far the nature of the Cession made by Georgia has sufficiently prepared the way on her part I cannot precisely say. I think she would act prudently as well as honorably, in bringing that transaction to a speedy conclusion, and on principles as liberal as she can reconcile with her essential interests. To compleat such an arrangement as you have pointed at, N. Carolina ought to be a party to it; and that is one urgent motive among a variety of others, for wishing her in the Union.\nThe commercial system has taken up so much time that it is but just going into execution. The subject next in order is the judiciary establishment which is pregnant with perhaps still greater difficulties; but being sent from the Senate in the form of a digested bill, will it is hoped produce less discussion and delay. With great respect & esteem I am Sir Your Obedt. & very hble servt\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0208", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 2 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nDear Sir\nMy last inclosed a continuation of the printed Journals of the H. of Reps. I now add two sheets more. They are no otherwise valuable than as they serve to make up an entire sett.\nThe commercial bills are at lengths off our hands. They have been so long delayed that an interregnum of a day or two will take place even in this & the adjacent ports, and an inconvenient one in the distant ports. The Judiciary bill comes next into consideration. The subject itself is full of difficulties and the bill as sent from the Senate has left many of them to be contended with by the H. of Reps. The utmost that can be hoped will be to avoid in the first essay fundamtal [sic] and obnoxious errors. Time alone and the aid of the Judges after some little experience, will be able to render the system tolerably correct.\nThe proposed amendments of which I sent you a copy have since been in the hands of a committee composd of a member from each State. Their report is inclosed. [Some] of the changes are perhaps for the better, others for the worse. From the concord of the Come. and the language used in the House on the last discussion, I indulge a confidence that something will be effected. For the Senate I can less answer, but I have no reason for distrust in case the plan be kept within its present limits. I am Dr. Sir Yrs.\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0209", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Turner, 2 August 1789\nFrom: Turner, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, August 2d./89\nWhen I took the liberty to trouble you with my letter, I wished to leave much to the discretion of my friends, as to any appointment for which I might be offered. I had no precise knowledge of the greater part of the offices to be created; nor was I informed how the candidates for public favour had directed the train of their applications. It was possible, I reflected, that many of them might rest their hopes and interest on one and the same object, and that in consequence but little chance of success could fall to the lot of a person applying at this late hour.\nYou have been so good as to enumerate in your obliging favour of the 23d. ulto. the several departments. There will, no doubt, be many desirable posts in those which are yet open. I should prefer a situation at or near the seat of government, but this I do not insist on. As to the Bench in the Western Territory, which you are pleased to mention, I fear, circumstances considered, it would not altogether accord with my convenience at this time. I have a little family, whose education must be an important object with me, and, on that account, I could wish to remain in the more settled parts of the continent.\nI have lately received an answer from my friend Judge Burke, who appears extremely desirous to render me. He informs me of your very friendly conduct in joining you[r] influence to his.\nI have written to Mr. Burke by this post, and shall trouble you with another line by the next, if well, as I have not time now to add another syllable more than that I am, with great esteem and attachment Sir, Your most obedient and obliged hble. Servant\nG Turner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0210", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Walker, 2 August 1789\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 2 August 1789. Calendared in the lists probably kept by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). The one-page letter was offered for sale in the Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 694 (1892), which listed items from the McGuire collection of JM\u2019s papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0211", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nRichmond August 3. 1789\nSince mine of the 30th. Ult, I have been honored with yours of the 20th. & 22d. I am disappointed in the Issue of the Tonage Bill\u2014it is however to be hoped that G. B. will, from what has happened, take some alarm & adopt such a policy as will leave it unnecessary to agitate a question of discrimination amongst foreign Nations again\u2014she is apprised to the natural advantages we possess over her, and will expect us to discover how to use them. Our Freind Grayson has given me a Sketch of the Judiciary system as projected in the Senate. It is very different from what I had formed in my own mind, and I beleive will not be much approved of. This is a great subject of which I will not pretend to a Competent Judgment, seeing however that it would produce much variety of sentiment, I have employed some thoughts upon it\u2014the result of my reflections, is, that the State Courts, where they are well established might be adopted as the inferior Federal Courts, except as to Maritime business. Indeed it appears to me that institute as many inferior Federal Courts as you will, those of the States will, from the Constitution which injoins upon them an Observance of the federal Laws, have concurrent jurisdiction with the former, and that appeals to the supreme Court will alike lie from each. If this idea is right why not leave the whole of the business with the State Courts under such regulations, as to appeals, as may be found well? Such an arrangement would save immense expence; would ocasion little innovation in the antient forms of Judicial proceedings amongst the people, and would also, without difficulty, accommodate jury trials in matters of fact, to the wishes of each state, as every one would retain its own usage. As to amenability for the federal duties in the State Judges, if the constitution fixes on them these duties, they must of course be responsible to the same authority for a faithful discharge of them in such way as the Govt. shall by Law direct. I do not apprehend that the extraordinary Act of Virga. will interfere with the operation of a plan thus founded. If the duties vest as I suggest, no act of the State, which does not annihillate its judiciary establishment, can affect them; the Act alluded to however only prohibits the acceptance of individual appointments, which are not necessary for the adoption of the State Courts into the federal system. At the same time this plan presents itself to my mind as the best, I would yet have Congress provide for separate appointments of inferior Courts in States who may not have good establishments for themselves. In Rhode Island were she in the Union there might be a necessity for such a partial provision.\nThese Ideas may not be correct they however occur to me, and I have taken the liberty to submit them to your judgement. Present me to your worthy Colleagues & beleive me to be, with the greatest sincerity & truth yr Afft. Hl St.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0213", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 5 August 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nAugust 5th. 1789\nI want to communicate two matters to Congress; the substance of which is contained in the enclosed Paper. The first requires to be decided upon before the proposed adjournment shall take place\u2014but my motive for commun[ic]ating the other, at this time, is only to fix the attention, & to promote enquiry against the next meeting.\nWhether would an Oral or written communication be best?\nIf the first what mode is to be adopted to effect it?\nI would thank you, my good Sir, for amending the enclosed address, if you have leizure, by adding to, or striking out such parts as you may think had better be expunged. I am most Affectly Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0214", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Thompson, 7 August 1789\nFrom: Thompson, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nMorris Town August 7th. 1789\nAs I have Supposed under the present government of the Union, that Congress will shortly find it expedient to make some Appointments in a Consular capacity to the Ports of France & French Islands, I have had thoughts of offering myself a Candidate for One or Other of the latter. My Knowledge of the language, customs & manners of the french Nation, I flatter myself, will entitle me to some consideration in the eye of those within Whose department such Appointments may fall. From the increasing intercourse with the Islands, I think they will be most likely to afford the best field for the exercise of the Knowledge & qualities requisite to the discharge of Consular duties. This reason itself is sufficiently important to induce a preference to the Islands. I have besides hopes of very considerable advantages that must Naturally result from a residence in a public Character\u2014but I am altogether at a loss with respect to the mode of Application that would be most likely to succeed in bringing me forward to proper notice. I have therefore, sir, presuming on your former very obliging & friendly attention to me, ventured to solicit your advice & aid on the ocasion. I am known to the President General, to the gentelmen of Congress from this State & many others, but how far such interest & influence may avail in promoting the object I have in view, you doubtless, Sir, are best able to point out. I want information on the Subject & cannot conveniently at this time leave my Family & concerns at home; a line from you Sir, may perhaps for the Moment, answer the purpose of a Journey to New York, but Should you advise a personal attendance hereafter, I shall be ready to proceed. I Shall esteem it a very particular favor to hear from you in Answer \u214c the Morris Town Stage Which leaves Powles Hook every Thursday Morning by Nine oClock. I am with great Esteem & regard Sir your very Humble servant\nBenja: Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0215", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 9 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nI have been some days in debt for your favour of the 19th. Ult. Notwithstanding the time I have been here Taylor has never made any application on the subject of our purchase nor have I ever found that he has himself been in the City. Whence his silence has proceeded I am not able to say. It has frequently occurred to me to write to him, and I should probably have done so long since; had I not calculated on some favorable opportunity of visiting the quarter in which the land lies, in which expectation I have been constantly disappointed. I think with you that it will be highly proper to pay some effectual attention to the matter, without much further delay, and if I should not be able to make a trip which would enable to see Taylor, I shall endeavor to make up of some other mode of communicating with him.\nYour ideas on the proposed discrimination between foreign Nations coincide I perceive, exactly with those which have governed me. The Senate did not allow that no effort should be made for vindicating our commercial interests, but argued that a more effectual mode should be substituted. A Come. was appd. in that branch to report such a mode. The report made is founded on something like a retort of her restrictions in the Wt. Inda. channels. It is now said that as the measure would involve an imposition of extraordinary duties, the Senate cannot proceed in it. Mr. Gerry alluding to these circumstances moved two days ago for a bill giving further encouragement to trade & navigation, and obtained a Committee for the purpose. What will be the result is uncertain. If the attempt added to what has passed should as it probably will, be made known abroad, it may lead to apprehensions that may be salutary.\nThe attention of the H. of Reps. for some days has been confined to the subject of compensations. The bill is at length brought into its final shape. Much discussion took place on the quantum for the members of Congs. & the question whether it shd. be the same for both Houses. My own opinion was in favor of a difference founded on a reduction of the sum proposed with regard to the H. of Reps. & an augmentation as to the Senate. As no difference took place, the case of the Senate and of the members from S. C. & Georga. had real w[eig]ht agst. a lesser sum than 6 dollrs. which [I own] is higher than I had contemplated for [the] H. of Reps, & which I fear may excite criti[cisms] not to be desired at the present moment.\nYesterday was spent on a Message from the President relative to Indian Affairs & the Militia. Bills are ordered providing for a Treaty with the Hostile tribes, and for regulating the Militia. The latter is an arduous task & will probably not be compleated at this Session. Your friends in B. W. were well last evening. Adu. Yrs\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0217", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander White, 9 August 1789\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. 9th August 1789\nI have not been long enough in this City to pretend to a knowledge of the general Sentiments of its Inhabitants. Those I have seen exclaim against the Salaries allowed our Officers, And make a particular handle of the 730 Dollars to the Door Keeper, they (Miers Fisher excepted) deem our own Wages too high, also the Salaries of the President and Vice President. In other Matters they express great satisfaction, Say the Revenue Laws are well drawn and think the Duties in general proper\u2014Shew almost a childish anxiety for the removal of the Congress to this place, and pretend to count Votes by States and by Poll, treat the Idea of fixing the permanent Seat of Government in Patowmack within a Century to come as too rediculous to merit consideration, resting assured that whenever the Question is put, Dalaware will be the place. Brown the Printer of the Federal Gazette waited on me\u2014to apologise as I conceived for a Publication in his Paper animadverting severely on the Proceedings of Congress. His Apology amounted to this, that as we had merited abuse, it was better bestowed by a Federalist than an Anti Federalist. It is possible some letters may come to me by Post. I intended to mention this to Mr Beckeley, and get him to inclose them for your direction, and Frank, but forgot it. I understand they will not come free to me when absent from Congress, must therefore request favr. of you. Present my Compliments to all the Gentlemen of our Club, It was with deep regret I left them, and the business of Congress unfinished. I am with the most sincere Regard Dear Sir Your &c\nAlex White\nP. S. My proper direction is at Woodville, near Winchester Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0218", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Carrington, 12 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carrington, Edward\nDear Sir\nI am just favd. with yours of the 30th. inst: and am glad to find your sentiments so decided as to the power of removal by the Presidt. Every letter to me, and as far as I know to others here, from Virga. ratifies the propriety of the decision of Congress. Our last discussions of moment have turned on the Compensations. The bill as gone to the Senate, allows Six dollars a day to the members of both Houses. My own idea was that it should have been less for the Reps. & more for the Senate. With equal emoluments the ablest men will prefer the H. of Reps. and the Senate will degenerate into an unfitness for the great objects of its institution. The rate allowed is unpopular in this quarter of the Union. But the truth is that 6 dollars [is no less required] for the distant States, particularly S. C. & Georgia, than 4 would be to N. Jersey, Connecticut &c. and a defective allowance would put the States at a distance under disadvantages of a very serious nature. Add to this that a less sum than 6 dollars for the Senate (whose case was involved in that of the H. of Reps. after the vote agst. a discrimination) could not well be thought of. On these grounds the measure must rest for its vindication. I am afraid it will be disrelished in your part of Virga. & can not say that I am satisfied with it myself. With men of liberal turns and who know the former allowances made to Congs by the States, and who moreover take into view the situation & policy of the distant States, an apologetic reasoning on the subject will not be difficult. With those of another cast, the case will be different.\nThis the day for taking up the Report of Come. on amendts.\nJs Madison J[r]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0219", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 August 1789\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nFredricksburg Augt. 12. 1789.\nYour favor of the 27th. ulto. found me in Richmond attending the chancery whence I returnd two days since. We move on monday next to Albemarle having already sent up the principal part of our furniture &ca. You will address to me in future by the way of Richmond. Our delay has been protracted too long to secure us, I fear, from the contagion incident to the lower country; as yet however we have escap\u2019d any sensible effects, so that if it shod. discover itself above, tis not improbable it may be attributed to an improper cause.\nThe bills on ordinary subjects as trade &ca appear to give general satisfaction. That to embrace the Judiy. will occasion more difficulty, I apprehend, than any other, as it will form an exposition of the powers of the govt. itself, and shew in the opinion of those who organize it, how far it can discharge its own functions, or must depend for that purpose, on the aid of those of the States. Whatever arrangment shall be now made in that respect, will be of some duration, wh. shews the propriety of a wise provision in the commencment.\nI write you in haste merely to apprize you of my departure hence & assure you of the esteem & regard with wh. I am sincerely yours\u2014\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0220", "content": "Title: Amendments to the Constitution, [13 August] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   On 21 July, JM moved that the House take up amendments in the Committee of the Whole, as provided in his resolution of 8 June. After some debate, the House referred the 8 June resolution and all the amendments proposed by the state ratifying conventions to a select committee of one member from each state. This committee reported on 28 July (JM to W. C. Nicholas, 2 Aug. 1789 and n. 1). On 13 August, Lee moved that the Committee of the Whole take up the report of the select committee. JM spoke on this motion.\nMr. Madison. I beg leave to make one or two remarks more in consequence of the observations which have fell from the different sides of the house: Some gentlemen seem to think that additional propositions will be brought forward; whether they will or not I cannot pretend to say; but if they are, I presume they will be no impediment to our deciding upon those contained in the report. But gentlemen who introduce these propositions will see, that if they are to produce more copious debate than has hitherto taken place, they will consume a great part of the remainder of the session. I wish the subject well considered, but I do not wish to see any unnecessary waste of time, and gentlemen will please to remember that this subject has yet to go before the senate.\nI admit, with the worthy gentleman who preceded me, that a great number of the community are solicitous to see the government carried into operation; but I believe that there is a considerable part also anxious to secure those rights which they are apprehensive are endangered by the present constitution; now, considering the full confidence they reposed at the time of its adoption in their future representatives, I think we ought to pursue the subject to effect. I confess it has always appeared to me in point of candor and good faith, as well as policy, to be incumbent on the first legislature of the United States, at their first session, to make such alterations in the constitution as will give satisfaction without injuring or destroying any of its vital principles.\nI should not press the subject at this time, because I am well aware of the importance of the other business enumerated by the gentlemen who are adverse to the present motion, but, from an apprehension that if it is delayed until the other is gone through, that gentlemen\u2019s patience and application will be so harassed and fatigued as to oblige them to leave it [in] an unfinished state, until the next session; beside, was the judicial bill even to pass now, it could not take effect until others were enacted, which probably at this time are not drawn up.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 165\u201366.\n   After Lee\u2019s motion passed, the committee took up the question of whether the amendments should be incorporated into the text of the Constitution or appended to it as a series of separate propositions.\nMr. Madison. Form, sir, is always of less importance than the substance; but on this occasion, I admit that form is of some consequence, and it will be well for the house to pursue that, which upon reflection, shall appear to be the most eligible. Now it appears to me, that there is a neatness and propriety in incorporating the amendments into the constitution itself; in that case the system will remain uniform and entire; it will certainly be more simple, when the amendments are interwove into those parts to which they naturally belong, than it will if they consist of separate and distinct parts; we shall then be able to determine its meaning without references or comparison; whereas, if they are supplementary, its meaning can only be ascertained by a comparison of the two instruments, which will be a very considerable embarrassment, it will be difficult to ascertain to what parts of the instrument the amendments particularly refer; they will create unfavorable comparisons, whereas if they are placed upon the footing here proposed, they will stand upon as good foundation as the original work.\nNor is it so uncommon a thing as gentlemen suppose; systematic men frequently take up the whole law, and with its amendments and alterations reduce it into one act. I am not, however, very solicitous about the form, provided the business is but well completed.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 167\u201368 (also reported fully in Gazette of the U.S., 15 Aug. 1789). A motion to append the amendments to the Constitution was defeated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0221", "content": "Title: To James Madison from \u201cPacificus,\u201d 14 August 1789\nFrom: \u201cPacificus\u201d\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew-York, Aug. 14, 1789.\nIn a debate upon the Impost Bill, you declared yourself an enemy to local attachments, and said you considered yourself not merely the representative of Virginia, but of the United States. This declaration was liberal, and the sentiment just. But Sir, does this accord with the interest you take in amending the constitution? You now hold out in justification of the part you take in forwarding amendments, that you have pledged yourself in some measure to your constituents. But, Sir, who are your constituents? Are they the electors of a small district in Virginia? These indeed gave you a place in the federal legislature; but the moment you were declared to be elected, you became the representative of three millions of people, and you are bound, by the principles of representation and by your own declaration, to promote the general good of the United States. You had no right to declare that you would act upon the sentiments and wishes of your immediate constituents, unless you should be convinced that the measures you advocate coincide with the wishes and interest of the whole Union. If I have any just ideas of legislation, this doctrine is incontrovertible; and if I know your opinions, you believe it to be so.\nPermit me then, with great respect to ask, Sir, how you can justify yourself, in the eyes of the world, for espousing the cause of amendments with so much earnestness? Do you, Sir, believe, that the people you represent generally wish for amendments? If you do Sir, you are more egregiously mistaken than you ever were before. I know from the unanimous declaration of men in several states, through which I have lately travelled, that amendments are not generally wished for; on the other hand, amendments are not mentioned but with the most pointed disapprobation.\nThe people, Sir, admit what the advocates of amendments in Congress, generally allow, that the alterations proposed can do very little good or hurt, as to the merits of the constitution; but for this very reason they reprobate any attempt to introduce them. They say, and with great justice, that, at the moment when an excellent government is going into operation; when the hopes of millions are revived, and their minds disposed to acquiesce peaceably in the federal laws; when the demagogues of faction have ceased to clamor, and their adherents are reconciled to the constitution\u2014Congress are taking a step which will revive the spirit of party, spread the causes of contention through all the states, call up jealousies which have no real foundation, and weaken the operations of government, when the people themselves are wishing to give it energy. We see, in the debates, it is frequently asserted, that some amendments will satisfy the opposition and give stability to the government.\nThe people, Sir, in the northern and middle states do not believe a word of this\u2014they do not see any opposition\u2014they find information and experience every where operating to remove objections, and they believe that these causes will, though slowly, produce a change of conduct in North-Carolina and Rhode-Island. Is it not better to wait for this event, than risk the tumults that must grow out of another debate upon the constitution in every one of the United States.\nIt seems to be agreed on all hands that paper declarations of rights are trifling things and no real security to liberty. In general they are a subject of ridicule. In England, it has been necessary for parliament to ascertain and declare what rights the nation possesses, in order to limit the powers and claims of the crown; but for a sovereign free people, whose power is always equal, to declare, with the solemnity of a constitutional act, We are all born free, and have a few particular rights which are dear to us, and of which we will not deprive ourselves, altho\u2019 we leave ourselves at full liberty to abridge any of our other rights, is a farce in government as novel as it is ludicrous.\nI am not disposed to treat you, Sir, with disrespect; many years acquaintance has taught me to esteem your virtues and respect your abilities. No man stands higher in my opinion, and people are every where willing to place you among the most able, active and useful representatives of the United States. But they regret that Congress should spend their time in throwing out an empty tub to catch people, either factious or uninformed, who might be taken more honorably by reason and equitable laws. They regret particularly that Mr. Madison\u2019s talents should be employed to bring forward amendments, which, at best can have little effect upon the merits of the constitution, and may sow the seeds of discord from New-Hampshire to Georgia.\nI am, Sir, &c.\nPacificus.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0222", "content": "Title: Amendments to the Constitution, [14 August] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Under consideration was an amendment providing for one representative for every thirty thousand people until the number reached one hundred. Ames proposed a ratio of one for every forty thousand.\nMr. Madison. I cannot concur in sentiment with the gentleman last up, that 1 representative for 40,000 inhabitants will conciliate the minds of those to the government, who are desirous of amendments; because they have rather wished for an encrease, than confined themselves to a limitation.\nI believe, by this motion, we shall avoid no inconvenience that can be considered of much consequence, for one member for either 30,000 or 40,000 inhabitants, will, in a few years, give the number beyond which it is proposed congress shall not go.\nNow if good policy requires that we accommodate the constitution to the wishes of that part of the community who are anxious for amendments, we shall agree to something like what is proposed in the report, for the states of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, New-York, Virginia and North-Carolina, have desired an alteration on this head; some have required an encrease as far as 200 at least; this does not look as if certainty was their sole object.\nI do not consider it necessary, on this occasion, to go into a lengthy discussion of the advantages of a less or greater representation. I agree that after going beyond a certain point, the number may become inconvenient; that is proposed to be guarded against; but it is necessary to go to a certain number in order to secure the great objects of representation. Numerous bodies are undoubtedly liable to some objections, but they have their advantages also; if they are more exposed to passion and fermentation, they are less subject to venality and corruption; and in a government like this, where the house of representatives is connected with a smaller body it might be good policy to guard them in a particular manner against such abuse.\nBut for what shall we sacrifice the wishes of the people? Not for a momentary advantage: Yet the amendment proposed by the gentleman from Massachusetts will lose its efficacy after the second census; I think, with respect to futurity, it makes little or no difference; and as it regards the present time, 30,000 is the most proper, because it is the number agreed upon in the original constitution, and what is required by several states.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0223", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James (Reverend)\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nI am much obliged for your Favr. of the 29h. July, and also for the Papers inclosed. Nothing gives me more Pleasure than hearing from you, but I have been always unwilling, to add to the Burthen of those Correspondences, in wh. you must be engaged. Mr Randolph generally gives me a sight of the Papers you send him, so that I shall think myself sufficiently attended to, by occasional Instances of your Remembrance.\nThat the Business of Amendments has been entered upon in so dispassionate a Manner must afford real Satisfaction to every Friend to the Union. Some of those proposed appear to be important, at least in removing the Objections of many of the Opponents to the Constitution; tho\u2019 I do not observe that the Commee. has proposed such as appear of the first Magnitude. Would it not be adviseable to seize the present Moment to render the Constitution more perfect in the most essential Parts; or to do away those Defects, wh. it\u2019s warmest Friends admit, must eventually if continued, render the Govt. less prosperous. Suppose, for Instance, that the Union of the Legislative & Executive Powers was entirely done away\u2014& that the Executive, or cheif Magistrate, had his Council with whom he shd. always consult & not with a Branch of the Legislature. Let the Senate be entirely confined to the Object of Legislation, let not one of it\u2019s Members be styled Vice-Presidt. But let the Senior Councillor transact the necessary Business in Case of Inability\u2014or Absence of a President. I wd. not wish to weaken the Hands of the Executive, or diminish aught of the Powers assignd by the Constitution, but I think they might be modelled anew in a Manner, wh. wd promise more Stability & Prosperity to the Genl. Govt. Other Improvements of perhaps a more important Nature may have occurred to you, who have so long & so deeply reflected upon the Subject; and if it were not presumptuous to advise one who will always be directed by the most enlightened & patriotic Views, I wd. recommend the present Moment as the most proper to attempt the Introduction of them.\nDefects themselves gain Strength & Respect by Time. Wd. it not then be better to expose fully, & in the Manner of wh. you are so capable, those Alterations wh. are necessary, or wch. wd in Theory render the Govt. more perfect. The first Object shd. be to render the Theory as perfect as possible: if the Theory be such, the Practice will be correspondent. Principles wh. are true in Theory, cannot fail in the Execution of them. Besides such an Exposition of those Alterations wh. wd. really render the Govt. more perfect, if they were not adopted at present, wd. at least have this important Effect: it wd. fix the public Mind upon those great & necessary Improv[em]ents; it wd. thus be gradually prepared for them, & Time might bring about, what the Spirit of Faction may now prevent. I hope then, as you have begun, you will compleat, or attempt to compleat the arduous Task.\nI was glad to see the Manner in wch. the Question concerning Removal from office was determined, because I believe, the more independent the Exe. is made of the Senate, the better the Govt. will succeed. But surely there never came from a respectable Body of Men\u2014a more ridiculous or truely contemptible Prop. than that wh. respected Titles.\nThe Conduct of your House is highly approv\u2019d by every one. Upon what Principle in the Constitution is it, that the Assent of the Vice Presidt. is necessary to the Laws wch. Congress may pass? This is a Question wch. has occurred to every one. The Acquiescence of your House wd. lead one to suppose it was not improper\u2014but we are inclined to beleive, for the most Part at least, that Mr Adams might as well affix\u2014Ambassador Extraordy., Author of his luminous Book, Member of the Boston Academy L.L.D &c &c. But Consistency is not the lowest D[\u2026] in the Scale of Merit, Titles are impertinent Things wh. will obtrude themselves wherever they can.\nThe French are making a glorious Effort for the Reestablishment of their former Liberties\u2014May Heaven grant them Success.\nWhen your Recess shall take Place, wd. it not be your best Way to return by Water. We shd then have once more the Pleasure of seeing you here. I have flattered myself this Event was not improbable. Shd it take Effect Nothing wd. afford a higher Pleasure to Dr Sir Yr. sincerely Affe. Friend\nJ Madison\nMy Wife always desires to be affey. remembered by you. Pray\u2014give my best Respects to Mr Page & Griffin. Can Zimmerman\u2019s Work be had in N. York\u2014and at what Price. I could remit the Price to Col. Griffin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0225", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George W. Smith, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Smith, George W.\nLetter not found. 15 August 1789. Acknowledged in Smith to JM, 22 Sept. 1789. Discourages Smith\u2019s hopes for a federal appointment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0226", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander White, 17 August 1789\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWoodville 17th August 1789\nI wrote you a Line from Philadelphia mentioning such Facts as had come to my knowledge respecting the sentiments of the People on Public Affairs. My Journey was fatiguing, the weather being excessive hot, and the Stages over-burdened with Passengers and Baggage. I reached Baltimore on Tuesday afternoon\u2014and took breakfast before I sat out on Wednesday morning. Several Gentlemen waited on me who all concurred in Assurances, that the Proceedings of the House of Representatives had given more general Satisfaction than could have been expected from any Assembly of men, that where there had been a diffirrence of opinion among us on great Political Principles a similar differrence had existed among the People at large, but that all united in giving full credit to their Representatives for their good intentions and Patriotism, and were pleased with the cool discussion of subjects so important. I found, however, that our own pay and Salaries in general were considered as too high\u2014and that any distinction between the Senate and the Representatives in respect to pay would be thought improper. At the Inns on the Road I was surprised to find the knowledge, which the Land Lords, and Country People who were at some of them, had acquired, of the Debates and Proceedings of Congress. At Fredericktown I met with General Gates, and Governour Johnston who had come to Town in expectation of seeing me. The day was so far advanced, and the heat so excessive, that I could indulge myself but little in the Governours Company. I rode home with the General, where was old Adam waiting my arrival. These two Veterans had conned over the Presidents right of Removal, and seemed inclined to think he ought to have the Power, but were not so well satisfied with the propriety of Legislative Constructions. On Friday I reached home, and am now preparing to set out for Berkeley Court, In the mean time several Gentlemen Federal and Anti Federal from Winchester and its Vicinity have been to see me\u2014they express a perfect universal Satisfaction with the Conduct of their Representatives. I found that the Temporary Residence of Congress, is (on this side of Philadelphia) considered as of little importance\u2014the permanent Seat is the great Object. And in this Respect I was happy to find the expectations of the People, not more sanguine than reason seems to justify. Mr Smith the Manager of the Patowmack Works, and Mr Gilpin one of the Trustees have been up to the Head Branches of that River, have taken an accurate account of its State, and explored the communications with the Branches of the Ohio\u2014they passed Shepherdstown on their Return a few days before I passed thro\u2019, but I could learn no particulars either as to Facts or Opinions.\nThe Navigation of the River appears to be at a stand, the Water is low, and some little time ago a Boat loaded with Seventeen Hhds. Tobo. stove against a Rock and went to the Bottom, No lives lost, and the Tobacco was got on shore somewhat damaged. I am extremely anxious to hear what is going on in Congress. I think I desired Mr Beckley to fold up and send me the Papers by every Post, and to get you, or some of my Colleagues to frank them, for I believe they will not come free without. I am not certain whether the Post which leaves N. York on Monday reaches Winchester on Tuesday Se\u2019night, So that if you oblige me with Weekly communications Friday may be the most speedy. I have scarcely time to write this Scrall And no time to write any one but you, Must therefore request you to present my Compliments to all the Gentlemen of our Delegation, to Mr. Beckley and the other Gentlemen of our House And remain with Sentiments of Great Regard Dear Sir Your most Obt. Servt\nAlex White", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0227", "content": "Title: Amendments to the Constitution, [17 August] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Tucker moved to strike out, \u201cNo state shall infringe the equal rights of conscience, nor the freedom of speech, or of the press, nor of the right of trial by jury in criminal cases.\u201d\nMr. Madison Conceived this to be the most valuable amendment on the whole list; if there was any reason to restrain the government of the United States from infringing upon these essential rights, it was equally necessary that they should be secured against the state governments; he thought that if they provided against the one, it was as necessary to provide against the other, and was satisfied that it would be equally grateful to the people.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0229", "content": "Title: Amendments to the Constitution, [18 August] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The last proposition of the select committee read: \u201cThe powers not delegated by this Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively.\u201d Tucker moved to insert \u201cexpressly\u201d before \u201cdelegated.\u201d\nMr. Madison Objected to this amendment, because it was impossible to confine a government to the exercise of express powers. There must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the constitution descended to recount every minuti\u00e6. He remembered the word \u201cexpressly\u201d had been moved in the convention of Virginia, by the opponents to the ratification, and after full and fair discussion was given up by them, and the system allowed to retain its present form.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0230", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Peters, 19 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Peters, Richard\nDear Sir\nI have been much delighted with the extract from your collection of fables, and should have told you so sooner, were I less incumbered with a number of involuntary correspondencies, which stand in the way of those which my inclination would cherish. May I hope that \u201cThe wise Cooks & foolish Guests\u201d is but a sample of the treat you meditate for your friends, out of the \u201cAunciente & connynge balladdes.\u201d It will be criminally selfish to keep so delicious and precious a donation of the Muses wholly for your own entertainment.\nThe papers inclosed will shew that the nauseous project of amendments has not yet been either dismissed or despatched. We are so deep in them now, that right or wrong some thing must be done. I say this not by way of apology, for to be sincere I think no apology requisite. 1. because a constitutional provision in favr. of essential rights is a thing not improper in itself and was always viewed in that light by myself. It may be less necessary in a republic, than a Monarchy, & in a fedl. Govt. than the former, but it is in some degree rational in every Govt., since in every Govt. power may oppress, and declarations on paper, tho\u2019 not an effectual restraint, are not without some influence. 2. In many States the Constn. was adopted under a tacit compact in favr. of some subsequent provisions on this head. In Virga. It would have been certainly rejected, had no assurances been given by its advocates that such provisions would be pursued. As an honest man I feel my self bound by this consideration. 3. If the Candidates in Virga. for the House of Reps. had not taken this conciliary ground at the election, that State would have [been] represented almost wholly by disaffected characters, instead of the federal reps. now in Congs. 4. If amendts. had not been proposed from the federal side of the House, the proposition would have come within three days, from the adverse side. It is certainly best that they should appear to be the free gift of the friends of the Constitution rather than to be extorted by the address & weight of its enemies. 5. It will kill the opposition every where, and by putting an end to the disaffection to the Govt. itself, enable the administration to venture on measures not otherwise safe. Those who hate the Govt. will always join the party disaffected to measures of the admi[ni]s[tra]tion, and such a party will be created by every important measure. 6. If no amendts. be proposed the language of antifedl. leaders to the people, will be, we advised you not to adopt the Constn. witht. previous amendts\u2014You listened to those who told you that subsequent securities for your rights would be most easily obtained\u2014We urged you to insist on a Convention as the only effectual mode of obtaining these\u2014You yielded to the assurances of those who told you that a Convention was unecessary, that Congs. wd. be the proper channel for getting what was wanted. &c &c. Here are fine texts for popular declaimers who wish to revive the antifedl. cause, and at the fall session of the Legislares. to blow the trumpet for a second Convention. In Virga. a majority of the Legislature last elected, is bitterly opposed to the Govt. and will be joined, if no amends. be proposed, by great nos. of the other side who will complain of being deceived. 7. Some amendts. are necssy for N. Carola. I am so informed by the best authorities in that State. I set out with an apology for not writing sooner, I must conclude with one, for writing so much, & still more for writing so scurvily. Yrs truly\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0231", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDr Sir\nThe last 8 or 10 days have been spent on the subject of amendts. The work has been extremely difficult and fatiguing, as well on account of the dilatory artifices of which some of the antifederal members are suspected, as of the diversity of opinions & fancies inseparable from such an Assembly as Congress. At present there is a prospect of finishing to day, the plan so far as it lies with the H. of Reps. It does not differ much from the original propositions offered on that subject.\nThe Judiciary bill was postponed in order to consider the preceding subject. Many circumstances justified an opinion that if amendts. were not decided on at this crisis, other business & the approach of the time at which the members are generally determined to adjourn till December, would prevent any decision at [this] Session. A push was therefore made, and the House is now so [\u2026] in for the measure that it cannot well be relinquished. I am Dr. Sir Yours mo: Affecly.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0232", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy Dear friend\nFor a week past the subject of amendts. has exclusively occupied the H. of Reps. Its progress has been exceedingly wearisome not only on account of the diversity of opinions that was to be apprehended, but of the apparent views of some to defeat by delaying a plan short of their wishes, but likely to satisfy a great part of their companions in opposition throughout the Union. It has been absolutely necessary in order to effect any thing, to abbreviate debate, and exclude every proposition of a doubtful & unimportant nature. Had it been my wish to have comprehended every amendt. recommended by Virga. I should have acted from prudence the very part to which I have been led by choice. Two or three contentious additions would even now frustrate the whole project.\nThe Judiciary bill was put off in favr. of the preceding subject. It was evident that a longer delay of that wd. prevent any decision on it at this Session. A push was therefore made, which did not succeed without strenuous opposition. On Monday the bill will probably be taken up & be pursued to a final question as fast as the nature of the case will allow.\nI find on looking over the notes of your introductory discourse in the Convention at Philada. that it is not possible for me to do justice to the substance of it. I am anxious for particular reasons to be furnished with the means of preserving this as well as the other arguments in that body, and must beg that you will make out & forward me the scope of your reasoning. You have your notes I know & from these you can easily deduce the argument on a condensed plan. I make this request with an earnestness wch. will not permit you either to refuse or delay a compliance. Yr. affecly.\nJ. M Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0235", "content": "Title: Joseph Barnes to George Clymer, 23 August 1789 (Abstract)\nFrom: Barnes, Joseph\nTo: Clymer, George\nAbstract. 23 August 1789, Philadelphia. James Rumsey\u2019s supporters are anxious for Congress to take action on copyright and patent legislation so that the inventor\u2019s improvements in milling machinery will be protected against those who would \u201creap the benefits of anothers toil: which is the only thing we most fear.\u201d A bill should be acted upon before Congress adjourns.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0237", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Peters, 24 August 1789\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nBelmont Augt. 24. 1789\nI have to acknowledge your Favour of the 19th. I am obliged by your Information & acknowledge that some of your Reasons are the best that can be given. They are such therefore as I knew you could give. But many of them are founded on Apprehensions which forgive me for saying I think too highly wrought. I believe that a Firmness in adhering to our Constitution \u2019till at least it had a longer Trial would have silenced Antifederalists sooner than magnifying their Importance by Acknowledgments on our Part & of ourselves holding up a Banner for them to rally to. All you offer comes not up to their Desires & as long as they have one unreasonable Wish ungratified the Clamour will be the same. I know there are among them good Characters but many of those who lead do it not from other Motives than to make or keep themselves Heads of a Party. Our Character abroad will never acquire Consistency while Foreigners see us wavering even in our Government about the very Instrument under which that Government acts. In short I fear worse Consequences from the good Disposition of the Conciliators (especially now when some Things done by Congress have startled even many Federalists) than I apprehend from an Adherence to the System. But I have agreed with myself not to enter far into a Subject which you have so long considered. I have therefore for your Amusement sent you another of the \u201caunciente Balladdes\u201d which I have scarcely had Time to copy or correct as our House is sitting & the Thick of our Business coming on. I will always find Time however to assure you of my being affectionately yours\nRichard Peters\n[Enclosure]\nThe Entering Wedge Written a Century ago by an Illegitimate of the Pindar Family.\nReader, I mean not any Quibble\nDouble Entendre or Scorn-moving Pun,\nNot so devoted to the vulgar Fun\nAs grave & decent Converse to forego;\nOr, like thin Critics, at a Word to nibble\nAnd vehement proceed from Word to Blow.\nI hate the light sophisticating Tribe\nWho throw out Baits for th\u2019 little Fry,\nOr microscopic Spectacles prescribe\nTo search for Motes i\u2019 th\u2019 public Eye.\nYet not too fond of the didactic Style,\nWhich lends Stupidity its dozy Aid,\nAnd comes in learned Follies oft array\u2019d\nWith Lumber brought from Schools;\nFrom Wisdom, \u2019tho austere to force a Smile\nBut urge to Exstacy the solemn Fools.\nI shall not therefore thumb o\u2019er Rowning\nOr gravely quote the sage Maclaurin\u2014\nAuthorities with Proofs for ever warring.\nNor shall I idly waste your Hours\nWith Descants on mechanic Pow\u2019rs\nIn Definitions Comprehension drowning.\nYet, Reader, pause\u2014& set your Muscles\u2014\nMy subject is nor Screw nor Lever:\nLet not Impatience raize your Fever,\nFor soon to broach it I myself will pledge;\n\u2019Tis known to Clowns of dense Corpuscles\n\u2014\u2019Tis simply then\u2014an ent\u2019ring Wedge\u2014\nIn long Harrangues I never glory\nOr gravely sit with Dulness down,\nAssisting with an Owl-like Frown,\nTo pass upon the World her leaden Lies\u2014\nBut will relate a simple Story\u2014\n\u2014\u201cA Word\u2019s sufficient for the wise\u201d\u2014\nA Bungler once assay\u2019d to split a Tree\nAnd sweating strove to cleave it at the Crotch\u2014\n\u2014Thought he had hit it to a Notch\u2014\nYet fail\u2019d & curs\u2019d & curs\u2019d & fail\u2019d again\u2014\nAn Adept passing chanc\u2019d the Oaf to see\nAnd shew\u2019d the Clown what he had sought in vain.\nMy Friend, the knowing one full waggish cries,\nI have been married for these twenty Years\u2014\nStare not my Friend\u2014no clownish Jeers\u2014\nThe Thing I tell you is quite apposite\u2014\nI\u2019ve driven at a Crotch with Wedge & Prize\nBut tho\u2019 industrious\u2014have not split it yet.\nAnother Thing you\u2019l say\u2019s a Tree,\n\u2019Tis true\u2014but then reverse your Toil;\nThe Butt of this will split most free\n\u2014The Crotch of both your Wedge will foil.\nThe Clown, delighted, took the Hint\nHis Wedge so easy driving,\nHe left together not a Splint\nAnd spoil\u2019d his Tree with Riving\u2014\nReader, there\u2019s Moral in our Tale\u2014\nTo Marplots never shew the Way\u2014\nLest Mischief over Right prevail;\nThe more you teach, the more they\u2019l stray.\nIn Politics your Plans you marr\nIf you\u2019re forever splitting;\nThe Malcontents will rage & jarr\nLike Colts you\u2019ve spoil\u2019d in Bitting.\nAssist them not to raize their Storm\nOn Caution keep an Edge;\nWhen solid Systems once you form\u2014\nBeware of th\u2019 ent\u2019ring Wedge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0240", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Hawkins, 27 August 1789\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend!\nWarrenton the 27th August. 1789\nI have had the pleasure to receive yr. favour of the 24th June. Our Elections ended on saturday last, and appearances as far as I can learn, are decidedly federal, in the County where I live, they were violent in the opposition, and now have changed, I was elected by a large majority, Colo. Davie who attends our court, is in for Halifax, they are all from the town and County federal, Mr. Willie Jones lives in that County but he did not offer. I have a letter from Nashville on the Cumberland of the 25th. July, informing of sundry predatory and murderous excursions of the indians, supposed, of the Creeks. I send a short extract on a subject some what important, in its consequences, Colo. Morgan and his associates. \u201cCol. Morgans settlement on the mississippi is come to nothing the land they settled on, overflowed amazingly, and numbers of the adventurers are returned to Kentuckey very Much disgusted.\u201d I believe I dated my last letter June for July. Adieu or the opportunity to Petersburg will be lost.\nB. Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0241", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Innes, 27 August 1789\nFrom: Innes, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sr.\nvirginia, Richmond\u2014August 27th 1789.\nIt is with reluctance, that I for a moment obtrude any little private Concerns of my own, on yr Attention, which, I doubt not is fully engrossed, by a Multiplicity of Objects of public moment. But as the Satisfaction I wish to obtain, can only be derived from public Soursces, I flatter myself, you will pardon me for the trouble I now give you.\nI hold a considerable quantity of lands, granted as a bounty by this State to me, as a late officer of the virginia line, in Continental Service. These lands have been located, and Surveyed, under the laws of our Country on the western side of the Ohio. The fee\u2019s of office, and other Contingent charges, amounting to a very inconvenient Sum of money for me to be deprived of\u2014have been long since advanced. A resolution of the late Congress\u2014passed some time in the fall of 1788, requiring impossibilities of this State\u2014will, if carried into Effect, most probably deprive me of my lands. Such an Act, I shall deem, as will very many others in my Situation\u2014oppressive, illegal, unjust, and impolitic. I discover by your Journals, that Mr White brought into yr house a resolution to rescind the one, I have been alluding to, which was orderd to lie on the table. I mean to solicit no favors. I only wish for Justice, and speedy decision. If Congress think speculators, and land jobbers, of more de[se]rving favor and reward\u2014than the officers of the late American Army\u2014be it so\u2014our interests must, I suppose, be yielded. But let me request of you, my dear Sir, to bring this matter to a speedy issue, if possible, before the Adjournment of yr present Session, that, should the former resolution remain in force, myself, and others similarly oppressed\u2014may have an opportunity, of submitting our Cases to the Consideration of our legislature at their approaching Sessions.\nWith respect to politics, I will say but one word\u2014The old fashond Whigs very much regret, that Congress, in their commercial regulations, have not adopted the discrimination, for which, you so ably, and righteously Contended\u2014while the new fangled Whigs and Anglo-Americans most heartily sing Io triumphe! I am most Cordially, dear Sir, yr friend & Sert.\nJas: Innes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0243", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Manning, 29 August 1789\nFrom: Manning, James\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nProvidence August 29th. 1789.\nI take the liberty to introduce to your acquaintan[ce] the bearer, Benjamin Bourne Esquire of this Town; and to request your assistance in obtaining the object of the petition to Congress, which he is sent forward to present, vizt: that the Seaport Towns in the State of Rhode Island may be exempt from the Tonage imposed on foreigners; & from the Impot also, to which they are subjected by the late acts of Congress, by considering them as foreigners.\nWhen we reflect that Congress had the most irrefragable documents that the Seaports of this State were all federal; & that the landed Interest had prevented the adoption of the new Constitution heretofore, we were striken with amazement to find a discrimination in favour of the latter, in those acts.\nInevitable ruin stares us in the face in being thus secluded from all intercourse with the United States. We address the Magnanimity of Congress, & intreat them to rescue us from that destruction to which we are doomed by these acts, by granting the prayer of our petition. All the Seaports, of consideration, in the State, come forward with similar petitions; and we have this Argument to urge in our favour, in addition to those we could, before, bring, that at the Election of Representatives on Tuesday last, the Towns, as we calculate, have chosen a decided Majority of Federalists; so that we look forward with Expectation of coming into the union at the next meeting of Congress, but if the aforesaid laws operate upon us till then, from our dependance on the States now in the union to carry on our Commerce, all our vessels must lie rotting at the Wharfs, & that numerous class of our Citizens, dependent upon commerce must starve, or at least be reduced to the greatest distress. Your influence in Congress emboldens me to address you thus freely on the subject, & to solicit your interest in our favour. Will you ask what can be done? One thing, at least, I presume can be done, bonds can be demanded from the Inhabitants of this State, requiring them to pay the foreign Tonnage & impost, provided the State did not adopt the Constitution within a given time; say six or twelve months, or a shorter term; if it should be found that relief can be extended to us in no other way.\nI was in the appointment with Mr Bourne but the necessary attentions to the College, (it being the Anniversary Commencement, & meeting of the Corporation,) will delay me for several days.\nIn a conversation with the Revd: Isaac Backus, one of our noted ministers, whom I mentioned as having visited Virginia the last Spring, (when I had the hononour [sic] of an interview with you at New York last June) he informed me that almost every where in his tour through Virginia he was consulted on the propriety & safety of the New Constitution, especially in regard to the rights of conscienc[e] on which head they appeared much alarmed; the result, he informed me, was that in general they appeared to be satisfied after he had gone through the subject. I thought proper to communicate this as I conceived it would give pleasure to you as it did to Sir Your very humble Servt\nJames Manning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0244", "content": "Title: Judiciary Bill, [29 August] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The judiciary bill, originating in the Senate, had been sent to the House on 20 July. Consideration of it had been postponed until the House completed the business of amendments to the Constitution. Livermore\u2019s motion to strike the third section (providing for district courts) provoked a lengthy debate as to whether inferior federal tribunals were necessary.\nMr. Madison Said it would not be doubted that some judiciary system was necessary to accomplish the objects of the government, and that it ought to be commensurate with the other branches of the government. Under the late confederation, it could scarcely be said, that there was any real legislative power; there was no executive branch, and the judicial was so confined as to be of little consequence; in the new constitution a regular system is provided; the legislative power was made effective for its objects; the executive was co-extensive with the legislative, and it was equally proper that this should be the case with the judiciary. If the latter be concurrent with the state jurisdictions, it does not follow that it will for that reason be impracticable. It is admitted that a concurrence exists in some cases between the legislative authorities of the federal and state governments; and it may be safely affirmed that there is more, both of novelty and difficulty in that arrangement than there will be in the other.\nTo make the state courts federal courts, is liable to insuperable objections. Not to repeat that the moment that is done, they will from the highest down to the county courts, hold their tenures during good behavior, by virtue of the constitution. It may be remarked that in another point of view, it would violate the constitution by usurping a prerogative of the supreme executive of the United States. It would be making appointments which are expressly vested in that department, not indeed by nomination, but by description, which would amount to the same thing. But laying these difficulties aside, a review of the constitution of the courts in many states will satisfy us that they cannot be trusted with the execution of the federal laws. In some of the states it is true they might, and would be safe and proper organs of such a jurisdiction; but in others they are so dependent on the state legislatures, that to make the federal laws dependent on them, would throw us back into all the embarrassments which characterized our former situation. In Connecticut the judges are appointed annually by the legislature, and the legislature is itself the last resort in civil cases. In Rhode-Island, which we hope soon to see united with the other states, the case is at least as bad. In Georgia, even under their former constitution, the judges are triennially appointed, and in a manner by no means unexceptionable. In Pennsylvania they hold their places for seven years only. Their tenures leave a dependence, particularly for the last year or two of the term, which forbid a reliance on judges who feel it. With respect to their salaries, there are few states, if any, in which the judges stand on independent ground. On the whole, he said, he did not see how it could be made compatible with the constitution, or safe to the federal interests to make a transfer of the federal jurisdiction to the state courts, as contended for by the gentlemen who oppose the clause in question.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0246", "content": "Title: Location of the Capital, [3 September] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[3 September 1789]\n   The Committee of the Whole took up Scott\u2019s motion of 27 August: \u201cThat a permanent residence ought to be fixed for the general government of the United States, at some convenient place, as near the centre of wealth, population, and extent of territory as may be consistent with convenience to the navigation of the Atlantic ocean, and having due regard to the particular situation of the western country.\u201d\nMr. Madison. I move to strike out the word wealth, because I do not conceive this to be a consideration that ought to have much weight in determining the place where the seat of government ought to be. The two other principles I admit, are such as ought to have their influence; but why wealth should, is not so clear. Government is intended for the accommodation of the citizens at large; an equal facility to communicate with government is due to all ranks; whether to transmit their grievances or requests, or to receive those blessings which the government is intended to dispense. The rich are certainly not less able than those who are indigent, to resort to the seat of government, or to establish the means necessary for receiving those advantages to which, as citizens, they are entitled.\nI should rather suppose, if any distinctions are to be made, or superior advantages to be enjoyed from the presence of the government, that the government ought rather to move toward those, who are the least able to move toward it, and who stand most in need of its protection.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 340\u201341 (also reported fully in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 4 Sept. 1789, and Gazette of the U.S., 9 Sept. 1789). JM\u2019s motion lost and Scott\u2019s was adopted.\n[3 September 1789]\n   Goodhue proposed the east bank of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania as the permanent seat of the government, with New York City as the temporary capital.\nMr. Madison. The gentleman who brought forward this motion, [was] candid enough to tell us, that measures have been preconcerted out of doors, and that the point was determined; that more than half the territory of the United States, and near half its inhabitants have been disposed of, not only without their consent, but without their knowledge. After this, I hope the gentleman will extend his candor so much farther, as to shew that the general principles, now to be established, are applicable to their determination, in order that we may reconcile this fate to our own minds, and submit to it with some degree of complaisancy.\nThough it was deemed improper to assign the general principles, submitted by my colleague, in a preamble, yet I trust they will be unfolded, and explained in the course of argument, and their superiority over those just agreed to, demonstrated. But waving this enquiry for the present, I call upon gentlemen to shew, how the principles agreed to apply to the subsequent resolution.\nI hope, if the seat of government is to be at, or near the centre of wealth, population, and extent of territory, that gentlemen will shew that the permanent seat there proposed, is near the permanent centre of wealth, population, and extent of territory, and the temporary seat, near the temporary centre. I think we may, with good reason, call upon gentlemen for an explanation on these points, in order that we may know the ground on which the great question is decided; and be able to assign to our constituents satisfactory reasons, for what some of them may consider a sacrifice of their interest, and be instrumental in reconciling them, as far as possible, to their destiny.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 342\u201343 (also reported fully in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 5 Sept. 1789, and Gazette of the U.S., 12 Sept. 1789).\n[3 September 1789]\nMr. Madison Meant to pay due attention to every argument that could be urged on this important question. Facts had been asserted, the impressions of which he wished to be erased, if they were not well founded. It has been said, that the communication with the Western Territory, by the Susquehanna, is more convenient than by the Potowmack. I apprehend this is not the case; and the propriety of our decision will depend, in a great measure, on the superior advantages of one of these two streams. It is agreed, on all hands, that we ought to have some regard to the convenience of the Atlantic navigation. Now, to embrace this object, a position must be taken on some navigable river; to favor the communication with the Western Territory, its arms ought likewise to extend themselves towards that region. I did not suppose it would have been necessary to bring forward charts and maps, as has been done by others, to shew the committee the comparative situation of those rivers. I flattered myself it was sufficiently understood, to enable us to decide the question of superiority; but I am now inclined to believe, that gentlemen have embraced an error, and I hope they are not determined to vote under improper impressions. I venture to pledge myself for the demonstration, that the communication with the Western Territory, by the Potowmack is more certain and convenient than the other. And, if the question is as important as it is admitted to be, gentlemen will not shut their ears to information; they will not precipitate the decision; or if they regard the satisfaction of our constituents, they will allow them to be informed of all the facts and arguments that lead to the decision of a question, in which the general, and particular interests of all parts of the union are involved.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 351\u201352.\n[3 September 1789]\n   Laurance replied to charges that the northern members had combined to support \u201ctheir partial interests.\u201d He recalled that \u201cin the debate upon the tonnage bill, a gentleman from Virginia observed, that could the moderate and equal policy of that day\u2019s proceeding, have been foreseen in the convention of Virginia, many objections that were there produced against the constitution, would have been thereby obviated.\u201d\nMr. Madison. I acknowledge, that on a former day, I made the observation alluded to, with singular complacency. I said, I had found a moderation and liberality prevailing here, which I sincerely believed, if foreseen in the convention of Virginia, would have obviated a very powerful objection to the adoption of the federal constitution. But, give me leave now to say, that if a prophet had risen in that body, and brought the declarations and proceedings of this day into their view, that I as firmly believe, Virginia might not have been a part of the union at this moment.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 360 (also reported in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 7 Sept. 1789, and Gazette of the U.S., 12 Sept. 1789). The Daily Advertiser gave a misleading report of the exchange between Laurance and JM. Editor Francis Childs later issued a clarification (Coxe to JM, 9 Sept. 1789 and n. 1).\n[3 September 1789]\n   Sedgwick took exception to JM\u2019s preceding remarks.\nMr. Madison. When I alluded to the proceedings of this day, I contemplated the manner in which the business was conducted; and though I acknowledge that a majority ought to govern, yet they have no authority to deprive the minority of a constitutional right; they have no authority to debar us the right of free debate. An important and interesting question being under consideration, we ought to have time allowed for its discussion. Facts have been stated on one side, and members ought to be indulged on the other with an opportunity of collecting and ascertaining other facts. We have a right to bring forward all the arguments which we think can, and ought to have an influence on the decision. It is unusual, on a partial discussion, even of questions of inferior magnitude, to decide in the course of a single day. How then can gentlemen reconcile their conduct of this day, to the liberality they have heretofore shewn? This manner of proceeding would mark a genius in this body, which will contradict the expectations of its warmest friends. I hope nothing will be fixed by a hasty determination. I said before, and repeat it again, that I wish to make some observations on what has been advanced, for which at present there is not time. But, if there was, I do not wish to address a determined and silent majority. No, sir, if this be the temper of to-day, let me appeal to a more favorable temper to-morrow. If gentlemen refuse this appeal, I must submit; but I will, to the last moment, assert my right, and remonstrate against a precipitate decision.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 361 (also reported in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 7 Sept. 1789). After further contentious wrangling between northerners, who wished to bring Goodhue\u2019s motion to a vote, and southerners, who sought a postponement, the committee agreed to rise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0247", "content": "Title: Location of the Capital, [4 September] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[4 September 1789]\n   Debate continued on Goodhue\u2019s motion to fix the permanent location of the capital on the east bank of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania.\nMr. Madison Said, if this delay should not have produced any alteration in the sentiments of the gentlemen, it will at least soften that hard decision which seems to threaten the friends of the Potowmack. He hoped that all would concur in the great principle on which they ought to conduct, and decide this business: an equal attention to the rights of the community. No government, he said, not even the most despotic, could, beyond a certain point, violate that idea of justice, and equal right, which prevailed in the mind of the community. In republican governments, justice and equality form the basis of the system; and perhaps the structure can rest on no other that the wisdom of man can devise. In a federal republic, give me leave to say, it is even more necessary and proper, that a sacred regard should be paid to these considerations. For beyond the sense of the community at large, which has its full agency in such a system, no such government can act with safety. The federal ingredient involves local distinctions, which not only produce local jealousies, but, give at the same time, a greater local capacity to support, and insist upon equitable demands. In a confederacy of states, in which the people operate, in one respect as citizens, and in another as forming political communities, the local governments will ever possess a keener sense and capacity, to take advantages of those powers, on which the protection of local rights depend. If these great rights be the basis of republics, and if there be a double necessity of attending to them in a federal republic, it is further to be considered, that there is no one right, of which the people can judge with more ease and certainty, and of which they will judge with more jealousy, than of the establishment of the permanent seat of government; and I am persuaded, that however often this subject may be discussed in the representative body, or however the attention of the committee may be drawn to it, the observations I have made will be more and more verified. We see the operation of this sentiment fully exemplified in what has taken place in the several states. In every instance where, the seat of government has been placed in an eccentric position; we have seen the people struggling to place it where it ought to be. In some instances they have not yet succeeded, but I believe they will succeed in all. In many they have actually gained their point.\nOne of the first measures in the state of Virginia, after the commencement of the revolution, was the removal of the seat of government, from an eccentric position, to one which corresponds more with the sense of the state, and an equal regard to the general conveniency. In North-Carolina, we have seen the same principle operating, though in a different mode. In South-Carolina the same. In the state of Pennsylvania, powerful as the inducements are in favor of its capital, we have seen serious, and almost successful efforts already to translate it to a proper place. In the state of Delaware, where the government was as little removed from the centre, as it could be in any other state, we have seen the same spirit displaying itself. In the state of New-York, the same thing has happened with some fluctuations, arising from occasional motives of convenience. In Massachusetts, the same efforts have been made, and in all probability, when some temporary considerations cease, we shall find the same principle taking effect there also. It is not surprising, when we consider the nature of mankind, that this should be the case.\nWith respect, however, to the federal government, there is one consideration that shews, in a peculiar manner, the necessity and policy of paying a strict attention to this principle. One of the greatest objections, which have been made by the opponents of the system; which has been allowed most weight by its friends, is the extent of the United States. It has been asserted by some, and almost feared by others, that within so great a space, no free government can exist. I hope and trust, that the opinion is erroneous; but at the same time, I acknowledge it to have such a certain degree of force, that it is incumbent on those who wish well to the union, to diminish this inconvenience as much as possible. The way to diminish it, is to place the government in that spot which will be least removed from every part of the empire. Carry it to an eccentric position, and it will be equivalent to an extension of our limits. And if our limits are already extended so far as warrants, in any degree, the apprehension before mentioned, we ought to take care not to extend them farther.\nThe truth is, in every point of view in which we can contemplate this subject, we shall perceive its high importance. It is important, that every part of the community should have the power of sending, with equal facility, to the seat of government such representatives to take care of their interests, as they are disposed to confide in. If you place the government in an eccentric situation, the attendance of the members, and of all others who are to transact the public business, cannot be equally convenient. The members of the union, must be on an unequal footing. Thus you violate the principle of equality, where it ought most carefully to be ascertained, and wound the feelings of the component parts of the community, which can be least injured with impunity. If we consider the expence, that is an inconvenience not without its weight. In the compensations that have been lately voted, the eccentricity of our position has had a manifest influence. The more remote the government is, the greater will be the necessity of making liberal compensations, and holding out powerful inducements, in order to obtain the services of fit characters, from every part of the union; and as you can make no distinction, you must give to those who make the fewest sacrifices, the same as to those who make the most.\nThe seat of government is of great importance; if you consider the diffusion of wealth, that proceeds from this source. I presume that the expenditures which will take place, where the government will be established, by them who are immediately concerned in its administration, and by others who may resort to it, will not be less than a half a million of dollars a year. It is to be regretted, that those who may be most convenient to the centre, should enjoy this advantage in a higher degree than others; but the inequality is an evil imposed by necessity; we diminish it as we place the source from which those emanations of wealth are to proceed, as near the centre as possible.\nIf we consider, sir, the effects of legislative power on the aggregate community, we must feel equal inducements to look for the centre, in order to find the proper seat of government. Those who are most adjacent to the seat of legislation, will always possess advantages over others. An earlier knowledge of the laws; a greater influence in enacting them; better opportunities for anticipating them, and a thousand other circumstances, will give a superiority to those who are thus situated. If it were possible to promulge our laws, by some instantaneous operation, it would be of less consequence in that point of view where the government might be placed; but if, on the contrary, time is necessary for this purpose, we ought, as far as possible, to put every part of the community on a level.\nIf we consider the influence of the government in its executive department, there is no less reason to conclude, that it ought to be placed in the centre of the union. It ought to be in a situation to command information relative to every part of the union, to watch every conjuncture, to seize every circumstance that can be improved. The executive eye ought to be placed where it can best see the dangers which may threaten, and the executive arm, whence it may be extended most effectually to the protection of every part. Perhaps it is peculiarly necessary, that in looking for this position, we should keep our eye as much as possible towards our western borders; for a long time dangers will be most apt to assail that quarter of the union.\nIn the judiciary department, if it is not equally necessary, it is highly important that the government should be equally accessible to all.\nWhy should the citizens of one quarter of the union be subject to greater difficulties than others? Why should they be obliged to travel farther, to carry their witnesses at a greater expence, and be more subject to all the inconveniencies attending the administration of justice at a remote distance? In short, whether we consider the subject with regard to the executive, the legislative, or the judicial departments, we see the soundest reasons for fixing the government in that place, which may be the most permanent centre of territory and population.\nWith respect to the Western Territory, we are not to expect it, for it would be an affront to the understanding of our fellow citizens on the western waters, that they will be united with their Atlantic brethren, on any other principle than that of equality and justice. He would venture to say, that it was essentially necessary, therefore, that we should deal out the blessings of government with an impartial hand; and that, in placing the government from which these blessings are to flow, we should retire from the Atlantic as far as is consistent, and approach towards that point which will best accommodate the western country; in doing this, we shall still stop short of that geographical centre, whose circle would most commodiously embrace our ultramontane fellow-citizens. In his opinion, he said, the desire manifested by them, on this subject, was as reasonable as possible; they do not expect that we should lose sight of a proper and easy communication with the Atlantic, and will acquiesce, with cheerfulness, in a position necessary for that purpose, though it would still leave them subject to peculiar inconveniences. From the Atlantic to the Mississippi, according to the best computation, the distance is not less than 750 miles: If we go to that part of the Potowmack which is proposed, we carry the government 250 miles only west, it will still be 500 miles from the Mississippi.\nHe was sure, that if justice required us to take any one position in preference to another, we had every inducement, both of interest and of prudence, to fix on the Potowmack, as most satisfactory to our western brethren. It is impossible to reflect a moment on the possible severance of that branch of the union, without seeing the mischiefs which such an event must create. The area of the United States, divided into two equal parts, will leave, perhaps, one half on the west side of the Allegany mountains: From the fertility of soil, the fineness of climate, and every thing that can favor a growing population, we may suppose the settlement will go on with every degree of rapidity which our imagination can conceive. If the calculation be just, that we double in twenty-five years, we shall speedily behold an astonishing mass of people on the western waters. Whether this great mass shall form a permanent part of the confederacy, or whether it shall be separated into an alien, a jealous and a hostile people, may depend on the system of measures that is shortly to be taken. The difference, he observed, between considering them in the light of fellow-citizens, bound to us by a common affection, obeying common laws, pursuing a common good, and considering them in the other light, presents one of the most interesting questions that can occupy an American mind: Instead of peace and friendship, we shall have rivalship and enmity; instead of being a great people, invulnerable on all sides, and without the necessity of those military establishments which other nations require, we shall be driven into the same expensive and dangerous means of defence: We shall be obliged to lay burthens on the people, to support establishments which, sooner or later, may prove fatal to their liberties. It is incumbent on us, he said, if we wished to act the part of magnanimous legislators, or patriotic citizens, to consider well, when we are about to take a step of such vast importance, that it be directed by the views he had described; we must consider what is just, what is equal, and what is satisfactory.\nIt may be asked, why it was necessary to urge these principles, since they would not be denied? He apprehended, that in general, there would be a disagreement as to the principles which ought to govern: But, at the same time, principles were so connected with facts, in the present case, that it was not more necessary to collect all the light, than to fortify all the impressions that might be favorable to a just decision.\nOn a candid view of the two rivers, he flattered himself, that the seat, which would most correspond with the public interest, would be found on the banks of the Potowmack. It was proper that we should have some regard to the centre of territory; if that was to have weight, he begged leave to say, that there was no comparison between the two rivers. He defied any gentleman to cast his eye, in the most cursory manner, over a map, and say, that the Potowmack is not much nearer this centre than any part of the Susquehanna. If we measure from the banks of the Potowmack to the most eastern parts of the United States, it is less distant than to the most southern. If we measure this great area diagonally, the Potowmack will still have the advantage: If you draw a line perpendicular, to the direction of the Atlantic coast, we shall find that it will run more equally through the Potowmack than through any other part of the union; or, if there be any difference between one side and the other, there will be a greater space on the southwest than on the north-east: All the maps of the United States shew the truth of this. From the Atlantic coast to that line which separates the British possessions from the United States, the average distance is not more than 150 miles: If you take the average breadth of the other great division of the United States, it will be found to be six, seven, and eight hundred miles.\nFrom this view of the subject, which is not easy to describe by words, but which will strike every eye that looks on a map, I am sure, that if the Potowmack is not the geographical centre, it is because the Susquehanna is less so.\nHe acknowledged that regard was also to be paid to the centre of population. But where shall we find this centre? He knew of no rule by which to be governed, except the proportion among the representatives of the different states; and he believed, if that criterion was taken, the present centre of population would be found somewhere in Pennsylvania, and not far from the Susquehanna. He granted that the present centre of population is nearer the Susquehanna than the Potowmack. But are we chusing a seat of government for the present moment only? He presumed not, we must look forward to those probable changes that may soon take place. He appealed to the judgment of every gentleman, if they had not reason to suppose, that these future changes, in the population of this country, would be particularly favorable to that part which lies south of the Potowmack. On what do the measures and extent of population depend? They depend on the climate, on the soil, and the vacancy to be filled. We find that population, like money, seeks those places where it least abounds, and has always the same tendency to equalize itself. We see the people moving from the more crouded to the less crouded parts. The swarms do not come from the southern, but from the northern and eastern hives. This will continue to be the case, until every part of America receives its due share of population. If there be any event, on which we may calculate with certainty, I take it that the centre of population will continually advance in a south-western direction. It must then travel from the Susquehanna; if it is now found there, it may even extend beyond the Potowmack. But the time would be long first, and as the Potowmack is the great highway of communication between the Atlantic and the western country, attempts to remove the seat farther south must be improbable. I have said that the communication with the Western Territory is more commodious through the Potowmack than through the Susquehanna; I wish all the facts connected with this subject could have been more fully ascertained, and more fully stated; but if we consider the facts that have been offered, by gentlemen who have spoken on the subject, we must conclude, that the communication through the Potowmack would be more facile and effectual than through any other channel. If we consider what was related by the gentleman from Pennsylvania, (Mr. Scott) whose judgment is the more to be relied on, as it is founded on his personal knowledge of that country. He tells you, that the communication by water, either to or from the western country, is next to impracticable by the Susquehanna.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 365\u201372 (also reported fully in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 7\u20138 Sept. 1789, and Gazette of the U.S., 16 Sept. 1789 [taken from Daily Advertiser]).\n   Here and elsewhere on 4 Sept., JM spoke of a \u201cproposed\u201d site on the Potomac, but his recorded remarks suggest only the approximate location he had in mind. He noted, for example, that the Potomac spot \u201cis almost as much farther to the west, as it is distant from the proposed spot on the Susquehanna.\u201d The place mentioned on the Susquehanna was Wright\u2019s Ferry (Columbia, Pennsylvania), ten miles west of Lancaster. The contemplated Potomac site was thus nearly at the same latitude as Wright\u2019s Ferry, and no more than \u201ca degree and five or six minutes\u201d south of the latitude of New York City (4 Sept. 1789, second speech). A Potomac location that met these conditions obviously lay far to the northwest of Georgetown, the ultimate location of the federal capital. JM may have been thinking of the spot where Conococheague Creek empties into the Potomac at Williamsport, Maryland, which represented the western limit of the district defined in the Residence Act of 1790; or perhaps he looked even farther west, to the vicinity of Hancock, Maryland, where the boundaries of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania met (Boyd, Papers of JeffersonJulian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of\n          Thomas Jefferson (19 vols. to date; Princeton, 1950\u2014)., XIX, 3\u201320).\n   For a different opinion, see Coxe to JM, 20 Sept. 1789.\n[4 September 1789]\n   Clymer interjected that the Juniata River, a tributary of the Susquehanna, offered a practicable means of linking the Susquehanna with the western territory.\nMr. Madison Proceeded, and said he wished every fact to be ascertained that could throw any light upon the subject. Taking the Susquehanna, as it was, practicable for navigation, it would be found, that through that route of communication, Fort-Pitt would be four or five hundred miles from the proposed seat on its banks, and that the distance by land, was not less than 250 miles; whereas, through the Potowmack, the distance from the proposed spot on its banks to Fort-Pitt, was not calculated at more than 250 miles, and he believed the distance, by land, would be found not to exceed 160 or 170 miles.\nWhether we measure the distance by land or water, then, the result is in favor of the Potowmack. If we consider the progress already made in opening this great channel, its title becomes still stronger. Let me add, that it has been found, on accurate research, that the waters communicating with the Ohio are not more than two or three miles distant from the sources of the Potowmack. This is a fact of peculiar importance.\nIt has been said, that if congress should make choice of the Potowmack, greater discontents would arise than if they should prefer the Susquehanna: I know not the data from which this opinion is drawn. Who will have the greatest right to complain? Will it be those who might be gratified if the government should be fixed on the Susquehannah? I believe not. The truth is, that if the place which is now short of the geographical centre, be short also of the centre of population, as it will be in a reasonable time, we have reason to conclude, that the southern inhabitants will feel themselves most aggrieved. I do not hesitate to declare, that if the seat of government should be fixed on the Susquehanna, every part south of that river, and every part of the United States south of the Ohio, will conceive that the great principles of equal justice have been disregarded. If we are to consider the subject, in that point of view, I am certain it is most expedient that we should give the preference to the Potowmack. This is not all; if you establish the government on the Potowmack, those who think themselves not equally dealt by, will find the cause of their discontent continually subsiding, because the centre of population will be continually approaching to the geographical centre. If, on the other hand, you fix the seat in a place which is perpetually eccentric with respect to territory, the centre of population will continually recede, and cause of discontent continually increase.\nThe gentleman from Massachusetts, yesterday, raised great objections against the Potowmack, because it was, as he supposed, subject to periodical maladies, from which the other river was free. I am not authorised, from personal experience, or very particular information, to draw a comparison between them; but there are some general facts that may serve to shew, that if there is any difference, it is more likely to be in favor of the Potowmack than of the Susquehanna. The position contemplated on the banks of the former, is considerably farther from tide-water than the place proposed on the latter. On this account, therefore, we have little reason to suppose that the Potowmack is more unhealthy. If we regard their comparative situation, westwardly, the spot on the Potowmack is almost as much farther to the west, as it is distant from the proposed spot on the Susquehanna; and he well knew that, generally speaking, as we retire towards the western and upper country, we are generally removed from the causes of those diseases to which southern situations are exposed. As the two places are moreover in the same latitude, the objection advanced, with respect to that point, cannot apply to one more than the other. It is only their western or eastern position, their remoteness from, or their proximity to the lower country, and to fresh or stagnated waters, that can possibly affect the question. It is not because we advance so much to the south that we advance to the centre, it is because we go more to the west. I do not know that there is a difference of more than a degree and five or six minutes between the latitude of New-York and the place proposed on the Potowmack.\nI will not at present go farther into this argument. I flatter myself, that the considerations already stated, will have their proper weight; and if they should be controverted, that we shall be able further to support and inculcate them.\n   Cong. RegisterThomas Lloyd, comp., The Congressional\n          Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the First House of\n          Representatives \u2026 (2 vols.; New York, 1789; Evans 22203\u20134)., II, 373\u201375 (also reported fully in N.Y. Daily Advertiser, 8 Sept. 1789, and Gazette of the U.S., 16 Sept. 1789 [taken from Daily Advertiser]). The Daily Advertiser combined JM\u2019s second speech with the first. A motion to substitute \u201cPotomac\u201d for \u201cSusquehanna\u201d was defeated. JM\u2019s motion to add \u201cor Potomac\u201d after \u201cSusquehanna\u201d was also unsuccessful. Goodhue\u2019s motion then passed. After a series of roll call votes on 7 Sept., the House ordered a bill to be drawn up providing for the permanent location of the capital on the banks of the Susquehanna, with the temporary location at New York City.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0248", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 6 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis September 6. 1789.\nI sit down to write to you without knowing by what occasion I shall send my letter. I do it because a subject comes into my head which I would wish to develope a little more than is practicable in the hurry of the moment of making up general dispatches.\nThe question Whether one generation of men has a right to bind another, seems never to have been started either on this or our side of the water. Yet it is a question of such consequences as not only to merit decision, but place also, among the fundamental principles of every government. The course of reflection in which we are immersed here on the elementary principles of society has presented this question to my mind; & that no such obligation can be so transmitted I think very capable of proof. I set out on this ground, which I suppose to be self-evident, \u2018that the earth belongs in usufruct to the living\u2019: that the dead have neither powers nor rights over it. The portion occupied by any individual ceases to be his when himself ceases to be, & reverts to the society. If the society has formed no rules for the appropriation of it\u2019s lands in severalty, it will be taken by the first occupants. These will generally be the wife & children of the decedent. If they have formed rules of appropriation, those rules may give it to the wife and children, or to some one of them, or to the legatee of the deceased. So they may give it to his creditor. But the child, the legatee, or creditor takes it, not by any natural right, but by a law of the society of which they are members, & to which they are subject. Then no man can, by natural right, oblige the lands he occupied, or the persons who succeed him in that occupation, to the paiment of debts contracted by him. For if he could, he might, during his own life, eat up the usufruct of the lands for several generations to come, & then the lands would belong to the dead, & not to the living, which would be the reverse of our principle.\nWhat is true of every member of the society individually, is true of them all collectively, since the rights of the whole can be no more than the sum of the rights of the individuals. To keep our ideas clear when applying them to a multitude, let us suppose a whole generation of men to be born on the same day, to attain mature age on the same day, & to die on the same day, leaving a succeeding generation in the moment of attaining their mature age all together. Let the ripe age be supposed of 21. years, & their period of life 34. years more, that being the average term given by the bills of mortality to persons who have already attained 21. years of age. Each successive generation would, in this way, come on, and go off the stage at a fixed moment, as individuals do now. Then I say the earth belongs to each of these generations, during it\u2019s course, fully, and in their own right. The 2d. generation receives it clear of the debts & incumbrances of the 1st. the 3d of the 2d. & so on. For if the 1st. could charge it with a debt, then the earth would belong to the dead & not the living generation. Then no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the course of it\u2019s own existence. At 21. years of age they may bind themselves & their lands for 34. years to come: at 22. for 33: at 23. for 32. and at 54. for one year only; because these are the terms of life which remain to them at those respective epochs. But a material difference must be noted between the succession of an individual, & that of a whole generation. Individuals are parts only of a society, subject to the laws of the whole. These laws may appropriate the portion of land occupied by a decedent to his creditor rather than to any other, or to his child on condition he satisfies the creditor. But when a whole generation, that is, the whole society dies, as in the case we have supposed, and another generation or society succeeds, this forms a whole, and there is no superior who can give their territory to a third society, who may have lent money to their predecessors beyond their faculties of paying.\nWhat is true of a generation all arriving to self-government on the same day, & dying all on the same day, is true of those in a constant course of decay & renewal, with this only difference. A generation coming in & going out entire, as in the first case, would have a right in the 1st. year of their self-dominion to contract a debt for 33. years, in the 10th. for 24. in the 20th. for 14. in the 30th. for 4. whereas generations, changing daily by daily deaths & births, have one constant term, beginning at the date of their contract, and ending when a majority of those of full age at that date shall be dead. The length of that term may be estimated from the tables of mortality, corrected by the circumstances of climate, occupation &c. peculiar to the country of the contractors. Take, for instance, the table of M. de Buffon wherein he states 23,994 deaths, & the ages at which they happened. Suppose a society in which 23,994 persons are born every year, & live to the ages stated in this table. The conditions of that society will be as follows. 1st. It will consist constantly of 617,703. persons of all ages. 2ly. Of those living at any one instant of time, one half will be dead in 24. years 8. months. 3dly. 10,675 will arrive every year at the age of 21. years complete. 4ly. It will constantly have 348,417 persons of all ages above 21. years. 5ly. And the half of those of 21. years & upwards living at any one instant of time will be dead in 18. years 8. months, or say 19. years as the nearest integral number. Then 19. years is the term beyond which neither the representatives of a nation, nor even the whole nation itself assembled, can validly extend a debt.\nTo render this conclusion palpaple by example, suppose that Louis XIV. and XV. had contracted debts in the name of the French nation to the amount of 10,000 milliards of livres, & that the whole had been contracted in Genoa. The interest of this sum would be 500. milliards, which is said to be the whole rent roll or nett proceeds of the territory of France. Must the present generation of men have retired from the territory in which nature produced them, & ceded it to the Genoese creditors? No. They have the same rights over the soil on which they were produced, as the preceding generations had. They derive these rights not from their predecessors, but from nature. They then and their soil are by nature clear of the debts of their predecessors.\nAgain suppose Louis XV. & his cotemporary generation had said to the money-lenders of Genoa, give us money that we may eat, drink, & be merry in our day; and on condition you will demand no interest till the end of 19. years you shall then for ever after receive an annual interest of \n   100 \u00a3, at a compound interest of 5. per cent, makes, at the end of 19. years, an aggregate of principal & interest of \u00a3252\u201314, the interest of which is 12 \u00a3\u201312s\u20137d. which is nearly 12\u215d per cent on the first capital of 100. \u00a3.\n12\u215d per cent. The money is lent on these conditions, is divided among the living, eaten, drank, & squandered. Would the present generation be obliged to apply the produce of the earth & of their labour to replace their dissipations? Not at all.\nI suppose that the recieved opinion, that the public debts of one generation devolve on the next, has been suggested by our seeing habitually in private life that he who succeeds to lands is required to pay the debts of his ancestor or testator: without considering that this requisition is municipal only, not moral; flowing from the will of the society, which has found it convenient to appropriate lands, become vacant by the death of their occupant, on the condition of a paiment of his debts: but that between society & society, or generation & generation, there is no municipal obligation, no umpire but the law of nature. We seem not to have percieved that, by the law of nature, one generation is to another as one independant nation to another.\nThe interest of the national debt of France being in fact but a two thousandth part of it\u2019s rent roll, the paiment of it is practicable enough: & so becomes a question merely of honor, or of expediency. But with respect to future debts, would it not be wise & just for that nation to declare, in the constitution they are forming, that neither the legislature, nor the nation itself, can validly contract more debt than they may pay within their own age, or within the term of 19. years? and that all future contracts will be deemed void as to what shall remain unpaid at the end of 19. years from their date? This would put the lenders, & the borrowers also, on their guard. By reducing too the faculty of borrowing within it\u2019s natural limits, it would bridle the spirit of war, to which too free a course has been procured by the inattention of money-lenders to this law of nature, that succeeding generations are not responsible for the preceding.\nOn similar ground it may be proved that no society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs always to the living generation. They may manage it then, & what proceeds from it, as they please, during their usufruct. They are masters too of their own persons, & consequently may govern them as they please. But persons & property make the sum of the objects of government. The constitution and the laws of their predecessors extinguished then in their natural course, with those who gave them being. This could preserve that being till it ceased to be itself, & no longer. Every constitution then, & every law, naturally expires at the end of 19 years. If it be enforced longer, it is an act of force, & not of right. It may be said that the succeeding generation exercising in fact the power of repeal, this leaves them as free as if the constitution or law had been expressly limited to 19 years only. In the first place, this objection admits the right, in proposing an equivalent. But the power of repeal is not an equivalent. It might be indeed if every form of government were so perfectly contrived that the will of the majority could always be obtained fairly & without impediment. But this is true of no form. The people cannot assemble themselves. Their representation is unequal & vicious. Various checks are opposed to every legislative proposition. Factions get possession of the public councils. Bribery corrupts them. Personal interests lead them astray from the general interests of their constituents: and other impediments arise so as to prove to every practical man that a law of limited duration is much more manageable than one which needs a repeal.\nThis principle that the earth belongs to the living, & not to the dead, is of very extensive application & consequences, in every country, and most especially in France. It enters into the resolution of the questions Whether the nation may change the descent of lands holden in tail? Whether they may change the appropriation of lands given antiently to the church, to hospitals, colleges, orders of chivalry, & otherwise in perpetuity? Whether they may abolish the charges & privileges attached on lands, including the whole catalogue ecclesiastical & feudal? It goes to hereditary offices, authorities & jurisdictions; to hereditary orders, distinctions & appellations; to perpetual monopolies in commerce, the arts & sciences; with a long train of et ceteras: and it renders the question of reimbursement a question of generosity & not of right. In all these cases, the legislature of the day could authorize such appropriations & establishments for their own time, but no longer; & the present holders, even where they, or their ancestors, have purchased, are in the case of bon\u00e2 fide purchasers of what the seller had no right to convey.\nTurn this subject in your mind, my dear Sir, & particularly as to the power of contracting debts; & develope it with that perspicuity & cogent logic so peculiarly yours. Your station in the councils of our country gives you an opportunity of producing it to public consideration, of forcing it into discussion. At first blush it may be rallied, as a theoretical speculation: but examination will prove it to be solid & salutary. It would furnish matter for a fine preamble to our first law for appropriating the public revenue; & it will exclude at the threshold of our government the contagious & ruinous errors of this quarter of the globe, which have armed despots with means, not sanctioned by nature, for binding in chains their fellow men. We have already given in example one effectual check to the Dog of war, by transferring the power of letting him loose from the Executive to the Legislative body, from those who are to spend to those who are to pay. I should be pleased to see this second obstacle held out by us also in the first instance. No nation can make a declaration against the validity of long-contracted debts so disinterestedly as we, since we do not owe a shilling which may not be paid with ease, principal & interest, within the time of our own lives. Establish the principle also in the new law to be passed for protecting copyrights & new inventions, by securing the exclusive right for 19. instead of 14. years. Besides familiarising us to this term, it will be an instance the more of our taking reason for our guide, instead of English precedent, the habit of which fetters us with all the political heresies of a nation equally remarkeable for it\u2019s early excitement from some errors, and long slumbering under others.\nI write you no news, because, when an occasion occurs, I shall write a separate letter for that. I am always with great & sincere esteem, dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0249", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir.\nBerkeley. 8h. Sepr. 89\nThe last ler. I got from you shewed the little leisure you possessed, & together with other considerations induced me to decline for a time writing to you.\nIndeed occupied with matters of a private nature only, I am out of the habit of communication as well as conversation with political affairs. In my tour in the upper country for Mrs Lee[\u2019]s health, I have as much as in my power attended to the progress of the potomac company in the important object which associated them. To their credit it must be acknowledged that the undertaking is among the most useful which could have occupied the human mind, and it is to be lamented that their strength of purse is not correspondent to the enterprize. Yet such has been the wise and persevering exertions of the President & directors, that the navigation of the river from fort cumberland to the great falls will be generally used in the transportation of the present crop to market. In Shepherds town I saw the other day four boats just completed the property of one merchant, which will in one trip convey three hundred barrels of flower. Every where above boats are building, the owners of some of which contemplate employment not only in the carriage of our produce to market but also in the transportation of European manufactures to the western settlements.\nStrange it is with what rapidity the idea of connecting the atlantic country with the west by means of this navigation has seized the minds of all orders. Nor is it to be wondered at, when the subject is fully enquired into.\nThe views of thousands are pointed to establishments over the mountains for the support of numerous familys. The great objection to characters of reflexion & weight, to the execution of these views has been hitherto, the apprehension, that the country of their choice was by nature severed from the country of their birth. The discovery recently & universally received that the east & the west may & ought to continue members of the same govt. has done away this bar to emigration, & men respectable in character family & fortune begin to leave us in every quarter\u2014they go now with the persuasion that we shall continue long to be one people & that the potomack river will strengthen our connexion by the easy exchange it affords of those things mutually wanted.\nBut I beleive their reasoning on this subject presumes that the national policy will lend its aid to the accomplishment of this happy event. They consider the fixture of the imperial city on the northern banks of the potomac indubitable. Suggestions to the contrary fill every mind with passions indicative of disagreeable consequence to our peace unity & harmony. What the event might do I cannot say, perhaps the moderation peculiar to american character would soon get the better of early disgust. But in the present unsettled state of the f\u0153deral govt. danger is to be apprehended from a decision of the question concerning the permanent seat. Better would it be in my mind to wait a little longer, let the influence & good of the new constitution be felt among the people & let the edge of opposition be blunted. No injury can result from delay, & much mischeif may be done by precipitation. Indeed the public mind ought to be gradually prepared for the event & if possible should go hand in hand with the measure, otherwise discontent & great discontent will ensue, decide as you may.\nIt is not conceivable to you at a distance, how the inhabitants of the So. potomac country feel on this subject.\nI am told their brethren on the north side are if possible more impressed with hopes & fears. Together they form a most respectable body & I really beleive are the most wealthy set of husbandmen in proportion to the extent of country within these States. They inhabit a region as delightful & as fertile as bounteous heaven ever gave to man. They enjoy the highest health and are hardy in war & industr[i]ous in peace. My thoughts have taken this turn on hearing yesterday that Mr. White was summond to Congress from a presumption the seat of govt. would be fixed. If precip[i]tation or evident trick should be connected with the decision, clamor & mischeif will proportionately encrease. Carlisle is the most suitable spot in Pensylvania for the interest of potomac, if hard necessity should force you to fix in that state.\nHow happens it that your house should determine to rise on the 22\u2014much important business, essential indeed, not done & yet this question so full of thorns, so inopportunely introduced\u2014Many gentlemen from the south too absent, & the union not completed. What will No. Carolina say, the very moment she is about to unite, a matter of the highest consequence is unseasonably determined, for if you rise agreable to your vote, the decision must be not only unseasonable but hasty & puerile. Already has the hopes of some of the best friends to govt. abated, pray be careful how you add to the causes of disgust. Farewel. Yours truely & affy\nHenry Lee\nI send this ler. to Frederic town, when to [sic] may reach you I dont know\u2014have you heard from Mr. Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0250", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, [ca. 8 September] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\n[ca. 8 September 1789]\nConfidential\nThe points which at present occur to me, and on which I wish your aid, are brought to view in the enclosed statement\u2014I give you the trouble of receiving this evening that you may (if other matter do not interfere) suffer them to run through your Mind between this and tomorrow afternoon when I shall expect to see you at the appointed time.\nBesides the enclosed\nWould it do now that Mr Barton has declined the Judges Seat (western Territory) to nominate Col Carrington for that Office? If not, can you think of any other that would suit him, of new creation\u2014by this I mean, which has not an actual occupant or one who from similarity of Office may have better pretensions to it.\nCan you bring to mind any fit character for the vacancy just mentioned (west of New Jersey). As Virga. has given & may furnish characters for important Offices probably it would be better to exclude her also on this occasion.\nWhat sort of a character in point of respectability and fitness for this Office has Majr. Turner late of So. Carolina now of Philadelphia.\nHave you any knowledge of the character of Mr. Laurence?\u2014a practising Attorney and Son in law to General St. Clair.\nWhat can I do with A\u2014\u2014 L\u2014\u2014 he has applied to be nominated one of the Associate Judges\u2014but I cannot bring my mind to adopt the request. The opinion entertained of him by those with whom I am most conversant is unpropitious and yet few men have received more marks of public favor & confidence than he has. These contradictions are embarrassing.\nShould the sense of the Senate be taken on the propriety of sending public characters abroad\u2014say, to England, Holland & Portugal\u2014and of a day for thanksgiving.\nWould it be well to advise with them before the adjournment, on the expediency and justice of demanding a surrender of our Posts?\nBeing clearly of opinion that there ought to be a difference in the wages of the members of the two branches of the Legislature would it be politic or prudent in the President when the Bill comes to him to send it back with his reasons for non-concurring. Yrs. sincer[e]ly\nG Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0252", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nRichmond Sepr. 9. 1789\nI am just honored with your several favors of the 12th. 26th. & 28th. Ult. A trip of business through several of our southern Counties as far as that of Halifax on the borders of North Carolina took me out of the way of getting them sooner. In my route the principal Antifederal parts of the Country were comprehended and I can assure you that the people appear to be perfectly quiet & reconciled to the Govt. I have not heard of a refusal to take the oath by any Majestrates except two old Gentlemen in Prince Edward. Being actually present at the Court of Halifax, a County distinguished for its violence in opposition, I can speak from my own observation as to it\u2014the oath was taken by every Magestrate & officer present, nor did I hear of any one in the County who intended to decline it. The people enquire with composure what Congress is doing, and discover no apparent apprehension for the fate of the proposed amendments\u2014I mention these things to you, because reports may reach you of a different nature. Stories have been brought to this City by a few weak, as well as wicked, men that the Majestrates in the southern Counties would generally refuse the Oath. A very considerable change has taken place amongst the Anti\u2019s as to yourself, they consider you as the patron of amendments, and it is no uncommon thing to hear confessions that they had been formerly imposed on, by representations that you were fixed against any alteration whatever. The subject of direct taxation is veiwed in its proper light by many who were clamorous against it sometime ago, but the generality of the people seldom appear to think of it at all. Indeed I see no appearance of any thing but acquiescence in whatever may be agreed on by those whome they have deputed to take care of their affairs.\nI have observed with some little attention the amendments which have been agreed on in the Hs. of Rs. One of them which seems at present to be much approved of & was indeed made a considerable object of by all the States, will not, I apprehend, be found good in practice\u2014I mean the excessive enlargement of the representation; and what is still worse it will produce its inconveniences very unequally by their falling principally on the distant States: the greater the Representation, the more difficult will it be to find proper characters whose convenience will admit of punctual attendance, and this difficulty will be encreased in proportion to the distance from the Seat of Government\u2014small as the Representation now is, compared with what is proposed, disadvantages of this kind would be felt by the distant States as soon as the novelty of the service might have in some degree worn off. But independently of these considerations, I would prefer a small representation. Numerous Assemblies deliberate but badly even when composed, and it is almost impossible to keep them so. I am satisfied that had the Assembly of Virginia amounted to but one fourth of the present number we should not have been so frequently disgraced by wicked and puerile Acts, nor would our sessions have been so long as we have generally seen them.\nI expect nothing from the motions for taking a permanent position for the Govt. This will not be effected from N. York but by an union of Pensylvania & the southern states\u2014Pensylva. will not join them unless they will fix it where she pleases, which must be within her own limits, and this is not the object of the southern States, hence there can be no agreement amongst them as to a permanent position. Pensylva. might perhaps agree to take a temporary position\u2014if the southern States would unite with her for this object, several considerations of a commercial kind might some short day hence induce the Eastern States to join the southern in coming further. I find however a temporary position has not been hinted, & therefore expect nothing will be done on the subject this session.\nUpon the compensations to the members a variety of observations are made mostly in disapprobation, but those who reason at all soon relinquish their objections when put in mind of former allowances to the old Congress, and the other considerations which are mentioned in vindication\u2014I can however with safety declare that it occasions but little or no uneasiness amongst the people. I think the Representatives ought to have had five, & the Senators Eight dollars.\nSuffer me to trouble you with a small commission\u2014Mrs. Bunyan who is I beleive now in N. York took with her to England at my request some Satin to be died for our Freind Mrs. Brent of this City\u2014the satin is arrived here well done & in good order, but the expence has not been refunded\u2014do me the favor to call on her with my acknowledgements for her kindness in this instance, & replace what she has expended, for which I will account to you upon meeting, or sooner if a favorable opportunity of conveyance shall offer. Present me to your worthy Colleagues and beleive me to be with great sincerity & Truth yrs. affectionately\nEd. Carrington\nP. S. The collection Bill will prove, I fear, ruinous to the Commerce of Virga. Diffused as it will be, there will be no object here to attract great foreign adventurers: Phila. N. York & Boston, will receive their ships & the coasting vessels of these Cities, will be employed in carrying our valuable staples to them. Was our Port Bill forgotten?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0254", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, [9 September] 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\ndear Sir!\nWednesday morg [Philadelphia, 9 September 1789]\nOn my arrival at this place I found as I expected the attention of every person fix\u2019d on the subject which I left before you. Different are the opinions of different persons. Some, who are interested are much pleased with the Susqh. Others reprobate the conduct of their representatives. While some consider the fixing on the Susqh. as a thing which can never take place\u2014and the vote only a New-England threat. In a letter from Mr. Fitzsimons to his friend he declares his discontent with the business as it now stands\u2014his uneasiness at the means by which it has been brought about\u2014and says, he woud have voted agt. the Susqh. had the Seat of Goverment been the only consequence\u2014but he dreaded the Effect it woud have on the politicks of this state, by giving the party to which he is opposed great advantages, whereby they woud be enabled to remove from this place.\nMr. Morris, in a letter to his lady, gives it as his opinion that the bill will never pass the Senate; shoud it your house, and still entertains hopes of Trenton.\nI will thank you for the papers by the return of the Stage, and your Opinion as to [t]he event of this important business. Will you direct your servant to inquire, if there are any letters in the Office for me, and if there are return them to this place. With much Esteem I am, Yr Friend & Sert\nJ Dawson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0255", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Adam Stephen, 12 September 1789\nFrom: Stephen, Adam\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nBerkely County Virgin Sept 12h. 1789\nIn the reading the debates of your House, there appears some heat of parties; and it is no more than may be naturally expected, after so long a Session, and the discussion of so many and Various subjects. Mr Scots Motion for bringing the Attention of the House to the permanent Seat of Government for the United States, is in my Opinion Premature. I wish the Temper of the House may Suit it.\nThe Western Country is daily moving into greater importance, and many Members of Congress are not sensible of its Consequence to the United States, perhaps untill they now met, they never had occasion to bestow a thought upon it. Proper Attention to that Country is Absolutly Necessary, in time it will give Law to America.\nYou may ask how that is possible, when they have no harbours or Sea Coast. A Century ago Russia had no Communication with Europe but from Archangel in the White Sea. In less than a Century She has created a Navy and now Commands the Baltick and Euxine Seas. Her numbers and Attention to Military discipline put her in possession of Cronstad on the Baltic, of part of Finland, Estonia & other Countries lying on that Sea. By the same means She took possession of Asoph and other ports on the Euxine. By like means will the Tramontani take possesion of Potowmack, and Cheasapeak with the Contiguous Countries.\nThe Middle States could do better without the Territory to the East of Hudson River, than without the friendship and intimate Coalition with the Inhabitants of the Transappalacian Country.\nWith great Judgement, and Propriety did the President Recommend Attention to the Militia; but it appear[s] to me that the Martial Spirit is extinct.\nIn the Cities, and on Tidewater; Commerce, Agriculture, Speculation, pleasure and dissipation Seem to engross the minds of the People. The Strength and Vigour of the United States, ly in the Mountains and to the Westward. Our Coasts are as liable to be insulted and Ravaged, as those of the Spaniards were less than a Century ago, when the celebrated Buccaneer Morgan took possession of Panama and Maracaybo with other Rich places, or their Coasts.\nFor that Reason the Seat of Government, and the treasury is not Safe on Tide water. Where the Seat of Government is; the monied Interest will reside. What dreadful Consequences would a Squadron of Algerine Corsairs produce in our Cities and on our Coasts, Navigated by American Renegadoes, and the Rhode islanders are exellent Navigators, and by their behaviour to one another, Seem Calculated for Such Service.\nIf a place that is nearly Central and convenient as can be Expected to the Back country is hatched upon: The people have reason to be pleased. In the discussion of this Affair we shall discover whether our Confederacy is well or ill Combined. It is my Wish that the Matter may be postponed to a future day, perhaps till after the next Election, when men will be better acquainted in the General Interests of the rising empire. I have the honour to be, with great Esteem sr your hule Set\nAdam Stephen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0256", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, [13 September] 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\ndear Sir!\nSunday. [Philadelphia, 13 September 1789]\nYou\u2019ll be pleased to accept my thanks for your two letters with the inclosures, which I receivd on thursday & saturday. By the papers I discover that the bill for fixing the Seat of Goverment &c was not reported on Friday morning, and I have been assurd by a Gentleman in this place, that the committee appointd woud not bring it in untill they had collected, and sworn in all their forces. The same Gentleman inform\u2019d that the bill was drawn ten days ago. If this is the fact, and their design as stated, you\u2019ll be able to judge whether it will be expedient to hurry or procrastinate the business. Altho the policy of the delegates from this State is not relishd generally in this city, yet I believe they are encouraged by some few with whom they correspond\u2014it is approvd off [sic] by the back members, now attending the assembly\u2014& from thence an argument is drawn, that it will not only have a tendency to destroy all opposition to the f\u0153deral goverment, but will enable those who are friendly to the measure to call a convention for the purpose of altering their state constitution. The last post brought no letters from New York, to those with whom I am in the habits of intimacy, I therefore am not able to collect what is the plan, and what the expectations of the members from this State.\nOn going into several circles in this place I found that an observation, which fell from you was the subject of general conversation\u2014that it had excited the apprehensions of many, and the displeasure of some. Being present at the time, and apprehending that what you said alluded to measures & not to particular persons, (in which I thought you were justified by the occasion) I had it in my power to contradict, as far as I recollectd, what was inserted in the paper, and am happy to find by Friday\u2019s paper, that my memory had not faild me.\nActions must be right which proceed from friendly motives therefore there can be no impropriety in my making this communication to you; and in farther observing that I have it from good authority that there are some characters in New York, who have enterd into a combination, and will with avidity catch at any possible triffle to injure you, if possible in the public estimation\u2014that they have asserted that all was peace on [sic] quiet on the subject of amendments untill the business was stir\u2019d up by you; and however distant, have endeavourd to connect your conduct on that, with what you have said on the late occasion.\nMonday\u2014On yesterday I din\u2019d at Mr Hamilton\u2019s in company with ten or twelve gentlemen most of them persons of some political character\u2014the subject of fixing the seat of goverment was brought on the carpet, and the policy of the members from this state highly reprobated; indeed they had but one advocate Mr. C\u2014\u2014e. It was considerd that they had given up an immediate certain advantage for a distant and very doubtful one. I took the liberty to mention, in private to three or four that if there sentiments were as they had declar\u2019d it woud be well to communicate them to their representatives for they might be mistaken as to the wishes of the city. They all assur\u2019d me that they woud by this mornings post. This circumstance may perhaps render Fitzsimons & Company less anxious.\nI took the liberty of hinting to you some time since that an appointment under the goverment woud not be disagreeable to me. Since then I had relinquishd the Idea, and therefore have mention\u2019d it to no person\u2014but some circumstances have revivd the wish. We are told that Mr. Hamilton is nominated a Scy to the Treasury\u2014Mr. Evely Compr. and Mr. Meredith Treasr. but have not heard the Auditor or Register is appointd\u2014if this is the case, and there is a probability of succeeding I will thank you to name [me] to the President for one of the offices, and I woud prefer the latter. Shoud the appointments be made it will be unnecessary to make known my wish on the subject. With much respect & esteem I am, Yr. Friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0259", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Walter Jones, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Jones, Walter\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nSeptr. 15th. 1789\nYour Letter of the 18th. augt. found me so engaged in the usual Employment during our Autmn, that I have never had time to express my acknowlegements to you.\nThe inestimable value of civil Liberty, like the gems, the precious metals, and fertile fields of the Earth, has ever made them the Common objects of robbery & usurpation\u2014it is unfortunate that the first, tho infinitely most precious, is not generally guarded by Mankind, with So much interest & vigilance, as the latter. Liberty was never placed in a less hazardous Situation, than in our States, and our inattention to her protection would therefore be the more criminal. I think the general Conduct of your House is calculated to Secure her, but there is a wide & secret inlet of mischief in our manners, that if not controlled, will make legislative Forms of no avail. The restraining of the ruinous adoption of European Fashions, to which our people are So prone, the farther Compulsion to Frugality, by a Strict distribution of Justice, and the Stifling the Birth those impudent upstart pretensions to European Ranks, which Some men affect, will be powerful means; because they tend to preserve the materials Sound, and not merely to patch up rotten parts.\nI have long been persuaded that the States to the north East of Susquehana, with few Exceptions, tended fast to a Mixture of oligarchy & anarchy, & your observations go far in explaining the Causes\u2014but I am also of opinion, that virga. is the great repository of republican principles\u2014the absence of great Towns, the Equality of Rights in the Holders of the Soil, the close gradation in Quantity possessed by a numerous Race of Land-holders, the Existence of Slavery & other Circumstances, form such Strong Barriers to republicanism as will be very difficult to be broke thro. A Separate Confederacy, which I have hitherto abhorred, may one day, possibly, be a means of preserving our Liberty by an union of parts more homogeneous in their Nature, than the present may eventually be. Have you considered the actual Effects of the Law of Descents? I fear it will have an Effect directly opposite to what was intended, & that it will tend to abolish many of those Links in the Scale of real property which I esteem such a firm Barrier to our freedom. When I mention Slavery as one of the Securities of our Liberty a respect to your opinion, Should have produced some explanation of my Sentiments thereon; but as I am much in haste I will at present take my leave of you with the Esteem & regard with which I am dear Sir your Mo. obed Sevt.\nWalt: Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0260", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Septr. 17th. 1789.\nI recd. your message from Mr. Dawson, and am at a loss to account for my letter not reaching you sooner. I presume our Clerks must have let the post slip them the first time, and that it has lain over till the next.\nI am informed Mr. Jefferson is expected to arrive soon. The affair in which you were good enough to make me known to him is now decided on. I find it necessary to regain the papers which were deposited with him on that occasion, as they have not been wanted. The plan was to gain sketches and models from a country in the vicinity of France, which would very much assist the Manufactures of the United states. I embarked 120 Guineas in the pursuit\u2014and the business is completed. I mention thus much that when you ask the favor of Mr. Jefferson to procure the papers to be transmitted, which I beg you will receive of him for me, you may be able to explain to him confidentially that the Object on which I took the liberty to trouble him & you was in some degree connected with the public interests.\nBy yesterdays post I recd. a letter from New York that has placed me in a situation of considerable delicacy and embarrassment. It is from a single gentleman, who appears to move in behalf of friends who think and wish on the Subject as he does. He informs me that they consider it as certain that the Postmaster general will be removed from the Report of the Board of Treasury\u2014and advise me to an Application to the president. I am averse to any application of so delicate a Nature both as it concerns the present incumbent, and as it regards the amiable and excellent Character that Presides in our government. Yet I am told by the Communicant that there are public Reasons, which induce the advice. It comes from a quarter that convinces me some of the Senators know of the letter\u2014and I think there is no doubt that it would be supported by that part of them which is least fond of the federal Constitution. I believe there is an apprehension that Mr. Bache may be nominated, for the letter speaks of him & goes into the grounds & reasons of his Removal from the office, and it seems to be thought that those Reasons continue in force.\nHow the matter stands I really do not know, Sir, for I am unused to sollicitations and intrigues. But I am entirely at a loss how to proceed. If I were ever so anxious for the office I could not I think bring myself to make a formal Application in my own name directly to the President. And so far as there may really exist public reasons that influence the minds of any to wish me to apply, I am loth absolutely to decline. While I am mentioning the matter to you I feel that I am imposing a matter upon you which I have very little right to do. Yet, if the state of this matter leaves an openening [sic] & the mention of my name might involve any public advantage or convenience\u2014I would submit it [to] your Judgment and discretion entirely either to do what you might think perfectly right and proper or let the matter rest in total Silence.\nI do not pretend to any merit with my Country. When I was but a few days of age my speculative Opinions upon the probable event of the Measure of Independency not suiting the more confident opinions of many of my Countrymen, I was impelled by circumstances to leave my home. The impression of this circumstance was not to be removed in a day, but in 1783 I was called upon by my mercantile fellow-Citizens to assist in the direction of our Commerce being appointed with Messrs. Morris, Clymer, Fitzsimons, Pettit & others on a standing Comme. of the Merchants of this city. I was then 28 years of age, and as it is a fact (& not a vain inference) I may add I was the youngest member by many years. I was again elected till the restoration of some degree of order to our trade superceded the necessity of this Comme. In 1786 I was appointed to the Commercial Convention at Annapolis, with two Commissions to treat with the Deputies of Virga. and of Maryland upon certain commercial points, on which you will remember I communicated with you, Govr. Randolph &ca. After this I was nominated by Mr. Clymer to a seat in the old Congress to give our state a mercantile representative in that Body in lieu of Messrs. Meredidith [sic] & Bingham, whose times of service had expired. From the late licentiousness of the press here, from the disappointment of an Individual with whose pretensions my Election interfered & from the hopes of the friends of another federal Candidate to throw Mr. Clymer, my nominator, out of the house of Representatives I was warmly attacked which had not been the case, when sent to Annapolis. I have since that been twice appointed by my mercantile fellow Citizens who best know me upon their Committees to correspond with our Members in both houses of Congress, & twice appointed to the general Convention of the Church in which I was born, which latter is perhaps of most Moment as it is a testimony of the private Character of [an] individual, who tho a sincere friend to genuine Religion is but little of a church going man.\nIn regard to pretensions I do not make any tho I have sacrificed time very valuable to me, upon the Government of the United states, & of Pennsylvania, upon our commerce and our growing manufactures\u2014and upon some extensive public improvements in our New Country for which I am at this time a Commissioner.\nI should apologize for dwelling thus long and minutely upon my Subject, but I wished without a view for a moment to the Appointment in Question to go into some explanation of facts that concerns a character of which you have sometimes seen the most cruel Misrepresentations\u2014and as it [is] all I can say for myself on this or any other occasion, when personal subjects may be forced upon me I shall not again, Sir, have occasion to intrude my own story upon you.\nIn the Senate for Pennsa. I believe Mr. McClay is my partial friend. Mr. Morris by requesting me to correspond with him at New York, and his gentlemanly stile of treating that correspondence has shewn his confidence and his good dispositions, but He has an old Acquaintance in the convivial way with Mr. Bache. Mr. Clymer has shewn his good Opinion by nominating me to the more important duty of Congress as have both he & Mr. Fitzsimons by giving me their unsollicited influence & votes in my election on that Occasion. But they also have some social Acquaintance with Mr. Bache\u2014tho they do not go much into those Scenes. The Speaker, Mr. Wyncoop, & Col Hartly I consider as men who would be pleased to serve me\u2014also Genl. Muhlenberg & Gen Hiester. Tho I have not any pretensions to a claim upon the friendship of the latter, yet [he] has always acted towards me with the greatest Kindness & respect. I believe therefore that my name would be treated with Candor by our delegation by most of them with partiality. Mr. Scott I should except for I am entirely unknown to him. He has been little in Philada. & I have never been in our Western Country. I respect his Character, & am pleased with his so well justifying the choice of Pennsa. I am satisfied therefore that my name would meet no unfavorable observations from any of the delegation tho probably some of the three first Gentn. are more or less engaged in the support of Mr. Bache. They would not however do me the smallest Injustice in their most secret conversations. Any of the others I believe, but Mr. Scott, would go lengths to serve me\u2014particularly the Speaker, Mr. McClay & Mr. Wyncoop: and if it was thought any public Convenience would arise from it I feel a confidence that either of them would mention or join in mentioning me to the President. I have not said any thing to one of the whole Number upon the subject, but I am satisfied that if it should be thought of any use one of them would move alone or with you upon the least communication. The speaker would be perhaps the most weighty from his station. They may have been applied to by Mr. Bache but I presume they would make no engagements\u2014& I am sure several of them would shew more partiality to me than to Mr. Bache.\nIn regard to the office I do not consider it as a mere regulation of mails, & distribution of letters. But it is intimately blended with the connexion of the Members of the Union & particularly of the Atlantic & Western territory. It may be made to aid considerably the advancement of internal commerce and territorial improvement, and to expedite the sudden operations of the Executive department.\nI have really occasion, Sir, to apologize for so long and apparently so selfish a Letter; but the most proper way in which I can do it is to assure you as I most truly do that it is my sincere wish that you would without hesitation obey the dictates of your Judgment and discretion by a total inattention to its contents should the Subject appear to you of even doubtful propriety. For I have too just a Sense of the intri[n]sic value of your Character to the United States to consent to your hazarding the smallest particle of it to serve me under any circumstances that can occur. I am with the most respectful esteem, dr. Sir yr. affectionate & obedt. Servt.\nTench Coxe\nI have concluded to mention this matter to the Speaker only.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 17. 1789.\nI have sent to Havre the following packages, with directions to send them by the first vessel to New York to your address.\nTI. No. 29. A box of books. These were packed before I took a list of them, therefore I cannot inform you of it\u2019s contents. I believe the whole are for you; tho\u2019 should it be otherwise the person\u2019s name will always be found written on or in the book.\nTI. No. 33. TI. No. 34. T.I. No. 35. Three boxes containing each of them two busts in plaister of Admiral P. Jones which he destines for yourself, Genl. St. Clair, mr. Ross of Philadelphia, mr. Charles Thomson, Colo. Wadsworth & Colo. Carrington, & of which he asks your & their acceptance. I trouble you with the consignment to avoid the confusion & errors that might have taken place if consigned severally. In the box No. 29. I have put a collection of the proofs in tin of the medals voted by the U. S. (except two, of which the dies are in America) the medals themselves not being allowed to be taken, I desired the workmen to let me have two sets of their last proofs; for their manner is, as their work proceeds, to make impressions of it in pure tin, in order to correct &c. These proofs are in fact more delicate than the medals themselves, and the last of them shew the impressions complete. I have had them arranged in a frame, under glass &c. & beg your acceptance of them. This letter will go with the boxes. I am with sincere esteem, Dear Sir, your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0265", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 20 September 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Septr. 20th. 1789\nI am favored with your letter of the 18th. from wch. I find the ground of apprehension, particularly refer\u2019d to by me, entirely removed. In regard to the probable effects of a position on Delaware or Susquehannah upon the Convention of Virginia could they have foreseen it, I am convinced they would have been fatal. I remember well that I learned from the letters of yourself and one or two other gentlemen who honor\u2019d me with their correspondence that the ten Kentucky Members held the balance\u2014that they were alarmed at the Symptoms they collected from the Spanish Negociation\u2014and that three of the ten voting finally in favor of the Adoption produced the Majority of five when it was evident they might have made a negative of one. In regard to the merits of the Question upon the two Rivers I have endeavoured to view it as impartially as in my power. I think the future state of population has not been well conjectured by either side. I am satisfied that the balance of Agricultural population will preponderate in favor of the Potowmack, but I really doubt whether Susquehannah where it intersects our County of Lancaster will be as near to the centre of agricultural, manufacturing & commercial population as some part of the Delaware. You are not to understand however that I am decided for placing the permanent Seat upon any part of this last River. The agricultural centre, and the facility of Western communication, and the Union of the Southern and N. Eastern furnish stronger arguments in favor of Susquehannah than my interest & attachments to Delaware are able to answer. I have always considered it as a great argument in favor of the Scheme of American Manufactures, that it would, in a manner not obnoxious, gently counteract that scattering of our population which too rapidly went on from the moment of peace; a principal Objection to which was that it too much co-operated with the vices of our general government. A weak\u2014and relaxed civil Authority and a very sparse and extending population presented to my mind no prospect of the restoration of order among ourselves\u2014or of confidence among our foreign friends. This and other weighty reasons to which your attention need not be drawn will convince you that the progress of Manufactures will be very great & that the Southern states which from the nature of things will be almost entirely agricultural will not be populated in proportion to territory when considered relatively with the Country North of Potowmack where the commercial hives already exist, and where manufacturing Scenes must yearly open and encrease. It is a little remarkable that when the seat of the general Government was formerly under consideration two positions were taken at the same. Trenton to meet occasionally the wishes of the North\u2014George Town with the same view to the South. It should seem that it was then the Opinion that neither place would accommodate both parties. So far as the argument goes it is against each place\u2014and forces us into a middle position. Tis a certain truth of no small weight that Delaware, & Potowmack are the extremest stations ever proposed by the contending interests. I am deeply impressed with the dangerous situation of our Union with the South-Western people. I would be just & liberal towards them. But I consider Vermont\u2014and even the Northern Country of the New England states in the Union as having severally manifested very unfavorable dispositions. We are in a situation where small deviations from distributive Justice may put much hazard. I trust however very confidently in the impartiality\u2014virtue\u2014and wisdom of the most influential Members of our government for as good a decision as circumstances will admit\u2014and an early correction of any error which they may discover.\nIn a conversation last Evening with Mr. de Marbois I learned from him that the King had repealed the Ordinance of the Count de Duchilleau, late Govr. of St. Domingo, which opened an important trade between Aux de S. Louis & two other ports on the South Side of that island and the United states. This measure has occasioned another Nobleman, whose name has escaped me, to be appointed to that Government\u2014and Mr. de Marbois, the elder, intendant of the le[e]ward islands has recd. a letter, written in the Kings hand very pointedly approving his conduct in declining to join in the Ordinance. He pursues his approbation of the intendants conduct so far as to express the most positive Assurances of future favor for a continuance of such Conduct. This matter appeared to be of so much Consequence as a proof of the fixed Sentiments of the Court of France, that I have, with Mr. de M\u2019s permission, thought it best to mention it to some confidential Gentleman in Government. His view I believe is principally that it may be understood that the Reversing of the Ordinance arose from its being an unauthorized act of Mr. de Duchilleau. It appears that great Attention has been paid to the temporary convenience of our trade, for three Months from the 11th. of August are given before entries and clearances that were authorized by the Governors act shall be refused to the Americans. The temporary benefits we have derived in the vent for flour, bread &ca. and in Supplies of Coffee & Sugar, especially of the latter, have been most sensibly felt in many of our ports. Besides this the Utility of this Commerce to that great and valuable Colony of France has been shewn in a way that will not be forgot for years. As I converse very freely with Mr. de Marbois, I think it will be best to confine your communications on this Subject to those persons whose province it falls within.\nMr. Marbois informed me at the same time that the letter of the 20th. of July, from Paris, in the enclosed paper was from a principal clerk in the Office of Monr. le Couteulx to his Son in law, a Merchant here; and that it is entirely to be relied upon\u2014that the third Estate had procured from the King a grant of the liberty of the press, an equal territorial or land tax, and an abolition of lettres de chachet\u2014that they demanded a common Meeting of the three orders on the same floor in forming their Constitution\u2014but were content afterwards that they should sit in different houses and that a concurrence of the orders should be necessary in legislation. Tis certain that the national troops are with the people, and have in various instances shewn a determination to aid rather than to injure them. Six of the thirty Colonial deputies are to be admitted into the body that forms the constitution. The Question now, Sir, appears only to be whether the virtue and discretion of the leaders of the People will conduct them in the broad road of substantial liberty which lies open before them, or whether this great Revolution shall be made the perverted means of a deplorable Convulsion. I hope the best. The French Nation are enti[t]led to the anxious concern of every good man in this most important Crisis.\nThere seems an absolute certainty that the demand of France will give our agricultural citizens a great market for the abundant crop of this Year.\nOur state have determined to call a Convention. This measure is received with considerable Moderation. The principal cause of a very industrious and unprincipled opposition to the federal Constitution in this state will thereby, you may be satisfied, be removed. There will be a division of our legislature\u2014a single executive\u2014a permanent judiciary and several other approved alterations made. At some future time I should be glad of your opinion on the best mode of electing a state Governor\u2014whether by a general poll throughout the Commonwealth\u2014or by electors to be selected from the Mass of citizens by a general poll\u2014or otherwise\u2014as also upon the permanency of the judiciary at the hazard of a decay of talents\u2014and of private virtue. You may not perhaps have forgot some doubts I suggested on that Subject at Mrs. Houses the last time you & Mr. Dawson were in town. I am, dear Sir, your respectful and most obedt. Servt.\nTench Coxe\nP. S. I do not know whether you have seen the Constn. of the prot. Episcopal Church as framed by the late Convention. The article relative to the Division of lay & clerical Votes is important as it fixes what will never again be disputed in the seven concurring States\u2014the independency of the laity. In Connecticut the Clergy do not admit this Right of the laity, but we shall bring them into it. I send you a copy of our Journal. Having draughted the address to the President I was particularly led to observe the manner in which its several declarations were recd. and I will venture to affirm the house was unanimous in its attachment to the president\u2014the federal Legislature, and the constitution\u2014and in its approbation of that Catholicism, which formed one of the great Reasons, as a church, for our approving the Presidents Election. It seemed to me to be a matter of some Consequence, that these declarations should be very explicit in the Address of a Church that had been politically connected with the Crown of England, & whose clergy pretty generally hesitated at the Separation between the two Countries.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0266", "content": "Title: Location of the Capital, [21 September] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[21 September 1789]\n   The seat of government bill was under consideration in the Committee of the Whole.\nMr. Madison Felt himself compelled to move for striking out that part of the bill, which provided, that the temporary residence of congress should continue at New-York; as he conceived it irreconcileable with the spirit of the constitution. If it was not from viewing it in this light, he should have given the bill no further opposition; and now he did not mean to enter on the merits of the main question.\nFrom the constitution, it appeared, that the concurrence of the two houses of congress were sufficient to enable them to adjourn from one place to another; nay, the legal consent of the president was, in some degree, proscribed in the 7th sect. of art. 1. where it is declared, that every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States, and approved by him, before the same shall take effect. Any attempt, therefore, to adjourn by law, is a violation of that part of the constitution which gives the power, exclusively, to the two branches of the legislature. If gentlemen saw it in the same light, he flattered himself they would reject that part of [the] bill; and, however little they valued the reflection that this city was eccentrical, which had been so often urged, they would be guided by arguments, springing from a superior source.\nHe would proceed to state the reasons which induced him to be of this opinion: It is declared, in the constitution, that neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting: From hence he inferred, that the two houses, by a concurrence, could adjourn for more than three days, and to any other place which they thought proper; by the other clause he had mentioned, the executive power is restrained from any interference with the legislative, on this subject; hence, he concluded, it would be dangerous to attempt to give to the president, a power the constitution expressly denied him. He did not suppose that the attempt to vest the executive with a power over the adjournment of the legislature would absolutely convey the power; but he conceived it wrong to make the experiment. He submitted it to those gentlemen who were attached to the success of the bill, how far an unconstitutional declaration may impede its passage through the other branch of the legislature.\nIt has been supposed, by some, that the seat of government may be at a place different from that where the congress sit; and, altho\u2019 the former may be established by law, the legislature might remove elsewhere; he could not subscribe to this doctrine. What is the government of the United States for which a seat is to be provided? Will not the government necessarily comprehend the congress as a part? In arbitrary governments, the residence of the monarch may be stiled the seat of government, because he is, within himself the supreme, legislative, executive, and judicial power; the same may be said of the residence of a limited monarchy, where the efficiency of the executive operates, in a great degree, to the exclusion of the legislative authority; but in such a government as ours, according to the legal and common acceptation of the term, government must include the legislative power; so, the term administration, which, in other countries, is specially appropriated to the executive branch of government, is used here for both the executive and legislative branches: We, in official communications, say, legislative administration, or executive administration, according as the one or the other is employed in the exercise of its constitutional powers. He mentioned these circumstances to shew, that they ought not to look for the meaning of terms used in the laws and constitution of the United States, into the acceptation of them in other countries, whose situation and government were different from that of United America. If his reasoning was just, he should conclude, that the seat of government would be at that place where both the executive and legislative bodies were fixed; and this depended upon the vote of the two branches of the legislature. There was another clause favorable to this opinion; it was, that giving congress authority to exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States; this was the only place where any thing respecting the seat of government was mentioned; and would any gentlemen contend that congress might have a seat of government over which they are empowered to exercise exclusive legislation, and yet reside at the distance of 2 or 300 miles from it? Such a construction would contradict the plain and evident meaning of the constitution, and, as such, was inadmissible.\nHe hoped these observations would be attended to; and did not doubt but, if seen in their true light, they would induce the house to reject that part of the bill which he moved to have struck out.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0267", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George W. Smith, 22 September 1789\nFrom: Smith, George W.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nTappahannock\u201422d Sepr. 1789\nYour Letter of the 15th Augt. in answer to mine, I have duly received. Your representation of the prospects Afforded by the arra[n]gements now making for the f\u0153deral Administration, I esteem as friendly as it seems to be canded: And therefore feel myself strongly impressed with a sense of the obligation I am under to you. I have Attentively considered those prospects; & am persuaded, with you, that they are not sufficiently encouraging to induce a reliance on them, which might interfere with the attention due to others. But as it is possible that vacancies may arise, or preferences may be forfieted, or an equitable principle of defusive Appointments may prevail; I shall endeavour to qualify myself generally, that in any of these contengencies you may be warranted in continuing your friendship towards me, and that I may always deserve it. I have honr to be Sir, with sentimts. of the highest Esteem & Respect Your mot. obliged hum. servt.\nGeo: W: Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0269", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, [ca. 23 September] 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\n[ca. 23 September 1789]\nMy solicitude for drawing the first characters of the Union into the Judiciary, is such that, my cogitations on this subject last night (after I parted with you) have almost determined me (as well for the reason just mentioned, as to silence the clamours, or more properly, soften the disappointment of smaller characters [)] to nominate Mr Blair and Colo. Pendleton as Associate & District Judges. And Mr. E. Randolph for the Attorney General trusting to their acceptance.\n   Mr Randolph, in this character, I would prefer to any person I am acquainted of not superior abilities, from habit of intimacy with him.\nMr. Pendleton could not I fear discharge, and in that case I am sure would not undertake, to execute the duties of an Associate under the present form of the Act. But he may be able to fulfil those of the District. The Salary I believe is greater than what he now has; and he would see or it might be explained to him, the reason of his being prefered to the District Court rather than to the Supreme Bench; though I have no objection to nominating him to the latter, if it is conceived that his health is competent, and his mental faculties unimpaired, by age.\nHis acceptance of the first would depend in a great measure, I presume, upon the light in which the District Judges are considered, that is, whether superior in Rank to any State Judges.\nI am very troublesome, but you must excuse me. Ascribe it to friendship and confidence, and you will do justice to my motives. Remember the Attorney and Marshall for Kentucky, and forget not to give their Christian names. Yours ever\nG W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0270", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg Sepr. 26. 1789.\nAs soon as I had recovered my attention to business, I entered upon the chastisement of my notes. But I found it impossible to retrace the subject, so as to square with the resolutions proposed, without the possession of those resolutions. But I have them not, except in a mutilated state. Indeed I have an apprehension, that were I to dilate the notes, I should mingle inadvertently much of what I have heard since, without being able to separate it from what occurred then. I have therefore resolved to send the notes to you, as I have them; not caring as to the form, in which they are submitted to the eye of a friend.\nThe assembly draws nears [sic], and will probably, if some persons can satisfy themselves of the propriety of saying any thing on the subject, remonstrate with the senate upon shutting their doors. Nothing restrains me from concurring, but a doubt, whether it may not pave the way for real incroachments from the state-legislatures.\nThe president is supposed to have written to Mr. Adams, while titles were in debate, that if any were given, he would resign. Whether it be true or not, it is a popular report. However I question if even this, added to his services will draw forth from the assembly an address of congratulation. I will endeavour to prevent any pain to him, or imputation on Virginia. But I fear the ardor of those, who wish to be conspicuous, will not suffer them to be prudent. Yrs. mo. afftely\nE. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0271", "content": "Title: Reporting of House Debates, [26 September] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[26 September 1789]\n   Burke moved that the House no longer permit reporting of the debates, but he later withdrew the motion. Tucker then moved that the House sanction an accurate and impartial publication of the debates.\nMr. Madison Thought it improper to throw impediments in the way of such information, as the house had hitherto permitted from the purest motives; but he believed it equally improper to give the publication of their debates a legislative sanction; because it would be making the speakers, in some instances where they were misunderstood, answerable for the sentiments they never entertained. He had seen, in the newspapers, very great misconceptions of what fell from him; but he had no reason to believe it was done in order to cast a veil over his declarations, or pervert them, with an intention of rendering him ridiculous. He believed the same was just, as it applied to the speeches of other gentlemen. But, be this as it might, it gave him no concern, because he was not responsible for what was published, as it was done without his interference. If any thing was done in this matter, which tended to give a sanction to any publication, he presumed the members must be, individually, at the trouble of correcting and revising their speeches: This was an inconvenience he did not wish to encounter; he, therefore, concluded it best to leave it on its present footing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0272", "content": "Title: Location of the Capital, [26 September] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[26 September 1789]\n   The Senate amended the residence bill by substituting for the Susquehanna site a district adjoining Philadelphia, including Germantown.\nMr. Madison. However different our sentiments, with respect to the place most proper for the seat of the federal government, I presume we shall all agree, that a right decision is of great importance; and that a satisfactory decision is of equal moment to the happiness and tranquillity of the union: That even the manner and circumstances, under which such decision may take place, are worthy of serious consideration.\nNow, sir, the amendment proposed by the senate, not only deserves the name of a new bill, but it proceeds on principles different from those which served for the basis of the bill sent up to them from this house: Hence I presume, sir, it is not only necessary to examine the merits of the proposition, but to enter into a full and minute investigation of those principles upon which it is founded: The proposition is new, and, in some degree, opposed to what has heretofore prevailed: The public mind has not yet been called to the consideration of it; nay, I believe it never yet has been contemplated by the inhabitants of any one state: The eye of America should be indulged with an opportunity of viewing it before it be made their fixed abode. All the other places which have been mentioned as candidates for the seat of government, on this occasion, have, at different times, and in different forms, been held up to the public attention; two of them had not only employed the deliberation, but had obtained the favorable decision of the old congress; now, after all this, to take up and adopt, in a moment, a rival place, never before contemplated, is risking an improper and a dissatisfactory decision.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0273", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, [27 September] 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\ndear Sir!\nSunday. [Philadelphia, 27 September 1789]\nBy yesterday\u2019s post of receivd your favour of Friday. Shou\u2019d Trenton be substituted by the Senate I apprehend that your house will not agree to the amendments, and consequently the bill will be lost, and the question as to the permanent seat left open. This I have expected for some time woud be the fate of the business, and upon the whole I do not know but it is the best course it can take. The prospect of acquiring strength by N. Carolina, and the manner in which Potomac has been brought forward and treated, will I think ensure its success at a day not far distant. Whether it will be politic to remain at N. York or to remove to a more Southern position as the temporary seat is doubtful in my mind. I shoud however prefer the latter. The Susqh. appears to be relinquish\u2019d in this place, Mr. Elmer, who pass\u2019d through a few days since having declared that it woud be rejected by the Senate.\nI shall leave this on some time tomorrow; will write you from Baltimore on Mr. Jones\u2019 business\u2014shall be happy if you will continue your kind communications & Am, with esteem & respect Yr: Friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0274", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Sept. 28th. 1789.\nI received information of the nomination of Mr. O. yesterday. He is certainly a very suitable character, and well entitled to this place from his former employments. I have to make you my Apologies for the trouble I have given you, and my acknowlegements for such good offices as you have rendered, the extent of which I am sure was as great as your Ideas of public good would admit. I am well pleased that the Case has occur\u2019d, as it proves to me that in my exertions in the fedl. cause I have gained friendship & confidence among its opponents. I have only to add that I would not have permitted my name to appear had I known of a competitor who was unexceptionable\u2014and that it is totally unknown here Who were my friends. Indeed Application for me was quite unknown, till it was brought by some of the letters in Saturday\u2019s mail.\nThe Seat of Government I see is varied. You know my Opinions on that point. My more immediate interests being promoted by the depending proposition do not diminish the decision with which I prefer the other position. I presume the new Change will not be accepted by your house. If the bill for a permanent seat falls thro entirely, it will certainly be sound policy in the friends of a proper position to adjourn to Philada. if they can effect it.\nI hope we shall have the pleasure of seeing you here soon in your way to Virginia, or on a visit, if you do not return thither immediately. I am, dear Sir, with great Esteem yr. most respectf. friend & Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0275", "content": "Title: Location of the Capital, [28 September] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[28 September 1789]\n   Debate continued on the Senate amendment to substitute Germantown for the Susquehanna site.\nMr. Madison Contended that the amendment proposed by the senate, was a departure from every principle adopted by the house; but he would not trouble them with a recapitulation of arguments, which, he feared, would be unavailing; he wished, however, that the house would provide against one inconvenience, which was, to prevent the district in Pennsylvania, chosen by congress, from being deprived, for a time, of the benefit of laws. This, he apprehended, would be the case, unless congress made provision for the operation of the laws of Pennsylvania, in the act by which they accepted of the cession of that state; for the state relinquished the right of legislation from the moment that congress accepted of the district. The propriety of this proposition was so apparent, that he had not a doubt but the house would consent to it: He then moved the following proviso:\n\u201cAnd provided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect the operation of the laws of Pennsylvania, within the district ceded, and accepted, until congress shall otherwise provide by law.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0277", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 4 October 1789\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sr,\nPh[iladelphi]a Ocr. 4. 89\nIt is more to comply with my promise, than to give you any information that I take up my pen. Col. Grayson will probably inform you what has pass\u2019d between him & Morriss, who has given him notice that on the meeting of Congress he shall immediately take up the Bill only postpond\u2014this Idea may possibly be thrown out here to brake his fall in this business\u2014it appears to Col. Grayson & myself that it wou\u2019d be prudent during the recess to have some papers publishd on the question respg. the permanent Seat of Congress\u2014it is probable the adverse party will be at work\u2014think of this. Let me hear from you. Yrs with esteem & regard\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0279", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Philip Schuyler, 5 October 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Schuyler, Philip\nLetter not found. 5 October 1789, New York. Acknowledged in Schuyler to JM, 1 Nov. 1789, and enclosed in JM to Hamilton, ca. 5 Oct. 1789. Asks Schuyler to contact John Taylor of Albany regarding a contract with JM and James Monroe to buy 900 acres in the Mohawk Valley.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0280", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 6 October 1789\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir!\nLiverpool 6 Octr 1789\nI had the Pleasure to write to you the 21st August; since which, it having been suggested to me, that the Appointment of Consuls may take place ere long, I beg Leave to renew to you the Desire I have to continue the offer of my Services to my Country in that Capacity: provided the office be deemed Necessary for this port & it would not debar me from Trading.\nIn the inclosed I have taken the Liberty to mention the Subject to the president, who, I believe, has some little Knowledge of me. Yet as I know not what may be the Etiquette, I leave the Letter unsealed for your perusal, after which, if you approve, be so good as have it sealed & presented. And if you be disengaged I shall be happy to have my Application countenanced by you.\nThe Intercourse between this place & the United States is considerable & increasing. Since the 31st last December there have arrived here thirty five of our Vessells from the Various ports of the U. S. Within the same period ninety two British Vessells have sailed for the U. S.\nI have not written to any other Gentleman on the Subject of this Letter.\nI recieved by the Venus an Hhd among your Consignment which was topstemed & treated very judiciously. In Case you continue your Shipments to this Country it may not be amiss now & then to have a part of your Crop put up in the same Manner, only observing to you that the heavier you can have your Tobaccoe prized without injury to the Quality\u2014the more will be the proceeds to your Interest. I have the Honor to be with Singular Esteem & Regard dr Sir your most obt Set\nJames Maury\nThere accompanies this a packet for you covering a Review, some late Newspapers & the Act of parliament relative to the Transportation of Slaves from Africa. The two first Vessells which arrived under the Regulation of last year (of Which this an Amendment) were intitled to the premiums. I am your &ca\nJM", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0282", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 8 October 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nA concurrence of motives has detained me here since the adjournment of Congress. One of them has been a hope of your arrival within the time. I set off tomorrow for Philada. where I shall remain some days, and not without a continuance of the same hope. I need not tell you how much pleasure I should feel in making my journey to Virginia coincide with yours, nor with how much patience I should on that account alone await your arrival were it certainly to be at a short date. But I wish on a public account to see you as soon as possible after you become informed of the new destination provided for you. It is of infinite importance that you should not disappoint the public wish on this subject. Be persuaded of this truth. With proper opportunity it can be demonstrated to you. Let me particularly intreat you not to yield hastily to objections. The President is anxious for your acceptance of the trust. The Southern and Western Country have it particularly at heart. To every other part of the Union, it will be sincerely acceptable. Drop me a line the moment you get on shore. If I receive it in Philada. I will if possible wait for you. Your appointment will not interfere with your intended trip to Virginia. I know that the President does not mean that it shall. If I should be gone from Philada. your letter will follow me. Directions will be given for that purpose. I shall leave this in the hands of Mr. St. Trise, who will watch the first moment of putting it into yours. He is I believe already known to you. If he is not, his worth recommends him to this opportunity of being so. Yours mo: affectly.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0283", "content": "Title: Memorandum for George Washington, [ca. 8 October] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\n[ca. 8 October 1789]\nOn the supposition that the business can be more properly conducted by a private Agent at London, than a public Minister at a third Court, the letter and instructions for the former character appear to be well adapted to the purpose. If any remark were to be made, it would relate merely to the form, which it is conceived would be made rather better by transposing the order of the two main subjects. The fulfilment of the Treaty already made seems to be primary to the enquiries requisite to a subsequent Treaty.\nThe reasoning assigned to those who opposed a commercial discrimination, states the views of a part only of that side of the question. A considerable number, both in the Senate & H. of Reps. objected to the measure as defective in energy, rather than as wrong in its principle. In the former, a Committee was appointed, who reported a more energetic plan. And in the latter, leave to bring in a bill, was given to a member who explained his views to be similar. Both of these instances were posterior to the miscarriage of the discrimination first proposed.\nAs Mr. Jefferson may be daily expected, as it is possible he may bring informations throwing light on the subject under deliberation, and as it is probable use may be made of his own ideas with regard to it, A quere suggests itself, whether the advantage of consulting with him might not justify such a delay, unless there be special reasons for expedition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0284", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friend\nWmsburg Octr. 10. 1789.\nI am this moment labouring under a violent relapse into the ague and fever, which I supposed to be past; and should not [have] incurred the uneasiness of writing, but to convince you, that the arrangements, made in the higher and subordinate branches of the judiciary department, are sanctified in my judgment by the strictest propriety; and, so far as I am concerned, contain what is probably fittest and best for myself. If I entertained a question about acceptance, a private letter from the pt., expressive of a solicitude on this head, which I neither expected, nor deserve, would have put an end [to] it. But in truth I find it necessary to have no scruple; and if the nature of the office, when it shall be made known to me, does not injoin duties, which I dislike, I shall, on receiving a commission, notify my obedience.\nThere are many causes, however, which, besides the curse of expatriation (you see, that I am not yet a strict American) must detain me here some time; such as the dispersion of my property, so as to render several agents necessary\u2014the complete arrangement of my old law business\u2014the settlement of an executorship and the adjustment of my debts. I confess too, that I wish to be in the next assembly, for some time in order to reduce the eight volumes of our laws into one. Prepared as I am, this work will not occupy twenty days.\nFrugality is my object; and therefore a house near the town, which is cheap in point of rent, would suit me. An hundred and sixty six \u2154 dollars = \u00a350 Va. cury. is, what I think, I may allow per annum. Can you inform me of such an offer? Yrs. mo. afftely\nE. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0285", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander Hamilton, 12 October 1789\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nI thank you My Dear Sir for the line you was so obliging as to leave for me and for the loan of the book accompanying it; in which I have not yet made sufficient progress to judge of its merit.\nI dont know how it was but I took it for granted\u2014That you had left town much earlier than you did; else I should have found an opportunity after your adjournment to converse with you on the subjects committed to me by the house of Representatives. It is certainly important, that a plan as complete and as unexceptionable as possible should be matured by the next meeting of Congress; and for this purpose it could not but be useful that there should be a comparison and concentration of ideas of those whose duty leads them to a [careful?] contemplation of the subject.\nAs I lost the opportunity of a personal communication, May I ask of your friendship to put to paper and send me your thoughts on such objects as may have occurred to you for an addition to our revenue, and also as to any modifications of the public debt which could be made consistent with good faith the interest of the Public and of its Creditors?\nIn my opinion, in considering plans for the increase of our Revenues, the difficulty lies, not so much in the want of objects as in the prejudices which may be feared with regard to almost every object. The Question is very much What further taxes will be least unpopular? Adieu My Dr Sr. Yr. Affect & Obed\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0286", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Irvine, 19 October 1789\nFrom: Irvine, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York Octr. 19th 1789\nThe post with the letters brought by the British Packet passed me at Brunswick, on saturday morning at five o clock, so that you would receive every information brought by that conveyance the same evening. I went to Lloyds house on saturday afternoon, he was not at home, I left a note for him informing what I wanted, he called on me yesterday & said he had sent the paper you wished by a Mr Clarkson, son of a Matw. Clarkson in Philadelphia, who he directed to leave it at his, Lloyds, house, that his family had instructions to send it to your lodgings immediately, that he is certain you will receive it tomorrow morning. I have made inquiry at such places as I thought it most probable there would be letters or accounts from or of Mr. Jefferson, but could not hear of any.\nI hope you have got the better of your cold. I found the inclosed letters at the post office. Mr Kean arrived on saturday from Charlestown, he says that there was gloomy prospects of any thing being effected by the Commissioners with the Indians\u2014that McGilvery after having heard what they had to say, observed it was the old story\u2014went off in wrath, that Col: Few was sent after him, but whether he would return was uncertain. This however, was not by any official or certain information, only report. It was added, that Col: Humphrys had affronted Magilvery personally. It is said here that poor Graysons wife is dead. I am Dear Sir Your Most Obedt. Servant\nWm: Irvine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0287", "content": "Title: Memorandum on an African Colony for Freed Slaves, [ca. 20 October] 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 20 October 1789]\nWithout enquiring into the practicability or the most proper means of establishing a Settlement of freed blacks on the Coast of Africa, it may be remarked as one motive to the benevolent experiment that if such an asylum was provided, it might prove a great encouragement to manumission in the Southern parts of the U. S. and even afford the best hope yet presented of putting an end to the slavery in which not less than 600,000 unhappy negroes are now involved.\nIn all the Southern States of N. America, the laws permit masters, under certain precautions to manumit their slaves. But the continuance of such a permission in some of the States is rendered precarious by the ill effects suffered from freedmen who retain the vices and habits of slaves. The same consideration becomes an objection with many humane masters agst. an exertion of their legal right of freeing their slaves. It is found in fact that neither the good of the Society, nor the happiness of the individuals restored to freedom is promoted by such a change in their condition.\nIn order to render this change eligible as well to the Society as to the Slaves, it would be necessary that a compleat incorporation of the latter into the former should result from the act of manumission. This is rendered impossible by the prejudices of the Whites, prejudices which proceeding principally from the difference of colour must be considered as permanent and insuperable.\nIt only remains then that some proper external receptacle be provided for the slaves who obtain their liberty. The interior wilderness of America, and the Coast of Africa seem to present the most obvious alternative. The former is liable to great if not invincible objections. If the settlement were attempted at a considerable distance from the White frontier, it would be destroyed by the Savages who have a peculiar antipathy to the blacks: If the attempt were made in the neighbourhood of the White Settlements, peace would not long be expected to remain between Societies, distinguished by such characteristic marks, and retaining the feelings inspired by their former relation of oppressors & oppressed. The result then is that an experiment for providing such an external establishment for the blacks as might induce the humanity of Masters, and by degrees both the humanity & policy of the Governments, to forward the abolition of slavery in America, ought to be pursued on the Coast of Africa or in some other foreign situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0288", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredericksbg. Novr. 1. [1789]\nIn the letter left for you in N. York on my leaving that place I omitted to mention to you three names which solicit a Clerkship in the office which will be under your direction. They are Mr. Fisher, Mr. Smith, & Mr. Orr. The first has vouchers of his pretensions which will enable You to decide readily on them. The second is a son of Merriwether Smith. I am not personally acquainted with him, but am told he is a youth of real merit. The third is a Nephew of Col: Grayson. I have never seen him, but understand that he is a youth of parts, and if put into a proper line might rise into consequence. My information however comes thro\u2019 a channel that may be partial. In mentioning these names I fulfil an expectation which circumstances have produced. You will understand at the same time that nothing more is meant than merely to lead you into proper enquiries, and enable You to form proper comparisons.\nI am this far on my way to Orange. I was detained in Philada. a fortnight after I determined to await no longer your arrival, by an indisposition, which is still troublesome to me, but not worse than when I left Philada. I am Dr. Sir Yrs. mo: affectly.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0289", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Philip Schuyler, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAlbany November It 1789\nAgreable to your request I called on Mr. Taylor, on the subject of your letter of the 5th Ult. He informed me that he had called twice at Mr Cortwrights but had not been able to see Mr Munro. That he is ready to execute a deed for the lands in question on the payment of the remainder of the money. He is a man of strict probity, and informs me that the lands will now sell for at least 2\u00bd dollars pr Acre.\nAbout the time that you may be expected at N York Mr Taylor will send down the lease & release and advise you to whom.\nIf in this or on any other Occasion I can render you a service be assured that I shall always do it with great satisfaction. I am Dr Sir with very Sincere Esteem & regard Your Obedient Huml Servant\nPh: Schuyler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0290", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Irvine, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Irvine, William\nLetter not found. 1 November 1789, Fredericksburg. Acknowledged in Irvine to JM, 15 Nov. 1789. Encloses JM\u2019s letter to Jefferson of 1 Nov. 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0292", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lambert, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York, November 2d, 1789.\nMr. Reuben Burnley, having been for some time past, a Clerk in the Commissioners Office for stating the Accounts of Virginia against the United States, is desirous of continuing at the seat of the general Government after the business in which he is at present engaged, is completed, and to be employed in the Office of the Secretary of State, should Mr. Jefferson accept the appointment. As that gentleman will probably arrive in the recess of Congress, at a time when the personal application of several respectable characters in behalf of Mr. Burnley, cannot be obtained, I beg leave to request, that you will be pleased to favor him with a letter of recommendation, which by presenting at a suitable Opportunity, may secure the place he wishes to have; and if it will be any advantage to him, I can declare from my own knowledge, that he has always been attentive to his duty, and has executed the trust committed to him with fidelity. The Commissioner, under whom he has served, will at any time, give him a character which will do justice to his merits, and I flatter myself that you will, from your own observations of his conduct, and knowledge of his family and connexions, be kind enough to interest yourself in his behalf. I have the honor to be, with the highest esteem & respect, Sir, Your most Obedient humble servant,\nWilliam Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0293", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 2 November 1789\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\n[Kentucky] Novr. 2d. 1789.\nYour favor dated in July came safe to hand, I thank you for the communications contained [in] it. I shall not trouble you with any remarks on any of the subjects as my observations will be of no use but will confine my self to the giving you such information respecting this district as may enable you to form a proper judgment of her situation; and as I shall never write any thing to you the truth of which I am not well assured of you make any use of what comes from me that you may judge proper.\nIn our late convention the most important characters of that party which has always been in favor of a seperation opposed the agreeing to it at this time upon a supposition that the terms had been changed by Virginia so as to make them inadmissible in their present form. Their enemies say that this could not have been their true reason for although they do not deny that alterations have been made yet they assert that they were of such a nature that a politician really a freind to a seperation upon constitutional principles ought to have accepted of them. Let their motives have been what they may their joining the party opposed to a seperation on any terms made a majority against accepting the present propositions from Virga. I beleive no late attempts have been made by either Spain or England to detach the district from the union; but Spain is playing a game which if not counteracted will depopulate this country and carry most of the future emigrants to her territory. They have established a new government independent of the government at New-Orleans at the Natchez and have sent there as governor a man who from his character and abilities would never have accepted the appointment if their only object had been the government of the subjects they now have in that country. For two years past they have received all the tobo. carried to New-Orleans fm. this district into the king\u2019s stores at a very high price. The new governor has put a stop to this and declares that in future these stores shall only be open to Spanish subjects and that they shall have ten dollars a hundred for their tobo. when private adventurers from this country have been obliged to take three dollars a hundred at New-Orleans this summer. He also holds out great advantages to settlers such as a donation of land and a certain sum in money for each family. I leave you to judge what will be the consequence if they are permitted to exclude us from the navigation of the river and give such advantages [to] their own subjects. The difference of religion and of government are the only things that could prevent any man from giving the preference to the Spanish government under these circumstances; and this governor gives the most positive assurances that the settlers shall enjoy what they have been accustomed to in both ways. I think they will not only in future get a great part of the emigrants to the western country but that a large proportion of the present inhabitants of the district who are not tied down to this country by owning valuable lands will leave it to go to a country where they have such encouragement given them. If Spain perseveres steadily in this conduct for only two years no man can say how far the emigration to that country may be carried. And if those who shall go there from this country should really enjoy those advantages I doubt no obstacles will be sufficient to prevent the people who continue here from putting themselves into a situation which will enable them to avail themselves of those advantages. This consideration I should suppose should make the new governt. take the most decisive steps as to our right of navigation and also induce her to pay particular attention to the gaining the affections of the people. So far have the steps that have been taken hitherto in the western country been from having a tendency that way that they must necessarily have produced a contrary effect. No support has been given us by the general government and the regulation of Indian matters has been placed in hands who were interested in a continuance of their depredations on us. It is known to every person that if a trade is not established with them on such a footing as to supply their real wants that they will supply themselves by plunder. The management of Indian affairs being placed in the hands of persons living on, and interested in the welfare of, the other side of the Ohio, and no adequate provision being made to supply the Indians with those articles they cannot subsist without it became their policy to hold out to the Indians that we were a seperate and distinct people from them and that they might be at peace with them and at war with us. By this means giving them security at our expence. Besides as long as this difference subsists between the different sides of the river in the opinion of the Indians it gives their settlement a much better chance of being inhabited. Thus our interests are placed in the hands of men who have a contrary one to pursue and who have already given sufficient proofs that they will follow their own interests when they clash with our\u2019s. Having the commissioners always named from persons living on that side of the river and having the treaties always held there contribute greatly to establish this difference in the minds of the Indians as to the people on the different sides of the river. Surely this district the inhabitants of which are twenty times as numerous as the people on the other side of the river ought to have as great a share in the management of Indian affairs as the people on the other side. I am well convinced the bulk of the people here are strongly attached to the union and that characters might be found in the district better qualified to manage this business than those in whose hands it is now placed. If it is not the desire of the new government to lose all its\u2019 freinds in this quarter a change must be made in this business. Let them take such steps as will convince the Indians that the Americans are all one people, that they shall never attack any of them with impunity, and that in future their real wants will be supplied in time of peace: this is all we ask. We do deny in the most positive manner what we are told is asserted to government by the officers on the other side of the river that hostilities are always commenced by the people of the district: on the contrary our people never cross the river but in revenge for the depredations committed within the district. Several expeditions of this kind have been and will be carried on until government take up the matter effectually. To convince you in what light we are considered by the officers & on the other side of the river I refer you to Mr. Brown to whom I write by this opportunity. I know that the want of money prevents the government from doing many things which would otherwise be undertaken; but that need not stop the necessary steps in this business for if they will only give their sanction to it we can raise any number of men and any quantity of provisions that may be wanting to carry it into execution and will wait until their finances will enable them to make us satisfaction. I fear they have taken up the idea that this country may be defended by a few posts on the river. If so it is a most erroneous one for it wd. take such a chain of posts to cover this country as could only be occupied by a large army. I say this upon a supposition that the post opposite the mouth of Licking is erected as a guard to us; if indeed as is more generally thought it is intended as a check upon us I can only say if we are treated as fellow citizens any check will be unnecessary, but that if it is intended to withhold from us all the benefits of good government, a little time will shew that as heretofore we have found the troops useless and faithless as freinds, hereafter, we shall despise them as enemies. Upon the whole I shall close this subject with assuring you that government has been deceived in the accounts they have had from this country; and that it is my opinion that the most serious consequences will follow from their persisting in the measures which have been pursued for some time past.\nWe have good crops notwithstanding we have experienced the driest summer ever known.\nMy family have reached my farm safe and in health and I am following the business of a farmer and a manufacturer without any interruption but what the calls of my profession cause. Unless indeed I also add the moments I employ in trying to point out the real situation of this country to those who I know with me wish well to every part of America. I am with the most sincere esteem and regard Dr. Sir, Yr. obdt. servt.\nG: Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0296", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Short, 17 November 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sir\nParis Nov. 17. 1789\nI recieved some time ago by Mr. James the letter of introduction you had given him for me. I hope I need not tell you how readily I am disposed at all times to do whatever may be agreeable to you\u2014& particularly with how much pleasure I should have rendered any services in my power to Mr. James, had he remained here\u2014the confusion & disorder which prevailed in Paris during the few days of his stay induced him to leave it for London\u2014since that I have not heard of him\u2014the disorder of those days was occasioned by the desire to bring the King & Royal family to Paris\u2014that event having taken place has since left us undisturbed except in one instance, where a mob rose & killed a baker under pretence of his concealing bread. These riots as well as those wch: preceded them were occasioned probably by those who wished to carry certain measures by frightening those from whom opposition might be expected\u2014the scarcity of bread renders the people of an humour proper for being thus used\u2014it is suspected therefore & with some reason that measures are frequently taken by the designing for rendering bread scarce in order to exasperate the people\u2014they are made to believe that this scarcity is occasioned by the Clergy & noblesse\u2014& of course are disposed to proceed with such violence against those two orders, that they are glad to capitulate for the security of their persons in abandoning the rest\u2014these means are not the most warrantable, but the end which has been & will be produced by them is beyond all calculation. This Kingdom is not only to be governed in future by equal laws made by representatives legally chosen, but all the hereditary & dignified orders are abolished\u2014& the nation from being the most corrupted & ill-governed in Europe finds itself now in a situation to undertake the work of a constitution, ab ovo. That situation together with the mass of information existing in the national assembly give every reason to hope that the constitution about to be made will be the best that any nation in Europe has enjoyed. I take it for granted that you have always seen the proceedings of this assembly which have been regularly sent to Mr. Jay. After their translation to Paris it was apprehended the provinces would reclaim against their staying in the capital where it was apprehended their deliberations would be too much under the influence of the people of Paris\u2014the event has turned out otherwise; & most of the provinces have sent addresses of congratulation & adhesion. The privileged orders of the clergy & noblesse seemed to have given up resistance\u2014but a decree of the assembly some days ago having tended to the suppression of the Parliaments also, two of these courts have shewn a disposition to excite opposition\u2014the Parliament of Rouen was the first\u2014the King immediately denounced them to the assembly, who afterwards withdrew the prosecution they had begun, the Parliament sending its excuse & the King interceding for them\u2014whilst this was performing the Parliament of Metz made a decree of resistance still more formal under pretence of the King not being free. The King denounced their decree to the assembly, & the day before yesterday it was resolved that the members of the Parliament who had signed the decree shd. be called to the bar of the house\u2014it is to be observed that these Parliaments are unsupported by the people whilst they declare resistance to the King & national assembly; of course nothing is to be apprehended from them & particularly as the Parliament of Paris have shewn the most implicit submission to the decree. On the whole it is not difficult to decide that the political revolution will go on with little opposition\u2014as to that of their finances you must judge of their situation from the memorial of the Minister which will be inclosed to Mr. Jay. For my part I fear they will be long unsettled notwithstanding the immense resources of the country.\nWe have heard here of the changes which have taken place in the offices of the Union\u2014& among the rest that Mr. Jay is no longer secretary for foreign affairs\u2014still I continue to address him my letters. There is a report also that Mr. Jefferson is named his successor. The last letter from that office was so long ago as June\u2014of course we know nothing here of what is going on, except by the way of newspapers, & now & then private letters. I hope if this letter should find you at New York you will be so good as to give me a sketch of the proceedings of the late Congress\u2014I have heard they were to rise the 1st. of October. You will probably have seen Mr. Jefferson before you recieve this letter\u2014of course it is useless to tell you that he left Cowes for America on the 22d of October. I some time ago recieved through Mr. Jefferson, a request from Colo. H. Lee to dispose of an interest in some land in which you were associated\u2014it has been impossible to get to do any thing in this business, nor do I think it probable that any thing can be done in it for some time\u2014I will thank you to mention this to Colo. Lee, & at the same time that it will give me great pleasure to act for him in this matter shd. an opportunity be found. I am with sincerity my dear Sir Your friend & servant\nW Short\nP. S. Your arguments in congress on the subject of titles gave great pleasure to your friends here\u2014they have changed also here the title of the King to be prefixed to the laws &, in the course of a debate on titles one of the members said \u201cUne fausse grandeur a besoin de titres qui souvent ne lui servent pas \u00e0 grande [sic] chose; une grandeur reelle n\u2019a besoin que d\u2019elle m\u00eame. Voyez ces Americains qui dans un monde nouveau, ont cr\u00e9e vraiment un autre monde; ils ne dedaignent pas seulement les titres, ils les ont abolis par les decrets dont la gloire ne le sera jamais. Chez eux le Congr\u00e8s, s\u2019appelle le Congr\u00e8s, Washington, Washington, Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, & tous les titres ne paroissant que les ridicules ou des puerilit\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s de ces glorieux noms.\u201d The United States are constantly quoted & are authority in the national assembly. It was lately printed here that Congress had voted to the President the title of Highness &c. Several members spoke to me on the subject with real concern\u2014for answer I shewed them your arguments on the subject & the address of the House of Representatives to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0297", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander Hamilton, 19 November 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nOrange (Virginia) Novr. 19. 89\nI was too much indisposed for some time after the receipt of your favor of the 12 Ocr. to comply with the request in it, and since my arrival here and recovery I have till now been without a conveyance to the post office.\nThe supplemental funds which at present occur to me as on the whole most eligible are 1. An excise on home distilleries. If the tax can be regulated by the size of the Still it will stem every objection that renders excises unpopular or vexatious. Such an experiment was made in Scotland; and as a Scotch tax I have not understood that the mode was disapproved. The complaint against it was founded on a comparison with the different mode established in the other part of the Kingdom, by which the burden was rendered disproportionate. 2. An augmentation of the duty on spirituous liquors imported. This will not only be compatible with the former, but in a manner required by it. 3. A land tax. This seems to be recommended by its simplicity, its certainty, its equity, and the cheapness of collecting it. It may be well also for the General Govt. to espouse this object before a preoccupancy by the States becomes an impediment. It is an essential branch of national revenue; and when once in the hands of the National Govt. the States will of course turn their attention to those miscellaneous objects which can be more easily managed by them than by Congress, and by which they can as they like equalize the burden on their respective Citizens. Some difficulty may perhaps arise from the different rules of Assessment in the different States, but it will only require an adoption of these diversities until the way shall be prepared for uniformity. 4. A Stamp tax on proceedings in the federal Courts, as soon as experience shall have supplied the prerequisite information, and as far as will make the Establishment support itself.\nI do not add a General Stamp tax, because with some it would be obnoxious to prejudices not yet worne out, because it could not be so framed as to fall in due proportion on the States without more information than can be speedily obtained, and because it would not for some time be productive in the State Courts, unless extended to suits for antecedent debts &c, in which case the debtors on whom the tax would fall, would make it a fresh topic of clamor.\nThe modification of the public debt is a subject on which I ought perhaps to be silent, having not enough revolved it to form any precise ideas. I take it to be the general expectation that the foreign part of the debt is to be put on the most satisfactory footing, and it will no doubt equally gratify the public wish, if it can by that means be turned into a debt bearing a reduced interest. The domestic part is well known to be viewed in different lights by different classes of people. It might be a soothing circumstance to those least favorably disposed, if by some operation the debt could be lessened by purchases made on public account; and particularly if any impression could be made on it by means of the Western lands. This last is a fund which, tho\u2019 overrated by many is I think capable of aiding the redemption of the capital of the debt. A further reason for keeping the lands at market is that if the appetite for them be not regularly fed, it may produce licentious settlements, by which the value of the property will not only be lost, but the authority of the laws impaired.\nI consider it as very desireable that the provision to be made should be such as will put the debt in a manifest course of extinguishment. There are respectable opinions I know in favor of prolonging if not perpetuating it. But without entering into the general reasonings on that subject, there are two considerations which give a peculiarity to the case of the U. States\u2014one, that such a policy is disrelished to a degree that will render heavier burdens for discharging the debt more acceptable than lighter ones not having that for their object\u2014the other, that the debt however modified must, as soon as the interest is provided for, or the permanent views of the Govt. ascertained, slide into the hands of foreigners. As they have more money than the Americans, and less productive ways of laying it out, they can and will pretty generally buy out the Americans.\nI need not apprize you that some of the ideas I have hazarded may proceed not only from an inaccurate view of the subject but from a mistake of local for general sentiments with regard to it. The less deserving however I may think them of being commun[i]cated to you the more they will prove by their being so, my unwillingness to disobey your commands. With affecte regards I am My dear Sir Your friend & servt\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0298", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 20 November 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nOrange Novr. 20. 1789.\nIt was my purpose to have dropped you a few lines from Philada. but I was too much indisposed during my detention there to avail myself of that pleasure. Since my arrival here I have till now been without a fit conveyance to the post office.\nYou will recollect the contents of a letter shewn you from Mr. Innis to Mr. Brown. Whilst I was in Philada. I was informed by the latter who was detained there as well as myself by indisposition, that he had recd. later accounts though not from the same correspondent, that the Spaniards have finally put an entire stop to the trade of our Citizens down the river. The encouragements to such as settle under their own Government are continued.\nA day or two after I got to Philada. I fell in with Mr. Morris. He broke the subject of the residence of Congs, and made observations which betrayed his dislike of the upshot of the business at N. York, and his desire to keep alive the Southern project of an arrangement with Pennsylvania. I reminded him of the conduct of his State, and intimated that the question would probably sleep for some time in consequence of it. His answer implied that Congress must not continue at New York, and that if he should be freed from his Engagements with the E. States by their refusal to take up the bill and pass it as it went to the Senate, he should renounce all confidence in that quarter, and speak seriously to the S. States. I told him they must be spoken to very seriously, after what had passed, if Penna. expected them to listen to her, that indeed there was probably an end to further intercourse on the subject. He signified that if he should speak it would be in earnest, and he believed no one would pretend that his conduct would justify the least distrust of his going throug[h] with his undertakings; adding however that he was determined & accordingly gave me as he had given others notice that he should call up the postponed bill as soon as Congs. should be reassembled. I observed to him that if it were desirable to have the matter revived we could not wish to have it in a form more likely to defeat itself. It was unparliamentary and highly inconvenient; and would therefore be opposed by all candid friends to his object as an improper precedent, as well as by those who were opposed to the object itself. And if he should succeed in the Senate, the irregularity of the proceeding would justify the other House in withholding the signature of its Speaker, so that the bill could never go up to the President. He acknowledged that the bill could not be got thro\u2019 unless it had a majority in both houses on its merits. Why then, I asked, not take it up anew? He said he meant to bring the gentlemen who had postponed the bill to the point, acknowledged that he distrusted them, but held his engagements binding on him, until this final experiment should be made on the respect they meant to pay to theirs. I do not think it difficult to augur from this conversation the views which will govern Penna. at the next Session. Conversations held by Grayson both with Morris & others in Philada. and left by him in a letter to me, coincide with what I have stated. An attempt will first be made to alarm N. York and the Eastern States into the plan postponed, by holding out the Potowmac & Philada. as the alternative, and if the attempt should not succeed, the alternative will then be held out to the Southern members. On the other hand N. Y. & the E. States, will enforce their policy of delay, by threatening the S. States as heretofore, with German Town or Trenton or at least Susquehannah, and will no doubt carry the threat into execution if they can, rather than suffer an arrangement to take place between Pena & the S. States.\nI hear nothing certain from the Assembly. It is said that an attempt of Mr. H. to revive the project of commutables has been defeated. That the amendments have been taken up, and are likely to be put off to the next Session, the present house having been elected prior to the promulgation of them. This reason would have more force, if the amendments did not so much correspond as far as they go with the propositions of the State Convention, which were before the public long before the last Election. At any rate, the Assembly might pass a vote of approbation along with the postponement, and Assign the reason of referring the ratification to their successors. It is probably that the scruple has arisen with the disaffected party. If it be construed by the public into a latent hope of some contingent opportunity for prosecuting the war agst. the Genl. Government; I am of opinion the experiment will recoil on the authors of it. As far as I can gather, the great bulk of the late opponents are entirely at rest, and more likely to censure a further opposition to the Govt. as now Administered than the Government itself. One of the principal leaders of the Baptists lately sent me word that the amendments had entirely satisfied the disaffected of his Sect, and that it would appear in their subsequent conduct.\nI ought not to conclude without some apology for so slovenly a letter. I put off writing it till an opportunity should present itself not knowing but something from time to time might turn up that would make it less unworthy of your perusal. And it has so happened that the oppy. barely gives me time for this hasty scrawl. With the most perfect esteem & Affect. attachment I remain Dear Sir Yr Mot. Obedt. servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0299", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Irvine, 23 November 1789\nFrom: Irvine, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York 23d Novr. 1789\nCaptain Bunyan arrived here this morning from London in 29 days. A Mr Trumbull came passenger\u2014they are now at Brakefast with us. They say that Mr. Jefferson sailed from Cowes, on the same day they did, in a Ship bound for Norfolk in Virginia. Unless he has a remarkable passage indeed, this information may be the first you can receive of his destination\u2014which is my motive for giving you this trouble. In France there has been something like confusion. The Kings life guards\u2014not the General National Guards, but a particular Corps of this denomination\u2014had a rencounter with the Parisians at Versailes\u2014the Guards, such as made opposition were demolished, and the King and Queen are taken to Paris under the safe keeping of the National Troops\u2014tho not under any other restraint than their protection requires, in the opinion of these Troops. The Duke of Orleans is taken into custody\u2014on supposition of treasonable practices against the Nation\u2014the hour for closing the mail prevents me from adding but that I am", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0300", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\nRichmond Nov. 25h. 89\nMr. Burnley will convey this letr. by some one of the many of your county people now here with their tobacco. In it you will receive a letr. sent to me from Alexa. by Mr C Lee on the presumption that you was or would be here.\nThe assembly have gone thro most of their business, & are now engaged in consideration of the amendments proposed by Congress, to the constitution. Some time ago Mr. Henry made a motion for postponing this business to the next session. This gentleman has left us & since his departure his motion has been taken up & rejected. It is probable that all the amendments will be adopted here. The two last are disapproved of by Mr. Randolph & others. The enmity to govt. is I beleive as strong as ever in this state. Indeed I have no doubt of this fact if the assembly be considered as a just index of the feelings of the people. Never adventure direct taxation for years. This event now would be attended with serious consequences. Can you not make your W. lands equal to the support of your domestic debt & its redemption. This being done will the revenue arising from commerce be sufficient for the support of govt. & the payment of the interest on the foreign debt. I hope so, for indeed if it is not I am at a loss to see what you will or can do.\nI have not heard of Mr Jeffersons arrival yet nor have I heard from him in reply to our proposition. Soon we shall know I suppose & then I hope we shall be enabled to use the property at the falls.\nWe have passed an act for holding elections to Congress in Sepr. next. Yours most truely & affy\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0301", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hardin Burnley, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Burnley, Hardin\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nRichmond Novr. the 28th. 1789\nA few days ago I wrote a letter to Majr. Madison giving him some information on the general business of the present Session, which I suppose he has probably communicated to you. I now take the liberty of obtruding on you a short communication on the same subject. The revenue bill which proposes a reduction of the public taxes one fourth below the last year\u2019s amount is with the Senate. Whilst this business was before the H. of Delegates a proposition was made to receive tobacco & hemp as commutables, which was negatived; the house determining s[t]ill to confine the collection to specie & specie warrants.\nTwo or three petitions have been presented which asked a general suspension of executions, for twelve months, they were read, but were denied a referrence. The Assembly have passed an act for altering the time of choosing representatives to Congress, which is now fixed to be on the third Monday in September, suspending the powers of the representative untill the February after his election. This change was made to suit the time of the annual meeting of Congress.\nThe fate of the Amendments proposed by Congress to the General Government is still in suspence. In a committee of the whole house the fi[r]st ten were acceeded to with but little opposition for on a question taken, on each seperately, there was scarcely a dissenting voice. On the two last a debate of some lenght [sic] took place, which ended in rejection. Mr. E. Randolph who advocated all the others stood in this contest in the front of opposition. His principal objection was pointed against the word retained in the eleventh proposed amendment, and his a[r]gument if I understood it was applied in this manner, that as the rights declared in the first ten of the proposed amendments were not all that a free people would require the exercise of; and that as there was no criterion by which it could be determined whether any other particular right was retained or not, it would be more safe, & more consistant with the spirit of the 1st. & 17th. amendments proposed by Virginia, that this reservation against constructive power, should operate rather as a provision against extending the powers of Congress by their own authority, than as a protection to rights reducable to no definitive certainty. But others among whom I am one see not the force of the distinction, for by preventing an extension of power in that body from which danger is apprehended safety will be ensured if its powers are not too extensive already, & so by protecting the rights of the people & of the States, an improper extension of power will be prevented & safety made equally certain. If the house should agree to the resolution for rejecting the two last I am of opinion that it will bring the whole into hazzard again, as some who have been decided friends to the ten first think it woud be unwise to adopt them without the 11th. & 12th. Whatever may be the fate of the amendments submitted by Congress it is probable that an application for further amendments will be made by this assembly, for the opposition to the F\u0153deral Cons[t]itution is in my opinion reduced to a single point, the power of direct taxation, those who wish the change are desirous of repeating the application whilst those who wish it not are indifferent on the subject, supposing that Congress will not propose a change which would take from them a power so necessary for the accomplishment of those objects which are confided to their care. Messrs. Joseph Jones & Spencer Roane are appointed judges of the General Court to fill the vacancies occasioned by the death of Mr. Cary & the removal of Mr. Mercer to the court of appeals. Be pleased to present me respectfully to Col: Madison & his family. With the highest esteem I am Dr Sir yr. Most Obt. Servt.\nHardin Burnley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0302", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Jay, 2 December 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nNew York 2d. December 1789\nA few days since I received a Letter from Mr. Jefferson, dated at Cowes in the Isle of Wight the 17th. October last, in which he mentioned that he expected to sail from that Place the next Day in a Vessel bound to the Chesapeake, and enclosed a Bill of Lading, a Copy of which I have the Pleasure of herewith sending to you.\nIn case the Packages mentioned in the said Bill of Lading, arrive before you return to New York, they will of course be deposited in the public Store; for it is necessary that the Contents as well as their Value, should be ascertained, before an Entry of them can be made at the Custom House. I am informed that the public Store is a good and dry one, and that Goods stored in it will be perfectly safe. I have the honor to be with great Respect and Esteem Dr. Sir [Your m]ost obt. h\u2019ble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0304", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hardin Burnley, 5 [December] 1789\nFrom: Burnley, Hardin\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir\nRichmond Novr. [December] the 5th. 1789.\nSince the date of my letter to you which I wrote a few days ago the resolutions of the Committee on the amendments proposed by Congress have been reported. Those which respected the ten first were agreed to with even less opposition than they experienced in the Committee, & that wh. passed on the 11th & 12th. was rescinded by a majority of about twelve. The amendments with the resolutions on them are now with the Senate, where from the best information which I have been able to collect there is such a division in opinion as not to furnish a ground for probable conjecture as to their decision. Some of that body I am informed propose rejection in toto, others adoption, & others again wish to postpone a decision on them \u2019till next Session of assembly. I believe it may be said with certainty that the greater part of those who wish either to postpone or reject, are not dissatisfied with the amendments so far as they have gone, but are apprehensive that the adoption of them at this time will be an obstacle to the chief object of their persuit, the amendment on the subject of direct taxation. It is confidently said in this city that the Convention of North Carolina has adopted the Constitution by a very decided majority. I am Dr Sir yr. Most Obt. Servt.\nHardin Burnley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0305", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir!\nRichmond Thursday 17th. Dcr. 1789\nI take the liberty of forwarding to you two resolutions which have pass\u2019d both houses, on the subject of the permanent seat of the General Goverment. To the first of these there was considerable opposition from the South side of James river, under an apprehension that it woud not be advantageous to that part of the State; and from some of the Antis who considerd it as a favour to Congress\u2014they however pass\u2019d by large majorities, & my only fear is that the money will never be demanded.\nThe amendments recommended by Congress were taken up and all of them pass\u2019d our house\u2014the Senate amended the resolution by posponing the consideration of the 3d, 8th, 11th, & 12th, untill the next session of assembly\u2014we adher\u2019d, and so did they. A conference took place, and both houses remain\u2019d obstinate, consequently the whole resolution was lost, and none of the amendments will be adopted by this assembly.\nOn tuesday last Mr. Griffin opend court in this place, but there being no business, soon closed it. Some time since Mr. E. Randolph mentiond to the house the subject of a state Goverment, and introduc\u2019d a plan which he had prepard, and which met with the general disapprobation of the house\u2014indeed a proposition was made to throw it under the Table which I verily believe woud have been done, had it not been agreed to pospone any consideration of it untill the 31 of March. I fear that by this impolitic step, it will be difficult to procure a Convention for the purpose of amending our State Constitution for many years.\nYou, no doubt have heard of the safe arrival of your friend Mr. Jefferson and of the favourable accounts he gives of France. By the act of Congress establishing the office of Secretary of foreign affairs, I find he is authorisd to appoint an assistant, an office which I have no objection to accept of; and as I am unacquainted with Mr. Jefferson, I must, (if you who know what pretentions I have, think me a proper person) request that you will speak to him shoud you see him, or write to him on the subject. The general assembly on yesterday by a general vote elected me a member of the privey council, which, (shoud I accept of it) I shall readily resign to fill the other place, where I shall have an excellent opportunity of acquiring political knowledge.\nI shall wish to hear from you as early as possible on this subject, and trust you will continue your communications from New York. With my best wishes for your health & happiness I am Your real Friend & hm: Sert.\nJ Dawson\nThe assembly will probably rise on Saturday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-12-02-0306", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 20 December 1789\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nRichmond Decr. 20. 1789\nI have not until very lately known with certainty where I could address a letter to you. Mr. Beckley told me he left you in New York and that you was shortly to set out for Virginia, but Mr. Jones\u2019s return to Richmond from his trip to Orange gave me the first information of your having got home. But for this uncertainty I should before now have made you my most grateful acknowledgments for your very freindly attention to my interests. That in the course of my acquaintance with you in a public walk, I have intitled myself to your confidence is amongst the most pleasing reflections of my life. The President inclosed me a commission for the Office of Marshal for this district, in a very polite letter. I consider the appointment as one of high trust, & am of opinion that the success of the government depends much on its being executed with due fortitude and prudence. It must necessarily then be an honorable appointment. Whether the emoluments will afford an adequate compensation, is somewhat to be doubted, it however can be ascertained only from experiment, and this experiment I am willing to make, with this presentiment, that no occupant ought to hold it after it is found that he will not derive a reasonable compensation, because without it, the execution cannot be to the public advantage. Shortly after the receipt of the Presidents letter I communicated to him my determination to accept as soon as the Assembly should adjourn\u2014it was then expected that the session would be over by the first of this month, and that the first sitting of the Court would not interfere with it\u2014we have contrived however to prolong the session even \u2019til late in the present month. It was the opinion of the Judge, Mr. E. Randolph, and others that my qualification in Court was not necessary, as it could at any time be had before the Judge out of Court, this ceremony was therefore post-poned for the adjournment of the Assembly.\nDuring the session, there has been much less intemperance than prevailed last year. Mr. H\u2014\u2014 was disposed to do some antifederal business, but having felt the pulse of the House on several points and finding that it did not beat with certainty in unison with his own, he at length took his departure about the middle of the session without pushing any thing to its issue. His first effort was to procure an address of thanks, or in some other mode the acknowledgements of the House, for the great vigilance of our senators manifested in their letter upon the subject of our forlorn prospect in regard to such amendments as will secure our liberties under the Government. Upon this point he made a Speech to the house, but it not appearing to take well, it was never stirred again. This letter was considered by some of the most violent of the Anti\u2019s as seditious and highly reprehensible. His next effort was to refer the amendments sent forward by Congress, to the next session of Assembly, in order that the people might give their sentiments whether they were satisfactory, alledging that in his opinion they were not. To this purpose he proposed a resolution, but finding the disposition of the house to be otherwise, he moved that it might lie on the Table, and went away without ever calling it up again. Somewhat later in the session the subject of the amendments was taken up\u2014the ten first were, with the exception of perhaps not more than ten Members, unanimously agreed to\u2014on the eleventh and twelfth some difficulty arose, from Mr. E. Randolphs objecting to them as unsatisfactory\u2014after much debate they were rejected in the Committee of the whole but the report being defered a few days they were accepted in the House by a pretty good Majority thus the whole were adopted in the lower house\u2014they went to the senate in one resolution where they remained long\u2014the resolution at length returned with a proposition to amend by striking out the 3d. 8th. 11th. & 12, these to be refered to the consideration of the people. To this amendment the lower house disagreed and requested a conference\u2014the Senate insisted, and assented to the conference, this was, however, productive of conviction on neither side, the Committee on the part of the Senate returned with S. T. Mason at their head, to their House, which upon his Motion, immediately adhered before any thing further passed between the two Houses; the delegates could in no stage have seen cause to recede from their disagreement, but under this intemperate and unprecedented Conduct they were left without a choice of any thing but to adhere also, and thus the whole amendments have fallen. The sense of the house of delegates was fairly & fully passed on the propriety of adopting them, and the intemperance manifested in the conduct of the Senate, will doubtless shew the people whether this fate of the amendments, was produced from a want of merit in them, or in the senate. Through the whole course of the business in that house there was on the several questions equal divisions of the members, so, as to leave the decision to the chair. Notwithstanding the unequivocal decision in the house of delegates for adopting the amendments, yet in the course of the discussion some intemperance was generated\u2014this led to propositions which in the earlier parts of the session none would have thought of, and it was with difficulty that a proposition for demanding a compliance with the amendments proposed by our convention, so far as they have not been agreed to, by Congress was prevented from passing. This proposition was presented to the house as often as three times, at first it was rejected by a great majority, at the next attempt it was rejected by a less majority, and at the third by the vote of the Speaker. Had Mr. Henry conceived that such would have been the temper in the latter stages of the session, he would not have left us. My information from the various parts of the Country is that the people are at ease on the subject of amendments, expecting nothing but that those sent on would be adopted and that others will be supplied as further deliberation and experience shall discover the want of them. This I think I am warranted in supposing to be true, because the heats which have appeared in the latter part of the session would have shewn themselves sooner had they been amongst the people when their representatives came from their Counties, but they have been generated here in the course of the discussions upon the amendments.\nNothing else has occurred during the session which it will be very interesting to you to have a particular explanation of, and therefore I will not add to this long letter, further than to assure you that I am with unalterable regard and affection, your Most Obt.\nEd. Carrington\nP. S. Pray continue to inclose me the papers\u2014and write when you can.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0360", "content": "Title: List of Candidates for Office, [ca. 1 April\u201329 September 1789]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 1 April\u201329 September 1789]\nCandidates\nObjects\nRecommendations\nMajor J. Gibbon\nsome place in the Customs\nBy Col: Ths. M. Randolph\nSharp Delaney\nCollection at Philada.\nBy Mr. Peters. He is now Collector\nJno. Hopkins\nWhatever place may be in lieu of the loan office in Virginia\nHe is now loan Officer\nHudson Muse\nCollection on Rappahannock\nNow Collector\nGeneral Stephens\nCollection at Norfolk or some other place in the Customs\nOf known character\nAbraham Archer\nCollection at York Town\nNow in Office & recommended by D. Jameson Esqr.\nCapt: Saml. Eddins\nplace of Searcher at do.\nnow in office, recomd. by David Jameson Esqr. & Mr. Archer.\nJacob Wray\nCollection at Hampton\nNow in Office\nWillm. A. Bayley\nplace of Searcher at do.\nBy Miles King Esqr.\nGustavus B. Wallace\nplace in Customs on Rappahannock\nOf known character\nXn Febiger\nplace in Customs at Philada.\nof known character\nMajr. Lindsay\ncollection at Norfolk\nnow in office, of known character\nJ B Nichols\ncollection at Norfolk\nBy Jno. Swanwick\nplace in Customs in Va.\nof known character\nCol: Hanson\nplace in Customs\nBy T. Coxe Esqr. of known character\nJ. Broom\nCollection at Wilmington\nknown character\nMoscoe Livingston\nplace in Customs at Norfolk\nBy Col: Henry Lee\nThomas Pollard\nsome place in revenue (particularly on Potowmac)\nThe Honble Edmd. Pendleton\nDavid Meade Randolph\nplace in Customs on James River\nHis own letter only\nJoshua Barney\nplace in line of his profession\nBy Docr. McHenry\nCapt: Richd. Taylor\ndo. do.\nCommander of an armed Vessel during the war in Virga\u2014late of one of the armed vessels for enforcing the trade laws\u2014known to be a brave & worthy man.\nMr. Elliot\nGeographer of U. States\nBy President Madison\nElias Langham Richd. Morris (of Louisa)\nMilitary storeship do.\nSee his letters a man of capacity & worth\nJs. Maury (now in Liverpool)\nConsulship in London or Dublin\na man of do. & do.\nThomas Thomson\ndo. in Portugal\nBy Mr. Ths. Pleasants.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0361", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nVirga. May 3d. 1789.\nI am obliged by yr. two kind favrs. of the 8th. & 19th. Past. I was indeed surprised, & in some measure Chagrined at the tardy Assembling of the members of the f\u0153dral legislature, betraying a want of Zeal Which is rather unfavorable, tho\u2019 it might, & I hope did, proceed from causes less reprehensible, & which may be manifested by future dilligence.\nBefore this time the Government will have been compleatly Organized by the qualification of the President & Vice President, to the former Gentn. you\u2019l do me the favr. to present my most respectful Complts., & whilst I congratulate the Union upon his appointment & Acceptance, he has my most Cordial wishes for health & every felicity, particularly that of an easy, honourable & successful Administration, as I am sure it will be a wise & upright one\u2014I can\u2019t think of troubling him with a letter to convey this mite on the Occasion. The other Gentn. has my Esteem & good wishes, tho\u2019 I had never the Honr. of an intimacy with him.\nOur papers begin to retail your debates, which I am glad of, as it silences that part of Opposition which asserted our total Ignorance of every thing which should be done. Our Members I find shine, one placed in the Chair, & most of the others on the floor. I can\u2019t help wishing your Proposition had Succeeded of making a temporary Provision for Revenue only, & that upon the former digested Plan, leaving the great regulating subject, as it may relate to encouraging American Manufactures, to be considered at more leisure than can now be afforded without Injury in delaying the necessary Revenue\u2014amended, however, by Mr. Lawrence\u2019s proposition of laying a certain per Cent on the cost, without Specifying any Articles, which however proper on the other consideration of the Subject, is not so simple & easy in the collection of revenue merely, (occasioning a long Catalogue of Articles in the adjustment between the Officer & importer instead of one line founded upon the Amount of the Invoice) and may Occasion loss in it, by the Merchts. directing their importations to Articles of the lower Class of duties. As you say the difficulties are adjusted as easily as could be expected, I hope this System is not much departed from. On the other great Subject, I will take the liberty of giving you my thoughts at some future day.\nDifficult it is to reconcile our famous disqualifying Act with the promise of Gentn. to give no Obstruction to the new Government, since I can discover no end it has but to realize those high drawn pictures of War between the f\u0153dral & State Judges, & the Officers of both emploied in levying Executions & Collecting taxes. But will it interfere with that law to direct Prosecutions in cases of seisure to be in a State Court, such as you can trust? and in the Genl. Judiciary System to allow the Appeals, under such Regulations as Congress may make, from Judgmts. of the State Courts, without appointing an Inferior Court in each? and to appoint the Collection of Internal taxes to be made by the State Collectors, on their Entring into bond wth. Security to yr. President, & being liable to be moved agt. in a State Court. I just hint this for consideration, without giving my Opinion either way.\nOur State Elections seem as remarkably Anti, as those to Congress were F\u0153dral. You\u2019l have heard of the noble Push yr. brother made at the Hero of Culpeper. I honour him for it, tho\u2019 it seems he lost his Election & carried Mr. David Jameson by it. Mr. Henry is forced into service it is said against his request to be excused. My Complts. to yr. Colleagues. I am Dr. Sir Yr. mo. Affe. friend\nEdmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0363", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.\nVirga. June 15th. 1789.\nSince my last I have recieved a Letter from my nephew Nathaniel Pendleton junr. of Georgia stating his information that besides the Judges of the Superior Court, one F\u0153dral Judge is to be appointed in each State I suppose for the trial of suits within the Appellate Jurisdiction: That he had written to his friends in New-York to sollicit for his appointment to that in Georgia, & as he had not the Honr. of being personally known to the President or to you, he requested my introduction to both. I will therefore venture to state his situation to you, wch. you\u2019l do me a favr. in communicating to the President, and giving him Assistance if you find on a comparison with Competitors, you can do so, consistent wth. yr. Honr. & the Public Good. He was an Officer in a party who fought bravely without the lines, when Fort Washington was taken, & shared the fate of that Garrison in being a prisoner, in which he continued for some years on Long Island; he was fortunate enough to procure the use of some Books, which I have reason to beleive he read dilligently. After his exchange he went with the Army to the Southward, as one of General Green\u2019s Aids, and at the close of the War applied to the Study of the law under his brother Judge Pendleton of Charles Town\u2014after having procured a licence to Practice in this State and that, he removed to Georgia, where I am happy in hearing, he has met uncommon Success. Having gone through various offices, he was made Attorney General & now a Judge of their Superior Court; wch. I consider as a testimony of his merit, since he was a stranger & could not have procured them by family Interest or Connections. It will at least shew that he is not unpopular in that State, a circumstance perhaps not unworthy of Attention, provided ability & integrity be primarily secured. Your favr. on this Occasion will add to the great number already confer\u2019d on Dr sr. Yr. mo. Affe.\nEdmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0364", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nVirga. July 3d. 1789.\nYr. Obliging favr. of the 21st. past, is just come to hand. The question concerning the power of removing Officers was important, and \u2019twas much better to investigate it fully, tho\u2019 at the expence of a weeks discussion, than take a wrong step in it. I concur in Sentiment with the Decision. The Argument that the Power of removal should follow that of Creation, has weight, but is abundantly overballanced by the Objection that an Executive Officer might intrench himself behind a party in the Senate, setting at defiance the Control of the President & impeachment of the House of Representatives. Permit me to add that I have pleasure in the General complexion of yr. proceedings.\nI have reced. from Colo. Lee the Bill for arranging the Judiciary & have, as he requested, sent him a state of amendments to it, of wch. the inclosed is the rough; but have taken the liberty of givg. my Opinion, that like the fabled Cucumber, with any Seasoning, it will be best thrown away.\nThis department is the Sore part of the Constitution & requires the lenient touch of Congress. To quiet the fears of the Citizens of being drag\u2019d large distances from home, to defend a suit for a small sum, which they had better pay however unjust, than defend with success, is as worthy of attention, as to provide for the speedy Admon. of Justice to honest Creditors.\nThe Circuit Courts I suppose intended as an Accomodation of these inconveniences, but I think an exceptionable one. The fatigue of the Circuits & other accidents, will generally reduce the Judges to two, a number unsatisfactory to be appealed to for final acquiescence; and to the Supreme Court, they will go at last. Their division in Opinion, wch. must Often happen, will occasion delay, additional trouble & expence\u2014& in appeals from the District Court, if that Judge be one in the Circuit, the Appellee will have a decided advantage.\nThe District Court will prevent Citizens from being sued out of their state but not from being drawn to great distances within it, which in large states is very injurious, & gave birth to our District Court law. A man may be called from our Monongalia or Washington Counties to Richmond, & successfully defends an unjust suit; he must then pursue his defence into the Circuit Court, & from thence to the Supreme Court; and this, not in cases rarely happening, but in those which will probably be for some time the principal business of the f\u0153dral Courts, I mean the british debts, wch., if for \u00a315. Virga. money, may undergo that operation. The Judgmt. of a single Judge will not be acquiesced in, & appeals will be frequent. The expence of an Additional Judge for each State, is some objection, tho\u2019 not weighty, if utility required it.\nPermit me then to ask why is this project necessary? And if it be not a Counter birth to the offspring of our late Assembly, unreasonable jealousy? Have we any Security that Judges of f\u0153dral appointment, will possess Superior ability or Integrity, to those called into that duty by the States? If not, why may not all suits within the Appellate Jurisdiction, be Originated in the state Courts, & from their last resort allow the Appeal to the Supreme Court for large Sums? The Judges of the State Courts are equally independent, take the same Oaths in Spirit, & have the same law to direct their decisions, as the F\u0153dral. They have their Courts so model\u2019d, as to render Justice Speedy to the Creditor & easy to the Dr., the trial being near his home, & the Admon. so divided as to produce dispatch. The mode will be familiar & easy, & quiet the people\u2019s fears; and I submit it to my Representatives, whether this will not be, at least, the best experiment to make in the Infancy of our Government.\nThe Circuit part of the Plan suggests a thought worthy of Attention; whether the Supreme Court might not sit in each of those circuits, instead of being Stationary. I suppose one Session a year might be sufficient, and it would give great releif, even in cases of Appeals, & admit perhaps of their being allowed upon a lower scale of Value.\nPray present my Complts. to Mr. Page, & communicate these Sentiments, as I am tired, & can\u2019t do my self the Pleasure to write to him this Post.\nMy concern for the Presidents illness, & joy at the prospect of his recovery, are proportioned to the Interest we all feel in his happiness.\nI am in Sentiment with you that the greatest danger of encroachment is to be apprehended from your house\u2014their being the immediate choice of the people, will, however improperly, produce assumptions of their Original undelegated powers, & Occasion liberties to be taken there, wch. other bodies will not venture on. The reasoning of Publius on their influence has shaken my Objection to the Senate\u2019s being the Executive Council, since it may perhaps require the Union of those two branches to Ballance the Power of the other branch.\nI have reced. the Amendments from Mr. Page & see no Objection to them. I am under great Obligations to that Gentn. as well as you for the papers sent me. Your hand writing on the Cover of those papers, announces yr. health & gives me pleasure.\nMy nephew is just from Orange & left our friends there well as Usual. The Appeals & G. Court were in Session when yr. Oath appeared, we had heard it was not to be taken by two Gentn. of the latter, but all took it.\nWe have a very dry season, good crops of wheat, but a bad prospect for corn & tobacco. Adieu! My Dr. Sr. Yrs.\nEdmd Pendleton\n[Enclosure]\nAmendments proposed to the Bill \u201cto Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States.\u201d\nPage\nleave out \u201cand shall be called a District Judge.\u201d as unnecessary.\nPa.\nafter discretion, insert \u201cin cases of Admiralty & Maritime Jurisdiction, or the trial of Offences committed on the High Seas.\u201d\nNote. Occasional, unfix\u2019d Courts in other Instances are unusual & may be inconvent.\nl.\nleave out \u201cAlternately at Portland & Portsmouth beginning at the first\u201d & fix it at one\nsame Amendment as to N. Jersey.\n19th.\nsame \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 as to Virginia\nsame as to Georgia.\nNote. The Division or the Removal of the Records seem evils of greater Magnitude than holding the Courts at one place; being held Alternate there is a Chance of Carrying the uppr. people to Wms.burg & the lower to Richmond.\nleave out from \u201cfirst[\u201d] to the end of the Clause & insert \u201cBut in cases of Admiralty & Maritime Jurisdiction, or the trial of Offences committed on the high Seas, the Courts shall be held at such place in each State as the District Judge thereof shall direct.\u201d\nleave out \u201cthe before mentioned District\u201d & insert \u201cthe above named United States\u201d so they are called & divided into districts, but not mentioned as comprehending one District.\nleave out \u201cDistricts\u201d & insert \u201cDistrict\u201d or one District Judge may sit in another.\nPage\nsame amendments to fix Courts at one place.\nThe Oath is rather short; but is it not too much confined when they are to judge according to the Constitution & laws of the United States, wch. make only part of the law they are to judge by\u2014leave out those words & insert \u201caccording to law.\u201d\nl.\nafter \u201cQuakers\u201d insert either \u201cand Menonists\u201d Or \u201cand others who religiously scruple the taking of an Oath.\u201d\nfrom \u201cSeas\u201d to the word \u201cexcept\u201d in the 33d. line, is to me wholly uninteligible\nwhat is meant by a Tort? Is it intended to include suits for the Recovery of debts, or on breach of Contracts, as a reference to the laws of Nations & F\u0153dral treaties seems to indicate; or does it only embrace Personal wrongs, according to it\u2019s usual legal meaning, or violations of Personal or Official privilege of foreigners? In the last case it will probably be unexceptionable, in the former, very inconvenient.\nThe next clause seems to take in the debts & may serve to explain the former.\nPa.\nBy mixing foreigners or Citns. of another State, with cases in wch. the United States are parties, do you not give Original Jurisdictn. to the Supreme Court in the Case of foreigners &c if the value exceed 500 Dollars, contrary to the Constitution? or does the words \u201cas the Case may be,\u201d exclude that Constructn.?\nleave out \u201cor in which he shall be found at the time of Serving the writ\u201d\u2014Or it will defeat the whole clause. Perhaps it may be not amiss to Add, \u201cunless upon legal process against his person & Estate in the District of his residence, it shall be returned by the Marshall, that neither can be found to inforce an Appearance to the suit.\u201d to reach fugitives.\nleave out from the word also to Was in the 45th. line & insert \u201cgiving Special bail, if such\u201d wch. Security for Appearance don\u2019t reach\nafter surety add \u201c& bail.\u201d\nleave out dismiss further, & insert \u201cCertify the same together with the.\u201d\nafter Cause add \u201cto the Circuit Court\u201d\nPa.\nleave out \u201cstill hold to respond the final Judgment\u201d & insert \u201cbe discharged\u201d the Special bail being substituted.\nPa.\nleave out all & insert \u201cin these Cases & in all other Original.\u201d\nWhy give the Supreme Court exclusive Jurisdn. in suits agt. Consuls & their Domestics, who may be sued in a remote state, & rather chuse to defend them selves there, than go to the Supreme Court; or he might prefer the District or Circuit Court; would it not be better to give Concurrent Jurisdns., & provide liberty to the Deft. to move it to either Court if he chose it\u2014as in the Case of other foreigners.\nbetween all & Actions insert \u201cOriginal.\u201d\nPa.\nAfter Commitment, insert \u201creturnable either before himself on a certain day & at some fixed place within the district of Commitment; or before the next Circuit or District Court of such District\u201d otherwise a Justice of the Supreme Court having unlimited Jurisdictn., may remove a Prisoner from Georgia to New Hampshire, or to the Seat of Congress.\nThis Power to the Courts of law to excercise a delicate branch of the Chany. Jurisdiction, upon motion, & without the cautionary forms adopted by the Chany., I am apprehensive will introduce much confusion & perhaps Oppression\u2014however experience will best shew it.\nPa.\nleave out from Courts to Or in the 5th. line\nleave out from States to Or in the 9th. line\nleave out from States to May in the 15th. line\nit is supposed to be the nature of the question & not the event of decision wch. makes the Appeal proper. If an improper Judgmt. is given in favr. of the Prefference to f\u0153dral treaty or laws, the party injured should have the same right to Appl. as the other, in case of a Contrary Judgmt., otherwise the remedy is Partial.\nQu. should there not be some limitation of the sum\nfor will not the Clause embrace the Case of every British Creditor? And is it intended that they may drag every Dr. for the most triffling sum first thro\u2019 the State Courts & then by Appeal to the seat of Congress.\nPa.\nleave out \u201cDe Talibus Circumstantibus[\u201d] & insert \u201cof the Bystanders duly qualified.\u201d\nleave out from District to Or in the 42d. line\nIf the Witness lives out of the District he seems equally unamenable by the District Court process whether he lives At the ditance of 100 miles or less; and that I suppose the ground of taking his depo.\n The Courts will soon be tired of Oral testimony in Chany.\nleave out From District, to before in the 45th. line\nPage\nbetween the words any & Offence insert \u201cCapital[\u201d]\nleave out Crime or & place \u201cCapital\u201d\nas I suppose it is not intended to give a Judge of the Superior Court, or a Justice of peace a power to take up & Commit for trial, every Citizen who is suspected to have violated the penal laws of Congress, & incurred a pecuniary fine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0365", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 2 September 1789\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nVirginia Sepr. 2d. 1789\nBesides several Packets of papers I am indebted for your two favrs. of July 15th. & Augt. 21st. reced. since my last. I congratulate you upon having got through the Amendments to the Constitution, As I was very Anxious that it should be done before yr. Adjournment, since it will have a good effect in quieting the minds of many well meaning Citizens, tho\u2019 I am of Opinion that nothing was further from the wish of some, who covered their Opposition to the Government under the masque of uncommon zeal for amendments, & to whom a rejection or a delay as a new ground of Clamour, would have been more agreable. I own also that I feel some degree of pleasure, in discovering Obviously from the whole progress, that the public are Indebted for the measure to the friends of Government, whose Elections were opposed under pretence of their being Averse to Amendmts.\nMy anxiety is now directed to the event of the Judiciary System. If that ends in a tolerable one, I think yr. proceedings will meet Genl. Approbation and the Government commence under fair Auspices. You must expect to hear some Clamor about expence, as in all Governments, but I think it will be less than might be expected.\nIf you should Adjourn at the time appointed this will be the last time I shall pay you my respects before that event, so I will wish you a good journey to yr. friends & pleased constituents, & once more repeat an old truth, that I am wth. great esteem & respect Yr. very Affe. friend & Obt. Servt.\nEdmd Pendleton\nPray present my best respects to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/02-08-02-0569", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Richard Henry Lee, 14 May 1789 (Abstract)\nFrom: Lee, Richard Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n14 May 1789. \u201cThe Committee of the Senate appointed to confer with a Committee of the House of representatives upon the Subject of Title have agreed to give it as their opinion to the Senate\u2014That for preserving harmony with the H. of Representatives it will be proper for the present to follow the practise of that House in presenting their Address to the President of the United States without addition of Title.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/02-08-02-0570", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Walker, 2 August 1789\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nBelvoir Aug: 2d. 1789.\nI thank you for your favor of the 8th ult: with its inclosures; But little have I to give you in return. We have at length been blessed with a fine rainy season, after one of the most alarming droughts I remember, which was, as far as I could hear, almost universal; but the rain, I hope, has been as general, & if frequently repeated, we may still make a plenty of bread, tho\u2019 the crops of Tobacco must, I think, be short, because many have not planted what they intended, & others have done it but a few days ago. The President\u2019s recovery must be a subject of Joy, not only to his friends & acquaintance, but to all the lovers of liberty & mankind. Present me to my good friend Mr. Page, & tell him \u2019tis long since I had the pleasure of hearing from him. I am My dear Sir Your most obedt. Servt.\nJn. Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/02-08-02-0571", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Bland Lee, 30 September 1789\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nN. York Sepr. 30. 1789\nI called on you to day, but was unfortunate enough not to see you, as well to take leave of one of my most esteemed friends and dearest patriots to his country, as to communicate a wish, in the success of which I feel myself very much intereste\u27e8d\u27e9 that, you would be good enough to mention to the President, in case American affairs should require Ministers at the courts of London or Versailes, that I should be happy, if he deemed me a proper person to go as Secretary to one of the Legations. This communication is made in the confidence of the warmest friendship, with which I take the liberty of subscribing myself your most obt huml. sert\nRichard Bland Lee\nN.B. I hope to see you in Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-08-02-0531", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, Ca. 1789-1796\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\n        \u00a7 From George Washington. Ca. 1789\u20131796. Three notes requesting consultation with JM on unspecified matters:\n        \u201cThursday, 9 oclk.\n        \u201cIf you could make it convenient to call here before you go to the House, you would oblige me. I want to have some conversation with you on two or three matters. Yrs Affectly.\u201d\n        \u201cSunday \u00bd past 7 oclk.\n        \u201cIf you have leisure to give the enclosed a reading, and me an opportunity of conversing with you further on the subject about half after Six this afternoon, or tomorrow at breakfast, eight oclock, it would oblige your affecte. sert.\u201d\n        \u201cFriday, 9 oclk.\n        \u201cIf Mr Madison, can make it convenient to call on the P. between this and ten oclock, or at that hour, he would be glad to see him.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0183", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 1 January 1789\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarseilles, 1 Jan. 1789. Has received TJ\u2019s favor of 25 [Nov.] and has not loaded plants on vessel bound for Boston. Weather so cold he dares not send them to Bordeaux for fear they would be destroyed on canal, which is probably frozen. \u201cWe are covered with snow and Ice, and no Body [h]as seen yet such cold weather here; we fear that all the olive trees have greatly suffered in the Country if not totaly been distroyed. In such a Case it would be an irreparable loss for this province to be support\u2019d for 30 years to Come. The cold during 3 days, has been very near of that of 1709.\u201d\u2014A vessel will sail for Baltimore early in February, meantime, some may offer for Charleston, otherwise [none?] may be expected for another year.\u2014No arr\u00eat published here as yet excepting American whale-oil from the arret of 28 Sep., but a very interesting one published here giving premium of 30s. per quintal on American wheat and 40s. on flour. \u201cI dare say that Americans Merchants, will by this encouragement send great many Cargoes to France, and to this place.\u201d Wheat from there will now bring 36\u20b6 to 37\u20b6 per charge of 240 \u2114. Paris weight, and flour, fresh and superfine, 19\u20b6 to 20\u20b6 per quintal of 90 \u2114. English weight. As prices are moderate in America, good profit can be made. Has encouraged his friends in  America a great deal during past eight months, but has no advices of shipments, \u201cand by their Last letters of the 2d. Octber. they appear disgusted of speculating at Large, having supported very heavy losses on the Tobacco.\u201d\u2014TJ has done well to encourage Americans to ship wheat and flour, \u201cand I will be very obliged to you, if at same time you mention my house, to adress their Cargoes at Marseilles.\u201d\u2014Is grateful for news and hopes \u201cthe tiers Etat will be admitted in the etats genx. according to the desire of the king and all the nation; at Lenght the Municipality of this place has passed a deliberation the 27th. ulto. according to the other Towns of France.\u2014His father and all of the family, including Eulalie, wish TJ \u201can happy year, with many succeeding others.\u201d [In postscript:] Mayor of Marseilles \u201creturning from the Notables is expected in a few days. He will meet here with a very disagreable reception from all this Town, and has lost his caracter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0184", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Delaire, 1 January 1789\nFrom: Delaire, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLa Rochelle, 1 Jan. 1789. Ship Clementina, Captain Newland, John Ross, owner, registered at, and bound from Philadelphia to Bordeaux, was lost \u201con the 12th of the last month, near the coast of the Island of Olleron.\u201d Captain and crew, mostly ill, landed here and were denied use of hospital \u201cfor want of bills of the office of the Navy, or of an agent or consul of their Nation.\u201d But merchants of town raised subscription, through \u201cthe care of Mr. Le Mire Interpreter,\u201d and these unfortunates were admitted to hospital. Hopes TJ will provide \u201can order to the Comissary of the Navy, or for a Commission of agent or consul in order to prevent the Seamen of his Nation remaining exposed to distress.\u201d If no one else is to be designated by TJ, offers himself. He is brother of James Delaire, who presented himself to TJ eight months ago.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 2 January 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Friend\nBraintree near Boston Jany. 2 1789\nGive me leave to introduce to you John Coffin Jones Esqr, an eminent Merchant of Boston and a late Member of the Legislature from that Town. His Character both in public and private Life is much respected, and his Intelligence will enable him to give you a much better account of the general and particular Politicks of this Country than I can. Our Fellow Citizens are in the midst of their Elections for the new Government, which have hitherto in  general run very well. For my own Part, I have enjoyed a Luxury for the last Six Months which I have never before tasted for, at least eight and twenty Years, and have looked down upon all you Statesmen, with Sovereign Compassion. The new Government has my best Wishes and most fervent Prayers, for its Success and Prosperity: but whether I shall have any Thing more to do with it, besides praying for it, depends on the future suffrages of Freemen. I am with an affection that can never die, your Friend and Servant,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0187", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Jones, 2 January 178[9]\nFrom: Jones, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Jany. 2nd. 1788\nHerewith you receive the Two Thermometers, and I believe tolerably consistent with the description contained in the favour of your Letter. Being confined to a small period of time, and that near the most busy of Times, Christmas, I was prevented from paying that peculiar attention to the process in the fabrication of your Thermometers, as I wished. The essential parts, The Tubes and Scales I know to be good and the mounting in the larger to be eligible for your purpose. The smaller one is not immediately contrived for the same suspension but may be easily so placed as to be so by fixing 2 perpendicular peices of wood to the side of your window, and the Thermometer placed against them as per annexed figure.\nIf these should not please, upon more time being allowed I\u2019ll make two others for you and take these back, as I am always desirous to make Instruments singularly exact and complete when intended for nice experiments and observations. I have made some small additions to my Portable Orrery the Description of which I have enclosed as a small present to you. Ere long Sir I expect to be in Paris and if there is any Instrument or Instruments, that I can take the charge of for yourself or friends The order for them  will be a peculiar favour to Sir Your Much Obliged and Obedt. Servt.,\nWm. Jones\nP.S. I have enclosed the particulars of a New Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. It is a Work that I have engagement in To make out and supply explanations &c. of all the new Philosophical Instruments. Should it merit the favour of your purchase, I shall be happy in supplying you with the work having a concern in it. Under the word \u201cAmerica\u201d they have made some extracts from your late publication.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0188", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Augustin Dupr\u00e9, 3 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dupr\u00e9, Augustin\nSamedi 3me Janvier 1789\nMonsieur Jefferson ayant re\u00e7u des ordres au sujet des m\u00e9dailles \u00e0 faire seroit bien aise d\u2019en traiter avec Monsieur Dupr\u00e9, s\u2019il voudrait bien lui faire l\u2019honneur de passer chez lui demain matin avant les onze heures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0189", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Russell-Greaves, 4 January 1789\nFrom: Russell-Greaves, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nN\u00eemes, 4 Jan. 1789. Has changed his intention of going to the North of France. \u201cThe severity of the winter here \u2026 induces me to search in the milder atmosphere of Italy \u2026 the reestablishment of my health; an happiness denied me in this Country.\u201d Will leave in a few days for Marseilles; requests letters of introduction for Rome or Naples.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0190", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 4 January 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nParis Hotel d\u2019Angleterre Jany. the 4th. 1789\nI was in hopes my future Letters would have been Letters of amusement and not of Grief. Your very Great Goodness over powers me, so that I am confounded and struck with it.\nTo say, I shall ever be able to return all your extraordinary attentions is more then I am able at this moment to say. Thus far, I declare, that should any thing happen to put it in my power to shew you my heart, I will shew you my Gratitude in the fullest manner. I am now in a very disagreeable situation, and I call upon your Excellency for your advice, and beg, and pray, you will without reserve, openly give it to me. I am able to teach the English Language, I would willingly undertake to teach it to young ladies of good families. If this you do not approve, I think the next thing I ought to do, is to go to Virginia and could I go with you, and your family, I should be happy.\u2014For to go on in the present situation I am in, I cannot. I should not wish to go to Virginia before Mr. Paradise and myself had Settled the affairs of our  Daughter, as that is an absolute Duty on my part. Mr. Paradise will then in the case of my going with your Excellency to Virginia have only himself to provide for.\u2014I will follow your advice in every thing whether I go with you to Virginia or stay here. I will continue in your family in Virginia if you will permit me, or I will live with my steward. For to speak openly, I am afraid I am not able to undertake housekeeping in Virginia. Pray my dear Sir let me receive your Answer soon. I am not anxious for you to keep this a secret from Mr. Paradise, on the contrary I wish you to tell him if you think proper. I shall not myself speak to him, until, I know you have. I am Your Excellencies Most Grateful Humbl. and obedient Servant,\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0191", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 5 January 1789\nFrom: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 5th Jany. 1789.\nBy Mr. Chevalier who goes directly to Paris, I have Taken The Liberty of sending you a pretty large Packet, The contents of which I beg Leave to recommend to your distributive kindness; To Tell you Candidly The Truth, It was Intended for Mr. Short, but through mistake has been directed to you; the Engl: Nav: P.B. not being as yet arrived, and no European vessels having lately visited our Ports we are totally Ignorant with the Scenes which have of Late Taken up your attention; some say that our Notables are previously to assemble in order to determine on the mode of Electing the delegates who are to represent the three orders of the State in the Etats G\u00e8n\u00e9raux which are to meet, we know not where the 8th. Inst. Others again positively assert that so urgent are the Pecuniary distresses of the Tresor royal, that without any delay the Collective Wisdom of the Kingdom is to be Summoned and consulted; with no less anxiety we long to hear whether the Progress of the Northen Wars is likely to be stop\u2019d and peace restaured, in consequence of the Negotiations which we suppose now carrying on, or whether the b[l]ack and secret Game played by some nations will not Tend to Involve all Europe in blood.\nIt appears by what we know already, that the unexpected Lesson which the Emperor has received from the Turks, ought to Damp his Warlike Inclination, and make him wish, he had never thought of Extending his useless Dominions already To boundless; he has I think very Imprudently roused from his Lethargyik Sleep an old  lyon, which henceforth may be very Troublesome To him; Those Fanatick Mahometans display a conduct and a courage, which greately ressembles the brightest days of their antient Glory.\nHere Every Thing wears the most pleasing aspect; the different Legislatures of the adopting States are Enacting Laws to put the new Govt. in motion; the dispute now carrying on at Albany between the Senate and assembly about Electing the federal Senators by a Joint ballot of the Two houses, will I believe End in a compromise (for I must Inform you with the Lower House being all antis, and the upper one all the Reverse it is therefore probable that Each party will chuse his man. The choice of the Fed. will be Gl. Schuyler, that of the Ant. will be a Mr. Yates, the only one of that parti who can be listen\u2019d to with some patience; all the rest being Illiterate and Ignorant. Our Govr: who Sees That nothing can stop the Federal Tide is very much Chagrined. He Looses dayly some degree of popularity among his Warmest Partisans who perceiving that, spite of the Idea they had of his abilities as well as of the righteousness of their cause every Thing goes against them begin to Think him less Infallible and the new Sistem less obnoxious.\nEvery body here Seems to Think that your Virginia antifed. Senators Cols. Grayson and Lee, when once well fixed on their Seats will feel less attach\u2019d to their opinions, some even suspect the Sincerity of the first. Mr. Maddison after having spent his Christmass holy days at Mount Vernon is gone home, where \u2018tis said he will be powerfully opposed in his Election for a federal representative by Col. Munro, Lately a Warm fed, and now Enlisted under the banners whose Influence is very Great Indeed; \u2018tis proposed in Virginia to Vote for Govr. Clinton as a President, some back Counties in Pensilvania Will unite as well as this State. The truth is that the Majority of the Last house of Assembly in Virginia was composed of Men of Singular Temper. The Epitome of their Transactions Would not be much To their Credit, but your Friends have no doubt Inform\u2019d you with those Home Concerns.\nThe State of Massachussets is now busy in making its federal Choice but the Law which prescribes the Mode is so bad, that it is pretended none will be made. Fortunately the General Court being now in Session will promulgate a better one. Tis said that Carolina has Terminated its choice and that there are 4 anti federalists but we have no particulars as yet.\nNotwithstanding all these untoward appearances, I am convinced  that the Nail is clinched; this Country can remain no longer without a Govt. and the Stiklers for amendments are only Those who are head over heels in debt; our Govr. is not a man of sufficient abilities To become the head of a Party. Colo. Hamilton is just set out for Albany, not that he is a member of the House, but to be on the spot and help in directing his Friends.\nThe Return of Industry is more and more visible in the Amasing quantity of produce shipped To all Parts of the world. The New Colonies settled by the Spaniards at Carthagena and Trinidad the Devastation of New orleans by fire, and hundred other Channels draws from this Country an amasing quantity of boards, building Timber, flour, bred and Pork, for Strange To Tell These New Maritime Societies cannot subsist without the assistance of This country. The Great Improvements made in the art of Pickling the Beef, and the low Price at which they can afford it, the amasing quantity of butter and cheese, dayly Exported to the East Indies, where the Americans visit all the Ports will soon give them a vast Superiority, over the Irish Farmers Labouring under Weight of Taxes Rents &c. I shou\u2019d not be Surprised, that the Cabotage des Indes shou\u2019d be in the hands of the Americains in Two Years. Ham sold last year in Bombay at 2/\u2014\u214c Pound.\nBut what do I hear, I am just Informed by a Letter from Boston, that the American Whale oyls are Prohibited by an arret. [What is the cause of this? unexpected] change of Principle in the French. When will there be a Permanent System establish\u2019d between the two Countrys, not untill there is here a coercitif uniform Government which can Raise The Credit of the Country Encourage its Industry and make it respectable. I wish I may Live long enough to see our Etats Generaux give us at last a better Constitution and the New Federal Corps so well Rooted Establish\u2019d as to be past the danger of new Conventions\u2014Let them say here what they will the bulk of mankind are incapable of Governing themselves, they must feel but not reason too much; and that is the reason that now the country is overrun with Lawyers and Politians. Just laws Equal taxes, and one annual Town-Meetings, that is sufficient to render the fate of the American compleately happy and the Envy of all the World.\nPardon this Jumble of Ideas, but I thought you\u2019d forgive them to a man, who by his long residence here has acquired some Right to have Political opinions concerning its Present and future Government:\u2014Our new City Hall is a beautifull building, 200 people  are at work now in the Inside, tis thought it will be finished by the first of March.\nThe America a beautifull ship of 700 tons burthen is just gone to the W. Indies, with a world of Jensing and Dollars on board. It is computed she is worth \u00a3100,000 this Currency. Next month another one will follow her, tho\u2019 smaller.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0192", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Simon Duvivier, 5 January 1789]\nFrom: Duvivier, Pierre Simon Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 5 Jan. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 6 Jan. 1789. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Lee Shippen, 5 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shippen, Thomas Lee\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 5. 1789.\nYour favor of Nov. 28. is now before me, and I thank you for your attention to my letters. My last news from Messrs. Short and Rutledge was of the 5th. of Dec. They were then well, at Venice, and within a day or two of their departure for Rome. Mr. and Mrs. Paradise are arrived here. I have no news from America since October. The great news of this country is the late decision of the court that the tiers etat shall elect one half the members for the states general. The clergy, the princes, and the old nobles cry out against this. The younger part of the noblesse approve of it, and it\u2019s justice is every day becoming more firmly established in the public opinion. So that by the meeting of the states general I hope they will be ripe to decide whether that body shall vote by orders or persons. The former decision would be a dangerous one. No time or place of meeting is yet declared. The public funds rise slowly, but steddily. The moment the states adopt the public debt, and appropriate taxes for it\u2019s interest and reimbursement, I presume that this country will have a credit on a par with that of any nation. I shall thank you for English news while you remain in England. The trifle of money you ask about reimbursing is not worth the trouble of a bill of exchange. Put it, when convenient,  into the hands of Mr. Trumbull. I am with sentiments of very sincere esteem & respect, Dr Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 6 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Jan. 6. 1789.\nEngaged in writing letters by an opportunity which offers for England, it has not been in my power to answer sooner your favor of the day before yesterday. I think you make yourself more unhappy about your affairs than they merit. And even were they worse than they are, the uneasiness you give yourself, the perpetually brooding over them in your mind would not mend them. It may injure your health, it may injure you head, even. It increases your sufferings, and cannot possibly shorten them. Nor are your affairs really so bad as you suppose them. Two or three years patience and economy is all that is necessary to set them to rights. The question is How shall you employ those two or three years? In Virginia I doubt whether you would not be less happy than any where. You would be among your relations, and would wish to live like them. You would be in your estate without being able to touch it, like Tantalus, to the neck in water which he could not taste: or if you lived on the produce of your estate it would cripple all the efforts of Colo. Burwell and your steward to effect your final relief; it might throw your creditors into despair, and suggest to them the bringing suits in Virginia (which the new constitution will enable them to do.) In this case, as the life estate alone of Mr. Paradise could be sold, and life-estates sell for a song in a country where no body buys but for their children, your whole resource might be cut off for long years to come. The two objects then are, madam, to keep the creditors in patience, and to place yourself so as that you may pass two or three years in the best degree of tranquillity attainable. I believe this can only be in England.  There, you would speak the language of the country, it\u2019s manners are agreeable to you, you would find society, and you would may-be find some pursuit to which you could attach yourself. In the first moments you could be useful to your affairs in bringing the creditors over to concur in the arrangements already taken by Mr. Paradise and yourself, by offering to them to join your ratification to the necessary acts. This would be a sufficient inducement to them, it would leave Mr. Paradise free to join you in England, and it would cut off the possibility of your creditors seeking redress in Virginia against Mr. Paradise\u2019s life-estate. So that, according to my view of the subject, your happiness, and your interest calls you to England.\nI have attended also, Madam, to your desire to put it out of Count Barziza\u2019s power to sell the Virginia estate: I have considered your marriage-settlement with this view, and I think it very practicable. It would only be necessary for yourself and Mr. Paradise to execute a deed with the limitations of life-estates to him and your self, exactly as in the marriage-settlement, and then to add the following limitations.\nRemainder, (after your death) to trustees in fee, in trust that they should remit the annual profits to the Countess Barziza during the life of Count Barziza, if she lives so long:\nAfter the death of Count Barziza, to reconvey the estate to your daughter in fee on condition of her residing in the United states:\nIf she should not chuse to reside there, then to remit her the annual profits during her life.\nAfter her death, to reconvey to such of her children as shall reside there seven years between the ages of 15. and 25. and in such proportions as the countess Barziza shall appoint, to be held by them in fee simple.\nWith a clause admitting a joint-revocation by Mr. Paradise and yourself at will.\nSuch a deed must be executed by Mr. Paradise and yourself, and must be recorded in the General court of Virginia.\nI must still press on you the necessity of ceasing to think of your affairs. Consider how you can place yourself so as to live within a fixed sum, calculate your expences upon that scale, adhere to it with firmness, and then only think of some pursuit which will attract your mind and prevent it\u2019s recurring to what is past or present. The future holds up to you a consolatory picture; which  no one wishes more to see realized than, dear Madam, Your most obedient & humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Morgan, P\u00e8re et fils, 9 January 1789\nFrom: Morgan, P\u00e8re et fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmiens, 9 Jan. 1789. Their province (Picardy) faces a grain shortage because of hailstorms. The encouragement held out to commerce by the arr\u00eat of 23 Nov. 1788 to import wheat and flour from America under promise of a premium is evidence that our government is informed that that continent is well supplied with this primary necessity.\u2014They have formed a plan to procure breadstuffs for the province; two  captains are under orders ready to depart for any port indicated. They ask TJ to inform them what state is most abundantly supplied and what the most convenient port in which to make purchases, as well as the price prevailing and the measure employed.\u2014They dare to ask also for letters of recommendation in favor of the captains. Since Amiens has no commercial relations established with America, they ask if TJ will be good enough to arrange for letters of credit to the amount of 3,000 louis d\u2019or, which they will reimburse through Messrs. Le Couteulx & Cie. of Paris on sight of their captains\u2019 receipts.\u2014In order to make their operation doubly useful, as much for America as for their own province, they wish to be informed what French products are actually needed in America and would be advantageous to ship there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0199", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Perrault, 9 January 1789\nFrom: Perrault, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n\tParis, 9 Jan. 1789. On 6 Jan. he came to demand the 24\u20b6 owed him by TJ\u2019s chef de cuisine for teaching him French grammar during the past 20 months; this sum had previously been refused with the harshest insults. He had then gone to Petit\u2019s quarters to ask his aid. \u201cGimme y a Et\u00e9 aussitot qui m\u2019accabl\u00e9 De coup de pied Et De coup de poing, Dont je tiens le lit depuis Ce temps, Et m\u2019a dechir\u00e9 une Redingotte qui est le seul vetement que je possede presentement rapport a la Rigeur de la Saison, qui m\u2019a mis hors d\u2019etat De pouvoir gagner De quoy vivre, rapport aux grands froids, Et sans oser paroitre, ayant mes vetemens En morceau. Que le recit de mes malheurs puisse vous inspirer pour moy un peu de Commiseration, n\u2019osant aller me plaindre aupres de vous, rapport aux mauvais traitemens de gimme, Et sans le meriter. Qu\u2019il vous plaise, Monsieur, de vouloir ordonner que je sois pay\u00e9 de mes Salaires, m\u2019etant toujours bien Comport\u00e9 dans votre Respectable maison. C\u2019est un bien bonne oeuvre faire envers moy qui suis dans une disette qui fait fremir l\u2019humanit\u00e9 Daign\u00e9s, Monsieur, me faire part de vos dignes intentions sur un pareille proced\u00e9, Et si vous le jugez a propos par votre portier qui a ete temoin, Et plusiers autres de traits ignominieux que j\u2019a[y] eu \u00e0 votre hotel. Le Suppliant attend De votre Bont\u00e9 infinie la grace D\u2019etre Ecout\u00e9 de vous, Monsieur, Et il ne cessera de faire Des voeux pour la prosperit\u00e9 des precieux jours De Votre grandeur. .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0200", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Ramsay, 9 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ramsay, John\nSir\nParis Jan. 9. 1789.\nI am honoured with your favor of Nov. 22. and Doctr. Ramsay\u2019s of Mar. 7. by Mr. Fraser. Knowing nothing of Dr. Ramsay\u2019s intentions relative to the money due him here, I had, as soon as it became due which was in May, written to him to make some propositions from his bookseller here which he was free to accept or refuse, and in the latter case I gave him authority to draw on Mr. Madison at New York for the money who had it in his hands subject to my order. Since this I have not heard from Dr. Ramsay on the subject, but presume he has called for the money. I have communicated the letters to Mr. Fraser.\nI shall be very happy if you should take your intended trip to Paris before the middle of April when I propose to embark for America to return again in the fall. I shall be glad to prove to you the respect I entertain for Doctor Ramsay\u2019s recommendations and connections, as well as for your own personal merit. I am Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Lilburne Lewis, 10 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Charles Lilburne\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 10. 1789.\nMy apology for not having written to you before is the great distance I am from you, and the little interest you would probably take in the occurrences of this part of the world. We have indeed  at times been threatened with wars, which might in the long run have come round to us: but at present, tho the war of the North be likely to continue, it is secured against extending further by the occupation of this country in internal reformation, and the insanity of the king of England. It is not probable that the regent who shall be appointed in that country or his ministry will think themselves firm enough to engage in a war. Our system should be to meddle not at all with European quarrels, but to cultivate peace within and without, pursue agriculture, and open all the foreign markets possible to our produce. There will be an immediate and vast demand here this spring for our flour, so that that article should sell well in Virginia. I do not foresee any circumstance which may favor the price of tobacco. France, which takes near the half of what we make, is at present fully stocked.I hope to see yourself and my sister in the course of the next summer. I have asked of Congress a leave of absence for six months, and if I obtain it in time I propose to sail in the Spring and return in the fall. This will allow me to pass about two months at Monticello, and to enjoy during that time the company of my antient friends, which I shall ever prefer to all others, as I do my own country to all I have yet seen. My daughters retain the same affection for their native land and connections, and are impatient to find themselves among their relations. They join me in an affectionate recollection of my sister and yourself. In our country, where man and wife make one, I may hope she will consider this letter as written to her also. Be so good as to assure her of my love, and to accept yourself the sentiments of cordial esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your sincere friend & servant,\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0204", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 11 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Jan. 11. 1789.\nMy last letters have been of the 14th. 19th. and 29th. of November by the way of London. The present will go the same way through a private channel. All military operations in Europe seem to have been stopped by the excessive severity of the weather. In this country it is unparalleled in so early a part of the winter, and in duration, having continued since the middle of November, during which time it has been as low as 9.\u00b0 below nought, that is to say 41.\u00b0 below freezing by Farenheit\u2019s thermometer, and has increased the difficulties of the administration here. They had before to struggle with the want of money, and want of bread for the people, and now the want of fuel for them and want of emploiment. The siege of Oczakow is still continued, the souldiers sheltering themselves in the Russian manner in subterraneous barracks: and the Captain Pacha has retired with his fleet. The death of the king of Spain has contributed with the insanity of the English king, to render problematical the form which the affairs of Europe will ultimately take. Some think a peace possible between the Turks and two empires, with the cession of Crimea to the former, as less important to Russia than Poland, which she is in danger of losing. In this case the two empires might attack the K. of Prussia, and the scene of war be only changed. He is certainly uneasy at the accident happened to his principal ally. There seems no doubt but that the Prince of Wales will be sole regent: but it is also supposed they will not give him the whole executive power, and particularly that of declaring war without the consent of the parliament. Should his personal dispositions therefore, and that of a new ministry be the same which the king had of co-operating with Prussia, yet the latter cannot count on their effect. Probably the parliament will not consent to war, so that I think we may consider the two great powers of France and England as absolutely at rest for some time. As the character of the Prince of Wales is becoming interesting, I have endeavoured to learn what it truly is. This is less difficult in his case than in that of other persons of his rank, because he has taken no pains to hide himself from the world. The information I most rely on is from a person here with whom I am intimate, who divides his time between Paris and London, an Englishman by birth, of truth, sagacity, and science. He is of a circle, when in London, which has had good opportunities of knowing the Prince; but he has also, himself, had special  occasions of verifying their information by his own personal observation. He happened, when last in London, to be invited to a dinner of three persons. The prince came by chance and made the fourth. He eat half a leg of mutton, did not taste of small dishes, because small, drank Champagne and Burgundy as small beer during dinner, and Bordeaux after dinner as the rest of the company. Upon the whole, he eat as much as the other three, and drank about two bottles of wine without seeming to feel it. My informant sat next him, and being till then unknown to the prince personally (tho\u2019 not by character) and lately from France, the prince confined his conversation almost entirely to him. Observing to the Prince that he spoke French without the least foreign accent, the Prince told him that, when very young, his father had put only French servants about him, and that it was to that circumstance he owed his pronunciation. He led him from this to give an account of his education, the total of which was the learning a little Latin. He has not a single element of Mathematics, of natural or moral philosophy, or of any other science on earth; nor has the society he has kept been such as to supply the void of education. It has been that of the lowest, the most illiterate and profligate persons of the kingdom, without choice of rank or merit, and with whom the subjects of conversation are only horses, drinking-matches, bawdy houses, and in terms the most vulgar. The young nobility who begin by associating with him, soon leave him, disgusted with the insupportable profligacy of his society, and Mr. Fox who has been supposed his favourite, and not over-nice in the choice of company, would never keep his company habitually. In fact he never associated with a man of sense. He has not a single idea of justice, morality, religion, or of the rights of men, nor any anxiety for the opinion of the world. He carries that indifference for fame so far, that he would probably not be hurt were he to lose his throne, provided he could be assured of having always meat, drink, horses and women. In the article of women nevertheless, he is become more correct since his connection with Mrs. Fitzherbert who is an honest and worthy woman: he is even less crapulous than he was. He had a fine person, but it is becoming coarse. He possesses good native common sense, is affable, polite and very good humored. Saying to my informant on another occasion, \u2018your friend, such a one, dined with me yesterday, and I made him damned drunk\u2019: he replied \u2018I am sorry for it; I had heard that your royal highness had left off drinking;\u2019 the Prince laughed, tapped him on the shoulder very good-naturedly, without saying a word, or ever after shewing  any displeasure.The Duke of York, who was for some time cried up as the prodigy of the family, is as profligate, and of less understanding. To these particular traits from a man of sense and truth, it would be superfluous to add the general terms of praise or blame, in which he is spoken of by other persons in whose impartiality and penetration I have less confidence. A sample is better than a description. For the peace of Europe it is best that the king should give such gleamings of recovery, as would prevent the regent or his ministry from thinking themselves firm, and yet that he should not recover.\nThis country advances with a steady pace towards the establishment of a constitution whereby the people will resume the great mass of those powers so fatally lodged in the hands of the king. During the session of the Notables, and after their votes against the rights of the people, the Parliament of Paris took up the subject and passed a vote in opposition to theirs (which I send you). This was not their genuine sentiment: it was a maneuvre of the young members, who are truly well disposed, taking advantage of the accidental absence of many old members, and bringing others over by the clause which, while it admits the negative of the States general in legislation, reserves still to the parliament the right of enregistering, that is to say, another negative. The Notables persevered in their opinion. The Princes of the blood (Monsieur and the Duke d\u2019Orleans excepted) presented and published a Memoire threatening a scission. The parliament were proposing to approve of that memoire (by way of rescinding their former vote) and were prevented from it by the threat of a young member to impeach (denoncer) the Memoir and the princes who signed it. The vote of the Notables therefore remaining balanced by that of the parliament, the voice of the nation becoming loud and general for the rights of the tiers etat, a strong probability that if they were not allowed one half the representation, they would send up their members with express instructions to agree to no tax, to no adoption of the public debts, and the court really wishing to give them a moiety of the representation, this was decided on ultimately. You are not to suppose that these dispositions of the court proceed from any love of the people, or justice towards their rights. Courts love the people always, as wolves do the sheep. The fact is this. The court wants money. From the tiers etat they cannot get it, because they are already squeezed to the last drop. The clergy and the nobles, by their privileges and their influence, have hitherto screened their property in a great degree from public contribution.  That half of the Orange then remains yet to be squeezed, and for this operation there is no agent powerful enough but the people. They are therefore brought forward, as the favorites of the court, and will be supported by them. The moment of crisis will be the meeting of the States; because their first act will be to decide whether they shall vote by persons or by orders. The clergy will leave nothing unattempted to obtain the latter, for they see that the spirit of reformation will not confine itself to the political but will extend to the ecclesiastical establishment also. With respect to the Nobles, the younger members are generally for the people, and the middle aged are daily coming over to the same side: so that by the time the states meet we may hope there will be a majority of that body also in favor of the people, and consequently for voting by persons and not by orders.\nYou will perceive by the Report of Mr. Neckar (in the gazette of France) 1. a renewal of the renunciation of the power of imposing a new tax by the king, and a like renuntiation of the power of continuing any old one. 2. an acknolegement that the States are to appropriate the public monies, which will go to the binding the court to a civil list. 3. a consent to the periodical meeting of the states: 4. to consider of the restrictions of which letters de cachet are susceptible: 5. the degree of liberty to be given to the press: 6. a bill of rights: and 7. there is a passage which looks towards the responsibility of ministers. Nothing is said of communicating to them a share in the legislation. The ministry perhaps may be unwilling to part with this, but it will be insisted on in the states. The letters of convocation will not appear till towards the latter end of the month: neither time nor place are yet declared, but Versailles is talked of, and we may well presume that some time in April will be fixed on. In the mean time Mr. Neckar gets money to keep the machine in motion. Their funds rose slowly but steddily till within these few days that there was a small check. However they stand very well, and will rise. The Caisse d\u2019escompte lent the government 25. millions two days ago.\u2014The navy of this country sustained a heavy loss lately by the death of the Bailli de Suffrein. He was appointed Generalissimo of the Atlantic, when war was hourly expected with England, and is certainly the officer on whom the nation would have reposed it\u2019s principal hopes in such a case. We just now hear of the death of the Speaker of the house of commons before the nomination of a regent, which adds a new embarrasment to the reestablishment of government in England.\nSince writing mine of Nov. 29. yours of the 23d. of September  came to hand. As the General of the Mathurins was to be employed in the final redemption of our captives, I thought that their previous support had better be put into his hands and conducted by himself in such a way as not to counterwork his plan of redemption, whenever we can enable him to begin on it. I gave him full powers as to the amount and manner of subsisting them. He has undertaken it, informing me at the same time that it will be on a very low scale, to avoid suspicion of it\u2019s coming from the public. He spoke of but 3. sous a day per man, as being sufficient for their physical necessaries, more than which he thinks it not adviseable to give. I have no definitive answer yet from our bankers whether we may count on the whole million last agreed to be borrowed, but I have no doubt of it, from other information, tho I have not their formal affirmative. The gazettes of Leyden and France to this date accompany this.I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0205", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Randolph Jefferson, 11 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Randolph\nDear Brother\nParis January 11. 1789\nThe occurrences of this part of the globe are of a nature to interest you so little that I have never made them the subject of a letter to you. Another discouragement has been the distance and time a letter would be on it\u2019s way. I have not the less continued to entertain for you the same sincere affection, the same wishes for your health and that of your family, and almost an envy of your quiet and retirement. The very short period of my life which I have passed unconnected with public business sufficed to convince  me it is the happiest of all situations, and that no society is so precious as that of one\u2019s own family. I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you for a while the next summer. I have asked of Congress a leave of absence for six months, and if I obtain it in time, I expect to sail from hence in April, and to return in the fall. This will permit me to pass two months at Monticello during which I hope I shall see you and my sister there. You will there meet an old acquaintance, very small when you knew her, but now of good stature. Polly you hardly remember and scarcely recollects you. Both will be happy to see you and my sister, and to be once more placed among their friends. They will remain in Virginia, and are happy in the idea. Nothing in this country can make amends for what one loses by quitting their own. I suppose you are by this time the father of a numerous family, and that my namesake is big enough to begin the thraldom of education. Remember me affectionately to my sister, joining my daughters therein, who present their affectionate duty to you also: and accept yourself assurances of the sincere attachment and esteem of Dear brother Your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Luttrell, 11 January 1789\nFrom: Luttrell, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTunbridge, Kent, 11 Jan. 1789. \u201cConfiding in your Urbanity,\u201d presumes to ask TJ about the lands of [Richard] Claiborne of Virginia, now residing at Knightsbridge, Middlesex, England, but holding large tracts in Virginia and Kentucky. Luttrell, \u201ca Gentleman bred to the practise of Physic and Surgery aged 32,\u201d was referred to TJ by Claiborne as to validity of titles. He finds that Claiborne\u2019s terms of sale are satisfactory, but thinks it might prove difficult in new plantations to obtain labor to cultivate the lands and erect a house.\u2014\u201cAs the American States are possessed of such a vast tract of unsettled Land to the Westward I should Sir deem it politic in the Federal Commonwealth, or for several States, to hold out such aids, and assistance, as would enable virtuous, and industrious Emigrants from Europe, possessed of some Property, to overcome the first difficulties in settling such as procuring Labourers to clear their Plots of Land erecting their Log Houses &c. and this to be done at certain stipulated prices; if these aids were made known, and punctually abided by, which would prove a source of accumulated Wealth to America, a number of people possessing a few hundred Pounds, and who depend on a precarious livelihood in England, would gladly embrace the opportunity of settling in America provided the first great risks of settling were overcome.\u201d It is his most ardent wish to settle in Virginia; hopes to embark in April and would be most grateful for TJ\u2019s advice.\u2014Has a small fortune, and  wishes to know what part of state to settle in, where needed articles from Europe can be obtained. Claiborne says some of his lands \u201care contiguous to Morgan\u2019s Town on the Monongalia, but as such a Town is not expressed in your most excellent Map of Virginia, I suppose it must have arose into existence since it was published. As I should conclude, daily progress is making in settling the western States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0208", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 12 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 12. 1789.\nMy last to you was of the 18th. of Nov. since which I have received yours of Sep. 21. and Oct. 8. with the pamphlet on the Mohiccon language, for which receive my thanks. I endeavor to collect all the vocabularies I can of the American Indians, as of those of Asia, persuaded that if they ever had a common parentage it will appear in their language.I was pleased to see the vote of Congress of Sep. 16. on the subject of the Missisipi, as I had before seen with great uneasiness the pursuit of other principles which I could never reconcile to my own ideas of probity or wisdom, and from which, and my knolege of the character of our Western settlers, I saw that the loss of that country was a necessary consequence. I wish this return to true policy may be in time to prevent evil. There has been little foundation for the reports and fears relative to the M. de la Fayette. He has from the beginning taken openly part with those who demand a constitution: and there was a moment that we apprehended the Bastille: but they ventured on nothing more than to take from him a temporary service on which he had been ordered; and this more to save appearances for their own authority than any thing else; for at the very time they pretended that they had put him into disgrace, they were constantly conferring and communicating with him. Since this he has stood on safe ground, and is viewed as among the foremost of the patriots. Every body here is trying their hands at forming declarations of rights. As something of that kind is going on with you also, I send you two specimens from hence. The one is by our friend of whom I have just spoken. You will see that it contains the essential principles of ours accomodated as much as could be to the actual state of things here. The other is from a very sensible man, a pure theorist, of the sect called the oeconomists, of which Turgot was considered as the head. The former is adapted to the existing abuses; the latter goes to those possible as well as to those existing.With respect to Doctr. Spence, supposed to have been taken by the Algerines, I think it extremely probable. Obrian, one of our captives there, has constantly written to me, and given me information on every subject he thought interesting. He could not have failed to know if such a capture had been made, tho\u2019 before his time, nor to inform me of it. I am under perpetual anxiety for our captives there. The money indeed is not yet ready at Amsterdam; but when it shall be, there are no orders from the board of Treasury to the bankers to furnish what may be necessary for the redemption of the captives: and it is so long since Congress approved the loan, that the orders of the Treasury for the application of the money would have come if they had intended to send any. I wrote to them early on the subject and pointedly. I mentioned it to Mr. Jay also merely that he might suggest it to them. The paiments to the foreign officers will await the same formality.\u2014I thank you for your attention to the case of Mrs. Burke.\u2014We have no news of Dr. Franklin since July last when he was very ill. Tho\u2019 the silence of our letters on that subject is a proof that he is well, yet there is an anxiety here among his friends. We have lately had three books published which are of great merit in different lines. The one is in 7. vols. 8vo. by an Abb\u00e9 Barthelemy, wherein he has collected every subject of Graecian literature, after a labour of 30. years. It is called les voiages d\u2019Anacharsis. I have taken a copy for you, because the whole impression was likely to be run off at once. The second is a work on government by the Marquis de Condorcet, 2.v. 8vo. I shall secure you a copy. The 3d. are the works of the K. of Prussia, in 16 vols. 8vo. These were a little garbled at Berlin before printed. The government lais it\u2019s hands on all which come here, and change some leaves. There is a genuine edition published at Basle, where even the garblings of Berlin are reestablished. I  doubt the possibility of getting a copy, so vigilant is the government as to this work. I shall obtain you one if it be possible. As I write all the public news to Mr. Jay, I will not repeat it to you.\u2014I have just received the Flora Caroliniana of Walter; a very learned and good work.\u2014I am with very sincere esteem and respect Dear Sir, Your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I beg you to find sure occasions for the inclosed which are interesting to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0210", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 12 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 12. 1789.\nMy letters to you must always be letters of thanks. I am to thank you first for the harness which is arrived safe and good. I am to thank you a thousand times for the portrait of Mr. Paine, which is a perfect likeness, and to deliver you, for the other, on the part of my daughter, as many more as the sensations of the young are more lively than of the old. You say it is all you can do till you see me. Are we to have the pleasure of seeing you here before our departure? This would be a pleasure indeed, and a still greater could we take the leap over the Atlantic together. I will be as accomodating as possible to effect that. I am tied to embark at Havre if there can be a vessel got there. But perhaps I have run away with the idea of your going with us too hastily, and on too slight a suggestion. Tant pis pour moi.I was much gratified to receive yesterday from Italy the portraits of Columbus, Americus Vespuciu[s], Cortez, and Magellan. Observing by the list of the pictures in the gallery of the Grand duke at Florence that these were there, I sent to have them copied. They appear to be well done. Since the putting down the French packet boats I am puzzled to find opportunities of sending my letters to America, and obliged to avail myself of private hands going to London from whence I know there are always vessels passing to every part of America. The present packet going by an Englishman, I am obliged to trouble you with them and to ask the favor of you to be our Charg\u00e9 des affaires quoad hoc, that is to say to seek a safe and speedy conveiance for the packet to Mr. Jay, so that it may not pass through the English post office nor packet boat. I trouble you also with letters to Dr. Price, Mr. Payne, and Mr. Shippen, the latter of whom will pay you 5. Louis for me. The letter for Ld. Beauchamp is from the reigning duke of Wirtemberg. His minister here desired me to procure it a safe delivery.  If you could pay so much attention to it as to enable me to assure the minister from you that he has received it, it would oblige me. Give my love to Mrs. Cosway and Mrs. Church. I mean to write to the former if I can find a moment before the gentleman calls for my letters. My daughters have been sick two months, and still continue sick; the younger very seriously so. If I do not write, give them both my blessing and tell them it is labour and tribulation which prevent. The moments of my happiness are those in which I think of them. Adieu my dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pouget, 13 January 1789\nFrom: Pouget\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA V[ersai]lles Le 13. Janvr. 1789.\nJ\u2019ay v\u00e9rifi\u00e9, Monsieur, que l\u2019arr\u00eat que vous desirez, concernant les huiles de Baleine, a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 le 16. Xbre. dernier \u00e0 Mr. Chardon, n\u2019est pas revenu depuis, et n\u2019a point encore \u00e9t\u00e9 imprim\u00e9. Je ne vois d\u2019autre moyen pour vous en procurer une Copi\u00ebque celui que j\u2019ay d\u00e9ja pris la libert\u00e9 de vous indiquer, et qui consiste \u00e0 vous adresser \u00e0 M. Chardon lui m\u00eame. Je lui ecris en cons\u00e9quence, et je vous pri\u00eb de trouver bon que je joigne ma Lettre \u00e0 celle ci et que je vous demande la grace de la lui faire remettre, en lui fesant passer votre demande.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec respect, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s obeissant Serviteur\nPouget", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Chardon, 13 [January 1789]\nFrom: Chardon, Daniel Marc Antoine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis 13 J[anvier 1789]\nJe ne puis mieux repondre \u00e0 la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de M\u2019ecrire qu\u2019en vous envoyant Celle que M. le directeur General vous ecrit relativement \u00e0 l\u2019arret interpretatif De Celui Du 28 7bre Dernier, et que ce ministre a remis hier \u00e0 M. Lambert Pour vous La faire parvenir. Je joins egalement ici quelques exemplaires De l\u2019arret du Sept decembre qui n\u2019a ete imprim\u00e9 qu\u2019hier.\nJe suis avec respect Monsieur Vostre tres humble et tres obeyssant serviteur\nChardon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0214", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 14. 1789.\nI now do myself the pleasure to inclose to you a copy of the Arret explanatory of that of Sep. 28. on the subject of our whale oils. Mr. Necker in a letter to me has renewed the promise of taking off the 10. sous per livre at the end of the next year. But at the same time he observes that whenever the national fishery shall be able to supply their demand for whale oil we must expect a repeal of this Arret, which therefore expresses itself to be provisory. However, their navigation being the most expensive in Europe, they are the least likely to succeed in a whale fishery, without encouragements more extravagant than even those they now give: and it remains to be seen whether Mr. Necker will continue to give even the present. I am informed there will be fewer French adventurers the next year than there has been this: so that if there be an apparent increase of their fishery, it will be by drawing  over more of our fishermen. It is probable the States-general will obtain a participation in the legislation, which will render their laws more stable, and more to be relied on. Mr. Necker has also promised that if the present Arret should at any time be repealed, there shall be a sufficient space of time allowed for the reception of the oils which shall have been previously embarked. But our principal, if not our only danger of a repeal being brought on, will come from the endeavors of the English to introduce their oils under colour of ours, perhaps even with the assistance of our own merchants. Some effectual means must be adopted to prevent them from getting our real ship papers, and our Consuls in the ports of France must be enabled to detect forged papers: and we must moreover convince this government that we use our utmost endeavors, and with good faith, to prevent the entry of English oils under the license given to us. I would advise our shippers of oil always to get the Certificate of the French consul in their state if it be practicable, because those will admit of the least doubt here. When this cannot be had, they may have recourse to the magistrates of the country, and in this case there should be a certificate under the seal of the state that the magistrate who has certified their oil to be the produce of the American fishery is a magistrate duly appointed and qualified by law, and that his signature is genuine. I presume it is the usage in all the states for the Governor\u2019s signature to accompany the great seal.\nOczakow is at length taken. The Russians say they gave the assault with 14,000 men, against 12,000 within the walls, that 7000 of these suffered themselves to be cut to peices before they surrendered, and that themselves lost 3000. The only circumstance to be believed in all this is that Oczakow is taken. Every thing else in Europe is quiet, except the internal affairs of Poland. The Prussian party there gains greater superiority daily. The K. of Prussia however will feel less bold on the probability that England will remain inactive in all things external. This secures to this country leizure for their internal improvements. These go on well. The report of Mr. Necker to the king, which has been published, renews the renunciation of the power of laying a new tax or continuing an old one without consent of the states general, admits they are to appropriate the public monies (and of course how much of it the king may spend), that ministers must be responsible, that the king will concur in fixing the periodical meeting of the states, that he will be ready to consider with them what modifications letters de cachet should be put under, and of the degree of liberty  which may be given to the press; and further that all this shall be fixed by a convention so solemn as that his successors shall not be free to infringe it, that is to say that he will concur in a Declaration of rights. Nothing is said however of the States sharing in the legislation, but this will surely be pressed. They have given to the tiers etat a representation in the States equal to both the other orders, and it is probable they will form but one house and vote by persons: but that is not decided. Be so good as to present me affectionately to Mrs. Adams and to be assured yourself of the sincere esteem of dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 14 Jany 1789\nI have to reply to the Honor of your favor of the 14 Ulto.\nI made recherches at the Prevot\u00e9 to find out the two Americans who petitiond your intervention. They are not within the limits of this Jurisdiction.\nThe Season has been most uncommonly severe, since the 24 our River is full of Ice, great Loss\u2019s are sustaind on the Navigation, many ship are Lost and others greatly Damaged.\nLast night I receivd a Letter from the Captain of the ship in which Mrs. Barclay went passenger. He arrived in this River the 10th. and was forced to run his ship on shore at the Entrance to avoid the floating Ice. He writes me that the[y] left philadelphia the 20 novembre, the want of a secure Conveyance prevented him from sending up his Letters that I cannot advice you of the intelligence by him. He has on board 1350 Barrils flower. It comes in a favorable time and will leave great advance to the owners. The new Bounty will be a further gain. This Vessel I expect will return emidiately.\u2014It is reported an American frigate is a shore on a Bank at the Entrance of the River. We suspect her to be the Comte d\u2019Artois belonging to M. Morris & Co. with Tobacco. If so it will prove the second Capital Loss sustaind by that Interest within these few Days, having had advice of the Loss of the Clementine with 900 hhd. on the Isle of Rhe.\nOur Market is draind of good Tobacco. The few hogsheds on hand sells at 37 and 38\u20b6 for foreign Markets. A Cargoe of Inferior  was sold at 30\u20b6. 10s. The farmers have reduced their price to 28. The loss of these two ships destind to them may posibly occation fresh instructions to their Agent here.\nInclose I transmit you the Comte De Lur accompt of the five Cases Sauterne, which I request the favor of you to pay to Mr. William Vernon, from whom I receivd a few days past a Letter.\nPermit me to Interest you in behalf of that young Man. He is the son of a very respectable Citizen at New port Rhode Island. He has for these five Years past lead a life of disipation at Paris that is he has not fallen into the lose profligate Line that too frequently is the Lot of young Men, but tho his conections lay in a more Elevated class they are not less hurtful, engaging his time in Useless pursuits that might be employd fruitfully; his father has wrote me Urgently to engage him to return and has offerd to discharge his Engagments that he wrote me extended to about 4000 livres. I recomended him to wait on Mr. Le Couteuls whose conections in America might facilitate his freedom. I cannot say if he applied to them. He assured me could he once liberate his Engagements he would instantly return to America. His father is in affluent Circumstances and was the Young man Once in his family he might prove a useful Member of society. He is not wanting of inteligence.\nI am affraid the suppression of the Packet Boats will prove of much private Loss by depriving us from receiving regular advices of shipments and time to make due Insurances.\nWith due respect I have the Honor to be Sir Your most obedient servant,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0216", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nParis Jan. 14. 1789.\nFearing, my dear Madam, that I might not be able to write to you by this occasion, I had charged my friend Trumbull to lay my homage at your feet. But this is an office I would always chuse  to perform myself. It is very long since I have heard from you: tho I have no right to complain, as it is long since I wrote to you. A great deal of business, and some tribulation must be my excuse. I have for two months past had a very sick family, and have not as yet a tranquil mind on that score. How have you weathered this rigorous season, my dear friend? Surely it was never so cold before. To me who am an animal of a warm climate, a mere Oran-ootan, it has been a severe trial. Yet we have been generally cheered by the presence of the sun, of whose bright company at least you have been deprived. The weather has cut off communication between friends and acquaintances here. I have seen the princess Lubomirski but once since her return, and Dancarville not this age. So that I am not able to give you any account of them. But they being more punctual correspondents than myself, have, I expect, given you an account of themselves. It is some time since I heard from Mde. de Brehan, and am sorry to tell you that by what I have heard she is furiously displeased with America. Her love of simplicity, and her wish to find it had made her fancy she was going to Arcadia, in spite of all my warnings to the contrary. My last letter from Mr. Short was dated at Rome. The poetical ground he was treading had almost filled him also with the god. Have you arranged all things for the voiage with Mrs. Church? We are so apt to believe what we wish that I almost believe I shall meet you in America, and that we shall make together the tour of the curiosities of that country. Be this as it may, let us be together in spirit. Preserve for me always a little corner in your affection in exchange for the spacious part you occupy in mine. Adieu ma chere et tres chere amie! Yours respectfully & affectionately,\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0217", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Havr\u00e9, 14 January [1789]\nFrom: Havr\u00e9, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 14 Jan. [1789]. As president of the provincial assembly of Picardy, he supports the enclosed appeal of some merchants of Amiens who propose to send two ships to America for grain; this project, encouraged by the government, is based on principles of humanity, in that the merchants will turn over to the poor any profits they may receive. Asks TJ\u2019s favorable consideration, and offers to forward any reply he may send.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Virieu, 14 January 1789\nFrom: Virieu, Fran\u00e7ois Henri, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris], 14 Jan. 1789. Announces that the king yesterday accepted his letters of credence as minister plenipotentiary of H.R.H. \u201cl\u2019Infant duc de Parme.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 15 January 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Jany 15th. 1789\nAs I cannot get any letters from you I think something must be the matter, and I shall be exceedingly glad to be informed what letters you have received from me and whether any. I wrote you one letter by Mr. Quesney and another a long letter of 14 or 16 pages which [I] requested Mr. Bartholemy to take charge of, and  left it with him, this was in Sepr.\u2014I was then going to the Iron works in Yorkshire the property of the Walkers, to erect an arch. I have compleated and put together one Rib. Its appearance is more beautiful than either the drawing or the model. I came from thence the latter end of Novr. and shall return again when the weather changes, which it has now begun to do. On my return from the works I wrote again to you, by the Post. This is at least six weeks ago. Still I hear nothing from you. Mr. Trumbull wrote about a Month ago, but has not heard whether the things he sent are received. This will come to you by Mr. Parker and therefore I am certain it will come to hand. My last letter requested to know if you had any thoughts of coming to England before you sailed for America. There will certainly be a change of the Ministry, and probably some change of Measures, and it might not be inconvenient if you could know before your sailing, for the information of the New Congress what measures the new Ministry here intended to pursue or adopt with respect to Commercial arrangements with America. I am in some intimacy with Mr. Burke and after the New Ministry are formed he has proposed to introduce me to them. The Duke of Portland at whose seat in the Country I was a few days last summer, will be at the head of the Treasury, and Mr. Fox secretary for foreign Affairs.\nThe King continues I believe as mad as ever. It appears that he has amassed several millions of money great part of which is in foreign funds. He had made a will, while he had his senses and devised it among his Children, but a second will has been produced, made since he was mad, dated the 25 of Ocr. in which he gives his property to the Q[u]een. This will probably produce much dispute as it is attended with many suspicious Circumstances. It came out in the examination of the Physicians, that one of them Dr. Warren on being asked the particular time of his observing the King\u2019s insanity, said the twenty second of October, and some influence has been exerted to induce him to retract that declaration, or to say, that the insanity was not so much as to prevent him making a will, which he has refused to do. I shall be glad you would give me a letter by the Post just informing me what letters you have received and such other things as may be proper to put in a letter by such a Conveyance, and the first safe opportunity you have I shall be glad to hear more fully from you. Remember me to the Marquis de la Fayette, Mr. LeRoy and Mr. De Corny. Your sincere friend and Humble servant,\nThomas Paine\nSir Joseph Banks whom I saw last Monday told me that he had received a letter from Ledyard, who is gone to explore Africa, dated from Alexandria, to which he got in a short time. He was then setting out for Nubia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0223", "content": "Title: Circular Letter to American Agents in France, 15 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: American Agents in France\nSir\nParis Jan. 15. 1789.\nI do myself the honour to inclose you a copy of an Arret excepting our whaleoils from the operation of that of Sep. 28. which I will beg the favor of you to publish in such manner as that it may be known to those of your port who are concerned in the American commerce. I have the honour to be with very great regard Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0224", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 16 January 1789\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 16th. January 1789\nI did myself the Honor of addressing you about Six weeks ago, by the ship Le Compte D\u2019Artois bound for Bourdeaux. I hope you will receive the News Papers which I sent by that. I now send you a few more by the L\u2019Couteulx bound for same Port. I would have sent you also the Laws passed the last Assembly, had they  been published. They shall be forwarded by the next opportunity.\nWe have no news here. We have had some very cold weather. Farenheits Thermometer hanging in my passage has been as low as 15. at Nine oClock a.m. Every Person seems to be more engaged either for or against the new Government, than in their own private concerns. The opposition to it is formidable, at least in point of numbers, but contemptable in every other point of view. I speak only of those who are against it, in toto. For many good and sensible men are for previous amendments. For my own part I think, that as all of them are of a general, and not of a local nature, it will be better to have the amendments made by the New Congress. I auger so well of the Government (provided they (The President and the rest of the Executive) have the means of enforcing their Laws) that I am loath to run the risk of loosing it. R. H. Lee and Mr. Grayson are appointed Senators from this state. And I have my own fears least our valuable Friend Mr. Maddison looses his election for Delegate from the District in which he lives. Beverley Randolph has now the honour of being Chief Magistrate, and I am now a Courtier, which I was not in the two preceeding reigns. Tobacco and every other species of Produce is very low. The Precious metals are extremely scarce; I needed only to have mentioned this last to you, from which you Would have concluded that the nominal price of all other Commodities must have fallen. I am very respectfully Dear Sir Your mo: obt. humb. st.,\nA Donald\nColo. John Banister of Battersea, and his son Jack, are both gone to the shades below.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0226", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dussaut, 16 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dussaut, M.\n\u00e0 Paris ce 16me Janvier 1789.\nJe ne peux pas, Monsieur, vous donner la moindre information sur les papiers de la Caroline ni d\u2019aucune autre partie de l\u2019Amerique. Il y a au moins une centaine, peut etre meme plusieurs centaines d\u2019especes de papiers, tous de valeurs differentes et changeants de l\u2019un jour \u00e0 l\u2019autre. Il n\u2019y a que les courtiers sur le lieu qui peuvent en indiquer les valeurs de chaque espece et du moment. J\u2019aurois et\u00e9 charm\u00e9, Monsieur, d\u2019etre en etat de mieux remplir vos vues, mais vous voyez que ce n\u2019est pas possible. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec beaucoup de [con]sidera[tion] Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to B\u00e9thune-Charost, 17 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: B\u00e9thune-Charost, Armand Joseph, Comte de\nParis ce 17me. Janvier 1789.\nUne indisposition de quelques semaines m\u2019a empech\u00e9, Monsieur le Comte, d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de repondre plut\u00f4t a votre lettre du 22me. Xbre. Je ne crois pas qu\u2019il seroit possible de faire escompter en Europe la creance que M. le vicomte de Martel a sur les etats unis de l\u2019Amerique. Au moins je n\u2019ai jamais entendu dire que ces effets entroient dans la commerce \u00e0 la bourse. Il n\u2019y a aucune doute que les etats unis les payeront en entier: et ce sera le premier objet du nouveau gouvernement, qui sera rassembl\u00e9 le mois de Mars, d\u2019en fixer la terme. En attendant les interets annuels sont regulierement payes en Amerique, et si M. le vicomte ne les a pas re\u00e7u c\u2019est surement \u00e0 cause qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas personne sur le lieu charg\u00e9 de ses pleins pouvoirs. Si Monsr. le vicomte est empress\u00e9 de s\u2019en defaire il fera bien d\u2019attendre au moins que le gouvernement en aura fix\u00e9 l\u2019epoque du paiement, parce que cette epoque une fois etablie donnera une valeur \u00e0 l\u2019effet plus approchante de la valeur reelle. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec beaucoup de consideration, Monsieur le comte, votre tr\u00e8s humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0229", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Morgan, P\u00e8re et Fils, 17 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morgan, P\u00e8re et fils\nGentlemen\nParis Jan. 17. 1789.\nI received yesterday the honor of your letter of the 9th. instant, and think it a duty to answer immediately the several questions you propose.\nThe country bordering on the Chesapeake is certainly the most likely to furnish without delay the flour you desire. It would be best for your vessels to go directly to Norfolk, because they will very probably be able to supply themselves there: and if they cannot get their supply there, it is still the best place to enquire whether they should go up one of the rivers of Virginia, or to Baltimore at the head of Chesapeake, tho\u2019 I think there will be no doubt of getting their supply at Norfolk. With respect to the letter of credit for 3000 Louis, mine would not answer your purpose. Those who sell their flour to your captain or Supercargo will wish to be assured that the bills given them will be punctually paid, at the moment they become due. They know that I am neither banker nor merchant, and therefore not prepared to pay such a sum on demand, if the bills should fail to be paid by you. My assumpsit therefore would not satisfy them. But they would be perfectly satisfied if Monsieur le Coulteux will give you a letter of credit to any amount whatever. His credit is well known and well established there. I can further add my certificate that M. le Coulteux will pay your bills, and explain and recommend the general motives of your adventure, which may be left open to serve your purposes at Norfolk or wherever else it may be presented. This will enable your agent to obtain the best price for his bills of exchange.\nWith respect to the price of wheat it is generally about a dollar the bushel. The dollar is 5\u20b6-8s of France. The bushel is the same as the English bushel, and a bushel of good wheat weighs about 60. \u2114. English or American weight, which are the same. 100 \u2114. French are equal to 109 \u2114. English or American. From knowing the price of wheat you will readily judge what that of flour should be generally. The European demand may increase the price this year.\nAs to the articles of this country in demand there, I am not sufficiently acquainted with the subject to give you sure information. I doubt whether any articles could be of so immediate a sale as to be relied on for the purchase of the flour. You would risk the having your ships long detained, and the flour might by this means come too late for the market.\nHaving answered the several enquiries of your letter, I have only to add my wishes for the success of your adventure, and assurances of the regard with which I have the honour to be gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0230", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 17 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Jan. 17. 1789.\nA sick family, which scarcely permitted me to dispatch the most pressing business, must be my apology for not having sooner answered your letter, as well as for my having been so long without doing myself the honour of waiting on you. I thank you very sincerely, Madam, for your kind offer as to my daughter; however she is thought to be better for a day or two past. Her weakness and her fever both render it too early for her to go out in the carriage.\nWith respect to the powers you propose to be invested with from Mr. Paradise I apprehend they will not depend on him. By the arrangements in contemplation it is understood that the creditors are to relinquish the right of suing, or molesting either person or property, and to abandon for the maintenance of yourself and Mr. Paradise 400\u00a3 a year of your income. But in consideration of this they will expect to be made secure in receiving the rest of the income: and of this they will not think themselves sure unless their own trustee, named by themselves, in conjunction with your trustee Dr. Bancroft, be authorized to receive the remittances from Colo. Burwell and your steward and to distribute them among the creditors.\nI would also take the liberty of suggesting to you madam whether a simple order on Mr. Anderson might not suffice to authorize Dr. Bancroft to receive from him any balance in his hands? I suppose Mr. Anderson will render an account as soon as he shall have sold the last tobaccos on hand. Perhaps it may then appear he has not merited censure. Perhaps too, considering the arrangements taken as not beginning till the 1st. day of January, he thought the dividend previous to that period subject to the general authority and instructions he had received. These doubts may render it safer not to hazard a censure on him, which perhaps he may justify himself from. In that case I am sure you would be  sorry to have hurt his feelings. But all this I suggest to you, Madam, not having knowlege enough of the state of Mr. Anderson\u2019s account to form any judgment on the subject. I will avail myself of the first possible moment to have the honour of waiting on you and of assuring you in person of those sentiments of respect and attachment with which I have the honor to be Dr. Madam Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Blackden, 18 January 1789\nFrom: Blackden, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris], 18 Jan. 1789. \u201cI have no doubt but this man is an Irishman, tho there are many irish imigrants settled in the country where he says he was born, he has not the Accent stronger than their Children generally have. He mentions the Names of Mr. Langdon and Mr. Thomson both of whom I know but he seems to be Very little acquainted in Portsmouth.\u2014[on verso:] Since writing on the other side Mr. Gardner who is perfectly acquainted and knows almost every person in Portsmouth has talked with the man and finds him totally ignorant of the Place and people and is fully confident that [he] is an imposter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0232", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 18 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nSir\nParis Jan. 18. 1789.\nThe bearer hereof Mr. Thos. Russel Greaves is the son of Mr. Thomas Russel, an eminent merchant of Boston and a most worthy man. As Mr. Russel, his son will pass thro\u2019 Marseilles I take the liberty of introducing him to your acquaintance and attentions, assuring you you will find him worthy of them in every respect. They will be considered as additional obligations on Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0233", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 18 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 18. 1789.\nYou have done very well not to venture the olive plants thro\u2019 the canal of Languedoc during the late cold season, as you mention  to me in your favor of the 1st. inst. I should wish a good parcel to be sent by the Baltimore vessel, only charging your correspondent in Baltimore to ship them immediately to Charleston to the address of Messrs. Brailsford & Morris merchants of Charleston, or Mr. William Drayton of the same place. I would beg you to pay freight to Baltimore and whatever expences can be paid at Marseilles, which I will replace on demand. Send if you please a good stock. If it be unavoidable to incur some expence at Baltimore your correspondent may safely draw for it on Brailsford & Morris, only naming to them the purpose, and that the plants come from me. They will repay on sight.\nI have taken the liberty of giving a letter of introduction to you to young Mr. Russel, now at Nismes for his health, and shortly to pass thro\u2019 Marseilles on his way to Italy. I have wished to make this acquaintance between you to obtain your civilities to him, and also in hopes it might be useful to you. His father, Mr. Thos. Russel of Boston, is without exception the most judicious and solid merchant of the United states. He is not as extensive as Mr. Morris, but he is more sure in his combinations, more cautious never to go beyond his means. For his probity and honour I will answer for him as for my own. I give you his character, because if you have ever an idea of a connection at Boston he is the man on whom you may repose with entire confidence. During all the difficulties which the merchants of the U.S. have passed in their credit, his has never been questioned, nor any hesitation on his bills either in London or America. I beleive he intends his son for commerce, and therefore I have wished to make you acquainted as you may lay the foundations for a good correspondence at Boston. His father will retain a grateful sense of civilities shewn his son.The letters of convocation for the states general will appear towards the end of the month. The lunacy of the king of England continues. It is my opinion that whether he recovers his senses or not, neither his ministries, nor those of a regent will ever think themselves firm enough to engage in a war, and consequently that England is withdrawn from the wars of Europe during the present reign. Speculations on this ground will be as sure as any thing in politics can be. Our new constitution goes over well, and Genl. Washington will be president. Present me in friendly terms to your father and the ladies of your family and accept yourself assurances of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0234", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to De Bert, 18 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bert, Claudius de\nSir\nParis Jan. 18. 1789.\nIn answer to your favor of Dec. 28. I can only inform you that Congress has directed a sum of money to be borrowed in Holland sufficient to pay all their European individual demands; that the bankers entrusted with that negociation give me hopes they may succeed, but they do not fix a time, that I have no doubt we shall succeed in borrowing the sum because we have never yet failed, tho\u2019 it may take some months, that, were the money now ready, we could not pay it for want of an order from the treasury: but as the treasury knows that their order is necessary, and besides I have repeatedly written to them to desire that they will send an order, to be on the spot when the bankers shall have raised the money, we must presume their order to be now on the way. From these circumstances I hope that all the arrearages of interest due to the foreign officers will be paid within a short time, but you will be sensible I cannot fix a time. I wish it as impatiently as those to whom the money is due, and have never ceased to endeavor to effect it. I have the honor to be with great consideration Sir your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0235", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Russell-Greaves, [18 January 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Russell-Greaves, Thomas\nSir\n[I am this moment favored with] yours of the 4th. instant. I had before received those of Sep. 17. and Dec. 11. The severity of the winter has been beyond all example in every part of France, even Marseilles. At Nice however it has been fine, and we do not learn that the cold has been remarkeable in any part of Italy. As health is your object, I should suppose there could be no question but that you would prefer Naples to Rome. The climate of Naples is clear and warm, that of Rome foggy, cold, and rendered extremely unwholsome by marshes. I inclose you a letter of recommendation to young Mr. Cathalan of Marseilles which will answer all your purposes there. He is our Agent at that port. I have no acquaintance at Naples, but am intimate with a Neapolitan here from whom I will ask and send you letters. I think you would do well to try to fall in with Mr. Short and Mr. Rutledge now at Rome, and soon to go on to Naples. We have no news from America later  than October. 11 states had accepted the constitution and all was going on well. I shall be happy to hear from you wherever you are, and beg you will always particularly inform me of your health. I sail for America in April, to return in the fall. I shall be at Boston in the course of my tour. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 18 January 1789\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 18 Jan. 1789. Acknowledges TJ\u2019s letter of 15 Jan. 1789 covering the arr\u00eat of 7 Dec. 1788 excepting American whale oil from that of 28 Sep. 1788; has published it, i.e. placed copies \u201cnot only upon the Exchange but in Coffee Houses where Merchants meet most Commonly.\u201d\u2014Expects soon the American brig Triton from \u201cHudson near New York\u201d with a cargo of wheat, which \u201cwill be sold readily at our Market with (I hope) a handsome profit.\u201d Thought American merchants would have been more speedy in sending wheat and flour because he sent notices to many parts of America by the Falmouth packet that sailed 1 July 1788 that there would be a great want owing to a very short harvest. Supposes that nothing is yet determined about the American consuls in France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0242", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Lee Shippen, 19 January 1789\nFrom: Shippen, Thomas Lee\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\n24. Northumberland St. StrandLondon January 19th. 1789.\nI had the honor of writing to you very soon after my arrival  here, but I begin to be apprehensive that by some accident my letter has miscarried. In that I mentioned that I had placed the dispatches with which you entrusted me on my leaving Paris, in the hands of the Capt. of a merchant ship going to New York, and begged to know whether I should wait for some private opportunity by which to send you the money which you were so kind as to advance me, or whether there were any way in which I could dispose of it here to your use. As I have received no answer to this last point, I have still waited for an opportunity of sending the money to Paris. Mr. D. Parker now furnishes me with one, and I send you by him the money with a thousand thanks.\nThe December packet is just arrived from New York, but I have not yet received my letters. The last which I have are dated in November. I take it for granted you have letters of that date which give you all the information I derive from mine. They may not however mention some appointments which have taken place in Pennsylvania of which I am informed. Genl. Mifflin has been chosen President of the State and his appointment celebrated by ringing of bells, bonfires, firing of cannon, and other demonstrations of joy. Mr. R. Peters is made speaker of the House of Assembly. Mr. R. Morris and Mr. McClay of Sunbury are the senators of the new Congress. The tickets for representatives which are to run through the State, as agreed upon at two conferences, the one at Harrisburg on the Susquehannah composed of Constitutionalists and the other at Lancaster of the Republican party, are made up of the following gentlemen.\u2014For the former C. Pettit, B. McClenachan, Findley, Whitehill, Smilie, W. Montgomery, Genl. Irwin and a Mr. Driesbach. For the latter, G. Clymer, T. Fitzsimmons, Col. Hartley, Col. Chambers, Muhlenberg, Wynkoop, Scott, and Alison. There seems little doubt but the latter will succeed, tho\u2019 there will be a very warm contest.The people of N. York have discovered great earnestness and anxiety in accomodating the new Congress. In one morning, I understand they raised 6,000 pounds by subscription for the purpose of building apartments for the two houses of Congress.\nThe French Ambassador is exceedingly attentive to me, and always enquires very particularly about your Excellency. He seems to interest himself very much in American affairs.\nIn all my father\u2019s letters, he speaks very affectionately of you and of his obligations to you for your kindness to his son. I have great pleasure in delivering to you his compliments.\nThe trustees of New Jersey College at their last commencement  conferred on me the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Your uniform goodness to me has inspired me with a confidence in your friendship which I hope will be pleased at this compliment of the New Jersey College.\nI have attended the debates of the two Houses of Parliament upon the interesting subject which has lately claimed their attention, with great constancy, and have been most highly gratified. In the last meeting after a debate of 8 hours in which Mr. Sheridan most particularly distinguished himself, it was determined to limit the powers of the Regent as to the creating of peers, the disposal of the King\u2019s personal estate, and the appointment of the officers of the King\u2019s household. I send you a paper by Mr. P. which will give you some idea tho\u2019 indeed a very imperfect one of the two principal speeches.\nI beg to be remembered to the Marquis de la Fayette and that you will always consider me your much obliged and entirely devoted servant,\nTh: Lee Shippen\nP.S. Mr. Parker had set off 3 minutes before I got to his house, so that I am obliged to send you this letter by post and without the paper. It has obliged me too to alter my arrangement as to the mode of sending you the money. Mr. Trumbull has it now in his hands, and holds it at your disposal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gaudenzio Clerici, 20 January 1789\nFrom: Clerici, Gaudenzio\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBrussels; 20 Jan. 1789. Filled with remorse at having abused TJ\u2019s kindness, he has been made through silence to feel even more guilty. TJ will not be surprised that he has lacked the courage and strength to undertake the voyage to America. Came from Havre to Brussels about three months ago in the hope of obtaining employment at the university there. He is continually put off and persecuted by the alternating scourge of doubt and fear. Believes that his application will fail: everything goes by intrigues, understandings and protection in this European world.\u2014Sends the enclosed to Italy by way of Paris: it contains some little known news concerning these countries that are now in a state of dangerous crisis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0245", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Diodati, 20 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Diodati-Tronchin, Jean, Count de\nce 20me Janvier 1789\nMonsieur Jefferson a et\u00e9 tres afflig\u00e9 de n\u2019avoir pas et\u00e9 rendre ses devoirs a Monsieur le comte et Madame la Comtesse Diodati: mais \u00e7\u2019a et\u00e9 caus\u00e9 par une autre affliction qui a manqu\u00e9 d\u2019etre bien grave. Son enfant, qui a eu la fievre depuis deux mois (avec une courte intermission seulement) l\u2019a eu tr\u00e8s dangereusement les dernieres semaines. Depuis trois ou quatre jours pourtant un mieux s\u2019est montr\u00e9 et s\u2019est soutenu. Et s\u2019il n\u2019y a point d\u2019accident, il espere qu\u2019elle est actuellement en suret\u00e9, quoique la fievre ne l\u2019a pas encore quitt\u00e9. Il auroit et\u00e9 demander des nouvelles de Monsieur et Madame Diodati, mais son enfant s\u2019inquiete de sorte quand il [la] quitte, qu\u2019il n\u2019a pu sortir de chez lui. [Il] y aura donc encore quelque jours avant qu\u2019il pourra avoir l\u2019honneur de voir Monsieur et Madame Diodati. Il [les] prie d\u2019en agreer ses regrets et ses hommages.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0246", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to La Lande, 20 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lalande, Joseph J\u00e9r\u00f4me Le Fran\u00e7ais de\n20me Janvier 1789\nMonsieur Jefferson a l\u2019honneu[r] d\u2019informer Monsieur de la Lan[de] qu\u2019il a propos\u00e9 au Congr\u00e8s d\u2019emp[runter] un million de florins \u00e0 Amsterda[m,] pour faire face \u00e0 leurs engagemen[s] en  Europe, et entre autres aux interets arrier\u00e9s des officiers: qu[e] le Congres a approuv\u00e9 sa proposi[tion] et a charg\u00e9 leur[s] banquiers \u00e0 Am[ster]dam d\u2019effectuer cet emprunt: et qu[e] ces banquiers esperent que ce sera effectu\u00e9 dans le cours du printem[s] prochain. Ce n\u2019est donc qu\u2019apr\u00e8s le succes de cette negotiation que les officiers pourront recevoir leurs interets. Ils recevront tous ce que sont en arriere. Monsieu[r] Jefferson n\u2019a pas cess\u00e9 de travaill[er \u00e0 cet objet]. Il a l\u2019honneur d\u2019assurer Monsieur de la lande de ses regrets des retards que ces messieurs ont eprouv\u00e9 et il le prie d\u2019agreer ses hommages.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0249", "content": "Title: From De La Borde de Mereville to Martha Jefferson, 21 January 1789\nFrom: Mereville, De La Borde de\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMercredi 21 Janvier 1789\nMr. De La Borde de Mereville presente ses respects a Miss Jefferson et la prie de venir prendre le th\u00e9 chez lui vendredi prochain 23, \u00e0 six heures du soir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0250", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 21 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Jan. 21. 1789.\nHaving had the honour of addressing you so lately as the 11th. and 14th. instant, I should not so soon have troubled you again but that since the departure of those letters I have received one from the Count de la Luzerne of which I now send a copy, together with another copy of the Arret of Dec. 7. lest the former should be longer getting to you. You will perceive that the Ministry press for our concurrence in endeavoring to prevent the English from running in their oils under our cover. Whatever regulations may be thought of by us, it will be adviseable to consult their minister, and their consuls even if practicable, and to adopt with complaisance what they may prefer, so far as our policy will admit. The ministry here will judge of the efficacy of our measures from the representations of their minister principally, and of their consuls.\nNothing new having taken place since my last, I have only to add assurances of the sentiments of esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0251", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from W\u00fcrtz, 21 January 1789\nFrom: W\u00fcrtz\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 l\u2019hotel de Lyon rue St. Jaques vis \u00e0 vis St YvesParis le 21. Janvier 1789.\nJe vous prie de vouloir bien faire prendre les Trois Exemplaires des Oeuvres posthumes du Roi de Prusse en 15 voll. in 80. pour  lesquels Vous avez Souscrit, et d\u2019en faire payer le montant de 180\u20b6\u2014\u00e0 raison de 60\u20b6\u2014l\u2019Exemplaire, prix de Souscription.\nW\u00fcrtz\nP.S. Vous etes pri\u00e9 d\u2019envoyer le matin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0252", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mademoiselle Thomas de Langat, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Langat, Mademoiselle Thomas de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVannes en Basse-Bretagne, 22 Jan. 1789. \u201cUne infortun\u00e9e\u201d appeals to TJ to perform for her \u201cen particulier Les Services que Vous Rendez \u00e0 la France en G\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Priv\u00e9e, d\u00e8s le Berceau, de p\u00e8re et de m\u00e8re, d\u2019une Naissance au-dessus du M\u00e9diocre, et peu favoris\u00e9e de la fortune, j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 Reduite \u00e0 prendre des pensionnaires.\u201d Six years ago, on recommendation of Mr. Barclay, \u201cConsul des Anglo-am\u00e9ricains\u201d at L\u2019Orient, she took into her pension one James Blaine of Philadelphia, who had come to France to finish his education. Barclay paid his pension expenses for several months, but then, \u201cforc\u00e9 par des Raisons dont je n\u2019Entrerai dans aucun D\u00e9tail avec Votre Excellence,\u201d Barclay left L\u2019Orient and even the country. She discovered the residence of Barclay\u2019s wife and wrote asking that she inform her husband or those in charge of his affairs that he owed several months for Blaine\u2019s expenses. On 30 July 1786, in a letter from St. Germain-en-Laye, Mrs. Barclay said that she had no power to discharge the debt of the person recommended by her husband, who was absent and would not return for ten months or a year.\u2014Since then she has received neither news nor money from Barclay. Nevertheless, \u201cpour ne violer ni les droits de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, ni ceux des Gens,\u201d she kept the \u201cjeune Anglo-Am\u00e9ricain\u201d to the end of June, 1786, when he went to Nantes as clerk in the firm of a merchant, remaining there nine months during which time he wrote often asking her to be patient for a month or two and leading her to believe he would discharge the debt that he acknowledged to be legitimate. A stranger in France and without resources, he finally returned to her pension and she took him in. Blaine left for America 21 months ago after promising to pay, but she has heard nothing from him.\u2014Pressed for funds, she appeals to TJ to procure for her the payment of this legitimate debt and asks him to read [on separate sheet] true copies of acknowledgements of the debt of which she possesses the originals, one dated 2 Apr. 1787 in which Blaine admits his debt to Mademoiselle Langat of 1284\u20b6 18s. for \u201cpension, Logement et Blanchissage\u201d (to which she added \u201cmaitre D\u2019armes, de Violon et autres\u201d), and the other dated 15 Apr. 1787 admitting indebtedness of an additional 69\u20b6 2s. \u201cpour pention Et Diverses fournitures.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0253", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame Necker, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Necker, Suzanne Curchod (Mme Jacques Necker)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVersailles, 22. Janvr. 1789.\nJ\u2019ai beaucoup h\u00e9sit\u00e9, Monsieur, avant de vous envoyer cette lettre: je n\u2019en connais point l\u2019auteur, et il me semble qu\u2019on ne doit pas vous importuner l\u00e9g\u00e8rement. Cependant si cette histoire \u00e9tait vraie, si un homme, apr\u00e8s de longs services, \u00e9tant r\u00e9duit \u00e0 un si grand degr\u00e9 de mis\u00e8re, il m\u00e9riterait de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat, et je me reprocherais de ne lui en avoir pas accord\u00e9. Daignez donc, Monsieur, m\u2019instruire sur ce que je dois et puis faire. Le nom que porte ce malheureux ne m\u2019est pas inconn\u00fb, et je crois l\u2019avoir v\u00fb quelquefois dans la gazette. Le v\u00f4tre, Monsieur, est conn\u00fb et honor\u00e9 par tous ceux qui sentent le prix des lumi\u00e8res du courage et d\u2019une noble simplicit\u00e9. C\u2019est donc un grand plaisir pour moi, d\u2019avoir une occasion de vous rendre cet hommage, et de vous assurer de tous les sentimens avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9\u00efssante servante\nC. de Nor Necker\nJe n\u2019ai pas envoy\u00e9 la lettre \u00e0 Mr le Mis. de Sombreuil, avant de savoir si je ne risquerai pas de me compromettre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0254", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Parent, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Parent (Parant), M.\n\u00e0 Paris ce 22me. Janvier 1789\nIl y a quelques semaines, Monsieur, que j\u2019ai souhait\u00e9 de vous demander une envoye de vin de Meursault. Mais la saison a et\u00e9 si rude que j\u2019ai pens\u00e9 qu\u2019il seroit mieux d\u2019en attendre l\u2019adoucissement. C\u2019a tard\u00e9 \u00e0 arriver de sorte que je m\u2019en trouve actuellement dans un besoin pressant. Je vous prie donc, Monsieur, de m\u2019envoyer au plutot deux cens cinquante bouteilles de vin, goutte d\u2019or de Meursault. Je me suis si fait \u00e0 celui de Monsieur Bachey de 1784. que s\u2019il en a encore je le prefererois. S\u2019il n\u2019en a pas, vous aurez la bont\u00e9 de me procurer de ce qu\u2019il y a de mieux de cette espece de vin. Je me fie \u00e0 vous toujours pour la qualit\u00e9, et que le prix soit ce qu\u2019il doit \u00eatre, toujours pourtant regardant la qualit\u00e9 plus que le prix.  Vous aurez la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019annoncer la voiture qui en sera charg\u00e9 quelques jours avant son arriv\u00e9e, et de me nommer la porte de Paris par o\u00f9 elle entrera, afin que j\u2019y depose le passeport chez les Commis de douane de la porte. Vous instruirez aussi le voiturier de demander au commis la libre entr\u00e9e de mes vins, envertu du passeport dont ils seront premunis. Votre ordre pour le montant sera pay\u00e9 comme d\u2019usage entre nous. Je suis Monsieur avec beaucoup d\u2019attachement votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0255", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Rutledge, Jr., 22 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rutledge, John, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 22. 1789.\nIn one of my letters to Mr. Short I asked of him to convey me your commands relative to the letters I should receive for you; but not having received them, and presuming you will be some time stationary at Rome, I now send them. I do this the rather, because the greater part of them are from your father, and probably convey you domestic news. The several bills of exchange he had sent me for you have been always immediately endorsed and delivered to your bankers Messieurs Boyd & Ker who have promised to convey you the money. This practice shall be continued or any other you will please to point out, till my departure for America in the middle of April. It would be well to advise Govr. Rutledge to inclose them after that either to Mr. Short or some other person, lest your receipt of them should be suspended till my return. From America we have no late news, and I write to Mr. Short the news of Europe for which I must take the liberty of referring you to him. Accept my constant dispositions to be useful to you, and assurances of the esteem & attachment with which I have the honour to be Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0256", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 22 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 22. 1789.\nMy last to you was of the 8th December, since which I have received your favors of Nov. 29. and Dec. 23. I have not received  a single article of news from America since my last, except a letter from Dr. Franklin which makes known to me his health. I presume he is now retired from all public business as his term of 3. years for the presidency is expired.The affairs of this kingdom go on well. The determination of the council to give to the tiers etat a representation equal to that of the privileged classes is opposed bitterly by the clergy and antient nobles, secretly by the parliament; but has in it\u2019s favor the body of the nation, the younger part of the noblesse and the handsome young women. The letters of convocation are not yet out. It is still presumed the meeting of the states will be at Versailles in the month of April, and that the court will go to St. Cloud during their session. Before April it is hoped a majority of the Nobles will have arranged themselves on the side of the tiers etat, so as to determine favorably for them the first great question they will have to determine, whether the states shall vote by orders or by persons. Mr. Neckar\u2019s report to the king contains 1. a renunciation of his power of taxing 2. an acknolegement that the states are to appropriate as well as levy money: 3. the responsibility of ministers. 4. that the states shall meet periodically: 5. that letters de cachet shall be laid under legal restraint; 6. that the press shall be properly free: 7. that all this shall be fixed so solemnly that his successors shall not be at liberty to change it; and 8. there is a distant idea hinted as if the states would participate in the legislation. But this last seems not to have been ripe for declaring explicitly. Mr. Neckar has lately borrowed 25. millions, not from the Caisse d\u2019escompte, but from the Actionnaires of the caisse d\u2019escompte. I do not understand this. The loan of 1784. is at 12. loss, the caisse d\u2019escompte at 3966. The lunacy of the king of England continues as furious as ever. The Prince of Wales will be sole regent, under limitations, viz not to create peers; not to fill up patent places but per interim; not to touch the king\u2019s private revenue, or have any power over his person or servants, these being to be confided to the Queen. No bill however is yet passed or even brought in. The new administration it is said will be the D. of Portland, Fox, Sheridan, Burke, Ld. Malmesbury, Loughborough and Erskine attorney general. The Queen and Prince have bickered. There is zizanie between the D. of Portland, Fox, and Sheridan. The capture of Oczakow has raised the aspect of Russia. She is in great danger of losing Poland. The majority of the Nobles, supported by Prussia, is against the king. If Russia should make peace with the Turks, she may yet recover her ground in Poland and perhaps the two  empires turn their arms against Prussia. One of the Potoskis whom you knew, is to come Ambassador to this court. The degree of cold here has been extreme beyond all extremities ever known before. 18\u00b0. of Reaumur below freezing, this is about 8\u00b0. below zero of Farenheit, or 40\u00b0 below freezing. It has occasioned a great deal of sickness. My family has had a large share of this. My eldest daughter had a fever of about a fortnight, the younger has had one of the nervous class two months, excepting out of it an intermission of some days. She has been in considerable danger; but for about five days past she is better, and without an accident, is now I hope out of danger. She is still very low, and her fever continues. Other symptoms favorable. My departure for America will not be till after the middle of April, but as soon after that as permission and a good vessel can be had. My letter of Nov. 21. which I hope you will have received, informed you I had got the edition of the Crusca which I desired. I spoke to Mr. Gautier about the failure of their letter of advice to Rome. He explained it and said it was remedied. Mr. and Mrs. Paradise are here. She speaks in good terms of you. I believe she will go to England in a few days leaving him here. This will be an experiment whether they can live asunder. Accept my best wishes for your health, entertainment, improvement and happiness, and assurances of the sincere esteem and attachment of Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I send by this post Mr. Rutledge\u2019s letters addressed to him poste restante \u00e0 Rome.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Burrill Carnes, 23 January 1789\nFrom: Carnes, Burrill\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNantes, 23 Jan. 1789. As instructed in TJ\u2019s letter of 15 Jan., has notified the merchants of Nantes of the arr\u00eat of 7 Dec. 1788.\u2014Some unexpected business may require his presence in America for a few months; asks \u201cwhether the honor of the Execution of your orders here, during that time, can not be intrusted to another person,\u201d whose name he will mention before leaving. If he goes it will be within a month on a ship recently arrived from Baltimore, \u201cconsign\u2019d to me and bound to Savanna.\u201d Offers to carry out any commands TJ may have. Among the distressed American seamen here \u201cduring the late extreme cold weather, there is still one remaining who belongs to Alexandria,\u201d Virginia, and who cannot accept an offer of passage to Savannah because  he owes \u00a3140. If he cannot discharge his obligations, he may be \u201cforced to a long and dangerous Voyage to the Coast of Guinea. If any assistance could be given this poor man I think I can venture to say he would ultimately reimburse it, tho\u2019 being a stranger to me I could not undertake to be answerable for the amount.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 23 January 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLahaie 23e. Janv. 1789\n Votre Excellence verra dans la D\u00e9peche ci-jointe, tout ce qu\u2019un Anachorette comme moi peut avoir oui dire de ce qui se passe.\u2014Je saisis cette occasion pour Lui t\u00e9moigner mon desir, de savoir si les dernieres Lettres, jusqu\u2019ici au nombre de 5, que j\u2019ai fait ins\u00e9rer successivement dans les suppl\u00e9mens de Leide et qui seront suivies de quelques autres encore, ont m\u00e9rit\u00e9 l\u2019approbation de V. E.\nD\u2019apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9motion (c\u2019est le terme favori ici pour d\u00e9signer les d\u00e9positions et d\u00e9gradations que l\u2019on exerce encore tant qu\u2019on peut) dont mon ami L\u2014\u2014[Luzac] croit \u00eatre menac\u00e9, V. E. ainsi que le Congr\u00e8s, pourra juger de l\u2019Esprit et des motifs qui ont dict\u00e9 et op\u00e9r\u00e9 la mienne.\nJe fais les voeux les plus sinceres pour la sant\u00e9 et conservation de Votre Excellence de qui je suis avec grand et vrai respect Le tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9isst. serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0260", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to La Luzerne, 24 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: La Luzerne\nParis Jan. 24. 1789.\nI have duly received the letter of the 18th. instant with which your Excellency has been pleased to honour me, inclosing a copy of the Arret of Dec. 7. excepting the whale oils of the United States from the operation of that of Sep. 28. and I have availed myself of an opportunity which offered for forwarding them to Congress. They will doubtless receive this new proof of his majesty\u2019s dispositions to favour the commerce of the United States with that satisfaction which such dispositions ever inspire, and from this motive, as well as that of interest, they will assuredly take the best precautions in their power for preventing the introduction  of other foreign oils into the ports of France, by contraband, and under cover of the indulgencies extended to them. I have also suggested the expediency of consulting with the Consuls of France on this subject, in order that their precautions may be equally adapted to the laws and regulations of both countries. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0261", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacques Necker, 24 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Necker, Jacques\nParis Jan. 24. 1789.\nI have duly received the letter of the 11th. instant with which your Excellency has been pleased to honor me, inclosing the Arret of Dec. 7. explanatory of that of Sep. 28. and excepting from it\u2019s operation the oils of the United States: and I have availed myself of an opportunity which occurred for forwarding them to Congress. They will doubtless receive this new proof of the dispositions of his Majesty to encourage the commercial connections of the two countries with that satisfaction which such dispositions ever inspire; and from this motive, as well as that of an equal interest, they will assuredly take the best precautions in their power for preventing the fraudulent introduction of other foreign oils into the ports of France under cover of the indulgencies extended to them. They will receive with additional pleasure also your Excellency\u2019s assurance that the discontinuance of the duty of 10. sous pour livre heretofore assured to them at the end of the year 1790. will not fail to take place.\nPermit me to avail myself of this, as of every other occasion of assuring you of those sentiments of respect and attachment with which I have the honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0262", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame Necker, 24 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Necker, Suzanne Curchod (Mme Jacques Necker)\nParis Jan. 24. 1789.\nI have received, Madam, with a great deal of sensibility the letter of the 22d. instant, with which you were pleased to honor me, on the claims of Monsieur Klein against the United states; and immediately endeavored to inform myself of their foundation by an examination of the Journals of Congress. Congress consisting of many persons, can only speak by the organ of their records. If they have any engagements they are to be found there. If not found there they can never have existed. I proceeded to this examination with all the partialities which were naturally inspired by the interest you are so good as to take in his behalf, the desire of doing what will be agreeable to you, and a disposition to obtain for him the justice which might be his due. I have extracted literally from those journals every thing I find in them on his subject, and I take the liberty of inclosing you those extracts. From them, as well as from what I recollect of the ordinary train of business about the years 1778. and 1779. I presume the following to be very nearly the history of Monsieur Klein\u2019s case.\nCongress were generally desirous of adding to their army during the war. Among other methods attempted, it was usual for foreigners (multitudes of whom went to ask command) when they found there was no vacancy, to propose to raise troops themselves, on condition they should have commissions to command them. I suppose that Messieurs Klein, Fearer, and Kleinsmit (named in the resolution of Congress of 1778. and whom, from their names, I conjecture to be Germans) offered to enlist a body of men from among the German prisoners taken with General Burgoyne at Saratoga, on condition that Fearer and Kleinsmit should be captains over them, and Klein Lieutenant colonel. Three months seem to have been allowed them for raising their corps. However, at the end of 10 months it seems they had engaged but 24 men, and that all of these, except five, had deserted. Congress therefore put an end to the project June 21. 1779. (and not in July, 1780. as Monsr. Klein says) by informing him they had no further use for his service, and giving him a year\u2019s pay and subsistence to bring him to Europe. He chose to stay there three years and a half longer, as he says, to sollicit what was due to him. Nothing could ever have been due to him but pay and subsistence for the ten months he was trying to enlist men, and the donation of a year\u2019s pay and subsistence; and it is not probable he would wait three years and a  half to receive these. I suppose he has staid in hopes of finding some other opening for emploiment. If these articles of pay and subsistence have not been paid to him, he has the certificates of the pay-master and Commissary to prove it; because it was an invariable rule, when demands could not be paid, to give the party a certificate to establish the sum due to him. If he has not such a certificate, it is a proof he has been paid. If he has it, he can produce it; and in that case I will undertake to represent his claim to our government, and will answer for their justice.\nIt would be easy to correct several inaccuracies in the letter of Monsieur Klein, such as that Congress engaged to give him a regiment; that he paid the recruiting money out of his own pocket; that his souldiers had nothing but bread and water; that Congress had promised him they would pay his souldiers in specie &c &c some of which are impossible, and others very improbable: but these would be details too lengthy, Madam, for you to be troubled with. Klein\u2019s object is to be received at the Hospital of invalids. I presume he is not of the description of persons entitled to be received there, and that his American commission, and American grievances are the only ground he has whereon to raise a claim to reception. He has therefore tried to make the most of them. Few think there is any immorality in scandalising governments or ministers: and Mr. Klein\u2019s distresses render this resource more innocent in him than it is in most others. Your commands, Madam, to give what information I could, have drawn this much from me. I would not wish to weaken the hopes he so justly rests on your known goodness and benevolence. On the contrary, the weaker his claims elsewhere, the stronger they will plead in your bosom to procure him relief: and whatever may be done for him here, I repeat it, that, if he has any just demand against the United states and will furnish me with proofs of it, I will sollicit it with zeal, and, I trust, with effect. To procure him justice will be one gratification, and a great additional one will be that he has procured me the occasion of offering you my portion of the general tribute so justly due for all the good you have done, and all you are perpetually endeavoring to do. Accept then, Madam, I pray you, this homage from one whose motives are pure truth and justice when he assures you of the sincerity of those sentiments of esteem and respect with which he has the honour to be Madam your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0263", "content": "Title: Affidavit for De Bellefonds, 25 January [1789?]\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \nParis, 25 Jan. 1781 [1789?]. Certificate, issued as \u201cSecr\u00e9taire d\u2019Etat\u201d and minister at the Court of France, concerning the services that \u201cMonsieur le Chevalier de Bellefonds a rendu sur le Continent de L\u2019Amerique, ou il fut bl\u00e9s\u201d and his right leg broken, according to an affidavit signed by D\u2019Estaing; informing all whom it may concern that De Bellefonds is authorized to wear the insigne \u201cde l\u2019association de Cincinnatus, Jusqu\u2019au moment o\u00f9 il recevra son Diplome des Etats Unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0265", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Damme, 25 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Damme, Pieter Bernhard van\na Paris ce 25me. Janvier 1789.\nJe viens de recevoir, Monsieur, votre lettre du 19me courant dans laquelle vous m\u2019annoncez que la vente des livres, dont vous m\u2019aviez fourni une catalogue, est decid\u00e9e pour le mois de Mars. J\u2019ai examin\u00e9 de neuf les deux feuilles o\u00fa je vous avois not\u00e9 les livres dont je souhaitois de faire l\u2019acquisition. Il y en a plusieurs que vous m\u2019avez fourni depuis, il y a d\u2019autres que j\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 et achet\u00e9 ailleurs. Pour eviter toute erreur de double achat, je vous envoye le catalogue de ce qui me manque encore de mes anciennes feuilles. J\u2019y ai omis tout ce que j\u2019ai procur\u00e9 depuis. Ainsi je vous prie de vous regler sur cette nouvelle catalogue seulement. Je vais faire une absence de Paris du 15me. Avril prochain, jusqu\u2019au mois  de Decembre. Je vous prie donc, Monsieur, de tacher que les livres que vous acheterez pour moi soient arriv\u00e9es \u00e1 Paris avant mon depart. Je suis Monsieur votre tr\u00e9s humble & tr\u00e9s obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Ayez la bont\u00e9 d\u2019observer que c\u2019etoit une traduction en Anglois, Italien, ou Francois de Grotius de rebus Belgicis, et non pas l\u2019ouvrage original en Latin, que je vous ai demand\u00e9. Je possede deja le Latin.\nEnclosureList of Books Ordered\n4184. Strabo Lugduni. Gabr. Coterius. 1559. 2. vols. in 16.\n2092. Vitruvius Philandri. Amstelod. Elzevir. 1649. fol. (une exemplaire seulement)\n4118. Plinii epistolae. Elzevir. 1640. 12 mo.\n4126. Abelardi et Heloisae epistolae. Lond. 1718. 8vo.\nTraduction des Annales Belgiques de Grotius, en Anglois, Italien,ou Fran\u00e7ois. Je la possede deja en Latin.\nCatalogue Vol. 1. pa. 7. Admiranda narratio &c. Virginiae a Thom\u00e2 Harriot. fol.\n18. Anacreonte. Gr. Lat. Ital. Venetiis. 1736. 4to.\n52. Bentivoglio della guerra di Fiandra Cologna. (Elzevir) 1635 3.vol. 12mo.\n56. Biblia Tremellii et Junii et Testamentum novum Bezae. Amstel.1628. in 12mo.\n150. Dictionarium Latino-Graeco-Gallicum Morelli. 8vo.\n215. Frontino. Astutia militare. Venetia. 1537. 12mo.\n282. Istoria delle guerre esterne de Romani d\u2019Appiano Alessandrino.dal Braccio. 12mo.\nVol 2. pa. 29. Lucretius. Amstel. in 16s.\n72. Miscellaneous works of Middeton. 5. vols. 8vo.\n148. Polybius. Lugd. 1548. pet. in 12.\n223. S\u2019il est permis de faire arreter un Ambassadeur &c. 1745. pet. in 4to.\n287. Vetus testamentum Graecum. Cantab. 1666. 12mo.\n303. Voyage d\u2019un Fran\u00e7ois exil\u00e9 pour la religion dans la Virginie etMariland. 1687. 12mo.\n304. Voyage de la Louisiane. par le pere Laval 4to.\nTh: JeffersonJan. 25. 1789", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0266", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 26 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 26. 1788.\nI have deferred answering your letter on the subject of slaves, because you permitted me to do it till a moment of leisure, and that moment rarely comes, and because too, I could not answer you with such a degree of certainty as to merit any notice. I do not recollect the conversation at Vincennes to which you allude, but can repeat still on the same ground, on which I must have done then, that as far as I can judge from the experiments which have been made, to give liberty to, or rather, to abandon persons whose habits have been formed in slavery is like abandoning children. Many quakers in Virginia seated their slaves on their lands as tenants. They were distant from me, and therefore I cannot be particular in the details, because I never had very particular information. I cannot say whether they were to pay a rent in money, or a share of the produce: but I remember that the landlord was obliged to plan their crops for them, to direct all their operations during every season and according to the weather, but, what is more afflicting, he was obliged to watch them daily and almost constantly to make them work, and even to whip them. A man\u2019s moral sense must be unusually strong, if slavery does not make him a thief. He who is permitted by law to have no property of his own, can with difficulty conceive that property is founded in any thing but force. These slaves chose to steal from their neighbors rather than work. They became public nuisances, and in most instances were reduced to slavery again. But I will beg of you to make no use of this imperfect information (unless in common conversation). I shall go to America in the Spring and return in the fall. During my stay in Virginia I shall be in the neighborhood where many of these trials were made. I will inform myself very particularly of them, and communicate the information to you. Besides these, there is an instance since I came away of a young man (Mr. Mayo) who died and gave freedom to all his slaves, about 200. This is about 4. years ago. I shall know how they have turned out. Notwithstanding the discouraging result of these experiments, I am decided on my final return to America to try this one. I shall endeavor to import as many Germans as I have grown slaves. I will settle them and my slaves, on farms of 50. acres each, intermingled, and place all on the footing of the Metayers [Medietarii] of Europe. Their children shall be brought up, as others are, in habits of property and foresight, and I have no doubt but that they will be good citizens  Some of their fathers will be so: others I suppose will need government. With these, all that can be done is to oblige them to labour as the labouring poor of Europe do, and to apply to their comfortable subsistence the produce of their labour, retaining such a moderate portion of it as may be a just equivalent for the use of the lands they labour and the stocks and other necessary advances.\nA word now on Mr. Paradise\u2019s affairs. You were informed, at the time, of the arrangement they had established in their affairs, to wit, reserving 400\u00a3 a year for their subsistence, abandoning the rest of their income about 400\u00a3 more, all their credits (one of which is 800\u00a3 [from] an individual and another is 1000\u00a3 from the state) and the cutting of a valuable wood, to their creditors. Their whole debts amounting but to 2300\u00a3, the term of paiment cannot be long if this arrangement can be preserved. I had hoped that the journey to Italy would have fixed Mrs. Paradise with her daughter and left him free to travel or tarry where he liked best. But the journey has been a burthen instead of a relief to their affairs. In fact it is evident to me that the society of England is necessary for the happiness of Mrs. Paradise, and is perhaps the most agreeable to Mr. Paradise also. It is become an object therefore to obtain the concurrence of their creditors in the arrangements taken. The inducement to be proposed to them is Mrs. Paradise\u2019s joining in a deed in which these dispositions shall be stipulated (which by the laws of Virginia will bind her property there) so that the creditors will be secured of their debts in the event of Mr. Paradise\u2019s death. The inducement to Mr. and Mrs. Paradise is that their persons and property shall be free from molestation and their substance not consumed at law. We suppose that the creditors [will] name one trustee and Mr. Paradise another (yourself) fully and solely authorized to receive all remittances from America, to pay to them first their subsistence money, and the rest to the creditors till they are fully paid. Mrs. Paradise will set out in a few days for London to set her hand to this accomodation. In the mean time they hope you will prepare the ground by negociating the settlement with the creditors. As far as I have any influence with Mr. or Mrs. Paradise I have used it and shall use it for the joint interests of their creditors and themselves, for I view it as clearly their interest to reduce themselves to as moderate an expence as possible till their debts are paid. If this can be effected before my departure in April, I will not only aid it here, but have any thing done which may be necessary in Virginia when  I go there, such as the recording the deed &c. This journey of Mrs. Paradise will also be an experiment whether their distresses will not be lighter when separate than while together.\u2014I shall always be glad to hear from you. Since Mr. Adams\u2019s departure I have need of information from that country, and should rely much on yours. It will always therefore be acceptable. I am with very sincere esteem Dr. Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 26 January 1789\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 26 Jany. 1789\nA violent Rheumatism which has confined me to my Room for 3 days past hath prevented me from answering sooner the Letter  you did me the honor to write me the 25th. Ulto. Altho I have received several Letters lately from America, from none have I had such explicit Intelligence as you were pleased to give me. I hope that as all Parties in our Country in general feel the necessity of a firm Government, the new Congress will assemble with a disposition to accommodate, as far as may be practicable, the new constitution to the Sentiments of all, without sacrificing its Energy. I do not recollect to have seen in the news papers any particular account of the great works carrying on in America for the extension of our Inland Navigation. I think such a relation rendered public would do us credit at a time when our Enemies would persuade Europe that we are in anarchy and distress. I inclose you the answer of Ulloa on the Subject of the supposed project of cutting thro\u2019 the Istmus of Darien with a note by another hand, a particular friend of mine who commands an expedition for the purpose of examining and taking charts of the least explored parts of the Spanish possessions as well as of the Countries lately visited by foreign navigators. This expedition will sail from Cadiz in June. I am well acquainted with the Gentleman who goes out for the object of Natural history and as I am informed that the result of this voyage will be rendered public if you have any curiosity to gratify or any remark to communicate, your questions or your remarks will give pleasure to my friends who are sensible, ingenious and enterprising men. In the Month of Octob. 1787 I received information which I communicated to Congress. That Frenchman who spoke English and who was a good geographer had embarked in the packet for New York, sent to visit our back settlements and to render a [secret?] account thereof to this court. [We] have had no [communication] on the subject. In November last I advised Mr. Jay that a certain Gayoso a Biscayan a very intelligent man and who spoke English perfectly well was sent to the Missisipi as Governor of the Natchez. As I was well acquainted with this person and as he made a mystery of his voyage to me I conjectured that he had some [secret?] commission from this Court. I hear from others his destination; my last accounts of him are that he had arrived at the Havana in his way to New Orleans. I have taken upon myself to insinuate here, that any underhand negotiation with these people would not fail to give displeasure to the States in Union, and I was told Indirectly that the Ministers object in these missions was information and Nothing more. Have I acted with propriety or not? General Wilkison whom you may recollect, now settled at Kentuckey, has been at New Orleans and  was well received by the public officers and the Principal People. This is the Substance of what I know on this Subject.\nIt is not less dangerous and delicate than it is difficult to give an Idea of the Characters of the New Sovereigns here. Do not beleive that the King has any partiality to any System, for he hath formed none and is not capable of forming any. The Queen will govern him and direct him and She is (at least hitherto entirely Bourbon). Both eager for popularity, perhaps fewer employments may be given to Foreigners than in the other Reign, because these preferences displease the Nation. But the family System will be followed with a greater air of Independance on the Councils of France and it will be a wise policy in the latter Court to insinuate in consulting their Catholic Majesties the measures it wishes this Court to pursue. I do not think the present Ambassador proper for this role altho\u2019 I esteem highly his personal Character. He is too sanguine, too importunate, trop minutieux and trop entet\u00e9 de ses plans de ses projets, et de ses talents et ses forces et moyens pour les executer. I do not hazard these Assertions. Their verity is confirmed to me from the best sources of Intelligence and certainly the Present Minister of Foreign Affairs in France, knows that I do not accustom myself to speak without information on Serious and Interesting Subjects. A Man without the appearance of an Intriguant, with solid good sense, simplicity and frankness in his outside is such as ought to be an Ambassador here at present from your Court. The Queen seems to think and act as a mere Woman. But she knows otherwise so much how to dissemble, that it is really very difficult to say what may be her serious intentions. I think the Ct. de F. B. in making Sacrifices to her Caprice, may remain in office; But the Favorites say otherwise. These Favorites are two Brothers from Estramadura. The one was removed from the Court (he being guardia de Corps) in the Late Reign. The other in the same employment has been distinguished by the Notice of her Majesty. The first moments of the Queen were devoted to the recall of the Elder Brother who has since been named an Exempt and his Brother Cadet of the Garde du Corps. They have their Levees and their protection is courted and sollicited by Persons of the first Rank. I have means of knowing almost every thing which passes between the August Protectrice and these Favorites, but I will not disgust you as much as you would be astonished by the details which have come to my knowledge. I write you perhaps too freely on these Subjects, but as I have a sure means of Conveyance thro the channel of Mr. Young formerly  Secretary to Mr. Laurence when President of Congress and as you mean to go to America I wish to give you a sketch of the present situation of affairs and from thence a judgement may be formed of the future. I think that the present reign Must be a weak one. The King has good Intentions, but is a very weak man and knowledge and decision and Capacity are not to be acquired after 40 years of age. He will be governed by the Queen in all Great points. In Matters which regard his particular taste, his pleasures, his personal Friendships, She will be the first to approve them and to flatter by a very particular distinction his favorites who in fact will finally become her creatures, and This I know already from one who has most been favored by the personal friendship of his Majesty, who accompanies him often in his hunting parties and who is generally regarded as a favorite.Thus Much for the general prospect of the New Court and reign. The Grandees begin to assume a certain consequence, but they have no head and I may add no heads. The Ct. D\u2019Aranda is not in favor and may really be regarded as the Shadow of what he was or what he has been represented to have been. At Present he is \u2018vox et preterea nihil.\u2019 The Ambassador at Versailles is looked up to as a successor to the Ct. de F. B. by the party of opposition here. You must know him. I supped almost every night with him during the course of a Winter and I saw nothing extraordinary rien d\u2019elevation dans son caracter. I saw also often his dispatches during the last war and certainly his conception was wild and his Combinations Injudicious and bad. For the rest his Exterior is mild and his dissimulation great. If ever he becomes Minister, a Woman here will guide him as an Infant in Leading Strings.\nYou will excuse the freedom with which I write you my opinions and my Conjectures; without being personally known to you, I have formed that Idea of your Character, which corresponds with my own feelings. I have seen that Attention to the Interests of our Country as a Minis[ter \u2026] from it which excites my Emulation and not my Envy, for with all the enthusiasm Nature may deprive the person who is influenced by it, of the Talents necessary to render it useful.\nI have the honor to inclose you the Memorial presented by a Friend of Mine to induce the Government to adopt the plan of a voyage of discovery mentioned in a former part of this Letter. I also inclose you a Letter from Mexico relative to the progress of the Russians in their Approximation to the Spanish Terrotaries and a discription of the Skeleton of an Animal discovered lately  in Spanish America. I suppose these to be objects of Curiosity to you, the Latter however is merely for yourself, for the Academy of Natural history here, will soon publish an account of this Animal and the person who furnishes me with the inclosed Sketch and notes desires that his Observations should not be made public.\nFrom Algiers I find that the Peace with Spain is on a tottering foundation and I beleive this Court itself thinks so. At least I conjecture this from some hints I have received from persons who are in the way of being well Informed. I must Intreat you on your arrival in America, to press remittances for the payment of the Advances made by the Ct. D Expilly as well as those made by his successor Monsr. Las Herat the Spanish Consul for the support of our unfortunate Country men. I have sent the Accompts to Congress. The Money has been Advanced by these Gentlemen in consequence of my orders which were approved by Your Excellency and Mr. Adams.\nYou are pleased to offer me your services in America. From another I might take this as a Compliment. I must be very much deceived indeed in your Character to take it as such from you. I will therefore without hesitation or Scruple tell you Candidly, that I cannot live here with my present salary. That from the particular situation of our Affairs during the greater part of my residence here, I was obliged to incur Extraordinary Expences to Make friends and to gain Confidence not only with the Nation but with those Employed by other Nations. I have spent my money my time, my attention and I flatter Myself I have succeeded. I have never troubled Congress with my distresses, because I knew their Inability to releive me. I do not ask the salary of a Minister, but I wish to have the Title for their interests, because the Etiquette here is so much to the Advantage of the Ambassadors and Ministers that 4 times in five on the days of Audience, the Charg\u00e9 Des Affaires cannot see the Minister until he is wearied and fatigued by preceding conferences. 500 pd. Stg. a year would pay the extraordinaries of all kinds of the Additional Title. I never formed an Idea of being paid for the Time I employed in the service of my Country, but I do not wish to become every year poorer as has been the case hitherto. I beg you to excuse these details or more properly these effusions. I write in a hurry for I finish the 27th of March a Letter begun the 26th of Jany. The fact is that Mr. Young has been detained by unforeseen circumstances, altho\u2019 Every day I expected his departure. This will be sent you by the Prince de Nassau. I have not drawn for Many  months for my salary, I beg you before your departure to leave me directions on that head. I am now pressed on all sides for Money and when I draw for a quarter or a half year I hope My bills will not be protested. I have yours of the 4th of March but I have not time to answer it. We have no pacquet boats here. I have the honor to be with the most sincere Esteem and respect Yr Excys Most Obedt & Very Hble. Sert,\nWm. Carmichael\nI add an Extract of a Letter from Morracco which I have just received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0269", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Description of the Megatherium, 26 January 1789\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \nEnclosureDescription of the Megatherium\nThis curious piece of anatomy was found near the river luxan fourteen leagues from buenos aires in a profound creck 10 yards of heigtnes. It was buried, almost calcinated and petrified. Its spina dorsalis measures five yards longitud. For the other dimensions you may consult the adjacent table. He must belong to one of the three largest Quadrupeds, or to the Elephant, Hipopotamus or Rhinoceros.\nThe generiel caracters are in this skeleton 4 fingers in avery foot, and 6 molar teeth. In its imperfect state, the before fingers exist 3 ungulated, in the behind feet only 3 ungulated: and there is a cavity for placing the 4th. finger wanting one of the snails is longer in every feet.\nIt is Not the elephant, We have before hand in skeleton, and bears it not to him the les similitude.\nHe must of course belong to the Sea horse or to the Rhinoceros. It is true that the Caracters given by Brison to the sea horse Are to be met with in this skeleton. But when we compare the head of the animal in question with the head represented by Fusieu in the memoirs of the Royal Academy of Paris, there is not any likeness in the figure of the molar teeth exhibited or drawn in the above said plate.\nPerhaps this skeleton belongs to the Rhinoceros but it difers from the number of teeth, of fingers &c. but Complete skeleton[s] of those large animal have not been compared with this American animal and it may hapen that descriptions given to the present day are erroneous and defective on this skeleton belongs to an unknown animal of the genus of some of the two former.\nIn the royal Cabinet inteligent persons are with great care placing all the bones, in their proper situation, and the World will enjoi a very curious in this particular.\nI add to the remarks above exposed that the teeth of this animal do not give fire with the steel as those of the sea horse do; that may [be] the efect of its state of calcination or of other cause.\n  Dimensions and Weigth of the Principal bones of the said Skeleton\nWeight\nThe head and vertebre\narrob.\nand\nPounds\nDorsales and Lumbares\nThe right arm\nand\nThe right leg\nand\nSacrea and the innominatd.\nand\nDimensions\nYards\ninches\nLongd. The head\nSpannish yard\n and\ninches\nLatitud.\n and\nheight\n and\nDorsales and Lumbares\nLong.\nLat.\nHeightness\nRight armDimensions\nSpan. Yards\nInches\nLong.\nLatit.\nheight\nRight Leg\nLong.\nLat.\nHeight\nSacro and innominata\nLong.\nLat.\nHeight\nIn this skeleton were found almost all the bones whic compose its structure. The Tusks and the extremity of the head, the snout are Wanting. And also the phalanges which compose the fourth finger of the posteriour feet. Parts of some ribs and other litle bones. The astragatus is very considerable. We expect the conclution of the Whole skeleton, to have a better figure for this is a very imperfect one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0270", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 26 January 1789\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nSt. Petersburgh, January 26, 1789\nHaving wrote you fully respecting the Denmark business by Mr. Littlepage, with the papers necessary to finish it, I now have the honor to transmit you the extract of my journal that you wish to communicate to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, on the subject of the medal with which I am honored by Congress. I have only at present to inform you that I returned here from the Black sea a short time ago, by the special desire of her Imperial Majesty; but I know not yet my future destination. I congratulate you on the establishment of the new American Constitution. Among other good effects, a marine force will naturally result from it. If there is still a disposition to send a force against the Algerines, would it not be a good thing to conclude a treaty with this country, and make the war a common cause in the Mediterranean. The Turks and Algerines are together, and acted in conjunction against us before Oczacoff. A treaty might now be concluded, permitting her Imperial Majesty to enlist seamen in America, and assuring to America, after the peace, a free navigation to and from the Black sea. If you approve of this idea in general, various other things will necessarily be ingrafted in the treaty, and I flatter myself I may obtain the command of the force destined to act in conjunction with that of the United States.\nI beg to hear from you as soon as possible, and I hope to be favored with your sentiments, as I have already had some conversation with this Government on the subject. Please to mention the situation of your arrangement with the Court of Denmark.\nPresent my best respects to the Marquis and to Mr. Short. I congratulate you all on the happy acquisition of liberty in France. His present Majesty has established a more glorious title than any of his predecessors, and posterity will bless his memory.\nI avail myself of an express that is just setting out from the office of Foreign Affairs, so that I have not time even to copy this. I am, dear sir, yours, &c.,\nJ. P. Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Dominique Audibert, 27 January 1789\nFrom: Audibert, Dominique\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nRue d\u2019armenyMarseille le 27 Janvier 1789.\nDepuis la lettre que j\u2019ai e\u00fb l\u2019honneur de vous ecrire le 14 du mois pass\u00e9, j\u2019ai fait faire ici sous mes yeux diverses experiences dont j\u2019ai suivi les Proced\u00e9s et le resultat sur la Potasse des Etats unis dont vous m\u2019avez fait adresser un envoy de cinq Barils. La qualit\u00e9 en a et\u00e9 reconnue bonne et tres propre \u00e0 divers Emplois pour la Teinture, La fayance, La composition de La Poudre, \u00e0 La fabrication du Savon et je ne doute point que, si cette matiere peut \u00eatre etablie ici dans La proportion des Prix de 20 \u00e0 25\u20b6 Le quintal Poids de Marc, on ne parvint \u00e0 en procurer un debouch\u00e9 constant pour des objets majeurs. Il en vient de grandes quantit\u00e9s de Trieste qui s\u2019y consomment. Il s\u2019agiroit de pouvoir surmonter cette concurrence par un prix inferieur \u00e0 la Potasse allemande. Cette matiere ne pourra cependant jamais remplacer enti\u00e8rement la Soude dans la composition du Savon et J\u2019ai cru devoir, Monsieur, pour mieux remplir vos vues, traitter cet objet \u00e0 part et avec quelque detail dans un memoire que J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous remettre cy-Inclus. Il ne me reste qu\u2019\u00e0 d\u00e9sirer qu\u2019il satisfasse aux eclaircissemens que Vous m\u2019avez fait la grace de me demander et Je serai toujours tres empresse, Monsieur, \u00e0 continuer de vous donner tous ceux qui pourront concourir \u00e0 vos vues. En attendant, J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous remettre cy joint le compte de Vente des cinq Barils Potasse que vous avez e\u00fb la bont\u00e9 de me faire adress\u00e9r, montant de net produit \u00a3425. et de vous en fournir la Valeur par apoint et ma traitte de meme Somme sur MM. Rilliet et Comp. en vous priant de m\u2019en accuser la reception. Si sur cet essay le Negociant des Etats unis se decide \u00e0 suivre cette branche de commerce avec notre Place et \u00e0 m\u2019en adresser sous votre flatteuse recommandation des envoys plus considerables, Je donnerai tous mes soins \u00e0 repondre \u00e0 la confiance que vous daignerez lui inspirer en ma faveur, et qui sera toujours pour moi le motif le plus pressant pour exciter mon zele. Je suis avec respect Monsieur Votre Tres humble & Tres obeissant Serviteur,\nDque AudibertDepute de La Chambre de Commerce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0272", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Observations sur la Potasse, January 1789\nFrom: Audibert, Dominique\nTo: \nEnclosureObservations sur la Potasse des treize Etats unisrelativement \u00e0 la fabrication du Savon.\nMarseille Janvier 1789\nCette Potasse, quoique moins pure que celle du Nord de l\u2019Europe, est n\u00e9anmoins infiniment meilleure. Son effet etant plus actif \u00e0 cause de sa causticit\u00e9, elle peut par consequent etre substitu\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019autre dans tous les usages o\u00f9 cette matiere peut etre employ\u00e9e, mais quoique l\u2019on fasse en Europe beaucoup de Savon avec la potasse, et qu\u2019il puisse etre tr\u00e8s bon lorsqu\u2019il est bien fait, on ne s\u2019en sert pas dans la fabrication de celui de Marseille, non \u00e0 cause du vice de ce Sel qui n\u2019est pas connu des fabricants, mais parceque la fabrication nous ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 transmise par les Espagnols, que ceux cy tenoient des Genois, et ces deux Nations n\u2019employant que des Soudes, nous avons suivi leur methode; et comme la Soude est infiniment plus propre \u00e0 la confection du Savon et que Marseille par sa Situation est au centre des productions de cette matiere, elle en a toujours consomm\u00e9 et n\u2019a pas meme cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 y Supleer par d\u2019autres; ce qui, Joint au r\u00e9gime qui soutient cette fabrication, elle s\u2019est acquise \u00e0 juste titre la r\u00e9putation de faire le meilleur Savon.\nUne des qualit\u00e9s que l\u2019on estime dans le Savon de Marseille et qui lui conserve la pr\u00e9ference est d\u2019etre solide et ass\u00e9s compacte pour resister aux plus grandes chaleurs sans se d\u00e9composer; c\u2019est un des avantages les plus essentiels de la soude; le sel alkali min\u00e9ral qui la constitue a la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de secher et d\u2019etre efflorescent \u00e0 l\u2019air, tandis que le Sel de la Potasse, comme alkali v\u00e9g\u00e9tal, attire puissamment l\u2019humide et tombe en dissolution, d\u2019o\u00f9 il resulte que l\u2019employant dans la composition du Savon il lui communique cette propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et le Savon qui en provient est toujours mo\u00fb.\nDe sorte que si la potasse s\u2019introduisoit dans la fabrication, ce ne pourroit etre qu\u2019en petite quantit\u00e9, puisqu\u2019il lui faudroit des correctifs pour combatre le vice d\u2019un pareil ingredient, mais ce n\u2019est pas le seul d\u00e9faut r\u00e9el ou apparent que cette matiere porteroit au Savon. On exige dans cette fabrication des qualit\u00e9s qui, sans tenir \u00e0 son essence, n\u2019en sont pas moins essentielies \u00e0 son d\u00e9bit pour Satisfaire les differents gouts des Provinces qui le consomment; les unes demandent et pr\u00e9ferent la marbrure d\u2019un bleu p\u00e2le, les autres d\u2019un bleu celeste et les autres d\u2019un bleu vif, qualites et couleurs qu\u2019on ne peut obtenir qu\u2019au moyen des Soudes, attend\u00fb qu\u2019en G\u00e9n\u00e9ral cette v\u00e9g\u00e9tation r\u00e9c\u00e8le en abondance un m\u00e9lange de parties ferrugineuses qui est le seul intermediaire pour Colorer le Savon.\nUn Obstacle encore puissant \u00e0 l\u2019employ de la Potasse dans notre  fabrication, c\u2019est le prix, qui rarement pourra permettre de lui donner la pr\u00e9ference sur les Soudes.\n1\u00b0 par les considerations deja d\u00e9taill\u00e9es\n2\u00b0 Comme ce Sel ne se tire que par un travail laborieux et \u00e0 grands frais, son prix est toujours \u00e0 peu pres uniforme; au lieu que les Soudes se recoltent toutes les ann\u00e9s, il y en a m\u00eame de tres vivaces et les frais pour les reduire en cendres ou en pierres etant tres modiques, les prix varient comme les r\u00e9coltes, \u00e0 tel point que leur prix asses ordinaire qui etoit de 10 \u00e0 12\u20b6 le quintal est mont\u00e9 progressivement Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 36\u20b6, tant \u00e0 cause du manque de Recolte que par des enlevemens innatendus, ou par l\u2019effet des Speculations. A ce dernier prix il auroit convenu d\u2019employer la potasse, puisqu\u2019on pourroit toujours l\u2019obtenir aux environs de 20\u20b6 le quintal, mais les Soudes reprenant actuellement leur Juste prix et les premieres qualit\u00e9s etant d\u00e9ja tomb\u00e9es \u00e0 16\u20b6 la Potasse ne peut plus soutenir leur concurrence.\nLa chert\u00e9 de la Soude dans des tems anterieurs a donn\u00e9 lieu d\u2019y supleer en partie par le Natron, production qui nous vient d\u2019Egypte et dont on fait un emploi qui s\u2019\u00e9tend tous les jours d\u2019avantage avec d\u2019autant plus de Succ\u00e9s qu\u2019il se m\u00eale et s\u2019assimile parfaitement bien avec la Soude et dont le prix en est constamment inferieur.\nOn peut ajouter en faveur de la Potasse qu\u2019elle est beaucoup plus riche en Sel que la Soude, attendu qu\u2019elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 extraite des V\u00e9g\u00e9taux et qu\u2019elle se trouve d\u00e9barassee de plus de parties h\u00e9terogenes, au lieu que la Soude contient le Suc de la plante comme sa cendre, mais on observera que malgr\u00e9 cette difference de produit, \u00e0 prix egal la Soude fine m\u00e9rite encore la pr\u00e9ference, parceque l\u2019herbe dont elle est extraite etant de la m\u00eame espece, le Sel qui en provient l\u2019est aussi, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire l\u2019alkali est aussi pur que la nature du sol peut le donner; au lieu que la Potasse etant faite indistinctement avec toute sorte de bois, il en r\u00e9sulte un produit de differents sels moyens ou neutres dans lesquels souvent l\u2019alkali v\u00e9g\u00e9tal n\u2019est pas le plus dominant, et comme tout Sel neutre est compos\u00e9 d\u2019une base alkaline et d\u2019un acide et que tous les acides quelconques nuisent \u00e0 l\u2019amalgame du Savon, il en resulte que la Potasse ne peut pas etre assimil\u00e9e \u00e0 la Soude fine, mais seulement aux Soudes secondaires dont les prix varient en proportion de la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019alkali pur qu\u2019on croit leur appercevoir.\nD\u2019apres ces considerations on peut d\u2019autant moins se promettre d\u2019introduire cette marchandise dans la composition du Savon, la plupart des fabricants, attach\u00e9s servilement \u00e0 une routine, seroient peu capables de suivre tous les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s n\u00e9c\u00e9ssaires pour tirer parti de cette matiere.\n   Je dis qu\u2019il peut etre bon, etant bien fait, parcequ\u2019on le fait tr\u00e8s mal g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement partout.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0275", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from B\u00e9thune-Charost, 28 January 1789\nFrom: B\u00e9thune-Charost, Armand Joseph, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nau chateau de beaumenilpar bernay 28 Jer 1789\nJ\u2019ai fait part \u00e0 M. de Martel, Monsieur, de la lettre dont Votre Excellence m\u2019a honor\u00e9. L\u2019assurance que vous voules bien m\u2019y donner que les etats unis acquiteront cette dette me fait un sensible plaisir \u00e0 cause des interets du vicomte de Martel que j\u2019ai fort \u00e0 coeur. Mais comme il y aura certainement grand nombre de creanciers dans le m\u00eame [cas], V.E. voudra bien me permettre de lui demander son appui aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement pour lui et m\u2019accorder de lui rappeler cette affaire quand il en sera tems.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec les sentimens de La plus parfaite consid\u00e9ration Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur\nB\u00e9thune Cte de Charost", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0276", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hannah Parkhouse Cowley, 28 January 1789\nFrom: Cowley, Hannah Parkhouse\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nJanry. 28th. 1789\nI have the honour to inclose you a billet from Mrs. Cosway\u2014that Mrs. Cosway whom you love, almost as much as I do. I ask\u2019d  for introductions to her friends, and she sends me letters to Princes, and Ambassadors.\nI am not used to such company, and I feel I have less courage than Semele had. I am prompted to make a request exactly opposite to that hardy young Lady\u2019s; and to desire that if you allow me the distinction of your visits, you will leave all your grandeurs and dignities behind you. If you can descend to forget them, and put on the little Man, to a very little Woman, you will do honour and pleasure Sir, to Your very obedient humble Servant,\nH. Cowley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0277", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Dessin, 28 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dessin, Pierre\n28. January 1789. Paris\nMr. Jefferson presents his compliments to Monsieur Dessin and returns him the acquit \u00e0 caution that he was so kind as to give for his carriage, with many thanks for this mark of his confidence. He begs him to be assured that should any occasion arise again for him to repeat the same favor, the most exact attention shall be shewn to prevent him from experiencing any inconvenience from it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0278", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Payne, 28 January 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Payne, Thomas\nSir\nParis Jan. 28. 1789.\nI received last night from Mr. Trumbull the account of the books you had sent me. The books themselves had arrived some time before. Among those not yet purchased you note Chandler\u2019s debates at \u00a39\u20139. I am glad you have not purchased it at that price, and will beg the favor of you to strike it out of my list altogether. I note below some others to be added to my list. I will thank you to send by the first Diligence such as can be immediately got and particularly Hatsell and the Irish debates, noting their cost in them because they are not for myself. This indeed would be a good general precaution because the books I write for are often for friends here. Be so good as to endeavor to complete the whole  commission and to send me the books and your account before the end of March that I may order paiment before my departure for America. I am Sir your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\n Hatsell\u2019s precedents of the H. of Commons 3 v. 4to.\nDebates of the Irish house of Commons. 2. sets.\nDickson\u2019s husbandry of the Antients. 2 v. 8vo.\nTooke\u2019s diversions of Purley.\nGrove\u2019s provincial glossary. Hooper.\nCollection of tracts of the years 1763\u201370. 4 v. 8vo. Debrett.\nPraefationis ad libros Bellendeni editio secunda. Brown & Warren.\nI think I had named this in my former catalogue, tho you have not named it among those not yet sent (as noted in your account.)\nP.S. Be so good as to exert yourself to complete my Saxon collection.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0279", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 29 January 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. the 29th. 1789\nThe Letter your Excellency was pleased to send us yesterday Morning by your Servant, has brought News rather agreeable then otherwise, and, I think it will be of some comfort to the Creditors, as they will find they shall receive something. I shall be ready any day next week after Monday, that your Excellency shall think proper for Me to go to England. I wish to have a few particulars relating to the paper I am to Sign, and also, those concerning the settling of the Money in the Funds of England, and the property in Virginia. I trust to your great goodness to assist Me in this Work, and by so doing your Excellency will add another obligation to the Many you have had the goodness to do for Me. I assure you My Dear Sir, you cannot shew your regard for Me More, then by putting it in my power, when in England to serve you. If you have any Letters, or any thing else to send, I will take particular Care of them. I am of your Excellencies opinion, the Sooner I go the better.The Numberless acts of friendship you have been pleased to shew Me from time to time  and the Manner you did them, was my Conversation Yesterday just before you came to see Me, as I am always thinking and talking of you, which had a little agitated my Mind, and when you said for certain you should quit Europe in April, I own, like my Sex I was not able to contain my tears.\nMr. Paradise has droped a few words on his wish to go with me to Calis, I must beg of your Excellency to advise him not to go, as it will greatly enhance the expence, which at this time, is very inconvenient. I am not going alone, as I shall have My Maid Servant with me in the Coach. I think Mr. Paradise ought to write a Letter to Dr. Bancroft upon the Subject of Mr. Andersons advansing me directly upon My Arrival in London the Money for my Subsistance and another Letter to Mr. Anderson also. I shall be greatly obliged to your Excellency if you will let me know by your Servant when the Stage sits out, at what hour, and day, and when I must send my trunks. I shall have two, One of Mine and one of my Maids. I blush, while I write this, to think of the very great trouble, I give you.\nPray Make my affectionate Love to your Daughters and tell them, I hope they will forgive My Not taking my leave of them. Tell them, I shall always try to Make them not forget Me. It is a wide Ocean which separates us, but Nevertheless, the blessing of Ships will put it my power to Make them remember that I am their affectionate Friend. They Must write to Me often. I have the Honour to be with Gratitude Your Excellencies Humble Servant and Friend,\nLucy Paradise\nP.S. I shall be obliged to you if you would make the Creditors understand that, I sign the paper securing to them their money in case of Mr. P. Death, that they may in return, permit him to return to England directly. Mr. P. proposes having the honour to wait upon your Excellency either to day or to Morrow for to shew you the Letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0280", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 29 January 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Jany. 29th. 1789.\nI receiv\u2019d several Days since yours of the 18th. The Clothes you order from Cannon, will be ready to go by any other opportunity, as your order was too late for Mr. Parker.\u2014The picture of Hampden does exist:\u2014of the others my information is not satisfactory: when it is I will write further.\nI have since received your Packet by Mr. Frazer:\u2014The Customhouse Officers had made free to break the cover of that to Mr. Jay, in search of Lace, but do not appear to have taken out any of the enclosed, or to have read any thing: this together with Letters for Gen. W. and Mr. A. Left me by Mr. Parker. I shall forward by the first safe conveyance, to New York, where the Gentlemen will probably be collected before the Letters will arrive; as no ship except the Packet sails before the middle of February:\u2014that to Mr. Jay I shall reenclose and account to him for the ragged state of your Cover. The Letter to Lord Beauchamp I put into his Lordship\u2019s own hands. The others are all deliver\u2019d: and I am happy that by executing any such Commissions I can in any degree be usefull to you, who have been so very kind to me.\nI am very unhappy to learn that the two young Ladies are still sick: from Mr. Shippen\u2019s account I had hoped that Miss Jefferson was perfectly recover\u2019d. I saw Miss Church yesterday. She is quite melancholy at hearing that Miss Poly is so ill, and promises to write her the first opportunity her Mama has. The two amabile donne are well and happy in your remembrance. They will both write to you soon.\nI thank you a thousand times for the obliging manner in which you speak of the possibility of my sailing with you for America but I fear no such happy possibility exists. I cannot be ready to go so early by any means as the time you propose. The Destinies daily interpose some new Delay between the Happiness which I anticipate, in my native Country: and my deluded wishes:\u2014I will hope however that we may meet at New York.\nI hope Mr. Parker arriv\u2019d safe with your Carriage:\u2014If it arrives in good condition thro such Roads, I think it will be a good recommendation of the work. I am anxious to know your approbation or disapprobation of the Bargain:\u2014I understand Mr. Warville went with him. He will I presume be able to give you much and valuable information on American subjects:\u2014I have no letters this Age:\nThe Disputes here still run high.\nI congratulate you on your acquisition from the Florence Gallery.\nWhat News have you of Mr. Short. I am most respectfully & gratefully Your friend & servant,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Angelica Schuyler Church, 30 January [1789]\nFrom: Church, Angelica Schuyler\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon January the 30 \u2013 79 [1789]\nI am very happy my dear Sir that your friends Box procured me the pleasure of a line from you. It is some time since I heard from you, and so long a silence I confess gave me pain. I shall sail for New York in March, and will be particularly obliged to you for a letter to Monsieur de Motier\u2019s sister. If when I return in October we should fortunately cross the atlantic in the same vessel, I will endeavor to be well and in spirits, and if I can, amusive\u2014and Maria will receive me with greater satisfaction if I bring you to her. I hope that Miss Jefferson and Polly are recovered; for I am sure that if they are not, you are not well. My love to them both; the person who takes charge of this letter is an American, Dr. Baily from New York, who is come to Europe for his health. He will do me the favor to carry a pound of green Tea. I am my dear Sir Your affectionate friend,\nA. Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 31 January 1789\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nSt. Petersburgh, January 31, 1789\nI had the honor to write you a line the 26th from this place, where I am arrived a short time ago from the Black sea. I send enclosed an extract of the journal of my campaign in 1779, as you desired; and I now enclose an extract of a letter I wrote you by Mr. Littlepage. I have heard nothing from him since he left me. I know only that he arrived at Warsaw, but am quite uncertain about his return, as he proposed, to Paris. I can only inform you that I returned here by special desire of the Empress, but I know not, as yet, how or where I am to be employed for the next campaign. I  mentioned in my last, as my opinion, that if the new Government of America determines to chastise the Algerines, I think it now a favorable moment to conclude a treaty with Russia. The Turks and Algerines were combined against us on the Black sea. The United States could grant leave for Russia to enlist American seamen; and making a common cause with Russia in the Mediterranean, America might, at the peace, obtain a free navigation to and from the Black sea. If such a treaty were to take place, I believe I could obtain the command of the combined force; at least no objection would be made to it here. Such a connexion might lead to various mutual advantages in the commerce between the two nations. I beg to hear from you, and to know the situation of our claim on the Court of Denmark, for the only objection made by the Count Bernstorff is now removed, by the establishment of the new American Constitution. I am, with perfect esteem, &c.,\nJ. P. Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0283", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 31 January 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJan. the 31st. 1789\nMr. and Mrs. Paradise present their compliments to his Excellency Mr. Jefferson, and will do themselves the honour to dine with him to Morrow, according to his very polite invitation.\nMrs. Paradise begs the favour of her friend Mr. Jefferson to facilitate as Much as possible her going to England next week, as she thinks, the last letter received from their Steward, will ease the Minds of the Creditors; and She also thinks that Mr. Anderson will advance her the Money for her Subsistance. It will [be] necessary for Mr. Paradise to write a few lines to Dr. Bancroft and Mr. Anderson. She wishes therefore, that her dear protector would insist upon his writing. I wish that the Creditors may be Made to understand, I bind myself in case of Mr. Paradises death to pay all their debts but none other, that shall be contracted after this paper is signed. Therefore it will be Necessary for Mr. Paradise  to live with More thought and \u0152conomy than he has hither to done. Your Excellency sees of what use a Settlement is for us poor helpless Women and for My Sexes Sake I hope you will have the Goodness to introduce it into Virginia and by so doing, we poor Women, shall Immortalize Your Name.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0287", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 4 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Feb. 4. 1789.\nYour favor of Nov. 25. by Gouverneur Morris is duly recieved. [I must beg you to take the trouble of decyphering yourself what follows, and to communicate it to nobody but the President, at least for the present.] We had before understood thro\u2019 different channels that the conduct of the Count de Moustier was politically and morally offensive. It was delicate for me to speak on the subject to the Count de Montmorin. The invaluable mediation of our friend the Marquis de la Fayette was therefore resorted to, and the subject explained tho\u2019 not pressed. Later intelligence shewing the necessity of pressing it, it was yesterday resumed and represented, thro\u2019 the same medium, to the Count de Montmorin, that recent information proved to us that his minister\u2019s conduct had rendered him personally odious in America, and might even influence the dispositions of the two nations, that his recall was become a matter of mutual concern, that we had understood he was instructed to remind the new government of their debt to this country, and that he was in the purpose of doing it in very harsh terms, that this could not increase their desire of hastening paiment, and might wound their affections, that therefore it was much to be desired that his discretion should not be trusted as to the form in which the demand should be made but that the letter should be  written here and he instructed to add nothing but his signature; nor was his private conduct omitted. The Count de Montmorin was sensibly impressed. He very readily determined that the letter should be formed here, but said that the recall was a more difficult business: that as they had no particular fact to alledge against the Count de Moustier they could not recall him from that ministry without giving him another, and there was no vacancy at present. However he would hazard his first thoughts on the subject, saving the right of correcting them by further consideration: they were these; that there was a loose expression in one of his letters which might be construed into a petition for leave of absence, that he would give him permission to return to France, that it had been before decided on the request of the Marquis de la Luzerne that Otto should go to him in London, that they would send a person to America as Charg\u00e9 des Affaires in place of Otto, and that if the President General Washington approved of him he should be afterwards made minister. He had cast his eye on Colonel Ternant and desired the Marquis to consult me whether he would be agreeable. At first I hesitated, recollecting to have heard Ternant represented in America as an hypochondriac discontented man, and paused for a moment between him and Barthelemy at London of whom I have heard a great deal of good. However I concluded it safer to take one we knew and who knows us. The Marquis was decidedly of this opinion. Ternant will see that his predecessor is recalled for unconciliatory deportment and that he will owe his own promotion to the approbation of the President. He established a solid reputation in Europe by his conduct when Generalissimo of one of the United Provinces during their late disturbances and it is generally thought that if he had been put at the head of the principal province instead of the Rhingrave de Salm he would have saved that cause. Upon the whole I beleive you may expect that the Count de Moustier will have an immediate leave of absence which will soon after become a recall in effect. I will try also to have their consuls admonished as to the line of conduct they should observe.\nI shall have the honor of writing you a general letter within a few days: I have now that of assuring you of the sentiments of sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 5 February 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Febry. 5th. 1789.\nNo Ship sails yet for America. Your Letters therefore remain in my hands:\u2014I shall inform you when and by what Ship they go.\nI have made enquiry about the pictures for which you enquire. Several of them exist, and are to be got at:\u2014and a young man whom I know and who will do these Copies as well as most copiers: undertakes to do them for three Guineas each\u2014perhaps there may be some fees to Porters of the houses where the pictures are, and which I should suppose not fair to expect him to pay, and this may encrease your Expence a trifle:\u2014but I speak of this as a possible contingency only. If you think this an admissible price, you have only to give me your orders, and I will set him to work immediately:\u2014I do not think tolerable copies can be procur\u2019d for less.\u2014 The Busts in Plaister of Newton, Locke, Bacon, and Shakespeare may be had at from 25/ to 30. each, the size of life:\u2014No Bust exists of either Sydney or Hampden.\u2014I enclose a letter from Mrs. Cosway. Mrs. C[hurch] and her Family are well.\nMy Brother informs me that every thing relating to the new System of America advances with as much unanimity and rapidity as can be expected. The opposition which existed in the assenting States daily decreasing: and the early accession of North Carolina expected, and nothing but the perverse Conduct of R. Island to be regretted.\nThe Connecticut Senators are Dr. W. S. Johnson and 01. Elsworth. The nomination for representatives consists of twelve Names, from whom the six are to be elected. They are J. Sturgis: Ben Huntington: Jonth. Trumbull: Roger Sherman: Jere. Wadsworth, Ste. M. Mitchill, John Chester, James Hillhouse, Erast: Wolcott, Jesse Root, J: Treadwell, Jed. Strong:\u2014The order in which the Names stand being determind by the majority of Votes of the Freemen, the Nomination becomes a pretty sure designation of those who will be elected.\nNew Hampshire Senators are John Langdon and Judge Bartlett. Virginia you doubtless know are R. H. Lee and Wm. Grayson.\nI hope your Daughters are perfectly recover\u2019d, and your Happiness which so much depends on them restor\u2019d.\nDisputs and Party continue high. I am most respectfully Your friend & Servant,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0291", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, 6 February 1789\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon 6 Feb:\nI thank you for your last letter, My dear friend, it is short, tho\u2019 a long while indeed writing, but you give me such reasons for your silence that I must forgive it, but it is with reluctance. You are going to America, and you think I am going with you, I thank you for the flattering compliment, I deserve it for I shall certainly be with you in spirit, I shall walk thro\u2019 the beautifull acres you will describe to me by letter; you shall share my envy between Mrs:  Church and you, for I envy both excessively for the reciprocal pleasure you will have in one anothers Company; and your return when is it to be? Why dont you announce me that, as well as your departure? T\u2019is cruel not to do it and you will not absolutely give us any hope of a visit here, how easy you Might do it! Why wont you, forget all the objections you May have [against this country], and only think of those friends whose happiness you would Make by such an effort and sacrifice for them. I agree with you in Many things [regarding a thousand objections against the caprices of this nation, I am disgusted by them day to day. Self-interested sentiments, selfishness in politics, with scandal which reigns without the least regard for personages, circumstances, humanity, and right or wrong: you cannot believe in this moment how much has been explained by a number of black and malicious hearts in the present state of politics; of the things published daily, intrigues, calumnies, and injustices in which all comment as if in a contest to see who can have superiority by force of atrocities, self-interest, and the least one thinks of seems to be the good of the nation. Oh why am I never to achieve my great desire of finding myself in solitude with a small number of friends? That is the only happiness, it lightens a great deal the way to the unhappiness felt in a crowd which one despises and makes longed for solitude full of every pleasure. One lives without knowledge of evil and enjoys the good without disturbance.]\nShall I have the pleasure of hearing from you soon[?] I complain of the shortness of your letters, but it is only on the first glance in the paper, but when I read, you seem to say so much in few words that I forget the little number of the Cillabels for the beauty of the expressions and elegant style. But I do wrong to say these things, you will despise me and think me a flatterer. I sent you a letter by Mrs. Cowley I hope you have seen her. How do you like her? Talk of me with her, she is sometimes too partial but she is a friend of Mine a woman of great genius and abilities and I love her and estime her much. God bless you my good friend continue your friendship to your\nM. C\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0292", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jonathan Nesbitt, 7 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nesbitt, Jonathan\nSir\nParis Feb. 7. 1789.\n On further enquiry, I find it will be agreeable to custom for you to state your case to Monsieur de Villedeuil in a Memoire and if you will be so good as to send me this memoire I will inclose it to M. de Villedeuil in a letter on the same subject. I have already sketched my letter in substance as follows; \u2018that Mr. Jay having occasion for a messenger to send special dispatches to me, a Mr. Nesbitt offered himself in that character; that in delivering the letters to me he explained his case to be that he had been settled in commerce at Lorient during the war, that losses by shipwreck, by captains, and by the peace which came in an unexpected moment had reduced him to bankruptcy, and obliged him to return to America, that he has been employed there ever since in making the most of his affairs, and being desirous now of seeing his creditors and taking arrangements with them, he had availed himself of Mr. Jay\u2019s demand of a messenger to come under the protection of that character to Paris where he hoped to obtain a safe conduct which might enable him to consult with his creditors on their mutual interests, and that without this he must return immediately, not having seen his creditors, under the safeguard of his character of messenger.\u2019 I state to you the substance of my letter, in order, if there be any thing wrong, that you may set me right, and that there may be no material variation between your state of the matter and mine. Your memoir must be in French. M. le Coulteulx will readily find you a person who can put it into the usual form, and, when ready, if you will be so good as to send it to me, I will inclose it to Monsieur de Villedeuil. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Burrill Carnes, 9 February 1789\nFrom: Carnes, Burrill\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNantes 9th. Feby. 1789\nI had the honor to address you last week to which I beg leave to refer you. I now take the liberty to hand you Sir by a private conveyance [a] list of all the Vessels arriv\u2019d in this Port during the last year also another of all the Goods of every Kind, and an Almanack by which you will see a list of the Ships from this River &c. I have the honor to add to these the Memorial of the Unfortunate Captn. Newell of Savanna, whose case is truely distressing, being totally unable to get a decision of the Admiralty after exerting every effort for seventeen Months. This is occasion\u2019d by the unpardonable chicanery of the Insurers who undoubtedly immagine that prolonging the Suit will ultimately force him to a sacrifice of a part of his just dues. I dare say Sir from a sight of the Memorial you will form the same favorable opinion of his case as the best judges in this City have done. He is not affraid of losing but his detention is ruinous. If therefore Sir an order could be obtain\u2019d from the Chancellor for a decision of the Admiralty, it would greatly relieve this unfortunate man, and lessen the just reproaches made the French by all Americans who have had the misfortune to have recourse to Law to obtain justice. I have the honor to be most respectfully Sir Your Most Obedient & very Humble Servant,\nBurrill Carnes\nP.S. The list of Goods arriv\u2019d I am oblig\u2019d to defer sending \u2019till another opportunity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 9 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 9. 1789.\nI wrote you last on the 22d. of Jan. on which day I received yours of Dec. 31. and since that the other of Jan. 14. We have now received news from America down to the middle of December. They had then had no cold weather. All things relative to our new constitution were going on well. Federal Senators are N. Hampshire Presidt. Langdon and Bartlett, Massach. Strong and Dalton, Connect. Dr. Johnson and Ellsworth, N. Jersey Patterson and Ellmer, Pennsylva. Rob. Morris and McClay, Delaware Reed and Bassett, Virga. R. H. Lee and Grayson, Maryld. Charles Carrol of Carrolton and John Henry. All of these are federalists except those of Virga., so that a majority of federalists are secured in the Senate and expected in the H. of representatives. Genl. Washington will be president, and probably Mr. Adams vicepresident. So that the constitution will be put under way by those who will give it a fair trial. It does not seem probable that the attempt of N. York to have another convention to make amendments will succeed, tho\u2019 Virginia concurs in it. It is tolerably certain that Congress will propose amendments to the assemblies, as even the friends of the constitution are willing to make amendments, some from a conviction they are necessary, others from a spirit of conciliation. The addition of a bill of rights will probably be the most essential change. A vast majority of Antifederalists have got into the assembly of Virginia, so that Mr. Henry is omnipotent there. Mr. Madison was left out as a Senator by 8. or 9. votes, and Henry has so modelled the districts for representatives as to tack Orange to counties where himself has great influence that Madison may not be elected into the lower federal house, which was the place Madison had wished to serve in, and not the Senate. Henry pronounced a Philippic against Madison in open assembly, Madison being then at Philadelphia. Mifflin is President of Pennsylvania and Peters speaker. Colo. Howard is Governor of Maryland, Beverley Randolph Governor of Virginia (this last is said by a passenger only and he seems not very sure). Colo. Humphreys is attacked in the papers for his French airs, for bad poetry, bad prose, vanity &c. It is said his dress in so gay a style gives general disgust against him. I have received a letter from him. He seems fixed with Genl. Washington. Mayo\u2019s bridge over Richmond was completed, and carried away in a few weeks. While up, it was so profitable that he had great offers for it. A turnpike is established at Alexandria  and succeeds. Rhode island has again refused to call a Convention. Spain has granted to Colo. Morgan of New Jersey a vast tract of land on the Western side of the Missisipi with the monopoly of the navigation of that river. He is inviting settlers and they swarm to him. Even the settlement of Kentuckey is likely to be much weakened by emigrations to Morgan\u2019s grant. Warville is returned charmed with our country. He is going to carry his wife and children to settle there. Gouverneur Morris is just arrived here, deputed, as is supposed, to settle R. Morris\u2019s affairs which continue still deranged. Doctr. Franklin was well when he left America, which was about the middle of December.\nDeaths. Norfolk. Walker Maury. \nWmsbgh. Simeon Deane \nJohn Armistead\nMrs. Burwell (of the Grove)\nRichmond. John Adams (another paper calls him Thos. Adams) Gabriel Galt.\nPhiladelphia. Pine the painter\nMarriages. Massachusets. John Adams (I suppose the son of Mr. J. Adams) \nWilliamsburg. John Nicholas. Louisa Carter.\nRichmond. William Marshall. Alice Adams. \nPhilip Southall. Jane Neillson.\nRoger Atkinson. Agnes Poythress.\nAnthony Singleton. Mrs. Peyton Randolph.\nThos. Lee (eldest son of R. H. Lee). Mildred Washington, neice of the Genl.\nSr. Peyton Skipwith. Miss Miller.\nThe information of your French gentleman that Mde. de Neuilly was living here, was like the greater part of the information one gets from those with whom talking is a besoin physique. I continue in the same house. It is true I have notified the determination of my lease for the middle of April: but it is not absolutely certain what I shall do. If I quit this house, I have no other in view which could answer my purpose. If I leave this and cannot get another to suit me I have a thought of taking a little country house opposite the plaine des sablons for the moment. Your information has been equally erroneous as to the affairs of this country. The public effects have been constantly firm. The Caisse d\u2019escompte is 4150. The  125. million is 9\u00bd perte. Mr. Necker contrives to keep things in train so as that there is no complaint for the want of money. The revolution goes on as auspiciously as possible. The letters of convocation are out for the States to meet at Versailles on the 27th of April. (I recommend to you to have that epoch in view for your return.) I see but one difficulty in their way. That is the preliminary question whether they shall vote by persons or orders. This once decided to be by persons, all will go well. The parliament of England have agreed to restrain their Regent from creating peers, giving reversionary or patent offices other than those usually given during good behavior, and having any thing to do with the king\u2019s person, property, or houshold. The Prince of Wales has answered to their address that he will accept the regency on these terms. The ministry will go out as soon as the bill passes. The Queen has the charge of the King\u2019s person, property, and houshold. A council is to be given for her advice. There are suspicions here that the two empires will make peace with the Turks and attack Prussia. If so, I do not think an English regent or his ministry will give any other aid but subsidies. The king continues as raving mad as ever. I never heard of so furious a Maniac. There will be a revolution in Poland if Russia should continue unable to turn her force to that side.\u2014Mrs. Paradise is gone to England to aid in settling their affairs. Mr. Paradise is here, absolutely inconsolable on her departure. My daughters are well. So is Mazzei and all your acquaintance as far as I recollect. I send Mr. Rutledge two letters by this post. Be so good as to present him my esteem, and to be assured yourself of the sincere esteem & attachment with which I am & shall ever be Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I shall take the liberty of lodging a small commission for you at Genoa, poste restante.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0295", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James I. Brossier, 10 February 1789\nFrom: Brossier, James I.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 10 Feb. 1789.There being no American consul at Le Havre, a merchant performs the functions without being authorized to do so. Brossier requests appointment as consul through medium \u201cd\u2019un principal commis du Bureau des grains en faveur du quel Mr. Dela fayette est dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u2019int\u00e9resser pour moi dans cette demande.\u201d Asks who is now American consul general in France; requests TJ\u2019s support. His appreciation will be seen in his \u201cZ\u00eale pour les int\u00e9rets des Capitaines Marchands Americains qui me seroient adress\u00e9s.\u201d Asks for a reply, or for an appointment with TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Burrill Carnes, 10 February 1789\nFrom: Carnes, Burrill\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNantes, 10 Feb. 1789. Omitted mentioning in yesterday\u2019s letter that the brig Minerva, by which he expects to embark, will sail within ten days directly to Baltimore; offers to execute any commands of TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0300", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Villedeuil, 10 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Villedeuil, Pierre Charles Laurent de\nSir\nParis Feb. 10. 1789.\nI take the liberty of troubling your Excellency with the following case, which I understand to be within your department. Mr. Jay, Secretary for foreign affairs to the United states of America, having occasion to send me dispatches of great importance, and by a courier express, confided them to a Mr. Nesbit who offered himself in that character. He has delivered them safely: but, in the moment of delivering them, explained to me his situation which is as follows. He was established in commerce at Lorient during the war. Losses by shipwreck, by capture, and by the conclusion of the peace at a moment when he did not expect it, reduced him to bankruptcy, and he returned to America, with  the consent of his creditors to make the most of his affairs there. He has been employed in this ever since, and now wishing to see his creditors and to consult them on their mutual interest, he availed himself of Mr. Jay\u2019s demand for a Courier to come under the safe-conduct of that character to Paris, where he flattered himself he might obtain that of your Excellency for the purpose of seeing his creditors, settling and arranging with them. He thinks a twelvemonth will be necessary for this. Understanding that it is not unusual to grant safe conducts in such cases, and persuaded it will be for the benefit of his creditors, I take the liberty of inclosing his memoir to your excellency and of solliciting your favorable attention to it, assured that it will not be denied him if it be consistent with the established usage, and if inadmissible, praying that your Excellency will have the goodness to give me as early an answer as the other arduous occupations in which you are engaged will admit, in order that he may know whether he may see his creditors or must return without it. I am encouraged to trouble your excellency with this application, by the goodness with which you have been pleased to attend to our interests on former occasions, and by the desire of availing myself of every occasion of proffering to you the homage of those sentiments of attachment and respect with which I have the honor to be your Excellency\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0302", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Rutledge, Jr., 11 February 1789\nFrom: Rutledge, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nRome feby. 11th: 1789\nI returned here the last evening from Naples, and have had the pleasure to receive yours of the 22d ultimo; inclosing me two letters from London and three from America, for which I sincerely thank you. Any letters, which in future shall come address\u2019d to your care, I request you will have sent to my Bankers Messrs. Boyd & Kerr who will forward them to me being always acquainted with my motions? Mr. Short and myself think of leaving Rome in two or three weeks and shall continue together until we arrive at Bourdeaux, from which place I have some thoughts of embarking for Spain; it is what I have not absolutely determined on, and in the event of my giving up the Spanish expidition, I shall go on with Mr. S. to Paris. I have many reasons for wishing to do so, the strongest and principal one is, that it will give me an opportunity of once more taking you by the hand before you depart for America; and assuring you in person, of my friendship and esteem; in the interim I entreat that you will be persuaded of them and believe me to be, my dear Sir, with the most unalterable sentiments of attachment Your friend & very much obliged Servant,\nJ. Rutledge Junior", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0303", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 11 February 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRome Feby 11. 1789\nI returned the day before yesterday from Naples. Your letter of the 22d. of Jany. arrived here the same day. I should have been mortified to have learned any circumstance which must give you pain, but I feel an anxiety to which I am not accustomed in learning the severe indisposition of your family. I know well how much you must have suffered on the occasion, and not only the duties of gratitude but those of friendship impel me to a full participation  of your pains. Accept my dear Sir my most unfeigned thanks for your communication of them. It is to me a proof the more of your friendship, and we can never have too many of the friendship of those whom we estime above all others. I await with impatience the reciept of another letter from you. In it I hope you will tell me that your family are restored to their health and to you. My hopes are founded on my wishes and on the favorable symptoms which began to shew themselves when you wrote last. Frequent excursions from the convent to the grille de Chaillot to be near you and in a freer air will certainly be salutary, and when I consider how agreeable it must at the same be to all parties, I cannot doubt they will take place. I beg to be allowed to repeat my request of hearing from you as soon as possible on a subject which must so nearly interest yourself and consequently those who are attached to you. In my last of the 14th. Jany. I desired you in future to address your letters to my bankers. This is a much better and surer mode. Should I have left the places to which they are addressed before their arrival they will without fail be forwarded to me immediately. It will at earliest be the 15th. of March before we shall leave Florence. Perhaps some days later so that I may be sure of recieving there your answer to this letter. May I then hope Sir that you will be so good as write to me as soon as possible after the reciept of this, under cover to Messrs. Donat, Orsi & fils, Banquiers \u00e0 Florence. Our plan at present is to leave Rome the 1st. of March.\nWhilst at Naples your letter directed to me at Milan of Nov. 21. was forwarded here in company with one from Pio of Nov. 25, in consequence of my having written to my banker there, so that I had the pleasure of reading at the same time your two letters of Nov. 21. and Jan. 22. Two only of my letters remain now unanswered, one of Dec. 30. and another of Jan. 14. I suppose the impracticability of the roads must have prevented the first from arriving at Paris before the date of your last.\nI am sorry to learn the misunderstanding between Mr. Adams and Mr. Hancock. I hope it will not be of long duration. I cannot concieve, nor can Rutledge, who the Senator McLay from Pennsylvania can be. Rutledge thinks you mean McKaine but I am sure you do not. I desire much to hear of the other appointments to the new government.\nYour short account of the present state of politics in France and England and some other parts of Europe threw more light on the subject than all I had been able to collect either from conversation or news papers. I beg you to accept my sincerest thanks, and particularly  for the part which related to France. This was doubly pleasing, because first it shewed that the nation was in the right road to happiness and to greatness (I take it for granted the ministers report will be adopted), and secondly because it gave me an inference that one of my friends of the jeune noblesse had acted as I had hoped he would do. I have been questioned by some people on the subject of his conduct. I answered uniformly that I had never had any intelligence respecting him, but that I was as sure his conduct had been in favor of the rights of the people, as if I had heard. There was a French gentleman I saw at Naples who seemed anxious to know the truth of this. He told me he had written to Paris on purpose to know what part he had taken, but had never got an answer. I meet many people in Italy who do not seem either to expect or desire the success of France in the present or any other case. That is the case however with no American. We all wish her success in whatever she may undertake. We wish her happiness and prosperity for her own sake, as Americans, and for the sake of other nations, as friends to humanity. Certainly should the present crisis end favorably for the nation as there is every reason to believe, it will give a similar impulse to other parts of Europe. Kings will learn that the more a nation is free and happy the more they themselves will be great and powerful.\nWhen the new Polish Ambassador arrives what will become of Mazzei\u2014will this deprive him of, or secure him in his present place? I hope he has recovered from his indisposition and that he may remain firm both in his health and his place.\u2014It is lucky that Molini furnished you with the Vocabolario you desired, and lucky also that it was not to be found either at Venise, Bologna, Rome or Naples. It was not till my return here that I received the two countermands contained in your letters of Nov. 21. and Jan. 22. I procured at Naples according to your request the mould for making maccaroni. It is of a smaller diameter than is used in the manufactories of Maccaroni, but of the same diameter with others that had been sent to gentlemen in other countries. I went to see the maccaroni made. The machinery for pressing as used at Naples is enormous, much more so than I had expected. The price they told me for fitting up one of these machines with the mortar &c. was the value of 100. louis d\u2019ors. The depth of the mortar is about twenty or twenty-four inches. The widthe of the margin that you desired to know is marked on the mould you will recieve. It was left with my banker at Naples to be forwarded to Mr. Catalan with a letter from me desiring him to recieve it and give you notice of its  reception. I observed that the maccaroni most esteemed at Naples was smaller than that we generally see at Paris. This is the part of Italy the most famous for the excellence of that article. We had one of the best cooks in Naples and yet he never could give us maccaroni that we thought eatable. It was always far inferior to what we had seen in Paris and in some parts of Italy.\u2014We were able to get but little information respecting the preservation of snow, except what we learned from our Valet de place. He persuaded us there was nothing different in it from the preservation of ice. The magazines of snow are in the mountains of Sorento at a considerable distance from Naples across the bay. It is there kept in caves dug into the mountains for that purpose and from thence transported to Naples in small quantities as it is wanted. Here it is put in common cellars on a kind of mat made of straw such as are used in Naples to be put on the floors of taverns instead of carpets. They resemble somewhat the mats we make of corn shucks for the floors in time of snow or bad weather.\nWe staid seventeen days at Naples. Our journey thither was the most agreeable we have made in Italy. In the first place it is through a country of which every part is rendered interesting by some event or other of antiquity, and it is for the most part along the very road that Horace went to Brundisium and of which he has given so entertaining an account. I read over his journey the day before I began mine. I endeavoured to compare its present appearance with that which it had in his day, but it was in vain. So few marks of resemblance remain that there is no room for comparison. Still I looked with pleasure at the different stages he made. We slept the second night (at Terracina formerly Anxur) where he slept the third although we travelled by vitturino. There is some reason to believe he went on foot except along the canal that he describes so humorously. He was perfectly right in his \u2018Minus est gravis Appi\u00e0 tardis.\u2019 Some parts of the old road still remain perfect and wherever the same stones are used as is the case in many places, the most impatient would desire to go slow. The ancients excelled if you please in the costliness of their roads. But the moderns are far before them in the excellence of them. There is no where a better proof of this than between Rome and Naples. The Appian way is the most famous of the ancient roads. From Terracina to Naples is the most agreeable and best made road I ever saw in any country. The present Pope also has much merit for his exertions in this way. Within a few years he has again opened a road where was formerly the Appian through the  Pontine marshes. You go in a right line along a large canal of eighteen miles that he has made for the draining these marshes. The road is fine. Post-houses are now built there, and a good part of the marshes are now growing wheat, a larger quantity in pasture and a good part still under water. The inhabitants of Terracina which stands at one extremity of the marshes insist on the impossibility of their being drained. Their opinion is supported by many of great weight and good understanding. They all insist that the sea is higher than the level of the water in the canal and still we see the water running towards the sea where it empties itself. For my part I saw no reason to believe the thing impracticable, except its having baffled all the attempts, which were many, both of the ancient and modern Romans. There is one thing respecting these marshes that I cannot see any good way of accounting for, and I was the more desirous to find out its solution as it may interest those parts of America where there are extensive swampy lands. In remote antiquity the margin of the pontine marshes was one of the best cultivated, and most populous, parts of Italy. We may well infer it was then healthy, afterwards it became so sickly as to be absolutely abandoned, and the vapours of the Pontine marshes were considered so noxious in the times of the old Romans themselves as to be thought by them the cause of the unhealthiness of the Campania of Rome to a considerable distance from it. Between these two periods I know not what change these marshes could have gone through to have produced this change in its neighbourhood.\nBetween Terracina and Naples we observed that the poorer peasants wore a kind of sandal not unlike that of the old Romans. They are made of raw hide and laced or tied over the foot by a string. We saw no women with them, but some of the women of that class were clad a good deal like the women among the Indians, with a piece of woolen cloth thrown round the waist going about half way down the leg, and another over the head and shoulders. This cloth was generally bordered with a small filet died in the cloth of a different colour. On this road we saw a great variety of trees, such as olive, fig, orange, and cork. In one forest of orange trees we saw some that we estimated to be eighteen inches diameter and 30 feet high. They were loaded with fruit that still hung on them. Notwithstanding the hardness of this uncommon winter, the sides of the road were strewed with flowers as in the spring. The Aloe grows spontaneously in many places along the road. Some forests of olive trees looked more like forests of oaks  than any thing else. Nature can no where be more luxuriant than in the Campania felice. The most fertile soil and most genial climate conspire here, and yet your eyes are shocked by numberless objects of poverty and distress with which they are presented. When this is the case there must be a cruel defect somewhere. Most certainly it is not either in the soil or climate.\nThe first Buffaloes we saw in our whole journey were at Capua. They are unquestionably a species of animal quite different from that which goes by the same name in America. I remember to have seen one when I was at school at Petersburg. It differed from these in the texture and still more in the shape and position of its horns. In the shape of its body also, and in every thing except its color, the Buffalo of America resembles much more the cow than the buffalo of Europe. As yet I have seen no animal in Italy that we want in America and which cannot be had in France or England, from whence they may be carried with much more convenience.\nThere is here a British officer of the Island of Guernsey. He tells me that there is in the Island of Alderney a little kind of cow much sought after in England, on account of its beauty and the quantity of milk it gives being superior to that of the largest cows in England. He says also it will be easy to get one to Havre as there is settled there an Alderney man a merchant of the name of Le Mesurier. I mention this because as you will probably carry a cow for Your use on the passage I did not know whether you might not prefer taking one from Alderney.\u2014My letter is already too long to allow me to say any thing of Naples. That shall be for my next. In the mean time I beg you my dear Sir to preserve me a place in your remembrance and to let me hear as soon as possible from you and your family. You all have my most ardent wishes for perfect happiness.\u2014I am glad Mrs. Paradise continues to speak well, or rather I am happy she does not speak ill of me. I wish she and P. may be able to live asunder for I am sure they were never made to live together. Has he recieved the expected resources from America? Adieu, and believe me, my Dear Sir, your most affectionate friend & servant,\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lewis Littlepage, 12 February 1789\nFrom: Littlepage, Lewis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nWarsaw. 12th. february 1789.\nI have the honor to transmit to you the inclosed paquet from Admiral Jones, with a letter to the Marquis De la Fayette; both of which have been in my care since the time of my departure from the Russian army before Oczakow.\nThe delay has by no means proceeded from inattention, but in great part from the uncertainty of my own situation, and the want of a safe opportunity. You are doubtless curious to know the real state of affairs in this Country. There never was, I believe, a more confused, and more complicated scene of politics. One system has been overturned without establishing any other, much less a better.  If the court of Berlin persists in fomenting dissension, matters may be carried to a great length; but if the influence of the King can still prevail only so far as to prevent any rash or inconsiderate step which might bring on an actual rupture with Russia or her Ally, much good may arise from what has been already done or may farther take place. The establishing a revenue and raising an army are important, under any circumstances; and the temporary loss of a majority in the Diet is not a sufficient motive to deter the King from concurring even with the Opposition, upon objects of permanent and general utility.\nThe vote of 100,000. men exceeds the ability of the country, but 60,000. may be raised and maintained, which, (considered as an auxiliary force) is far from contemptible.\nThe Court of Vienna has as yet taken little part in the affairs of Poland.\nI am anxious to know what is going forward in our Transatlantic world. Hailes tells me that you talked of quitting Europe in the spring. If so I hope you mean to return.\nMy most affectionate compliments to the Marquis De La Fayette; I have been fifty times upon the point of writing to him, and still defer it in hopes of being able to inform him of something positive, both upon public and my own private affairs. I shall be happy to hear from you, and remain most sincerely and respectfully Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant,\nL. Littlepage", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0307", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Augustin Dupr\u00e9, 13 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dupr\u00e9, Augustin\nCe 13me f\u00e9vrier 1789\nMonsieur Jefferson a l\u2019honneur d\u2019envoyer \u00e0 Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 les devises des m\u00e9dailles pour le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Morgan et le contre-amiral Paul Jones qu\u2019il vient de recevoir de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Belles-Lettres, et dont il propose \u00e0 Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 l\u2019entreprise, en r\u00e9pondant du  succ\u00e8s des coins jusqu\u2019\u00e0 frapper trois cents cinquante de chaque m\u00e9daille en or, argent ou bronze, et d\u2019en fournir les \u00e9preuves en \u00e9tain au fin du mois de mars prochain, \u00e0 fin que les m\u00e9dailles peuvent \u00eatre frapp\u00e9es toutes avant le 15me avril. Il le pris d\u2019avoir la bont\u00e9 de lui indiquer les conditions auxquelles il les entreprendra, et Monsieur Jefferson aura l\u2019honneur d\u2019y r\u00e9pondre au moment qu\u2019il les recevra.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0308", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 February 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon Feby 13th. 1789.\nHaving found that there is a vessel on the point of sailing from Alexandria for Havre de Grace I would not forego so good an opportunity of addressing a letter to you, although nothing very material has occurred since the date of my last, which was transmitted by Mr. Gouverneur Morris.\u2014As you will doubtless have seen in the Gazettes the Measures taken by the different States for carrying the new government into execution, I will not, therefore, enter upon any report of News or discussion of political topics.\u2014Exclusive of these things, the greatest and most important objects of internal concern, which at present occupy the attention of the public mind, are manufactures and inland navigation. Many successful efforts in fabrics of different kinds are every day made.\u2014Those composed of Cotton, I think, will be of the most immediate and extensive utility.\u2014Mr. Milne, an English Gentleman, who has been many years introducing those manufactures into France, and whose father is now carrying them on (under the protection of government) at the Royal Chateau of Muette in Passy, was at my House this Week and is of opinion that they may be prosecuted in America to greater advantage than in France and England. He has been almost two years in Georgia stimulating and instructing the Planters to the production of Cotton. In that State, and So. Carolina, it is said, the Cotton may be made of a most excellent quality, and in such abundant quantities as to prove a more profitable species of agriculture, than any other Crop. The encrease of that new material and the introduction of the late-improved Machines to abridge labour,\u2019must be of almost infinite consequence to America.\u2014A desire of encouraging whatever is useful and  \u0153conomical seems now generally to prevail. Several capitol artists, in different branches, have lately arrived in this Country. A factory of Glass is established, upon a large scale, on Monocasy, near Frederick-Town in Maryld.\u2014I am informed it will this year produce Glass of various kinds, nearly to the amount of ten thousand pounds value. This factory will be essentially benefitted, by having the navigation of the Potomac completely opened. But the total benefits of that Navigation will not be confined to narrower limits, than the extent of the western territory of the U: States.\nYou have been made acquainted, my dear Sir, with my ideas of the practicability, importance and extent of that navigation, as they have been occasionally, though fully expressed, in my several letters to you, dated the 29th. of March 1784, the 25th. of Febry. 1785, the 26th. of Septr. 1785, the 30th. of May 1787, the 1st. of Jany. 1788, and the 31st. of Augt. in the same year.\u2014Notwithstanding my constant and utmost endeavours to obtain precise information, respecting the nearest and best communication between the Ohio and Lake Erie, I am not yet able to add any thing more satisfactory to the observations, which I had the honor to make on the subject, in my letter of the 1st. of January 1788.\u2014But I have lately received a correct Draught executed principally from actual Surveys, of the Country between the sources of the Potowmac and the navigable waters, that fall into the Ohio. [The Roads; and Rivulets at the places where they are crossed by these roads; together with the mouths of the latter (but not the meanders) are laid down from actual surveys. Hence the approximation of the Eastern and western waters, in those parts, is discovered with certainty.\u2014It is, however, supposed by some\u2014not professional men I should add\u2014that the navigation of Potowmac from the mouth of Savage to Stoney river, is impracticable, on account of the many falls, rapid water, and rugged banks which are to be found in its course: But as there is an abundance of water, I should conceive that with the aid of canals and locks, it might be accomplished.\u2014From hence thro\u2019 the Glades, to the principal stream of the Yohiogany River, the portage is not more than 8. or ten miles: and this distance, if little Yough affords water sufficient, might be reduced to five miles.\u2014From the mouth of little Yough to Pittsburgh there is no want of water: but it is said there are falls, and many rapid places in the River (not insurmountable one would suppose).\u2014It is conjectured by many that Savage River and Green glade Creek or the former and little Yough, are capable of being improved. If so, the course is more direct, but of this I can say nothing for want of better  information, or a more accurate examination of these streams.\u2014Of the Draught which has been sent me,] I enclose you such a rough sketch, as my avocations would permit me to make: my principal object therein being to shew, that the distance between the Eastern and Western waters is shorter, and that the means of communication are easier, than I had hitherto represented or imagined.\u2014I need not describe what and how extensive the rivers are which will be thus in a wonderful manner connected, as soon as the Potomac shall be rendered entirely passable.\u2014The passage would have been opened from Fort Cumberland to the Great Falls (nine Miles from tide-water) before this time, as I mentioned in my letter of the 31st. of Augt. last, had it not been for the unfavourableness of the season.\u2014In spite of that untoward circumstance, I have the pleasure to inform you, that two or three boats have actually arrived at the last mentioned place; [one with 50, and another with near 100 Barrl. of flour.]\nI am going on Monday next to visit the works, as far as the Seneca Falls.\u2014Could I have delayed writing this letter untill my return from thence and afterwards availed myself of the same conveyance, I might have been more particular in my account of the state of the several works, and especially of the situation of the Land adjoining to the Canal at the Great Falls.\u2014Whensoever the produce of those parts of the Country bordering on the sources of the Potomac and contiguous to the long rivers that run into it (particularly the Shenandoah and South Branch) shall be waterborne down to Tide-water for exportation, I conceive this place must become very valuable.\u2014From the conveniency of the Bason a little above the spot where the Locks are to be placed, and from the inducements which will be superadded by several fine Millseats, I cannot entertain a doubt of the establishment of a Town in that place.\u2014Indeed mercantile People are desirous that that event should take place as soon as possible.\u2014Manufactures of various commodities and in iron particularly will doubtless be carried on to advantage there. The Mill seats, I well know, have long been considered as very valuable ones. How far buildings erected upon them may be exposed to injuries from freshes, or the breaking up of Ice, I am not competent to determine from my own knowledge: but the opinion of persons better acquainted with these matters than I am, is, that they may be rendered secure. On the commodiousness of Alexandria for carrying on the Fur trade throughout the whole western Country, I treated, in a very minute and I may say almost voluminous manner, in my communication to you  of the 30th. of May 1787.\u2014Probably George-Town and the place which I have just mentioned, will participate largely and happily in the great emoluments to be derived from that and other valuable articles, through the inland navigation of the upper and Western Country. With sentiments of the highest esteem and regard I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most Obedt. and very Humble Servant,\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0309", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 14 February 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 14 fevr 1789.\nThere are Cases werein Spite of all Opossion means permiting forces our restrictions.\nThe Number of Unfortunate American Seamen in this City drove to dispair by the want of every Necessary calls for publick assistance. The Number of Shipwrecks that have lately happend has sent great numbers of distrest men to apply for relief. A State of Bankruptcy in Trade is not more horid than the Crys of a distrest Multitude calling on their parent Country for food under like Urgent Need. I hold myself bound not to permit true American Subjects to suffer where real want calls for Succor and have advanct to the Captains of Vessels now at this Port bound to America Provisions and Stores for their Support, the Captains Consenting to take them free of ship Money. This has drawn me into disbursments too heavy for to be solely at my charge. I would have drawn directly on the Governors of the States to which the ships are bound, but on reflection I esteem it my duty to submit these my advances to your Consideration supposing it may rest with you to supply these Contingent Charges which are indispensable and would lay merely on me as a private Individual.\nHere are Arrived many Vessels from America with wheat, flour, Tobacco and one with Beef Butter &c. This will I am perswad\u2019d give pleasure to administration by seeing that their Efforts to engage the Trade of the United States to take this Channel.\nI cannot flatter you with appearances favorable to france in our Exports from hence to America. The produce of all the Cargoes Imported going to discharge the American Imports of British  Manufactories. This to America is imaterial but to france it changes the ballance. A plan might be fallen upon that would effectualy strike at the Root of British Influence. This requires something more than Indulgences. An Exertion of Capital would be required which the present State of the finances in france cannot admit. England to support her manufactories the late War gave orders to Brook Watson new member for the City of London to purchase two hundred Thousand pounds Sterlg. of British Woollens to sooth the Crys and orderd him to send them as on his Account to Quebec &c. to be sold for what they could fetch. This was a National sacrifice but it kept up the chain that would have broke but from that Succor. France has made an apparent sacrifice by taking of her Duties on Brandys Exported but to Crush the Consumption of Rum in United States and give a full Vente to her Brandy could administration be brought to support an advance of 5000 pipes of Brandy for three years to be sent by private Merchants as for their Account to be sold in America at a rate that would admit of every Innkeeper to retail as low as Rum. The tast would insensibly become so predominant that not a puncheon of Canadian Rum would be sold. This advance would not be a sacrifice of capital but only tempory and posibly without loss. 5000 puncheons at 200\u20b6\u214c pipe = 1,000,000\u20b6. This would create a vente of at least five times that quantity consequently decrease so much of the annual Import from Jamaica &c. of Rum and Molass\u2019s all which would be paid to france in flour, wheat, Tobacco, Rice, Lumber, Skins, Oil and other produce.This you See requires a Ministerial Support. A private Merchant cannot attempt to operate so deep in a line that has not in view private advantages. Great openings offer but time must bring about the Change. Twenty Thousand hhds. Tobacco Imported annualy into this Kingdom might be paid in produce of the Kingdom. It only requires a Steddy chain to cary the plan into Execution, and that the parties Employd Act with Integrity and inteligence. A Mutual Navigation on a Mutual Exchange of Produce might take place. All foreign Interest herein would be Excluded.\nOur Brandys at the common Standard may be landed in America at from 30 \u00e0 32\u20b6 \u214cGallon. The Consumption of spirits in America exceeds 40,000 pipes \u214c ann. Suppose one half of Brandy is 20,000 pipes @ 200\u20b64,000,000\u20b6. the Shipments from france to be made by a respectable merchant as for his Account to the Six Capital Ports of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond and Charleston, the proceeds of the Sales to be remitted to  an Agent resident at Philadelphia who, should pay the Bills of the purchasers and Shippers of the Tobacco bought in Virginia.\nThis plan is on a large Scale but on a Scale that is Built on assurance of National Interest. The weight rests on the advance of the needful Capital and persons of Integrity to entrust the conducting.\nI am in this an American Establisht in france who view my Objects thro an optic fram\u2019d for this particular Conection. Other nations seek their National advantages, thus the great chain finds her counterpoise.By the Arret de Councel du 23 Nov. for granting the Bounty on flour and grain Imported from the United States Express that to be entitled to receive the Bounty the Grain or flower must be accompanied with a Certificate signd by the Magistrate of the Port of Export. Our Director of the Domaine has given to understand that unless such Certificate is produced the Bounty will not be paid. This has alarmed the Merchants interested in the Imports and have desired me to write you that not being previously advised of the form prescribed it is probable the vessels will have only the Papers Accustomary say their Clearances and Registers, and that in the late arret granting Bounty on Grain Imported from Ports in Europe the Certificate here printed is not required. They hope that should the Director objet to their partaking of the Bounty, that the difficulty will be removd. With due respect I have the Honor to be Sir Your most Obed. Servant,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0311", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Claude de la M\u00e9therie, 14 February 1789\nFrom: Le M\u00e9therie, Jean Claude de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue St nicoise no. 10 14 fev.\nL\u2019approbation que vous aves donn\u00e9 \u00e0 mon memoire sur la convocation de nos etats generaux m\u2019a flatt\u00e9 infiniment, parce que personne ne peut mieux en juger que vous. Vous verres par Celui que j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous Envoier combien nous sommes eloign\u00e9s du but dont nous paroissions si proches. Helas! la nature ne veut pas le bonheur des etres qu\u2019elle a plac\u00e9 sur notre malheureuse planette. Vous scaves que c\u2019est une des enigmes les plus inexplicables pour la philosophie. Voies ce que j\u2019en ai dit dans mes principes de la philosophie naturelle.\nQue reste-il \u00e0 faire au philosophe? repandre des lumieres.\nJe suis avec respect Monsieur Votre tres humble et obeissant Serviteur\nDe La Metherie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0312", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame de Br\u00e9han, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Br\u00e9han, Marquise de\nParis Feb. 15. 1789.\nIt is an office of great pleasure to me, my dear Madam, to bring good people together. I therefore present to you Mrs. Church, who makes a short visit to her native country. I will not tell you her amiable qualities, but leave you the pleasure of seeing them yourself. You will see many au premier abord: and you would see more every day of your lives, were every day of your lives to bring you together. In truth I envy you the very gift I make you, and would willingly, if I could, take myself the moments of her society which I am procuring you. I need not pray you to load her with civilities. Both her character and yours will ensure that. I will thank you for them in person however very soon after you shall have received this. Adieu, ma chere Madame. Agreez toutes les hommages de respect et d\u2019attachment avec lesquelles j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Madame votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0314", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Angelica Schuyler Church, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Church, Angelica Schuyler\nParis Feb. 15. 1789.\nI send you, my dear Madam, the letter to the lady you desired, and leave you at liberty to use it or not, as you find most agreeable  when you shall be at New York. You are not a stranger to the distance which has been established between her and the societies of that place. The cause of this was communicated to me from thence for the first time. I was tolerably intimate with her here, saw nothing which could preadmonish me of what has followed there, and announced her amability and simplicity as I saw them. If you find, when there, that her acquaintance will be convenient, I am persuaded you will be pleased with it.\nI am sorry, my dear friend, you go so soon as March. In truth it is a month too soon, and the most disagreeable month possible to be passed at sea. About the middle of April the winds cease, and the weather becomes mild and settled, like your own temper. Madame de Corny tells me you will return in September. Still an error of a month. But your friends at New York will tell you that October and November are a better season for the sea than September. I cherish your happiness too much not to feel pain for the uneasy moments which the boisterous equinoctial months will give you.\nI fear my departure will be later than I expected. I now learn there was no Congress when my letters, asking leave, would arrive, and that there would be none till the commencement of the new government in March. I may not receive my permission then till May. But still I shall return in October, and return with infinitely more pleasure if it can be in your company. I shall need your solace. You will be coming to your most cherished objects, I shall be leaving mine. The advantages then of our society will be entirely on my side. My daughters are perfectly well and join me in an affectionate remembrance of you. Present us all to our little friend Kitty. Accept abundance of thanks for the good tea you were so kind as to send by Dr. Bayley, and give always a warm corner in your recollection to him who has the honor to be with sentiments of the most sincere respect & attachment Dear Madam Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0315", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Augustin Dupr\u00e9, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dupr\u00e9, Augustin\nce 15me Fevrier 1789\nMonsieur Jefferson a l\u2019honneur d\u2019observer \u00e0 Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 qu\u2019il ne donne pas pour les medailles de 24 lignes ni \u00e0 Monsieur  Duvivier ni \u00e0 Monsieur Gatteaux que 2400\u20b6. que c\u2019est la ce qu\u2019il a pay\u00e9 \u00e1 Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 aussi pour celle du General Greene, et que Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 n\u2019a demand\u00e9 que \u00e7a dernierement pour celle du General Morgan. Monsieur Jefferson ne peut pas consentir donc de donner plus. A ce prix il attendroit ce que Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 pourroit faire de mieux, de soi meme, et non pas par des artistes subalternes. Pour ce qui regarde le tems. peutetre qu\u2019il seroit possible de le prolonger un peu pour la medaille de l\u2019Amiral Paul Jones, cet officier etant actuellement en Europe. Monsieur Jefferson aura l\u2019honneur d\u2019attendre la reponse de Monsieur Dupr\u00e9 et sera charm\u00e9 de pouvoir conclure cet arrangement avec lui.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0316", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. F. Frin & Cie., 15 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: J. F. Frin & Cie.\nMessieurs\n\u00e0 Paris ce 15me. Fevrier 1789.\nLa lettre que vous me faites l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire est la premiere et la seule information que j\u2019ai jamais re\u00e7u au sujet de la demande de 4000\u20b6. de la part de Monsieur Dechesaut de Norvege. Sans doute que ce Monsieur est fond\u00e9 d\u2019en faire la demande quelque part: mais pour que ce soit \u00e0 moi, il faudroit que je sache pour quelle service, et par quelle ordre. Je n\u2019en ai jamais donn\u00e9 aucune, et je ne suppose pas que mes commettans en ont donn\u00e9. J\u2019ai re\u00e7u pour le Contre Amiral Paul Jones un paquet qui m\u2019est venu de Dannemarck et que je garde pour lui. Peut etre que c\u2019est de la part de Monsieur Duchezault, et que c\u2019est par ordre du Contre-amiral Paul-Jones que cette dette de 4000\u20b6. a et\u00e9 contract\u00e9e. Dans ce cas c\u2019est \u00e0 lui qu\u2019il faudroit s\u2019addresser, ou du moins une explication de sa part seroit necessaire pour constater que cette dette regarde les etats-unis, et que c\u2019a et\u00e9 legitimement contract\u00e9e. Je vous prie Messieurs de faire voir \u00e0 Monsieur Duchezault l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 o\u00f9 je suis de prendre sur moi le paiment d\u2019une demande quelconque sans en savoir les bases: et sans etre munis des pieces justificatives. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec bien des regards Messieurs votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0317", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to De Langeac, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Langeac, August Louis Joseph Fid\u00e8le Amand de Lepinasse, Comte de\nMonsieur le Comte\n\u00e0 Paris ce 15me. Fevr. 1789\nBientot apr\u00e8s avoir pris bail de votre maison on m\u2019a fait sentir que je la payois moiti\u00e9 trop chere, et je m\u2019en suis bien apper\u00e7u apr\u00e8s. J\u2019attendois donc toujours une occasion ou je pourrois m\u2019en defaire sans inconvenient. La voiage que je vais faire en Amerique m\u2019en a present\u00e9 une en vous annon\u00e7ant la cessation du bail. J\u2019eus l\u2019honneur de vous dire pour raison que le loyer etoit beaucoup audessus la valeur de la chose. Ayant vu depuis que Monsieur Perrier, votre notaire, etoit charg\u00e9 de la louer, je lui ai fait dire que je serois pret d\u2019en reprendre le bail \u00e0 6000\u20b6, et que, n\u2019etant pas dans l\u2019usage de marchander, c\u2019etoit l\u00e0 mon premier et dernier mot. En attendant la reponse, j\u2019ai toujours et\u00e9 en cherchant une autre maison. Enfin j\u2019en trouve une que je serois fach\u00e9 de manquer dans le cas que ma proposition ne vous convienne pas. Afin qu\u2019aucune inquietude au sujet de l\u2019exacte paiement du loyer pendant mon absence n\u2019y fasse difficult\u00e9, ce me sera egal d\u2019en payer une ann\u00e9e entiere le jour que le bail me sera remis.\nLe Commissaire aux saisies reelles reclame sur moi une partie du loyer que je vous ai pay\u00e9 dernierement. Il se fonde sur ce que l\u2019arret de surseance ne peut pas faire effet sur une sentence deja rendue. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous envoyer sa lettre et la sentence et de vous prier de me les renvoyer par le porteur. Le meme Commissaire m\u2019a exig\u00e9 promesse de lui faire dire le moment o\u00f9 il seroit decid\u00e9 que mon bail cesse. C\u2019est pour remplir cette promesse que je vous demande votre decision dans le courant de la semaine actuelle, aussi bien que pour prendre la mienne definitivement au sujet de la maison qu\u2019on me propose, pour y commencer quelques arrangemens, et meme l\u2019emmenagement. Je vous prie Monsieur d\u2019agreer les assurances de l\u2019estime et de l\u2019attachement avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, Monsieur le comte, votre tres humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0319", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredricksbg. Feby. 15. 1789.\nYour favor of the 9th. of August last has been received. Before this I doubt not mine of a date subsequent to those you acknowledge has reach\u2019d you. It gave you a detail of the proceedings of the convention of this state, since which the eleven that have adopted the government, under the act of Congress that was necessary to put them in motion, have taken the necessary measures for its organization; except New York whose operations have been retarded, by some misunderstanding between the senate and the other branch of the government. This obstacle will however I doubt not be remov\u2019d since I have reason to believe, it has on neither side any other object in view than some arrangment suited to the prejudices of the pre-existing parties of that state. The publick papers say it respects the mode of appointing Representatives.\nThe letter from the Convention of that State was suppos\u2019d to have suggested the mode of obtaining amendments that would be most likely to succeed. After all the preparitory arrangments  were carried for organizing the government, it was taken up here and approv\u2019d. In consequence whereof an application was made to the Congress of the new government to be presented when conven\u2019d, to call a convention for that purpose. The weight of business that would devolve on the government itself if no other consideration might occur was suppos\u2019d a sufficient reason why this trust should be repos\u2019d in another body. It could in no event be productive of harm for the discussion of subjects however important by the deliberative bodies of America, create little heat or animosity except with the parties on the theatre. The draft was revis\u2019d and corrected by Bland and partakes of his usual fire and elegance.\nThis Commonwealth was divided in to 10 districts from each of which a member was to be placed in the House of Representatives. A competition took place in many, and in this, consisting of Albemarle, Amherst, Fluvanna Goochland Louisa, Spotsylva. Orange and Culpeper; between Mr. Madison and myself. He prevail\u2019d by a majority of about 300. It would have given me concern to have excluded him, but those to whom my conduct in publick life had been acceptable, press\u2019d me to come forward in this government on its commencment, and that I might not loose an opportunity of contributing my feeble efforts, in forwarding an amendment of its defects nor shrink from the station those who confided in would wish to place me, I yielded. As I had no private object to gratify so a failure has given me no private concern.\nIt has always been my wish to acquire property near Monticello. I have lately accomplish\u2019d it by the purchase of Colo. G. Nicholas improvments in Charlotteville and 500 acres of land within a mile, on the road to the R. fish gap. To those of Gilmour he has added others of Stone of considerable value so as to have expended in that line \u00a32200. The land is tolerably good and great part in wood. I give him in western property to be valued as such property would sell upon two years credit, \u00a32500. and if I dislike the valuation I may retain the land and pay the money at the expiration of 6. years with interest. Whether to move up immediately or hereafter when I shall be so happy as to have you as a neighbour I have not determin\u2019d. In any event it puts it within my reach to be contiguous to you when the fatigue of publick life, should dispose you for retirment, and in the interim will enable me in respect to your affairs, as I shall be frequently at Charlotteville as a summer retreat, and in attendance on the district court there, to render you some service. You will I doubt not command me with that freedom  the pleasure I shall have in executing your desires will authorize. Peter Carr was with me a few days since, he came from Wmsburg. for his health, having been indisposed with the ague and fever, and has found the trip of service. I think him well inform\u2019d and a promising young man. Mr. Short has entirely forgotten me. I have heard of his intention to return this year and hope he will not disappoint the wishes of his friends in that respect. I hope you enjoy your health and that your daughters are favor\u2019d with same blessing. I have latterly heard nothing of Mr. Mazzai. I fear the want of punctuality in my correspondence has lessen\u2019d me in his esteem a circumstance I should much lament as I respect him for his virtues and talents. Commend me to them all and be assurd of the sincerity with which I am your affectionate friend and servant,\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 15 February 1789\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nBoston Feby. 15th. 1789\nI am really ashamed of myself for the total silence I have observed since my arrival in America, and am at a loss to account for it, excepting that the affairs of our Country have been in such a situation as scarcely to admit of a Letter\u2019s being sent across the Atlantic, which touched upon their present state or future prospects. But now we are advancing to greater regularity and the period fast aproaching when the new Government will commence its operations, I hope to make up for past inattentions and to be enabled to give you information on some subjects which in its progress cannot fail of being interesting to you.\u2014It is Generally believed here and in the middle states, that Mr. Adams will be the Vice President, he had the unanimous Vote of Massachusetts and New Hampshire and 5 out of 7 of the electors of Connecticut. That he had not the whole there, originated from an apprehension, that if the state of Virginia should not vote for General Washington that Mr. A. would be President, which would not be consistant with the wish of the country and could only arise from the finese of antif\u0153dral Electors with a View to produce confusion and embarass the operations of the Constitution, against which many  have sett their faces, both in this and some of the other states, but with Ideas so different and in pursuit of such opposite projects, that I seriously believe, were they to meet in pursuit of amendments as they stile them, they would soon be convinced of the utter impossibility of an accomodation, for their systems are partial and have local objects in view, which if once permitted to gain an establishment, will unavoidably check the great system and embarass the f\u0153dral Legislature. With respect to the choice of Senators and Representatives in the respective states they generally appear to be quallified for their stations and I doubt not will do honor to their Country.\u2014But the Bearer Mr. Samuel Broome a respectable Citizen of New York who I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance will be able to give you full and satisfactory information on all points relative to the politicks of our Country.\nThe senators from Virginia are William Grayson and Richard H. Lee\u2014from Maryland John Henry and Charles Carroll\u2014Delaware George Read and Richard Basset\u2014Pensylvania Rober[t] Morris and William McClay\u2014New Jersey Wm. Patterson and Jonathan Elmer\u2014Connecticut W. S. Johnson and Oliver Elsworth\u2014Massachusetts Caleb Strong and Tristram Dalton, New Hampshire, John Langdon and \u2014\u2014 Bartlet. New York have not yet appointed and South Carolina I Believe have fixed upon Mr. R. Z. alias Izard. Any further we have not information.\nMrs. Smith and her youngest son a fine Lad of 3 months old attended by the Undersigned are here on a visit. We shall return to new York about the middle of march where I shall be happy to hear from you, and particularly on the subject of my last Letter from London relative to our account Current. You did not inform me whether my last statement was satisfactory. I have still all the papers in my possession and should be happy to have my statement approved or be informed of the points which in your opinion may be altered for the better.\u2014Present me most affectionately to Short and tell him that after putting myself in sack\u2014cloth and ashes for a few days for my sins of omission respecting him, I will attempt to say something in the way of a Letter addressed to him. I am Dear Sir Yours sincerely,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNo 13 Broad Street BuildingsFebry. 16th. 1789.\nYour favour of the 23d Der. continued to the 11th of Janry. came safe to hand for which I thank you. I begin this without knowing of any opportunity of conveyance, and shall follow the method of your letter by writing on till opportunity offers.\n I thank you for the many and judicious observations about my bridge. I am exactly in your Ideas as you will percieve by the following account.\u2014I went to the Iron Works the latter end of  Octr. My intention at the time of writing to you was to construct an Experiment Arch of 250 feet, but in the first place, the season was too far advanced to work out of doors, and an Arch of that extent could not be worked within doors, and nextly there was a prospect of a real Bridge being wanted on the spot of 90 feet extent. The person who appeared disposed to erect a Bridge is Mr. Foljambe nephew to the late Sir George Saville and Member in the last Parliament for Yorkshire. He lives about three Miles from the Works and the river Don runs in front of his house, over which there is an old ill constructed Bridge which he wants to remove. These Circumstances determined me to begin an Arch of 90 feet with an elevation of 5 feet. This extent I could manage within doors by working half the arch at a time. Having found a Short Wall suited to my purpose, I sett off a Center and five feet for the height of the Arch, and forty five feet each way for the extent, then suspended a Cord and left it to stretch itself for a day\u2014then took off the ordinates at every foot, (for one half the arch only). Having already calculated the ordinates of an Arch of a Circle of the same extent I compared them together and found scarcely any certain distinguishable difference, the reason of this is that however considerable the difference may be when the Segment is a Semi Circle that difference is contained between the 1st. and 60th or 70 degree reckoning from the bases of the Arch; and  above that the catenary appears to me to unite with the Arch of the Circle or exceedingly nearly thereto so that I conclude that the treatises on catenarien Arches apply to the Semicircle or a very large portion of it. I annex a sketch to help out my meaning. Having taken my measurements I transfered them to the working floor. 1st. I sett off half the Cord divided into feet, 2d. the ordinates upon it, 3dy. drove nails at the extremity of every ordinate. 4thly. bent a Bar of Wood over them corresponding to the swinging Cord on the Wall, above this first bar, and at the distance the  blocks would occupy, I sett off all the other Bars and struck the Radii thro the whole number; which marked the places where the holes were to be and consequently the wooden Bars became patterns for the Iron Bars.\nI had calculated on drilling the holes for which I had allowed 8d sterling each in my private estimation; but I found, when at the Works, that I could punch a square, or oblong square hole, for 1d or 1 \u00bcd each. This was gratifying to me, not only because it was under my estimation, but because it took away less of the Bar in breadth than a round hole of the same capacity would do, and made the work in every respect stronger and firmer. I was very unwilling to cut the Bar longitudinally, and for the same reasons you mention, therefore did not do it, yet I was apprehensive of difficulty in getting the work together owing to Diverging of the bolts, but this I think I have compleatly got over by putting the work together with Wood bolts and then driving them out with the Iron ones.\n Having made all my pattern of Bars, and a pattern for my blocks, and chosen my Iron 3 Inches by \u00be we began punching the holes. To do this it is necessary the Iron Bar be heated red hot. When this was mentioned to me I pondered a little on the effects of heat, and instead of marking the Iron Bar when cold from the wood pattern, I first heated it and then marked and punched it, and that only one hole at a time; by this method the changes of atmospherical heat and cold are prevented operating on the Bars while they are under the operation, as it is always the same season to the Bar whether the season of the year be summer or winter, and as the wood pattern is laid to the Bar for every fresh hole, there can be no accumulation of error, if any should happen, and the square hole  can be corrected by a file whereas the round one could not.\nA great part of our time, as you will naturally suppose was taken up in preparations, but after we began to work we went on rapidly, and that without any mistake, or any thing to alter or amend. The foreman of the Works is a relation to the Proprieters, an excellent mechanic, and who fell into all my Ideas with great ease and penetration. I staid at the works till one half the Rib, 45 feet, was compleated and framed horizontally together, and came up to London at the meeting of Parliament on the 4th. of Der. The foreman, whom, as I told him, I should appoint \u201cPresident of the Board of Works in my absence,\u201d wrote me word that he  has got the other half together with much less trouble than the first. He is now preparing for erecting, and I for returning.\nFeb. 26. A few days ago I received a letter from Mr. Foljambe in which he says \u201cI saw the Rib of your Bridge. In point of elegance and beauty it far exceeded my expectations, and is certainly beyond any thing I ever saw.\u201d\nMy Model and myself had many visitors while I was at the Works. A few days after I got there, Lord Fitzwilliams, heir to the Marquis of Rockingham came with Mr. Burke, and the former gave the Workmen five Guineas, and invited me to Wentworth house, a few Miles distant from the Works, where I went and staid a few days.\nThis Bridge I expect will bring forth something greater, but in the mean time I feel like a Bird from its Nest and wishing most anxiously to return. Therefore as soon as I can bring anything to bear I shall dispose of the Contract and bid adieu. I can very truly say that my mind is not at home.\nI am very much rejoiced at the account you give me of the State of affairs in France. I feel exceedingly interested in the happiness of that Nation. They are now got, or getting, into the right way, and the present reign will be more immortalized in France than any that ever preceded it\u2014they have all died away, forgotten in the common Mass of things, but this will be to France like an Anno Mundi, or an Anno Domini.\nThe happiness of doing good and the Pride of doing great things unite themselves in this business. But as there are two kinds of Pride, the little and the great, the privileged Orders will in some degree be governed by this Division. Those of the little pride (I mean little minded pride) will be schismatical, and those of the great pride will be orthodox with respect to the States-General. Interest will likewise have some share, and could this operate fully and freely it would arrange itself on the orthodox side. To enrich a Nation is to enrich the Individuals which compose it. To enrich the farmer is to enrich the farm and consequently the Landlord; for whatever the farmer is the farm will be. The richer the Subject the richer the revenue, because the consumptions from which Taxes are raised are in proportion to the abilities of people to consume; therefore the most effectual method to raise both the revenue and the Rental of a Country is to raise the condition of the people, or that order known in France by the Tiers Etat\u2014But I ought to ask pardon for entering into reasonings in a letter to you and I only do it because I like the subject.\nI observe in all the Companies I go into the impression which the present Circumstances of France has upon this Country. An internal Alliance in france is an Alliance which England never dreamed of and which she most dreads. Whether she will be better or worse tempered afterwards I cannot Judge of, but I believe she will be more cautious in giving offence.\nShe is likewise impressed with an Idea that a Negociation is on foot between the King and the Emperor for adding Austrian Flanders to France. This appears to me such a probable thing and may be rendered conducive to the interest and good of all the parties concerned that I am enclined to give it credit and wish it success. I hope then to see the Scheld opened, for it is a sin to refuse the bounties of Nature. On those Matters I shall be glad of your opinion. I think the States General of Holland could not be in earnest when they applied to France for the payment of the quota to the Emperor\u2014all things considered, to request it was meaness, and to expect it absurdity. I am more enclined to think, they made it an opportunity to find how they stood with france. Absolem (I think it was) set fire to his Brother\u2019s field of Corn to bring on a Conversation.\nMarch 12. With respect to Political matters here, the Truth is, the people are fools. They have no discernment into principles and consequences. Had Mr. Pitt proposed a National Convention at the time of the King\u2019s insanity he had done right, but instead of this he has absorbed the right of the Nation into a right of Parliament, one house of which (the Peers) is hereditary, in its own Right and over which the people have no controul (not so much as they have over their king) and the other Elective by only a small part of the Nation. Therefore he has lessened instead of encreased the rights of the people, but as they have not sense enough to see it they have been huzzaing him. There can be no fixed principles of government, or any thing like Constitution in a Country where the government can alter itself, or one part of it supply the other.\nWhether a Man that has been so compleatly mad as not to be managed but by force and the Mad Shirt, can ever be confided in afterwards as a reasonable Man is a matter I have very little opinion of. Such a Circumstance, in my estimation of mankind, ought to be a perpetual disqualification. The Emperor I am told has entered a caveat against the Elector of Hanover\u2019s (not the electrate) vote for king of the Romans. John Bull however is not so mad as he was and a Message has been manufactured for him to  Parliament in which there is nothing particular. The Treaty with Prussia is not yet before Parliament, but is to be.\nHad the Regency gone on and the new administration been formed I should have been able to communicated some Matters of business to you both with respect America and France as an interview for that purpose was agreed upon and to take place as soon as the persons who were to fill the offices should succeed. I am the more confidential with those persons as they are distinguished by the Name of the Blue and Buff, a dress taken up during the American War and is the undress uniform of General Washington without Lapels and which they still wear. But at any rate [I do not think it is worth while for Congress to appoint any Minister to this Court. The greater distance Congress observes on this point the better. It will be all money thrown away to go [to] any expence about it, at least during the present reign. I know the Nation well and the line of acquaintance I am in enables me to Judge better on this matter than any other American can Judge, especially at a distance.] If Congress should have any business to state to the Government here, it can be easily done thro their Minister at Paris and the seldomer the better.\n[I believe I am not so much in the good graces of the Marquis of Landsdown as I used to be. I do not answer his purpose. He was always talking of a sort of reconnection of England and America and my coldness and reserve on this subject checked communication. I believe he would be a good Minister for England with respect to a better agreement [with] France.]\nShould any thing occur worth communicating, while I am here and you in France, I will inform you of it. If nothing comes to you, you may conclude there is nothing, and that matters stand as at the time of writing this letter. As soon as the weather will permit which is still very cold and uncomfortable, I shall sett off for the Iron Works. I received a letter this morning from the Proprieters informing me that Sir Thomas Blacket was to dine with them and to see our Pontifical Works, as he wanted a Bridge on his Estate. Mr. Rumsey called at my Lodgings last Evening, but I was out, to inform me of his immediately setting off for France. In case he should not set off till this Evening this letter will be presented to you by him. He appears to me perfectly Master of the Subject of Steam, and is a very agreeable Man. I am now going to the other end of the Town to enquire after him.\u2014Remember me to the Marquis de la Fayette, Mr. Le Roy Mr. De Corney. Please to inform me if any thing further has been said or done about the  Bridge, and likewise how the new Bridge in your Neighbourhood goes on. I am Dr. Sir with much esteem your Sincere Friend & obt. Hble. Servant,\nThomas Paine\nat Mr. Whiteside No. 13 Broad Street buildings\nLondon\nApril 10th. Messrs. Parker and Rumsey having set off for Paris prevented me the opportunity of sending you the former part. Your favour of March 17th. came safe to hand for which I am obliged to you. The King of England continues in his amended state, but Dr. Willis, his Son and attendants are yet about his person. He has not been to Parliament nor made any public appearance, but he has fixed the 23d April for a public thanksgiving, and he is to go in great Parade to offer up his Devotions at St. Pauls on that day. Those about him have endeavoured to dissuade him from this ostentatious pilgrimage, most probably from an apprehension of some effect it may have upon him, but he persists.\u2014The treaty with Prussia has been laid before parliament but nothing has been said upon it. [The Acts for regulating the Trade with America are to be continued as last year. A Paper from the Privy Council respecting the American fly is before Parliament. I had some conversation with Sir Joseph Banks upon this subject as he was the person whom the privy Council refered to. I told him that the Hessian fly attacked only the green plant, and did not exist in the dry grain. He said that with respect to the Hessian fly they had no apprehension, but it was the Wevil they alluded to. I told him the Wevil had always, more or less, been in the Wheat Countries of America, and that if the prohibition was on that account it was as necessary fifty or sixty years ago as now, that I believed it was only a political manoeuvre of the Ministry to please the landed interest, as a balance for prohibiting the exportation of Wool to please the manufacturing interest. He did not reply, and as we are on very sociable terms I went farther, by saying, the English ought not to complain of the non-payment of Debts from America while they prohibit the means of payment.\nI suggest to you a thought on this Subject. The Debts due before the war ought to be distinguished from the Debts contracted since, and all and every mode of payment and remittance under which they might have been discharged at the time they were contracted ought to accompany those Debts so long as any of them shall continue unpaid, because the Circumstances of payment became united with the Debt, and cannot be separated by subsequent Acts of one Side only. If this was taken up in America and insisted on as a  right coeval with and inseparable from those Debts, it would force some of the restrictions here to give way.]\nYou speak very truly of this Country when you say \u201cthat they are slumbering under a half reformation of Politics and religion and cannot be excited by any thing they hear or see to question the remains of prejudice.\u201d Their ignorance on some matters is unfathomable. For instance, the Bank of England discount Bills at 5\u214cCent, but a proposal is talked of for discounting at 4 1/2 and the reason given is the vast quantity of Money and that many of the good houses discount at 4 1/2. From this they deduce the great Ability and Credit of the Nation, whereas the contrary is the Case.\u2014This Money is all in paper, and the quantity is greater than the objects to circulate it upon; and therefore shews that the Market is glutted and consequently the ability for farther paper exertions is lessened. If a War should ever break out between the countries again, this is the spot where it ought to be prosecuted. They neither feel nor care for any thing at a distance but are frightened and spiritless at every thing which happens at home. The Combined fleets coming up the Channel, Paul Jones, and the Mob of 1780 are the dreadful \u00c6ras of this Country\u2014but for national puffery none equals them. The addresses which have been presented are stuffed with nonsense of this kind. One of them published in the London Gazette and presented by a Sir William Appleby begins thus\u2014\u201cBritain, the Queen of Isles\u2014the pride of Nations\u2014the Arbitress of Europe, perhaps, of the World.\u201d\nThe exceeding bad weather has delayed my return to the Iron Works, as a new experiment especially ought to have all the advantages of fine weather. Next Monday or Tuesday I sett off and leave this in the Care of Mr. Mason who is returning to Paris in his way to Bordeaux. On the receipt of your last I went to Sir Joseph Banks to inform him of your having heard from Lediard from Grand Cairo, but found he had a letter from him of the same date. Sir Joseph is one of the Society for promoting that undertaking. He has an high opinion of Lediard, and thinks him the only man fitted for such an exploration. As you may probably hear of Lediard by accounts that may not reach here Sir Joseph will be obliged to you to communicate to him any matters respecting him that may arrive to you. (Sir Joseph Banks Bart. Soho Square).\nThe Rumours respecting a Negociation for the Austrian Netherlands are at a Stand, and the English Papers have sent the Prince  of Nassau to Madrid to push forward the Quadruple Alliance, to which Denmark is to accede.\nThe Slave Trade is to come on the 27th April. Mr. Wilberforce has given Notice that he shall move for a total abolition of the traffic. It will pass the Commons, and probably stop in house of Peers.\n[While writing this I am informed that the Minister has had a Conference with some of the American Creditors and proposed to them to assume the Debts and give them ten shillings in the pound. The Conjecture is that he means when the new Congress is established to demand the payment. If you are writing to General Washington it may not be amiss to mention this, and if I hear farther on this matter I will inform you. But as being a money matter it cannot come forward but thro\u2019 Parliament there will be notice given of the business. This would be a proper time to show that the British Acts since the Peace militate against the payment by narrowing the means by which those debts might have been paid when they were contracted and which ought to be considered as constituent parts of the Contract.]\nApril 13. The New York Packet arrived on Sunday, brought nothing new. It sailed the 4th March on which day the New Congress met. Mr. Rumsey came yesterday (Sunday) and I sett off this evening for my Iron Works. Your affectionate Friend & obt. Humble Servant,\nThomas Paine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0323", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Parent, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Parent (Parant), M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBeaune, 16 Feb. 1789. A shipment of four baskets \u201cde Bouteille enpaill\u00e9 et Enball\u00e9 et Cord\u00e9 et marqu\u00e9 P S No. 1 et 2 et 3 et 4,\u201d one of which contains \u201cvingt Cinq poirre de BonCretien que je vous Envoy\u00e9 parceque je Crois quit doit Estre Rare ass\u00e9 \u00e0 paris par la gel\u00e9 qui c\u2019est faites Cest hyvert.\u201d There are 248 or 249 bottles in the four baskets, which left the 14th and should be received late in the month or by 1 Mch. at the latest, \u201cpar le Sieur Bernier, voiturie ordinaire De Trois, et vous luy fer\u00e9 paye soixante six livres pour tout, voiture et Drois tout Compris.\u201d Asks TJ to send his pass to the Rambouillet barrier some days ahead. The wine went off in good condition; he sent all of the better wine of 1784. \u201cLes vins ont extrement augment\u00e9 depuis peux de jours. Les vignerons dise que les vignes sont presque toute perd\u00fce.\u201d He bought two casks as soon as he received TJ\u2019s letter, yet it cost 170\u20b6, plus 60\u20b6 for the bottles, 28\u20b6 for the basket and packing, and 14\u20b6 for straw and corks, in all 272\u20b6. \u201cJe suis Est\u00e9 chez Mr. Bachey mais il n\u2019a plus de sa goute D\u2019or ca vieux, il n\u2019en [a] que de 87 qui ne sont point de bonne qualite ny les blanc Comme les Rouge, il estoit bien Cher, de bien mauvaise qualit\u00e9; mais il a Encorre Sept pieces De ses Deux feuillette de goute D\u2019or de 1788 qui sont Ecellent, mais il veut en avoir cinq cent livres De la queue. A pr\u00e9sent il a Dej\u00e0 vend\u00fce la moitie au prix la saison.\u201d If TJ wishes any, he should let him know: \u201cil est de bonne qualit\u00e9 Cette ann\u00e9e, il sera bon pour la fin de l\u2019automne \u00e0 mettre en bouteille.\u201d He hopes to see TJ in Paris in May on his way to Rouen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink & Van Staphorst, 16 February 1789\nFrom: Willink & Van Staphorst\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 16 February 1789\nYour Excellency\u2019s favor of 2 Inst. advising Your draft on us of that date for Bo. \u01922281.5 did not reach us until the 14th. a Post later than it ought and that the Bill was presented to us; A Circumstance We request you to guard against in future, as it is totally irregular to accept or pay Bills specifying to have been advised, until, the Arrival of same. This will be charged as you desire to the United States of America.\nWe inclose your Excellency\u2019s Copy of our Letter of this date to the Board of Treasury, transmitting the Account Current of the U.S. up to 31 Ulto. To the Balance due by us thereon \u0192123,674 will be to be added the Net Proceeds of 103 Bonds, yet to be delivered to the subscribers for the 200 lately engaged. There will then be a Deficiency of Provision for the June Interest of about \u0192100,000. Our Efforts hitherto to extend the Sale to this Amount  and to furnish Your Excellency, some Monies towards the Objects entrusted to you by Congress, have been unavailing; Rely, We will continue them with all activity, and with pleasure give Your Excellency, the most early Intelligence of our Success; But We cannot flatter ourselves it will be speedy, for the reasons We assign to the Commissioners of the Treasury. We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble servants,\nWilhem Janwillink\nNico & Jacob van Staphorst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 17 February 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRome Feb. 17th. 1789.\nMy last was of the 11th. In it I mentioned to you how anxious I was to hear from you the re-establishment of the sick part of your family. I still hope that you will be so good as to let me hear from you at Florence, and that I shall learn that the fine weather which has now returned at Paris, has brought with it health to those whom the rude season deprived of it. To the middle of March I shall certainly be at Florence, perhaps somewhat later; at any rate you may risk your letters if you will be so good as to send them under cover to my banker. Should I be gone, he will send them immediately after me.\nI promised to give you some account of the curiosities in and about Naples. One is astonished at their first entrance into this city to see the immense crowds of people which are constantly in the streets. If you have paid attention to the quai de la ferraille between the Pont Neuf and Pont St. Michel at Paris of a cold day when the sun shines there, you may form some idea of these streets. Many people are pleased with this circumstance and extol the vast population of Naples, but I confess it produced a different effect on me. These crowds are composed only of people of the lowest and poorest order. They remain there because they have no other place to go to. They are ill clad dirty and have the marks of evident and pressing poverty upon them. This circumstance involves another equally disagreeable to spectators. Nothing is more common  than to see these poor people, particularly the women, in pairs chusing a warm part of the street, and the one looking in the head of the other in search of a game which is no where among cleanly people considered as a pleasing sight. To people on foot this is particularly distressing because by means of the crowd you are frequently pressed much nearer these hunting parties than you would wish to be. The middle of these streets however are filled with as much brilliancy and shew as are the sides with wretchedness and poverty. The most superb carriages, and fine horses with elegant trappings, are in a kind of constant procession here. Before these carriages are often two and I have sometimes seen three volantis or runners dressed up in the richest manner.\nNaples excels Rome as far in its equipages as it is excelled by it in its Palaces. I have seen no where a worse stile of architecture than there (in Naples). What can be the reason I know not. It is however remarkable that there should not be seen in the whole city more than two or three buildings of a pure taste.\nOne of the first things I went to see at Naples was the tomb of Virgil. From it is a fine view of Naples and its bay, and when one persuades himself that the ashes of that favorite poet repose there, there is certainly no place more pleasing and interesting than it is. The same imposition (or rather a new edition) of the laurel tree, was attempted on us by the Cicerone. He told us that the ancient laurel tree which had grown there had been plucked off by little and little by the Signori Inglesi until none of it remained but that the two sprouts which we saw growing there had sprung up spontaneously in its place. The imposition would have passed upon me as on many others if so much had not been said pro and con on this subject. But taking the trouble to climb up to the top of this monument which is ten or dozen feet above where strangers generally go and of difficult access, I tugged at these sprouts until I felt them begin to yield. The cicerone then agreed he had planted these there. It seemed as if it had not been very long done, as they had not yet taken perfect root. He adhered however to the first part of his story that there had been there a laurel tree and that it had been gradually plucked off by the amateurs. All that I can say is that at present there is not the smallest vestige of it. Close by this tomb which stands on the mountain of Pausillippo is the entrance of the grotto of that name. This is a road wide enough in the narrowest part for two carriages to go in a breast pierced through the mountain. It is near half a mile in length and towards the middle very dark. When you have passed through  this grotto you enter what was anciently called the Campi Phlegraei, or fields of fire, in consequence of the number of volcanoes with which they were filled, and of which the remains still exist. Sir Wm. Hamilton has published a book containing an account of them as well as of Mt. Vesuvius which is on the other side of Naples, with paintings done by the pencil, of the different views of that country. This book is in 3. Vol. fol. and I should have liked much to have had it, but the price was too high for me. It is 69. ducats of that country worth about 300\u20b6 of France. In the campi Phlegraei are seen many lakes the craters probably of extinguished volcanoes. There is there also a little grotto on the side of Lake Agnano, from whence issues so noxious a vapour that no animal can exist in it. The experiment is generally made on a poor dog, and from thence it is called il grotto del cane. The cicerone keeps these poor animals for the purpose, and one is tortured in this manner by most travellers. The animal is soon reduced to a state of asphixy. That satisfies the curiosity of the traveller, and then he is thrown into the lake near the grotto, or at least removed from the vapour, the water or the fresh air brings him to again, and he is then kept for a new experiment. Our party consisted of four and we were unanimous in dispensing with the experiment on the dog. We took it on the testimony of the others, and towards the circumference of the sphere of this vapour we held our noses near the ground. I led the way because I observed that M. de la Lande had done the same without being affected. The effect it produced on me however was so sensible that my companions would not follow the example until one came who had not seen my experiment. We persuaded him to hold his nose near the same stone that I had done. It produced on him as on M. de la Lande no effect. This encouraged the other two to attempt it, but it affected them as it had done me. This difference in the effect produced on one of the party from the rest was surprizing to us all. Not far off stands Puzzuoli, Curiae, Baiae &c., all of which were so famous among the ancients. In this neighbourhood also stands lake Avernus, the Sibyl\u2019s cave, the Champs Elys\u00e9es, Acheron &c. In the midst of these interesting antiquities is a modern phaenomenon of little more than 200 years date, that is of the most astonishing kind. It is what is called Monte nuovo, a mountain of considerable circumference and height thrown up in one night by means of a volcano. The whole neighbourhood was then dismayed and the place about to become depopulated. But at present this mountain looks like any other. It is in most places covered with earth sufficient for vegetation and is  inhabited and cultivated. We were told there still existed a crater at the top, but this was too high to allow us to visit it in the course of that days excursion, and we had not afterwards an opportunity.\nAt the opposite side of Naples stand Portici and under it Herculanum, Pompeia six miles off, and in an indirect line between the two Mt. Vesuvius. These are all curiosities of a different kind, but all interesting. At present only the theatre of Herculanum is to be seen. The other parts which have been dug into, have been filled up again in order not to endanger the parts of Portici which are above it. The numberless antiques which have been found there are now arranged in a cabinet at Portici, which is visited with infinite pleasure by all the curious. We went up to the top of Mt. Vesuvius, i.e. to the ancient mouth as it is called. The wind was high and such clouds of ashes and pumice stones were thrown in our faces as to deter our guides from going further. The journey was laborious, but we were well paid by the rich views around and particularly by the near view of the mouth of Mont Vesuvius. We were one hour and an half from Resina to where we were obliged to quit the mules, and about an hour more from thence to the top on foot. On our way we passed by a little opening in the side of the mountain which resembled perfectly the mouth of a red hot oven. A stick was poked into it in a few minutes caught fire and was drawn out in a flame. Here we drank what is called lachrymae christi wine, as we had done on the other side of Naples of the Falernian. They are both rather good than otherwise, but remarkable more for their name than anything else. I will not tire you with further details of a country which I still hope you will one day or other see. I hope it first for your own sake and secondly for that of your friends.\nI don\u2019t know if I mentioned to you that there were here two young Americans in the college of the Propagandafide. They are of Philadelphia and have been brought here to be educated. I was told by the person who informed me of their being here, that they were sent in consequence of a convention or treaty made between Dr. Franklin and the late Noncio whilst at Paris. I intend to go and see them, but have not yet found time. I was surprized last evening on being presented at an house in Rome to find there a young American. He has been about three weeks here and seems on a perfectly easy footing at this house which is among the first in Rome, I suppose, as the mistress is on an intimate footing with Cardinal de Bernis, by whom we were presented to her. Rutledge had an opportunity of speaking more with him than I did. He  learned that he was the son of a Mr. Seton at New York, that he had been sent to Europe for his health and landed a few months ago somewhere in the Mediterranean. He told us also he had lately recieved a letter from his father which mentioned that the new Congress would certainly sit at New York.\u2014I long to hear from you some American news and at the arrival of every post I send to search for your letters, too often in vain. Accept my best wishes Sir for the health and happiness of yourself and family and believe me with sentiments of the most unalterable attachment, your friend & servant,\n W. Short\nP.S. I take the liberty of inclosing you a letter for Mde. de Tess\u00e9, and I have desired her to send you such as she may write to me. That which she sent for me under cover to Cardl. de Bernis, he forwarded to me poste restante to Naples. I only learned it on my return from thence and have not yet had time to receive it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Villedeuil, 17 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Villedeuil, Pierre Charles Laurent de\nSir\nParis Feb. 17. 1789\nIn a letter which I did myself the honour of addressing your Excellency on the 7th. instant I had that of informing you that a Mr. Jonathan Nesbitt was arrived at Paris as a courier with dispatches from our Secretary for foreign affairs to me, and that he was waiting to take back my answers unless he could in the mean time receive a safeconduct from your Excellency which might enable him to see his creditors. I am now informed that an officier garde du commerce of this city has taken him into custody this morning on the application of some one of his creditors, and has him now in his hands. I take the liberty therefore of repeating my application to your Excellency for the safe conduct, if you think his case admits of it, or otherwise an order for his discharge, as my courier, come with dispatches to me and ready to return instantly with others. I have the honour to repeat the assurances of respection and attachment with which I am Your Excellency\u2019s Most abedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0327", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Guichard de Mareil, 18 February 1789\nFrom: Mareil, Guichard de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPlace Dauphine No. 11.Paris 18 fevrier 1789.\nJe suis en ce moment charg\u00e9 de Deffendre au Parlement la validit\u00e9 des Dispositions testamentaires d\u2019un Citoyen des \u00e9tats unis de l\u2019amerique, d\u00e9ced\u00e9 en france, il y a quelques ann\u00e9es. La question devant se decider d\u2019apr\u00e8s les Loix du Pays dont il etait habitant et o\u00f9 tous ses biens sont situ\u00e9s, J\u2019ose prendre la Libert\u00e9 de m\u2019adresser \u00e0 vous, Monsieur, pour vous prier de vouloir bien m\u2019instruire de vos Statuts sur cette matiere, ou m\u2019indiquer du moins les Sources o\u00f9 je pourrais en puiser la Connoissance. J\u2019ose esperer, par l\u2019interet que Vous prenez tant aux habitans de votre nation qu\u2019au maintien des loix qui doivent les gouverner, que vous vous ferez un vrai plaisir de me mettre \u00e0 port\u00e8e d\u2019en deffendre avec succ\u00e8s m\u00eame dans nos Tribunaux les Droits et les pr\u00e9rogatives.\nJe suis avec Respect Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur\nGuichard de Mareilavocat au Parlement", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ladevese, 18 February 1789\nFrom: Ladavese, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Vigan, 18 Feb. 1789. About two years ago he wrote TJ about a legacy to the poor of his church made by Francis Laurens, brother of Henry Laurens. TJ promised he would enclose Ladevese\u2019s letter in one he would write \u201c\u00e0 Mademoiselle Laurents.\u201d Does not doubt that TJ did so, but since there has been no response he asks TJ to write to Henry Laurens or his daughters advising them that they claim this legacy of 1200\u20b6. \u201cNos pauvres sont en tr\u00e8s grand nombre et nos moyens sont tr\u00e8s foibles. J\u2019ose vous assurer, Monsieur, que si par votre mediation vous pouv\u00e9s nous procurer Le payement de ce don, vous fair\u00e9s une bonne oeuvre. Je sais que votre grandeur Se plait \u00e0 en faire de cette nature; puissi\u00e9s vous en faire Longtems et Beaucoup.\u201d [In postscript:] If the sum should have been paid and TJ could give advice of it, he would make a draft on Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0330", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from John Rutledge, Sr., 18 February 1789]\nFrom: Rutledge, John, Sr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Charleston, S.C., 18 Feb. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 30 Mch. 1789. This letter, which enclosed two bills of exchange for John Rutledge, Jr., has not been found; a duplicate with another set of the bills of exchange was sent by Rutledge and received, according to SJL, on 25 Apr. 1789. See TJ to Boyd & Ker, 30 Mch. 1789.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0331", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Giuseppe Chiappe, 19 February 1789]\nFrom: Chiappe, Giuseppe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMogador, 19 Feb. 1789. TJ\u2019s letter of 13 Aug. 1788 only arrived 2 Jan. The emperor still has his court at M\u00e8knes and has received the Dutch ambassador, who succeeded in composing existing differences in a most satisfactory way, i.e. with \u201cun Present de la valeur de 10m.$ Fortes,\u201d which must be used for mortars and bombs momentarily expected from Their High Mightinesses. British Consul General Matra at Tangiers after \u201cdes forts debats\u201d also was able to go to the court at M\u00e8knes and confirm the \u201cAnciens Trait\u00e9s entre les deux Cours\u201d; having restored peace, he has returned to Tangier with \u201cLettres amicales\u201d ordering that the English nation again be treated as in the past, and that provisions affecting \u201cla Place de Gibraltar\u201d be subject to the same conditions as are accorded the Spaniards and every other nation. Chiappe cannot guarantee the \u201csolidit\u00e9\u201d of these commitments in every eventuality, but notes that the emperor has just told the consuls general at  Tangier categorically that \u201cau cas S.M.I. declare la guerre \u00e0 quelque Puissance Chretienne, il Luy sera permis de faire vendre dans leurs Ports les Prises quelconques que ses Corsaires emporteront sur la Nation contre laquelle il veuille se declarer, ce qui n\u2019est pas encore connu de Personne.\u201d America will always enjoy these same privileges and the sovereign is always inclined to accord special consideration to her, so Chiappe\u2019s friends at court say; this will probably continue, especially since he continually makes representations to the monarch on this. William Cowell, the American captain here last year in the schooner Machias, returned 30 Jan. from Boston and Cadiz in the brigantine Romulus for another cargo of mules. He has brought \u201c2m:$ Fortes Comptants, 200. quintaux de Fer poid petit, et 80. Barils de Boeur.\u201d He benefits from the reduction by half of the entry duties, reported earlier to TJ by Chiappe, and plans to take on 70 mules. Cowell will receive Chiappe\u2019s full assistance and will leave without delay for Surinam. Chiappe was astonished not to receive any letters on this occasion, particularly from Barclay, and does not know what to make of his long silence. \u201cJe m\u2019attend toujours avec impatience \u00e0 la solution d\u2019un tel enigme, mais Je ne cesserois Jamais de faire tout mon possible pour l\u2019entretiens de la meilleure armonie.\u201d Gives renewed assurance of his \u201centier devouement\u201d to the American Nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Brionne, 20 February 1789\nFrom: Brionne, Comtesse de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadame la comtesse de brionne fait mille complimens \u00e0 monsieur de jefferson, il a et\u00e9 si obligeant pour elle, qu\u2019il voudra bien encore l\u2019aider dans tous les renseignemens dont elle a besoin pour son affaire d\u2019amerique. Monsieur le Comte de bethisy aura l\u2019honeur de l\u2019aller chercher et de lui mener la personne qui se destine a aller suivre nos interets.\nM. de bethisy espere que Monsieur de jefferson aura la bont\u00e9 de lui faire dire le jour et l\u2019heure o\u00f9 il pourra le recevoir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Geismar, 20 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Geismar, Baron von\nParis Feb. 20. 1789.\n You have had great reason, my dear Sir, to wonder that you have been so long receiving an answer to your request relative to the drawings of a Cabriolet and Phaeton. Your object was to have such drawings as that a workman could work by them. A painter\u2019s eye draught would not have answered this purpose; and indeed to  be sure of having them done with the accuracy necessary to guide a workman I could depend on nobody but myself, but the work was to be done principally in an open court, and there came on between two and three months of such intense cold as rendered this impossible. Since the season has become milder I have devoted such little scraps of time to this object, as I was master of, and I now inclose you the drawings. They are made with such scrupulous exactness in every part that your workman may safely rely on them. I must except from this the drawing of the carriage (le train) of the Phaeton. I took less pains about this because I did not like it. They make light crane-necks which are preferable. This drawing was made for the sake of the body (la caisse). The circular ribs of that are round rods of iron, about half an inch diameter. If you would have the body of the Cabriolet higher, it is made so by raising the block between the shaft and axle, or by putting in it\u2019s place an iron in this form \nI must return you many thanks for your very great attentions [ \u2026 ] me on the subject with the greatest gratitude. Our late informations from America are that our new constitution will begin in March and with an almost universal approbation. In order to reconcile those who still remain opposed to it, a declaration of rights will be added. General Washington will undoubtedly be President. I have asked leave to pay a short visit to my own country. I expect to go out in the ensuing spring and to return in autumn. I shall pass two months at Monticello. The revolution in this country (for such we may call it) is going on smoothly, and will I think end in rendering the nation more free and more powerful. Their public stocks have been rising slowly but steadily ever since the accession of Mr. Necker.\u2014I forget whether I mentioned to you that my vines from Hocheim succeed to admiration. I inclose you a pretty little popular tune which will amuse you for a day or two. I am with the most perfect esteem & attachment, Dear Sir, Your sincere friend & humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0338", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeau 21 fev 1789\nAs I intimated to you in my last On application to the Directeur of the Domaine who is orderd to pay the Bounty allowd by Gouverment on flower and wheat Imported from the United States, he Evaded satisfying the demands of the Importers alledging the want of the Certificate from a Civil Magistrate at the Port of Export, I waited on the Director to know what he understood by that Certificate explain\u2019d to him that a Clearance from our Customhouse signd by the Naval Officer in which is incerted the Contents of the Cargoe was a Legal proof of the Shipment and that ought to suffice to intitle the receipt of the Bounty on Importations. He persists in His refusal and refers to subsequent Instructions [from] the Directeur at Paris.\nI represented that the french ships on arrival in the States enjoyd certain indulgences, on a Certificate from the Consul that the Papers were in due form all prevalidges were emediately assured and offerd to give any Certificate on perusal of the Papers that he should judge sufficient. Anext is Copy of what we give to the Tobacco office in virtue of the resolution of Council to secure Prevalidges allowd on the Tobacco Imported in American Bottoms, the like or some approaching form might be framed to satisfy the Direction of the farm to entitle the Importers without Delay to receive the Bounty. It is probable you will be applied too \u214cthis Port by some of the Importers.\nThe Imports from America has aided to occation a full supply of Grain and flower at this market, and we expect if the imports continue a fall in the price, flower that sold at 37\u20b6. 10 \u214cBaril is fallen to 34\u20b6. Thus Gouvernment is fully indemnified of the Bounty allowd and gains on every 30 sols \u214cquintal 3\u20b6 by the fall in Price that the Nation pays less to Strangers who are in General Sole proprietors of the Grain and flower Imported. I have the Honor to be respectfully Sir Your most Obedient Humble Servant,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0339", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Fanning, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Fanning, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nhotel de La grande Bretagne rue Jacobthe 21st. Feb: 1789.\nI pass\u2019d some melancholly months here, occasion\u2019d by my poor wife\u2019s long illness and death, and since I had the misfortune to loose her, my daughter was in a low state of health; my sufferings made a recluse of me and prevented my taking the liberty of paying my respects from time to time to Your Excellency, on whom I had that of calling yesterday to thank you for all the trouble you were pleased to take in the affair of my lands and for your goodness in permiting me to avail myself of your further protection, by your Excellency\u2019s letter to me of the 10th. (which was sent me from the Country) enclosing two you had received relative to my affair; I see by them that Messrs. Shoolbred and Moodie got my power of attorney, I wish they had own\u2019d the receipt of it sooner; from their character I cannot doubt but they will, at a proper time, exert themselves to serve me. Let what will happen my obligations to your Excellency I shall never forget. I have the honour to be with the utmost respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obliged & most obedient humble Servant,\nJa Fanning\nMonday morning I part for La Rochetalbot. Shou\u2019d your Excellency have any Commands for Le Maine or for Anjou, I shou\u2019d be happy to be honour\u2019d with them. An appointment on business of consequence to my litle family prevents my waiting in person on Your Excellency this morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0340", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink & Van Staphorst, 22 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink & Van Staphorst\nGentlemen\nParis Feb. 22. 1789.\nI have just received your joint letter of the 16th. inst. to me, and have perused that of the same date to the Board of Treasury which you were so kind as to inclose for my perusal. I shall immediately forward it to them. You therein state the balance in your hands to be 123,674 florins, to which will be added the nett produce of 103. bonds engaged tho\u2019 not yet delivered, and you say there will then be a deficiency of about 100,000 florins for the June interest: from this an implication arises that you consider this  balance as a deposit for the June interest, and propose again to postpone the article of 60,000 florins, appropriated in the estimate we left you, to a particular purpose, as of the last year. But I must observe to you that this article is of a nature not to admit such postponement. The situations it is intended to relieve are too cruel to be suffered. That estimate was under the eyes of Congress when they approved the loan which was to fulfill it\u2019s views. The order of appropriation is as much established by their will as the sums appropriated; and priority in order gives priority of right. That article stands among those which should have been furnished in 1788. I said nothing when I found you were postponing it to the interest of February 1789. But I did not expect it would be again proposed to postpone it to that of June; and were I to be silent now, it might afterwards be postponed to that of next February, and so on without end. Besides my informations from Congress which do not leave me at liberty to let this object lose it\u2019s turn, besides the pressing cries of humanity which urge it\u2019s right, another motive is superadded. I have asked, and hope to receive permission to go to America in the ensuing spring, and do not expect to return till the fall. Were I to leave Europe without setting this business in motion, it would be suspended till my return, which no consideration will permit. As I expect then to sail about the middle of April, I must draw on you in the course of the month of March for these 60,000 florins, and I hope the same motives will urge you to honour the draft which will oblige me to make it.Besides this, the article of the medals stand before that of either the February or June interest: and as my departure would render it necessary that these also should be finished, and their execution requires time, I have been obliged to enter into contracts with the several workmen, who are already well advanced in their work, and will finish it by the middle of April. They will soon become entitled to partial paiments, so that I must immediately begin these draughts on you, and make the whole of them between this and the middle of April. With respect to the appropriation for the foreign officers, I have no orders. I presume they will be sent to you. Should your two houses concur in sentiments on the subjects of this letter, I shall hope to receive your joint answer as usual: should they differ in opinion, I must ask your answers separately. I have the honour to be with the greatest esteem, gentlemen, your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0342", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Simon Duvivier, 23 February 1789]\nFrom: Duvivier, Pierre Simon Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 23 Feb. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 23 Feb. 1789. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0343", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Anterroches, 24 February 1789\nFrom: Anterroches, MMe d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPuy d\u2019Arnac, near Tulle, Bas Limousin, 24 Feb. 1789. Since there are no longer any packet boats, she asks TJ to help her get in touch with her son, at \u201c\u00e9lisabethtown pr\u00e8s de newyorck,\u201d the Chevalier d\u2019Anterroches, who married an American and has lived in America for 14 years; Moustier and Otto both wrote of him \u201cdans les termes des plus grands \u00e9loges et de la plus grande affection,\u201d and he is well regarded. The mother has not heard from him since last April, and she would like TJ to forward to him a small package weighing about 7 to 9 pounds. Apologizes for the liberty taken, but knows that TJ has forwarded other packages that she has sent her son.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Burrill Carnes, 24 February 1789\nFrom: Carnes, Burrill\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNantes, 24 Feb. 1789. As requested in TJ\u2019s letter of 15 Feb., recommends John Gallwey, \u201can establish\u2019d Merchant of this City for near twenty years \u2026 a friend to America\u201d and \u201ca man of the strictest  honor and honesty\u201d to take his place in all matters, including that of Schweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e, about which Gallwey is now totally ignorant. Carnes expects to sail this week for Baltimore and to return to France in October or November.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0345", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Guichard de Mareil, 24 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mareil, Guichard de\nSir\nParis Feb. 24. 1789.\nIn answer to the letter of the 18th. instant which you have done me the honor to address me, I take the liberty of informing you that the laws of England form the basis of those of the United states; but that these several states having ever been independant of each other, and under separate government, have made different alterations in those laws, to adapt them to their different local circumstances, and that no one person whatever is so well informed what these alterations have been in all the states, as to be able to decide what the law is in every state on any given question. If the case you mention depends on the laws of Virginia, I could perhaps give you the information you desire, with a good degree of certainty, because I am a citizen of that state and acquainted with it\u2019s laws. If it depends on the laws of New York, there is at present in Paris a citizen of that state, skilled in it\u2019s laws. If of any other state, I know no method of obtaining certain information but by stating the facts and the question arising on them, and sending them to the particular state for advice. If I can be made useful in doing this, I shall do it with pleasure. Permit me at the same time to express a doubt whether the laws in any of our states will acknolege the decision of a foreign tribunal relative to goods within the United states and belonging to their own citizen. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elie Lefebvre Fr\u00e8res, 24 February 1789\nFrom: Elie Lefebvre Fr\u00e8res\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRouen, 24 Feb. 1789. Since their letter to TJ of 4 Feb. 1788 they have heard nothing concerning the five cases of wine that were to have been sent from Bordeaux for TJ\u2019s account by Bondfield. Hence they  are returning herewith the \u201cpasseport\u201d TJ had sent them to obtain exemption to duties along the route. They presume the plans were changed; if not, TJ can return it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0347", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 25 February 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRome Feb. 25. 1789 (Wednesday)\nThe time of my departure from this place is now so near at hand that I have begun to calculate the time of my arrival at Paris and I find to my astonishment after putting down each stage, the time of going to and the time of remaining at them that I shall be nearly twice as long on the road as I had expected. Rutledge and myself found out this yesterday evening only. Before that we had considered the subject in gross. He expected to go to Bordeaux and from thence make the tour of Spain and Portugal, arrive at Falmouth and come to Havre perhaps in time to meet you there. I expected and to be sure with much more appearance of justness to go by Bordeaux and arrive at Paris by the middle of April. Our calculation of yesterday evening however brings it to the Middle of May. I have been torturing my brain since to find out ways and means of shortening this period. Your departure according to your last letter will be as soon after the middle of April as you can get permission and a good vessel. These circumstances may probably detain you some time, but also it is possible they may not detain you at all in which case you would certainly set out by the 1st. of May. My determination to see you before your departure, my aversion to hurry over the country I am now in, my desire to go by the canal of Languedoc &c. all seem to be at war with each other. Add to this that Rutledge insists on going to spend a fortnight at Milan. I desired also to see that place a second time, but am now laboring to dissuade R. from it and to engage him to go immediately from Florence to Genoa by the way of Leghorn. He is now doubting whether he shall give up Milan, or the canal of Languedoc. In the latter case he will embark at Marseilles. At Florence it will be decided whether we separate. I have assured him I cannot stay more than two days and that if he insists on staying fifteen I shall not go at all but make the best of my way to Genoa. Should he agree to stay two days only I shall accompany him. I am under a kind of obligation to do it, and then I shall see  also Modena Parme and [ \u2026 ] which I have not yet seen. I shall be obliged however to give up Leghorn and Pisa. The manner of travelling by voiturier is so slow and that by post in Italy attended with so many inconveniences, that we are at a loss also what to decide on this subject. We shall most probably however go by Voiturier to Genoa. In France we shall unquestionably go post. I write this letter to beg you to be so good as let me hear something from you immediately on the receipt of this. Perhaps you may then have some data more to go on for deciding nearly the time of your departure. If you will write immediately perhaps I may recieve the letter at Genoa. Be so good as put your letter for me under cover to Messrs. Dunari, Keith & Co. Bankers there. Should it not arrive before my departure, I shall leave word how to send it immediately to me. But if this letter is quick in its passage, and your answer also I shall certainly recieve it there and it will give me an infinite pleasure. Until I get to Florence I do not expect to hear further from you, but I hope there to find a letter, and to learn the health of yourself and family.\u2014With respect to myself I reflect often on the uncertainty of my future dispositions. I know not in what situation I shall be left when you are gone. I know not what Congress will do with respect to me and I scarcely know even what I wish they should do. Whether I ought now to return to America or remain longer in Europe is a thing I feel myself incompetent to determine\u2014and the more so as I desire much to see England before my departure. How or when I shall do this, is beyond my foresight.\nA young American who is here has a letter from his father of a very late date. He lives in New York. He mentions that Gl. Washington is elected and has accepted the Presidency, and that he is coming on with his family to N. York in the Spring, that that is decided on for the place of Session of Congress.\u2014Shippen writes from London that his Uncle R. H. Lee is elected the first senator from Virginia. He does not say who is the other. He says also that Mrs. Church is preparing to go to America in the Spring. I suppose in your company.\nThe carnaval has just now finished here and I have been this morning to see the Pope perform the ceremony of Ash\u2014wednesday. I have only Tivoli to see at present and one or two little things in Rome to finish my tour here in which I have seen a great deal of bad as well as numberless good things. On the whole I have received infinite satisfaction. Had I had more time I should have enjoyed Rome still more, there are many things here that deserve  to be studied as well as seen, but I have been obliged to content myself with superficial views only.\u2014I take the liberty of inclosing you a short note for M. de La fayette. It is to beg him to procure for me a permission to see the dock yard and arsenal at Toulon. I hope he will be so good as to do it immediately, as it may otherwise come too late. Be so good Sir as present my most respectful compliments to your family and believe me with sentiments of the most unalterable attachment Yr. friend & servt.,\nW. Short\nI hope at any rate that you will be so good as send me a letter to Genoa, although you should have heard nothing further from America on the subject of your departure. It will be a satisfaction to know with certainty if any new matter has enabled you to decide more nearly the time of your departure.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0348", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Duncan Rose, 26 February 1789\nFrom: Rose, Duncan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBattersea near Petersburg26th. February 1789\nAltho\u2019 I have not the honor of being known to you, I take the liberty of addressing you in consequence of your letter of the 13th Septr. last to Mr. John Banister Jr. deceased, respecting Monsr. De Vernon\u2019s Claim on Mr. Mark of Petersburg.\nCol. Banister returned from the West Indies in June, without deriving much benefit from the trip. On the 30th. of Septr. he departed this Life after a few days confinement, and exactly eleven Weeks afterwards, his Amiable Son also died, much and justly regretted by every body. He was on a visit in Charles City, where his Lady went to lay in, and though his state of health did not promise long life, yet his death was very unexpected. His wife was delivered about 24 hours after he died of a very promising Boy.\nMy being joint Attorney with young Mr. Banister to transact his Father\u2019s business during his absence in the West Indies, gave me frequent opportunities of applying to Mr. Mark on the subject of your Letter, but without being able to bring him to a Settlement. He requested time to procure some necessary Papers from different parts of the Continent where he had Agents in the War. I have  had conversations with him since the return and death of Col. Banister, but I find him as backward as ever, and I am persuaded Coercion must be used to effect Settlement.\u2014As I am Executor to, and have the Managment of Col. Banister\u2019s Estate (jointly with Mr. Neill Buchanan) I shall continue to keep Mr. Mark in mind of his repeated promises\u2019 till you Appoint some body to Negotiate with him.\nIf I can be any way useful in this business it will afford me much satisfaction to render myself serviceable to a Gentleman for whose Character I have the highest respect. I have the honor to be Sir Yr. Most Obed. hble. Servt.,\nDuncan Rose", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0349", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Treasury, 27 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Treasury\nGentlemen\nParis Feb. 27. 1789.\nI have the honour to forward to you a letter from your bankers in Amsterdam sent open to me for my perusal, and also a copy of my answer to one of a similar tenor. I have at length found myself obliged to insist with those gentlemen on the article of money destined for our captives. Themselves as well as the brokers, being holders of a considerable portion of our bonds, have an advantage in raising money to pay the interest, because, besides their portions of interest, this prevents the value of the bonds at market from lowering, which would be a loss on their capital. But they have no interest in the other objects of the estimate on which the last loan was ordered: on the contrary it is better for them not to furnish the money for these objects, but to let all those sums lie over as a surplus to pay their interest of the year after next should no remittances for that purpose be made the next year. There is no end to waiting therefore till they shall say they are ready to pay the other articles. They will hand over the residuums from February to June and from June to February without end so as to apply all the money to the paiments of interest and divert it from other objects which were equally within the views of Congress. The sum for the purpose of our captives was calculated largely in order to ensure the object: and tho\u2019 I have said in my letter to them that I shall draw for this article, yet I do not suppose the half of it will be necessary, and therefore do not propose to draw for more than the half, if so much. I cannot be particular in the sum at present,  till I shall receive their answer, and have a consultation with the person to whose agency Congress has authorized me to confide this business. Should the demand be likely to go beyond my present expectations, I hope to be able to consult our government in person, and in time to prevent any delay. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0350", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 27 February 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nLondon Friday Febry. the 27th. 1789\nI take up my pen in the stead of my Dear Dr. Bancrof who is very greatly hurried to acquaint your Excellency and Mr. Paradise that the meeting of all the Creditors was held at the Percy Street Coffee house on Thursday the 26th. Inst. Great difficulties arose, but when they found I should bind myself to pay them in case of the death of Mr. P. by a deed they seemed more composed. I was not there, as Dr. Bancroft does all the business for me. As soon as the deed is signed by me which will be in about a month Mr. P. may come with safety but not before. The Doctor desired me to write to you and tell you so. The Great obligations, I am under to your Excellency can never be effaced from my Mind, and until I have returned everyone as fully as you have heaped them upon me, I shall never be at rest. Tell Mr. P. not to be uneasy, but let him kneel down and thank his God that he has raised up to him and myself two such friends as your Excellency and the Doctor. My tears pour from my Eyes so that I can hardly continue to write. The Bell rings which obliges me to bid you adieu and to your Dear Children and Love to Mr. P. Compliments to all my Friends I am with Gratitude Your Excellencies much obliged Humbl. Servt and Frnd,\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 28 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 28. 1789.\nI take the liberty of putting under cover to you the inclosed letter to Mr. Russell-Graves, hoping that if he should be gone from Marseilles you may know how to address it so as that he may receive it. With compliments to your father and the ladies I have the honor to be with great esteem & attachment Dr. Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0352", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Russell-Greaves, 28 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Russell-Greaves, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 28. 1789.\nI have now the honour to inclose you two introductory letters from the Charg\u00e9 des affaires of Naples at this court (Mr. Pio) to his friends at Naples.\u2014We have news from America as late as the middle of January. The elections for the new Congress were going on well and were generally in favor of federalists. Genl. Washington will unquestionably be president, and it is thought Mr. John Adams will be vice president.\u2014There begin to come here now a great many American vessels loaded with wheat and flour. Having little further interesting from our country, I shall only add assurances of the esteem & attachment with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0353", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 28 February 1789\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 28th February 1789.\nI have been this long while deprived of your Excellency\u2019s favors.\nMr. Mistral Intendant of the Royal Navy for the whole Department of the Province of Normandy desired me yesterday to let him Know if I had any acquaintance with Colonl. Talbot, who had promised to settle a Correspondent at Havre and to lodge in his hands Sufficient funds to pay the expences of his Two sons at Brest for their Education where they are dwelling with expectation to be brought up in the French Navy. As I told to Mr. Mistral that  I had no Correspondence with the said Colonel, nay even the least acquaintance, he desired me to forward to your Excellency the annexed Copy of the Letters he had received from Mr. Reaupreau Intendant of the Navy at Brest concerning the two sons of the said Colonel, and to beg of your Excellency the favor to let me Know what must be done, and answerd to the Said Mr. Reaupreau, in Expectation of which I have the honor to be with the highest regard Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant,\n Andw Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 28 February 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 28. 1789.\nI wrote you last on the 9th. instant. Yours of the 11th. came to hand yesterday evening. Some of it\u2019s enquiries will have been already answered to you. We have now information from America down to the middle of January. Things were going on so well that our letters afford nothing interesting scarcely. The opposition to the new constitution grows feebler. Every where the elections are federal. In N. York they had not yet been able to agree in the choice of Senators, nor even in the manner of chusing. The new government begins on Wednesday next. It\u2019s friends consent to some changes, and particularly to the annexation of a declaration of rights. This will probably be proposed by Congress to the several assemblies, and thus a new convention be avoided. The Virginia assembly met Octob. 21. They chose for their Speaker Thomas Matthews. (Who is this?) They are furiously antifederal. They have passed a bill rendering every person holding any federal office, incapable of holding at the same time any state office. This is a declaration of war against the new constitution. Mr. Adams is generally expected to be the Vice president. Hancock is his only competitor. Others are sometimes talked of, but not with their own consent. I see in a Virginia paper of last summer that George Nicholas advertised his departure to settle in Kentuckey this present  month of February. Great numbers of American vessels are now arriving in the ports of France with flour and wheat in consequence of the demand of this country and of the bounty it gives.\u2014I have received a letter from Lediard dated Grand Cairo Sep. 10. He was just then about to plunge into the terrae incognitae of Africa. This morning I receive one from Admiral Paul Jones dated St. Petersburg Jan. 31. He was just arrived there at the desire of the empress. He has commanded hitherto on the Black sea, but does not know whether the Empress destines him to return there or to take any other command.\nThere has been a fray in Bretany between the noblesse and people in which some few were killed. Things there are now quiet, and all the rest of the kingdom is going on well towards it\u2019s object. In some places, as in Burgundy and Franchecompt\u00e9 there is an opposition by the noblesse indeed against the manifest sense of the nation: but I do not apprehend any serious evil from it. The states general are likely to meet under happy auspices. It would seem that the government thinks they will end well, because I observe in their communications with certain unfriendly courts, they assume a tone which had been laid aside for some time. Their effects stand well. The caisse d\u2019escompte is 4125. The 125. millions of 1784. are 10. perte. The King of England seems to be in a state of convalescence. The symptoms of a return of reason are such that on the 19th. inst. the H. of Lords put off the reading of the Regency bill, and it is even thought there will be no regency, nor any change of ministry. There are not yet sufficient data to ground a judgment whether there will be peace or not between the Turks and two empires, nor what part Russia will take in the affairs of Poland. The preparations of Sweden and Denmark so far announce a continuation of the war. You have heard doubtless of the revolution which took place in Geneva about the last of January. It was the work of 3 or 4 days only, and with little bloodshed their antient constitution is almost completely re-established. Their exiles are to be recalled, the foreign garrison sent off, the Bourgeois guard the city and the nomination of the Syndics is restored to the council of 200. I see no reason to doubt the permanence of this reformation.\u2014Here all your acquaintances are well. I continue to keep my house, and on such terms as will induce me to keep it as long as I remain in Europe. I fear my departure in the spring may be retarded as Gouverneur Morris tells me there would be no probability that the old Congress would reassemble. In this case I cannot receive my leave of absence but from the new government. I have proposed  to them the naming you Charg\u00e9 des affaires to take care of their business during my absence. You know that we must not be too sanguine on these occasions.\nIn my letter of the 9th. inst. I told you I should lodge a little commission for you at Genoa poste restante. I think it better to hand it on to you now. It is to shew the inclosed draught to some workmen in marble at Genoa, and to observe to them that I shall have occasion for a number of chimney peices, some of which will be only an architrave of the form and dimensions of the one inclosed; others will have moreover the frize and cornice of the same drawing, in addition. I wish them to say 1. How much they will ask for the workmanship only, of those which shall consist only of the architrave (this you know must go round the two sides and top of the fire place) 2. How much additional for the frize and cornice? 3. How much for the foot slab before the fireplace. The price of the workmanship only is asked, because I have the prices of the different species of marble. The large drawing is of the size to be required, exactly, and the mouldings exact. The small one is only to shew the tout ensemble. Let each workman who is consulted state his prices, name and address. I would wish you to consult particularly Antonio Capellano detto Rattino professore da marmi in Genoa habitante di studio sotto riva vicino al ponte della legne. It is also near to the hotel du Cerf, where I would recommend to you to lodge, for pleasantness and convenience, if you take a room looking to the sea. You can tell Capellano that you make the enquiry for the person to whom he furnished notes of the price of marble in April 1787, and that from that circumstance I shall give him a preference to other workmen, at an equal price.\u2014I am with assurances of the most sincere and devoted friendship my dear Sir your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The Marquis de la Fayette has been true to his principles. He is gone to Auvergne about his election.\nP.P.S. I thank you a thousand times for all the details of your letter. Remember me to Mr. Rutledge. I send him some letters now: but those I receive hereafter shall go to his banker as he desires. While you are together I hope he will consider my letters to you as written for him also.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0355", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 1 March 1789\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBraintree March 1. 1789\nThe inclosed Letter from The Hon. Stephen Higginson Esqr. is upon a Subject of so much Importance, and contains so much Information that I cannot withold it from you. The little Jealousy, Envy or Caprice, that shall deprive our Merchants of the Benefit of Trading to the Isles of France and Bourbon, will only compell them to seek the Ultimate Markets upon the Continent, directly.\nIn four days, the new Government is to be erected. Washington appears to have an unanimous vote: and there is probably a Plurality if not a Majority in favour of your Friend.\u2014It may be found easier to give Authority, than to yeild Obedience.\nAmendments to the Constitution, will be expected, and no doubt discussed. Will you be so good as to look over the Code and write me your Sentiments of Amendments which you think necessary or usefull? That greatest and most necessary of all Amendments, the Seperation of the Executive Power, from the Legislative seems to be better understood than it once was. Without this our Government is in danger of being a continual struggle between a Junto of Grandees, for the first Chair.\nThe Success of the new Plan will depend in the first place upon a Revenue, to defray the Interest of the foreign and domestic debt. But how to get a Revenue? how to render Smuggling and Evasion Shameful?\nYou must expect the first Operations will be very Slow.\u2014Mrs. A. and your old Admirer, my Son, desire their respects to you. With unabated respect, Esteem & Affection I am, dear Sir, your Friend and Humble sert.,\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0356", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Stephen Higginson to John Adams, 17 January 1789\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\n  EnclosureStephen Higginson to John Adams\nSir\nBoston 17 Jany 1789\nYou may recollect that the Court of France by an edict, about 2 years since, opend a trade to the Americans to Mauritius and the french settlements in India upon the same terms as their own subjects pursue it. This permission we soon improved, and for two years past, many vessels have gone to Port Louis in the Isle of  France from different parts of the Continent with cargos of the various exports from the Northern middle and Southern States. We there found a ready, and a good market for Beef, Pork, Butter and Flour, dried and pickled fish, wheat, Tobacco, Naval Stores &c. All the vessels from this state that have gone there, have carried those with some other small articles. Those from the middle and Southern States have carried principally their own particular exports. We have taken in return from thence Coffee, Pepper, Hides, Teas and the manufactures of India; and some of those articles have been again exported to Europe and the West Indies with advantage, as Coffee, Teas, pepper Spices and Nankins &c. As the articles we have carried to the Isle of France, have in a good degree been again exported from thence to the various markets in India &c. where a ready and extensive sale has been found for them, this trade would probably in a short time take off great quantities of our american exports, and give employ to a great number of our men and Ships. We find by calculation that no less than 3,000 tons of shipping went to Mauritius the last year from America; and this year I think there will be more than 4,000 tons go there, besides those Ships that have been fitted out for China.\nFrom these facts, I think that a free trade to the Mauritius, as was at first granted, must be very important to America, for though the markets in India &c. which have received our exports from thence may be open to us, generally, it is not easy for us at once to Supply them direct, nor till we shall have more knowledge of their navigation and trade\u2014besides which the voyages to the Continent would be too long and tedious, for our common traders of small Capitals to pursue them; those to Mauritius are as much so as the persons who have sent there can in general bear. To have that or any other branch of trade so circumstanced as that none but wealthy Individuals or companies can pursue it is not to be desired upon public principles.\u2014But this trade to the Isle of France we are perhaps in danger of losing, or having it so restricted, as, in a good degree, to deprive us of the advantages we have been led to expect from it. The few french Merchants who reside there have enjoyed exclusively the Supply of that market with some of the same articles which we carry there; and have generally engrossed to themselves the Crops of Coffee, as well as the India Exports, which have been there Sold. By this means they have commanded their own prices both for their supplies to their planters and transient Traders and for the produce &c exported from thence. We have not only undersold them in the articles we have  carried; but by going over to Bourbon where the Coffee is raised, and contracting with the planters for what we wanted, we got it much cheaper than to have bought it at Port Louis, and taught the planters to make more of their crops than they had before done, and deprived the Merchants at Port Louis of a profit they used to make at the Planters expense. These diminutions of the merchants gains resulting from our trade, have made them and their connexions at L\u2019Orient very uneasy; and they have combined, we are told, to Suppress or at least to restrain our Trade at that market by joint representations to the Court of France. They have, indeed, already prevailed on the Commandant at Port Louis to prevent our vessels from going to Bourbon to buy and take in Coffee; and we now have to take it from the Merchants at Port Louis at the advanced price of 2 \u00bd or 3 Dollars \u214c Ct. This restriction we might perhaps Support but should we be liable to any additional ones of moment, we may be obliged to abandon the Trade.\nIf the french government should not be misled by false representations I cannot suppose they will subject us to any farther embarrassments; but on the contrary, by considering the Subject in a national and Political view, they must be disposed to encourage our Trade, to the Isle of France in particular, and give us all that freedom which they at first intended, and we enjoyed. The local situation of that Island is peculiarly favourable to annoy the British trade to India and China, and to protect their own. It may indeed be viewed as the Key to both the Chinese and Indian Seas from Europe\u2014no ship can pass for either of them without being in a great degree subject to the Cruisers Stationed at the Isle of France; and if a free trade is permitted to us, they certainly will have every Supply, and every advantage for cruising upon the British from thence. That Island will certainly soon become the place of deposit for American, Chinese and Indian exports. We shall carry to them all the various products of America that will answer in those Seas and shall want in return the produce and exports of the east. Our vessels will lodge the former and take the latter in return. The french Ships or the natives from the Continent will bring their exports, and take ours away for other markets. Such a Trade will not only employ the french Ships in carrying our exports to other Markets from Mauritius, and in bringing theirs in return for us to take away; but very great advantages beside must be derived from it. It is impossible but the Settlement must with such advantages, soon become very wealthy and important; it will certainly be resorted to by other Europeans,  and all the various nations inhabiting the Shores in those Seas. It will in this way soon become the general Magazine for Naval Stores, and for provisions of every kind. In a political view no event can be more desireable. It will enable the french to operate against the british in any future rupture with amazing advantage. They will then have an important post filled, not only with Provisions and military Stores, but with active enterprizing and wealthy inhabitants.\nShould the immediate effect of our trade be to Supplant, or even to ruin the few Merchants now residing at Port Louis, it would be of no moment in a national view, Since it must inevitably establish great numbers in their stead. But even this cannot happen, unless from their own folly and imprudence\u2014for though they may be deprived, by means of our trade, of the profits on the business they before pursued; they certainly may avail themselves in common with others, of the many new openings for beneficial commerce which result from it.\nIt appears to me that the french Court acted with great wisdom and policy when they open\u2019d those ports to us; and the same principles which induced them to do it, will retain their weight in favour of the measure, while the trade of Europe with India and China, and the relative Interests of France and Britain in those Seas remain as they now are: and If I am not mistaken, as to the views and Interest of the french Court upon this subject, there can be no doubt of Mr Jefferson\u2019s being able to prevent any new restrictions upon our vessels and to obtain for them the same liberty which they at first enjoyed.\nWith these sentiments as to the importance of a free trade to those Seas, I thought it could not be improper to state to you the foregoing facts and observations. Should they have weight in your mind, you may perhaps advance the Interest of America by making some representation to Mr Jefferson on the subject.\nWith much respect I have the honour to be Sir your very humble Servant,\nStephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0361", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Quesnay de Beaurepaire, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Beaurepaire, Quesnay de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nExcellence\nparis ce 2 mars 1789grand Hotel de toulouse Rue du jardinet\nSur le point d\u2019envoyer en Am\u00e9rique, un autre professeur et differens articles qui sont dans ce moment necessaires \u00e0 l\u2019Academie  de Richemond, nous sommes oblig\u00e9s de r\u00e9aliser les fonds qui ont d\u00e9ja \u00e9t\u00e9 souscrits. Voudriez vous me faire l\u2019honneur de m\u2019indiquer le jour qu\u2019il plaira \u00e0 votre Excellence de solder l\u2019action qu\u2019elle a eut la bont\u00e9 de souscrire.\nCelui qui sera charg\u00e9 de l\u2019aller recevoir, aura l\u2019honneur de vous remettre pour re\u00e7u l\u2019action munie des signatures necessaires.\nJe suis avec un profond Respect Excellence Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\n Le Chr. Quesnay de Beaurepaire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0362", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRome March 2, 1789\nTwo hours after sending my last letter (of Feb. 25.) to the post I had the pleasure of receiving yours of Feb. 9. The American news which it contained I read with great pleasure because it was American. I could not but be astonished at the Virginia delegation to Congress. That Grayson should be preferred to Madison must shew a great change in the sentiments of the assembly. Should Henry\u2019s manoeuvre succeed in keeping him out of the other house also, it will be an irreperable loss to the new constitution. It is in its offset that such talents as Madison\u2019s will be most necessary. I desire much to know the event of the affair. You mention that Madison desired to serve in the house of delegates rather than the senate. It shews I had mis\u2014calculated the importance of a place in the latter house. I had imagined it would have been much the most desired. If I do not mistake your letter concerning me was addressed to Madison only; in that case should he not be in Congress what will be the consequence? I am so little known to those who will compose that body that I cannot suppose they will turn their attention towards me unless invited to it by some person who knows me better. If I could suppose that circumstances would be so favorable to me as to enable me to return and fix myself in America as I would wish, I should have no objection to be passed over unattended to by Congress, but as I have no reason to hope that that will be the case, it would a mortifying thing to see some other preferred. My meaning is that if it were in my power to accomplish my great and leading object of a settlement in America nothing could induce me to remain in Europe, but that remaining  in Europe I should not only think myself highly honored by the notice of my countrymen, but should desire it for reasons present and future. At present I know not what will be the light in which I shall be considered after your departure. I regret only that should take place this year. I have always looked forward to it as a moment which I should keep out of view as much as possible; at present however it forces itself on my mind in spite of myself. That I may be at Paris as long as possible before that takes place I leave Rome the day after to-morrow without fail. I have prevailed on Rutledge to give up Milan, so that we shall proceed by the shortest route from Florence to Genoa, staying at each place a few days only. We are told the lower road is impassable for carriages so that we shall embark either at Leghorn or Lerici for Genoa notwithstanding our extreme aversion to navigation. We are assured however that this will shorten our journey a day or two. At Genoa I shall receive and execute with pleasure the commission which you say will be left there for me. I hope I shall find also a letter from you with my banker. Should you see the Marquis de la fayette I would beg you also to remind him of the letter I have asked him to send me to Toulon. Let him know that if he does not send it immediately, it will be probably too late. I should be very sorry to pass by that place without seeing the arsenal and dockyard.\nMorgans grant is a most unaccountable thing. I should suppose it could not fail to weaken much the population of our western country. It will be still more hurtful if these new settlers adopt Spanish interests so far as to become the parties with whom we are to contend for the navigation of the Mississipi. The monopoly conveyed by the grant seems to lead necessarily to this end.\nI am much obliged to you for the list of Marriages and deaths which you have sent me. I cannot find out who the Miss Miller is whom Sir P. Skipwith has married unless it be his wife\u2019s sister. This will be an uncommon though not an unexampled thing in America. We have here at present fine weather after several days very bad. There will be a great promotion of Cardinals about Easter. This is what now engages the attention of Rome.\u2014I have been going through the shops of this place as finishing the course of curiosities. One might lay out a fortune in them if he once allowed himself to begin. It requires a good deal of self denial to keep clear. All these rare and curious things make one desire more than ever to possess a large fortune and feel more sensibly the want of it. Sterne says the best way of resisting temptation is  to fly it. This is what I am about to do. Be so good Sir as present most respectful compliments to your family for whose recovery I beg you to accept my sincerest congratulations & believe me unalterably your friend.\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0363", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink & Van Staphorst, 2 March 1789\nFrom: Willink & Van Staphorst\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 2d March 1789\nWe have duly received Your Excellency\u2019s Letter to us of 22d. Ulto. asking our separate Answers to it, if We should not concur in Sentiments respecting Your desire that We should supply you the Sums necessary to discharge two Objects of the Estimate You furnished us last year, for the Employ of the Monies We might receive on account of the United States. A Perusal of this Reply, must convince Your Excellency, It is impossible We should not coincide in the present Instance, and both Houses are impressed with the Propriety of this Correspondence being continued jointly.\nWe highly applaud the Humanity of Your Excellency, and would be very happy to contribute to further its Views, But however great may be our Wish to do so, It cannot We presume exceed that of the Commissioners of the Treasury of the United States, or of Congress itself: If then both these Bodies should have expressly declared other Matters as more consequential and important, Your Excellency cannot but approve our Submission to the political Motives the Supreme Power doubtless had for subordinating the Objects of your Requisition, to the Provision for the Interest upon the Dutch Loan to 1790 inclusive, And this in a Language so direct and specific, as to preclude any Misconception of the Meaning. To evince this to Your Excellency we take the liberty to refer you to the Letter of the Commissioners of the Treasury to us of 25th July last, transmitting us the Ratification of the Loan for One Million; In it they say \u201cIt gives us pleasure to learn, that You have made such Arrangements as will ensure the Payment of the June Interest and that there is a favorable Prospect of your obtaining such further Sums, as will enable us to discharge the other Engagements mentioned to you by Mr. Jefferson and for which Provision is certainly necessary.\u201d\nYour Excellency will perceive, that the foregoing is simply the Opinion of the Commissioners. They afterwards absolutely declined, sanctioning us to any further disposals of Money until the  Resolution of Congress should be taken upon the Report of a Committee, having then under consideration the Requisition for that year. Their Words are: \u201cA Committee of Congress have now under consideration the Requisition for the present year; and as it is uncertain what Appropriation they may make of the Monies arising from the two last Loans, We do not think it adviseable to give you any further Instructions at present on this Subject. As soon as they have determined, which We expect will be in a few days, we will write to you particularly.\u201d\nWe doubt not Your Excellency will agree with us; this was a limited Suspension of all Payments on account of the United States, until the Intentions of Congress should be disclosed, which they fully are, in the Resolve alluded to by the Board of Treasury. It is now before us, and we extract verbatim. \u201cResolved: that the Monies borrowed by the United States in Holland, in the Years 1787 and 1788, be appropriated to the Payment of Interest due, and which shall become due, to the Year 1790, inclusive, on the Dutch Loans, and that the Residues of the said Loans, made in the last and present years, after paying the said Interest, be applied towards paying the salaries of the Ministers of the United States in Europe, and the contingent expences of the said States, which have arisen or shall arise in Europe.\u201d\nFrom this last Manifestation of the Will of the United States, The Monies in our hands, and such as We may further recieve, to the amount of the Interests due upon the Loans here until 1790 inclusive, are not only absolutely and specifically appropriated preferently to that above all other purposes, but the Articles for which You desire to be authorized to draw, are exclusively ranked as Objects of secondary Weight only. Nay, the strict Letter of this Resolve of Congress, extends to postponing the Payment of your Excellency\u2019s and the other Ministers Salaries, until the Interest up to and including the Interest for 1790 should be covered. But this, our sincere Regard and Esteem for your Excellency, will not permit us to entertain the least Idea of.\nWe are confident Your Excellency will now justify our Respect to a decision for which We in fact have no Alternative, and regret that You had not been furnished with the Resolve of Congress, as it would unquestionably have prevented Your Excellency from urging a Demand, We have not the faculty to comply with: A Situation towards Your Excellency we sincerely  feel for and are anxious to avoid. We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble Servants,\nWilhem & Jan WillinkNico. and Jacob van Staphorst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Paradise Barziza, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Barziza, Lucy Paradise\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBergamo March 3d. 1789.\nI take this opportunity of your polite offer, of your letter dated 24 Decbr. in continuing in correspondence with you; now that I find myself recovered from a long indisposition, before and following my Lying which has been of a Girl, who is in perfect health.\u2014The critical situation in which My parents find themselves: Worse as you have told me in your letter, than what they have made me believe has afflicted me to the last degree, and so much that according to the causes that has produced it and still existing, the causes ought to last, and always be more allarming.\u2014Among the occations of all the disorders of fortune, and embarassaments in which at present they find themselves, there is no doubt, but that it is caused from the great complaisance that my father has had for my mother in letting her meddle in affairs which is not beloning to her and consulting her, upon things that she cannot know and that, by the by, belongs to him to conduct.\u2014Altho I love, and esteem, my mother I know that she is not one of those scarce women of genius that is capable to regulate affairs that Providence, and society, has put into the hands of men.\u2014For my part I own that we are made but for little things and our employments ought to extend at the furthest to the interiour economy and polacy of the family, and the care of our Children when they are little.\u2014I suppose in consequence to what you tell me, and from what I have learnt by a letter from my Mother, and again by the silence kept by Count Barziza after his return from Paris, that the object by which we all conducted Count Barziza to accompany My Parents in so horrible a season, and all the troubles and expenses which we  have made him suffer, and go thro, are all come to nothing, and perhaps has given him some great displeasure. I own to you I had a great deal of trouble in letting him go; knowing the character of my Parents; but as Count Barziza did not engage himself in their affairs, but after the strongest sollicitations we all made him, and after the most blind confidence that he shewed them I hoped that he would have succeeded in his enterprise; and as the project that they made here, was a project not only long ago examined and liked by my father; but also advised by Mr. Short who found himself with us at that time, in short the only thing that could become proper, in their present situation and that to come; and I was in hopes that this project would have been subdued and managed by your wisdom, and prudence. And I could not doubt but that it could have succeeded.\u2014The thing is gone otherwise, and it is a new benefit I recieve from My Parents; after all that they have made me suffer, and which many people are witness of. In London before, and after my Marriage they always decieved me with their promisses and which has not been followed by the effects.\u2014Sir My History is sole and one cannot find a second case. Noble Witnesses of the conduct of Count Barziza, and Myself, towards My Parents, and of theirs towards us are in London. Lord MacDonall, Doctor Bancroft, Count Soderini and a thousand others and in Italy all that know us.\u2014I hope that we shall not let ourselves be decieved for the future, and as thank God we shall never be in want of them, we shall carry in peace what they have made us suffer.\u2014You Sir are a just man and I flatter Myself that weighing your judgement, and giving to all ones merit, you would continue your goodness and have us in consideration for all the good that you can do us being assured that we shall be truly grateful.\u2014My Father is a cordial Man; but from his Weakness is not master of himself; My Mother is also cordial but her head betrays her; My Father saiys she is mad; but on relying himself entirely upon her; What is he himself?\u2014I beg you Sir to excuse the heat with [which] I write, but if on the parts of My Marriage I have reason to thank the Almighty; on the Part of My Parents I have reason to be Overwhelmed.\u2014In this circumstance there remains with me, a confidence in your goodness and protection; be towards My Parents whom I have at heart, be towards us to whom I recommend myself in being Sir Your obedient Servant,\nLucy Barziza", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLahaie 3e. Mars 1789.\nConnoissant, comme je le fais, la ponctualit\u00e9 de Votre Excellence \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux Lettres, et ses bont\u00e9s pour moi, je ne suis pas sans inqui\u00e9tude sur le sort de celles du 11e. Dec. et 23 Janv. que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de Lui \u00e9crire, et de leurs incluses pour le Congr\u00e8s. Je languis pareillement d\u2019apprendre que Votre Excellence jouit avec ses chers Enfans d\u2019une parfaite sant\u00e9. Enfin, depuis l\u2019heureuse coalition des vrais int\u00e8r\u00eats du Monarque et du bon Peuple fran\u00e7ois, je pense que V. E. pourra, sans inconv\u00e9nient, m\u2019en apprendre de bonnes nouvelles, qui me seront tr\u00e8s-pr\u00e9cieuses et par elles-m\u00eames, et par la main respectable qui m\u2019en favorisera, et dans la solitude o\u00f9 je dois v\u00e9g\u00e9ter; car, except\u00e9 le Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires de France une ou deux fois par semaine, je ne puis voir personne avec quelque agr\u00e9ment, pas m\u00eame ma famille, pour raisons aussi tristes que compliqu\u00e9es. Malade moi-m\u00eame, je ne puis sortir que rarement, par l\u2019incl\u00e9mence actuelle de l\u2019air. Jugez, Monsieur, combien une Lettre de Votre Excellence charmeroit les ennuis et les d\u00e9go\u00fbts de celui qui est, avec le plus vrai respect, De Votre Excellence, Le tr\u00e8s-humble & tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0366", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Rutledge, Jr., 3 March 1789\nFrom: Rutledge, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nRome March 3d 1789\nLetters which I have lately received from America determine me to carry into execution my Project of going into Spain and  Portugal, about which I doubted when I last had the pleasure of writing to you. Mr. Short and myself will leave Rome early on the morrow, for Florence; we think of remaining there but a very few days, and hope to be arrived at Marseilles by the first of the ensuing month: It is uncertain whether we will separate at Marseilles or at Bourdeaux, as I have not yet determined whether I shall go from Marseilles to Perpignan and so on to Barcelona &c. or embark at Bourdeaux and enter Spain at Bayonne; I shall prefer the last, if the season be not too much advanced, as it will give me an opportunity of navigating the Canal of Languedoc, which is from all accounts a wonderful work, and of seeing all the south of France. At the time of my leaving Paris, I regarded the going to Spain and Portugal as being very uncertain, and did not provide myself with introductory Letters for those Countries; and as the seeing Places without proper introductions, and seeing them with them, are almost as different as the seeing them, and the not seeing them at all, I take the liberty to request that you will procure for me letters to Madrid and Lisbon? The sentiments of friendship you have frequently been so good as to express for me, and the many occasions on which you have honored me with your protection and kindness, encourage me in now thus importuning you, and have laid a just foundation for the great attachment with which I am & ever shall be Your sincere friend & very humble Servt.,\nJno. Rutledge Junior", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0367", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicolas van Staphorst, 3 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Staphorst, Nicholas van\nSir\nParis Mar. 3. 1789\nWhen I had the pleasure of seeing you at Amsterdam, you informed me that Admiral Paul-Jones had drawn on you for a sum of money (I think it was about one hundred guineas) to enable him to proceed in the business confided to him at Copenhagen, which I advised you to accept, and undertook, if he should not replace it, to have it credited to you in your accounts with the United states. I must now beg the favor of you to inform me by return of post whether he has repaid the money, because if he has not, there is a favorable opportunity at this moment of taking arrangements relative to it. I have the honour to be with great esteem Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0369", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Quesnay de Beaurepaire, 4 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Beaurepaire, Quesnay de\nSir\nParis March 4. 1789.\nWhere an enterprize, to ensure it\u2019s effect, requires a given Capital in money, and in order to raise that capital it is divided into actions, it is not understood that the enterprize is to be commenced till all the actions are disposed of. To begin with a little sum what requires a great one, is to throw that little sum away.\nAgain when the actions are all disposed of and a partial sum is wanted, all the actionaries are to be called on pro rat\u00e2, for the sum wanted. Otherwise some might pay all and some none.\nLastly, the 1st. and 5th. articles of your institution provide that there shall be a Council of administration, the 13th. a Treasurer general, the 14th. that the Treasurer general shall be alone authorized to receive the monies belonging to the institution: \u201c\u00e0 quelque titre que ce pu[i]sse etre\u201d:and the 15th. that, for the safety of the Actionaries, the Treasurer shall give previous real security for his gestion. From all this it is evident that no paiment made to any other than the Treasurer general can excuse an actionary from a second paiment. If I am mistaken in any of these points, I shall be open to correction by a convoked assembly of the actionaries, without whose authority I deem that the enterprize cannot be set into motion, nor can any member justifiably part with the money belonging to the enterprize.\nI have said thus much on the point of right. But I should not stickle on the rigours of right if I had any confidence in the success of this institution. In such case I should not have confined myself to one or two actions, nor have lain by in quiet, and leave the thing to go on as it could. But I have no confidence in it. I see in it  as yet but a project in the air, which has lasted indeed and extended itself beyond all my expectations; but which still must burst. It suffices to read over the names of your subscribers to pronounce that they have been actuated by the most patriotic views. They are not men who could have been induced into this enterprize by the calculations of gain detailed in the prospectus. To the motives operating on them, is added in my mind a knowlege of the subject which they could not have, and which will clear me from all suspicions of counting on it\u2019s profits. But tho we had never a thought of gain, we may be allowed to wish, to reserve our contributions for other useful objects, if that to which we had destined them be evidently desperate. Even free contributions have their laws in morality.\nI am sure you will approve of the candor with which I open myself to you on this subject. Were you capable of doing otherwise it would be an argument against such hopes in this enterprize as we had founded on you personally. Your zeal to promote it has been evident, and has justified in me those sentiments of esteem & regard with which I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0370", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Barrett, 6 March 1789\nFrom: Barrett, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 6th Mar. 1789\nOne Object of considerable Consequence in the new Constitution of Government, being the Appointment of Consuls for the different States of Europe, it is presumed that it will be acted upon very soon after the formation of the Congress.\nIt has been proposed to me by many of my friends of that Body, to offer myself as a Candidate, either for the general Appointment or for the district of Normandy. But as the nomination of these Officers rests with General Washington, with whom I have no personal Acquaintance, I would ask the favour of a particular Letter to him from you, and the Marquis de La Fayette, (if consistent with your Ideas of propriety) on the subject. I take this Liberty Sir from a Consciousness that you are thoroughly acquainted with my Conduct in france, and that if such Appointment would not be perfectly agreable to you, I would not on any Consideration have it take place.\nAs I may very probably leave this Country before your Answer  can reach America, I will thank you to inclose the Letter you may write to the General (if you think proper to write at all) to Colo. Wadsworth who is my particular Friend.\nThere are as yet but 18 members of the lower and 8 of the upper house collected. The poll for Jerseys not closed and no Time fixed for it.\nThe Assembly of this State up, without a choice of Senators.\nThe General is unanimously chosen. Mr. Adams by a majority tho\u2019 the votes are not counted.\nMy sincerest respects wait on the Marquis. My Compliments to Mr. Short.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your most obd & very huml Servt.,\nNat Barrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0371", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 6 March 1789\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAlexandria 6th March 89\nFrom my knowledge of your unceasing desire to promote the welfare of your country and fellow citizens, joined to the singularity of the situation and circumstances of part of my property, am I induced to ask your attention and assistance.\nDid the consequences of your aid affect me only without advantaging the adjoining community, no temptation of profit could allure me to request your friendship on this occasion.\nBut as the effects of your interposition if successful will be felt to the remotest age by all the inhabitants who may dwell on the potomac and its numerous waters, I should consider myself guilty of high impropriety if my reluctance to trouble you, should exclude you from the fair opportunity of promoting the interest and convenience of a populous and respectable part of our common country.\nThe property above mentioned consists of five hundred acres of land, comprehending the canal and bason at the great falls of the potomac, formed by the potomac company. It is subject to an annual rent of 150\u00a3 sterling and possesses a right to cut wood for coal on Mr. Fairfaxs circumjacent estate of 12000 acres, which advantage is considered equivalent to the encumbrance.\nThe accompanying papers will sufficiently elucidate the peculiar and striking bounty of nature, by which this spot is distinguished.\nEvery information they suggest is founded on survey and observation, and may be considered accurate and authentic.\nA town is now formed on the premises. Public and private warehouses will be erected in the course of the summer for the reception of the upper produce and every other measure assisting to the site, within the small extent of our means will be accomplished. But our funds are unequal to the enterprize, we wish to raise from three to five thousand pounds sterling, to effect which we have determined to ask your aid.\nThe property specified is divided into equal shares, two of which your friend Mr. Madison has purchased, two of which I retain, one we mean to sell here, and the remaining three we wish to vend in Europe. Among the papers transmitted is a power of attorney in which your name has been necessarily inserted. It would give Mr. M and me pleasure, if Mr. Short, Mr. G. Morris or any other of our countrymen willing to become an owner of one share would take on himself the execution of our views under your auspices. To such a partner or any other you may designate we would chearfully dispose of one share at the original cost (not 300 guineas) securing to him his right to one eight of the profits arising from sales here or in Europe.\nHaving thus explained to you my object it only remains for me to assure you, that the present moment is critical as it respects the future value of the site at the great falls.\nThe upper navigation is already in use, boats are building universally above, and a direct road is preparing from the falls to this town, distance 7\u00bd miles.\u2014Thus the whole district is interested in the immediate improvement of the spot, without money it cannot be done and the opportune moment may pass\nOn the other hand, should we succeed in our hopes, the benefits resulting from the improved navigation of the potomac will be brought into operation immediately, our agriculture will flourish and the easy intercourse which this channel of communication affords between the atlantic, and our growing settlements in the west, will cement the union of our confederated republick, and preserve the entirety of the U. States. Altho I have previously delineated the motive which governs this application, yet the trouble it imposes, and that in a manner opposite to your habits of life furnishes subject of regret. I trust you will impute my conduct to its true causes, and not consider it possible for me to have thus intruded on your time if personal objects were alone in contemplation. I have the honor to be dear sir with high respect & regard Your most obt. servt.,\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0373", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis Mar. 8. 1789.\nI am now to acknolege the receipt of your several favors of Jan. 14. Feb. 14. and 21. Immediately on the receipt of the first I lodged an order with Mr. Grand to pay the 340\u20b6. 16 to Mr. Vernon, because I did not know where he was to be found, and I supposed Mr. Grand to know it. Vernon called on me however for the first time in his life, and then went and received his money at Mr. Grand\u2019s. Yesterday I was called on on his behalf by a person desiring me to engage myself for him for an hundred Louis, to relieve him from a crisis of distress. I had sufficiently understood from Dr. Franklin and others that to furnish him money or means of going on in his present course was not the way to recover him from it and restore him to his friends. I answered roundly then that I would not engage a sous for him. My opinion is that he should be suffered to remain in any distress whatever, the greater the better, till it has produced in him a sincere determination to go back. Then if any responsible person would say  to him and his creditors (not, here is the money for his debts, for then he would not go away but) \u201cI will pay the debts of Mr. Vernon on condition he sails from France for America by such a day,\u201d possibly he might go. I shall be ready to be instrumental in this as far as I can with that sort of assurance of indemnity which every one would require in the case of a stranger.\nFrom the applications I constantly receive from Americans in distress, and from Sailors who come from the North Western ports of France to Paris for relief, I am sensible you are often embarrassed with them. But I have never had a word of instruction on the subject nor authority to advance any thing to them. I propose however to ask instructions and reimbursement as to sailors, and if you will send me an account of your disbursements they shall share the same fortune with my own.\nAfter the receipt of your letter of Feb. 21. I took the first occasion of speaking to M. de Montmorin and M. Necker on the difficulties in form which have been opposed to the demand of the bounty on flour. I read him your letter. He was a good deal chagrined at the chicanery of the Douane, and gave orders in my presence to one of his Commis to write instantly to the Farmers general to issue orders to all the ports to pay the bounty on sight of the clearance papers usual in our country.I find that packet-boats to America are re-established. But they are to go from Bordeaux. As I cannot let my letters pass through the post office, and Bordeaux is too far from me to send a Courier these packets will be of no use to me. I am with very great esteem Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0374", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 8 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nSir\nParis Mar. 8. 1789.\nYour favors of Dec. 11. Jan. 23. and Mar. 3. have been duly received. Your despatches for Mr. Jay always go by the first safe conveyance after they come. I have been long acknowleging the receipt of your former letters because during the winter a very sick family prevented my attending to any but the most indispensable business, and because I saw by your zealous and judicious publications in the gazette of Leyden that you were perfectly informed of American affairs. There remained therefore only those of this country to communicate to you. They have certainly gone  on with fewer difficulties than it was possible to have expected. Some blows indeed have taken place in Bretagne and some altercations in one or two other provinces but not important enough to make even episodes in the grand history. This country is now occupied with it\u2019s elections for the States general. The dangers now impending over our apprehensions are 1. The possibility that the Nobles may insist on voting by Orders. 2. The danger that so numerous a body as 1200 may become an ungovernable mob. We must hope however that the same good sense and patriotism which has surmounted other dangers as they approached, will surmount these also. I shall not be present during this great assembly. I have asked leave of Congress to be absent from hence for 6. months, during which I propose to visit America for domestic purposes. If I receive the permission in time, I hope to sail in the spring and return in the fall. I suppose Mr. Short will be authorized to do the business of the legation here during my absence.\nIt seems I think as if the war in the North would continue and even spread. The situation however of England and France will prevent it\u2019s reaching them as yet. The lowering between this court and your\u2019s is that of a storm which is to come; but it is distant as yet. That it will come I have no doubt. Turkey, Poland and Holland at one time are more than enough to kindle the flames of war in all the rest of Europe. Thank god, our ocean is wide enough to prevent it\u2019s extending to us.\nThis being the first time of my writing to you since the marriage of your daughter, give me leave to congratulate yourself and family sincerely on this agreeable event and to repeat to them and you assurances of my esteem & attachment, as also to add those of the great consideration with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame d\u2019Anterroches, 9 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Anterroches, MMe d\u2019\nMadame\nParis. 9me Mars 1789\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous annoncer qu\u2019on vient d\u2019etablir des paquetbotes qui doivent partir de Bourdeaux pour la Nouvelle York tous les deux mois, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire le 15. de Janvier, Mars, Mai, Juillet, Septembre et Novembre, et que ces paquets-botes vous offriront toujours des occasions tres sures d\u2019envoyer des lettres ou des effets \u00e0 Elizabeth town qui est dans la voisinage de la Nouvelle York. Il faut seulement faire l\u2019attention d\u2019affranchir vos lettres \u00e0 la poste aux lettres de votre ville, ou \u00e0 Bordeaux, en y payant la poste jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Nouvelle York. Contant de partir d\u2019ici pour l\u2019Amerique moimeme \u00e0 la fin d\u2019Avril prochain je me chargerai aussi, Madame, volontiers de telles lettres pour votre fils que vous aurez la bont\u00e9 de me faire tenir avant cette epoque. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur avec la plus haute consideration Madame votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0378", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De Brahm, 9 March 1789\nFrom: Brahm, John de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCoblence sur le Rhin le 9 du Mars 1789.\nMr. John Rutledge Junr. of Charleston, whom I had the great Pleasure of seeing here a little While, about seven Months ago, directed me to send my Letters &c. for him to your Excellency, who would be pleased to forward them further; I therefor take the Liberty of addressing you this with the Request to forward it to him. It contains besides my Letter, ten Plans of Battles of the sevenyears War, which are to be continued to 42 Plans, as the inclosed Annonce further explains. If your Excellency should likewise take Pleasure in this Work, I will upon your Order have the Honor to send another Set. From Mr. Rutledge I should wish to know soon, whether he choses the Continuance of them, in Order to subscribe in Time, or else they will be dearer or perhaps not to be had.\nBy this Opportunity I would make a Request to your Excellency about my Demands on the united States of America. Of the Sum of 35212.4 Livres de Fr. of which I was to draw annual, Interest at 6 p.Ct. at Mr. Grand\u2019s Banker at Paris, I only received to this Day one Years (1784) Interest. I would therefor beg the Favour of your Excellency to enquire into this Matter, whether I have not been wronged by some Person or other. As I have served the whole War in America and quitted therefor the Service I was in here befor, I find it hard to be deprived also of this Indemnification.\nIn Expectation of a Redress I have the Honor to be with great Respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. humble Servant\nde Brahm Lieutt. Colon. Ingenieurau Service des E. U. de l\u2019Amerique", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0379", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 9 March 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nOffice for foreign Affairs 9th. March 1789\nSince the thirteenth Day of September nine States have not been represented in Congress, and since the tenth Day of October last a sufficient Number for ordinary Business have not convened. No Progress therefore could be made in the Affairs of this Department, and that will continue to be the Case unless the Government shall be organized. Many Members of the new Congress are now here, but not a sufficient Number of both Houses to form Quorums. There is nevertheless Reason to expect that both Houses will be in Capacity next week to open the Ballots for President and Vice President. It is generally supposed and indeed known, that General Washington is chosen for the first, and Mr. Adams for the second.\nI have been favored with your Letters of 20th August, 3d. 5th. and 24th. September (Extracts from the two last of which relative to our Captives at Algiers, and foreign Officers have been communicated to the Board of Treasury) and 14th. 19th. and 29th. November 1788. The Alterations in the Consular Convention give Satisfaction. The Papers relative to it have been perused by several Members of Congress. Your Conduct is greatly and deservedly commended.\nThe Reasons assigned for your wishing to make a short Visit to America, are in my Opinion sufficient to justify you in asking for  Leave, and Congress in granting it; but, my dear Sir, there is no Congress sitting, nor have any of their Servants Authority to interfere. As soon as the President shall be in Office, I will without Delay communicate your Letters to him, and give the Business all the Dispatch in my Power. To this I shall be prompted not only by official Duty, but by that personal Esteem and Regard with which I am &c.\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0380", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Tess\u00e9, 9 March [1789]\nFrom: Tess\u00e9, Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadame de Tess\u00e9 est bien malheureuse de s\u2019\u00eatre persuad\u00e9e que les arbres de Monsieur Jefferson ne devoient pour leur suret\u00e9 voiager qu\u2019en mars. Cette b\u00e9tise la prive d\u2019une satisfaction qui lui etoit chere, celle de contribuer par ces soins \u00e0 l\u2019accroissement du verger de Monticello. Les femmes sont plus ou moins superstitieuses, mais elles le sont toutes un peu. Me. de Tess\u00e9, pour satisfaire ce besoin de sa nature, a voulu placer un hommage plus digne d\u2019elle dans le Palais de la sagesse et du genie, les rigueurs de cet hiver s\u2019y sont oppos\u00e9. Elle demande a genoux la connoissance de quelque bagatelle fran\u00e7oise qui puisse Retracer en Virginie \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson le souvenir de l\u2019hommage bien tendre et bien sinc\u00e8re qu\u2019on lui rend \u00e0 Chaville.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bancroft, 10 March 1789\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon March 10th 1789\nYour favour of the 1st. inst. respecting the Business of Mr. Paradise came duly to hand, together with that which it inclosed. I am sorry however to say that we are now all at a stand in our steps respecting Mr. Paradise, as the House of Ibbetson, Barlow & Co. after taking a long time to consider of our proposal have absolutely refused to comply with it. This I believe they have done from a persuasion that by standing out they may obtain better terms, but I do not see how they can be gratified; because in truth  Mr. Paradise cannot offer his Creditors in general any thing which is more for their advantage, and it would be highly unfair towards the other Creditors, and dangerous to come into any private Agreement for satisfying Ibbetson &c. in preference to the rest, were it practicable; and any suspicion of our doing it, would put all the rest in to very ill humour. This I have strongly perceived by intimations which several of them have already given me. I shall make one effort between this and Fryday to convince Ibbetson &c. of the uselessness of their standing out; and if this should fail, we must then determine whether any thing else and what can be done. I perceive though Mr. Paradise accords with the Idea of three Trustees among his own Friends he has forgotten to point out any one for that trust.\u2014I have never received a single Line from Adml. Paul Jones since he first went to Russia, and from a variety of Circumstances with which it would be improper to trouble you, I have no money unemployed, nor any certainty of any for some time to come. I do indeed expect to receive a considerable Sum before the Summer is over, but that will be too late to answer the demand in question, and besides it would be improper for me to take certain engagments on uncertain expectations. I should however be very sorry at the same time that Adml. Jones\u2019s Commissions should remain unexecuted for want of money, if they are of such a nature as that he would thereby suffer any considerable detriment. Of this question you will be best able to judge: probably the Objects may not be all of equal importance, and in that Case though in fact I can not at present spare any money with out much inconvenience, yet if there should be a part of these Commissions which you think cannot be suspended until your return, with out considerable Inconvenience to the Adml. I will, though it should embarrass me, accept your Bills for such part; only remarking that the smaller their amount and the more distant the time of Payment, the less inconvenient they will prove to me.\nIt now remains that I should Answer that part of your Letter which relates to Mr. Deane. That unhappy man two or three years ago became very much attached to a woman here in the line of Prostitution, and was mislead by her to take the lease of a House in Rathbone Place and assign it over to her and to lend or give her some money which he borrowed to buy her Furniture, for a part of it, and to become a security for some more furniture which she bought. Her Plan as she pretended was to let Lodgings, and after some time Deane himself was induced to take her second Floor, where he staid until he had spent on or with her all the money  he could borrow, and was arrested for the Furniture which he had become security for. She then made him give her his watch and other things to pawn to pay the Arrears of Rent due to the Landlord of the House; and being thus Stript of almost every thing, his distress of mind, and the inebriety into which he Plunged to escape reflection, brought on him a disorder, which soon produced a total loss of the Powers of his body and mind, insomuch that he could not remember any thing a single minute, nor use either his hands or feet. In this destitute helpless situation the woman became Anxious to get him out of the house and to do it she introduced a French man by the name of Foulloy, who she pretended to have been formerly married to. Dr. Jefferies and I had been led by compassion daily to visit Deane, and assist him with advice, medicins, and money for his subsistence; and soon after the French man had been introduced we were desired to remove Deane to another Lodging, and told that if we delayed doing it he should be carried (in the month of Jany. 1788) at midnight and laid down in the middle of the Street and there left to his fate. In this extremity I took a Lodging, and had him carried to it with some almost empty Trunks which the woman said contained every thing belonging to him. Upon examining them however some days after, they were found to contain nothing of any value; his Cloaths Linnen and every thing worth even a single shilling having been taken out. Upon my calling at the house and questioning the woman on this subject, she then said that her Husband Foulloy was a villain Deserved to be hanged; that he had run off, and carried away several things belonging to her, and that whilst Deane was in the House he had got Possession of the Keys of his Trunks, opened them, examined his Papers &c and taken out every thing which he thought proper without her knowledge and was gone to France; and she called up her Daughter (about 12 years old) to confirm the story who described to me some of the things which she had seen, the French man take away, and among them two.large Books of Accounts and writings, which I conclude were those, that he brought to you. When Deane came to have a little better use of his faculties he overlooked his Trunks, was Sensible of his Loss, and was particularly distressed by that of his different Papers, among which were many private accounts, unsettled with M. de Chaumont, Messr. Sabatier fils Despres & Cie. of Paris, and others, with Vouchers for money, &c., all of which he naturally concluded the French man had stolen in order to obtain money from those to whom they might be useful. I have  thought it necessary to give you this Statement of Facts within my own Knowledge.\u2014For the rest, I do not believe that Deane in all his Distress had ever any Idea of selling any of his Papers, and most certainly after Foulloy came to a knowledge of him, he was never in a State of mind that could enable him to make any bargain or dispose of any thing: so that this Wretch could not have been justified in taking the Papers even if Deane had offered them to him.\u2014As to the other Letter Books I do not believe that Deane ever had any other than what you have seen because he never complained to me of the loss of any greater number; but if there were any more Foulloy must have taken them with the others, for certainly there are none in Deane\u2019s possession nor any other papers of the least importance.\nDeane contrary to all expectation has in some degree recovered from the Complicated Disorders, of Dropsey, Palsey and Idiotism, though he is now subsisted and has been for a long time on a Charitable subscription, of which I paid him the last \u00a310, about 3 weeks ago. I have not seen him since that time as he lives a little way out of Town; and when I do see him, I shall not venture to mention a Syllable to him respecting the Books sold to you by Foulloy, unless I have your particular permission. And you may always be assured, that if in any matter, in which you may honor me with your Confidence, I should be unable to serve you, I will at least take care that no indiscretion of mine shall do any harm.\nI have not yet found a proper Conveyance for the other Letter, which I propose myself the honor of writing to you before your departure for America. The want of time obliges me now to Conclude by assuring you of the sincere respect & attachment with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most faithful & Devoted Hubl. Servant.\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brailsford & Morris, 10 March 1789\nFrom: Brailsford & Morris\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCharleston, So. Carolina 10th. March 1789.\nYour favor of the 17th. July last has been sometime past received, and should have been replyed to before, had anything material occurred to have communicated. Our Speculations in  Rice to the address of Messrs. Berards of L\u2019Orient proved unprofitable, owing we conceive to some mismanagement on the part of the Agent of those Gentlemen at Havre de Grace, where the Rice was sent, as they did not conceive the Market at the former Place equal to the latter, and which we are persuaded must always in future command a preference of the Ports of France, from the circumstance you mention, of its being near the Paris Markets. From a desire to do every thing in our power to open this channel of communication we have again been induced to try the french Market, and sent an early Cargo direct to Havre de Grace to the address of Messrs. Ruellan & Co. of that Port, who are established there, and connected with the House of Messrs. Le Couteulx & Co. of Rouen from whom we expect to receive more encouragement to persist in this line, than what we received from our former Correspondent. In addition to the Cargo already gone, we have just completed the loading of a Brig of 600 Barrells for the same Port, and to the same Address.\u2014We inform your Excellency with much pleasure, that our Exports to France from this State the present Season, have been much more considerable than any preceding one since the War; no less than thirteen sort of Vessells have already cleared at our Custom House for France, and we have no doubt as many more will go hence before the shipping season is over. This turn of our trade, as well as the considerable exports to the German, Holland, and Spanish Markets, has given no little umbrage to the British Merchants in England, who wish to persuade us that we should find our advantage in sending the whole of our Crop to their Island, and suffer them to be our Agents in furnishing the different European Markets with Rice. It is however a Satisfaction to us to find, they are little attended to, and that these insinuations have no effect except with such Commercial Houses as they are connected with.\u2014Indeed we do not despair of seeing in a few Years, the whole of that trade diverted from the British, as we are convinced it can never be the Interest of the Merchants of this Country, to send more to that Island than they can consume.\nThe Several little Articles you were polite enough to Order from Marseilles, we shall expect to receive in a little time, as you thought it probable they would be shipped sometime in January.\nWe shall always esteem ourselves Honord with your Correspondence, and shall be proud in being ranked with those that are desirous of establishing a Spirited Commercial Intercourse between the two Country\u2019s.\nWe thank you for your friendly offers of Service in forwarding our Commercial Connections with France, and Remain with the highest Esteem Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt. Servants,\nBrailsford & Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0384", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 11 March 1789\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 11th March 1789.\nThis Letter will be delivered to your Excellency, by Mr. Nemers the son of the gardener, who has furnished to me, the Small trees and plants you desired. He goes yearly to Paris, to furnish the gardens of the greatest part of the princes and Gentry of that Town. He will tell you, that this year, on account of the Severe winter, we have suffered, and we still suffer, It was impossible to venture, any olive trees, for america, which we will do next winter.\nYou will be glad perhaps to talck with him on that purpose, and of giving your self to him a memorandum on it, as well as if you desire some thing, for your garden at Paris.\nI dare say he will Serve you well, at your Satisfaction.\nI will soon address you by the post and answer to all your letters.  Meantime I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir of your Excellency the most obedt. humb. Sert.\nStephen Cathalan Jn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0385", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ladevese, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ladavese, M.\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Paris ce 11. Mars. 1789.\nLa lettre que vous avez bien voulu m\u2019envoyer pour Monsieur Laurence lui a et\u00e9 expedi\u00e9 de ma part dans le tems, et j\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de lui faire tenir encore toutes celles que vous aurez occasion de lui addresser. Il y a un jeune Americain, Monsieur Rutledge, qui est de la Caroline meridionale, et qui doit passer par Avignon et Nismes dans le courant des mois de Mars et Avril. Il fera un sejour de quelques jours \u00e0 ce dernier endroit, et il retournera incessament en Caroline o\u00f9 il connoit bien Monsieur Laurence et le verra souvent. Si vous pourrez trouver les moyens de scavoir le moment qu\u2019il passera par votre ville, de le voir, et de l\u2019interesser dans votre affaire, ce seroit la meilleure partie qu\u2019il y a \u00e0 prendre. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec beaucoup de consideration Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Malesherbes, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Malesherbes, Chr\u00e9tien Guillaume de Lamoignon de\nSir\nParis Mar. 11. 1789.\nYour zeal to promote the general good of mankind by an interchange of useful things, and particularly in the line of agriculture, and the weight which your rank and station would give to your interposition, induce me to ask it for the purpose of obtaining one of the species of rice which grows in Cochin-china on high lands, and which needs no other watering than the ordinary rains. The sun and soil of Carolina are sufficiently powerful to ensure the success of this plant, and Monsieur de Poivre gives such an account of it\u2019s quality as might induce the Carolinians to introduce it instead of the kind they now possess, which requiring the whole country to be laid under water during a certain season of the year, sweeps off numbers of the inhabitants annually with pestilential  fevers. If you would be so good as to interest yourself in the procuring for me some seeds of the dry rice of Cochin-china you would render the most precious service to my countrymen on whose behalf I take the liberty of asking your interposition; very happy at the same time to have found such an occasion of repeating to you the homage of those sentiments of respect & esteem with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0387", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jonathan Nesbitt, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nesbitt, Jonathan\nSir\nParis Mar. 11. 1789.\nI did not expect you so soon to-day, or I should have come in in time to have the pleasure of seeing you.\nThe safe-conduct which I asked and obtained of Monsieur de Villedeuil was for you as a Courier, bringing dispatches to me from our Secretary for foreign affairs. The answers to these dispatches being now ready I cannot ask a continuance of that safe conduct. But so far as my consent to your longer stay may be considered as material, I give it freely: as I would rather find another courier to carry back my dispatches in answer, than stand in the way of any arrangement which may be useful to yourself and your creditors. Of this the present letter may serve as evidence. I have the honor to be with great attachment Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0388", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Parent, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Parent (Parant), M.\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Paris ce 11me. Mars. 1789.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u bien conditionn\u00e9s les quatre paniers de vin de Meursault que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019expedier, et je serai pret d\u2019en payer le montant \u00e0 votre ordre quand vous voulez bien la faire presenter. Je vous prie meme de le faire auplutot parce que je conte de partir le mois prochain pour l\u2019Amerique, d\u2019o\u00f9 je ne serai de retour que l\u2019automne. \u00c0 cet epoque l\u00e0 j\u2019aurai besoin de m\u2019adresser \u00e0 vous pour de Monrachet, Meursault et Voulenaye. Le Meursault de M. Bachey que vous m\u2019avez envoy\u00e9 ci-devant m\u2019a rendu un peu difficile. L\u2019envoy que vous venez de me faire n\u2019est pas si parfaite. Je l\u2019aurai prononc\u00e9 d\u2019une autre ann\u00e9e que 1784. si vous ne m\u2019aviez pas assur\u00e9 que c\u2019etoit de cette ann\u00e9e l\u00e0. On me dit que l\u2019ann\u00e9e derniere a ete excellente pour la qualit\u00e9 des vins. Ainsi c\u2019est de cette annee la dont je vous demanderai en automne. Je vous rends mille graces pour les poires que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019envoyer. Elles etoient vraiment superbes et tres-rares. Je suis avec beaucoup d\u2019attachement Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0389", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Lee Shippen, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shippen, Thomas Lee\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 11. 1789.\nI had wished to acknolege the receipt of your favors of Jan. 19. and Feb. 3. by a private conveiance; but none such having occurred nor being likely to occur, I must write you such a letter as may go through the inspection of both post offices.\nThe affairs of this country are still going on well. There are loud contestations indeed in one or two of the provinces, and in Britany these have come to blows, and some 3. 4. or 5. people been killed. Still the opposition to the revolution which is working has been miraculously small, and he who would predict it\u2019s failure from the little obstacles which have happened, would be about as good a prophet as he who from the loss of two or three little skirmishes on our part would have foretold our final failure in the American revolution. All the world here is occupied in electioneering, in chusing or being chosen: and, as far as Paris may be considered as offering a specimen of the public mind, we may say it is almost thoroughly ripe for a just decision of the great question  of voting by orders or by persons. The difficulties which now appear threatening to my mind are those which will result from the size of the assembly. 1200. persons, of any rank, and of any nation, assembled together would with difficulty be prevented from tumult, and confusion. But when they are to compose an assembly for which no rules of debate or proceeding have been yet formed, in whom no habits of order have been yet established, and to consist moreover of Frenchmen among whom there are always more speakers than listners, I confess to you I apprehend some danger. However I still hope that the good sense of the body, and the coolness and collectedness of some of their leaders will keep them in the right way, and that this great assembly will end happily.\nThe war in the North will I think continue, and perhaps spread as far as Prussia. The present and probable situation of the Executive in England will, I presume, prevent their engaging otherwise than by giving money. If so, this country will certainly not engage herself the present year, and after the present year, if her states general pass over well, she will be in a condition to do what she pleases. I have lately received a letter from Admiral Paul Jones dated at Petersburgh about the last of January. He was just arrived there on the call of the empress, and uninformed where he was to act the ensuing campaign.We have no news from America later than the 10th. of January, when things were going on well. I find that the friends of the new constitution are generally disposed to make such changes as may be requisite to guard liberty. This will probably reconcile the bulk of the opposition.Nothing could be more agreeable to me than your company on our voiage to Virginia: and I am sorry I am unable to form such an idea of the epoch of it as might enable you to decide whether it suited you. Gouverneur Morris, who is here, informs me that not only there was no Congress when he came away, but that none was expected till the new government. My letters asking leave of absence were not then arrived, and consequently I cannot have that leave but from the new government, nor expect that even they will take it up among their first subjects. This renders the time of my receiving permission incertain, and should it be so late as that I cannot go, do my business there, and return in the fall, I shall prefer postponing my departure hence to the fall, so that I may return in the Spring; being quite decided against a winter passage. You see therefore, my dear Sir, the impossibility of my fixing the epoch of my departure. Pray continue to me during  your stay your interesting political information and accept assurances of the esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 11th March 1789.\nI wrote you by the last post, asking among other things the possibility of sending your clothes safely by the diligence.\u2014Mr. Parker\u2019s arrival, and departure tomorrow with Mr. Rumsey removes all difficulty by giving the opportunity I wish\u2019d. Mr. P. takes charge of them.\nI cannot refrain, tho\u2019 I know any recommendation of mine is needless, from soliciting your friendly assistance to your ingenious countryman. He goes to solicit that exclusive privilege which I think his valuable inventions deserve:\u2014and tho\u2019 whatever advice or assistance you can render him I am sensible He would have receiv\u2019d from motives of Philanthropy and Patriotism, I still beg leave if I have any little influence with you, to employ that little in his favor:\u2014You will find him not only very thoroughly Master of the Subject which is his immediate pursuit but in every respect a modest sensible and respectable man, such an one as does honour to our Country. I am most respectfully & Gratefully Your friend & Servant,\nJno. Trumbull\nI send by Mr. Rumsey Lackington\u2019s last catalogue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0391", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Vaughan, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 11. 1789.\nKnowing how ready you are to interest yourself in whatever may promote the happiness of mankind I take the liberty of addressing you on a subject very interesting to a part of the United states. You know that the several species of rice cultivated in Piedmont, Egypt and Carolina require to be laid under water during a certain season of the year, and therefore occasion pestilential fevers which sweep off great numbers of the inhabitants and expose even those whom they spare, to a great deal of misery.  Monsieur de Poivre in his book sur les moeurs et les arts de l\u2019Asie et l\u2019Afrique, tells us that they cultivate in Cochin china very generally three kinds of rice which grow in highlands and require no other watering than the rains, and the qualities of which are, on the whole, at least equal to those of the several species of wet rice. I have imagined that you must have acquaintance with persons so connected in Asia as that they could procure us some seeds of the best of the species of dry rice from Cochin china, and if you have, I am sure you will readily avail us of it to procure some of the seed. Should it answer expectations it will save the lives of thousands, and health of tens of thousands annually in South Carolina. I have no hesitation therefore in asking your interposition with such of your acquaintance as may be able to procure us this blessing, and even to avail yourself of the endeavors of different persons, so that the failure of one may not disappoint us altogether. Should you be able to obtain ever so little, and to send it to me, I will communicate a part of it to S. Carolina, and with another part begin it\u2019s culture myself in Virginia and extend it to my neighbors.\nI have asked leave of Congress to absent myself from this place from April to November, during which time I propose to visit my own country and return. If I can execute any commands for you either there or here I shall do it with great pleasure, being with sentiments of very perfect esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0392", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink & Van Staphorst, 11 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink & Van Staphorst\nGentlemen\nParis Mar. 11. 1789\nIn your letter of the 2d. instant you refer me to a resolution of Congress which appropriates the loans of 1787. and 1788. to the paiment of interest to the year 1790 and the residue to the salaries of their ministers and the contingent expences which may arise in Europe, and you suppose that this manner of wording the resolution postpones the articles of salaries and contingencies to that of interest. Their obvious intention however was to appropriate so much of the money as should be requisite to the paiment of interest, and so much as should be requisite to salaries and contingencies. The amount of all these articles were known and  calculated, and it was seen that the loan sufficed to satisfy all. They must have meant therefore that salaries and contingencies should be paid as they arose as well as that interest should be paid as it arose. By the contrary construction you would make them decide that their ministers should neither eat nor drink till the end of the year 1790 if the loan should not be filled till then. This must surely convince you that your construction can not have been theirs.\nI informed you in my last that confiding in the effect of the loan and the appropriation of it, and pressed for time, I had made positive contracts for the Dyes of the medals which were already in considerable forwardness. These contracts amount to about ten thousand florins, and cannot now be deferred. But these dyes, tho\u2019 they must be paid for, will be useless without the addition of an equal sum for the metal and striking of the medals. So that there is no possibility of abating from this article.\nWith respect to the other of 60,000 florins, I have found that there is a possibility of setting it into train with the half of that sum, and that the residue of it need not be called for till I have some communications on the subject with our government, and perhaps not at all.\nI must therefore desire again your attention to this subject, and your answer whether you will pay the monies for the contracts already made for the dyes of medals, say about 10,000 florins? The further sum of 10,000 florins for the medals to be struck and the last mentioned sum of 30,000 florins for a particular purpose? I have the honor to be gentlemen Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0393", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 12 March 1789\nDn. Ventura Caro lately appointed Captain General of the Island of Cuba Luisiana &c. and having occasion to go to Paris before embarking for his Government, I take the Liberty of presenting him to your Acquaintance. He is of long Standing, one of mine. As his Stay I presume will be short at Paris, I wish you to profit of it as much as possible, as well on his account as your own. Any Commands that you have for me, I am persuaded he will execute with readiness. In a few days, I shall have an  occasion of writing you fully. In the Mean time I have the honor to be with the greatest respect & Esteem Yr. Excys Most Obedt & very Hble. Sert.\nWm Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0394", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Delaire, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Delaire, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonorable Sir\nLa Rochelle March 12th. 1789.\nI have received the Letter of the 25th of January you honoured me with. I imparted directly to our Merchants the obliging attention of your Excellency to their relieving the Crew of the Ship the Clementina.\nThe Arrest which you sent me exempting the American fish-oil from the exclusion, had been already published here. The Minister of the Navy had addressed it some time before, for that purpose, to the Chamber of Trade, to which I am Secretary. The Consumption of that Oil cou\u2019d be pretty considerable, having in the Poitou which confines our Province a great many fabricks of leather: But shou\u2019d not be imported by too great a quantity at once. In general I believe that the Americans ought to establish in one of their Harbours a Staple or Entrep\u00f4t, in order to center there the different Goods which their Continent can furnish: So that a Cargo destined for Harbours of France of the second rank like our\u2019s, might be composed partly of Rice, Indigo, Deer Skins &c of the south part of the said Continent, and partly with Timber, Pitch, Tar, fish-oil, Bears-Skins &c of the northern Parts. This sortment, methinks, wou\u2019d be most favorable, While the Importation of too large a quantity of the same goods has many inconveniencies: and it is to my knowledge that several American Captains who landed here have experienced it. But I submit humbly my observations to your Excellency\u2019s consideration. Meantime I shall be most proud if in the office of Agent which your Excellency is willing to grant me I can have opportunities to deserve your esteem and your goodness. I have the honor to be with the greatest Respect, Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble Servant.\nThoms. Delaire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0395", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Mar. 12. 1789.\nI had the honour of addressing you on the 1st. instant through the post. I write the present, incertain whether Mr. Nesbitt, the bearer of your last, will be the bearer of this, or whether it may not have to wait some other private occasion. They have reestablished their packet-boats here indeed; but they are to go from Bordeaux, which being between four and five hundred miles from hence, is too far to send a courier with my letters but on the most extraordinary occasions: and without a courier, they must pass through the post office. I shall therefore not make use of this mode of conveyance, but prefer sending my letters by a private hand by the way of London. The incertainty of finding private conveiances to London is the principal objection to this.\nOn the receipt of your letter advising me to purchase the two volumes of Deane\u2019s letters and accounts, I wrote to the person who had them, and after some offers and refusals he let me have them for 25 Louis instead of 120 Louis asked at first. He told me that Deane had still 6. or 8. volumes more and that when he should return to London, he would try to get them, in order to make himself whole for the money he had lent Deane. As I knew he would endeavor to make us pay dear for them, and it appeared to be your opinion and that of the members you had consulted, that it was an object worthy attention, I wrote immediately to a friend in London to endeavor to purchase them from Deane himself whose distresses and crapulous habits will probably render him more easy to deal with. I authorized him to go as far as fifty guineas. I have as yet no answer from him.\nI inclose you a letter which I wrote last month to our bankers in Holland. As it will itself explain the cause of it\u2019s being written I shall not repeat it\u2019s substance here. In answer to my proposition to pay bills for the medals and the redemption of our captives they quote a resolution of Congress (which however I do not find in the. printed journals) appropriating the loans of 1787. and 1788. to the paiment of interest on the Dutch loans till 1790 inclusive, and the residue to salaries and contingencies in Europe, and they argue that, according to this, they are not to pay any thing in Europe till they shall first have enough to pay all the interest which will become due to the end of the year 1790: and that it is out of personal regard that they relax from this so far as to pay diplomatic salaries. So that here is a clear declaration they will answer no  other demands till they have in hand money enough for all the interest to the end of the year 1790. It is but a twelvemonth since I have had occasion to pay attention to the proceedings of those gentlemen. But during that time I have observed that as soon as a sum of interest is becoming due they are able to borrow just that, and no more or at least only so much more as may pay our salaries and keep us quiet. Were they not to borrow for the interest, the failure to pay that would sink the value of the capital, of which they are considerable sharers. So far their interests and ours concur. But there perhaps they may separate. I think it possible they may chuse to support our credit to a certain point and let it go no further but at their will; to keep it so poised as that it may be at their mercy. By this they will be sure to keep us in their own hands. They write word to the Treasury that in order to raise money for the February interest they were obliged to agree with the subscribers that Congress should open no other loan at Amsterdam this year till this one be filled up, and that this shall not be filled but by the present subscribers, and they not obliged to fill it. This is delivering us bound hand and foot to the subscribers, that is to themselves. Finding that they would not raise money for any other purposes without being pushed, I wrote the letter I inclose you. They answer as I have stated by a refusal to pay, alledging the appropriation of Congress. I have written again to press them further, and to propose to them the paiment of 30,000 florins only for the case of our captives, as I am in hopes this may do.\u2014In the close of my letter to them you will observe I refer them, as to the article of foreign officers, to the board of Treasury. I had in truth received the printed journals a few days before, but had not yet had time to read them carefully, and particularly had not then noted the vote of Congress of Aug. 20. directing me to attend to that article. I shall not fail to do what I can in it. But I am afraid they will consider this also as standing on the same ground with the other contingent articles.\nThis country being generally engaged in it\u2019s elections, affords nothing new and worthy of communication. The hopes of accomodation between Turkey and the two empires do not gain strength. The war between Russia and Denmark on the one hand and Sweden on the other is likely also to go on, the mediation of England being rendered of little force by the accident to it\u2019s executive. The progress of this war, and also of the broils in Poland, may possibly draw the king of Prussia into it during the ensuing campaign: and it must, before it be finished, take in this  country, and perhaps England. The ill humor on account of the Dutch revolution continues to rankle here. They have recalled their Ambassador from the Hague, manifestly to shew their dissatisfaction with that court, and some very dry memorials have lately been exchanged on the subject of the money this country assumed to pay the Emperor for the Dutch. I send you very full extracts of these, which will shew you the dispositions of the two courts towards each other. Whether and when this country will be able to take an active part, will depend on the issue of their states general. If they fund their public debts judiciously, and will provide further funds for a war, on the English plan, I believe they will be able to borrow any sums they please. In the mean time, the situation of England will leave them at leisure to settle their internal affairs well. That ministry indeed pretend their king is perfectly reestablished. No doubt they will make the most of his amendment which is real to a certain degree. But as, under pretence of this they have got rid of the daily certificate of the physicians, and they are possessed of the king\u2019s person, the public must judge hereafter from such facts only as they can catch. There are several at present which, put together, induce a presumption the king is only better, not well. And should he be well, time will be necessary to give a confidence that it is not merely a lucid interval. On the whole I think we may conclude that that country will not take a part in the war this year, which was by no means certain before.\nM. del Pinto, formerly Minister of Portugal at London, and the same who negotiated the treaty with us, being now put at the head of the ministry of that country, I presume that negociation may be renewed succesfully, if it be the desire of our government. Perhaps an admission of our flour into their ports may be obtained now, as M. del Pinto seemed impressed with our reasoning on that subject and promised to press it on his court, tho he could not then venture to put it into the treaty. There is not the same reason to hope any relaxation as to our reception in Bresil, because he would scarcely let us mention that at all. I think myself it is their interest to take away all temptations to our co-operation in the emancipation of their colonies, and I know no means of doing this but the making it our interest that they should continue dependant, nor any other way of making this our interest, but by allowing us a commerce with them. However this is a mode of reasoning which their ministry probably could not bear to listen to.\nI send herewith the gazettes of France and Leyden, and have  the honor to be, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0396", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Lackington, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lackington, James\nSir\nParis Mar. 12. 1789.\nI received last night your catalogue, and the post being to set out this morning I send you, on the next leaf, a list of those I wish to take. The warning being too short to procure a bill of exchange and send it by this post, it shall follow by the next which leaves this place four days hence. In the mean time be so good as to pack the books in a light box, and after four days from your receiving this letter, call with it on my friend Mr. Trumbull No. 2. North street, Rathbone place, who will in the mean time have received a bill of exchange from me to pay for them. Deliver the box of books to the Diligence where you always send the catalogues for me. I am Sir Your very humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0397", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Malesherbes, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Malesherbes, Chr\u00e9tien Guillaume de Lamoignon de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCe 12 Mars 1789\nLe hasard a fait, Monsieur, que hyer j\u2019ai pass\u00e9 chez vous et je vous ai laiss\u00e9 un billet pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment dans le tems que vous m\u2019\u00e9criviez votre Lettre.\nLa r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la question que vous me faites, n\u2019est pas bien ais\u00e9e.\n1\u00b0. Le ris sec de la Cochinchine qu\u2019on a sem\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris et aux environs n\u2019y a jamais bien m\u00fbri, parceque notre soleil n\u2019est pas assez chaud. C\u2019est une raison de plus pour en entreprendre la culture en Virginie o\u00f9 le soleil sera plus favorable. Mais je crains que par cette raison il ne soit difficile d\u2019en trouver \u00e0 Paris des graines.\n2\u00b0. J\u2019ai entendu dire qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019Isle de France, depuis le d\u00e9part de  M. Poivre, la culture a \u00e9t\u00e9 si n\u00e9glig\u00e9e qu\u2019on a laiss\u00e9 m\u00ealer les graines du ris sec avec celles du ris ordinaire.\nM. de La Luzerne pourra vous dire mieux que moi ce qui en est.\nJe crois qu\u2019il y a encore des \u00e9claircissemens \u00e0 vous donner sur cette culture.\nDans l\u2019esp\u00e9rance que vous accepterez la proposition que je vous ai faite pour Mercredi prochain, j\u2019ai engag\u00e9 deux des hommes de ce pays ci, qui sont le plus en \u00e9tat de vous donner les \u00e9claircissemens que vous pouvez d\u00e9sirer, \u00e0 se trouver chez moi Mercredi prochain.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec un sinc\u00e8re attachement, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nL. Malesherbes\nP.S. La Lettre pour Monsieur de Jefferson \u00e9tait pr\u00eate \u00e0 partir quand M. de Malesherbes a re\u00e7u la sienne. L.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst, 12 March 1789\nFrom: Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam, 12 Mch. 1789. In response to TJ\u2019s \u201cvery respected favor\u201d they are pleased to inform him that \u201cAdmiral Paul Jones paid our friends in St. Petersburg most chearfully and honorably, the whole of our advances for him, under your Excellency\u2019s Permission to charge same to the United States, if he should not replace it. Thus this Affair is entirely at an End.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0400", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from M. Amoureux, 13 March 1789\nFrom: Amoureux, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nL\u2019Orient, 13 Mch. 1789. As requested in TJ\u2019s letter of 1 Mch., transmits a draft for 1900\u20b6 payable to Admiral Paul Jones, \u201cde Ve. Moullin et Kroux de Nantes, du 30. janvier dernier, \u00e0 3 usances, ordre J. Cormier,\u201d forming, \u201c\u00e0 une bagatelle pr\u00e8s, ce qui revient pour net produit des marchandises, compte du dit Sieur\u201d; Draft is drawn on a Nantes house because of lack of good paper on Paris. J. Nesbitt, not having received the safe conduct he asked of his creditors, has doubtless  left Paris to return to Philadelphia; he has received no letters from him since 4 Mch., which confirms him in this opinion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to D\u2019Estaing, 13 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Estaing, Charles Henri Th\u00e9odat, Comte d\u2019\nSir\nParis Mar. 13. 1789.\nMy friend Mr. Short, who is returning from Italy, expects to pass by Toulon, and wishes permission to see the docks and arsenals of that place. It is understood that this is not permitted without a special order. I therefore take the liberty of asking from you a letter to any person at Toulon who can procure this gratification for Mr. Short and also for Mr. Rutledge who is with him. They have both the honor of being too well known to you to be liable to any suspicions of making an ill use of this favor. If there be no indiscretion in what I have asked for these gentlemen, I will beg the favor of you to send me your letter which I will inclose to Mr. Short, to whom I shall write tomorrow or next day. I make this request with the more pleasure as it furnishes me an occasion of repeating to you the sentiments of esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0402", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkinson, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 13. 1789.\nSince my last, which was of Dec. 21. yours of Dec. 9. and 21. are received. Accept my thanks for the papers and pamphlets which accompanied them, and mine and my daughter\u2019s for the book of songs. I will not tell you how much they have pleased us nor how well the last of them merits praise for it\u2019s pathos, but relate a fact only, which is that while my elder daughter was playing it on the harpsichord, I happened to look towards the fire and saw the younger one all in tears. I asked her if she was sick? She said \u201cno; but the tune was so mournful.\u201d\u2014The Editor of the Encyclopedie has published something as to an advanced price on his future volumes, which I understand alarms the subscribers. It  was in a paper which I do not take and therefore I have not yet seen it, nor can say what it is.\u2014I hope that by this time you have ceased to make wry faces about your vinegar, and that you have received it safe and good. You say that I have been dished up to you as an antifederalist, and ask me if it be just. My opinion was never worthy enough of notice to merit citing: but since you ask it I will tell it you. I am not a Federalist, because I never submitted the whole system of my opinions to the creed of any party of men whatever in religion, in philosophy, in politics, or in any thing else where I was capable of thinking for myself. Such an addiction is the last degradation of a free and moral agent. If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all. Therefore I protest to you I am not of the party of federalists. But I am much farther from that of the Antifederalists. I approved from the first moment, of the great mass of what is in the new constitution, the consolidation of the government, the organisation into Executive, legislative and judiciary, the subdivision of the legislative, the happy compromise of interests between the great and little states by the different manner of voting in the different houses, the voting by persons instead of states, the qualified negative on laws given to the Executive which however I should have liked better if associated with the judiciary also as in New York, and the power of taxation. I thought at first that the latter might have been limited. A little reflection soon convinced me it ought not to be. What I disapproved from the first moment also was the want of a bill of rights to guard liberty against the legislative as well as executive branches of the government, that is to say to secure freedom in religion, freedom of the press, freedom from monopolies, freedom from unlawful imprisonment, freedom from a permanent military, and a trial by jury in all cases determinable by the laws of the land. I disapproved also the perpetual reeligibility of the President. To these points of disapprobation I adhere. My first wish was that the 9. first conventions might accept the constitution, as the means of securing to us the great mass of good it contained, and that the 4. last might reject it, as the means of obtaining amendments. But I was corrected in this wish the moment I saw the much better plan of Massachusets and which had never occurred to me. With respect to the declaration of rights I suppose the majority of the United states are of my opinion: for I apprehend all the antifederalists, and a very respectable proportion of the federalists think that such a declaration should now be annexed. The enlightened part of Europe have given us  the greatest credit for inventing this instrument of security for the rights of the people, and have been not a little surprised to see us so soon give it up. With respect to the re-eligibility of the president, I find myself differing from the majority of my countrymen, for I think there are but three states of the 11. which have desired an alteration of this. And indeed, since the thing is established, I would wish it not to be altered during the life of our great leader, whose executive talents are superior to those I beleive of any man in the world, and who alone by the authority of his name and the confidence reposed in his perfect integrity, is fully qualified to put the new government so under way as to secure it against the efforts of opposition. But having derived from our error all the good there was in it I hope we shall correct it the moment we can no longer have the same person at the helm. These, my dear friend, are my sentiments, by which you will see I was right in saying I am neither federalist nor antifederalist; that I am of neither party, nor yet a trimmer between parties. These my opinions I wrote within a few hours after I had read the constitution, to one or two friends in America. I had not then read one single word printed on the subject. I never had an opinion in politics or religion which I was afraid to own. A costive reserve on these subjects might have procured me more esteem from some people, but less from myself. My great wish is to go on in a strict but silent performance of my duty: to avoid attracting notice and to keep my name out of newspapers, because I find the pain of a little censure, even when it is unfounded, is more acute than the pleasure of much praise. The attaching circumstance of my present office is that I can do it\u2019s duties unseen by those for whom they are done.\u2014You did not think, by so short a phrase in your letter, to have drawn on yourself such an egoistical dissertation. I beg your pardon for it, and will endeavor to merit that pardon by the constant sentiments of esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Sir, Your sincere friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Affectionate respects to Dr. Franklin Mr. Rittenhouse, their and your good families.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0405", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ruellan & Cie., 13 March 1789\nFrom: Ruellan & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nau Havre 13 mars 1789\nIl y a quelque tems que deux Jeunes americains, fils du Colonel Talbot, passoient de new yorck sur un Paquebot du Roi et debarquerent en notre port.\nMonsieur Le Comte de Mont Morin, inform\u00e9 de leur arriv\u00e9e, donna des ordres \u00e0 Monsieur Mistrat, intendant de la Marinne En notre port, de les faire passer \u00e0 Brest, ce qui fut execut\u00e9. Ils  ont servi depuis sur Les vaisseaux de Sa Majest\u00e9. Ils sont en besoin aujourdhuy, et pour y subvenir, ils se sont adress\u00e9s \u00e0 Monsieur l\u2019intendant de Brest, luy disant qu\u2019ils etaient recommand\u00e9s \u00e0 une maison d\u2019icy.\nMonsieur L\u2019intendant de Brest a \u00e9crit en consequence \u00e0 Mr. L\u2019intendant d\u2019icy, pour le prier de s\u2019informer quelle \u00e9tait cette maison. Monsieur Mistrat s\u2019est adress\u00e9 \u00e0 nous, cro\u00efant que c\u2019\u00e9tait la notre, mais sur la reponse que nous luy avons faitte, que ces Messieurs ne nous \u00e9taient pas adress\u00e9s, il nous a Charg\u00e9s d\u2019avoir L\u2019honneur de vous Ecrire pour vous participer ce que cy dessus, et vous demander vos intentions. Veu\u00eflles excuser la libert\u00e9 que nous prenons de nous en acquitter.\nNous sommes avec un profond respect Monsieur Vos tr\u00e8s humbles et tr\u00e8s obe\u00efssants Serviteurs\nRuellan &Cie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0406", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame de Br\u00e9han, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Br\u00e9han, Marquise de\nDear Madam\nParis Mar. 14. 1789\nI had the honour of writing to you on the 15th. of February, soon after which I had that of receiving your favor of Dec. 29. I have a thousand questions to ask you about your journey to the Indian treaty, how you like their persons, their manners, their costume, cuisine &c. But this I must refer till I can do it personally in New York, where I hope to see you for a moment in the summer, and to take your commands for France. I have little to communicate to you from this place. It is deserted. Every body being gone into the country to chuse or be chosen deputies to the States general. I hope to see that great meeting before my departure. It is to be on the 27th. of next month. A great political revolution will take place in your country, and that without bloodshed. A king with 200,000 men at his orders, is disarmed by the force of the public opinion and the want of money. Among the economies becoming necessary, perhaps one may be the opera. They say it has cost the public treasury an hundred thousand crowns the last year. A new theatre is established since your departure, that of the Opera Buffons, where Italian operas are given and good music. It is in the Chateau des Thuileries. Paris is every day enlarging and beautifying. I do not count among it\u2019s beauties however, the wall with which they have inclosed us. They have made some amends for this by making fine boulevards within and without the walls.  These are in considerable forwardness, and will afford beautiful rides round the city of between fifteen and twenty miles in circuit. We have had such a winter Madam, as makes me shiver yet whenever I think of it. All communications almost were cut off. Dinners and suppers were suppressed, and the money laid out in feeding and warming the poor, whose labours were suspended by the rigour of the season. Loaded carriages past the Seine on the ice, and it was covered with thousands of people from morning to night, skaiting and sliding. Such sights were never seen before, and they continued two months.\u2014We have nothing new and excellent in your charming art of painting. In fact I do not feel an interest in any pencil but that of David. But I must not hasard details on a subject wherein I am so ignorant, and you such a Connoisseur. Adieu, my dear Madam; permit me always the honour of esteeming & being esteemed by you, and of tendering you the homage of that respectful attachment with which I am & shall ever be, dear Madam, Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0407", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Treasury, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Treasury\nGentlemen\nParis Mar. 14. 1789.\nNo opportunity having occurred to send my letter of Feb. 27. I have had time to receive an answer from our bankers, and to write them again. In their answer they quote some resolution of Congress appropriating the monies borrowed in 1787. and 1788. to the paiment of interest to the end of the year 1790. on the Dutch loans, and the residue to salaries and contingent expences arising in Europe. And they argue from this form of appropriation that it is only the residuum which is appropriated to other purposes, after enough shall have been taken out to pay the interest on the Dutch loans to the end of the year 1790. and consequently that these contingencies must all lie over till they have received enough to secure the interest. But if I do not mistake, they do not intend to receive more than enough to pay the interest, and that from time to time as it arises. One of these houses had always pretended to me that all the backwardness to pay monies proceeded from the other; that themselves were always willing to advance their part. It was to try the sincerity of these professions that I proposed in my first letter that, in case of any difference of opinion between  the two houses, I would be glad to receive their separate answers. It turns out that both are alike when put to the proof.When I wrote the letter of Feb. 22. I had received the printed journals of Congress a few days before, but had not yet had time to peruse them carefully; and particularly I had not yet noted the resolution of Aug. 20. directing me to attend to the article of interest due to the foreign officers. I mention this to explain the last clause in my first letter to the bankers wherein I mentioned that I had no orders on that subject. Inclosed I send you a copy of my second letter to them, and shall communicate to you, by some future occasion, the result of this correspondence. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Gentlemen, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0408", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 15. 1789.\nYour favor of the 10th. is just now received, and as the refusal of one of Mr. Paradise\u2019s creditors to accede to the deed of trust, will occasion some change in Mr. Paradise\u2019s plan this again will require that the whole be dispatched. As the post goes out in the morning, and his lodgings are very distant from me I cannot consult him expressly on the occasion, but many conversations have put me so fully in possession of his desires and designs that I can venture to write as if I had consulted him. In the first place I am clear that no private agreement nor separate terms whatever should be entered into with any of the creditors, but that the agreement should be carried into effect honestly and honorably: I would advise that the deed of trust be executed immediately with the consenting creditors, and that an opening be left for any others to come in within two or three weeks, and that time being passed, that it be carried on exclusively for the subscribing creditors. Mr. Paradise had intended to have gone to England, for a few days, to return here and go with me to America. But if any one of the creditors refuses to accede to the deed, he must dispense with his trip to England, and go out with me to America, where he will stay till all his debts are paid. You will see at once that this arrangement requires an immediate dispatch of the deed, which on his behalf I take the liberty of pressing on you. Indeed I do not think that the dissent of a single creditor is worth detaining the deed an  hour. The laws of Virginia will support the deed exclusively for the parties acceding to it, and any redress which a dissenting creditor might seek under the same laws against the person of Mr. Paradise or his portion of subsistence money must wait operations; before which are terminated, the purposes of the deed will have been fully effected. Mr. Paradise wishes you would be so good as to be one of his trustees, and I think he would approve of any other two whom yourself and Mrs. Paradise should propose. Be so good as to present my compliments to her. I have received her letters and should have done myself the honour of writing to her but for an excess of business. Be so good as to add to her that Mr. Trumbul is furnished with money to pay for Pinetti\u2019s books\nI thank you for the information relative to D\u2014\u2014.I dare say you are right in supposing no such other volumes exist as Foulloy pretended to me. He has probably some design in what he told me: but your information places my mind at ease.\u2014How much are we to believe of the king\u2019s establishment? I will write you hereafter on Admiral Jones\u2019s affairs. I am with very great esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0410", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 15. 1789.\n I wrote you last on the 12th. of Jan. since which I have received yours of Octob. 17. Dec. 8. and 12. That of Oct. 17. came to hand only Feb. 23. How it happened to be four months on the way, I cannot tell, as I never knew by what hand it came. Looking over my letter of Jan. 12th. I remark an error of the word \u2018probable\u2019 instead of \u2018improbable,\u2019 which doubtless however you had been able to correct. Your thoughts on the subject of the Declaration of rights in the letter of Oct. 17. I have weighed with great satisfaction. Some of them had not occurred to me before, but were acknoleged just in the moment they were presented to my mind. In the arguments in favor of a declaration of rights, you omit one which has great weight with me, the legal check which it puts into the hands of the judiciary. This is a body, which if rendered independent, and kept strictly to their own department merits great confidence for their learning and integrity. In fact what degree of confidence would be too much for a body composed of such men as Wythe, Blair, and Pendleton? On characters like these the \u2018civium ardor prava jubentium\u2019 would make no impression. I am happy to find that on the whole you are a friend to this amendment. The Declaration of rights is like all other human blessings alloyed with some inconveniences, and not accomplishing fully it\u2019s object. But the good in this instance vastly overweighs the evil. I cannot refrain from making short answers to the objections which your letter states to have been raised. 1. That the  rights in question are reserved by the manner in which the federal powers are granted. Answer. A constitutive act may certainly be so formed as to need no declaration of rights. The act itself has the force of a declaration as far as it goes: and if it goes to all material points nothing more is wanting. In the draught of a constitution which I had once a thought of proposing in Virginia, and printed afterwards, I endeavored to reach all the great objects of public liberty, and did not mean to add a declaration of rights. Probably the object was imperfectly executed: but the deficiencies would have been supplied by others in the course of discussion. But in a constitutive act which leaves some precious articles unnoticed, and raises implications against others, a declaration of rights becomes necessary by way of supplement. This is the case of our new federal constitution. This instrument forms us into one state as to certain objects, and gives us a legislative and executive body for these objects. It should therefore guard us against their abuses of power within the feild submitted to them. 2. A positive declaration of some essential rights could not be obtained in the requisite latitude. Answer. Half a loaf is better than no bread. If we cannot secure all our rights, let us secure what we can. 3. The limited powers of the federal government and jealousy of the subordinate governments afford a security which exists in no other instance. Answer. The first member of this seems resolvable into the 1st. objection before stated. The jealousy of the subordinate governments is a precious reliance. But observe that those governments are only agents. They must have principles furnished them whereon to found their opposition. The declaration of rights will be the text whereby they will try all the acts of the federal government. In this view it is necessary to the federal government also: as by the same text they may try the opposition of the subordinate governments. 4. Experience proves the inefficacy of a bill of rights. True. But tho it is not absolutely efficacious under all circumstances, it is of great potency always, and rarely inefficacious. A brace the more will often keep up the building which would have fallen with that brace the less.There is a remarkeable difference between the characters of the Inconveniencies which attend a Declaration of rights, and those which attend the want of it. The inconveniences of the Declaration are that it may cramp government in it\u2019s useful exertions. But the evil of this is shortlived, moderate, and reparable. The inconveniencies of the want of a Declaration are permanent, afflicting and irreparable: they are in constant progression from bad to  worse. The executive in our governments is not the sole, it is scarcely the principal object of my jealousy. The tyranny of the legislatures is the most formidable dread at present, and will be for long years. That of the executive will come in it\u2019s turn, but it will be at a remote period. I know there are some among us who would now establish a monarchy. But they are inconsiderable in number and weight of character. The rising race are all republicans. We were educated in royalism: no wonder if some of us retain that idolatry still. Our young people are educated in republicanism. An apostacy from that to royalism is unprecedented and impossible.I am much pleased with the prospect that a declaration of rights will be added: and hope it will be done in that way which will not endanger the whole frame of the government, or any essential part of it.\nI have hitherto avoided public news in my letters to you, because your situation ensured you a communication of my letters to Mr. Jay. This circumstance being changed, I shall in future indulge myself in these details to you. There had been some slight hopes that an accomodation might be effected between the Turks and two empires. But these hopes do not strengthen, and the season is approaching which will put an end to them for another campaign at least. The accident to the king of England has had great influence on the affairs of Europe. His mediation joined with that of Prussia would certainly have kept Denmark quiet, and so have left the two empires in the hands of the Turks and Swedes. But the inactivity to which England is reduced, leaves Denmark more free, and she will probably go on in opposition to Sweden. The K. of Prussia too had advanced so far that he can scarcely retire. This is rendered the more difficult by the troubles he has excited in Poland. He cannot well abandon the party he had brought forward there. So that it is very possible he may be engaged in the ensuing campaign. France will be quiet this year, because this year at least is necessary for settling her future constitution. The States will meet the 27th. of April: and the public mind will I think by that time be ripe for a just decision of the Question whether they shall vote by orders or persons. I think there is a majority of the nobles already for the latter. If so, their affairs cannot but go on well. Besides settling for themselves a tolerably free constitution, perhaps as free a one as the nation is as yet prepared to bear, they will fund their public debts. This will give them such a credit as will enable them to borrow any money they may want, and of course to take the feild again when  they think proper. And I believe they mean to take the feild as soon as they can. The pride of every individual in the nation suffers under the ignominies they have lately been exposed to: and I think the states general will give money for a war to wipe off the reproach. There have arisen new bickerings between this court and that of the Hague, and the papers which have passed shew the most bitter acrimony rankling at the heart of this ministry. They have recalled their Ambassador from the Hague without appointing a successor. They have given a note to the Diet of Poland which shews a disapprobation of their measures. The insanity of the King of England has been fortunate for them as it given them time to put their house in order. The English papers tell you the king is well: and even the English ministry say so. They will naturally set the best foot foremost: and they guard his person so well that it is difficult for the public to contradict them. The king is probably better, but not well by a great deal. 1. He has been bled, and judicious physicians say that in his exhausted state nothing could have induced a recurrence to bleeding but symptoms of relapse. 2. The Prince of Wales tells the Irish deputation he will give them a definitive answer in some days: but if the king had been well he could have given it at once. 3. They talk of passing a standing law for providing a regency in similar cases. They apprehend then they are not yet clear of the danger of wanting a regency. 4. They have carried the king to church: but it was his private chapel. If he be well, why do not they shew him publicly to the nation, and raise them from that consternation into which they have been thrown by the prospect of being delivered over to the profligate hands of the prince of Wales. In short, judging from little facts which escape in spite of their teeth, we may say the king is better, but not well. Possibly he is getting well; but still, time will be wanting to satisfy even the ministry that it is not merely a lucid interval. Consequently they cannot interrupt France this year in the settlement of her affairs, and after this year it will be too late.\nAs you will be in a situation to know when the leave of absence will be granted me which I have asked, will you be so good as to communicate it by a line to Mr. Lewis and Mr. Eppes? I hope to see you in the summer, and that if you are not otherwise engaged, you will encamp with me at Monticello for a while. I am with great and sincere attachment Dear sir Your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0411", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 15 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 15. 1789.\nYour favor of the 10th. is come to hand to-day. I inclose you a bill of exchange of \u00a325. from Grand & co. on Thelusson fils & co. in order to face my affairs with which I give you so much trouble. I expect Lackington will call on you as soon as you receive this for a sum of about \u00a35. Be so good as to tell him to add to my catalogue No. 5894. Baretti 3/. (He will understand this.) Besides this Mrs. Paradise is to get somebody to buy some books for me at Pinelli\u2019s sale. These will be under \u00a310. I submit the plan of the pictures implicitly to your opinion and therefore adopt your advice to have them separate. In this case they had better not be oval. The clothes I think must wait a private conveiance. The Marquis de la Fayette is at this time gone to Auvergne. When he returns I will try to hint Dr. Gordon\u2019s matter to him. I should have written to the Doctor before now, but for an excess of business; and that I wished also to peruse his history before I wrote. I received the six copies in good condition, and have occasionnally consulted it, and whenever I have it has given me great satisfaction. In fact it is full of good, new, and authentic matter. I trouble you with a little note for Mr. Payne the bookseller, and a letter from my daughter to Kitty Church. Much to do obliges me to add here assurances of the esteem & attachment with which I am Dr Sir your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0412", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Lee Shippen, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Shippen, Thomas Lee\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nLondon March 16. 1789.\nI have this moment received your very interesting and welcome letter of the 11th. ult. and take this early opportunity of thanking  you for it. I am extremely sorry to find that I have so little chance of going in the same vessel with you to America. It would have given me infinite pleasure upon every account, but as you seem not likely to sail until the Fall, I must give up the expectation of gratifying that wish, and content myself with hoping to have the pleasure of meeting you immediately after your arrival in America. I am upon the point of setting out for Ireland, but am as yet quite undetermined whether to embark at Dublin for America or return here and take my passage in a Packet. As I take with me letters from Lord Landsdown Mr. Burke and several other people whose characters are highly respected in that Country I flatter myself that I shall experience my share of that hospitality which has so long distinguished Ireland. I only fear its excess. Lord Lansdown advises me to return by the way of Waterford and Milford Haven to pass some weeks with him at Bowood, and so embark in June for New York. By this means I shall have an opportunity of seeing some part of Ireland and a good deal of South Wales. The principal topics of conversation here are the King\u2019s recovery and the proceedings of the Irish parliament which are rendered ridiculous by it. The former seems to be matter of universal and unaffected joy to all ranks and descriptions of people. The Ministerialists rejoice because they remain in possession of that power, and those emoluments which constitute the hope or the reward of every European politician, with increased advantages: The Members of Opposition are glad, because they did not like the farce of Power without Profit; and the Neutral people seem generally persuaded that the circumstance will tend to establish on a firmer basis than could have been substituted the power, dignity and greatness of the Nation. In the latter class I place those honest and independent characters who equally unconnected with both parties are governed by no motive but their sense of the public good. These men form but a small portion indeed of the Counsellors of this Country, but they are perhaps the more to be admired for the singularity of their virtue. They are headed in the House of Commons by Sir John Sinclair and a Mr. Bastard from Devonshire, and in the house of Lords perhaps Lord Lansdown is the real head. Tho\u2019 since his Speech in advocation of Mr. Pitt\u2019s Regency Bill he has been called a Ministerialist, and Lord Wycomb told me this morning that they sent him summonses from the Treasury as regularly as if he belonged to them. They have sent Lord Landsdown to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant too in the reports of the day. I know that this last gentleman abhors the manner in which Opposition have conducted  themselves in the late important and delicate Crisis. He expressed himself very strongly, in a private conversation with me a few days ago. \u201cThose gentleman said he have so entirely laid aside the mask of honesty and public spirit that he must be profligate indeed who could have supported them.\u201d (alluding principally to the Prince Fox and Sheridan). \u201cIt was really like an armed entry into a besieged place, where nothing was left but to ravish the women.\u201d The Duke of Portland and all the Cavendish people are said to have reprobated their designs and to have refused acting in concert with them. It appears to me, I confess that the great difference between them and the men who are in power is that the former knowing how long honesty and virtue have been scouted and in fact turned out of doors at the English Treasury, conceived that it would be mockery to make a profession of them, and that it would be more consistent with their character of openness and fair dealing to avow their real design, while the others more artful and wily politicians hope still longer to deceive the people and grow rich by the deception. It is the prevailing idea that the old system of supporting the Prussian measures will continue to prevail, although it should be necessary to recur to open war in pursuance of it: and it is no less generally believed that this is the favorable moment to avail themselves of France\u2019s inefficiency. How far they will suffer themselves to be carried by this belief cannot be foreseen, but I should think it would very much depend upon the turn which the States general shall be found to take. Every eye is turned there with an anxious expectation, and if I have heard one I have heard twenty companies predict total confusion irregularity and incompetency in that Body to perform any one salutary measure. The Turks continue great favorites, and they find advocates among all parties to support them in every possible claim that they can make. It is supposed that Opposition will however make the most strenuous efforts to have the Prussian Treaty condemned but almost certain that they will be frustrated.\nThe recovery of the King has taken very much from Mr. Grattan\u2019s influence and popularity in Ireland, which looks as if they had never been founded on the best motives, at least as if his Majority had been procured by interested ones. He is left already in a Minority there, although it is so short a time since he found himself advanced to the rank of leader guide and arbiter of the Irish Senate.I will make a point of writing to you from Dublin as soon as I arrive there, and pray you to direct my letters to the  care of Mr. Peter Whiteside No. 13. New Broad Street Buildings London as he will always know how to send them to me.My last letters from Rutledge are dated Rome Feb: 25th. He was well and nothing prevented Mr. Short from being so, but a head ache as the effect of intemperate dancing at the Capitol at a ball given there by the Senator to the princess of Saxe. Rutledge expects to be at Marseille on his way to Spain in the first week of April.\nThe illuminations here on Tuesday last were so universal, brilliant and beautiful that I cannot help mentioning them to you. Four or five hundred pounds were expended by some ambitious individual[s] in the design of recommending themselves at the same time to the favor of their restored Sovereign and to the observation of their admiring Countrymen. All London was in the Streets. From Hyde Park corner to the India House in Leaden Hall Street 4 or 5 rows of carriages filled every part of the streets which connect those places, and Bond Street, St. James\u2019s Street, Pall Mall and all the Squares were no less crowded. It was a wonderful display of wealth luxury and population beyond all example, and not a little taste in the decoration of the houses graced the shew.\nWill you have the goodness to make my compliments to Mr. G. Morris? I send you this letter under cover to Mr. Grand as I suppose that will save it from the danger of being opened, and as his being your banker points him out to me as the fittest person to be trusted. The Supply Bill was before the House yesterday, but there is nothing at present interesting in their debates.\nFrom the last New York papers I learn that Govr. Clinton is put in nomination for the place of V. President, but Mr. Adams seems by much the most successful candidate.\nA S. Carolina paper which I have just received mentions the following appointments for that state\u2014as Electors of the President of the U. S. Genl. Gadsden, Col. Laurens, Genl. Pinckney, Mr. Justice Heyward, Mr. Justice Grimke, E. Rutledge and A. Simkins Esquires and as Members of the House of Representatives of Congress, Gen. Sumter, Judge Burke, Dr. Tucker, D. Huger and Will Smith Esquires.\nI need not say how thankful I shall always be for your epistolary favors whenever you can write to me without inconvenience, and I hope it will be unnecessary for me to repeat with how much affection and esteem, I am my dear Sir your most obliged and devoted servant,\nTh: Lee Ship[pen]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0413", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 16. 1789.\nThat you may see whether any of my letters to you or of yours to me have miscarried, I will here state them. Mine have been Sep. 20. 24. Nov. 21. Dec. 8. Jan. 22. Feb. 9. 28. Yours which have been received are Sep. 24. Oct. 2. 3. 11. 18. 28. Nov. 19. 29. Dec. 23. 31. Jan. 14. Feb. 11. 17. 25. We have no news from America since my last. This country is entirely occupied in electioneering, which goes on every where with order. The stocks continue stationary. The M. Fayette is gone to Auvergne to the election. Nothing else remarkeable here. On the continent of Europe no new symptoms worth noting. In England the king is said to be well. Probably he is better but not well. However there will hardly be a regency unless there be a relapse. Mrs. Church sailed for America in the packet of this month. The Marq. Fayette being absent, I wrote to the Count d\u2019Estaing to obtain a permission for yourself and Mr. Rutledge to see Toulon minutely. I now inclose his letter for the Commandant. Madme. de Tesse\u2019s letter also in answer to yours is now enclosed. I know nothing more of the time of my departure than when I wrote to you last. I cannot receive my permission (if it is to come from the new government) till the latter end of April. So that if you are here by the first of May it will be in time, and should my longer delay become evident, you will be near enough to receive notice of it from me, and to give yourself full time with the latter objects of your curiosity. I hope you have received my letter of Feb. 28. in which I gave you a little commission for Genoa, of some importance to me.You must have forgotten that the election tickets for the President were not to be opened till the first Wednesday in March, and consequently that the election could not be sooner announced to the President, or you might have corrected your young American\u2019s information at Rome as to General Washington\u2019s having been elected, and accepted so long before as that his father should have written him the news from N. York to Rome, and he have received it in February. A total dearth of every species of information which could be worth your reading obliges me to end here with affectionate compliments to Mr. Rutledge. This letter will go to Genoa:  and I must depend on future information of your progress before I shall know where to address another to you. I am with very great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0414", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 16 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 16. 1789.\nI wrote you by yesterday\u2019s post. The present is merely to avail myself of a private conveiance which occurs to London to send you my American dispatches and pray you to forward them by the first safe conveiance to New York preferably to any other port. Vessels going to Philadelphia have to go up the river, a navigation of many days. Those going to Boston expose us to as long an intermediate conveiance by post. Yet when there is no vessel going to New York so early by several days as are to be found for Boston, Philadelphia, or Baltimore, it is adviseable to adopt one of the latter conveyances. If my trip to America takes place this spring, I hope I shall not have to trouble you with American dispatches above once or twice more. I am with very great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Mar. 18. Since writing the above, your\u2019s of the 11th. by Mr. Rumsey with the clothes by Mr. Parker are received. I have also found time to write to Doctor Gordon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0415", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Cain, 17 March 1789\nFrom: Cain, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 17 Mar. 1789\nBeing obliged to trouble you on the present occasion, you will please excuse the liberty I take.\nA bounty existing in this country on wheat imported from America, by producing a Clearance sign\u2019d by the naval Officer of  the Port; entitles the proprietor to said bounty, on producing said document to prove its being the produce of the United States.\nHaving the command of the Ship Marquis de la Fayette own\u2019d by Messrs. Isaac Hazlehurst & Co. of Philadelphia, was by said gentlemen order\u2019d round to Newtown Chester, eastern shore in the State of Maryland to load a cargo of wheat for this port. In consequence of said orders I proceeded round, was there loaded and regularly clear\u2019d the 5th Decemr. from said port; after being loaded was detain\u2019d to the 5th Jany. by the Ice the river being frozen so as to prevent any communication with the Sea to that period, and I arriv\u2019d here the 13th Currt:Unfortunately by some means my clearance was mislaid at Sea and I have now no other document to prove my Cargo being the produce of America. You will see by the inclos\u2019d Affidavitt of myself and three Officers the Cargo was taken in at the before mention\u2019d port of Newtown Chester and is the produce of the United States, and also, by my separate Affidavitt that a regular clearance was had and obtain\u2019d by me and on my passage was either lost or mislaid, and cannot now be found. My bill of health bearing date same day with my clearance, regularly sign\u2019d by the naval Officer of the port as a further confirmation of being immediately from America, along with the above mention\u2019d Affidavitts I produced at the Custom house but no other proofs would be received than a regular clearance.\nYour excellency will be pleas\u2019d to lay this Affair before his most Christian Majesty\u2019s Minister at the Court of Versailles and represent to him in Such manner as your excellency thinks proper how severe an exclusion from the bounty for want of said clearance would be, and any proofs that may be wanted by Certificate of the wheat being Ship\u2019d in America for this port at said period, or in short any thing necessary to produce shall be had, by such means as Your Excellency thinks proper to point out.\nAt my sailing from America no advice whatever had arrived from France of a bounty existing on Flour, or grain, and at former periods not long since when I have been in France no clearance was ever demanded, and therefore was the less carefull of the one in question.\nHave no doubt your Excellency will place this Affair in such a manner before his Most Christian Majesty\u2019s Minister that no trouble will be had on recovering the bounty.\nI am most respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obed. Humble Servt.\nAlexa. Cain", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0417", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from MacCarthy Brothers, [17 March 1789]\nFrom: MacCarthy Brothers\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n[Bordeaux, 17 March 1789]\nWe Beg leave to Address your Excellency to request your protection In favour of the Ship Marquis de la Fayette of Philadelphia of about 300 Tuns Burden Commanded by Captain Alexander Cain Arrived in our port 13 Instant from Newtown Chester Eastern Shore Maryland with a Cargo of Wheat. This Vessel has been a Constant Trader between the United States and this port for three years, She is well known to the Farmers General having Brought within Said Space of time three Cargoes of Tobacco for their Account, one of which She delivered here in May last and Cleared out from hence for Philadelphia in July.\nCaptain Cain at his departure from Chestertown was Ignorant of the Bounty granted by his Most Christian Majesty on Corn and Flour of the growth of, and Imported from the United States, he Consequently knew Not how Necessary it Would be for him to produce his Clearance, upon Arrival here, as this formality was never required of him in his former Voyages. He has had the Misfortune to Mislay them and by this Accident his owners are exposed to loose the Considerable Bounty to which the Vessel is fairly and Justly entitled, Unless your Excellency will Vouchsafe to take the Matter into Consideration and use your powerful Influence with the Director General of the Finances to have the Vouchers Captain Cain produces admitted as Sufficient proofs to receive Said Bounty. Sufficient they Certainly are tho they be not literally Such as are required by the Arret du Council.\nWe have the Honour of Inclosing a Letter from Captain Cain wherein he lays before your Excellency the State of the Case and of the Vouchers he produces, with a further repetition of which we Shall not trouble you, but founded on the Justice of the Claim and from the peculiar Severity that a Mere Matter of form should  Militate against what is essentially right and Overset what is Matter of fact we are emboldened to Unite our Warmest Solicitations to those of Captain Cain and we flatter Ourselves that your Excellency will not refuse to Interfere upon this Occasion.\nWe apply to the Director General of the Finances and to M. Le Marquis de la Fayette to the Same purport.\nWe have the Honour to be with the greatest respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servants\nMac Carthy Brothers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0418", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 17 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 17. 1789.\nMy last letter to you extended from Dec. 23. to Jan. 11. A confidential opportunity now arising I can acknolege the receipt of yours of Jan. 15. at the date of which you could not have received mine.\nYou know long ago that the meeting of the States is to be at Versailles on the 27th. of April. This country is entirely occupied in it\u2019s elections which go on quietly and well. The Duke d\u2019Orleans is elected for Villers-Cotterets. The Prince of Cond\u00e9 has lost the election he aimed at: nor is it certain he can be elected any where. We have no news from Auvergne whither the Marquis de la Fayette is gone. In general all the men of influence in the country are gone into the several provinces to get their friends elected or be elected themselves. Since my letter to you a tumult arose in Bretagne in which four or five lives were lost. They are now quieter, and this is the only instance of a life lost as yet in this revolution. The public mind is now so far ripened by time and discussion that there seems to be but one opinion on the principal points. The question of voting by persons or orders is the most controverted: but even that seems to have gained already a majority among the Nobles. I fear more from the number of the assembly than from any other cause. 1200. persons are difficult to keep to order, and will be so especially till they shall have had time to frame rules of order. Their funds continue stationary and at the level they have stood at for some years past. We hear so little of the parliaments for some time past that one is hardly sensible of their existence. This unimportance is probably  the forerunner of their total remodification by the nation. The article of legislation is the only interesting one on which the court has not explicitly declared itself to the nation. The D. d\u2019Orleans has given instructions to his proxies in the Baillages which would be deemed bold in England, and are reasonable beyond the reach of an Englishman, who slumbering under a kind of half reformation in politics and religion is not excited by any thing he sees or feels to question the remains of prejudice. The writers of this country now taking the feild freely, and unrestrained or rather revolted by prejudice, will rouse us all from the errors in which we have been hitherto rocked.\nWe had at one time some hope that an accomodation would have been effected between the Turks and two empires. Probably the taking Oczakow, while it has attached the empress more to the Crimea, is not important enough to the Turks to make them consent to peace. These hopes are vanishing. Nor does there seem any prospect of peace between Russia and Sweden. The palsied condition of England leaves it probable that Denmark will pursue it\u2019s hostilities against Sweden. It does not seem certain whether the K. of Prussia has advanced so far in that mediation and in the troubles he has excited in Poland as to be obliged to become a party. Nor will his becoming a party draw in this country the present year, if England remains quiet. Papers which have lately passed between this court and the government of Holland prove that this nourishes it\u2019s discontent and only waits to put it\u2019s house in order before it interposes. They have recalled their Ambassador from the Hague without naming a successor. The King of Sweden, not thinking that Russia and Denmark are enough for him, has arrested a number of his Nobles of principal rank and influence. It is a bold measure at least, and he is too boyish a character to authorize us to presume it a wise one, merely because he has adopted it. His army was before disgusted. He now puts the Nobles and all their dependants on the same side, and they are sure of armed support by Russia on the North and Denmark on the South. He can have no salvation but in the K. of Prussia.\nI have received two letters from Lediard, the one dated Alexandria Aug. 15. the other Grand Cairo Sep. 10. One lately from Admiral Paul Jones dated St. Petersburg Jan. 31. He was just arrived there on the call of the Empress, and was incertain where he should be employed the next campaign. Mr. Littlepage is returned from the Black sea to Warsaw, where he has been perfectly  received by the king. I saw this from under the king\u2019s own hand, and was pleased with the parental expressions towards him.\nWe have no news from America later than the middle of January. My letters inform me that even the friends of the new constitution are come over to the expediency of adding a Declaration of rights. There is reason to be hoped that this will be proposed by Congress to the several legislatures, and that the plan of N. York for calling a new convention will be rejected. Hitherto no state had acceded to it but Virginia, in which Henry, and antifederalism had got full possession of their legislature. But the people are better disposed. My departure for America is likely to be retarded by the want of a Congress to give me permission. I must attend it from the new government.\u2014I am anxious to know how much we ought to believe of the recovery of the K. of England. By putting little facts together I see that he is not well. Mr. Rumsey (who came in while I was writing the preceding page), tells me you have a long letter ready for me. I shall be happy to receive it. I am with great & sincere attachment Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0421", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste de Gouvion, 18 March 1789\nFrom: Gouvion (Govion), Col. Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis march the 18th. 1789.\nThe last time I had the honor to see your Excellency, you told me that in consequence of the prospect you had of obtaining some money from a loan in Holland, you were to expect that the four years interets due to the foreign officers by the United States should be pay\u2019d in feby. last. Many of these officers have taken me for their correspondent, (although I would have wished for another choice from them) so I informed them of the hopes I had recieved from you; my letters were very satisfying; these gentlemen are for the greatest part in a very distressing situation from which they did expect to be soon relieved. They have spent; during their stay in America; all most all they had, what they did recieve in pay being but a mere trifle, and far from what they did want to maintain themselves in the army, few have even contracted some engagements and are out of power to fulfill them. Their being in the Continental Army has also deprived them of the opportunity of entering in the French service, at a time the War did afford it; so their chief reliance for their maintenance is upon what is due to them by the United States; if that fails them I don\u2019t know what will be their fate. It is with concern they see the time you had fixed is elapsed; I have received some very moving letters, but don\u2019t know what to answer; I beg from your Excellency to direct me about what I have to say.\nYou told me that in case the loan you had opened in Holland should meet with success you should want also an authorisation from the treasury board before the money could be delivered to  us. But I will observe to your Excellency that our certificates say in the most positive terms that the interests are to be pay\u2019d annually by M. Grand, so I think that such an authorisation is useless, and that as soon as some money shall be in his hands you can dispose of it without waiting for an authorisation whatever.\nIf I was the only creditor of the United States your Excellency should not hear from me on account of what is due to me, and I should wait patiently as I have done till now, but I am speaking for others whose circumstances are not by far as happy as mine, and since they have put some confidence in me I think it is of my duty to represent their situation just as it is. If I have not pay\u2019d my respects to you as often as I would have done, it has been for fear you would suppose that I was coming to know some thing about my interests. I am Respectfully Sir your humble and most obedient Servant,\nGouvion", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0422", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 18 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 18. 1789.\nYour favor of Nov. 29. 1788. came to hand the last month. How it happened that mine of Aug. 1787. was fourteen months on it\u2019s way is inconceivable. I do not recollect by what conveyance I sent it. I had concluded however either that it had miscarried or that you had become indolent as most of our countrymen are in matters of correspondence.\nThe change in this country, since you left it, is such as you can form no idea of. The frivolities of conversation have given way entirely to politicks\u2014men, women and children talk nothing else: and all you know talk a great deal. The press groans with daily productions, which in point of boldness make an Englishman stare, who hitherto has thought himself the boldest of men. A complete revolution in this government has, within the space of two years (for it began with the Notables of 1787) been effected merely by\u2019 the force of public opinion, aided indeed by the want of money which the dissipations of the court had brought on. And this revolution has not cost a single life, unless we charge to it a little riot lately in Bretagne which begun about the price of bread, became afterwards political and ended in the loss of 4. or 5. lives. The assembly of the states general begins the 27th. of April. The representation of the people will be perfect. But they will be alloyed  by an equal number of nobility and clergy. The first great question they will have to decide will be Whether they shall vote by orders or persons. And I have hopes that the majority of the nobles are already disposed to join the tiers etat in deciding that the vote shall be by persons. This is the opinion \u00e0 la mode at present, and mode has acted a wonderful part in the present instance. All the handsome young women, for example, are for the tiers etat, and this is an army more powerful in France than the 200,000 men of the king. Add to this that the court itself is for the tiers etat, as the only agent which can relieve their wants: not by giving money themselves (they are squeezed to the last drop) but by pressing it from the non-contributing orders. The king stands engaged to pretend no more to the power of laying, continuing or appropriating taxes, to call the States general periodically, to submit letters de cachet to legal restriction, to consent to freedom of the press, and that all this shall be fixed by a fundamental constitution which shall bind his successors. He has not offered a participation in the legislature, but it will surely be insisted on. The public mind is so ripened on all these subjects, that there seems to be now but one opinion. The clergy indeed think separately, and the old men among the Nobles. But their voice is suppressed by the general one of the nation. The writings published on this occasion are some of them very valuable: because, unfettered by the prejudices under which the English labour, they give a full scope to reason, and strike out truths as yet unperceived and unacknoleged on the other side the channel. An Englishman, dozing under a kind of half reformation, is not excited to think by such gross absurdities as stare a Frenchman in the face wherever he looks, whether it be towards the throne or the altar. In fine I beleive this nation will in the course of the present year have as full a portion of liberty dealt out to them as the nation can bear at present, considering how uninformed the mass of their people is. This circumstance will prevent their immediate establishment of the trial by jury. The palsied state of the executive in England is a fortunate circumstance for France, as it will give them time to arrange their affairs internally. The consolidation and funding their debts will give them a credit which will enable them to do what they please. For the present year the war will be confined to the two empires and Denmark against Turkey and Sweden. It is not yet evident whether Prussia will be engaged. If the disturbances of Poland break out into overt acts, it will be a power divided in itself, and so of no weight. Perhaps by the next year England and France may be ready to take  the feild. It will depend on the former principally, for the latter, tho she may be then able, must wish still a little time to see her new arrangements well under way. The English papers and English ministry say the king is well. He is better, but not well: no malady requires a longer time to ensure against it\u2019s return, than insanity. Time alone can distinguish accidental insanity from habitual lunacy.\nThe operations which have taken place in America lately, fill me with pleasure. In the first place they realize the confidence I had that whenever our affairs get obviously wrong, the good sense of the people will interpose and set them to rights. The example of changing a constitution by assembling the wise men of the state, instead of assembling armies, will be worth as much to the world as the former examples we had given them. The constitution too which was the result of our deliberations, is unquestionably the wisest ever yet presented to men, and some of the accomodations of interest which it has adopted are greatly pleasing to me who have before had occasions of seeing how difficult those interests were to accomodate. A general concurrence of opinion seems to authorize us to say it has some defects. I am one of those who think it a defect that the important rights, not placed in security by the frame of the constitution itself, were not explicitly secured by a supplementary declaration. There are rights which it is useless to surrender to the government, and which yet, governments have always been fond to invade. These are the rights of thinking, and publishing our thoughts by speaking or writing: the right of free commerce: the right of personal freedom. There are instruments for administering the government, so peculiarly trust-worthy, that we should never leave the legislature at liberty to change them. The new constitution has secured these in the executive and legislative departments; but not in the judiciary. It should have established trials by the people themselves, that is to say by jury. There are instruments so dangerous to the rights of the nation, and which place them so totally at the mercy of their governors, that those governors, whether legislative or executive, should be restrained from keeping such instruments on foot but in well defined cases. Such an instrument is a standing army. We are now allowed to say such a declaration of rights, as a supplement to the constitution where that is silent, is wanting to secure us in these points. The general voice has legitimated this objection. It has not however authorized me to consider as a real defect, what I thought and still think one, the perpetual re-eligibility of the  president. But three states out of 11. having declared against this, we must suppose we are wrong according to the fundamental law of every society, the lex majoris partis, to which we are bound to submit. And should the majority change their opinion, and become sensible that this trait in their constitution is wrong, I would wish it to remain uncorrected as long as we can avail ourselves of the services of our great leader, whose talents and whose weight of character I consider as peculiarly necessary to get the government so under way as that it may afterwards be carried on by subordinate characters.\nI must give you sincere thanks for the details of small news contained in your letter. You know how precious that kind of information is to a person absent from his country, and how difficult it is to be procured. I hope to receive soon permission to visit America this summer, and to possess myself anew, by conversation with my countrymen, of their spirit and their ideas. I know only the Americans of the year 1784. They tell me this is to be much a stranger to those of 1789. This renewal of acquaintance is no indifferent matter to one acting at such a distance as that instructions cannot be received hot and hot. One of my pleasures too will be that of talking over the old and new with you. In the mean time, and at all times, I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0424", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Parent, 18 March 1789\nFrom: Parent (Parant), M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\na Beau\u00f1e ce 18 mars 1789\nJay Rec\u00fce votre lettre du 11 mars Dernier, par laquelle vous me dittes de tir\u00e9 sur vous aux plustot possible. Je vient de donner  une traite \u00e0 Messieurs paschal et fils aux vingt mars pour estre pay\u00e9 le trente du meme mois sur vous de Deux cent Soixante et Douze livres, pour Sold de Compte avec vous que je vous Ser\u00e9 bien oblige de la pay\u00e9. Et Donc je Suis bien fach\u00e9 de quoy je nay pas pouv\u00fce trouv\u00e9 du vin blanc meilleur que celuy que je vous ait Envoy\u00e9, mais jespere que pour l\u2019autonne de vous en Envoy\u00e9 de meilleur en blanc et en Rouge. Jen ait de Cette ann\u00e9 du vollenay qui est Ecellent. Donc je vous Prie de vouloir bien me faire le plaisir de me faire plasser un fils que j\u2019ay Chez Nous de quatorze ann\u00e9es. Comme vous me marqu\u00e9 que vous allez partir aux premiers jours pour l\u2019amerique, je vous voy\u00e9s que vous este bien en mesme de le faire \u00e0 son avantage. S\u2019il vous le pouvez faire dans quelque temps Dicy, je vous En aurez mille obligation Si cela ce peut, parce que de Notre Estat Nous avons assez peine \u00e0 faire Notre Compte, toutes les marchandises sont trop Chere \u00e0 present. Et en mesme temps, si vous avez besoin de bon vin \u00e0 l\u2019amerique, je vous en fer\u00e9 pass\u00e9 tout ce que vous en voudr\u00e9, et le meilleur qui me seroit possible pour vous et vos amy qui en auront besoin. Je vous Prie de vouloir bien penser \u00e0 moy pour ce que j\u2019ay l\u2019honneur de vous marqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019egard de mon fils, bien pardon de la liberte que je prend aupres de vous. Je suis tres Sinc\u00e8rement Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur\nParent\n Je Compte aller \u00e0 Paris vers le mois de may prochain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0426", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink & Van Staphorst, 19 March 1789\nFrom: Willink & Van Staphorst\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 19 March 1789\nWe have Your Excellency\u2019s Letter to us of 11 Inst. Which causes us infinite pain, as You point out a Meaning to the Resolve of Congress We transmitted you, that it is impossible for us to admit, same being directly opposite to the plain and unequivocal Letter of Appropriations of the Funds You wish to dispose of, and the Employ is not only specific, but the Contingencies You have engaged for, are excluded being provided for from the last Loan until the Interest on the Dutch Loans up to 1790 shall be first secured. The Sense Your Excellency endeavors to fix upon the very positive express Appropriations and Exclusions of Congress presents this Body, conveying its Meaning, in Words of the most contradictory Import to its Intentions. An implied Censure upon its Proceedings, our Experience and Relation equally forbid our Acquiesence to: And the reasons Your Excellency ground your  Construction of the Intention of Congress upon, are by no means so obvious to us, as they appear to be to Your Excellency. In regard to their meaning to pay Salaries, Contingencies and Interest as they occur, being manifest from the Sufficiency of the Loan to face them all, We must remark, that this would apply if there was a Certainty of all the Bonds of this Loan being placed; But the Board of Treasury has been informed by us, The Sale of them was very doubtful and depended upon a Variety of Events, as well as the Augmentation of Credit Your Country might derive, from the Operation of Your New Federal Government: Circumstances which probably influenced the Deliberations of Congress, and dictated the Necessity of first securing the Credit of the United States in this Country, to the exclusion of all Contingencies whatever, until the Accomplishment of this grand and primary Point, up to the Period, when Congress may trust to be able, to remit the future Interests from America; Thus, the Resolve of Congress, in terms not susceptible of a double Sense or misapplication, may have flowed from prudential Motives. An Intention much more natural and obvious to us, than the One You strain to impress upon us, more especially as Your Excellency informs us, Congress having before them the Appropriations Your Excellency sent, did notwithstanding assign an explicit Priority of Right in favor of the Provision for Interest up to 1790, which they certainly would not have done and at same time have excluded all Contingencies, if the Intention had been to pay the latter as classed by your Excellency.\nThe other reason You alledge, against a plain Construction of this most positive and direct Language, namely that Congress should thereby have decided, their Ministers should neither eat nor drink till the End of the Year 1790 if the new Loan should not be filled \u2019till then, does not strike us in the Light you place it; since Congress for aught We know might intend to give directions to the Board of Treasury, (in order that the favorite Object of paying the Interests here should be the more effectually secured) to supply their Ministers Salaries and Expences from other Funds, and to have them remitted thro\u2019 some other Channel: Information of which they were by no means obligated to make known to us.\nThat Your Excellency should have confided in the Effect of the Loan and the Appropriation of it to enter into Contracts to be provided for from its Proceeds, and that Congress should have made Appropriations thereof, excluding for a time Provision of your Arrangement for Contingencies, is a Circumstance We  lament most sincerely indeed, and sympathize greatly in the Disappointment Your Excellency must experience. But We are confident Your Excellency cannot aim to place us as Judges Paramount over the Decisions and Resolves of the supreme Power of Congress, Which We in fact should assume ourselves to be, by furnishing the Monies Your Excellency now requires.\nWe must confess, It is surprizing to us Your Excellency should not once have alluded, to the positive directions of the Board of Treasury to us, that We should suspend the Disposal of all Monies, We might receive for the United States, until the Pleasure of Congress should be further known; since We recollect, Your Excellency found yourself here in a Predicament somewhat similar, When upon Receipt of a Letter from the Board of Treasury militating against your intended Arrangements and Appropriations of Congress Monies in our hands, You frankly avowed the Orders of the Board of Treasury were superior to Your\u2019s, and that We could not act against them: Wherefore You postponed the Execution of Your Plans, until You should have wrote over to America, on their subject and have procured fresh Instructions. The very Authority Your Excellency then acknowledged to be entitled to our first Obedience, having now clogged us with still unrepealed Orders, incompatible with our Compliance to Your Excellency\u2019s Wishes to value upon us for the Dies Medals and a particular purpose, Your Excellency cannot take it amiss, our entreating you not to pass these Drafts, as We are precluded from shewing them the Respect, We always hope to pay Your Excellency\u2019s Bills; as well by the aforesaid express Orders of the Board of Treasury, as a Resolve of Congress itself, for the primary Appropriation of the Funds in our Hands, and exclusive of all Contingencies, couched in language intelligible to the meanest Capacities, and not susceptible of a double Interpretation from the most refined.\nHoping and firmly trusting, the Sequel of our Correspondence with Your Excellency will never again produce an Event, to necessitate our postponing a Compliance with Your Excellency\u2019s Wishes, We are very respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble Servants,\nWilhem & Jan Willink Nic & Jacob van Staphorst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0427", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fran\u00e7ois Soul\u00e9s, 21 March 1789\nFrom: Soul\u00e9s, Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarch the 21st 1789\nIn the parliamentary pocket-book I published, I find a note to that purport: a member of the Commons is a Knight, a citizen or burgess. He must be resident within the same county the day of the writ of summons and ought to have 40 shillings of free hold within the said county, beyond all charges &c.\nA person who has just published a book intitled, les Comices de Rome &c. maintains that to be member for a county it is necessary to have five hundred pounds sterling a year, and 25\u20b6 for a town or Borough; that to be elector for a county it is necessary to have 40 shillings a year. If he is in the right, I must certainly be in the wrong having followed the above note. Should be glad you would give me your opinion upon that subject.\nI called the other Day in order to have the honor to visit your Excellency; but had not the good fortune to find you at home. I hope you and family are well and remain with the greatest esteem, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. and most humble Servant.\nF. Soul\u00e9s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0428", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Anterroches, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Anterroches, MMe d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nce 23e mars 1789\n Rien n\u2019est si flatteur que la lettre dont vous ven\u00e9s de m\u2019honnor\u00e9s. Mon fils qui en \u00e8st le sujet et que nous poss\u00e9dons depuis 4 jours \u00e9tait aupr\u00e8s de moi lorsque je 1 ai re\u00e7ue. Il en a fait la lecture avec les m\u00eames sentimens de reconnaissance qu\u2019elle m\u2019a inspir\u00e9. Monsieur, nous ne l\u2019attendions pas, ce fils. Il est venu pour ainsi dire par hazard et sans compter venir. Quelle agr\u00e9able surprise, et avec queux transports de tandresse je lai serr\u00e9 dans mes bras. Il apporte un bon coeur tandre; les atestations de sa bonne conduite ne lui manquent pas. Il nous a ammen\u00e9 l\u2019ain\u00e9 de ces fils qui est charment enfent de la plus belle esp\u00e9rance, et il a laiss\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9lisabeth town sa femme si m\u00e9ritante, dont il est si \u00e9pris, avec unautre gar\u00e7on et 2 filles. Monsieur je ne puis dire quen fr\u00e9missant qu\u2019il  nous annonce deja son prochain d\u00e9part. H\u00e9las, pourrai-je le soutenir: le 1er a faillit \u00e0 me couter la vie. Ag\u00e9e de 61. ans, cass\u00e9e par les chagrins de sa longue absence, entourr\u00e9e d\u2019un mari infirme vieux de soissante-seize ans, une fille enti\u00e8rrement estropi\u00e9e qui souffre continuellement les douleurs les plus aig\u00fces, de quoi vais-je devenir, quel sera mon sort? Ho, si j\u2019avais de la fortune, (je n\u2019en ai point du tout) je retiendrais mon fils et mon petit-fils et j\u2019appellerais en france le reste de sa famille. Votre excellence a tant de cr\u00e9dit aupr\u00e8s de notre cour. Au nom de l\u2019ettre supr\u00eame, obten\u00e9s pour mon fils (mais je ne suis pas au fait) un emploi lucratif convenable \u00e0 un homme de sa naissance; il porte un nom connut, il est de race de militaires distingu\u00e9s, d\u2019officiers g\u00e9n\u00e9raux. On placerait ces enfans. Je vivrais et je mourrais en paix. Il est tr\u00e8s bel homme, il a une belle ame. \u00d4 vous, monsieur, dont le m\u00e9rite, les talens et les vertus sont si distingu\u00e9s, qui av\u00e9s l\u2019ame sensible, signal\u00e9s votre bienfaisance \u00e0 notre \u00e9gard; quel nombre d\u2019heureux ne fer\u00e9s-vous pas! J\u2019ai une autre fille si bonne, qui s\u00e8che sur pied, elle ce meurt de penser qu\u2019elle va reperdre son cher fr\u00e8re. Il a le plus grand d\u00e9sir d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous voir avant votre d\u00e9part que vous annonc\u00e9s pour la fin d\u2019avril. On ne risque rien en donnant sa confiance \u00e0 un grand homme on est sur du secret. Mr. l\u00e9v\u00eaque de Condom, oncle ala mode de bretagne du nom de mon fils qui a des bont\u00e9s et de lamiti\u00e9 pour lui, est actuellement \u00e0 paris pour peu de temps, il loge hotel d\u2019anterroches, rue d\u00e8s sts. p\u00e8res, fauxbourg st. germain. Monsieur, nous nous sommes flat\u00e9s, mon fils et moi, que vous voudri\u00e9s lui dire (mais cela presse, puisqu\u2019il repartira dans peu) que vous vouli\u00e9s absolument avant de vous embarquer voir mon fils et mon petit fils, quil faut quil les fasse venir. Que nous ne paroissions pas, je vous en prie, y ettres entr\u00e9s pour rien. Leur pr\u00e9sence pourrait leur ettre utile dans la capitale. Si (mais je nose le prononcer sen fr\u00e9mir) si par cas ils ne pouvaient s\u00e9tablir dans la patrie, un consulat ou aumoins un vice consulat mettrai mon fils \u00e0 son aise et les siens. Quil ne soit pas venu en vain, quil lui en revienne quelque profit. Laiss\u00e9s, laiss\u00e9s en france cette trace de cette bont\u00e9 qui vous caract\u00e9rise si bien. Sa tandre moiti\u00e9 arriv\u00e9 en am\u00e9rique, vous en remerciera avec les yeux mouill\u00e9s des pleurs de la reconnaissance. Et auparavent que vous la voy\u00e9 son mari vous t\u00e9moignera les m\u00eames sentimens ainsi que ce tandre enfens qui m\u00e9rite si bien la piti\u00e9. Vous consoler\u00e9s une m\u00e8re et une soeur d\u00e9sol\u00e9es, nous ne cesserons d\u2019adresser des voeux au ciel pour vous nous \u00e9l\u00e8verons ensemble nos mains vers ce m\u00eame ciel pour quil vous comble de faveurs et vous fasse arriver heureusement  dans votre pays. Vous emporter\u00e9s les regrets de celui-ci. Mon fils veut avoir l\u2019honneur de vous \u00e9crire, il est ch\u00e9s mes parens. Accord\u00e9s moi la grace d\u2019une prompte r\u00e9ponse que jattendrais avec bien de limpatience, et comme la sentence de mon arr\u00eat de vie ou de mort. Jesp\u00e8re plus que je ne crain scachant \u00e0 qui j\u2019ai \u00e0 faire. Mon juge est compatissant, et c\u2019est vous. Nous sommes en \u00e9tat de produire des magnifiques lettres dembassadeurs et d\u2019autres en grand nombre qui toutes attestent l\u2019excellente conduite de mon fils, tant aim\u00e9 et estim\u00e9. Monsieur le marquis de la fayette, dont il a \u00e9prouv\u00e9 les bont\u00e9s, ne ce refusera pas je suis sure, \u00e0 en dire du bien. Mr. labb\u00e9 de floirac vicaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de paris sait tout ce qui en est de lui. Il a en main des lettres tr\u00e8s int\u00e9rressantes qui mont \u00e9t\u00e9s adress\u00e9es, il les produira, on peut le questionner. Monsieur, vous travailler\u00e9s en m\u00eame temps pour une de vos pa\u00ffses qui, j\u2019ose dire, m\u00e9rite vos attentions, pour des petits ettres malheureux qui sont n\u00e9z dans le sein de votre pa\u00ffs. Je vous en supplie de faire leur bonheur. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eattre avec respect Monsieur votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissante servante\nDe Chaunai Comtesse d\u2019Anterroches\nLe nom de mon fils est le chevalier d\u2019anterroches habittant d\u2019\u00e9lisabeth town. Voici mon adresse. Me la comtesse d\u2019anterroches, n\u00e9e Chaunai au puy d\u2019arnac pr\u00e8s tulle bas limousin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0429", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paul Jones, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, John Paul\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 23. 1789.\nYour favor of Jan. 20/31 from Petersburg came safe to hand, and is the only proof we have received of your existence since you left Copenhagen. I mention this that, reflecting how and what you have written heretofore, you may know how and what you may write hereafter. I shall put nothing into this letter but what is important to you, and unimportant to any government thro which it may pass.\nTo begin with your private affairs, I received three days ago from M. Amoureux: a bill for 1900. livres paiable at three usances, which I have delivered to Messrs. Grand & co. and desired them to receive it when due, and hold it subject to your order. This Amoureux mentions as forming, \u00e0 une bagatelle pr\u00e8s, the balance due you.\nHaving been enabled to carry into execution the orders for the Medals, I have contracted with workmen for them, and they are all in hand. Your\u2019s is to be executed by Dupr\u00e9, who is I think the best among them; and it will be done in the course of the summer. My instructions as to these medals are general, to wit; I am to deliver one of gold or silver (as the case may be) to the person who is the subject; to send one of silver to every sovereign and one of copper to every university of Europe (Gr. Britain excepted) 200 copies to Congress and one apeice to La Fayette, Rochambeau, Destaing, and Degrasse. I am at liberty to deliver no others, not even at the orders and expence of the persons who are the subjects of the medals. But your wish will be fulfilled as to the Empress, because I shall send her a suite of the whole medals under the general order. I had lately presented to me a demand for about 4000\u20b6. from the French Consul at Bergen, without being told for what. My answer was that I knew of no cause for such an application and could not pay it. I suspect this demand has some connection with a very large packet of official papers I received addressed to you from Denmark or Norway, in the Danish language. By the bye, that business makes no way. Tho\u2019 I have written to Count Bernstorff pressing a settlement, and often spoken to their envoy here, I cannot obtain one word of an answer of any kind.\u2014Another word on the subject of your medal. Immediately on the receipt of your letter I wrote to the medallist, cul-de-sac Tetebout (his name is Renaud) and bought a copy of the medal he had made, which I gave to Dupr\u00e9, with the observations of your letter on it. He will avail himself of so much of the design as is good, and as is permitted by the resolution of the Academie, to whom I applied for devices for all the medals. Gordon\u2019s history furnished me a good relation of your engagement, tho\u2019 the author has permitted himself an impertinence or two relative to you. Renaud\u2019s account is 852\u20b6. as you will see by the enclosed state of it. Mr. Grand will pay him on your order so much of it as you find just. Houdon has promised to have the eight busts ready as soon as possible, and I shall have him paid out of the same fund. They will be ready packed against your orders arrive as to the persons to whom they were destined. For you will please to observe that neither your letter of Jan. 20/31 nor the extracts forwarded in that from Oczakow before of 29 Aug. /9 Sep. and Sep. 16/26 mention the name of the persons they were to be sent to. In like manner your letter of Jan. 20/31 says it incloses an extract of the journal of your campaign in 1779. But none such was inclosed.  Mr. Short, now in Italy, will be here to receive your orders for the distribution of the busts. I shall be absent in America from the 1st. of May to the end of November, as I have asked leave to go and carry my family home and arrange my affairs, and shall return before the winter sets in. But the busts will be finished and paid for before I go so that nothing will remain for Mr. Short but to forward them.You know my sentiments respecting the Algerines. I shall certainly make them a subject of consultation with our government, while I shall be in America. My favorite project is still to procure a concurrence of the powers at war with them, that that concurrence continue till the strength of those barbarians at sea be totally annihilated, and that the combined force employed in effecting this shall not be disturbed in it\u2019s operation by wars or other incidents occurring between the powers composing it.\nOur new constitution was acceded to in the course of the last summer by all the states except N. Carolina and Rhode island. Massachusets, Virginia and New York, tho they accepted unconditionally, yet gave it as a perpetual instruction to their future delegates never to cease urging certain amendments. N. Carolina insisted that the amendments should be made before she would accede. The most important of these amendments will be effected by adding a bill of rights; and even the friends of the Constitution are become sensible of the expediency of such an addition were it only to conciliate the opposition. In fact this security for liberty seems to be demanded by the general voice of America, and we may conclude it will unquestionably be added. N. York, Virginia and N. Carolina have also demanded that a term be fixed after which the president shall be no longer eligible. But the public has been silent on this demand; so we may doubt it\u2019s success. In the mean time the elections for the new government were going on quietly at the date of our last letters. We have the names of most of the Senators; but not of the representatives. There was no question but Genl. Washington would be elected President; and we know that he would accept it, tho\u2019 with vast reluctance. The new Congress was to meet the 1st. Wednesday in this month, at New York. The tickets of election of the President would then be opened, and I presume that General Washington is now at New York, and the new legislature in a course of business. The only competitors for the Vice presidentship were Mr. J. Adams and Mr. Hancock. It was thought the former would be chosen. Tho\u2019 the new constitution was adopted in 11. states, yet in those of Massachusets, Virginia and New York it was by very small  majorities; and the minorities in the two last are far from the laudable acquiescence of that of Massachusets. Govr. Clinten in New York, and Mr. Henry in Virginia are moving heaven and earth to have a new Convention to make capital changes. But they will not succeed. There has been just opposition enough to produce probably further guards to liberty without touching the energy of the government, and this will bring over the bulk of the opposition to the side of the new government.\nIn this country, things go on well. The States general are to meet the 27th. of April. The report of Mr. Necker, to the king seems to promise the public 1. That the king will pretend in future to no power of laying a new tax or continuing\u2019 and old one. 2. That he will not take upon him to appropriate the public monies to be given by the States. Of course they are to appropriate. 3. That the States shall convene at fixed epochs. 4. That the king will concur with them in modifying letters de cachet. 5. And in giving a wholesome liberty to the press. 6. That ministers shall be responsible: and 7. that all this shall be so solemnly fixed that the king nor his successors shall have any power to change it. Nothing has been said about giving to the States a participation in legislation: but it will be insisted on. The States will be composed of about 300. clergy, 300 Nobles, and 600. commoners, and their first question will be whether they shall vote by orders or persons. I think the latter will be decided. If this difficulty be got over, I see no other to a very happy settlement of their affairs. They will consolidate and fund their debts, and this circumstance, as well as the stability which the changes will give to the proceedings of their government, will give them probably the first credit in Europe, and enable them, after the present year to take any part they please in the settlement of it\u2019s affairs. You have heard of the insanity of the king of England. His ministers pretend he is recovered. In truth he is better, but not well. Time will be necessary for his perfect recovery, and to produce a confidence that it is not merely a lucid interval. I shall be glad to hear from you as often as possible, and have the honor to be with very great esteem, Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0430", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to MacCarthy Brothers, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: MacCarthy Brothers\nGentlemen\nParis 23 Mar. 1789.\nI have the honor to acknolege your favor without date as also that [enclosed from Mr. Alexander Cain of] Bordeaux [who has desired] me to apply to the government so the bounty [\u2026.] which bounty [\u2026.] because [\u2026.] has mislaid or lost his clearance, and can only supply it by his own oath and that of others of his crew. I cannot ask of the government in any one case what I would not ask in every similar case. Now I could not possibly desire them to receive the captain\u2019s oath in lieu of a Clearance in every case where it was suggested that he had lost or mislaid his clearance; nor could any government agree to this. What appears to me best is to state and prove to the proper board, or office the arrival of the vessel at Bordeaux, time of arrival, cargo, owners, name and other necessary circumstances, to state the accident of the loss of the Clearance, and desire that the right to the bounty may be saved till you can provide an authentic copy of the clearance from America, so that [\u2026.] may be [\u2026] then or now; and, will enable you [\u2026.] when and in what form both the [\u2026] future application must be made. I have the honor to be with great Consideration, gentlemen, your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\n(P.S. I return the Certificate of the Affidavits.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0431", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Fran\u00e7ois Soul\u00e9s, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Soul\u00e9s, Fran\u00e7ois\nSir\nParis Mar. 23. 1789\nI have had the honor of notifying to you before that the manuscript which I put into your hands contained notes which I had made, in the course of my reading for my own use as the member of a legislature in America. As such it was necessary for me to know not only the law of the moment but what it had been at other times. The qualifications of a knight of a shire have been different at different times. At present he must have \u00a3600. a year, and a member for a city or borough \u00a3300. a year in land. This is by the statute of the 9. Annae. chap. 5.The author of les comices de Rome &c. is mistaken in saying that \u00a3500. and \u00a3250. a year are the qualifications at present. I think the qualifications never stood at that sum, but was rather vague from the passing of the statute [23] H[enry VI. c. 15] till precisely fixed by that of An[ne\u2026] I have the honor to be Sir your [most] obedt. & humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0432", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Swan, 23 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Swan, James\nParis Mar. 23. 1789.\nMr. Jefferson has the honor to present his compliments to Mr. Swan and to express his regret that his absence today prevented him the pleasure of seeing him. He now returns him his letters in which he finds a great deal of good matter, and many useful views. In the course of perusing them, Mr. Jefferson noted on a bit of paper the following doubts, the importance and justice of which are submitted to Mr. Swan.\nPage 21. A note on the changeableness of the laws. If somewhat softened, may it not be more likely to conciliate those in power to the author\u2019s ideas?\u2014Same observation in Letter VI. pages 10. 11. on the incompatibility of commerce and Monarchy?\nPage 24. No article of American produce is subject to high duty, nor has been for a considerable time. Tobacco indced is burthened with a monopoly: but every thing else is received f[avor]ably.\nPa. 51. I doubt whether it can be said that our [ren]ts are only quarterly even for the most part. I know tha[t in] some states they are monthly.\nLetter V. pa. 10. Changing a modicum. Zimmerman thinks that Europe is of three millions and a half square miles geometrical; the United states, according to as accurate a calculation as I could make are but 750,000 square miles, geometrical, equal to a million square miles American\nPa. 12. I suspect some articles to be inexact in the specification of charges. For example, nothing is ever allowed for secret service since the peace. May not the whole specification be omitted.\nPa. 15. The observation of the expence of the king\u2019s breeding mares being equal to the whole support of one of our governments, will give offense, without doing good.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0433", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nI informed you in my last that I would write you again on the subject of Admiral Paul Jones\u2019s affairs. He had provided another fund for fulfilling his objects, and only desired me to call on you by way of supplement. I have therefore waited till I could know the extent of that fund; and I now find it is more than sufficient to answer the purposes with which I am charged: so that there will be no occasion to draw on you. I have the honor to be with very great esteem & attachment Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0434", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLahaie 24e. Mars 1789.\nDes deux raisons qui m\u2019avoient priv\u00e9 des Lettres de V.E. cet hiver, l\u2019une, la maladie de votre chere famille, m\u2019a autant afflig\u00e9que l\u2019autre, l\u2019approbation implicite de mes insertions dans la Gazette de Leide, a d\u00fb me flatter. J\u2019espere que tout se porte bien maintenant avec V.E. Mr. Luzac a encore quelques Lettres de moi \u00e0 publier, mais le Public, qu\u2019il doit contenter, veut les plaies et les bosses du Nord, de la Pologne et de la Turquie, &c.; et les lecteurs sages, qui pr\u00e9fereroient de suivre dans son papier l\u2019ascension lentement majestueuse de l\u2019Astre Am\u00e9ricain, ne forment qu\u2019un tr\u00e8s-petit nombre.\nJe remercie V.E. des notions agr\u00e9ables qu\u2019Elle a daign\u00e9 me communiquer, sur la grande probabilit\u00e9 du succ\u00e8s des futurs Etats-G\u00e9n\u00e9raux en France. Dieu les b\u00e9nisse avec le Roi, dans leurs op\u00e9rations.\nL\u2019absence que V.E. m\u2019annonce, de 6 mois, est un coup pour moi. Ce m\u2019\u00e9toit une douceur (et je n\u2019en go\u00fbte pas d\u2019autre ici) de pouvoir quelquefois vous ouvrir mon coeur, et recevoir des marques de votre pr\u00e9cieux souvenir. Conservez-le moi, Monsieur, en Am\u00e9rique. Sur-tout, daignez m\u2019en honorer de l\u00e0 par Mr. Short, qui voudra bien recevoir, avec mes meilleurs complimens, les Lettres que je continuerai d\u2019adresser \u00e0 Votre Excellence \u00e0 Paris, les ouvrir, lire et acheminer.\nLe trait de la Lettre de V.E. of the lowering\u2014being that of a storm\u2014to come\u2014distant as yet\u2014that it will come you have no doubt, fait sur moi toute l\u2019impression qu\u2019il doit faire de la part d\u2019un Observateur tel que V.E.\nJe re\u00e7ois, ainsi que ma famille, avec gratitude les f\u00e9licitations de V.E. au sujet de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de ma fille, et des obligeants sentimens t\u00e9moign\u00e9s pour nous tous. Nous prions Dieu pour Votre heureux voyage et retour. Je vous demande en grace, Monsieur, encore une Lettre avant votre d\u00e9part, avec la communication des bonnes nouvelles que vous aurez re\u00e7ues d\u2019Am\u00e9rique. Je suis persuad\u00e9 de la bont\u00e9 avec laquelle Votre Excellence voudra bien recommander au Congr\u00e8s, &c., &c., ma juste cause, et le foible reste de ma vie, et suis avec le plus respectueux attachement, De Votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s-humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur\nC W F Dumas\nCi-joint une Lettre pour le Congr\u00e8s, qui fera voir \u00e0 V.E. que les Proscriptions n\u2019ont pas encore fini ici.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0435", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Mar. 24. 1789.\nVery much to do must always be my apology for acknoleging so late the receipt of your letters, and it will always be a true one in my present situation. I have been the less uneasy about this as I have from time to time mentioned to Doctor Bancroft what was necessary in the way of business. We wait with anxiety to hear whether the refusing creditor has yet come in. Tho\u2019 Mr. Paradise does not say so, I am sure it is vastly his wish to go to England, and it will greatly distress him if the refusal of one creditor prevents him. But should this be the case, I would still advise you to go through with the deed as to the other creditors, this being certainly what is best. But in that event what would you advise Mr. Paradise to do? I have said boldly to Doctr. Bancroft he would go with me to America. I did this because I knew he would shew the letter to the creditor, and hoped it would bring him in. But if it does not? What will you advise? I believe Mr. Paradise would propose to go to America: but I should like to have your approbation before I encouraged it. He is living here under the most regular, rigorous and laudable economy. I have a letter of the 3d. instant from the Countess Barziza who was well. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Madm. your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0436", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 24 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 24. 1789.\nI wrote you last on the 16th. inst. and since that have received yours of the 2d. inst. from Rome. By this I find you would leave Rome the 4th. and I am much afraid you will have left Florence  before a letter will get there which I wrote Feb. 28. inclosing my commission for Genoa. I think I sent this letter to Florence under cover to your bankers: yet I am not sure that I did not send it to Rome. I retained no note of the direction. Having no new intelligence from America, and the affairs of Europe offering no new matter for a letter, I shall make yourself the subject of this, invited to it by your last. If I have ever been silent on this head, it has been because nobody is better qualified than yourself to form just opinions for your own guidance. But as I perceive by your letter that you are balancing in your own mind upon the questions Whether and When you shall return to America, the opinions of your friends may not be unacceptable. In the first place then I must put you on your guard as to my recommendations to continue in Europe during the ensuing summer, because in that I am interested, and my interest may warp my judgment. I wrote not only to Mr. Madison, but to Mr. Jay also to get you named Charg\u00e9 des affaires, and I pressed this at least as far as it was prudent. I now know that my letter would have to lie over for the new government, and of course that it is Genl. Washington who will decide on it. This gives me more confidence it will be complied with than I should have had if it had rested with the antient Congress. I have grounded the proposal of permitting me to return, expressly on your personal qualifications to conduct the business, and were you to go in the spring, I should think myself obliged to stay till I could consult them on some other appointment. You see then that I am interested in your continuance here till my return. The question then arises What are you to do afterwards? Here my opinion will be against my own interest. For affection and the long habit of your society have rendered it necessary to me. And how much more so will it be when I shall have parted with my daughters? But I am to say what is for your interest, not what is for my own. The first question is Whether you should propose to finish your life in Europe or America? In Europe I doubt whether you can; because our government gives it\u2019s offices on it\u2019s own knolege of persons, and not on the recommendations of others. They give their diplomatic appointments with more caution too because of the distance at which they are to be exercised and the necessity which that induces of leaving to them a great latitude of discretionary power. I think therefore you must be personally known to them before you could expect a permanent diplomatic appointment in Europe. But let us suppose you could obtain one, even of the best. The best admit of no savings. They afford but a bare existence  and a solitary existence too, for a married man could not live on them without abandoning all respect to character. A young man indeed may do without marriage in a great city. In the beginning it is pleasant enough; but take what course he will whether that of rambling, or of a fixed attachment, he will become miserable as he advances in years. It is then he will feel the want of that friendship which can be formed during the enthusiasm of youth alone, and formed without reproach. It is then too he will want the amusement and comfort of children. To take a middle course, and pass the first half of your life in Europe and the latter in America, is still worse. The attachments and habits formed here in your youth, would render the evening of life more miserable still in America than it would be here. The only resource then for a durable happiness is to return to America. If you chuse to follow business, a short apprenticeship at the bar would ensure you an early retirement on the bench; especially if you followed the assembly at the same time with the bar. If you should chuse the line of public office, you may be assured of obtaining any thing in that line as soon as you should have had time to acquire those details in business which practice alone gives and that intimate knolege of your own country which is necessary to enable you to serve it to your own satisfaction. After a short course in this line, you may be any thing you please either in America or Europe. For should you find yourself disposed after a while to come to Europe in a diplomatic character, your talents will place you on the foremost ground, and your former residence in Europe will give you a preference over all competitors. But I think you will never wish to return to Europe. You will then be sensible that the happiness of your own country is more tranquil, more unmixed, more permanent. You will prefer serving your country there in easy and honorable stations, and in what station you please. I will not say in the first. That will never be given to virtue and talents alone, but to him whom some happy hit of fortune shall have enabled to make himself generally known. If you say that public emploiment in America will not make you a fortune? Nor will it in Europe. If fortune be decisively your object, the bar offers it to you. You may shortly be without a rival there. Permit me to say so who know you and know the ground. This you say is drudgery? But if you insist on making a fortune you must submit to drudgery. This is not a world in which heaven rains riches into any hand that will open itself. Whichever of these courses you adopt, delay is loss of time. The sooner the race is begun the sooner the prize will be obtained. I say this with  a bleeding heart: for nothing can be more dreary than my situation will be when you and my daughters shall all have left me. I look forward to it with dismay, and am relieved by the limits of my paper which, turning me from it\u2019s contemplation, warns me it is time to repeat to you assurances, ever warm & ever sincere of the affectionate esteem of Dr. Sir Your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0438", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to D\u2019Aranda, 25 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Aranda, Pedro Pablo Ab\u00e1rca y Bol\u00e9a, Count\nSir\nI shall always be happy to find occasions of expressing the respect and veneration for you with which I was inspired during your residence at Paris. I wish you may think this a sufficient justification of the desire I feel of being sometimes recalled to your memory, as well as of the liberty I take in recommending to your notice the gentleman who will have the honor of presenting you this. He is the son of Mr. Rutledge, who was Governor of South Carolina during the whole of the late war, and one of the most distinguished characters of the United States for his wealth, talents and virtues. I do not say too much when I assure you that the son is in all respects worthy the father. I have recommended to him to pass some time at Madrid, because, certain as it is that he will in future enter respectably into our public councils, I would wish him to acquire some acquaintance and to receive favorable impressions of a country with which we have so near a connection, and with which it is so much our solid interest to be in the strictest friendship. Permit me then, Sir, to present Mr. Rutledge to your notice, as one who will prove himself worthy of it on every occasion, and to offer you at the same time the homage of those sentiments of respect and attachment with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0439", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from B\u00e9thune-Charost, 25 March 1789\nFrom: B\u00e9thune-Charost, Armand Joseph, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nChateau de Beaum\u00e9nil, par Bernay, 25 Mch. 1789. Reminds TJ of their earlier correspondence about Martel\u2019s bill of credit on the United States. As advised, Martel will entrust the matter to someone in America, but B\u00e9thune wonders what effect the organization of the new government will have, and asks TJ to protect Martel\u2019s interests and to give him letters of recommendation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0441", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Giovanni Fabbroni, 25 March 1789\nFrom: Fabbroni, Giovanni\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFlorence, 25 Mch. 1789. Thanks TJ for having introduced him to Rutledge who, accompanied by Short, brought him a letter from TJ; Shippen was not with them. Regrets not having done more for them, but their stay was brief and they went \u201cen droiture\u201d straight to Leghorn without stopping at Pisa where the court was in residence and where Fabbroni could have presented them to \u201cn\u00f4tre adorable Souverain.\u201d Found both gentlemen charming and cultured; has given Short for TJ a book written by his brother on \u201cLa Theorie de La fermentation des vins\u201d hoping it merits \u201cL\u2019honneur d\u2019etre admis dans La societ\u00e9 de Phyladelphie.\u201d Encloses a note from a friend who is a merchant and wishes to have a correspondent in America; hopes this will take place, for it would give him the greatest pleasure to see his country have \u201cune correspondence reguliere avec l\u2019Amerique Septentrionale, Le plus beau pais de L\u2019univers, celui o\u00f9 La Providence a plac\u00e9 des hommes qui doivent etre, et Seront le modele du genre humain.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0443", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink & Van Staphorst, 25 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink & Van Staphorst\nGentlemen\nParis March 25. 1789.\nI find by your favor of the 19th. inst. that we are not likely to agree in opinion as to the intentions of Congress and the board of Treasury; for it is their intention which forms the law for us both. I have asked of you the money for the medals and another purpose because I thought, and still think, it was their intention that these purposes should be executed in their turn: you have refused it because you think otherwise. It happens that they, who can alo[ne] decide which of us have best comprehended their meaning, are too far off to do it before the subject of decision will be put out of all our reach. Further discussion between us on the subject however [is] evidently useless. Closing our correspondence then on these two articles, I am sorry to be obliged in the same instant to bring forward another of a similar nature. At the date of my letter of F[eb.] 22. I had not yet had time to look over the printed journals of Congress which had come to my hands a few days before. On perusing them afterwards, I found this resolution:\n\u2019August 20. 1788. On a report of the board of treasury to whom was referred an extract of a letter of the 6th of August 1787 from Mr. Jefferson: Resolved, that so much of the loans in Holland as shall be necessary to discharge the interest due on certificates  issued to foreign officers to the 31st. of December, 1788. be specially appropriated to that purpose, under the direction of the Minister of the United States at the court of France.\u2019 It is my duty to ask whether, of the money of the United States in your hands, you will furnish the sum necessary to comply with this resolution, which standing by itself, and expressed in clear terms, seems to furnish nothing which can draw a doubt over the intentions of Congress. I have the honor to be with great respect Gentlemen Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0444", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, [26 March?] 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy Dear Friend\nI am plagued to death with the applications of people who knowing the friendship you are so good as to entertain for me, wish to make use of it for their purposes. In general I get rid of them by a positive refusal to add to the thousands of applications and perplexities which you have already. You will see that the inclosed however cannot be parried altogether. I cannot refuse to send it to you. But I beg of you to consider this (and any other similar instance which may occur if any other should occur) as extorted from me by particular circumstances which must have no influence on you, and to which it is not my [wish] you should pay any other attention than you would have paid had the application gone from the party himself directly, and not through me. I do not desire that your friendship for me should be used as a property for other people. Adieu yours affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0447", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thiery fils a\u00een\u00e9, 26 March 1789\nFrom: Thiery, fils a\u00een\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 26 Mch. 1789. Had the honor of calling that morning to discuss privately a letter that is now enclosed. This letter holds forth the promise of \u201ctres grand avantage par une etablisement telle quel a vu les Notre en flandre\u201d if he should go to Boston and set up an enterprise in the same line, and the person proposing this also offers to procure in good season the funds necessary. But the writer is known to Thiery  only indirectly, and he fears that he may be some adventurer. Asks TJ for information, protection, and a letter of recommendation; also he thinks it would not be difficult for TJ to accord an exclusive privilege. Thus he thinks TJ will see that his \u201cVisite etoit essentiel\u201d and that, if \u201cune petite entretien tete \u00e0 tete ne Vous Desobligeroit pas,\u201d he would like TJ to set a convenient hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0448", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thiery fils a\u00een\u00e9, 26 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thiery, fils a\u00een\u00e9\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Paris ce 26me. Mars. 1789.\nNe connoissant que tr\u00e9s peu la ville de Boston, je ne suis nullement capable de vous donner des renseignements assez surs pour vous decider d\u2019y faire un etablissement. Je crois qu\u2019on doit etre bien sur de son fait avant de se compromettre a une entreprise qui pourroit bien manquer. Je vous prie Monsieur de vous adresser \u00e0 Monsieur Parker, qui est log\u00e9 au Palais royal audessus du caff\u00e8 de Chartres, qui est de la ville de Boston, et l\u2019homme le mieux instruit de l\u2019Amerique dans tout ce qui pourroit interesser votre entreprise. Ayez la bont\u00e9 de vous presenter de ma part, et il vous donnera tous les eclaircissements que vous pouvez desirer. Mais faites la au plutot ou il pourroit etre parti de Paris. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec beaucoup de consideration Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-14-02-0450", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Vaughan, 26 March 1789\nFrom: Vaughan, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir\nLondon, March 26, 1789.\nI have the honor to send you by this conveyance three sorts of dry rice seed;\n1. Padee Coccoo ballam; the finest sort;\n2. Padee Laye; the best for a crop;\nfrom Sumatra.\n3. Padee Undallan; the ordinary sort\nSince writing you by the post in answer to your letter of the 11th. inst., I have received a letter from Mr. Anderson, superintendant of our botanical garden at St. Vincent, informing me, that similar samples with the above have failed in every one of the various trials he has given them. He suspects that the seeds may have been dried for exportation. He says however, that \u201cabout 18 month ago he obtained, from a correspondent in Martinique, some seeds of a dry rice from Malabar, which grows luxuriantly in any soil or situation, and now has it in plenty: That it yields several crops in the year from the same root; being probably (he adds,) the same as one of those I sent him.\u201d\nSir Joseph Banks, who called upon me on Saturday, was in hopes to have furnished me with some other seed of dry rice; but upon examining his letter, it was 10 years old. I had some of the same seed sent me by the same correspondent, from the West Indies, but I presume it utterly useless to trouble you with it; nor  should I name the circumstance, except to shew you, that the production is neither novel nor scarce in the West Indies among curious people.\u2014In consequence of a hint from Sir Joseph, I shall inquire whether Mr. Marsden can furnish any new hints on this subject, in addition to those given in his account of Sumatra.\nIt is possibly from the same quarter that the dry Rice now growing wild in the ditches of the St. Vincent botanical garden (which I presume is a different supply from that cultivated recently by Mr. Anderson,) proceeded.\nI shall direct the sending of some seed from St. Vincent to Europe to reship to America, independent of what I shall request may go to America directly. I wish you would favor me with the name of the person to whom you would wish them addressed in Virginia, that no mistake may happen in that quarter. As to S. Carolina, I am at no loss.\nIf I mistake not, Mr. Laurens when last in England, told me, that they had formerly tried dry rice in South Carolina without success. I did not then enter into particulars, having only put the question to him, in consequence of what I read in M. le Poivre\u2019s book; but the case certainly required explanation. The sort might not be the best, among other things; and no point of such moment ought to be given up under many experiments.\nHaving mentioned M. le Poivre\u2019s name, it occurs to me to mention also that in the Notice sur la vie de M. le Poivre, published in France 2 or 3 years ago, it was stated that Commodore Barnet had taken the papers, when he took the person, of M. le Poivre. As the papers were stated as very interesting, I applied to the son of Com. Barnet who is the banker of my house; but could learn no traces of such papers or of such a prisoner, though Mr. Barnet had applied to a relation who had been his father\u2019s secretary at the time. I find the old papers at our Admiralty are in such disorder, that it is vain to hope they will be found among them. Has the collection of M. le Poivre\u2019s works, intimated in the Notice, ever appeared, or is it likely to appear?\nI shall presume in a few days to trouble you respecting a commission of some difficulty to any but yourself, encouraged by your kind offer. I have the honor to be with great esteem, dear sir, your respectful & obedt. humble servt.,\nBenjn. Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sir John Sinclair, 27 March 1789\nFrom: Sinclair, Sir John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWhitehall 27 March 1789\nI have requested Mr. Hamilton, a Gentleman of information, and merit, who will deliver this to you, to take with him to Paris, the appendix to my history of the British Revenue, of which I beg your acceptance. I am much obliged to you for occasional literary communications. Mr. Hamilton will inform you, how all is going on here. It will always give me pleasure to hear of your welfare. Excuse haste, as Mr. Hamilton is on the wing of departure, and believe me, with very sincere regard, Your faithful humble Servant,\nJohn Sinclair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0004", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 29 March 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York, March 29th, 1789\nMy last was committed in December to Mr. Gouverneur Morris. I was then on my way to Virginia. The elections for the new government commenced shortly after my arrival. The first was of Electors, to Ballot for a President and Vice President. The successful candidates were General Wood, Mr. Zachy. Johnson, Genl. Edward Stephens, Doctor David Stuart, Mr. W. Fitzhugh of Chatham, Mr. Warner Lewis of Gloucester, Mr. Jno. Harvey, Mr. Walk, of or near Norfolk, Mr. Kello of Southampton. These nine were federalists. The remaining three, Mr. Patrick Henry, Mr. Roane of King and Queen, and Mr. Pride of Amelia, were of the adverse party. Two of the former party did not attend. The votes were unanimous with respect to General Washington, as appears to have been the case in each of the States. The secondary votes were given, among the federal members, chiefly to Mr. J. Adams, one or two being thrown away in order to prevent a possible competition for the Presidency. Governor Clinton was the secondary choice of the anti-federal members. In the succeeding election of Representatives, federalism was also proved to be the prevailing sentiment of the people. The successful candidates on this list are Mr. Moore, late of the Executive Council (from Rockingham,) Mr. Alexander White, Mr. Richard Bland Lee, Mr. John Page,  (Rosewell,) Mr. Samuel Griffin, Mr. Brown, member of the old Congress, (from Kentucky,) J. Madison, Col. Parker, (late nav. officer at Norfolk,) Col. Isaac Coles, (of Halifax,) and Col. Bland. Of these, the seven first have been on the side of the Constitution; the three last in the opposition. Col. Parker appears to be very temperate, and it is not probable that both the others will be very inveterate. It was my misfortune to be thrown into a contest with our friend, Col. Monroe. The occasion produced considerable efforts among our respective friends. Between ourselves, I have no reason to doubt that the distinction was duly kept in mind between political and personal views, and that it has saved our friendship from the smallest diminution. On one side I am sure it is the case.\nNotwithstanding the lapse of time since the birthday of the new Government, (the 4th of March,) I am under the necessity of informing you that a quorum is not yet formed, either in the Senate or House of Representatives. The season of the year, the peculiar badness of the weather, and the short interval between the epoch of election and that of meeting, form a better apology for the delay than will probably occur on your side of the Atlantic. The deficiency at present in the House of Representatives requires two members only for a Quorum, and in the Senate one only. A few days will, therefore, fit the Body for the first step, to wit, opening the Ballots for the President and Vice President. I have already said that General Washington will be the first by a unanimous suffrage. It is held to be certain that Mr. Adams, though refused a great many votes from different motives, will have the second appointment. A considerable delay will be unavoidable, after the ballots are counted, before the President can be on the spot, and, consequently, before any Legislative act can take place. Such a protraction of the inactivity of the Government is to be regretted on many accounts, but most on account of the loss of revenue. A prospect of the Spring importations led to the appointment of the first meeting at a time which, in other respects, was unseasonable.\nIt is not yet possible to ascertain precisely the complexion of the new Congress. A little time will be necessary to unveil it, and a little will probably suffice. With regard to the Constitution, it is pretty well decided that the disaffected party in the Senate amounts to two or three members only; and that in the other House it does not exceed a very small minority, some of which will also be restrained by the federalism of the States from which they come. Notwithstanding this character of the Body, I hope and expect that some  conciliatory sacrifices will be made, in order to extinguish opposition to the system, or at least break the force of it, by detaching the deluded opponents from their designing leaders. With regard to the system of policy to which the Government is capable of rising, and by which its genius will be appreciated, I wait for some experimental instruction. Were I to advance a conjecture, it would be, that the predictions of an anti-democratic operation will be confronted with at least a sufficient number of the features which have marked the State Governments.\nSince my arrival here I have received your favor of November 18th. It had been sent on to Virginia; but not reaching Fredericksburg before I passed that place, it followed me back hither. I am much concerned that your scheme of passing the ensuing summer in your native country has been defeated. Mr. Jay, with whom I have conversed on the subject, tells me that his answer to your public letter has explained the impossibility of giving effect to your wishes, no Congress having been formed under the old Confederation since the receipt of your letter, or, indeed, since the expiration of the last federal year. The most that can now be done will be to obtain from the new authority, as early as possible, some act which may leave the matter to your own discretion. Perhaps it may be neither more inconvenient to your private nor to the public affairs to make your visit in the fall instead of the Spring, and to pass the Winter instead of the Summer in America. The same cause on which you are to charge your disappointment in this instance prevented a decision on the question of outfit, stated in one of your former communications.\nWith some printed papers containing interesting articles, I inclose a manuscript copy of Col. Morgan\u2019s invitation to persons disposed to seek their fortunes on the Spanish side of the Mississippi. There is no doubt that the project has the sanction of Gardoqui. It is a silly one on the part of Spain, and will probably end like the settlements on the Roman side of the Danube, with the concurrence of the declining empire. But it clearly betrays the plan suggested to you in a former letter, of making the Mississippi the bait for a defection of the Western people. Some of the leaders in Kentucky are known to favor the idea of connection with Spain. The people are as yet inimical to it. Their future disposition will depend on the measures of the new Government.\nI omitted to mention that a dispute between the Senate of this State, which was federal, and the other branch, which was otherwise, concerning the manner of appointing Senators for the Congress,  was so inflexibly persisted in that no appointment was made during the late session, and must be delayed for a considerable time longer, even if the dispute should on a second trial be accommodated. It is supposed by some that the superintending power of Congress will be rendered necessary by the temper of the parties. The provision for the choice of electors was also delayed until the opportunity was lost; and that for the election of Representatives so long delayed that the result will not be decided till tuesday next. It is supposed that at least three out of the six will be of the federal party. In New Jersey, the inaccuracy of the law providing for the choice of Representatives has produced an almost equal delay, and left room for contests, which, if brought by the disappointed candidates into the House, will add a disagreeable article to the list of its business.\nI am much obliged for the two estimates on the subject of our foreign debt, and shall turn your ideas to the account which they deserve.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 30 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Mar. 30. 1789.\nMr. Paradise writes to you by this post on the subject of the proposition made to him by the Creditors to take the money in the funds and a third of his Virginia income instead of \u00a3400 a year. I think with him that he should accept it. My greatest objection is that it will not admit of a plain and unsuspicious execution. For it will be a question, pretty difficult to decide in England, and which the inexactitude of those who remit will often bring on, Whether a Remittance be of the debts due to the estate or of it\u2019s annual profits? However it must be accepted, even under this unpromising appearance; because, to be in England, is a first requisite to his happiness. He mentions to you the necessity that the debts contracted for the daily subsistence of himself and Mrs. Paradise must first be paid: this is rational, because, reduced to a moderate pittance, that pittance should be clear of previous debts. And this ought to come out of the first monies to be received, before the  deed begins it\u2019s operation. As he does not tell you how much these debts are, I must supply the omission. My advances for him have been 30. Louis on his journey to Bergamo, 30. Louis more in January for the subsistence of himself and Mrs. Paradise, 20. Louis to Mrs. Paradise for her journey to London, and 15. Louis since her departure to Mr. Paradise for his subsistence, in all 95. Louis. This with the proceeds of his chariot cleared off all scores here to the 1st. or 2d. week of this month. To that you must add half a guinea a day nearly from that time till he shall go away, and ten guineas for his journey. What Mrs. Paradise\u2019s necessities may have called for in London you will know, so that putting both together you may satisfy the creditors by naming a definite sum, as I suppose they would not accede to a vague proposition to pay his debts of subsistence, the amount of which they can know nothing about. I am sorry to be obliged to let my advances be named on this occasion. But on my approaching return to America I must settle my publick accounts, and from the statement I have made of them I shall be in want of this sum, as well as others which I had advanced in the same way, to make up my balance, a balance which, not made up, would affect my reputation as a public man. My manner of living here, however regular, has never permitted me a copper of savings out of which I could assist my countrymen who have been here in distress. I have been obliged then to anticipate, trusting to their honour to replace it, and where they have failed, which has happened too often, I bear the loss. Besides in the present case, it is only a question between Mr. Paradise\u2019s creditors and me, which of us shall lie out of this money. They have had advantages in their dealings with Mr. Paradise which decide the question fairly against them. Pardon, my dear Sir, this momentary attention to my own affairs, which I have been forced to make & believe me to be with great affection to Mrs. Paradise & yourself Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Boyd, Ker & Co., 30 March 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Boyd, Ker & Company\nMr. Jefferson has the honour to present his compliments to Messieurs Boyd & Ker and to inclose them a letter for Mr. Rutledge, with two bills of exchange of twelve hundred livres each.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 31 March 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon March the 31st 1789\nYour Excellency by this Post will recvd. two Letters. This I was obliged to write by it\u2019s self, as it is a Letter only for your Excellencies private reading. Your Letter of the 24th. of Mar. arrived this day and as it is Five days a going, I thought proper, contrary to my first intention to answer it immediatly. Dr. Bancroft and myself wait for your Answer to his Last Letters however in the meantime I will trouble you with these few lines to tell you that the Two Creditors upon Ludgate Hill will not agree to any thing except we accept their terms, which is, to give us one third of the P[r]ofits of the Virginia Estate. Was I Mr. P. I should think myself in Duty bound to go again to Virginia and try, all, I could, to send over as fast as I could things that would pay all the Creditors and have a little ready Money left in case of Sickness &c &c &c. Indeed his going with your Excellency would be of very great Service to him, as from your Example, he would learn to live regularly, and Soberly. For me I can have no objection, as I am certain he will be happy to be always near you. But the Subject is so very delicate for me to determine, that whatever your Excellency shall think proper for him to do, will be well done. If we could get the Money Norton owes us, and if Virginia would, or could pay us what is in their Funds Clear, I am certain the Debts would easely be paid. By the Depreciation We have lost Virginia Money \u00a326300 which brought into Sterling is almost \u00a31500 besides our Negroes. If your Excellency will take the trouble to ask Wilkinson you will find, what I have told you to be true. But It was for my Countries Glory and I therefore submit. The Post Bell rings, and I must conclude. I am Dear Sir Your Excellencies Grateful and Much Obliged Humbl. Servt. and Friend,\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame Oster, 1 April 1789\nFrom: Oster, Madame\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n[Nancy] ce 1er avril 1789\nJe profite de la permission que vous m\u2019avez donn\u00e9 de vous adresser mes lettres pour l\u2019amerique. Voulez vous bien avoir la bont\u00e9 d\u2019Envoyer celles-cy directement a Madame Banister sous votre couvert, car je suis tres inquiette de ce quaucune de mes lettres ne sont encore parvenues a mes amies. Quelquautres personnes, \u00e0 ce que je soubsonne, pourroient bien se les Etre appropri\u00e9es, connoissant mon Ecriture; vous connoissez Monsieur la facilit\u00e9 que lon trouve dans ce Pays la a satisfaire cette sorte de curiosite. Je ne le crains que par la certitude ou je suis que cela ce pratique.\nMille pardons Monsieur de vous interrompre. Je sais que vos moments sont Pr\u00e9cieux et je n\u2019en abuse que le moins qu\u2019il m\u2019est possible, mais j\u2019ay tant de confiance que par v\u00f4tre moyen je parviendrai encore \u00e0 me faire entendre aux amies de mon coeur, et il est d\u2019un si grand besoin pour moi d\u2019en recevoir des nouvelles que je n\u2019ay pu differer de recourir \u00e0 vous pour vous prier de me rendre ce service.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019Etre avec la plus Parfaite consid\u00e9ration Monsieur V\u00f4tre tres humble et tres obeissante Servante\nOster", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0011", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Hopkinson, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nPhilada. April 2d. 1789.\nConvenient Opportunities of writing to you seem less frequent than formerly, and those of hearing from you, still more scarce. My last was dated the 1. Decr. by Mr. Govr. Morris by whom also I sent a Packet of News Papers for yourself and a small Book of Songs for Miss Jefferson. I hope they have long since reach\u2019d your hands.\nI have at last received the Case of Vinegar (Via Baltimore) for which I heartily thank you. It affords me a most agreeable Regale, and I am very choice of it. There is nothing in the eating or drinking way that could have been half so acceptable. Again I thank you.\nThe Assembly of this State have lately risen after doing a deal of important Business, Amongst which they have incorporated our City, and thrown the Government of it into the hands of a Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Common Council. They have restored all the Estate and Rights of the Collidge, Academy and charitable School of this City to the former Trustees, from whom they had been taken nine Years ago, by force, but without the Form of Law. They have even recommended to the People the calling a Convention to reconsider the Constitution of Pennsylvania, all which have a direct Operation in dissolving that powerful Party Combination which has so long kept this State in Broils and Discontent.\nThe Powers of the new federal Government are assembling at New York. But there yet want two Members of the House of  Representatives and One Senator to complete the Quorum. This Deficiency will probably be made up in a few days and then the Tickets of Election will be open\u2019d and the President and Vice President anounced. There is no Doubt but that Genl. Washington will have the unanimous Vote of the States, and that Mr. John Adams will have sufficient Votes to make him Vice President. Rhode Island has lately again moved the Question whether they should join the federal Union, and has again rejected it, with the usual Majority in their House of Assembly. North Carolina says nothing about it.\nNo philosophical News, only great Heats and Contests between the Partizans of Fitch and Rumsey about their Project of navigating Boats by the force of Steam. I belong to neither, as I never approved of the Project.\nDr. Franklin seems to decline, his Disorder grows upon him. He has had little Ease or Rest for some Time past but by the force of Annodynes, which must gradually wear out his excellent Constitution. Mr. Rittenhouse is as well as usual, that is, in a precarious State of Health. His eldest Daughter has been lately married to Mr. J. D. Serjeant, a Lawyer, whom you know.\nI am sometimes a little uneasy about the Money I owe you for my Encyclopedia, but it shall be faithfully paid in due Time. I am looking out for another Livraison, and suppose the Work must be nearly completed by this Time.\nI have published this Winter a small Book containing a few selected Cases of Admiralty Jurisdiction, decided in my Court, being part of a larger work which I may hereafter publish. I would send you a copy, but am afraid of the Postage from Bourdeaux to Paris. I have also scribled a few lines of fun, occasioned by a ridiculous Quarrel amongst our Physicians and Anatomists. This I enclose for your Amusement. With sincere Wishes for your Health & Happiness, & best Regards to Miss Jefferson, I am Dear Sir Your ever affectionate and faithful hble. Servt.,\nFras. Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0012", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 2nd April 1789\nA Most Serious illness, of which I only begin to recover forced me to postpone to own the receit of the Letter your Excellency hath honored me with the 8th Ulto, and to wait upon Monsieur Du Mistral Intendant of Normandy. I intend to do it as soon as the Weather will be a little milder, for I am Still weak and am afraid of relapsing. I shall let your Excellency now what I shall learn further from Monsieur Du Mistral.\nI have the Honor to inclose you a Letter arrived for your Excellency under my Cover.\nI have the Honor to be with the highest regard Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant\nAndw. Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0013", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sarsfield, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n2 avril 1789\nVous ne me d\u00eetes point l\u2019autre jour, Monsieur, que vous Etes sur le point de votre depart. Je n\u2019ay pu aprendre cette nouvelle avec indifference. Je partage le plaisir que vous allez trouver \u00e0 rentrer chez vous, mais Je regretterai fort de ne plus avoir l\u2019honneur de vous voir.\nJe compte aller vous chercher incessament; mais, en attendant, Voicy une observation sur la diminution de notre livre qui vous occupoit la derniere fois que j\u2019\u00e9tois chez vous.\nAvez vous pris garde que langleterre est la seule nation avec qui le pair du Change se regle sur la monnoie d\u2019or. C\u2019est celle dargent que l\u2019on compare avec toutes les autres. Au moins le plus grand nombre n\u2019a pas chang\u00e9 a cet Egard. Or notre monnoie d\u2019argent n\u2019a souffert aucune alteration, Et J\u2019entens dire qu\u2019il en resulte un effet qui fait la Condamnation de l\u2019Operation de M. de Calonne; Si J\u2019ay douze cens livres a payer en flandres ou en Allemagne, Je m\u2019aquitte avec 200 gros Ecus, mais Il me faudra plus de 50 louis. Cela merite que vous vous preniez quelque peine pour le verifier.\nJe vous prie de Garder ma lettre parce que J\u2019aurai a vous demander ce que c\u2019est proprement qu\u2019on entend en Amerique par  les mots, impost, Excise, et Rotation. Excise est Surement le droit sur Les Boissons. Je ne sai pas les autres.\nVous connoissez, Monsieur, le Sincere attachemt avec lequel J\u2019ay L\u2019honneur d\u2019Etre Votre tres humble et tres obeisst Servitr.\nSarsfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0015", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 2 April 1789\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 2d April 1789\nWe are honored with Your Excellency\u2019s respected favor of 25. Ult. closing our Correspondence relative to the Monies for Medals, and another purpose; but bringing forward a Resolution of Congress of 20 August 1788, appropriating so much of the Loans in Holland as shall be necessary to discharge the Interest due, on Certificats issued to Foreign officers to the 31 Decbr. 1788, and at the same time demanding, Whether, of the Money of the United  States in our hands, We will furnish the Sum necessary to comply with this Resolution?\u2014We can but deem this Resolve as superceded by that of which We furnished Your Excellency an Extract, and if our reason, founded upon the general Principles of a latter Disposition cancelling all former ones, stood in need of any additional weight, It is supplied in the fullest possible extent, by the last Resolution of Congress expressly subordinating the Payment of all contingencies whatever, to the Provision for Interest upon the Dutch Loans until 1790. However if the direction of Congress, to discharge Interest upon the Certificates issued to Foreign officers was perfectly distinct and unclogged, It would not avail those Gentlemen at this Moment, since it could only be construed to mean the Monies in our hands at the disposal of Congress, Which at this time are none, and as We have assumed an Advance of no less than One Hundred Thousand Guilders to pay the Interest due 1 June next, There is little or rather no appearance, We shall be reimbursed this Sum and receive sufficient Monies to face the Object of the foreign officers, for some Months to come. When we can have an Answer to the Letter we address the Board of Treasury pressing the Commissioners most earnestly, on raising their still unrepealed Orders to us, to suspend all Payments until they should transmit us the pleasure of Congress, to communicate to us specifically, the Employ to be made of the Monies that We may receive, for Sale of the Bonds of the last Loan, and by no means to leave us in future, in the very disagreeable and mortifying Situation We now are towards your Excellency, and should be even if we had sufficient Funds, to remit for the Articles Your Excellency wishes to be provided for.\u2014We likewise request Your Excellency on your Return to second these our Entreaties to the Board of Treasury and to impress strongly upon the Commissioners, the Propriety of their transmitting us regularly the Orders of Congress, for the disposal of Money in our hands; Which is absolutely necessary, to enable us to combine that Promptness We always strive to shew to the Orders to the United States, with the Safety and Caution We ever aim at in our Transactions.\u2014We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble Servants,\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN. &. J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ralph Izard, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Izard, Ralph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharleston 3d. April 1789.\nI received a few Weeks ago your Letter of so old date as 17th. last July; and beg that you will accept of my thanks for your very friendly offer respecting my Son. Mr. Cutting, who will be the Bearer of this Letter, flatters me with the hope of seeing you at  New York the ensuing Summer; and he thinks it probable that you may embark before his arrival in France. I could not however let him depart without charging him with my acknowledgments to you, not only on account of my Son, but also for the very able, and active part you have taken respecting the staple commodity of this Country. The price of Rice is considerably lower here now, than it has been since the Peace. One great cause of this, I suppose must be the total loss of the Portugal Market, which is now supplied from Brazil. This is a loss to us which there seems to be no hope of recovering. Dr. Turnbull, a Physician of eminence in this City, resided several Years at Constantinople, and other parts of the Turkish Dominions. I have had many conversations with him on the subject of Rice, and he is of opinion that Constantinople alone might take off the whole of our Crop at a better price than is obtained at present. The Barbary Corsairs deter our Merchants from venturing into the Mediterranean. Before the Revolution, several Ships loaded with Rice went from hence to Constantinople, and sold their Cargoes well: at present I do not know if they would be admitted there, as we have no Treaty with the Grand Signor. The French however might for some time be the Carriers. Will you be so good as to turn this matter in your thoughts? It is an object of considerable magnitude, and may be of infinite service to this Country.\nYou have without a doubt had a List transmitted to you of the Members to both Branches of the new Government. The bad weather, and equinoctial Winds have detained me here; but I expect to embark tomorrow for New York. Every Man of common Sense, and common affection for America must be strongly affected by the consideration of the humiliating state into which we are plunged. The evil has arisen principally from the want of an efficient, and energetic Government, pervading every part of the United States. By whatever appellation therefore Gentlemen may choose to be distinguished; whether by federal, or antifederal, I hope we shall not be wasting time with Idle discussions about Amendments to the Constitution; but that we shall go to work immediately about the Finances, and endeavour to extricate ourselves from our present embarrassed, and disgraceful situation. I am very glad to find that Mr. Madison is elected a Member of the House of Representatives: I think highly of his abilities, and expect considerable advantages will be derived from them. I take my leave of you at present, and hope soon to have the pleasure of meeting  you at New York. I am with great regard Dear Sir your most obt. Servant,\nRa. Izard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0018", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste LeRoy, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Le Roy, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nParis Apr. 3. 1789.\nI return you with many thanks the Volume with D. Bernoulli\u2019s paper which I have read with great satisfaction. I observe that the proposition of M. Bernoulli differs from Mr. Rumsey\u2019s in several essential points. 1. His Water was to be raised by man: Rumsey\u2019s by elastic vapour. 2. Bernoulli\u2019s water was to act on an inclined plane: Rumsey\u2019s on a direct one. 3. Bernoulli\u2019s was to act by it\u2019s specific gravity only: Rumsey\u2019s by a forcing pump. These three differences are important. The 4th. is not so, to wit Bernoulli\u2019s vessel was to be moved by the direct action of the water: Rumsey\u2019s by it\u2019s reaction. I have the honour to be with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0021", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 3 April 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMarseilles April 3. 1789.\nYour favor of the 24th. of March has come to my hands. I have read it with an uncommon degree of pleasure because it is a new proof Sir of that friendship which I have long considered as essential to my happiness. The most pleasing proof that can be given of this sentiment is an unreserved communication of one\u2019s thoughts and particularly when they regard the person to whom it is made. Your idea with respect to the happiness to be expected in Europe or in America is I am persuaded perfectly just. I have for some time thought much on this subject. The more I examine it, the more I examine myself also, the more am I persuaded that my happiness is to be found in America only. I feel that I am made for the enjoyment of that kind of life to which we are accustomed in America. I feel that those pleasures which are within the grasp of every body in Europe are transient and not at all adapted to captivate me. I know as little of them as most people, but enough to teach me that they are what no rational person can count on when he is taking measures for permanent happiness. On the contrary the enjoyments which all those who are properly settled in America may with certainty count on are such as I should look forward to with ecstasy, and with impatience, if I could persuade myself they would be within my reach. Nothing less than my doubts on this subject could have rendered my stay in Europe of so long duration. Long before this I should have bidden a final adieu to Paris and those charms for which it is so much celebrated. I can say more I should have left it without a sigh.\u2014But when I look forward and examine what will be probably my situation in America, a view presents itself to me very different from that which you  describe. I know well Sir that you are much better acquainted with the ground than I can be, but I know myself better, or rather I feel that my forces are far inferior to what you suppose them.\u2014I may perhaps without too much vanity say that had I never quitted the bar I should have had a tolerably good share of the business, but I may be sure also that that business being now possessed by others it is scarcely probable that I should recover it. But even suppose for a moment that I could enter into a participation of the business, this could not be till after some years, and even then the profits could not be, according to the present rate, more than sufficient merely to support in a moderate manner the present exigencies of a family, and without a family existence in America, or any where else according to my way of thinking, is scarcely worth having. Do not suppose however Sir that this has such an influence on me as to weaken my attachments to my own country, or inspire a desire to remain in any other. I mention it to shew you how little I have to hope from the pursuit of business at the bar, even if I could bring myself to a renewal of it. I have thought much of it and your advice would determine me if anything could, but I feel within myself a something which tells me with too much truth, I fear, that I cannot resume that line which I was perhaps wrong in abandonning. So much for the bar; as to public office in America the prospect is still less flattering, not to mention the disadvantage with which every man appears who depends for support on those offices which he desires to fill, nor the scanty and precarious support which these offices must offer to those who are the most successful in attaining them. Every day gives new proofs that neither virtue or talents are sufficient recommendations. Take Mr. M. for instance. Who can ever expect to have more virtue, or as great talents as he. Yet he with all his virtue and his abilities, had he a wife and family would be in a situation in which I feel that I should be by no means at my ease.\u2014On the whole then when I compare my circumstances, viz. the little I possess, with what I feel essential to my perfect happiness I may with propriety lay my account to falling short of that goal. The only thing left me is to learn to resign myself to the enjoyment of such a degree of happiness only as narrow circumstances may put within my reach.\u2014No body I believe desires the possession of an affluent fortune more ardently than I do. I am not ashamed to own it because I feel that I desire it not for myself, but to participate it with the person in the choice of whom I might then be guided without any consideration  of interest. If I know any thing of myself it is for this end alone that I desire riches. I hope there is nothing wrong in such a desire, and I am sure that should any unexpected accident ever put me in possession of a fortune, (of which most unquestionably I have not the smallest expectation) I should make such an use of it as to justify my strong desire of its possession.\u2014But why have I spun out this matter to such a length?\nWith respect to my remaining at Paris during your absence a sufficient inducement would be that you should desire it, but independent of that circumstance Sir, it would be my choice provided it should be thought proper to name me charg\u00e8 des affaires. In my expectations of this appointment however I do not allow myself to be too sanguine. Let what will be the event, I hope you will never doubt of my gratitude for your recommendation; and of the sense which I have of the favorable opinion which influenced you in making it. When I say that it is my choice to remain at present at Paris it is to be understood however that it is my choice only because I have no prospect of such a settlement in America as I know would ensure my happiness. Were such a thing however within my grasp, still I should have no hesitation in making a temporary sacrifice of it to your convenience, if it were possible that your making use of your leave absence could depend on my remaining.\nSince beginning this letter yours of the 16th. has arrived with those inclosed in it. It was forwarded to me by my banker at Genoa. You will probably before this have received from me a letter written at Nice which will have informed you that I executed your commission at Genoa.\u2014I executed that at Naples also and left the maccaroni machine with my banker to be sent on here to Mr. Catalan but it has not yet arrived, occasioned by the contrary winds which have been reigning now near two months.\nCount D\u2019Estaign\u2019s letter for which I return you many thanks arrived too late, but an accidental acquaintance made with an officer of the marine at Toulon supplied its place. He conducted us throughout the whole of the arsenal.\nOn the road between Toulon and this place were the only olive trees that we observed killed by the cold. The appearance of the crops by no means as bad as generally reported. We have been witness to much fermentation in the villages through which we passed. We were at Toulon two days after the tumult; every thing was then quiet. Here (at Marseilles) the police of the town is in the hands absolutely of the different volunteer corps which are  formed in this place. They patrol, they wear cockades, they assemble in great crowds, and preserve perfect order. Marseilles has never been as free of robberies as since this new police. Yesterday an arret of Parliament was effected to prevent what they called tumultuous assemblies. It was immediately torn down by some of the volunteers. You will certainly have heard of the change of the name of the Place la Tour called after the intendant who is so obnoxious as not to be able to return here. His name written on one end of the place was effaced, a piece of marble was substituted with the letters in gold of Place Necker. This happened the night before I arrived here and it seems no person speaks of the place at present but under its new name.\u2014The different orders are now assembled (April 4) and have been these three days for the choice of their eight deputies to the States general. It is supposed the election will be made this evening. Mirabeau, who has been here and received very marked honors is talked of for one of the tiers etat, and so is the Abbe Raynal.\nI should hasten to arrive at Paris for the opening of the States general but I suppose it first uncertain whether it will be the 27th and secondly whether I could get admittance. I shall leave this place the day after to-morrow and beg you to write to me to the care of Messrs. Feger Gramont & Co. Bankers at Bordeaux. I will write to you immediately on my arrival there.\nThere are here two vessels bound for Baltimore. One has waited some time for a fair wind only. Three days ago a Danish vessel arrived here from Baltimore after a long and peculiar voyage. She lost her masts the fourth day after being out. She left Baltimore in August last. The commerce of this place was never so dull as at this moment. On the exchange instead of arrivals and departures, nothing is talked of but the doleances of the different orders. Adieu my dear Sir. Render acceptable to your family my most respectful compliments & believe me Your affectionate friend & servant,\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0024", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Payne, 4 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Payne, Thomas\nSir\nParis Apr. 4. 1789.\nAs the time of my departure approaches and I hear nothing from you as to my commission of Jan. 28. nor what remained of the former, I take the liberty of reminding you of them and of desiring you to send without delay what you can procure and to forward me your account that I may have it paid. With respect to the books which cannot be immediately found I shall hope you will continue to look out for them, and be able to send them to me on my return to this place which will be in the fall. I have before noted to you that the best conveyance always is the Diligence which comes to Paris four times a week. I beleive it sets out from the Blue boar. I am Sir Your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0025", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Pinckney, 4 April 1789\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCharleston April 4: 1789\nI have the honour to inclose you an extract from the proceedings of the Executive of this state, in consequence of a law passed, by the Legislature at their last session for funding and ultimately discharging their foreign debt. A copy of the Ordinance is also inclosed,  and a list of the foreign creditors with the nature of their debts, whether due by bond, indent or open account as obtained from Mr. Cripps the agent of the state.\nOn examining the proceedings of the Executive, you will find how far they have taken the liberty to request your interference in the management of this important affair. They have done so, because there was no one else to whom they would consent it should be confided and because they were convinced your zeal to aid every exertion that should be made to recover our credit in Europe, would very readily induce you to undertake it. They have, to remove all danger of mistakes taken the liberty to suggest the nature of the certificate they wish you to transmit, and will consider it as a particular favour if you will oblige me by an answer in time to be laid before the Legislature at their next session. I have the honour to be with respect Your Obedient humble Servant,\nCharles Pickney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0026", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame Oster, 5 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oster, Madame\nMadam\nParis Apr. 5. 1789.\nI am honored with yours of the 1st. instant, and chearfully undertake that Mrs. Bannister shall certainly receive the one addressed to her, as I can deliver it myself in person. I hope to sail for Virginia about the 1st. of May and shall be ready to execute there any other command you may have. I presume you have heard of the death of Colo. Bannister. I have the honour to be with great respect Madam Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0027", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 6 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Apr. 6. 1789.\nI am honored with yours of Mar. 31. Mine to yourself and Dr. Bancroft will already have answered so much of it as relates to Mr. Paradise. The idea suggested of his going with me to America, was intended chiefly as a threat against the refusing creditor. It could only have been carried into execution in the case of that creditor\u2019s continuing obstinate. The propositions he has since made were found acceptable, and the idea of Mr. Paradise\u2019s going to America is consequently out of question. I beleive he can be no where so happy as in England.\u2014On my arrival in Virginia I will see Colo. Burwell and Mr. Wilkinson, will know from them what clear annual sum they can reasonably expect to remit from the profits of your estate, and I will inform you of it that you may calculate with more certainty what your third part will be. I will also press an immediate exertion for the recovery of your debts and sale of timber that you may be withdrawn from your present disagreeable situation as soon as possible, and I will let you know what may be expected from the debts and timber. I will undertake chearfully the care of Sr. P. Joddrell\u2019s letters: you will be so good as to inform him however that none should come to my address before January next, as I shall not be returned till then, and that it will be better always to address them to me by my title of office alone without putting my name, that is to say \u2018To the American minister plenipotentiary at Paris.\u2019 For howsoever decided my return is in my own mind and expectation, yet it cannot be said to be  impossible that I should not return.\u2014I thank you sincerely madam for your attention to my commission for the books. Since you have been so kind as to enter into the details relative to them I will take the liberty of mentioning that I will go to the price proposed in your letter for the Diodorus Siculus in 4to. but not for the Geographiae veteris scriptores Graeci minores. This last I find infinitely too dear. I have placed money in the hands of Mr. Trumbull to pay for them. If they can be delivered immediately, without waiting for the sale, I should be glad, as I shall otherwise be gone before they come. I am with great respect Dear Madam your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0029", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Ramsay, 8 April 1789\nFrom: Ramsay, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharleston April 8th 1789\nI have received your favor by Mr. Cutting and am much obliged by your having introduced me to the acquaintance of that Gentleman. To promote the business on which he came was to promote the cause of justice and at the same time the substantial interest of South Carolina. These motives superadded to your condescending request have induced me to contribute my mite towards the establishment of permanent funds for discharging our foreign debt. I trust this is done and I trust no one hereafter will be so lost to honor justice and the sacred laws of property to attempt to undo what has been done.\nI have heard it more than once suggested by the Gentlemen of this country that a vent for our rice up the mediterranean particularly at Constantinople would be eminently beneficial. Till we are either to bribe or fight the Algerines would it not be practicable to make France the medium of conveyance to that capital? If French merchants could command a good price for rice when shipped  there they could very well afford to pay us a good price for the same commodity either here or in France. Your attention to every thing that tends to promote the interests of the United States leaves no doubt in my mind of your readiness to forward this business if it should seem practicable. I will only add that the Carolineans look upon you as their immediate representative and have already had abundant proof of your attention to their local interests. Perhaps it is reserved for you to lay them under further obligations of gratitude by opening new vents for their staple commodity. I have the honor to be with the most exalted sentiments of respect & esteem your most obedient humble Servt.,\nDavid Ramsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0030", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 8 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Apr. 8. 1789.\nI am in hopes this is the last commission I shall have to trouble you with before my departure. It is to have made for me without a moment\u2019s delay a trunk such as is described below which I have written so that you may tear the note off and send it to the trunk maker with a prayer to execute it instantly. As soon as it is done I must get you to take measures to have it brought by the first Diligence. They are very apt to keep things long at the bureau of the Diligence in London unless specially charged to hasten them. This trunk is for my journey and you will imagine hence that the moment of my departure is fixed. Not at all. But I expect to receive my permission now very soon, and I wish to be in readiness to start as soon as I receive it. I must pray you now to make up my account, inserting the price of the pictures, packing &c. and leaving room for a commission of books which Mrs. Paradise has undertaken and cannot exceed \u00a312. I have written to Payne for his acct. and would wish to receive both immediately that I may remit the balance. That I may have room to describe my trunk I must here assure you of the sincere esteem of Dr. Sir your friend & Servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nA strong travelling trunk, covered with black leather, 2 feet 6. I. long 14 I. wide, and 11 I. deep, outside measure, two good locks with hasps, to wit, one towards each end 7\u00bd inches from the end. Laths and straps within, also a tray within at top for light  things, a leather flap on the outside at top like the flap of a portmanteau to carry shoes, brushes & c. Strong handles at each end. A brass in front with the letters T.J. engraved on it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0031", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 9 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Apr. 9. 1789.\nYour favor of the 27th. has been duly received, and in answer to the information relative to D. I can only beg the favor of you to avail yourself of any moment which may occur wherein principles either of fidelity or venality might induce him to give up the books, for the U.S. I will answer the price as far as 12. or 15. guineas for that containing his correspondence from Aug. 1777. to Mar. 1788. (I presume you mean 1778)\nMr. Paradise\u2019s impatience to return to England is such that he has seriously proposed to go and deliver himself up to his creditors rather than stay away longer. I have put him off that by making him expect the deed every post. Should it not be ready, it would be highly expedient to put it into the hands of some one who will draw it in the instant. The deed of settlement of his estate may be best done by the attorney acquainted with his affairs; but the deed for the creditors seems to require no such knowlege, and therefore may be written by any one who will write it first. I cannot but recommend to you to have it drawn, executed and sent here without a moment\u2019s delay. Tho\u2019 I have not yet received my cong\u00e9, I hold myself in readiness to depart within a week after receiving it. I can at no time count then on more than a week. I am with very perfect esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0034", "content": "Title: Enclosure: The Commissioners of the Treasury to Willink & Van Staphorst, 21 February 1789\nFrom: Commissioners of the Treasury\nTo: Willink & Van Staphorst\nEnclosure\nThe Commissioners of the Treasury to Willink & Van Staphorst\nGentlemen\nB. of Treasury Feb. 21. 1789.\nYou will be pleased to pay to the order of the honble. Mr. Jefferson minister from the U.S. at Paris, such sums as he may call on you for, to enable him to pay certain arrears of interest due to foreign officers who served in the army of the U.S. during the late war, and to honor his drafts to the amount of 30,000 florins for the purpose of executing a certain act of Congress of the 18th. of July 1787.\nExclusive of these sums Mr. Jefferson will have occasion from time to time for such sums as will be necessary to pay his own and secretary\u2019s salaries and that of the honble. Mr. Carmichael Charg\u00e9 des affaires at the court of Madrid. You will be pleased to observe that the two appropriations first mentioned are not to take place till you have paid, or effectually secured the payment of the interest which will become due on the Dutch loans in the month of June, after which they must claim  your attention. We are gentlemen with sentimts. of esteem Your Obedt. Hble. servts.,\nSamuel Osgood\nWalter Livingston\n   Tr (DLC); TJ\u2019s hand; at head of text: \u201cCopy\u201d; at foot of text: \u201cMess. Wilhem & Jan Willink & Nichs. and Jacob Van Staphorsts Commrs. of loans Amsterdam.\u201d PrC of Tr (DLC).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from P. van Ishoven, 10 April 1789\nFrom: Ishoven, P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBerg-op-Zoom, 10 Apr. 1789. Has just forwarded, from Pierre van Damme, bookseller at Amsterdam, to Pierre Joseph Roms at Brussels, director of the Paris diligence, a box of books marked \u201cMI.\u201d His expenses for the box to Antwerp amount to \u201c\u01927.10. Courant de Brabant, que j\u2019ai pris \u00e0 La Suite.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0036", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Simon Duvivier, 11 April 1789]\nFrom: Duvivier, Pierre Simon Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 11 Apr. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 12 Apr. 1789. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 12 April 1789\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 12th. april 1789\nYour Excellency will excuse me, if I have a too long time postponed of reppling to your most esteemed lines; I know I am in fault and will not make any appology.\nI still hoped it would be possible to venture some olive trees to America this Season, but the cold returning again in february, which has continued to Ice, till the last weeck, we apprehend they are allmost killed, which will be a great loss for all the Southern provinces of France.\nIn such unhappy circumstance, my Gardener M. Nesmes (his Son is the Bearer of a Letter of introduction to you) advised me to postpone till next year the Shipment; and I have only Shipped the trees as per notte here inclosed, amounting to \u00a3152, which if found right, you will when convenient, send to Messrs. Abbema & Cie. of Paris who will make a receipt for my account.\nYou will find here inclosed, the Bill of Loading on the French Vessel Marie Antoinette Capn. Legier Bound to Baltimore, who departed only in the last week, being detained here by the Contrary Winds. Mr. Hall, intended to take his passage on that vessel, but he will go by another vessel. I have recommended those trees to the Second Mate, who has been before on my own vessel.\nI have wrotte to Messrs. Robt. Gilmor & Co. of Baltimore, that on the arival, they must dispatch them to Mr. Wm. Drayton or Messrs. Braylsford & Morris of Charlestown.\nI had the pleasure of having here, Mr. Short, Mr. Rutlelegde and  Mr. Russel, to whom I render\u2019d the Services in my Power, during their short stay in the last weeck.\nYou will have heard of a Mutinery arised here the 23th. and 24th. ulto. on account of the dearness of Bread and flesh, which were taxed very high, by our Municipality since great many year, that tax being sufficient to pay the royal imposition on this Town, and all the public charges, pavments and repairs of the public works.\nThat tax appears very unpopular, but by the Situation of Marseilles, filled with an immense abode of Foreigners, by Sea and Land, the Ships provisions being Subject to that duty, when purchased here, and the Salaries or workmanship being calculated on that tax, it became unsupportable, but when the prices of wheat and flesh rised to a too high Pitch and at same time the rigorous winter with contrary winds, detained near of 3 Months the arivals of vessels in this harbour, the trade of Course was inactive, and the common people, had no work; the charities tho\u2019 abundant, were insufficient, and very often the most necessitous disdain such supply.\nThe result of that mutinery ended very happily, without troops nor arms, in lowering the prices of Bread and flesh and taking off the duties, and Breaking the farms and farmers of the Town, these being accused of having exacted the people.\nThe hotel of the intendant of Provence, the houses of the lord Mayor and the advocate alderman were beseiged as well as the Farm house, the windows Glasses and some triffling house furniture, were distroyed. But these are in horror amongst the people, and if they were to return again in this place, it is to be apprehended that a more Serious Sedition would arise.\nThe young gentlemen with the Porters alone, have peacified all by persuasion of firmness, they since make the watch in the night against robbers and everything is quite since.\nI have received via of Gibr. about 400 Blls. of Flour, of which I have sold a Part at 40\u20b6 p. Brl. but the quality being altered in the passage, the Bakers appears disgusted, and since 15 days, I have not sold one Barrel.\nThe premium is not paid here in Marseilles because this place is lucked as a foreing Port, but when we import in france, we receive it ready money; the prices are here calculated on that favor, and the aldermans here have wisely determined to lett the trade of corn free for the importation to and reexportation in France or other kingdoms, because if they had forbidden the extraction, the  Merchants would not order any Cargoes this way, and famine would soon insue. American wheat would obtain 29 to 41 pr. charge, (one English quarter makes here one Charge and \u00be). I hope, via Cadiz, that I will receive soon some American Cargoes.\nWe have here about 1000 hogd. Tobacco unsold. The farmers says that the Manufactory of Cette is provided for 4 years, and that if the holders will shipt it for the northern Ports, then they will see what they will do, when arived there. That is not right. I am fortunate that I have none on hands.\nThey writte me from Philada. that Mr. Barclay pays no Body, and probably will satisfy his creditors, with an act of insolvability; they have sued him at Law in my name; if Congress, has money to pay to him, I would be much obliged to you, if you make application, that this summ, ought to be applied to the creditors, who have advanced money to him, on the Confidence, that a Public man, would not fail.\nThe nomination of our deputies to the etats Generaux is made;\nclerg\u00e9\nM. L\u2019Abb\u00e9 devilleneuve-Bargemont Comte of the royal abbey of St. Victor.\nM. Labb\u00e9 Davin, ch[anoine] of the Parish St. Martin.\n Nobility.\nM. de Cypi\u00e8res\nM. de Sineti. [Sin\u00e9ty]\n Tiers Etat.\nM. Michel Roussier Negt.\nM. Louis Lejeans ain\u00e9 Negt.\nM. delabat Negt. Soap Manufacturer.\nM. Le Comte de Mirabeau, but M. de Mirabeau, being named deputy for Aix, Mr. Andr\u00e9 Liquier Negt. has been named in his place.\nM. Louis LeJeans ain\u00e9, is for the second time one of the 8 members of our Chambre du Commerce. He is maternal uncle of my wife, and the same whom your Excy. has seen at his house, w[h]ere is the picture of the vesuvius; he has been charged of the redaction of Memoirs for the advancement of american trade with Marseilles for the ministry.\nHe goes to Paris in Company of his wife and my Brother in Law. I will take the liberty of giving a Letter of introduction, and I hope  that the result of your acquaintance, will be beneficial to the american trade.\nYou know perhaps that our Board of Trade is always consulted for Barbarian affairs, and now it appears to me that it is the case to ask the mediation of France for your peace with Barbary. Our growing crops has a very Bad prospect in Provence and Languedoc, and the united states can\u2019t supply Southern France, if peace is not made.\nI will not keep you more this letter being too tiresome. All my family presents you their respects.\nI remain very respectfully Sir of your Excellency the most obedient & humble devoted Servant\nStephen Cathalan Junr.\nAmerican fish oil enters according the new arret. I have sold mine to Sangrain for this place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0039", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 12 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis April. 12. 1789.\nSince my last to you which was of Mar. 8. I have had the honor of yours of April 2. I have moreover on the 1st. inst. repaid to Mr. Sartorius the little disbursements you have been so kind as to make for me from time to time. To wit\nfor postages omitted at my last paiment\n\u2007\u2007expences attending Mr. Barclay\u2019s papers\n\u2007\u2007do.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Mr. de la Fayette\u2019s bust\n\u2007\u2007do.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007for Mr. Moore\n\u2007\u2007do.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007for a box of vinegar\namounting in the whole to\nI wrote in the last Autumn to ask leave of our government to go to America this spring, to return again next autumn. I am now in daily expectation of receiving the Cong\u00e9, and I keep my business in such a state that I can set out from hence in a week or ten days after the Cong\u00e9 shall come to hand. I would chuse to sail from your  port or Rouen; and I will therefore be obliged to you to inform me what vessels there are bound from either of those ports to the United states, to what part of the United states they are bound, and when they sail? Also the size, age & soundness of the vessel. My wish is to go in a vessel bound to some part of Chesapeak, tho\u2019 if there be none bound there, I might go to any other part not too inconvenient. So also should any other vessel arrive and be to return to America between this and my departure I will thank you to inform me of it. In the moment of receiving my cong\u00e9, if I find by your state of the vessels that there is one in your port which would be convenient for me to go in, I will take the liberty of writing to you to engage my passage, to wit for myself, my two daughters, and two servants. I do not propose to take the whole cabbin to myself, which is a useless peice of pomp, offensive and distressing to the other passengers if there be any, and answering no end if there be none. I should propose to pay our passages as others. Your immediate and constant information, as to the vessels, while I am yet here, will much oblige Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0040", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Fraser, 13 April 1789\nFrom: Fraser, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nChelsea Apl. 13th. 1789\nI beg leave to inform you that I have Inclosed in a Box Directed to the Duc D\u2019Orleans a parcel containing 2 Qts. of Seed 1 Qt. for the Marquis de la Fayette, and 1 for yourself. Beg you will send to Mr. Blackie a Bagatelle, for them. I have the Pleasure to inform you that it has been minutely examined by the Heads of the Royal Society, who are of Opinion that it is of more real utility, than any other Plant that has been Discover\u2019d for a Century; the Pleasure I naturally feel in Consequence of such a Declaration makes me far from regretting the Dangerous Expedition I have undergone. I hope the United States will not be backward in Encouraging the Discoverers, as well as profiting by the Discovery. I cannot help expressing the Gratitude I feel on Account of the particular notice you was pleased to take of me when in Paris. I found on conversing with different Gentlemen that they looked upon the Flavour of the Melon to be by no means a Quality to recommend it, but in Consequence  of your good opinion of it, have taken the Liberty to call it by the name of Jefferson\u2019s Pine Apple Apricot, and have sent them to Mr. Walter under that name, but have since had the severe Mortification to hear that, that Valuable Man, is now no more. This Circumstance will particularly oblige me to go to Carolina this Summer. I beg your Acceptance of a few Seeds of the real Pinus Palustris, the Description of which is as follows, (Strobilis arcuatis, Foliis trinis semipedalibus.) I mean as soon as it can be done with Correctness, to send to each Subscriber a Copper-Plate Impression of this new Grass. I have the Honor to be with the Greatest Respect Yr. most Obedt. Humble. Servt.,\nJohn Fraser", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0044", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D\u2019Anterroches, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Anterroches, Joseph Louis, Chevalier d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPuydarnac, 14 Apr. 1789. Takes advantage of TJ\u2019s letter to his mother of 9 Mch. offering services \u201cfor her Son in America\u201d to ask that enclosed letters \u201cbe forwarded to their destination, as soon as possible, after you have landed on that Blessed Continant.\u201d He is \u201clooking as a great honor to have becomed one of its Citysens\u201d; left New York 9 Jan. last and on 1 July next will \u201creturn where the treasure of my Heart is deposited. May Heaven protect you on the ocean, and and you safe to the place of your abode, there to receive the honors, and respect due to your merit and virtues.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0045", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon April the 14th. 1789.\nI take the liberty to acquaint your Excellency that the Biblia Indica per Elid Cantab. 4to. went for a great deal More then you had Marked it at, O[n] May the 2d. will begin to be sold the other Books. The Diodorus Siculus will be amongst the first. Mr. Robson has promised Me if he can get them for less then your Excellency has Marked them at he will. I see very plainly he wishes to do every thing in his power to serve and oblige you. Indeed, so must every  one who has heard of You. He said, he wished he could send the Books immediately to you, but as they were down in the Catalogue he could not do it. The Soonest you will have the Books will be the Middle of May. I presume, as you have fixed your price upon them, you would not chuse to give More for them. If at any time your Excellency, or any of your friends, want to get any thing done here I will do it with the greatest pleasure.\u2014I have received a very extraordinary Letter from Mr. P. in which, he say[s] he shall come and deliver himself up to his Creditors. Should he take such a step, it will be wrong, as he will do nothing and I must be draged after him. Pray Dear Sir advise him to stay at Paris until the Deed shall be signed properly that he may come with comfort to himself, and honor to his Daughter; if he thinks nothing of his honour, let him remember, he has a Duty due to his family. He is a Second Sr. John Brute.\nYou have said, when you return to Virginia you will Consult with my Dear and Worthy Cousin Mr. Burwell. I own it would make me happy to have an exact account of all My Property in Virginia of all sorts and kind as I should then know what to trust to. The whole of the Estate was not worked when I was there, as there was not Negroes sufficient. I have one Prayer to Make to your Excellency which is, that if you will have the goodness to consult with Colo. Nath. Burwell upon some Method to put it in my power to lay my Unthinking Husband under a Publick obligation to my Friends in Virginia, I should esteem it a very great obligation. Dr. Bancroft is extremely kind to me, what return I can make him I know not at present. I told Dr. B that I should not write to Mr. P but upon second thoughts I will. I am heartily Sick of this Business. I must beg one favour, that my Letters from your Excellency to me from Virginia may come so that I may receive them myself. Your Excells. next Letter will acquaint me when you are to go for Certain to America and who I shall send Your Books to at Paris. I beg my affect. Love to the Miss Jeffersons and Compliments to Monsr. Short. I shall be obliged to you to present my Compliments to General Washington and Lady and all my other Relations and friends. My Compliments to Dr. Franklin and his Daughter and family and to General Knox and family and all my friends at New York. Mr. Jodrell returns you thanks for your permision for his Brother to send his Letters to your office at Paris. I have learnt within these few days that Mr. Wyth is chosen the sole Judge of the high court of chancery of Virginia.\nI am Dear Sir With Great esteem and Gratitude Your Excellencies Humb. Servt. and Friend,\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Schweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e, 14 April 1789\nFrom: Schweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNantes 14 April 1789\nMessrs. Jacquier[t] & Bosset of this City applied to us some time ago to know whether we could sell them the arms we have in our possession. We answerd that we could not without previous orders from Your Excellency.\u2014They now inform us that they desired their Banker Mr. Grand to make you the same proposal and that you have told him that the greatest part of these arms would shortly be shipt for the United States and the rest sold by publick Auction.\u2014This give us hopes that you have received new directions from Congress relative to our advances for the Alliance frigate. Permit us then to request of your Excellency to communicate them to us, and to crave your kind attention on a matter which dayly becomes of greater moment to us. By the importance of the object, the lenght of time we are kept from it and the hire of the Magazine which is a yearly advance of 600\u20b6 more, besides the great inconvenience we receive of the old peasant muskets which occupy a great part of our own warehouse, we do not doubt but that you feel all the hardships of our situation in this affair and that you will think yourself in justice bound to see it settled before you leave Europe. It will be conferring a great obligation on us and of which we will ever be gratefull.\nWe regret that you have not acquiessed selling the whole of these arms to the above said Gentlemen and of making a public vendue of them as we are persuaded that you would find more advantage in such a sale than in transporting them. The produce might have been placed in a notary\u2019s hands \u2019till the difference between us was adjusted or we would have given bail for its Value.\nAltho\u2019 we have not been able to prevail on our Associates to accept of the mode of Arbitration Your Excellency proposed which in fact could not well be expected ignorant as we all are of the Persons you design, give us leave to ask of you whether we could bring our above copartners in the house of Puchelberg to this way of settlement in having it done by Merchants of Nantes whether you  would acquiesse to it. We have here people in Comerce of known integrity and judgement whose Characters are respected and as well known in Paris as they are here, conversant with all general maritime Laws and Customs and who for the most part having served as Consuls are well versed in such affairs. We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s most humble & most obedient Servants,\nSchweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0047", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame Oster, 15 April 1789\nFrom: Oster, Madame\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNancy, 15 Apr. 1789. Is grateful to TJ for offering to take her letters to America. Asks him to assure Mrs. Banister of her \u201ctendre attachement\u201d; she and the other friends who overwhelmed her with kindness will remain precious memories, saddened only by the thought that she will never see them again.\u2014She will pray for a successful and happy voyage for TJ. [In postscript:] She had not known of the death of Mr. Banister, having received no news from friends in Virginia for a long time, and is \u201ctres touch\u00e9e de l\u2019affliction qu\u2019elle aura caus\u00e9e.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0048", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bayard, 16 April 1789\nFrom: Bayard, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonseigneur\nH\u00f4tel Charot pr\u00eas l\u2019Egout MontmartreParis ce 16 Avril 1789.\nJ\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019exposer \u00e0 votre Excellence La triste position du Sr. Maizieres, Negociant francois, qui se trouve dans la plus grande d\u00e9tresse en cette ville avec Trois mille Dollars Papiers des Etats unis, Treasure of Loan produisant inter\u00eat \u00e0 Six pr %. Il la supplie de lui faire payer \u00e0 Paris ceux de plusieurs ann\u00e9es ech\u00fces. Si cela lui etoit absolument impossible, il R\u00e9clame de sa Bienveillance La grace Suivante:\nLe Sr. Maiziere a fait pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es \u00e0 Charlestown un Commerce avantageux et a acqui dans ce pays des maisons et des Terres. En Revenant Il fit pr\u00eas de la Rochelle un Naufrage dans lequel touttes ses Marchandises ont \u00e9t\u00e9 perd\u00fces. Voyant qu\u2019il ne peut en france tirer aucun parti du Papier du Congr\u00eas, Il d\u00e9sire passer au plutot dans l\u2019Amerique Septentrionale. L\u2019intention de son Excellence etant d\u2019y retourner incessamment, Il la Supplie de lui accorder un Passage dans le Vaisseau sur lequel Elle S\u2019embarquera  Il lui remettroit en D\u00e9pot son Papier du Congr\u00eas sur lequel Il rembourseroit \u00e0 l\u2019arriv\u00e9e les fraix de Passage. Son Excellence mettroit le comble aux Voeux du Sr. Maizieres si sur ces trois mille Dollars elle avoit la bont\u00e9 de lui avancer ici une Somme sur laquelle Il formeroit une pacotille.\nLe Sr. Maiziere sait bien l\u2019Anglois et a des talents qui pourroient \u00eatre utils pendant la Travers\u00e9e.\nSans L\u2019\u00c9loignement de l\u2019hotel de Son Excellence, J\u2019aurois e\u00fc L\u2019honneur de lui pr\u00e9senter cette Requ\u00eatte que je la Supplie d\u2019accueillir et de me d\u00e9signer un moment d\u2019audience pour l\u2019entretenir sur la Suitte d\u2019un Traitt\u00e9 que j\u2019ai fait avec Monsieur Benjamin Franklin.\nJe Suis avec Respect Monseigneur Votre tr\u00eas humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur\nBayardancien fournisseur des Troupes du Roi", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Bingham, 16 April 1789\nFrom: Bingham, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nPhilada. April 16th 1789\nIt will give you pleasure to hear that a very commendable Spirit of Industry and Enterprize, has Succeeded to a Period of Languor and Inattention to our best Interests, and that the Citizens of Philadelphia have at length discovered that their own Efforts, properly directed, will furnish them with a Variety of Manufactures that they have been in the Practice of procuring from Europe.\nMany Experiments have been made in the Cotton Branch, the result of which has afforded the most Satisfactory Evidence of the Success that will attend the Business, when pursued on a larger Scale, and with Machines more effectually constructed for abridging Labor in the different Stages of the Manufacture.\nThe Facility of procuring the raw material, and on cheaper Terms than the European Manufacturer, the low Price of Provisions, which must have a corresponding Influence on the Wages of Labor, the great Consumption of Cotton Goods in the United States and the heavy Expences that attend their Importation from Europe, which operate as a countervailing Duty, the Patronage that may be expected from the federal Government in Support of our Infant Manufactures, and the more immediate Protection of the Legislature of our own State, are powerfull Incentives, and  point out the Advantages that must ultimately attend the Establishment of this Manufacture.\nBut as the Price of Labor, even in the coarse Cotton Manufactures, is a very considerable Proportion of the constituent Parts that compose the Value of the finished Article, when connected too with the best Kinds of Machinery, it becomes an Object of essential Consequence, to obtain Similar Advantages.\nA Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures has been instituted here, from public Spirited Views, for the purpose of aiding and extending this Branch of political \u0152conomy. They have resolved to apply to you, and thro your Means to endeavor to procure Models of the best constructed Machines in the Cotton Line, such as have been lately established in France, as Substitutes for manual Labor.\nYour well known Attachment to the Interests of your Country has induced them more readily to make this request, and from the liberality that has always distinguished the Conduct of the French Government towards the United States, they flatter themselves that no Opposition of a public Nature, will frustrate the Accomplishment of their Views.\nI am authorized on their Part to make this Application, and as soon as I am informed of the Prospect of Success and the Attendant Expences, I will do myself the honor of remitting you the Amount thereof.\nIf the Models are made Small, they can be sent by the Packet, Via New York.\nThe federal Government has commenced its Operations under very auspicious Circumstances, as the opposition made to its Establishment is daily diminishing, and I hope the Wisdom and Justice of its public Acts will soon disarm the most determined of its Foes.\nThe Friends to France are well pleased at discovering so warm a Spirit of Reform, as seems to pervade that Country, and augur the most happy Consequences, from the probability of soon establishing a freer Constitution and Form of Government.\nMrs. Bingham requests me to present her Complements to you, and to inform you that she means to take the liberty of troubling you with the Execution of a Commission for some of the Modes of Paris. I have the honor to be with much Respect and Regard Sir Your very obed. hble. Servt.,\nWm. Bingham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Vernes, [ca. 16 April 1789]\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[L\u2019Orient, ca. 16 Apr. 1789.] Acknowledges TJ\u2019s letter of the 12th: \u201cJ\u2019y vois avec peine le dessein que vous formez de vous \u00e9loigner d\u2019un pa\u00ffs o\u00f9 le commerce de France trouvoit dans ses relations avec l\u2019Am\u00e9rique un protecteur si \u00e9clair\u00e9. J\u2019esp\u00e8re que v\u00f4tre absence sera courte, et qu\u2019\u00e0 v\u00f4tre retour vous trouverez enfin chez nous une administration moins embarrass\u00e9e de d\u00e9tails, et les objets de commerce soumis \u00e0 une discussion publique.\u201d\u2014He would be flattered to be able to enjoy TJ\u2019s company in that port, but he sees no possibility of that: there were in port only three little ships of 100 to 120 tons, destined for Boston and ready to leave. Two will have gone before TJ could reply and they are already filled. The third will sail in 8 to 10 days, but it is of too small  burden and too poorly fitted for him to be willing to see TJ take her.\u2014No ships are expected from the United States. Yet if one should arrive, he will notify TJ and will delay her departure until he receives a reply.\u2014\u201cJ\u2019ai mille remerciments \u00e0 vous faire, Monsieur, de l\u2019arr\u00eat sur les huiles que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019envoyer. J\u2019attendois pour y r\u00e9pondre l\u2019occasion de quelque information qui p\u00fbt vous int\u00e9resser. Ma maison a re\u00e7u un chargement de tabac de Virginie. Il revient icy \u00e0 31\u20b6. Tare reelle, et la ferme nous en offre 28\u20b6. 10s. Tare 15 \u214c %.\u201d\u2014He has finally seen to it that the Irish smugglers will be tolerated in that port. This is an outlet for James and York river tobaccoes. Will write TJ on his own projects before he departs: \u201cJe vous prie, Monsieur, de disposer de moi soit d\u2019Europe soit d\u2019Am\u00e9rique, et d\u2019\u00eatre persuad\u00e9 du vif desir que j\u2019ai de vous donner des preuves de la haute consid\u00e9ration que j\u2019ai con\u00e7ue pour v\u00f4tre caract\u00e8re personnel.\u201d [In postscript:] \u201cLes D\u00e9putations de la Province se font tranquillement. La Noblesse n\u2019enverra que 8 d\u00e9put\u00e9s, au lieu de 22 qu\u2019on lui accorde. Elle paroit pr\u00e9voir qu\u2019elle a perdu la partie. Elle veut que ses d\u00e9put\u00e9s assistent aux Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux \u00e0 sa d\u00e9faite, et sans doute au lieu d\u2019y acc\u00e9der ces deput\u00e9s protesteront contre la perte des privileges de la province.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0053", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 16 April 1789\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam, 16 Apr. 1789. They acknowledge TJ\u2019s favor of the 9th enclosing a letter from the Board of Treasury \u201cwith directions for the disposal of monies on account of the United States, which we Shall punctually fulfill. We feel ourselves happy to have thus terminated a difference of opinion that Subsisted between Your Excellency and us on the Subject. Notwithstanding the orders of the Board of Treasury do not extend to furnishing your Excellency any Sums for Medals, yet as you have Contracted for the dies and appear very anxious to have them paid for,\u201d they remit four bills totalling \u00a315,500 for which they debit the account of the United States. \u201cWe with pleasure assume this additional advance to the 100 Mf we are engaged to furnish for the June Interest, since the discharge will be agreeable to Your Excellency, from which principle all honor shall be shewn the draft you intend to pass for Hire of the Hotel of the United States, as was the Case of the one dated the 1 Instt.\u2014We transmit herewith an account of the bills your Excellency has ever drawn on us.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0054", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bancroft, 17 April 1789\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon April 17th. 1789\nI duely received your favours of the 30th. ulto. and 9th. inst. and I have lost no time in using my endeavours to bring Mr. Paradise\u2019s business here to a Conclusion, though this has not yet been effected from various causes, and among them one of the most considerable has been Mr. Youngs other pressing occupations or his dilatoriness.\u2014Before I had time to inform the silk mercers of Mr. Paradise\u2019s readiness to consent to their Proposals, Mr. Young informed me that one of their Clerks had call\u2019d at his office whilst he was from home, and had left word that he would call again; a Circumstance which led Mr. Young to Conclude that the Mercers might have altered their minds and be inclined to accept the first proposals: and dreading least our giving way to one alteration might encourage other Creditors to propose fresh Changes Mr. Young thought it best to wait a little, and see what might result from the promised call of the Silk Mercers Clerk. We waited accordingly, but the Clerk not returning as he had promised, I immediatly on receipt of your last Letter, desired Mr. Young to make a Pretext for calling himself upon the Mercers, and to loose no more time in bringing the matter, one way or other, to an immediate Conclusion. He called accordingly but without doing any thing else than procuring a pretext for my calling on them with propriety. Of this pretext I availed myself on Wednesday last, and after employing near two hours in Argument, and urging the Objection stated in your Letter, of the Difficulty the Trustees would have in distinguishing the Produce of the Virginia Estate from the Debts recovered there, I at Length so far succeeded as to induce the Mercers to consent to allow Mr. Paradise one third of all that may be remitted from Virginia whether on the score of Debts recovered, Timber Cut Down, or [a]ny other means over and above the interest from the English Funds. But this was the only alteration to which it was possible to bring them; because, as they were ignorant of the annual Produce of the Estate or the goodness of the Debts in Virginia, they said it was possible the whole might not afford more than the \u00a3250 \u214c an. which Mr. P. demanded, (over and above the money in the Funds) and therefore by agreeing to this Demand they might perhaps in effect give Mr. Paradise a Discharge without ever receiving any Payment themselves. Being perswaded therefore that we can do no better, I have advised Mrs. Paradise to Close with  this last proposition, and Mr. Young to call another meeting of the Creditors as soon as possible and in the mean time to get the writings in forwardness for execution. I hope the rest of the Creditors will accede to this last Arrangment though in Truth there was one small one who absolutely rejected the former, and there was also one or two other, who had not given decisive Answers.\u2014If Mr. Paradise could be Contented to stay quietly in Paris till the matter be finished or nearly so, it would I think be safest: but if his impatience to return should be too strong for that, I must at least recommend that he take care to arive here, so as that his arival may be kept secret, a few days, in Case it should be found necessary; though I hope the business may be either done, or so far done as that no body [would] have any desire to molest him. I shall take [care] to do all in my Power to secure the Payment of what you have advanced; and indeed the like care must be taken respecting two or three other little sums here, which I am at some loss how to manage. Perhaps the surest way may be to have the Deed of Conveyance drawn so as to Comprehend only the Produce of the Estate from the date thereof, which would leave Mr. Paradise the disposal of the last years Crop, and probably escape any notice from the Creditors. I shall attend to what you mention of D\u2014\u2014 who I have not seen for some time. I have the honor [to] be with the utmost Esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most faithful & Devoted Hubl. Servt.,\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Rayneval, 17 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: G\u00e9rard de Rayneval (Reyneval), Joseph Matthias\nSir\nParis April 17. 1789.\nAs the moment of my departure approaches, I take the liberty of recalling to your mind the order I have sollicited for the delivery of our arms and stores at Nantes, arrested there by Schweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e. I am very anxious to be enabled to give final orders on that subject before I go, and therefore am obliged to be troublesome to you about it.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0056", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Rutledge, Jr., 17 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rutledge, John, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis April 17. 1789.\nHaving been informed that the mercantile body at Lisbon are very attentive to strangers, and particularly that Mr. Gueldermestre the Dutch consul there would be worth your acquaintance, I applied to Messieurs Boyd & Ker to obtain letters for you to Mr. Gueldermestre and such other merchants as you might like to know. I enclose you their letters of introduction, as also their letter to me.\u2014I have not yet been able to find persons so connected with Mr. Urtuby the French Charg\u00e9 des affaires at Lisbon, as to give me letters for him. But I shall do it.\u2014I hope you will receive this letter before you leave Bordeaux, whither I direct it poste restante. I have the honor to be with great esteem Dr. Sir Your friend and servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0057", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 18 April 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 18 Apl 1789\nI am honor\u2019d with your favor of the 12th. We have at present in this Port the Ships Le Marquis de la fayette Cap. Cain belonging to Philada. a good Ship a good Captain, bound to Philada. The Duc de Penthievre with Tobacco from Norfolk to return so soon as discharged, a Good Ship. The Philadelphia from Baltimore unloading and will be ready in 10 or 15 Days. The Mercury her departure uncertain. Others are dayly expected from different States that you may rely of finding a Safe comodious Passage from hence without delay, add to which the New Establisht packets one to Sail the 15 of next month.\nI shall be glad these circumstances may engage your taking this route. Mr. Short is not yet arrived here. I shall esteem the oppertunity of contributing all in my power to render his residence at this City agreable and shall communicate to him whatever may occur tending to promote our Commercial prosperity.\nWith regard to your official Dispatches they may be put under such Cover and thro channels that may escape the attention of administration, that the Departure of the Packets from hence may not prove an impediment to your puting to use the Establishment.\nNotwithstanding the encouragement given by Gouvernment our Consumption of wheat is so considerable that we [are] threatend at this Day with an unexampled difficentcy. It is in Agitation to unload the ships in the harbour bound to the West Indies with flour. Unless considerable supplies arrive in a few Days we shall be without a bushel in Store and the Country is not in a State to Supply us. West Indies must soon have crying demands which will naturaly turn the Channel of the Exports from America to the Islands that we can make but a very Slender dependance of Supplys for this Market. All france appears to labour under the same Calamity that one province is not in a state to aid the others. The Spring will releive by Growing Vegitables a part of the subsistence but the appearances of the Growing Crop is far from promising abundance the Ensueing Winter may prove more trying than the Past. I have the Honor to be with due respect Sir Your most Obedient Servt,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0058", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brissot de Warville, 19 April 1789\nFrom: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNo.1. rue gretryParis ce 19 Avril 1789\nUne dame de ma Connoissance, L\u2019Epouse de Colonel La Terriere maintenant etabli \u00e0 philadelphie, desireroit rejoindre son Mari par un Vaisseau qui partiroit en Juin du havre. Je Lui ai parl\u00e9 de Votre depart prochain. Seroit il possible qu\u2019elle put s\u2019embarquer sur le Navire qui Vous transportera? Ou bien connoiss\u00e9s Vous d\u2019autres Vaisseaux? Je vous serai oblig\u00e9 de me repondre sur ces deux questions.\nLes Elections qui m\u2019ocupent dans ce Moment m\u2019ont empech\u00e9 d\u2019avoir L\u2019honneur de Vous aller Voir. J\u2019espere me le procurer au premier Moment de libre. Je suis avec respect, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant serviteur\nBrissot De Warville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0059", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ruellan & Cie., 20 April 1789\nFrom: Ruellan & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 20 Apr. 1789. Mistral, Intendant of Marine there, asks if they have had a reply from TJ to their letter of 13 Mch. about the two sons of Col. Talbot, now at Brest. They ask for such a reply that they may respond to him.\u2014They enclose a letter just received by the ship Les Trois Fr\u00e8res, Capt. Russel, out of Boston with a cargo of grain, flour, and beef: \u201cce navire n\u2019a que trente deux Jours de Travers\u00e9e.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0061", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 20 April 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nToulouse April 20. 1789\nI had the pleasure of writing to you from Marseilles in answer to your friendly letter recieved there. Since that I have been engaged in the journey from that place to this. We passed by Aix, Avignon, Orange, Pont St. Esprit, Nismes Montpelier, Bezieres. Here we embarked in the postboats which we found would be much cheaper and almost as convenient as a boat taken for ourselves. The stoppages at the different locks and the changing frequently from one boat to the other gave us an opportunity of examining the works as minutely as we wished. Besides, the opportunity of conversing with the people employed in these boats and the passengers in them we found of considerable assistance. We stopped at Castelnaudary and employed a day to go and see the reservoir of St. Feriol. We did not go to Escamase, because we learned that it was nothing more than a vault under which the water passed, nor to Lampy because it would have required more than the day. They have lately added three new robinets in the room of those which were used when you were there. They seem admirably well contrived and executed. From Castelnaudary we came here in one day. On the whole we were in the boat three days and an half. We were much longer on the road from Marseilles to Bezieres in proportion to the distance. Not being able to hire a cabriolet for going post  we were obliged to travel with a voiturier. We had every reason to repent of this latter arrangement, but particularly because it prevented our going to Cette. We had only a slight view of it at a considerable distance from the road.\u2014From hence we shall probably go to Bordeaux by water. If we do we shall not leave this place before the day after to-morrow, that being the day of the departure of the boat. It would be probably much more agreeable going by land, but we are curious to try the mode of going down a rapid current. We shall be fully gratified in all appearance as the river is now very high and rising in consequence of the abundant rains which have fallen and still continue. The price is also tempting, being 5.\u20b6 each from hence to Bordeaux and about as much for our baggage. The voyage is longer than I should have desired one of the kind, but it is well to see something of that kind of navigation for a person who may probably be one day an inhabitant of Kentucky. It is two days and an half to Bordeaux, so that we shall be there, if we go down the river, on friday or at latest on saturday. We shall not make there a long stay. Rutledge will probably come on to Paris with me, he seems already sick of a Spanish journey. In that case we shall certainly go by Nantes. Should you do me the favor to write to me immediately after the reciept of this it would be well to address the letter to the care of my banker at Bordeaux. Should I have left that place he will send it immediately after me. I know no body to whose care I could have a letter addressed at Nantes, not being sure that Carnes is still there. Should you write to me later it would be best to direct the letter poste restante at Nantes. I count now on your recieving this letter on Sunday or Monday next.\nI forgot to mention to you, that not being able to see the homme d\u2019affaires of M. Rochegude at Avignon, I was obliged to execute your commission by chusing at his hotel the wine you desired, and leaving a memorandum for it to be sent to you to Paris. The wine is kept in the country where it is made. That which I tasted of which kind you are to have is six years old. It costs 21s. instead of 24s as you imagined the bottle included. It is to be paid when received at Paris together with the price of carriage and duty. It should arrive in a short time from this and will be sent to your address. They told me that they often sent it to Paris and that you might be sure of being well served. You may be the more sure still as it is considered only as a trial and they have hopes of continuing to supply you.\nI arrived at Nismes in the midst of days when nobody worked. That was the reason why the workman would not undertake to make the model although we agreed to stay a day longer than we intended. But I left the money and the price of a box to be made for the model, with your old servant Blondin, who will certainly not fail to have it made and sent to you immediately either by the Messagerie or a private hand of his acquaintance. The workman had kept the model to work by so that there was no necessity for applying to the cabinet. We were not able to see the cabinet because they were newly arranging it, and the articles were all packed up in trunks. We saw the Abbe d\u2019Arnal who had no difficulty in comprehending the manner of hanging the mill stone. He seemed flattered by your remembrance of him. We saw his mill and the model of his machine for carrying a boat against stream.\u2014I hope I shall have the pleasure of finding a letter from you at Bordeaux when I arrive there. In the mean time I beg you to present my most respectful compliments to your family and to believe me unalterably Your friend & servant,\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0064", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Grand & Cie., 23 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Grand & Cie.\nGentlemen\nParis Apr. 23. 1789.\nI have received your letter wherein you mention that the arrears of interest due from the United states to M. de Fleury have been attached in your hands on my behalf. I beg leave to observe to you that it is only five hundred and seven livres, part thereof, which I paid on his order to M. de la Vallette, and which it is necessary for you to stop. All over that sum, you will be pleased to pay to his order whenever you shall be furnished with funds for that purpose. I am with great esteem, Gentlemen, Your most obedient & most hble. servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0065", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ruellan & Cie., 23 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ruellan & Cie.\nSir\nParis April 23. 1789.\nYour favor of the 20th. instant is just received, with the letter it inclosed; for your care of which be pleased to accept my thanks. The young Mr. Talbots as well as their father, family, and circumstances are equally unknown to me. A letter from the father came to me about the time I was honoured with yours of the 13th. [of] March. In that letter he informed me that he had [two] sons in the French navy, and that he had remitted thro\u2019 Monsieur La Forest (consul at New York) two hundred dollars for their use. On the receipt of your letter therefore of Mar. [13] I wrote to Havre to enquire who might be Monsieur La Forest\u2019s correspondent at that port, presuming the money had been sent to him. But I have no answer on that subject. It was this delay, which occasioned my not answering you sooner. I think you might possibly learn something on this subject at [Havre]. With respect to myself I am not properly authorized in any thing in this matter, and being to depart for America within a few days I could be of no further utility to  Monsieur Mistral. I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0066", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 24 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Apr. 24. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of the 14th. and communicated it to Mr. Paradise, who desires me to observe that, after retaining a very moderate subsistence for himself and Mrs. Paradise (as that of \u00a3200 a year apeice which has been proposed) his first and ruling object is to pay his debts: that therefore instead of desiring a full third of all remittances from Virginia, including debts, he would wish that whenever these remittances are such as that his third added to the money in the funds would exceed 400\u00a3 for himself and Mrs. Paradise, the surplus should be paid to his creditors. And he would rather have it so settled in the deed. He concurs in the idea of letting the deed commence it\u2019s operation on the produce of the present year, so that with the crop of the last year he may pay the debts contracted for his subsistence before the date of the deed. As the expectation of my cong\u00e9 leaves me never sure of being here more than ten days, I think it would serve the interests of all parties to enable me to convey the deed to Virginia and have it recorded there. This is essential to it\u2019s validity. I inclose for Mrs. Paradise a letter which came to me thro\u2019 the post office. I mention this to account for the marks of violation on it. With respectful compliments to her, I am with great esteem Dr. Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0067", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 24 April 1789\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 24 Apr. 1789. Since his of 16th, three Philadelphia and one Glasgow ships have arrived: the last comes from \u201cNorfolk in Virginia, under american Colors,\u201d and will return to Virginia by way of Glasgow. Encloses a letter \u201carrived this day from Charleston \u2026 by the small Brig Thomas and Martha, Captn. Adams.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0068", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 25 April 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 25 Apr. 1789. Since his of 18th, six vessels have arrived from America: \u201cone from Carolina with Rice, three from Maryland with wheat, flour and Tobacco, Two from Virginia with Tobacco and wheat. They are seasonable arrivals. Having urgent wants great supplies must arrive to supply them. These ships will be dispatcht with all posible diligence in hopes to return back to france with wheat or flour before the 15 August, period, to which is extended the bounty on Imports granted by Gouvernment.\u201d Have advices of other shipments from America bound there and daily expected. Short not yet arrived.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Kinloch, 26 April 1789\nFrom: Kinloch, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSouth Carolina April 26th 1789\nI received some time ago from the hands of Mr. Izard a copy of your Notes on the State of Virginia, for which [I] return you my very sincere thanks. I do not however think that the French press has done you the same justice as Stockdale\u2019s, a copy of whose edition I got from England as soon as it appeared. You will not, I trust, suspect me of flattery, when I assure you, that I consider all America as infinitely obliged to you for such a publication, for you have not only done us credit with foreigners, but have excited a wish in every man\u2019s mind who reads you, to become acquainted with his own state, and to consider the same questions as addressed to himself.\nThis letter goes under cover to my Nephew Mr. Huger, whom [I h]ave desired to forward it, in order that He may have an opportunity of paying his respects to you: He is now at Geneva and will soon leave that place, and commence a tour of some extent. As it is possible that he may on some occasions be so situated as to render it of consequence to him to be known as an American, and of respectable connections, I take the liberty, Sir, to apply to you as our only Minister Plenipotentiary in Europe, and request, that you would be so good as to furnish him with a general letter of recommendation  to the Ambassadors of the French Nation, or other persons of publick character. When I travelled, I had such a letter from Lord Weymouth and found it of infinite service:\u2014I was then an Englishman, and still retain, notwithstanding some efforts, such deep rooted prejudices in favour of that nation and government, that I confess to you some disagreeable sensations at a passage of your notes, which will, I am sure, occur to you. I rely upon our former acquaintance, you perceive, dear Sir, and on the experience I have of your good nature, which will lead you to forgive not only my criticism, but the general alarm which another passage in your Notes occasioned amongst us. It is not easy to get rid of old prejudices, and the word \u201cemancipation\u201d operates like an apparition upon a South Carolina planter.\nShould I at any time have it in my power to be of service to you here, I hope you will command me, and should you find time to honour me with a few lines, I should receive them very gratefully. With Sentiments of the highest respect & esteem, I remain Dear Sir, Your Excellencys most Obedient & Humble Sevt,\nFrancis Kinloch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0070", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sarsfield, 26 April 1789\nFrom: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris], 26 Apr. 1789. Sends compliments, and expects to come wish him bon voyage, hoping to be more fortunate than last time he came for that purpose.\u2014Begs TJ to make note of his promise to report to him the debates of all \u201cles Provinces relatifs \u00e0 l\u2019Etablissement du Congr\u00e8s Except\u00e9 celui de Massachusets bay parce qu\u2019il l\u2019a,\u201d even of those that have not acceded, especially of Rhode Island.\u2014Sarsfield \u201cne lui reportera ou renverra les debats de la Virginie que la veille de son depart, parce quil n\u2019aura autre chose \u00e0 en faire que de les laisser dans sa biblioteque, ce qui ne demande pas beaucoup de tems. Il le prie de ne pas oublier The federalist.\u2014Il profite de la permission qu\u2019il lui a donn\u00e9e de lui envoyer quelques lettres pour l\u2019amerique.\u201d Begs him never to doubt his sincere and \u201cinviolable Attachement.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0071", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Rutledge, Jr., 27 April 1789\nFrom: Rutledge, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 27 Apr. 1789. Has received TJ\u2019s of 17th with enclosed letters of introduction for Lisbon. Fears TJ will think him \u201cvery capricious\u201d when he tells him that he has \u201cdefer\u2019d going into Spain and  Portugal, and shall proceed with Mr. Short to Paris,\u201d a decision determined by \u201cmy desire to see you before you sail for America, by the advanced state of the season, the accounts \u2026 received of the danger there is in travelling thro\u2019 Spain in summer, and because I wish to be quietly settled in some place, for two or three months, that I may digest all I have seen for these last twelve months.\u201d Will leave for Nantes in five or six days and hopes to be in Paris by 10 May.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0072", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bancroft, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nApril 28th. 1789.\nI have just received your favour of the 24th. inst. with the Letter inclosed which I have sent to Mrs. Paradise. It is now so late that I have only time to say that we last night met the principal of Mr. Paradise\u2019s Creditors, who all agreed to the amended Proposal of allowing Mr. Paradise the money in the Funds and [on]e third of the Produce of the Virginia Estate Debts, excepting only one inconsiderable Creditor of the name of Bottsworth whose demand is about \u00a315, and who declares he will come into no Agreement nor accept any thing less than the whole money immediatly. The other Creditors reproved him so severely that he Left the meeting, and they afterwards appeared all disposed, if he continues inflexible, to allow the Trustees to pay him out of the first monies to be received, or even to contribute themselves to make up the sum at once so as to relieve Mr. Paradise from any difficulty with him. At this meeting the Creditors agreed to Mr. Paradis\u2019s nomination of me as one of the Trustee\u2019s and they joined Mr. Barlow the Silk Mercer as the other, Mr. Gatman and Mr. Seward having both refused to act. All the Creditors except Bottsworth declared that Mr. Paradise might return without any danger from them, but a[fter] consideration they were of opinion [that as] several Creditors had not attended it would not be adviseable for Mr. Paradise to appear until the Deed should be signed which they urged Mr. Young (as I have strongly done) to finish as fast as possible. I have indeed had a strong intimation from a considerable Creditor, that Mr. Paradise would be in great Danger from some Particular Persons if he should be Known to be in London before those persons shall have tied up their own hands by written Engagments. Mr. Young has promised to exert himself in preparing the Deed, and I hope it may be finished in 8 or 10 days, after which I think the Signatures may be procured in three or four days. If Mr. Paradise ventures to return  before he hears that this is absolutely done, I would have him come so as that if necessary he can be private a little time.\nCount Zenobio has promised me not to Claim h[is \u00a3]30 \u214c an. out of the Bank Intrest un[til] Mr. Paradise\u2019s present Debts shall be dis[charged] so that he will have the whole of that Intrest to depend upon: but this I have not communicated to the Creditors and I doubt whether it is worth while to make the alteration you mention in the Trust Deed, for in truth if any thing considerable should be received from the Debts in Virginia, the Creditors may well afford to spare Mr. P. one third thereof; since by the time he receives \u00a3700 from the Produce of the Estates and Debts together, they must necessarily receive \u00a31400 which will discharge all their Demands. I have only time to add that I am with great & sincere respect Dear Sir Your most faithful & Devoted Servant,\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0073", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 28 Apr. 1789. No arrivals since his of [25th.] From public prints up to 4 Mch. the states have chosen representatives for Congress except North Carolina: \u201cGeneral Washington President John Adams Vice. Mr. Jay appears to have had many Voices for Vice. Your State is represented \u2026 by J. Page, James Maddison, Saml. Griffin, Andrew Moore, R. H. Lee and Alexr. White.\u2014Great disunion in New York State. Govr. Clinton having exercisd the Charge since the revolution gives rise to reflections and Political oppressions. Genl. Schuyler and Judge Yates are chosen for New York in Congress.\u201d Meeting at New York having taken place 8 Mch., they expect returns of debates by first ship. Short and Rutledge are at Bordeaux and both in good health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0075", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 28 April 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBordeaux April 28. 1789\nI had the pleasure of writing you last from Toulouse. On my arrival here I found yours of the 13th. I thank you much for the information it contained. Mr. Rutledge joins his thanks also. The letters you mention having certainly inclosed him in mine must have been taken out in the post office. He was present when I recieved and opened your letter and saw that his were not then in it. He is fully persuaded that they must have failed in the post office  to have re-inclosed them.\u2014You desire me in your letter to give you an exact state of my stages. At this moment that is impossible, as they depend somewhat on Rutledge and on circumstances. He has determined to decline his Spanish trip and comes on to Paris with me.\u2014I propose hiring a cabriolet here and going post by the way of Nantes. I should wish to leave this place on friday the 1st. of May. Rutledge thinks it will be too soon. He wishes to stay a few days longer in hopes of recieving a packet that he expects by the Messagerie of Marseilles.\u2014Should we be able then to find a cabriolet, we may say that we shall leave this place by the 4th. of the month, sooner if I can prevail on Rutledge. Still if you write on or before the 4th. and direct your letter poste restante \u00e0 Nantes, I shall be sure to find it there. I suppose that a letter will be four days going to Nantes. If however you were at the same time to drop a line poste restante at Tours it would be well; because if we should not be able to get a cabriolet as happened at Marseilles, and should find seats in a carriage going on to Paris without passing by Nantes, we should be obliged to make use of them. However I hope no inconvenience can result from this uncertainty of my stages as I shall be not many days on the road after leaving Nantes, where also my stay will be short. But I have another reason for hoping it which if realized will give me inexpressible pleasure. Rutledge has just recieved a letter from Shippen wherein he says you have written him that unless you have time to go to America, finish your business there, and return before the fall, you shall postpone your voyage till that time. This is a circumstance which I should wish for most ardently provided it were equally agreeable to you. Still I am afraid to hope it and particularly as you say nothing of it in your letters.\u2014If your leave has not yet arrived the season will be far advanced before you can set out. You will probably have a long passage. You will arrive in the lower part of the country in a sickly season, and a few nights passed there may perhaps occasion either you or some part of your family the ague and fever. Arriving in the fall in the month of November you would have nothing of this sort to fear.\nI saw yesterday Mr. Bondfield. He told me that there were several late arrivals from America with wheat and flour. Their voyages will be so uncommonly profitable as must certainly bring many others. He mentioned the last arrival as extraordinarily advantageous. The cargo cost in America \u00a32000 stlg. It produced here after paying all expences \u00a34000 stlg. Letters, or rather endorsements  of letters at New York as late as the 17th. March have arrived here, but no intelligence so late from that place. These letters came by the way of Alexandria.\u2014I have seen a few Virginia papers here. The members of the federal house of representatives mentioned there are J. Madison, J. Page, Rosewell, Theodorick Bland, R. Bland Lee, brother to the Colonel, Josiah Parker of Norfolk.\u2014Genl. Nelson dead. I saw also a list of the laws passed at the late session, among others one for repealing that made in favor of our family some years ago, vesting in them some negroes, escheatable property. Should the owner insist on their hire during that time, it will turn out that we shall be obliged to pay him for having secured his negroes from being escheated.\nI dont recollect Sir whether I mentioned to you that I expected from Rome a small package containing prints, with four folio volumes of the monuments of Rome. If not, I will thank you to be so good as to recieve them from the merchant who will deliver them to you should they arrive before me. A list will accompany them. He is to recieve six livres (in addition to what has been paid him) for their freight &c.\u2014I take the liberty of inclosing you a letter for Mde. de Tesse, which I beg you to be so good as to send her. My most respectful compliments to your family and believe me Sir with sentiments of the purest affection Your friend & servant,\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0078", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 29 April 1789]\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 29 Apr. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 30 Apr. 1789, but not found. This letter may have been concerned with the matters discussed in Henry Lee to TJ, 6 Mch. 1789, and George Washington to TJ, 13 Feb. 1789, both of which arrived on the 29th Apr. The next day TJ called on Morris, who made the following entry in his journal: \u201cMr. Jefferson comes in to communicate a Letter from Colo. Lee about the Sale of Shares in his late Purchase at the Falls of Potowmack, also a Letter from the General on the subject of the Navigation of that River, &ca. I explain to him the Business and he offers to be concerned with me in the one eighth mentd. by Colo. Lee to be disposed of to anyone here who will undertake the Business. That this eighth shall be in thirds (He, Short and I) or in fourths so as to take in Parker. I give it the go bye. He presses me much to speak to Messrs. Le Couteulx, which I promise to do. Take him to his House and at parting tell him that if I see Parker I will mention it to him.\u201d The same day Morris called on Parker and, among other things, told him of \u201cMr. Jefferson\u2019s Affair, which he is determined to have nothing to do with except to give his Opinion which will be very discouraging\u201d (Davenport, ed., Diary of Gouverneur Morris, i, 58\u20139).]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0079", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste LeRoy, [30 April 1789]\nFrom: Le Roy, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJeudy [30 Apr. 1789]\nPardonnez, Monsieur, Si je n\u2019ai pas r\u00e9pondu plutot \u00e0 la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire; mais n\u2019ayant pas \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie, samedy dernier, je ne Savois pas si les propositions de M. Rumsay y avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 renvoy\u00e9es par M. De Villedeuil. J\u2019y ai \u00e9t\u00e9 hier, et J\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 sur le r\u00e9gistre du s\u00e9cr\u00e9taire qu\u2019en effet ces propositions y avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9es, et que J\u2019avois \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 un des commissaires pour les examiner.\nSoyez persuad\u00e9, Monsieur, que j\u2019y donnerai toute l\u2019attention possible, et qu\u2019il ne tiendra pas \u00e0 moi que le rapport n\u2019en soit fait aussit\u00f4t qu\u2019il sera possible. Je serai avec plaisir le Traducteur du m\u00e9moire de M. Rumsay, si les autres commissaires n\u2019en ont point de Traduction, Enchant\u00e9 de pouvoir trouver quelqu\u2019occasion de vous donner des preuves des sentimens d\u2019attachement et de respect avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre bien sinc\u00e8rement Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9\u00efssant serviteur\nLeroy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0080", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 30 April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Apr. 30. 1789.\nI have now the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 14th. inst. I am in hopes Mr. Paradise will be persuaded to remain here till the deed comes, tho\u2019 it will be with difficulty. I have not yet received my permission to go to America: but I expect it daily. However I may very likely be not gone the middle of May, and consequently may receive my books from Pinetti\u2019s sale before I go. Since you have been so good as to take on yourself the trouble  of this commission, I must beg leave to add two more books to my list.\n1105.Dioscoride della Medicinal materia de Longiano 8vo. 10/.\n6625. Theophrasti historia plantarum \u00e0 Gaza. Lat. 8vo. 7/6.\nI would not chuse to go higher than the prices I have marked either for these or the books formerly noted. Your business in America shall be done as you desire. I expect Mr. Short the ensuing week. My daughters present you their affectionate respects, and I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & attachment Dear Madam Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0081", "content": "Title: Memorandum Concerning Public Accounts, April 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nUnited States\n1789. April\nPress copies of my public accounts to be left in France in case any accident of shipwreck happens to the vessel in which I go to America.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0083", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 2 May 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 2 May 1789. The ship Le Couteulx, 32 days from Norfolk with 875 hhds. tobacco, brought the enclosed. \u201cShe left the Capes  the 26 March.\u201d He gave to Short a packet of newspapers addressed to TJ: Short says they \u201care of old date say 9bre. or Decembre.\u201d They hope for arrivals of wheat and flour from America: \u201cThey retard and the wants are Urgent.\u201d American advices say \u201cwheat is very plenty in all the Middle states,\u201d confirmed by prices.\u2014\u201cThe Mercantil Body did not esteem the difficientcy of the last Crop so considerable as it has proved. Administration have been tardy in publishing the state of the inner Countrys. Vessels might have been freighted here and elsewhere that would have brought ample provission, America have not shiping to supply momentary Callings and freights are thereby become very high which will check shipments. The prolongation of the premium allowed by Gouvernment will not give time for Vessels to be sent out and return before the 1st. September, half way measures are hurtful in like Cases. Had the first publication extended to the 1 September many Cargoes would have arrived that are forwarded to other States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0084", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 [May] 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n Bordeaux April [i.e., May] 2d. 1789.\nI have this moment come to my banker to enquire if the post of this morning brought me any letter from you. I find that it did not and as it left Paris on wednesday last, I take it for granted you will not write to this place by any post posterior to that. My letter from hence desired you would direct to me post restante at Nantes as late as the 4th. I set off for that place tomorrow morning in company with Rutledge. We shall stay there two days and proceed from thence to Paris by Tours and Orleans. I shall ask for letters at both of these places by way of precaution. We shall stay half a day at Rochefort and as much at la Rochelle. We have a cabriolet and go post.\u2014I hope you will pass this summer at Paris, the more so as there is reason to believe Genl. Washington will not have come to N. York before the 1st of May. I learn this from the news-papers. Jno Banister father and son are both dead. Genl. Nelson also. Adieu my dear Sir and beleive me yr. friend & servant\nW Short\nP.S. A vessel from Virga. brought you a letter and a packet of newspapers. Mr. Bondfield forwarded the letter three days ago by post. I have the newspapers which are old. They are few save from Octr. to Jany.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D\u2019Anterroches, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Anterroches, Joseph Louis, Chevalier d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPuydarnat, 3 May 1789. Introduces \u201cMr. Paul Cahierre an intimate friend of mine, who is sailing for america (where he hath resided for sometime already).\u201d He was a merchant at Rouen and Paris for many years: \u201chaving taken a fancy for our Continant, [he] is going with his Lady to settle there.\u201d As they are going to \u201cElizabeth Town and New york, be so kind as to deliver the letters\u201d sent previously and Cahierre will \u201ctake that trouble upon himself.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0086", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas Hubbard, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hubbard, Nicholas\nSir\nParis May 3. 1789.\nIn answer to the letter of Messieurs Nicholas & Jacob Van Staphorst announcing your association to their house I take the liberty of tendering you my sincere felicitations and assurances that I shall ever see with great pleasure whatever tends to promote your interests. I am the more happy on this occasion as your successes will be connected with those of two gentlemen for whom I have so sincere a personal esteem as Messieurs Nicholas and Jacob Van Staphorst. The attentions and kindnesses I received from Mr. Nicholas Van Staphorst and yourself while at Amsterdam I shall always be sensible of. Accept therefore assurances of the sincere attachment and esteem with which I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0087", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis May 3. 1789.\nI have duly received your favors of the 16th. and 24th. of April and am obliged to you for your information of the ships arriv[ing] in your port which I beg you to continue to give me. [I] am in daily expectation of receiving my permission, and having all my baggage already packed I need not stay here more than a week after I receive it. I am determined to embark from Havre. I return you many thanks for your kind offer of a lodging in your house. The pleasure of being often with you would be very grateful to me. But a family on the point of embarking, with all their baggage, their servants,  visitors and comers and goers of all sorts would give you an embarras under which I could have no quiet. Permit me therefore to consider an hotel garnie as the only proper depository of so much confusion. At the intervals of leisure it will be a pleasure to me to go and visit you while I stay in Havre. We shall be more at our ease in an hotel garnie while I owe you the same grateful thanks as if I had accepted your kind offer. These I repeat very sincerely with assurances of the esteem & attachment with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0088", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nParis May 3. 1789.\nYours of Apr. 28. from Bordeaux came to hand yesterday as did Mr. Rutledge\u2019s of the 27th. (for I must still have the privilege of acknoleging both together). The incertainty you express whether you come by Nantes, and of course whether this letter (a copy of which goes there) may not get into other hands will very much shorten it. Madame de Tess\u00e9, whose constancy to you is above reproach, has reserved a ticket for you to the opening of the states general, which is ultimately fixed for the day after tomorrow. It is now evidently impossible you should be here by that time. Another circumstance concurs to give you what time you may chuse to pass at Nantes, Tours, or Orleans; which is that I have not yet received my permission to go to America, and I shall be sure to be at Paris till ten days after I receive it. Our latest letters from America are of the 16th. of March. The tickets were not yet opened for want of members, but there would be enough the next day. No doubt of the unanimous election of Genl. Washington, and of a good majority in favor of Mr. Adams. Tho I think myself very sure of receiving my permission, yet there is a possibility it may come so late as that I may prefer going in the fall. I am with the most friendly compliments to Mr. Rutledge Dear Sir Yours very affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0090", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis May 3. 1789.\nI have taken the liberty this day to draw on you in favor of Mr. Van Damme for 170\u0192 -15s which be pleased to honour. Revising your several letters since the paiments to Turkheim & Peuchen your disbursements for me appear as follows.\n\u2007\u2007\u0192\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Court.\n By letter of 1788.\n Expences of boxes from Cologne\nDo.\nAug. 7.\n Paid Van Damme\nThe draught made this day in favor of Van Damme\nIn consequence I give you a draught on Messieurs Willinks V. Staphorsts & Hubbard for 237\u0192-6 to authorize you to extend it in  one article to the debit of the United States. Should I have omitted any article (as is very possible) be so good as to return the order and let me know the exact sum for which I must give you another, and you shall receive it by the first post. I have the honour to be with great esteem & attachment Gentlemen Your most obedt. hble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0091", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 3 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis May 3. 1789.\nYour favor of April 16. covering bills to the amount of 15,500 florins came duly to hand, and should have been sooner acknoleged but that I wished at the same time to acknolege their actual paiment. I am now enabled to do this on information of yesterday from Mr. Grand\u2019s office as to the three bills which were already due, and that the fourth will be paid as soon as due. I am happy that the explicit orders of the Treasury board remove all doubt from between us as to the application of the monies in your hands or which yet remain to be borrowed on the last loan opened: and when in America I will endeavor to impress the necessity that their future orders be explicit and given without any delay.\u2014I expect daily to receive my permission and shall have the honour to notify it to you as soon as I receive it. I am with very great esteem & respect Gentlemen Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0092", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gaetano Drago, 4 May 1789\nFrom: Drago di Domenico, Gaetano\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGenes, 4 May 1789. It is due to repeated urging of Richard Codman, merchant of Boston, during his stay here that he has decided to submit to \u201cL\u2019Illustre Congr\u00e8s des treize Provinces unies\u201d the humble petition of which he encloses a copy. A glance will reveal his object. He has tried to accompany it with recommendations that will be useful. Yet, even though unknown to TJ, he dares to appeal to him for his protection, believing that the influence of a \u201cMinistre aussi respectable\u201d as TJ would promote the success of the project. \u201cL\u2019utilit\u00e9 que la Nouvelle R\u00e9publique du Nord de L\u2019Amerique peut retirer de ses liaisons avec le port de Cette Capitale, la facilit\u00e9 des Emprunts, dont \u00e0 l\u2019Exemple  d\u2019autres Cours elle pourroit \u00e0 l\u2019occasion Jouir en Chargeant son Representant, Le probabilisme d\u2019une tr\u00e8ve avec les Barbaresques, laquelle feroit fleurir dans la Mediterran\u00e9e son Commerce, m\u2019ont paru des Circonstances dignes de l\u2019attention du dit Congr\u00e8s\u201d\u2014and moreover Congress would find him attached by duty as well as gratitude if he should be named consul, an office in which his long familiarity with the English idiom would be useful.\u2014He will not importune TJ with overwhelming proofs but will only say that if TJ will forward his petition and add to it his worthy recommendation, he will feel under the most particular obligations to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Price, 4 May 1789\nFrom: Price, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nHackney May 4th: 1789\nHaving been informed that you intended in the last month to sail for America, I am doubtful whether these lines will ever find you. Supposing it however possible that you may not yet have left Paris, I cannot help taking the opportunity now offer\u2019d me to acknowledge the reception of the letter with which you honoured me February last and in which you have been so good as to give me an account of your Sentiments of the present disputes in France and of their origin, progress and probable issue. Nothing could gratify my wishes more or give me greater pleasure than such an account from a person so distinguish\u2019d by his abilities and good Sense, and so well-informed; and I beg you would accept my best thanks for it. Many of my Friends have participated with me in the satisfaction it has given me. I feel much interested in every transaction in which the cause of civil and religious liberty is concerned, and considering a free constitution of government as one of the first blessings of mankind, I cannot but rejoyce in the probability there is that France will acquire it. A better representation than ours it may easily obtain; but the want of such a body of free-holders and respectable yeomanry as there is in this country and in yours seems in this respect a great disadvantage to it.\nWe have been here in danger of much confusion, but the King\u2019s recovery has for the present saved us from it. This recovery has been attended with a most disgusting effusion of flattery which has given us an appearance very different from that of enlighten\u2019d and manly Freemen; but it should be excused as an effusion of goodnature by which little is really meant.\nThe Congress under the new constitution is, I suppose, now met in America; and I am longing to hear that they go on prosperously. Being now advanced into the evening of life, it is with particular gratitude I look back and reflect that I have been spared to see the human species improved, religious intolerance almost extinguished, the eyes of the lower ranks of men opened to see their rights; and nations panting for liberty that seemed to have lost the Idea of it. Wishing that you may be long continued to contribute towards this growing improvement of the world, I am, Dear Sir, with the greatest respect Your obliged and very humble Servt.,\nRichd: Price\nThis letter will, I hope, be convey\u2019d to you by Mr. Dugald Stewart Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh and a very able man who is this day setting out for Paris with Ld. Dare in order to be present there at the time of the meeting of the three estates.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0094", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 4 [May] 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRochefort, 4 Apr. [i.e. May] 1789. Wrote Saturday from Bordeaux, and learned after posting letter that \u201cthe great opening of the States general would be on Monday the 11th, that it would be public &c. &c.\u201d Will make \u201ca push in hopes of arriving in time,\u201d but this will mean giving little time to places en route and possible arrival late Sunday night. If he has been mistaken as to the opening and if TJ has time to send a letter to Orl\u00e9ans \u201cby Saturday night I will thank you to do it as in that case I should like to stay a day longer there.\u201d Would like to know whether TJ intends to go, though he takes this for granted \u201cif the opening is as I have learned.\u201d He and Rutledge set off yesterday \u201cand came to Blaye by water, time enough to come and sleep at Etouliers a post and a half from thence.\u2014We shall leave this place to-morrow morning at 4. o\u2019clock for Nantes.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0096", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Broome, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Broome, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon May 5. 1789\nOn my return to London (yesterday) I found the enclosed letter for your Excellency at my lodgings which I now forward as it doubtless contains advices of a public nature. I have received others from my friends of the most pleasing kind. Our public affairs in America are certainly in a most propitious way.\u2014State of votes known in New York March 1:\nWashington\nAdams\nNew Hampshire\nUnanimous\nMassachusetts\nDo.\nConnecticut\nHuntington\nNew Jersey\nLivingston & Jay\nPennsylvania\nHancock\nMaryland\nHarrison\nVirginia\nJay & Hancock\nMaryland has 8 Electors, but only 6 appeared to vote so they lost 2 votes\nVirginia has 12 Electors but only 10 appeared to vote so they lost 2 votes\nThe whole number of Electors for the 13 states being\nDeduct for those states that have no votes vizt.\nNo. Carolina 7. New York 8. Rhode Island 3.\nmake\n4 lost by Maryland & Virginia\nThe whole number of Electors that can vote will be\nI beg leave to return my most sincere thanks to Your Excellency for the attention paid me during my short stay in Paris. I am with great respect Your Excellencys most Obt. servant,\nSam Broome\nNo. 18 Kingstreet Cheapside, London", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hastings Marks, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Marks, Hastings\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirginia Charlottesville 5th. May 1789\nYour favors of the 12th. July last are now before me. It affords me great satisfaction to be assured that my intermarriage with your Sister meets your approbation; and believe me Sir, it has (if possible) increased her affection for you. My first aim and wish is to make her life happy, the second to procure your esteem, both of which shall be my constant care to effect, which if my conduct should entitle me to, will make me particularly happy.\nI think it necessary (and I wish my doubts may be groundless) to guard you against any unfavourable reports that may be suggested to you respecting my conduct. My Marriage with your sister was disagreeable to some people and your warm approbation of the connection has increased their enmity. This leads me to fear that attempts may be made to lessen me in your esteem. Should my fears be realized I hope your goodness will induce you to suspend a decission untill any insinuations that may be thrown out shall be authenticated. If I should conduct myself improperly with respect to business or to Mrs. Marks, it will not be secreted, but will be known, and by applying to Doctr. Gilmer, your Sisters Mrs. Carr and Mrs. Lewis, you will receive disinterested information. But this caution may perhaps be useless, and probably it may proceed from an excessive desire to possess your esteem, being fearfull of loosing it by the secret suggestions of those who do not bear me much good will. I sincerely wish it may be so.\nAs I do not wish to keep my circumstances, my present situation, or future prospects a secret from you, I will now give you in as concise a manner as possible an account of them. In doing this my inclination coincides with my duty. The tender affection you feel for your Sister, the anxiety you must have for her welfare and the esteem you profess for myself exclusive of other considerations would induce me to do it.\u2014For some years past I have lived with Mr. Hudson Martin to keep his Store, and had agree\u2019d to continue with him a considerable time. In consequence of this intention I purchased a Lot in Charlottesville and made improvements on it, hired out my Negroes, and rented out my plantation in Louisa, but Mr. Henry Martin of London, declining to furnish his Brother with the promised supply of Goods, has entirely disconcerted my plan of life, thrown me out of business, and subjected me to much inconvenience and expence. I have lately sold my Houses and Lot to  Colo. John Nicholas for \u00a3500 on Twenty Years credit, the Interest to be paid annually.\u2014At present I live in Charlottesville in a rented House. The purchase of my Household Furniture, provisions, and the balance I owe for the improvements on my Lot, leaves me indebted about \u00a3160. I shall be at little additional expence, as I intend to Continue here untill the Fall. It is not agreeable to Mrs. Marks to settle in Louisa, and it is my wish to engage in some business, that might enable me to purchase a small Farm, in whatever neighbourhood she might wish to live.\u2014Could I be so happy as to obtain this, I would prefer the life of a Farmer to all others. For this purpose, and to discharge the Debt just mentioned I intend to sell my and in Louisa, consisting of 400 Acres and should not this be sufficient, a Tract of 2173 Acres in Fluvanna. Mr. D. Ross is inclined to purchase the last and I am told is willing to give \u00a3500 which is not near the value, as it abounds with Timber and has a Mill seat near the North River.\u2014If I could obtain a credit in London for about \u00a31400 Sterling worth of Goods, to be sent out the ensuing Fall agreeable to a Scheme inclosed you the credit extending to twelve Months and not less, I should not only be enabled to make punctual and full remittances, but to keep my and in Fluvanna, which I am loth to part with.\u2014If this plan is approved of by you and you will use your Interest to obtain the Credit I can venture to assure you, that you shall not be disappointed in your engagements or subjected to any inconvenience by your generosity and the favor, ever most gratefully acknowledged by Dear Sir Your mo: Obdt. Servt.,\nHastings Marks", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0098", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 5 May 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMargaret St. No. 15 Cavendish SquareLondon May the 5th. 1789\nI have the honour to acquaint you that the Books you wished to have, have gone for a great deal more then your Excellency marked them down in your list. The 8656 Epistola Veterum exceeds 4s more then you marked it at. The price you fixed it at, was 7/6. Would you chuse to have it? If you do not wish to have it, Mr. Robson desired I would tell you. Your Excellency was at full liberty to refuse it, as it was his wish to oblige you in every thing you desired. This is the only Book that is come near your price; there  is four more remaining. Your Excellency will oblige Me greatly to acquaint Mr. Paradise that Mr. Anderson has sent in his account Sales of the Tobaccoes, and account of the Money he received from the Dividens. From the accounts of Mr. Anderson, it shews, Mr. Paradise is no longer a debtor to Mr. Anderson, and out of Debt to Count Barziza for the Money he lent Mr. Pat Alsano. I have seen Mr. Anderso[n] and, I explained to him the affair of the 27 Hogs. of Tobacco sent to Messrs. Rowley and Co. He said every thing handsome of Mr. Paradise and indeed behaved, in a Most gentleman like Manner. He said he hoped your Excellency was satisfied with his conduct to which, I answered in the affirmative. He came with his Lady to see Me, and they behave extremely kind to Me. From the Moment of my arrival in this Country, I have never done any thing, without consulting, and following the advice of My Dear friend Dr. Bancroft, as I well knew, I was not Wise enough to conduct myself. The letter your Excellency sent me came from my friend Mrs. Washington, in it, she tells me, that the Constitution, is likely to be received, without tumult or disorder. The General, his Lady and Family, present their Compliments to Mr. P. I hope my dear friends the Miss Jeffersons are well, pray make affectionate Love to them. If Mr. Short is returned I will trouble you to present my best Compliments, and to Mr. Fondat and his family. I have not seen Mrs. Cosway since my return, but, I have been told that your Excellencies Verses, you sent her, and your Letters were like yourself well done. Indeed, She shews your Letters to every body. I feel myself greatly honoured and flatered when ever I receive a Letter from you, but, I do not make them a show to any person. I have just heard that Mr. P. is often drunk and he has said it is my Letters that Makes him drink. I am certain it is false, as your Excellency, must have seen every Letter, I have written to him. I am resolved my Letters shall never make him drunk any More, as he never shall receive another from Me. He supposes I am the cause of his not being able to return here. It is false as Dr. Bancroft knows. It is Mr. Young his Attorney who has not yet finished the Deed and until the Deed is properly Signed by all his Creditors he must have patience, or he will most certainly be carried to the Kings Bench. This is the truth, as Dr. Bancroft knowes. I should be happy to have him with me, if he will act with prudence, and be Sober. I hear he exposes himself at Paris to every person he see and tells them, that any thing that troubles him, Makes him drink. Why do not, I drink? and thousands besides?  That is only an excuse. What is he not to feel pain and trouble, then he might have a voided it, by not spending his Money and time with Women. This I know he did to my certain knowledge, and I suppose he must wish to see them greatly. A Man has a right to ammuse himself, but he has No right to bring his Wife to want, and his Children also.\nI am not the object of Mr. P. affections. Pray my Dear Sir remember My Sex [wh]en you go to Virginia and introduce [the] Marriage Settlemen for to [pr]eserve My Sex from want in case of the Bad behaviour of their husbands. The 6625 Theophrasti historia plantarum \u00e1 Gaza Lat. 8vo. was sold before I received your kind Letter of April the 30th. 1105 Dioscoriddella Medicinal marteria da Longiano 8vo. will not be sold this year. The Sale does not end until the 20th. of May. Should you be gone before the end of the Sale, I will desire Mr. Anderson to send them Safe to your Excellency if that will do. Mr. Robson is, I assure you, one of fairest men in his p[r]ofession. I had written my Letter before, I had the honour of receiving yours. I have only to beg you will be assured of my Gratitude and my sincere affection of the Miss Jeffersons. I have the Honour to be with esteem, and attachment, your Grateful Humbl. Servt.,\nLucy Paradise\nI have just heard that Lord Dunmore is recalled. I pray it is true, as our Virginia papers say, that he is trying to raise the Indians to cut our throats. The King of Eng. is perfectly recovered for certain. I hear the F\u2014ch is in a great confusion in Paris. I Beg the Moment of your arrival in Virginia you will honour Me with a Letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0099", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Jerningham, 6 May 1789\nFrom: Jerningham, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr\nGreen Street Grosvenor SquareLondon May 6th\nI am encouraged by Mrs. Cosway to Beg you would favor me with the Acceptance of my poem on Enthusiasm. If it should meet with any part of the Approbation of so enlighten\u2019d a Judge I should be highly gratified.\nWhen I was at Paris last summer, I wished very much to be Introduced to you, And Mr. O Dunn promised to procure me that Honor, I left Paris with regret at not having accomplished my wish. I am with great esteem yr obed: hble servant,\nEdwd Jerningham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis de Ponti\u00e8re, 6 May 1789\nFrom: Ponthi\u00e8re, Capt. Louis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nde Nancy le 6. May 1789.\nA la fin, devant succomber faute de Moyens et de ressource, abandonne des personnes meme qui m\u2019avoit jusqu\u2019ici entretenu, Et N\u2019osant plus me rendre plus longtems \u00e0 Charge, j\u2019ai prit le parti dans le moment meme de la plus grande Necessite de vous ecrire pour la premiere fois et Vous demander Votre protection afin que Nous Soyons pay\u00e9. J\u2019ai ete oblig\u00e9e comme vous scavez de m\u2019entretenir et de me nourrir la plus grande partie du tems de la guerre de L\u2019amerique depuis 1777. jusqu\u2019\u00e0 84. que je suis revenu en france, o\u00f9 je Comptois qu\u2019au moins les interet de Mon Capital nous seroit pay\u00e9 exactement et nous auroit suffit pour Vivre Chez nos parents. Mais comme on se lasse \u00e0 la fin de ne voir rien arriv\u00e9e et sans aucune Espece de Certitude d\u2019etre pay\u00e9e, voyez  ma situation, Monsieur, et je vous prie d\u2019y reflechir un Ainstant. Je scay que Cela ne depend pas de vous, mais je vous prie de faire observer au Congr\u00e8s notre deplorable situation, et que la dette etrangere \u00e0 Notre egard est si peu de Chose, C\u2019est la dette la plus sacr\u00e9e que vous ayez \u00e0 payer \u00e0 Considerer en tout point.\nJ\u2019ai L\u2019honneur D\u2019Etre avec le plus profond respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur\nDepontiereA.d.C du Baron de Steuben\nSi vous daignez me repondre, Monsieur, mon adresse est \u00e0 L\u2019hotel des fermes \u00e0 Nancy, et j\u2019y serai jusqu\u2019au 15 de ce mois.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0102", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Swan, 6 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Swan, James\nSir\nParis May 6. 1789.\nThe whale oil which is the subject of the inclosed letter having been once delivered into the kingdom, the business of importation was completed, and what followed was merely a matter of internal regulation. Upon what conditions the government may allow a communication between it\u2019s different ports, is for them alone to say. Foreigners seem to have no right to meddle as long as these conditions are the same towards all nations. In the present case I presume that even French whale oil would have been subject to the same demand on reimportation; because I do not imagine the laws would undertake to follow any production, foreign or domestic, through as many exportations and importations as the party might think proper to make, and always to allow to it it\u2019s privilege. I presume the present case to be one wherein the laws of the and must decide in a regular course, and that there is no ground to ask of the government to take it out of the common course. I have the honour to be with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0103", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Brailsford & Morris, 7 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brailsford & Morris\nGentlemen\nParis May 7. 1789.\nYour favor of Mar. 10. is come to hand. I am persuaded you will find greater advantage in sending rice to Havre than to l\u2019Orient,  because the latter not being a place of consumption it must be reexported 9. times out of 10. and for the most part to Paris where the consumption is immense and is growing. Heretofore this city has drawn all the Carolina rice it used from England. I shall be happy to see our commerce established on such a footing as that our merchants may send our commodities to the place of consumption themselves without the intervention of a London merchant. I am endeavouring to prevail on the government here to establish or to encourage manufacture of negro plains, oznabrigs, and striped blankets, of the qualities we are used to.\nWith respect to our olive plants we have been unfortunate. I had lodged orders at Marseilles to send early in the winter to Charles town a great number of olive plants, but a much greater quantity of olives. The latter were to be sown to furnish stocks, the former to be planted to furnish cuttings to graft on them. I desired also a few other valuable plants suited to your climate. The following is an extract from the letter of Apr. 12. on this subject written me by Mr. Cathalan whom I had charged with this commission. \u2018I still hoped it would be possible to venture some olive trees to America this season, but the cold returning again in February, which has continued to ice till the last week we apprehend they are almost killed. The gardener therefore advises me to postpone till next year the shipment, and I have only shipped the trees as per note here inclosed &c.\u2019 These were fig-trees, vines, &c. of which I had ordered a few. They are shipped on board the Marie Antoinette, Legier to Baltimore to Robt. Gilmore & co. with orders to forward them to your house or to Mr. Drayton at Charles town. The bill of lading is dated March 5. I hope they will arrive safe and that you will be so good as to have them delivered to Mr. Drayton if they come to your address. As I write to him fully on the subject, I shall trouble you no more on it. I expect daily to receive permission to go to America for the summer and return in the fall so that this is probably the last letter you will receive from me before my return. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gent. Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0107", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nParis May 8. 1789.\nYour favor of Jan. 26. to Mar. 27. is duly received and I thank you for the interesting papers it contained. The answer of Don  Ulloa, however, on the subject of the canal through the American isthmus, was not among them tho\u2019 mentioned to be so. If you have omitted it through accident I shall thank you for it at some future occasion, as I wish much to understand that subject thoroughly. Our American information comes down to the 16th. of March. There had not yet been members enough assembled of the new Congress to open the tickets. They expected to do it in a day or two. In the mean time it was said from all the states that their vote had been unanimous for Genl. Washington and a good majority in favor of Mr. Adams, who is certainly therefore Vicepresident. The new government would be supported by very cordial and very general dispositions in it\u2019s favor from the people. I have not yet seen a list of the new Congress. This delay in the meeting of the new government has delayed the determination on my petition for leave of absence. However I expect to receive it every day, and am in readiness to sail the instant I receive it, so that this is probably the last letter I shall write you hence till my return. While there I shall avail government of the useful information I have received from you, and shall not fail to profit of any good occasion which may occur to shew the difference between your real situation and what it ought to be. I consider Paris and Madrid as the two only points at which Europe and America should touch closely, and that a connection at these points should be fostered.\nWe have had in this city a very considerable riot in which about 100 people have been probably killed. It was the most unprovoked and is therefore justly the most unpitied catastrophe of that kind I ever knew. Nor did the wretches know what they wanted, except to do mischief. It seems to have had no particular connection with the great national questions now in agitation. The want of bread is very seriously dreaded thro the whole kingdom. Between 20. and 30. ship loads of wheat and flour are already arrived from the U.S. and there will be about the same quantity of rice sent from Charleston to this country directly of which about half is arrived. I presume that between wheat and rice 100 ship loads may be counted on in the whole from us. Paris consumes about a ship load a day (say 250 ton) the total supply of the W. Indies for this year rests with us, and there is almost a famine in Canada and Nova Scotia.\u2014The States general were opened the day before yesterday. Viewing it as an Opera it was imposing; as a scene of business the king\u2019s speech was exactly what it should have been and very well delivered, not a word of the Chancellor\u2019s was heard  by any body, so that as yet I have never heard a single guess at what it was about. Mr. Neckar\u2019s was as good as such a number of details would permit it to be. The picture of their resources was consoling and generally plausible. I could have wished him to have dwelt more on those great constitutional reformations which his \u2018Rapport au roy\u2019 had prepared us to expect. But they observe that these points were proper for the speech of the Chancellor. We are in hopes therefore they were in that speech, which, like the Revelations of St. John, were no revelations at all. The Noblesse on coming together shew that they are not as much reformed in their principles as we had hoped they would be. In fact there is real danger of their totally refusing to vote by persons. Some found hopes on the lower clergy which constitute four fifths of the deputies of that order. If they do not turn the balance in favour of the tiers etat, there is real danger of a scission. But I shall not consider even that event as rendering things desperate. If the king will do business with the tiers etat which constitutes the nation, it may be well done without priests or nobles.\u2014From the best information I can obtain the king of England\u2019s madness has terminated in an imbecillity, which may very possibly be of long continuance. He is going with his queen to Germany. England chained to rest, the other parts of Europe may recover or retain tranquility.\u2014I have the honour to be with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Messieurs Willinks, Van Staphorsts and Hubard, our bankers at Amsterdam have received orders from the Board of Treasury to [pay] your salary: so that you may draw with confidence on them from time to time till the end of the year [wh]en the funds in their hands will be exhausted, unless replenished.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0108", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lewis Littlepage, 8 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Littlepage, Lewis\nDear Sir\nParis May 8. 1789.\nYour favor of Feb. 12. has been duly received, and in exchange for it\u2019s information, I shall give you that which you desire relative to American affairs. Those of Europe you can learn from other sources. All our states acceded unconditionally to the new constitution except N. Carolina and Rhode island. The latter rejects it in  toto. N. Carolina neither rejected nor received it, but asked certain amendments before it should receive it. Her amendments concur with those asked by Virginia, N. York and Massachusets, and consist chiefly in a Declaration of rights. Even the warmest friends to the new form begin to be sensible it wants this security, and it is pretty generally agreed that a declaration of rights shall be added. N. York and Virginia, tho\u2019 they have acceded to this government are less contented with it than the others. In N. York it is the effect of the intrigues and influence of Governor Clinton who it is hoped will be exchanged for a judge Yates. In Virginia it is perhaps the apprehension that the new government will oblige them to pay their debts. Our letters are as late as the 16th. of March. There were not yet members enough of the new Congress assembled to open the tickets. It was expected there would be in two or three days. Information however from all the states gave reason to be satisfied that General Washington was elected unanimously, and Mr. John Adams by a sufficient plurality to ensure his being the Vicepresident. The elections to Congress had been almost entirely in favor of persons well disposed to the new government, which proves the mass of the people in it\u2019s favor. In general there are the most favorable dispositions to support it, and those heretofore disheartened, now write in great confidence of our affairs. That spirit of luxury which sprung up at the peace, has given place to a laudable economy. Home manufactures are encouraged, and the balance was the last year greatly on the side of exportation. The settlement of the Western country has gone on with astonishing rapidity. A late unaccountable event may slacken by scattering it. Spain has granted the exclusive navigation of the Missisipi with a large tract of country on the Western side of the river to Colo. Morgan of New Jersey, to whom great numbers of settlers are flocking over from Kentuckey. While this measure weakens somewhat the United States for the present, it begins our possession of that country considerably sooner than I had expected, and without a struggle till no struggle can be made. Great crops of corn last year in the U.S. and a great demand for it in British and French America and in Europe. Remarkeable deaths are Genl. Nelson, and John Banisters father and son. I expect every day to receive a leave of absence for six months, and shall sail within a week after receiving it. I hope to be back before winter sets in. I have the honour to be with very great esteem Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0109", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Claiborne, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Claiborne, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon No. 56. Sloan StreetKnights Bridge. 9. May 1789.\nSince the liberty I took of writing to your Excellency last I have been informed, that you are about to return to America. It is with sincerity that I offer you my best wishes, and I hope that you and your Family, may experience good health, and a safe and pleasant passage.\nI take infinite pleasure in congratulating you upon the lately adopted Federal Constitution, and hope you will find it organized, and giving operation and facility to all the Functions of a mild and just Government. I trust that our fellow Citizens, will be actuated by that steady unanimity and patriotism which so recently characterised and liberated them, that the Legislative authority of the Union, by pursuing wise and permanent measures, may entitle the United States to the confidence and admiration of the world, and that the Citizens thereof, may continue to merit and experience the bountiful protection of providence, to the latest posterity.\nAs the Credit and welfare of America, depends upon the appointment of proper Officers to execute the duties of Government at home so it is highly requisite to be choice in the appointment of Representatives for abroad and I trust that the Wisdom of Congress will be shown in their adoption in this respect, whether on the principle of temporary expediency, or on the broad Basis of permanent establishment. I beg leave to observe, that it is the general sentiment here, that had the United States of America, sent to, and continued to keep at, the Court of Great Britain, a Representative of whatsoever denomination, possessed of proper qualifications, and of adequate Constitutional powers, many and important advantages, that have hitherto lain dormant, might have been brought into a Train for operation, if not into an establishment of intercourse reciprocating nurture to our infant nature, and benefits to this industrious and wealthy people whose minds, I must own, appear to me to be too closely interwoven with pecuniary speculation for the smallest exertion of the affections, or more noble energies of the Soul-too much so at least, not to have relinquished those anamosities which National Warfare naturally excite during contention; and which seem on our part, to have defeated, hitherto, the great object of their policy, but which I trust, the good sense of our fellow Citizens, will no longer suffer to operate so detrimental  to the fundamental interests of our Country.\u2014Under full persuasion of the necessity of some personal Representation of the Federal States at this and other European Courts, I hope that Your Excellency will use your interest to have such appointments filled with Gentlemen of Abilities-Dress and Address-Knowledge of Mankind-Stile in the Etiquet of Society-Social Habits-and diligence in the duties of their Offices. These requisites appear to be perfectly essential in a public Commissioner.\nIn apologizing for troubling Your Excellency with this letter, I beg leave to subscribe myself with the sincerest respect and regard Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient, and most Humble Servant,\nRd. Claiborne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Grand & Cie., 9 May 1789\nFrom: Grand & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 9 May 1789. Grand & Cie. present their compliments and ask that TJ permit them to trouble him with \u201cune affaire ass\u00e9s importante,\u201d concerning which they desire him to obtain information when he arrives in America. For this purpose they enclose a copy of certificate of deposit made with the secretary of the consulate at Philadelphia 14 Sep. 1779 of 149 loan office certificates totalling 230,300 dollars of continental paper money, deposited there by Robert Morris for the account of Messrs. Le Couteulx & Cie., John Holker, and Ferdinand Grand.\u2014Grand & Cie. ask: (1) If the same number and total sum of loan office certificates exist there and under the same conditions stated, these effects having been consumed in the destruction of the consulate by fire soon after their deposit and Congress having ordered their restitution in May 1780; (2) Grand & Cie. representing an interest of \u00a394,000 in the sum of \u00a3285,074.4.1. (French) for the purchase in America of loan office certificates for 230,300 dollars as indicated in the state annexed to the certificate of deposit, bearing different dates and amounts, ask if the loan office would separate from these effects so much as would make up the part due to Grand & Cie. or to each of the three parties named so that none would be prejudiced in the division, and also what steps would be necessary to make such a division; (3) Grand & Cie would like to know the current value of these different effects, at what discount it would be possible to negotiate them, on what capital sums interest would be paid, and if and when interest in arrears would be paid; and that \u201cMrs. Grand & Cie. sont bien honteux de presenter autant de questions importunes \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson, mais ils esp\u00e8rent qu\u2019\u00e9tant sur les lieux, il pourra sans trop de peine, se faire rendre Compte des objets de ces demandes. Les personnes de Paris interess\u00e9es dans ces effets du Loan office sont bien impatientes de savoir \u00e0 quoi  s\u2019en tenir sur un argent dont elles sont priv\u00e9es en capitaux et en Int\u00e9r\u00e8ts depuis si longtems.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Grand & Cie., [9 May 1789]\nFrom: Grand & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, [9 May 1789]. They enclose a memorandum on the subject of Mr. Barclay. This is not the only claim they have for credit extended in America, and Mr. Williams, among others, has owed them 80,000\u20b6 for 6 years \u201cdont ils desesp\u00e8rent de rien retirer et qu\u2019ils lui pr\u00eaterent au moment o\u00f9 ils le savoient dans l\u2019embarras et hors d\u2019etat de satisfaire \u00e0 ses engagemens.\u201d If Grand had not given aid to Barclay, it is certain that he would not have been able to go to Morocco on his mission, and it is equally certain that, if Barclay had not been clothed with a public character, Grand would not have been induced to lend him so considerable a sum, especially at the moment of his departure.\u2014Messrs. Grand & Cie. hope that, because of the good will invariably shown to them by TJ, he will be good enough to serve them should the occasion present itself for doing justice to their claim. \u201cIl est certain que l\u2019argent de Mr. Grand dans ces deux cas a \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9 \u00e0 satisfaire d\u2019autres cr\u00e9anciers que lui.\u201d\u2014They beg leave to recommend the enclosed two letters to his attention and to wish him a happy voyage and a prompt return.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0112", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 9. 1789.\nSince my letter of Mar. 1. by the way of Havre and those of March 12th. and 15th. by the way of London no opportunity of writing has occurred till the present to London.\nThere are no symptoms of accomodation between the Turks and two empires, nor between Russia and Sweden. The Emperor was on the 16th. of the last month expected to die certainly. He was however a little better when the last news came away, so that hopes were entertained of him. But it is agreed that he cannot get the better of his complaints ultimately, so that his life is not at all counted on. The Danes profess as yet to do no more against Sweden than furnish their stipulated aid. The agitation of Poland is still violent, tho somewhat moderated by the late change in the demeanor of the king of Prussia. He is much less Thrasonic than he was. This is imputed to the turn which the English politics may be rationally expected to take. It is very difficult to get at the true state of the British king. But from the best information we can get, his madness has gone off, but he is left in a state of imbecillity and melancholy. They are going to carry him to Hanover, to see whether such a journey may relieve him. The queen accompanies him. If England should by this accident be reduced to inactivity, the Southern countries of Europe may escape the present war. Upon the whole the prospect for the present year, if no unforeseen accident happens, is certain peace for the powers not already engaged, a probability that Denmark will not become a principal, and a mere possibility that Sweden and Russia may be accomodated. The interior disputes of Sweden are so exactly detailed in the Leyden gazette that I have nothing to add on that subject.\nThe revolution of this country has advanced thus far without encountering any thing which deserves to be called a difficulty. There have been riots in a few instances in three or four different places, in which there may have been a dozen or twenty lives lost. The exact truth is not to be got at. A few days ago a much more serious riot took place in this city, in which it became necessary for the troops to engage in regular action with the mob, and probably about 100 of the latter were killed. Accounts vary from 20. to 200. They were the most abandoned banditti of Paris, and never was a riot more unprovoked and unpitied. They began under a pretence that a paper manufacturer had proposed in an assembly to reduce  their wages to 15. sous a day. They rifled his house, destroyed every thing in his magazines and shops, and were only stopped in their career of micheif by the carnage above mentioned. Neither this nor any other of the riots have had a professed connection with the great national reformation going on. They are such as have happened every year since I have been here, and as will continue to be produced by common incidents. The States general were opened on the 4th. instant by a speech from the throne, one by the Garde des sceaux and one from Mr. Neckar. I hope they will be printed in time to send you herewith. Lest they should not, I will observe that that of Mr. Neckar stated the real and ordinary deficit to be 56. millions, and that he shewed that this could be made up without a new tax by economies and bonifications which he specified. Several articles of the latter are liable to the objection that they are proposed on branches of the revenue of which the nation has demanded a suppression. He tripped too slightly over the great articles of constitutional reformation these being not as clearly enounced in this Discourse as they were in his Rapport au roy which I sent you some time ago. On the whole his Discourse has not satisfied the patriotic party. It is now for the first time that their revolution is likely to receive a serious check, and begins to wear a fearful appearance. The progress of light and liberality in the order of the Noblesse has equalled expectation in Paris only and it\u2019s vicinities. The great mass of deputies of that order which come from the country shew that the habits of tyranny over the people are deeply rooted in them. They will consent indeed to equal taxation. But five sixths of that chamber are thought to be decidedly for voting by orders. So that had this great preliminary question rested on this body which formed heretofore the sole hope, that hope would have been completely disappointed. Some aid however comes in from a quarter whence none was expected. It was imagined the ecclesiastical elections would have been generally in favor of the higher clergy. On the contrary the lower clergy have obtained five sixths of these deputations. These are the sons of peasants who have done all the drudgery of the service for 10, 20, 30 guineas a year, and whose oppressions and penury contrasted by the pride and luxury of the higher clergy had rendered them perfectly disposed to humble the latter. They have done it in many instances with a boldness they were thought insusceptible of. Great hopes have been formed that these would concur with the tiers etat in voting by persons. In fact about half of them seem as yet so disposed: but the  bishops are intrigueing and drawing them over with the address which has ever marked ecclesiastical intrigue. The deputies of the Tiers etat seem almost to a man inflexibly determined against the vote by orders. This is the state of parties as well as can be judged from conversation only during the fortnight they have been now together. But as no business has been yet begun, no votes as yet taken, this calculation can not be considered as sure. A middle proposition is talked of, to form the two privileged orders into one chamber. It is thought more possible to bring them into it than the tiers etat. Another proposition is to distinguish questions, referring those of certain descriptions to a vote by persons, others to a vote by orders. This seems to admit of endless altercation, and the Tiers etat manifest no respect for that or any other modification whatever. Were this single question accomodated, I am of opinion there would not occur the least difficulty in the great and essential points of constitutional reformation. But on this preliminary question the parties are so irreconcileable that it is impossible to foresee what issue it will have. The Tiers etat, as constituting the nation, may propose to do the business of the nation either with or without the minorities in the houses of clergy and nobles which side with them. In that case, if the king should agree to it, the majorities in those two houses would secede, and might resist the taxgatherers. This would bring on a civil war. On the other hand, the privileged orders, offering to submit to equal taxation, may propose to the king to continue the government in it\u2019s former train, resuming to himself the power of taxation. Here the taxgatherers might be resisted by the people. In fine it is but too possible that between parties so animated, the king may incline the balance as he pleases. Happy that he is an honest unambitious man, who desires neither money nor power for himself; and that his most operative minister, tho he has appeared to trim a little, is still in the main a friend to public liberty.\nI mentioned to you in a former letter the construction which our bankers at Amsterdam had put on the resolution of Congress appropriating the last Dutch loan, by which the money for our captives would not be furnished till the end of the year 1790. Orders from the board of treasury have now settled this question. The interest of the next month is to be first paid, and after that the money for the captives and foreign officers is to be furnished before any other paiment of interest. This ensures it when the next February interest becomes paiable. My representations to them on account of the contracts  I had entered into for making the medals have produced from them the money for that object, which is lodged in the hands of Mr. Grand.\nMr. Neckar, in his discourse, proposes among his bonifications of revenue, the suppression of our two free ports of Bayonne and Lorient, which he says occasion a loss of 600,000 livres annually to the crown, by contraband. (The speech being not yet printed I state this only as it struck my ear when he delivered it. If I have mistaken it I beg you to receive this as my apology, and to consider what follows as written on that idea only). I have never been able to see that these freeports were worth one copper to us. To Bayonne our trade never went, and it is leaving Lorient. Besides the right of entrepot is a perfect substitute for the right of free port. The latter is a little less troublesome only to the merchants and captains. I should think therefore that a thing so useless to us and prejudicial to them might be relinquished by us on the common principles of friendship. I know the merchants of these ports will make a clamour, because the franchise covers their contraband with all the world. Has Monsr. de Moustier said any thing to you on this subject? It has never been mentioned to me. If not mentioned in either way, it is rather an indecent proceeding, considering that this right of freeport is founded in treaty. I shall ask of M. de Monmorin, on the first occasion whether he has communicated this to you through his minister, and if he has not I will endeavor to notice the infraction to him in such manner as neither to reclaim nor abandon the right of freeport, but leave our government free to do either.\u2014The gazettes of France and Leyden as usual will accompany this. I am in hourly expectation of receiving from you my leave of absence, and keeping my affairs so arranged that I can leave Paris within eight days after receiving the permission.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0113", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 9 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York May 9. 1789\nMy last was of the 29th. March. A few days ago I had the pleasure of yours of the 12. Jany. I thank you for your attention to the works of the Abb\u00e8 Barthelemy and the Marquis Condorcet, and wish much that your attempts to procure me a genuine copy of the King of Prussia\u2019s writings may succeed.\nI send you herewith the first No. of the Congressional Register, which will give you some idea of the discussions in the new Legislative. You will see at once the strongest evidences of mutilation and perversion, and of the illiteracy of the Editor. The following Nos. shall go after it, as conveyances occur, unless they should be found wholly unworthy of it. The deliberations of the H. of Representatives have been cheifly employed on the subject of an Impost. Opinions have been considerably divided on the quantum of duties that would be practicable, and in some instances on the ratio of different duties likely to operate differently in different States that would be just. In general the interests and ideas of the Northern and Southern States have been less adverse than was predicted by the opponents or hoped by the friends of the new Government. Members from the same State, or the same part of the Union, are as often separated on questions from each other, as they are united in opposition to other States or other quarters of the Continent. This is a favorable symtom. The points on which most controversy has been raised are 1st. The duty on molasses. 2. The discrimination between nations in, and those not in treaty. The arguments against what appears a proportionate duty on molasses to that on rum, turned on its disproportion to the value of the article-the effect on the trade in it which yields the only market for certain exports from the Eastern States-the effect on the fisherys in which both rum and molasses are consumed, and finally the effect on the poor in that part of the Union where the latter enters into their ordinary diet. The opposite arguments have been that a proportion to the duty on rum was essential to the productiveness of the fund as well as to the rules of justice as applied to different States, some of which consume foreign and some country rum, that if the proportion was not violated the trade in molasses could not be affected, nor the distilleries injured, that the effect on the fisheries would be too small to be felt, and that the poor who consume molasses would escape the burden falling on the poor  who consume sugar. By the inclosed printed resolutions you will see the rates on these articles as they yet stand. It is not improbable that further efforts will be made to reduce that on Molasses. Some of the other rates have been altered since they were printed! I do not note them because they are not yet in their final State. It will become a serious question whether a general reduction of the rates shall be made or not, on the idea of the danger of smuggling. The discrimination between Nations in and not in Treaty, has given birth to three distinct and urgent debates. On the last the minority was very small for putting G. B. at once on the same footing with the most favored nation. This policy tho\u2019 patronized by some respectable names is cheifly abetted by the spirit of this City, which is steeped in Anglicism. It is not improbable from the urgency of its representative that a further effort may be yet made.\nNot knowing how far the present conveyance may be a certain one I decline, on reflection, inclosing the Register untill a more direct opportunity offers when I will add sundry matters which I have not time now to put in Cypher.\u2014Inclosed is the speech of the President with the address of the House of Representatives and his reply. [You will see in the caption of the address that we have pruned the ordinary stile of the degrading appendages of Excellency, Esqr. & c. and restored it to its naked dignity. Titles to both the President and vice President were formally and unanimously condemned by a vote of the House of Representatives. This I hope will shew to the friends of Republicanism that our new Government was not meant to substitute either Monarchy or Aristocracy, and that the genius of the people is as yet adverse to both.]\u2014Accept my ardent wishes for your happiness. Yrs. affectly.,\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0114", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis May 10. 1789.\nSince mine of Jan. 14. yours of Jan. 2. and Mar. 1. have been handed to me; the former by Mr. Jones, whom I am glad to know on your recommendation and to make him the channel of evidencing to you how much I esteem whatever comes from you.\u2014The internal agitations of this country and the inactivity to which England is reduced by the state of imbecillity in which the madness of the king has terminated, will leave the Southwestern parts of Europe in peace for the present year. Denmark will probably continue to furnish only it\u2019s stipulated succours to Russia, without engaging in the war as a principal. Perhaps a pacification may be effected between Sweden and Russia: tho at present there is little appearance of it: so that we may expect that the war will go on this year between the two empires, the Turks and Swedes, without extending any further. Even the death of the emperor, should it take place, would hardly withdraw his dominions from the war this summer.\u2014The revolution in this country has gone on hitherto with a quietness, a steadiness and a progress unexampled. But there is danger of a balk now. The three orders which compose the states general seem likely to stumble at the threshold on the great preliminary question How shall they vote, by orders or persons? If they get well over this question, there will be no difficulty afterwards, there is so general a concurrence in the great points of constitutional reformation. If they do not get over this question (and this seems possible) it cannot be foreseen what issue this matter will take. As yet however, no business being begun, no votes taken, we cannot pronounce with certainty the exact state of parties. This is a summary view of European affairs.\nTho I have not official information of your election to the Presidency of the Senate; yet I have such information as renders it certain. Accept I pray you my sincere congratulations. No man on earth pays more cordial homage to your worth nor wishes more fervently your happiness. Tho\u2019 I detest the appearance even of flattery, I cannot always suppress the effusions of my heart.\u2014Present me affectionately to Mrs. Adams, Colo. and Mrs. Smith. I hope to see you all this summer, and to return this fall to my prison; for all Europe would be a prison to me, were it ten times as big. Adieu my dear friend Your affectionate humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0115", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 10 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nParis May 10. 1789.\nI am now to acknolege the honor of your two letters of Nov. 27. and Feb. 13. both of which have come to hand since my last to you of Dec. 4. and 5. The details you are so good as to give me on the subject of the navigation of the waters of the Patowmac and Ohio are very pleasing to me, as I consider the union of those two rivers as among the strongest links of connection between the eastern and western sides of our confederacy. It will moreover add to the commerce of Virginia in particular all the upper parts of the Ohio and it\u2019s waters. Another vast object and of much less difficulty is to add also all the country on the lakes and their waters. This would enlarge our feild immensely, and would certainly be effected by an union of the upper waters of the Ohio and lake Erie. The Big beaver and Cayohoga offer the most direct line and according to information I received from Genl. Hand, and which I had the honor of writing you in the year 1783, the streams in that neighborhood head in lagoons and the country is flat. With respect to the doubts which you say are entertained by some whether the upper waters of Patowmac can be rendered capable of navigation on account of the falls and rugged banks, they are answered by observing that it is reduced to a maxim that wherever there is water enough to float a batteau, there may be navigation for a batteau. Canals and locks may be necessary, and they are expensive; but I hardly know what expence would be too great for the object in question. Probably negociation with the Indians, perhaps even settlement must precede the execution of the Cayahoga canal. The states of Maryland and Virginia should make a common object of it. The navigation again between Elizabeth river and the Sound is of vast importance. And in my opinion it is much better that these should be done at public than private expence.\nTho\u2019 we have not heard of the actual opening of the New Congress, and consequently have not official information of your election as President of the U.S. yet as there never could be a doubt entertained of it, permit me to express here my felicitations, not to yourself, but to my country. Nobody who has tried both public and private life can doubt but that you were much happier on the banks  of the Patowmac than you will be at New York. But there was nobody so well qualified as yourself to put our new machine into a a regular course of action, nobody the authority of whose name could have so effectually crushed opposition at home, and produced respect abroad. I am sensible of the immensity of the sacrifice on your part. Your measure of fame was full to the brim: and therefore you have nothing to gain. But there are cases wherein it is a duty to risk all against nothing, and I beleive this was exactly the case. We may presume too, according to every rule of probability, that after doing a great deal of good you will be found to have lost nothing but private repose. In a letter to Mr. Jay of the 19. of November I asked a leave of absence to carry my children back to their own country, and to settle various matters of a private nature which were left unsettled because I had no idea of being absent so long. I expected that letter would have been received in time to be decided on by the government then existing. I know now that it would arrive when there was no Congress, and consequently that it must have awaited your arrival at New York. I hope you found the request not an unreasonable one. I am excessively anxious to receive the permission without delay, that I may be able to get back before the winter sets in. Nothing can be so dreadful to me as to be shivering at sea for two or three months in a winter passage. Besides there has never been a moment at which the presence of a minister here could be so well dispensed with, a certainty of no war this summer, and that the government will be so totally absorbed in domestic arrangements as to attend to nothing exterior. Mr. Jay will of course communicate to you some cyphered letters lately written, and one of this date. My public letter to him contains all the interesting public details. I inclose with the present some extracts of a letter from Mr. Payne which he desired me to communicate. Your knolege of the writer will justify my giving you the trouble of these communications which their interesting nature and his respectability will jointly recommend to notice.\u2014I am in great pain for the M. de la Fayette. His principles you know are clearly with the people. But having been elected for the noblesse of Auvergne they have laid him under express instructions to vote for the decision by orders and not persons. This would ruin him with the tiers etat, and it is not possible he should continue long to give satisfaction to the noblesse. I have not hesitated to press on him to burn his instructions and follow his conscience as the only sure clue which will eternally guide a man clear of all  doubts and inconsistencies. If he cannot effect a conciliatory plan, he will surely take his stand manfully at once with the tiers etat. He will in that case be what he pleases with them, and I am in hopes that base is now too solid to render it dangerous to be mounted on it.\u2014In hopes of being able in the course of the summer to pay my respects to you personally in New York I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0116", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicholas Hubbard, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam, 11 May 1789. Is honored by TJ\u2019s \u201chighly respected favor of 3rd. Instant\u201d which merits his \u201cmost sincere warm Acknowledgments.\u201d He hopes his new establishment will furnish \u201cfrequent Opportunities to render \u2026 usefull or agreeable Offices\u201d to TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0117", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jan Ingenhousz, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Ingenhousz, Jan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHotel de Thoulouse Rue du jardinetquartier de st. andr\u00e8 des arts 11 May 1789\nI take the liberty to recommend to your care this three Copies of the II volume of my work on vegetables, one for Dr. Franklin, one for the Philosophical society and one for M. Sam. Vaughan junior. I begg the favour of you to accept the fourth as a remembrance of mine.\nAn other volume will soon appear, it being allmost out of press.\nI should have pay\u2019d you my respects a long while ago, but I was ill during the whole winter, and I am not yet strong enough to go far from my lodgings. Mr. Paradise told me to day that you would be so good as to pack up these books among your own baggage, if  I could send them immediately; but that I have time enough to write a letter, as you doe not set out so soon your self.\nI hope I will have the honour to see you before you goying away. I am respectfully Sir Your most obedient humble servant,\nJ. Ingen Housz", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0118", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 14 March\u201311 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis. March. 14.\nThe operation mentioned in my letter of Feb. 4. is going on. Montmorin has proposed to Ternant to go as Charg\u00e9 des affaires. Ternant called on me a few days ago to know whether I thought his appointment would be agreeable to us. Tho he is obliged to give up his regiment, which is a certainty for life, he will do it. Perhaps Otto may be left awhile longer to put Ternant into the train of affairs. I suppose du Moustier will have received his leave of absence before you receive this.\nMar. 18. Ternant has again seen Montmorin who told him that in the beginning of April he would decide finally about his mission.\nMay 11. 1789. Monmorin now hesitates in the affair of du Moustier and Ternant. Still he tells Ternant he shall go in the fall, as he wishes in the mean time to receive an answer from du Moustier, and be assured that he will be come away before Ternant arrives there. This irresolution however spreads incertainty on the final event.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0119", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis May 11. 1789.\nMy last to you was of the 15th. of March. I am now in hourly expectation of recieving my leave of absence. The delay of it a little longer will endanger the throwing my return into the winter, the very idea of which is horror itself to me. I am in hopes this is the last letter I shall have the pleasure of writing you before my departure.\nThe madness of the king of England has gone off, but left him in a state of imbecillity and melancholy. They talk of carrying him to Hanover. If they do, it will be a proof he does not mend, and that they take that measure to authorize them to establish a regency. But if he grows better they will perhaps keep him at home to avoid the question Who shall be regent? As that country cannot be relied on in the present state of it\u2019s executive, the King of Prussia is become more moderate: he throws cold water on the fermentation he had excited in Poland. The K. of Sweden will act as nobody not even himself can foresee: because he acts from the caprice of the moment, and because the discontents of his army and nobles may throw him under internal difficulties while struggling with external ones. Denmark will probably only furnish it\u2019s stipulated aid to Russia. France is fully occupied with internal arrangement. So that on the whole the prospect of this summer is that the war will continue between the powers actually engaged in the close of the last campaign, and extend to no others. Certainly it will not extend this year to the Southern states of Europe.\u2014The revolution of France has gone on with the most unexampled success hitherto. There have been some mobs occasioned by the want of bread in different parts of the kingdom, in which there may have been some lives lost, perhaps a dozen or twenty. These had no professed connection generally with the constitutional revolution. A more serious riot happened lately in Paris in which about 100 of the mob were killed. This execution has been universally approved, as they seemed to have no view but mischief and plunder. But the meeting of the  states general presents serious difficulties which it had been hoped the progress of reason would have enabled them to get over. The nobility of and about Paris have come over as was expected to the side of the people in the great question of voting by persons or orders. This had induced a presumption that those of the country were making the same progress, and these form the great mass of the deputies of that order. But they are found to be where they were centuries ago as to their disposition to keep distinct from the people, and even to tyrannise over them. They agree indeed to abandon their pecuniary privileges. The clergy seem at present much divided. Five sixths of that representation consists of the lower clergy, who being the sons of the peasantry are very well with the tiers etat. But the bishops are intrigueing and drawing them over daily. The tiers etat is so firm to vote by persons or to go home, that it is impossible to conjecture what will be the result. This is the state of parties, as well as we can conjecture from the conversation of the members, for as yet no vote has been given which will enable us to calculate on certain ground. Having formerly written to you on the subject of our finances I inclose you now an Abstract of a paper on that subject which Gouverneur Morris communicated to me. You will be a better judge of it\u2019s merit than I am. It seems to me worthy good attention.\u2014I have a box of books packed for you which I shall carry to Havre and send by any ship bound to N. York or Philadelphia. I have been so inexact as to take no list of them before nailing up the box. Be so good as to do this, and I will take with me my bookseller\u2019s account, which will enable us to make a statement of them. They are chiefly Encyclopedies from the 23d. to the 30th. livraison. Paul Jones has desired me to send to yourself and Colo. Carrington each his bust. They are packed together in the same box. There are 3. other boxes with 2 in each for other gentlemen. I shall send them all together and take the liberty of addressing them to you.\u2014I rejoice extremely to hear you are elected in spite of all cabals. I fear your post will not permit me to see you but in New York, and consequently for a short time only. I shall much regret this. I am with sentiments of sincere attachment & respect dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0121", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Souche, 11 May 1789\nFrom: Souche\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\na Nismes Le 11e. mai 1789\nDeux Messieurs de votre Connoissance etant arriv\u00e9s dans Cette ville sont venus me trouver de votre part pour me Charger de vous faire faire un modele de la Caffetiere de Celle du Cabinet de l\u2019accademie. Je n\u2019ai pas manqu\u00e9 de suite de le faire faire. J\u2019espere que vous Ser\u00e9s Content puisqu\u2019elle est mieux faite que l\u2019autre. Je l\u2019ai mise hier \u00e0 la messagerie \u00e0 votre addresse, et Si je ne vous l\u2019ai pas plutot envoy\u00e9e C\u2019es que j\u2019ai et\u00e9 \u00e0 villefort avec les Messieurs de la justice \u00e0 Cause de la revolte qu\u2019il y a e\u00fb. Je vous envoye aussi deux pierres, une d\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019on tire l\u2019argent et l\u2019autre du Cuivre. C\u2019est de la mine qu\u2019il y a \u00e0 ville fort. S\u2019il y a quelque Chose dans Ce pays qui puisse vous faire plaisir, je vous prie de m\u2019employer. Soyez persuad\u00e9, Monsieur, que je m\u2019en acquiterai avec toute l\u2019exactitude possible. S\u2019il y a quelqu\u2019un des Messieurs de votre Connoissances  qui viennent dans Ce pays je vous prie de me les addresser. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec Respect Monsieur Votre tres humble & tres Obeissant Serviteur\nSouche Dit Blondin\nMon addresse est place de la Salamandre, pres du Commandant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0124", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 12. 1789.\nI am this moment returned from Versailles, and it is the last moment allowed me to write by this occasion. The Tiers etat remain unshaken in their resolution to do no business with the other orders but voting by persons. The Nobles are equally determined and by a majority of \u2158 or \u215a to vote only by orders. Committees of accomodation indeed are appointed, but with little prospect of effect. Already the minority of the nobles begin to talk of abandoning their body and going to take their places among the Tiers. Perhaps they may be followed by the timid part of their order: and it might be hoped by a majority of the clergy which still remain undebauched by the bishops. This would form a states general of the whole Tiers, a majority of the clergy, and a fraction of the Nobles. This may be considered then as one of the possible issues this matter may take, should reconciliation be impracticable.\u2014I am able to speak now more surely of the situation of the Emperor. His complaint is pulmonary. The spitting of blood is from the lungs. The hemorrhage which came on was critical and relieved him for the moment. But the relief was momentary only. There is little expectation he can last long.\u2014The King of England\u2019s voiage to Hanover is spoken of more doubtfully. This would be an indication that his complaint is better, or, at least, not worse.\u2014I find on receiving Mr. Neckar\u2019s discourse in print that he has not proposed in direct terms to put down our freeports. The expression is \u2018on se borne en ce moment \u00e0 vous faire observer\u2019 &c. I spoke on the subject with  M. de Monmorin to-day, and he sais they meant and mean to confer with me on it before my departure. I spoke to him also to bring Schweighauser\u2019s & Dobree\u2019s affair to a conclusion: and to Mr. Rayneval on the same subject. They told me they had just received a letter from the Count de la Luzerne justifying the detention of our stores: that they were so much dissatisfied with the principles he advanced, that they should take upon themselves to combat and protest against them, and to insist on a clear establishment of the rule that the property of one sovereign within the dominions of another is not liable to the territorial jurisdiction. They have accordingly charged one of their ablest counsel with the preparation of a memoir to establish this point.\u2014I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Mr. Necker\u2019s discourse accompanies this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0125", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Claude de La M\u00e9therie, 12 May 1789\nFrom: Le M\u00e9therie, Jean Claude de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue st nicaise no. 1012 mai 1789\nJ\u2019aurai bien desir\u00e9 pouvoir soumettre \u00e0 vos lumieres le projet de constitution que je presente aux etats generaux. Mais, craignant que vos occupations ne vous le permissent pas, je n\u2019ai point os\u00e9 vous le demander. Cependant si vous avies quelques moments libres que vous puissies m\u2019accorder, je serai bien flatt\u00e9 de converser avec vous de ces objets. Je suis avec respect Monsieur Votre tres humble et obeissant Serviteur\nDe: La M\u00e9therie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0126", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 13 May 1789\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 13th. May 1789\nI received Just now the Inclosed Letter for your Excellency from  England. It has been unsealed I don\u2019t know where. I inclose you the Cover, which was also unsealed, Just as I received it. I have only taken out the paper unnecessary. This Letter has been unsealed Just as all those comming from Levant or Turkey are by the Mails via of austria.\nI hope you will have received in time my last respects, and Since the letter of Introduction by M. Le Jeans, if the States Generals have Leaved to him a moment\u2019s time; Since his arival at Paris and versailles he has been great deal occupied by a Courrier dispatched to our deputies from the Concil Municipal, to obtain from his Majesty an alteration on the Commission of the Parlement of Aix about the Troubles of this Place.\nThese troubles have been great deal exagerated by the ennemies of this place; who have reppresented our Patrouilles Bourgoises, (established to restore Peace, tranquility and which have purged this Town of a great quantity of robers and vagabons,) as a rebel Troupe, ready to oppose to government and that of Course, Marseilles ought to be conquered by Troupes and Military Forces.\nThe Fact however is, that, not one Single Man has been nor killed nor wounded, that no people is more submitted nor loves more his good king as the Marseillais; they were allarmed of the Commission of the Parlement; because the Int[endan]t 1st. President has been denomiated, is not to me to Judge if Justly or unjustly; the proofs in Such case are difficult to be found. He has vox Populy against him, is it vox Dei? I don\u2019t know.\nBut a body of which a Member is attacked, can it be a Lawfull Judge? More so, when it is well known, that in the last summer, Marseilles incurred it\u2019s Indignation in the time of the establishment of the Baillages.\nAt Lenght we don\u2019t know for what aix is jaloux of Marseilles; we hope however the Matters will be Soon fairly arranged; being ready to disband our patrouilles at the first desire of Government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0128", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Fitz-Gerald, 14 May 1789\nFrom: Fitz-Gerald, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 14 May 1789. Had called to announce his audience last Tuesday with their majesties and the royal family as minister plenipotentiary of his Britannic majesty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Churchman, 15 May 1789\nFrom: Churchman, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEsteemed Friend\nPhiladelphia 5 mo 15th. 1789\nThy favour of the 8th. of August 1787 came safe to hand, in which I am informed that the Royal Academy of Sciences had received my memorial concerning the magnetic variation, and that they had made an entry on their Journals to preserve my claim to the original idea; I shall take it as a particular favour if I could obtain by the first opportunity a Copy of the minute on this Business properly authenticated, with information whether the scheme was sent from Paris to any other learned Society, as, if I remember well, this was my desire in my Letter. In autumn 1787 I wrote the second time by way of London, but have not had the pleasure of knowing whether or no my Letter came to hand. I now take the Liberty of  enclosing two Copies of a printed Address to the Members of the different learned Societies & c. one of which I hope will be accepted, the other I shall be glad if it is thought worthy of a reading before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. I believe I made mention of a proposal of part of the profits (if any) for the trouble attending this Undertaking. In the mean time I hold myself under many obligations for the kind attention in this Affair, and remain according to that plain style in which I was educated Thy sincere friend,\nJohn Churchman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 15 May 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon May the 15th 1789Margaret Street No. 15 Cavendish Square\nSince, I had the honour of writing to your Excellency, I have heard a piece of News which is that Paul Jones has been disgraced by the Empress of Russia for a Crime he Committed upon a Young Girl of Nine years of age. It is true, As a very particular Friend of Mine received a Letter from Russia acquainting him of it. The next is that Baretti died on Tuesday last after only two days Illness. I have sent the Names of the two Books that Mr. Robson has bought for you, is Xenophontis Ephesen anthias et Abrocoma Gr. which you Marked for 15s/. He has bought it for you for 12s/ and the other I informed you in my last for 8s. 6d. The sale concludes next Thursday. All the Books of this Sale have gone very high. Their is two More Books for you to come, I hope you will get them. I saw my dear Friend Dr. Bancroft this Morning. I asked him when he thought the Deed would be ready. He told me he hoped soon, but said, Mr. Young was very slow; I wish it was finished, but what can I do. All my Friends and Acquaintances have been remarkably Attentive to Me. I shall esteem it a favour if you would tell Mr. Paradise that Count Soderini, Mr. Freire, and Count Zenobio, and Mr. Trumbulle have paid me remarkable attentions. After them Lord and Lady Hawke, Mr. and Mrs. Parish and all the Planta family, and Mr. Anderson and his Lady, the above families I have dined frequently with. Every person, desires their best Compliments to him. A very great Noise is made about this fly that spoils our wheat. I think it must be the Wevil. The manner of preserving the wheat here is thus. When the Wheat is a little  above the ground before it is roll[ed], it is necessary to sprinkle lime upon it and then roll it. It preserves the Corn for the year and if more then one Crop is Made the lime must Never be forgotten to be sprinkled as soon as the Corn appears above the Ground. I hope the dear Miss Jeffersons and yourself are in perfect health; I never desired to be rich as I do now for to shew My Gratitude to your Family. Your Excellency has laid me under everlasting obligation and I hope time will put it in my power to return in some manner or other the many and great favours you have done for me. I forgot to tell you, it is said, the King is in a Dropsy. Mr. Freire, this gentleman, is a great friend of Us Americans. He acts as Minister during the absence of the Minister for Portugal. My best Compliments to Mr. Short and all enquiring friends. I shall write no more to Mr. P. as he has told every person it is my Letters that makes him drunk and also shews my Letters.\nDear Sir, I am with Gratitude Your Excellencies Much Obliged Humble Servt. and Friend,\nL. Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0131", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Jones, 17 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, William\nSir\nParis May 17. 1789.\nI have now to acknolege the receipt of your favors of Octob. 20. and Dec. 20. My proposition (referred to in your letter of Octob. 20) was to fix times of paiment for my part of Mr. Wayles\u2019s debt on his private account, and that these paiments of my third should discharge me and my property of all responsibility for the remaining two thirds. Without having acceded to my propositions you propose that I should commence the paiments. But I informed you (when I first wrote to you on this subject) that I owed another debt of smaller amount to Kippen & co. that I had made to them propositions like those I made to you, and that if both of you acceded, the profits of my estate should be divided between you in proportion to your debts. They acceded immediately. It is natural then that I should be making whatever paiments I can to them because I know on what conditions I pay. The moment you think proper to conclude an arrangement with me, from that moment you shall begin to receive the paiments proposed. I believe I informed  you that I had given orders to rent my whole estate for a sum certain, so that you and myself might see clearly what could be calculated on. Besides this, I gave orders the last year for the sale of some lands in Goochland and Cumberland, amounting to between two and three thousand pounds value. As the paiments for these lands will probably be by instalments, these instalments will be divided between Kippen & co. and yourself if our arrangement shall be concluded; or if not concluded, they will be paid wholly to Kippen & co. so that being debarrassed of that debt I can be able to make you greater annual paiments whenever we shall have agreed finally. In the mean time my anxiety to get these two debts fixed and put under a certain and regular course of paiment is such, that I have asked of our government a leave of absence for six months from Paris, during which I shall go to Virginia. I have been for some time in daily and hourly expectation of receiving this permission. I suppose it will come by the English packet which sailed from N. York the 1st. of April, and which I have not yet heard to be arrived. Within a week after receiving that permission I shall sail for Virginia; and be there two months and the principal object of this letter is to intreat you to give full powers to Mr. Hanson or any person you please to settle this matter. No endeavors shall be wanting on my part to have this done; and I am sure of corresponding dispositions on the part of Mr. Eppes and Mr. Skipwith. But in any event I hope you will authorize Mr. Hanson to conclude with me separately according to my original proposition. Your letters to him, if they go off immediately on your receiving this, may arrive in Virginia as soon as I shall. I am Sir with very great esteem Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0132", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Louis de Ponti\u00e8re, 17 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ponthi\u00e8re, Capt. Louis de\nSir\nParis May 17. 1789.\nI am honoured with your letter of the 6th. instant and sincerely sorry that you should experience inconveniencies for the want of the arrearages due to you from the United States. I have never ceased to take every measure which could promise to procure to the foreign officers the paiment of these arrears. At present the matter stands thus. Congress have agreed to borrow a sum of money in  Holland to enable them to pay the individual demands in Europe. They have given orders that these arrearages shall be paid out of this money when borrowed, and certain bankers in Amsterdam are charged to borrow the money. I am myself of opinion they will certainly procure the money in the course of the present year. But it is not for me to affirm this, nor to make any engagement. The moment the money is ready, it shall be made known to Colo. Gouvion, who, at the desire of many of the officers has undertaken to communicate with me on the subject, and to inform them from time to time of the progress of this business. He will readily answer your letters on this subject. I depart in a few days for America, but shall leave such instructions here as that this matter will suffer no delay on that account. I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Vaughan, 17 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nParis May 17. 1789.\nI am to acknolege, all together, the receipt of your favors of Mar. 17. 26. and May 7. and to return you abundant thanks for your attention to the article of Dry rice, and the parcel of seeds you sent me. This is interesting, because even should it not take place of the wet rice in S. Carolina, it will enable us to cultivate this grain in Virginia, where we have not lands disposed for the wet rice. The collection of the works of M. de Poivre has not, as I beleive, been ever published. It could hardly have escaped my knowledge if they had been ever announced. The French translation of the book on trade has not yet come to my hands. Whenever I receive the copies they shall be distributed, and principally among the members of the etats generaux. I doubt whether at this session they will take up the subject of commerce. Whenever they do, they will find better principles no where than in that book. I spoke with Mr. Stewart yesterday on the subject of the distribution; and if I should be gone before the books come to hand, he will execute the commission. Your nation is very far from the liberality that treatise inculcates. The proposed regulation on the subject of our wheat is one proof. The prohibition of it in England would of itself be of no great moment, because I do not know that it is much sent there. But it is the publishing a libel on our wheat sanctioned with the  name of parliament, and which can have no object but to do us injury by spreading a groundless alarm in those countries of Europe where our wheat is constantly and kindly received. It is a mere assassination. If the insect they pretend to fear be the Hessian fly, it never existed in the grain. If it be the weavil, our grain always had that and the experience of a century has proved that either the climate of England is not warm enough to hatch the egg and continue the race, or that some other unknown cause prevents any evil from it. How different from this spirit, my dear Sir, has been your readiness to help us to the Dry rice, to communicate to us the Bread tree & c. Will any of our climates admit the cultivation of the latter? I am too little acquainted with it to judge. I learn that your newspapers speak of the death of Lediard at Grand Cairo. I am anxious to know whether there be foundation for this. I have not yet had time to try the execution of the wood hygrometer proposed by Dr. Franklin, tho\u2019 I have most of the articles ready made. I doubt now whether I shall be able to do it before my departure for America, the permission for which I expect every hour, and shall go off the instant I receive it. While there I shall have the pleasure of seeing your father and friends. I expect to return in the fall. In the mean time I have the honour to be with very great esteem & respect Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0136", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 19 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis May. 19. 1789.\nYour favors of Feb. 16 to Apr. 13. of May 3. and 10. are received, and the two last are sent to Mr. Leroy who will communicate them to the academy. You know that the States general are met and probably have seen the speeches at the opening of them. The three orders sit in distinct chambers. The great question whether they shall vote by orders or persons can never be surmounted amicably. It has not yet been proposed in form. But the votes which have been taken on the outworks of that question shew that the tiers etat are unanimous, a good majority of the clergy (consisting of the cur\u00e9s) disposed to side with the tiers etat, and in the chamber of the Noblesse there are only 54. in that sentiment, against 190. who are for voting by orders. Committees to find means of conciliation are appointed by each chamber: but conciliation is impossible. Some think the Nobles could be induced to unite themselves with the higher clergy into one house, the lower clergy and tiers etat forming another. But the tiers etat are immoveable. They are not only firm but a little disdainful. The question is what will ensue? One idea is to separate in order to consult again their constituents and to take new instructions. This would be doing nothing, for the same instructions would be repeated; and what in the mean time is to become of a government, absolutely without money, and which cannot be kept in motion with less than a million of livres a day? The more probable expectation is as follows. As soon as it shall become evident that no amicable determination of the manner of voting can take place, the Tiers etat will send an invitation to the two other orders to come and take their places in the common chamber. A majority of the clergy will go, and the minority of the Noblesse. The chamber thus composed will declare that the States general are constituted, will notify it to the king, and that they are ready to proceed to business. If the king refuses to do business with them and adheres to the nobles, the common chamber will declare all taxes at an end, will form a declaration of rights, and do such other acts as the circumstances will permit, and go home. The taxgatherers will then be resisted, and it may well be doubted whether the souldiery and the officers will not divide as the tiers etat and nobles. But it is more likely that the king will agree to do business with the States general so constituted, professing that the necessities of the moment force this, and that  he means to negotiate (as they go along) a reconciliation between the seceding members, and those which remain. If the matter takes this turn, there may be small troubles and ebullitions excited by the seceding noblesse and higher clergy: but no serious difficulty can arise.\u2014M. de Lamoignon, the garde des sceaux of the last year, has shot himself. The Emperor\u2019s complaint is pulmonary, and incurable. The Grand Seigneur is dead: his successor young and warlike.\nI congratulate you sincerely on the success of your bridge. I was sure of it before from theory: yet one likes to be assured from practice also. I am anxious to see how Mr. Rumsey\u2019s experiment succeeds.\nMay 21. I this moment receive a letter from Ledyard dated Cairo Nov. 15. He therein sais \u2018I am doing up my baggage and most curious baggage it is, and I leave Cairo in two or three days. I travel from hence S.W. about 300. leagues to a Black king: there my present conductors leave me to my fate. Beyond I suppose I go alone. I expect to hit the continent across between the parallels of 12.\u00b0 and 20\u00b0 N. Lat. I shall, if possible write you from the kingdom of this black gentleman.\u2019 This seems to contradict the story of his having died at Cairo in January; as he was then probably in the interior parts of Africa. If Sr. Joseph Banks has no news from him later than the letter of Septemb. it may do him pleasure if you will communicate the above. If he or any other person knows whether there is any foundation for the story of his death, I will thank you to be informed of it.\u2014My letter being to go off tomorrow I shall only add assurances of the esteem & respect with which I am dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0138", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nDear Sir\nParis May 20. 1789.\nI am now to acknolege the receipt of your several favors of Oct. 20. Nov. 20. and Jan. 5. and to thank you for the pamphlets you have been so kind as to send me. A conveiance by the way of London enables me to write the present, for I never think of writing news by the circumnavigation of the Bordeaux packet. You know that your states general are met, and you have seen the speeches of the king and his ministers at the opening of it, for I take for granted M. de Montmorin has sent them to M. de Moustier, as I have done to Mr. Jay. I was present at that august ceremony. Had it been enlightened with lamps and chandeliers, it would have been almost as brilliant as the opera. Till now your affairs here have gone on with a smoothness and rapidity which has been never before seen. At this moment however they are at a dead stand. The great preliminary question Whether they shall vote by orders or persons, seems to threaten a scission. They have not yet ventured to present the question in form, but the votes which have been given by the separate chambers on the outworks of that question, enable us to see pretty clearly the strength of the two parties. For voting by persons are 1. the Tiers etat unanimously, 2. a good majority of the clergy (consisting of the cur\u00e9s and other lower clergy) 3. fifty four members of the Noblesse. For voting by orders are 1. the residue of the nobles being about 190. 2. a minority in the clergy consisting of the bishops, archbishops &c. All the world is conjecturing  how they are to get over the difficulty. Abundance are affrighted and think all is lost, and that the nation, in despair at this unsuccesful effort, will consign itself to tenfold despotism. This is rank cowardice. Others propose that the members shall go back to ask new instructions from their constituents. This would be useless, because they know that the same instructions would be repeated and who can say what new event internal or external might shuffle this glorious game out of their hands? Another hypothesis, which I shall develope, because I like it, and wish it, and hope it, is that as soon as it shall be manifest that the committees of Conciliation now appointed by the three chambers shall be able to agree in nothing, the Tiers will invite the other two orders to come and take their seats in the Common chamber. A majority of the clergy will come, and the minority of the Nobles. The chamber thus composed will declare that the States general are now constituted, will notify it to the king and propose to do business. It may be hoped he will accede to their proposition, justifying it by the necessities of the moment, and negotiating, as they go along, the return of the seceding members of the noblesse and clergy. If he should on the contrary refuse to receive them as the states general, and adhere to the principles of the Noblesse, it may possibly happen that the Tiers will declare all taxes discontinued, form a declaration of rights, and do such other acts as circumstances will admit, and retire every man to his tent. The taxgatherers might be resisted, and the body of the army found to be disposed differently from their officers. All this will be avoided by admitting this composition of the chamber to be the states general and pursuing modes of conciliation. These indeed will be difficult for the nobles, as the Tiers seem determined to break down all the barriers of separation between the several orders, and to have in future but one. I would have put off writing to you a few days longer, in hopes of informing you of the unravelling of this knot. But I am in hourly expectation of receiving my leave of absence, and am so prepared for my departure that a very few days will enable me to set out for America where I shall have the pleasure of relating to you more particularly the state of things here, of delivering you letters from your sons, and of assuring you in person of those sentiments of esteem & respect with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I have sent to M. le Comte de Moustier a list of the Deputies of the states.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0139", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Moustier, 20 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Moustier, El\u00e9nore Fran\u00e7ois Elie, Comte de\nDear Sir\nParis May 20. 1789.\nI had the honor of writing to you on the 13th. of March by the way of London. Another conveiance the same way now occurring, I avail myself of it to send you a list of the deputies to the States general, which I presume will be interesting to you. You will already have received the speeches of the king, Garde des sceaux, and Mr. Necker, as I know that M. de Monmorin wrote to you the evening of the day on which they appeared, and sent his letter by the Bordeaux packet. You are doubtless informed that a difference among the orders as to the manner of voting suspends all their proceedings. They continue inactive, and many despair of their ever getting under way. The truth is that this revolution has gone on so happily till now, and met with so few obstacles, that your countrymen are frightened at seeing that the machine is stopped and that no way yet presents itself of getting over the difficulty. I see nothing to fear as yet. The nation is in a movement which cannot be stopped. Their representatives, if they cannot get on one way, will try another. The mind of man is full of expedients, and this is the case where all will be tried. I think that in the end the Nobles will be obliged to yeild to the vote by persons, because the Tiers are more unanimous, more inflexible, and more formidable. They have for them also a part of the Noblesse, the majority of the clergy (to wit, le bas clerg\u00e9) the nation and the body of the army. The officers of the army, the bishops, and about four fifths of the Nobles which form the opposition, cannot make head against such a mass.\u2014The Cardinal de Lomenie is reposing under the shadow of his new hat at Pisa, where he is greatly courted. His collegue M. de Lamoignon late garde de sceaux, shot himself four days ago, as the world says, but as his friends say was killed by the accidental discharge of his own fusil. The Grand Seignior is dead. The Emperor will certainly soon follow him and the war will probably go on this year in the state in which it was at the close of the last campaign, that is to say, without any accession of other powers. The present state of the K. of England promises a long and wholsome inactivity in that kingdom, and may perhaps bridle the king of Prussia from making any effort to change the succession of the  empire, which he would be disposed to attempt.\u2014I should have observed to you that your parliaments have been for some time past as quiet as if they were already entombed. It is great presumption in me to write to you, because you will get so much better information from your friends: but it is to shew you how acceptable your communications are to me, and how willing I am to do something for them. Present me with great affection to Madame de Brehan. I am in hourly expectation of receiving my leave of absence, and shall leave Paris the instant I receive it, and flatter myself soon to assure you both in person of those sentiments of esteem &c respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedt., humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0140", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nParis May 21. 1789.\nI have not yet, my dear friend, received my leave of absence, but I expect it hourly, and shall depart almost in the hour of receiving it. My absence will be of about six months. I leave here a scene of tumult and contest. All is politics in this capital. Even love has lost it\u2019s part in conversation. This is not well, for love is always a  consolatory thing. I am going to a country where it is felt in it\u2019s sublimest degree. In great cities it is distracted by the variety of objects. Friendship perhaps suffers there also from the same cause but I am determined to except from this your friendship for m[e], and to beleive it distracted by neither time, distance, nor object. When wafting on the bosom of the ocean I shall pray it to be as calm and smooth as yours to me. What shall I say for you to our friend Mrs. Church? I shall see her assuredly, perhaps return with her. We shall talk a great deal of you. In fact you ought to have gone with her. We would have travelled a great deal together, we would have intruded our opinions into the choice of objects for your pencil and returned fraught with treasures of art, science and sentiment. Adieu, my very dear friend. Be our affections unchangeable, and if our little history is to last beyond the grave, be the longest chapter in it that which shall record their purity, warmth and duration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0141", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Jerningham, 21 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jerningham, Edward\nSir\nParis May 21. 1789.\nI have received with much pleasure your charming poem on enthusiasm and return you many thanks for it. I mark with peculiar satisfaction the prophecy relative to my own country and am enthusiast enough to believe it will be in some degree verified. The honour of your acquaintance while you were in Paris would have made me very happy, and I shall think myself authorised to court it, should any circumstance bring us nearer together in future. In the mean time be pleased to accept the homage of those sentiments of respect &c esteem with which I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0144", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Rumsey, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Rumsey, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon May 22d. 1789.\nThe first leasure have I had, after my return from paris to london, was Employed to find out a person that would advance some money for the Tooth drawers, (that I had the honour of receiving from you) for the use of the inventor of them. Several persons seemed willing to give something for them, provided that they would answer the purpose well on Experiment, and wanted me to put them into their hands for that purpose, which I did not think proper to do, not knowing their charactors; I mentioned these Sircumstances to Mr. Vaughan, and he was kind enough to propose shewing them to a Mr. Cline, (or Kline, a famous annotamist who he thought might be depended upon; I have this day called upon Mr. Vaughan to know the result of the application; but to my great surprise Mr. Vaughan informed me, that, Mr. Cline assured him, that such had been in use in England, to his knowledge, for upwards of Sevin years. Mr. Vaughan left them with Mr. Cline, and requested him to make them more public, as he conceived them to be a usefull machine; I confess I have my fears that Mr. Cline has not been Candid in this business, but as I know nothing of him, but what I heard from Mr. Vaughan; I therefore did not think it prudent to Express my doubts to him. I am realy very sorry that I am not able to give you a more satisfactory account of this matter, I shall however take some pains to discover whether such a thing has been in use, in this Country, or not, and shall let you know the result of my Enquiry.\nThe Machine for my Vessel has not gone on so briskly as I Expected, the case I beleive with all new inventions, the Mechanicks not being able Execute them, with such dispatch as they do those they are acquainted with. I Expect however that an other month will be near the time of Experiment.\u2014I am Sir under many obligations to you, for your kind attention to my business in france, and shall Ever remember your freindship with gratitude.\u2014I have the  honor to be Sir with great Esteem your most obliged and Obt. hbl. Servt.,\nJames Rumsey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0145", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Vaughan, 22 May 1789\nFrom: Vaughan, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nJeffries Sq: London, May 22, 1789.\nI am honored with your letter of the 17th: instant and take the first opportunity of acknowledging it, in order to inform you that the Report of the Privy Council on the slave trade, (which forms a folio volume,) in part I under the head of produce, speaks of Rice growing on a dry soil, \u201cnot like that of America,\u201d which is very hearty food, and supposed (by the parties) the best rice in the world. It appears to grow in various parts of Africa. The collection of some of its seeds will not be among the worst things your traders may employ themselves in on that coast.\nI apprehend your agricultural produce will find vent here in the shape of flour, or kiln dried; so as not to give much interruption to your trade. If foreign nations learn to give a preference to your flour, over your grain, I do not know in what shape you will be losers.\u2014I am certain of no premeditated view existing to injure your corn trade with this country. The whole came forwards naturally. If the copy of the Report I propose sending by Lord Daer misses you at Paris, I shall send another to Mr. Jay to meet you at New York. You will there see my opinion confirmed.\nThough one of the society that sent out Lediard, I have been content with the common rumor of his death. It may not be founded; and therefore I shall get better intelligence to send you.\nI am much obliged by your attention to the book on commerce; and shall soon have the pleasure to send you some other articles from hence.\nThe slave trade causes great anxiety on both sides here. I do not think and do not hope the trade will last many years for civilized nations; but am against a sudden abolition of our share in it under present circumstances for various reasons.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect & regard, Dear sir, Your faithful & most obedt. humble servt.,\nBenjn. Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 23 May 1789. Eight vessels have arrived from America within \u201cthese few Days\u201d: 3 from Georgia and Carolina with rice, tobacco, and skins; 2 from Virginia with tobacco and flour; and 3 from Maryland with wheat, flour, and tobacco. Wheat and flour much wanted. More cargoes daily expected. Want of shipping will retard them, \u201cbut these supplies will serve to prevent appearances too well founded. Our Stores are Empty.\u201d\u2014Sends compliments to Short and Rutledge, who are probably in Paris ere now.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0147", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 23 May 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York May 23. 1789.\nThis will I expect be handed you by a young gentleman, Mr. Colden, the son of an amiable lady of that name within the circle of my acquaintance in this place. I need not apprize you that the family, of which Governour Colden is the ancestor, is a respectable one. The young gentleman has been in Scotland for some years, pursuing his education, and with the approbation of his friends proposes to visit France before he returns to his native country. Such countenance and attentions as it may be convenient for you to shew him, will I have reason to believe be well placed, and will add to the many obligations under which I lie.\nMy last inclosed copies of the President\u2019s inauguration Speech and the answer of the House of the Representatives. I now add the answer of the Senate. It will not have escaped you that the former was addressed with a truly republican simplicity to G. W. Presidt. of the U.S. The latter follows the example, with the omission of the personal name, but without any other than the constitutional title. The proceeding on this point was in the House of Representatives spontaneous. The imitation by the Senate was extorted. The question became a serious one between the two houses. J. Adams espoused the cause of titles with great earnestness. His  friend R. H. Lee altho elected as a republican enemy to an aristocratic constitution was a most zealous second. The projected title was\u2014His Highness the President of the U.S. and protector of their liberties. Had the project succeeded it would have subjected the President to a severe dilemma and given a deep wound to our infant government.\nIt is with much pleasure I inform you that Moustier begins to make himself acceptable and with still more that Madam Brehan begins to be viewed in the light which I hope she merits and which was so little the case when I wrote by Mr.. Morris.\nThe collection bill is not yet passed. The duties have been settled in the House of Representatives and are before the Senate. They produced a good deal of discussion and called forth in some degree our local feelings. But the experiment has been favorable to our character for moderation, and in general the temper of the Congress seems to be propitious. I do not enter farther at present into the account of their proceedings, because I expect this will go by the way of Scotland, and be long on the way, being intended principally as a letter of introduction, and because I have received notice of a conveyance in a few days, which will be more direct and convenient.\u2014With my best wishes I am Dear Sir Yrs. affectly.,\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0148", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Barrett, 24 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barrett, Nathaniel\nDear Sir\nParis May 24. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of Mar. 6.\u2014Were the appointment of a Consul at Rouen to depend on me, there is assuredly no one who would have so just a claim to it as yourself. But it will rest with the President. In my letter to Mr. Jay on the subject of the Consulships I have ventured to suggest some ideas on the subject, and tho\u2019 I did not at the time know that you would settle at Rouen, yet your appointment will come perfectly within the plan I had suggested, and be consistent with the recommendation I had given for that port. Should I be further consulted on your subject I shall bear testimony to your merit with that pleasure which duty and esteem dictate. I am in hourly expectation of receiving a leave of absence for a few months which I have asked for the purposes of conducting my family back and of taking some arrangement in my affairs. As therefore I shall have the pleasure of seeing you perhaps as soon as you will receive this I shall not enter into details relative to this country, which to give you a proper idea must be long. In general their revolution has gone on with unexampled quiet, and success. At this moment it is checked by a disagreement between the orders composing the states general. I hope however they will get over it. I have the honor to be with very great esteem & respect Dr. Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0149", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Giovanni Fabbroni, 24 May 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fabbroni, Giovanni\nSir\nParis May 24. 1789.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favor of Mar. 25. and to thank you for your attentions and services to my friends Mr. Short and Mr. Rutledge. Those gentlemen have spoke to me of yourself  and Madame Fabbroni in terms which shew they have been very sensible of your civilities and are very grateful for them. Be so good also as to convey to your brother my acknoledgements for the present of his book on the subject of wine, a subject interesting to me, and which had not before been philosophically treated.\nMy residence in America being very far from Philadelphia I am not able, from my own acquaintance there to recommend a solid mercantile correspondent to your friend. But there happened to be in Paris a gentleman from Philadelphia, whose acquaintance there and whose knolege in that line of business enabled him to supply the recommendation I was unable to give. I inclose you a note from him to myself, and a letter of recommendation to the house he names. I expect hourly to receive from America permission to return there for a few months, and shall leave Paris as soon as I receive it. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0150", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Vernes, 25 May 1789\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nL\u2019orient 25 May 1789\nJe ne puis partir que Mercredi ou Jeudi matin. Ma voiture que vous pouvez prendre est une diligence fran\u00e7oise bleue, doubl\u00e9e de jaune avec un siege et des harnois, qui est encore chez mon Sellier nomm\u00e9 Chezelles, r\u00fce Bourbon-Villeneuve. Il la delivrera sur l\u2019ordre ci inclus et je prierai V\u00f4tre Excellence de lui payer, s\u2019il le demande, le remisage depuis le mois de Xbre. dernier que M. Berard vous remboursera icy. Le Capne. Bacchus sera pr\u00eat \u00e0 partir vers la fin de cette Semaine, et M. Berard qui recevra Vendredi v\u00f4tre reponse \u00e0 ma derniere lettre, le fera attendre quelques jours si vous le lui avez marqu\u00e9.\nIl y a depuis quelques jours icy un joli b\u00e2timent, bien arm\u00e9 et command\u00e9, plus petit que l\u2019Abiga\u00efl, mais sur lequel cependant vous pourriez \u00eatre agr\u00e9ablement. Il se nomme le Delaware, Capne. Lattymore.\nCe b\u00e2timent attend icy des Ordres de son propri\u00e9taire et il est vraisemblable qu\u2019il aura celui de se rendre \u00e0 Philadelphie, on me le marquera \u00e0 Paris, et si vous n\u2019avez pas accept\u00e9 L\u2019Abiga\u00efl cette occasion conviendroit fort bien; mais on n\u2019y peut penser avant l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des ordres attendus. Je suis avec respect Monsieur V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur\nVernes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0151", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 26 May 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nTuesday May the 26th. 1789Margaret Street No. 15 Cavendish Squa[re]\nAll the Books at Pinellis Sale went extremely high; you have four only out of all your catalogue. I am Sorry you Could not have had them all. Had I been unincumbered, Your Excellency should have had them. It is now Six weeks Since I heard from Mr. Paradise. I have written twice to him since his last Letter of April the 8th.\u2014I am desirous to be informed by your Excellency if he is well, and the cause of his Silence. Pray Make My affectionate Love to the Miss Jefferson and my best Compliments to Mr. Short, And tell Mr. Paradise that Mr. Young has not finished the Deed and the Creditors themselves have told me, that he has been very long about it but that until the Deed is Signed it will not be safe for Mr. Paradise to appear here. These are the very words of Many of his Creditors. Adieu Dear Sir.\u2014I have the Honour to be with Great Esteem and Gratitude your Graitful Friend and Humbl. Servant,\nLucy Paradise\nP.S. Dr. Bancroft is extremely kind to Me and does all he can to Get Mr. Young to finish the business. I think If Mr. Paradise was to write to Mr. Young a kind Letter he would do right.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 26 May 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon May 26th. 1789.\nI cannot express how much I am flatterd by the proposal which you have had the goodness to make in your Letter of the 21st.\u2014Such a testimony of the friendship and Confidence of a Man whom  I have so many reasons to respect gives me the highest pleasure:\u2014and you will give me leave to say that if it could be consistently with my great pursuits, no situation in life could be so agreeable to me as one which would place me near you, and under the protection of your advice and example.\u2014But,\u2014I sincerely hope that the Event will not take place to which you refer:\u2014because I think the Step would be injudicious and precipitate in the extreme on the part of my friend.\u2014Nor, is it possible for me, in the present moment to decide at all on what be my conduct were he to be imprudent.\u2014My Life is govern\u2019d by circumstances above my controul, and therefore I form no decided plans. One thing only is at present decisive, to quit this country as soon as possible: all that I have to expect in future is vexation\u2014my name and Country are odious here, and having acquir\u2019d the knowledge for which I came I am preparing to leave it as speedily as possible. I shall doubtless have the pleasure to m[ee]t you in America and my reception there will decide on my future life.\u2014I will write further of my wishes there.\nEnclos\u2019d you will find a state of your Account which I beleive is right\u2014the Pictures are less good than I wish, but the fault is more in the originals than in the copyist.\u2014Originality is indeed all their merit\u2014to this I beleive they have the best claim. They hang in the Apartments of the Royal Society and I am assur\u2019d by Sr. J: Banks that they are genuine.\u2014The Pictures and Books I shall if possible send by the Diligence which leaves this the 28th.\u2014at farthe[st] by that of the 30th. The Bills Receipts &c. must wait a private hand.\nYour enclosures to this Country are deliverd. The others will be forwarded by the first conveyance.\nMiss Polly\u2019s Letter to Miss Church was deliver\u2019d four days ago, and Miss C\u2014\u2014 promises an answer. We have news of Mrs. Church from Halifax the 25th. April, to sail the next day for New York. With my compliments to the young Ladies and kindest remembrance to W. Short, I am Dr Sir Your oblig\u2019d & Gratefull\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from La Brissanne, 27 May 1789\nFrom: La Brissanne, M. de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 27 May 1789. \u201cLe Bailli de la Brissanne\u201d called to inform TJ that, on the day before, he had had his audience with their majesties and the royal family as \u201cambassadeur Extraordinaire de Malte.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Parent, 27 May 1789\nFrom: Parent (Parant), M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBeaune, 27 May 1789. Is grieved that he cannot have the pleasure of seeing TJ in Paris this month: he has injured his leg and cannot leave Beaune before the 15th or 20th of June.\u2014Having received TJ\u2019s letter of the 7th, he should have been pleased to tell him of his son\u2019s capabilities: \u201cD\u2019\u00e9crire aussy bien que moy au moin, et il peut faire les quatre Regle pour la Chiffre, mais point de lattin, et assez obeissant, point de volont\u00e9.\u201d If TJ could place him in some office or other in America, he would feel toward him \u201ctoute les obligations possible.\u201d Hopes TJ will think well of him, and apologizes for late reply: he was about ready to set out when, in decanting some wine, the accident happened to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De Lormerie, 28 May [1789]\nFrom: Lormerie, M. de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris], 28 May [1789]. Encloses a packet \u201cqui contient des Papiers inter\u00e9ssans pour le Gen\u00e8ral Washington,\u201d which he requests TJ to put in his trunks and by the same vessel that takes him to America.\u2014He would call to pay his respects but for fear of importuning TJ \u201cdans ces derniers moments, o\u00f9 je pars moi meme pour la campagne.\u201d\u2014Asks him to let him know if the packet \u201cpour le Gen\u00e8ral lui a et\u00e9 remis Exactement\u201d\u2014\u201cP.S. S\u2019il y avoit quelques bonnes nouvelles de la prosperit\u00e9 de Kentucky, Je serois bien enchant\u00e9 de les connoitre.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0157", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Carr, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Carr, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Uncle\nNew York. May 29. 89.\nYour two letters of August 10. 87 and August 6th. 88 came to hand some time in November last; they should have been immediately  answered, had not a long and severe indisposition prevented me: When my health would have permited, the season was so far advanced, that I thought it better to wait till this time.\nThe spring vacation at Wm. & Mary has given me an opportunity of spending some time here; with the advice of Mr. Madison in my reading, and the advantage of attending the debates of the two houses, I hope it will not pass unprofitably. Thos. Randolph of Tuckhoe (whom I find extremely intelligent and cleaver) lives with me. He intends to remain here till October, and then return to Virginia. If Mr. Madison approves of it I mean to stay with him; the difference between this place and Wmsburg. with respect to expence will be little; and the advantages to be gained here great. I hope therefore he will not object. Before I left Virginia it was said you had sail\u2019d for America, accompanied by your daughters. Would to god, it were so! but Mr. Madison tells me there is no probability of it this summer at least.\nYour sentiments with regard to Mr. Wythe, and the attention which ought to be paid to his precepts perfectly coincide with mine; his public avocations have lately taken up much of his time: so that my attendance on him has not been such as I could have wished. However I have attended to those things which he advised, and taken his counsel whenever I had doubts. The mode of education which he pursues, and to which he is so much attached, is in a measure fallen into disuse, and for my own part I think not entirely without reason. Might not a great part of that time which he bestows on the dead languages, be better employed on the modern languages, natural history, and the Mathematics? I really think it might. Mr. Randolph tells me he has known surprising advantages result from the latter plan. I would not be understood to hint, however, that a knowledge of the Ancient languages is altogether useless. I only mean to suggest a doubt whether that strict and constant attention is necessary, and whether part of it might not be better applied.\nI receiv\u2019d in your last letter a catalogue of books, and you mention that there are many of them in my fathers library. I have examined and find there is not one mentioned in your catalogue among them. Your reasons for declining the Italian (although I think it a delightful language) are so conclusive that I have laid it aside. I am well convinced of the utility of the Spanish, and shall endeavour to acquire a competent knowledge of it. In the pronunciation  I fear I shall be deficient, as I have met with no person who professedly teaches it.\nMr. Smith gives very favourable accounts of Dabney\u2019s genius and dispositions. Saml. is at Wm. & Mary-not bright-but I hope not destitute of genius. Remember me to my Cousins, and Believe me to be Dr Sir, Your dutiful nephew, and affectionate friend,\nPeter Carr\nP.S. I was born the 2d. of January 1770.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0159", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLondon 29th. May 1789.\nI wrote three lines by this day\u2019s post to advertise you of your pictures and Books. Mr. Broome whose progress will be somewhat slower is to good to take charge of this, with which I enclose the Bills and Receipts relating to your last Account; of which you will also find a duplicate.\u2014If you find any Error, you will point it out to me.\nWhen I was with you last, you remember I promis\u2019d to send you the little sketch of Yorktown which I had with me:-tho\u2019 I have not fulfilld this promise, I have not forgotten it: the truth is, I have  not touch\u2019d the larger picture from that day:\u2014I hope soon to proceed with it on the other side of the Atlantic. The sketch will then find its destination.\nYour last letters to America I shall probably send in a few days by a Ship to Boston, as no opportunity, except the packet will offer for some weeks to New York.\nWith your Books I took the liberty to enclose three or four descriptions of my picture of Gibraltar. There are People here foolish enough to be half affronted that I have paid so much compliment to the Spanish Officer. But upon the whole I have great reason to be proud of the reception which I meet:-and the subscription for the intended plate goes on very well. As soon as this business is sufficiently advanc\u2019d, which I hope will be in July, I shall prepare to sail for America-with the earnest hope and intention never to return to this country to remain any time: I am heartily tir\u2019d of it.\nWe have no news from our Country since the last packet, when the President and Vice President were not arriv\u2019d at N.Y. Therefore I fear you will not receive your leave of absence so soon as you would wish:-if you should be delay\u2019d, I beg to be always charg\u2019d with your commands here. I am most gratefully Your Oblig\u2019d frend & servant,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0160", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Vernes, 29 May 1789\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLorient Vendredi 29 May 1789.\nJ\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 retard\u00e9 par des emp\u00eachements venus de jour en jour. Je pars enfin tr\u00e8s s\u00fbrement demain, et je compte \u00eatre \u00e0 Paris le lendemain ou le surlendemain de la pr\u00e9sente. Je vous aurois beaucoup d\u2019obligation si vous vouliez bien m\u2019\u00e9crire un mot chez MM. Boyd Ker & Ce., r\u00fce de Grammont,\u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de L\u2019hotel de la Compagnie des Indes, pour que je sache au moment de mon arriv\u00e9e si vous \u00eates parti, ou si vous partez. Berard n\u2019ayant point eu de lettre de vous hier, Monsieur, nous pensons que vous ne pouvez proffiter de L\u2019Abiga\u00efl. Ce Navire est pr\u00eat \u00e0 mettre \u00e0 la voile, mais les Vents sont contraires, et si M. Berard re\u00e7oit Dimanche un ordre de vous, Monsieur, il l\u2019engagera \u00e0 vous attendre. Le Delaware va d\u00e9cid\u00e9ment \u00e0 Philadelphie, et je crois que les Vents seront assez longtems contraires pour que, si vous arrivez promptement, vous puissiez encore choisir ce Vaisseau. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec les Sentiments  les plus distingu\u00e9s Monsieur V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s obe\u00efssant serviteur\nVernes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0161", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D. Lamy, 30 May 1789\nFrom: Lamy, D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 30 May, 1789. Has a bill of exchange drawn by one Charek at Dunkerque, now residing in Savannah, Georgia, on a Paris merchant who refuses payment. A friend in Charleston with relations in Savannah will demand payment of Charek for him: the danger of loss at sea and need to keep bill in his hands cause him to ask TJ to give him the name of his notary so that proofs, including Charek\u2019s signature on a letter, can be attested, after which he will ask for TJ\u2019s authentication of the proofs.\u2014Had called on TJ but not finding him and being assured that if he put his request in writing \u201cvous voudries bien prendre la peine de me repondre,\u201d he has done so.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0162", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, [30 May 1789]\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\n35 St Albans Street Pall Mall [30 May 1789]\nI hoped on this day to have set off for Paris and rather wishing to speak with than write to you, you received no line from me by the last posts. Finding now that I may be detained perhaps another week in London before I am prepared to visit you, I pen a word or two according to my former habit, rather to prevent any imputation of negligence on your part than to offer much information on mine.\nI trust the inclosed papers will contribute to your entertainment, and I am happy to add that there is a private letter in town from New York of a very recent date (I think April 25th) in which I read a paragraph late last evening to the following effect: \u201cThe President General arrived here on the 23d. and the last day of the month vizt. the 30th of April he is to be received in form by both branches, who have already matured the basis of a revenue system for the united states which will be enacted immediately, the resolutions being agreed to by a very great majority in Congress: among the members of which the late party feuds of f\u0153deral and antif\u0153deral are extinct, all seeming resolute harmoniously to concur in every measure requisite to restore the credit and sustain the dignity  of the United States both at home and abroad.\u201d You may rely upon the veracity of the letter writer as well as upon his good opportunities in New York to obtain a knowledge of facts.\nMay I intreat a line from you by the next post with the address of Mr. Rutledge. Shoud he be in Paris beseech him to inclose me a line for his mother, to go by a vessel that sails the 11th of June. None of his family had on the 12th of last April received any direct account of him later than Novr., a circumstance that excited much maternal anxiety and solicitude.\nThe letters from Mr. Izard, Doctor Ramsay and Mr. Edward Rutledge which I shall have the honor soon to deliver you are on a subject local to South Carolina and are only enforcive of what I am commanded to say to you by those gentlemen; otherwise I would have sent to You by Mr. Broome.\u2014With very great respect and affection, I have the honor to be Your Most Obedt Sevt.,\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rodolphe Tillier, May 1789\nFrom: Tillier, Rodolphe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBerne, May 1789. Had delayed thanking TJ for kindness to him on passing through Paris \u201cwith Mrs. Tillier and Son in Law C. Penrose\u201d because a friend who wanted to apply to TJ for information \u201cabout a family de Graffenried settled in Virginia \u2026 has detained me.\u201d But he \u201cwill not wait longer to present my best ofers of services and Mrs. Tillier, and her sons most dutifull respects\u201d to TJ and Miss Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis June 1. 1789.\nI have not before acknoleged the receipt of your favor of April 28. because I expected every post to receive Mr. Paradise\u2019s deed. But a letter from Mrs. Paradise by yesterday\u2019s post damps our expectations. I do not doubt but you have urged every spur to hasten Mr. Young. But Mr. Paradise insists on my writing to you on the subject. In fact he is on a gridiron till he can receive these papers and leave this place. We cannot but wonder therefore at the unfeeling  inattention of Mr. Young and we presume that the creditors confide the drawing this deed to him exclusively, or that another would have been employed in a city which, like London, has thousands of Attornies suffering for want of business. It is not the work of an hour to draw it in good and sufficient law-language, nor of more than 12 hours drawn after the manner of the English attornies who use 12 words where one would be a strong and more intelligible. I have not yet received my letters of permission, but expect them every hour. I think it certain that when I am gone no body can keep Mr. Paradise here an hour, be the consequence to him what it will. I will therefore beg of you to use any means in your power (if any remain unused) to have the deed sent by the first post. It will be unsafe to address it to me as I may be gone and no body will open my letters. I have the honor to be with very great esteem & attachment Dr. Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0166", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis June 1. 1789.\nYour favors of May the 5th. and 15th. should not have been so long unacknoleged but that I expected always that the next post would bring us the long-expected deed. Your last of May 26. puts off our hopes indefinitely. I cannot paint to you Mr. Paradise\u2019s impatience to leave this place. He happened to be present when I received your letter, and instead of pressing him to write Mr. Young, I have found it necessary to engage him not to write, because he could not have restrained himself from expressions which would have done no good. In fact Mr. Young, perfectly at his ease, and Mr. Paradise, broiling on a gridiron, are a perfect contrast, and you may suppose that the letters of the latter, written in such a situation, would breathe neither patience nor friendship. I have written to Dr. Bancroft to endeavor to send off the deed by the first post. I will recommend it strongly to you, Madam, if no attorney but Mr. Young can draw this deed, to beseige his door till he delivers it to you. It is with difficulty Mr. Paradise can be kept here now, and no earthly consideration will retain him 24. hours after my departure, which I am in hourly expectation of fixing. Yet, besides his own ease, the honor of his family depends on his not returning to London till he may do it with safety, and especially the honor of his daughter and the condition of her children. As I think it improbable that letters written after your receipt of this should find me here, and nobody will open my letters in my absence it would be better the deed should be addressed directly to Mr. Paradise  either at his antient lodgings or chez M. Jefferson &c.\u2014I am much indebted to you for your attention to my commission about the books, and am well pleased that those which went above the prices I noted, were not purchased. Sensible that I labour grievously under the malady of Bibliomanie, I submit to the rule of buying only at reasonable prices, as to a regimen necessary in that disease. My daughters greet you in the most friendly terms, and I have the honor of repeating to you assurances of the esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Madam Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0167", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 1 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis June 1. 1789.\nYour favor of May 26. came to hand yesterday. The balance shall be immediately remitted. Perhaps it may be disagreeable to Mr. Grand to give a bill of exchange for so small a sum, in which case I will send the cash itself by Mr. Paradise adding to it the price of Sterne\u2019s sentimental journey, printed in London by Wenman No. 144. Fleet street in 16s. or in 24s, which I will beg the favor of you to send me, with such other of his works as are printed in the same size. It is on account of the size that I want them and shall be glad to have all his works in that size, tho\u2019 I have them already in a larger form. If sent by the first Diligence after you receive this, they will probably find me here. Write me the price by the first post that I may add it to the last balance. They come best unbound.\nAs you express yourself doubtfully on the proposition in my last, and it may be because I did not sufficiently explain the event which may give place for that arrangement, I will observe to you that Mr. Short and myself came here with an idea of staying but two years, because my commission was limited to that. Dr. Franklin\u2019s departure produced another commission to me to remain here indefinitely. Tho\u2019 I do not propose to be very long in any office, yet as long as I remain in any, I believe I shall prefer the present one. This will be for some years if it depends on myself. But I am going out of life, Mr. Short is coming in. He has never viewed his present situation but as temporary. He has never considered it as one in which he should continue. His views are justly directed to something  permanent, independant, in his own country, and which may admit him to marry. His talents, his virtues, and his connections ensure him any thing he may desire. Perhaps he has already let pass the most favorable opportunity of putting himself in the way of preferment. But these opportunities will recur. His letters to me during his absence shewed to me that he thought it time to return to his own country, and some expressions in conversation make me suppose he means to do it on my return. I have not asked his decision, lest he might mistake my wishes. He put himself under my guidance at 19. or 20. years of age. He is to me therefore as an adoptive son, and nothing is more interesting to me than that he should do what is best for himself. It is on this principle alone that I shall acquiesce under his leaving me; because I am persuaded he will obtain better positions. Your great pursuit on the contrary renders a continuance in Europe more eligible to you, and it was the expectation that a residence here might be advantageous which permitted me to indulge the wish that you would accept of Mr. Short\u2019s place if he should decide to quit it. I hope, from your letter, that you are not indisposed to it, and be assured I shall do every thing in my power to make the office further your improvement and not obstruct it. I shall be happy to meet you in America, and to know there your decision tho\u2019 it would be more convenient to me to know it before because I might be on the look out for a person if your decision is contrary to my wish. In all cases I am with sincere esteem & attachment Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & ser[vt.,]\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 2 June 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nMargaret St. No. 15 Cavendish Sqr.London Tuesday June ye 2d. 1789\nThis Letter I beg Mr. P. may Not see. I am extremely sorry to tell your Excellency that Mr. Young the Attorney has not finished the Deed; Indeed, I feel greatly at his being so long about it, well knowing what trouble you must have with Mr. P. It convinces your Excellency No person is to blame, but himself. I hope that your Excellency will have the goodness, (If you do Not go to America this year) to write very Strongly to Colo. Nath. Burwell, My  Steward, and any other Gentlemen you think can serve Me; to interest themselves in My affairs. I am not the first Woman, that has been cursed with a Drunkard I know your Excellency will say. I acknowledge it; but then, those Women, May have had friends that took them Under their Protection. I stand alone, the greater My Misfortune. What, I would beg of your Excellency is, to assist Me with your advice from time to time and to write to General W. and tell him what my situation is, and to see, after the Debts are paid if I could take Possession of all My Property in Virginia during the Life of Mr. P. If that can be contrived, I am safe, and then, shall be happy. Something of this Sort ought to be done and that as soon as possible. This is the Protection, I want from your Excellency and My Country. Every person that comes from Paris talk about his Drinking and that every person there laughs at him.\u2014I pray God to preserve my Dear Friends the Miss Jeffersons from Such a Husband. I beg you will have the goodness to give My Affectionate Love to them, and My best Compliments to Mr. Short if he is returned. Dr. Bancroft behaves to Me with the greatest kindness; Indeed I am over-powered, and tears falls from My Eyes when I think of Yours and the Doctors goodness to Me. But how, I shall ever return such Godlike Goodness, I know Not. I have here only one Friend, who I value sincerely. It is Mr. Freire the Charg\u00e9 des affair\u00e9 of Portugal to him; I have told openly your Excellencies great goodness. He is I assure you My Dear Sir a very Amiable and wise Man; He greatly respects and esteems you, and is a very sincere friend to America. He would do any thing in his power to serve our Dear Country. If a Minister was to be sent to America from Portugal, I wish they would send him. Adieu My Dear Sir I am with the Greatest Gratitude esteem and respect Your Humbl. Servt. and Friend,\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0169", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis June 3. 1789.\nRevolving further in my mind the idea started yesterday evening of the king\u2019s coming forward in a seance royale and offering a charter containing all the good in which all parties agree, I like it more and more. I have ventured to sketch such a charter merely to convey my idea, which I now inclose to you, as I do also to M. de  St. Etienne. I write him a letter of apology for my meddling in a business where I know so little and you and he so much. I have thought it better to possess him immediately of the paper, because he may at the conference of to-day sound the minds of the conferees. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0171", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Rabaut de St. Etienne, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rabaut de St. Etienne, Jean Paul\nSir\nParis June 3. 1789.\nAfter you quitted us yesterday evening, we continued our conversation (Monsr. de la Fayette, Mr. Short and myself) on the subject of the difficulties which environ you. The desireable object being to secure the good which the King has offered and to avoid the ill which seems to threaten, an idea was suggested, which appearing to make an impression on Monsr. de la Fayette, I was encouraged to pursue it on my return to Paris, to put it into form, and now to send it to you and him. It is this, that the king, in a seance royale, should come forward with a Charter of Rights in his hand, to be signed by himself and by every member of the three orders. This charter to contain the five great points which the Resultat of December offered on the part of the king, the abolition of pecuniary privileges offered by the privileged orders, and the  adoption of the National debt and a grant of the sum of money asked from the nation. This last will be a cheap price for the preceding articles, and let the same act declare your immediate separation till the next anniversary meeting. You will carry back to your constituents more good than ever was effected before without violence, and you will stop exactly at the point where violence would otherwise begin. Time will be gained, the public mind will continue to ripen and to be informed, a basis of support may be prepared with the people themselves, and expedients occur for gaining still something further at your next meeting, and for stopping again at the point of force. I have ventured to send to yourself and Monsieur de la Fayette a sketch of my ideas of what this act might contain without endangering any dispute. But it is offered merely as a canvas for you to work on, if it be fit to work on at all. I know too little of the subject, and you know too much of it to justify me in offering any thing but a hint. I have done it too in a hurry: insomuch that since committing it to writing it occurs to me that the 5th. article may give alarm, that it is in a good degree included in the 4th. and is therefore useless. But after all what excuse can I make, Sir, for this presumption. I have none but an unmeasurable love for your nation and a painful anxiety lest Despotism, after an unaccepted offer to bind it\u2019s own hands, should seize you again with tenfold fury. Permit me to add to these very sincere assurances of the sentiments of esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0172", "content": "Title: Draft of a Charter of Rights, 3 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nA Charter of Rights solemnly established by the King and Nation.\n1. The States general shall assemble, uncalled, on the 1st. day of November annually, and shall remain together so long as they shall see cause. They shall regulate their own elections and proceedings, and until they shall ordain otherwise, their elections shall be in the forms observed in the present year, and shall be triennial.\n2. The States-general alone shall levy money on the nation, and shall appropriate it.\n3. Laws shall be made by the States-general only, with the consent of the king.\n4. No person shall be restrained of his liberty but by regular process from a court of justice, authorized by a general law: [except that a Noble may be imprisoned by order of a court of justice on the prayer of 12. of his nearest relations.] On complaint of an unlawful imprisonment, to any judge whatever, he shall have the prisoner immediately brought before him, and shall discharge him if his imprisonment be unlawful. The officer in whose custody the prisoner is shall obey the orders of the judge, and both judge and officer shall be responsible civilly and criminally for a failure of duty herein.\n5. The Military shall be subordinate to the Civil authority.\n6. Printers shall be liable to legal prosecution for printing and publishing false facts injurious to the party prosecuting: but they shall be under no other restraint.\n7. All pecuniary privileges and exemptions enjoyed by any description of persons are abolished.\n8. All debts already contracted by the king are hereby made the debts of the nation: and the faith thereof is pledged for their paiment in due time.\n9. 80. millions of livres are now granted to the king, to be raised by loan and reimbursed by the nation: and the taxes heretofore paid shall continue to be paid to the end of the present year, and no longer.\n10. The States general shall now separate and meet again on the 1st. day of November next.\nDone, on behalf of the whole nation, by the King and their representatives in the States general, at Versailles, this \u2014\u2014 day of June 1789.\nSigned by the king, and by every member individually, and in his presence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0174", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Rumsey, 6 June 1789\nFrom: Rumsey, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDover June 6th 1789\nI have letters from america as late as the 24th of april, and as the Ship Came from philadelphia, I thought it posable that you might have had none of so late a date; I therefore Concluded that the little news that they broght me might be (under such circumstances) acceptable to you. The amount of it is; \u201cThat his Excellency General Washington arived at philadelphia on the 20th of april, amidst the acclamations of a joyous multitude. That on the next day he set out for new york where he arived on the 23d. That the Federal goverment was compleatly organized, and that Congress ware p[roceeding] with great harmony; and public affairs wore a very promising appearance.\u201d It is Sir agreeble news to hear  of their proceeding to business so Calmly, after so many warm, and irritateing party disputes.\nMy letters mention that their was a Committee of Congress appointed to bring in a bill for Establishing an office for granting Exclusive Wrights to inventors &c. This is a business that is at present upon, but a bad footing, in any part of the world; England I beleive has fixed it on the best Establishment, yet it is far short of being Equitable, or Encorgeing to ingenious men, which I suppose was the object such laws was intended to imbrace. The dispute between Mr. Fitch and myself has Caused many of the gentlemen of our Country to be very tenacious about giveing grants, so much so that the assembly of New York, and Some others, would not give me a grant for the principle of my boiler, but only for one formed like the drawing laid before them (which was intended only to Explain its principle more Clearly than Expressions Could,) alledgeing that any other kind of grant, would Cut of others from improveing on it, and so I think it ought for a limmited time, or what will a grant be worth, if Every form that a machine Can be put into should intitle a different person to use the same principle; there is no machine Extent but what might be Varied as often as their is days in a year, and still answer nearly the same purpose. Such machines as are already in use (and their principles not under any restrictions by patents,) then Every person Improveing on such machines ought to have a grant for such improvement and no more, but where the principle itself is new I humbly Conceive that it ought to be secured to the inventor for a Limmited time. otherwise but few persons will spend their money and time in makeing new discoveries, knowing that the first person that Varies the form of his invention, will be intitled to receive Eaqueal advantages from it with himself. The french method of haveing new inventions Exammined by a Committee of philosophical Charactors, before grants Can be obtained, is certainly a good one, as it has a tendency to prevent many simple projectors from ruining themselves by the too Long persuit of projects that they know but little about.\nI have troubled you Sir with these remarks, not only because I am deeply interested myself in haveing a just and permanent Establishment of this business made, but because I wish my Countrymen to have such Encouragement given to them, as to Cause them to out Strip the world in arts and Sciences. And knowing you Could throw great light upon the Subject on your return to america was still a greater inducement for me to wish to draw your attention  towards that object.\u2014I meet with many delays In geting forward my Experiment. It will be ten days yet before I can have the Vessel Launched, by the time She gets to London I Expect to have the machinery ready to put into her. What time it may take to fix it is uncertain, but hope not long; I have a dread Comes on me as the day approaches on which I have so much at Stake, yet Every reveiw I take of my plan Confirms me more and more in its Success.\nI have the honor to be Sir with Every Sentiment of Esteem Your most obliged friend & obt. hbl. Servt.,\nJames Rumsey\nP.S. I have not had it in my power [to] hear any thing more about the toothdrawers, Except that Mr. Vaughan asked me if I had informed you what had been done. I told him I had. He said that the annatomist, I forget his name at this Instant, was geting a pair made by them. I am &c. J. Rumsey. Pleas to excuse the Scarcity of paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0175", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Louis Cl\u00e9risseau, 7 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cl\u00e9risseau, Charles Louis\n\u00e0 Paris ce 7me. Juin 1789\nEn visitant le cabinet de Segur \u00e0 Nismes, mon cher Monsieur, j\u2019y observais un vase antique qu\u2019on avoit fouill\u00e9 dans les ruines de cette ville, qui me frappoit beaucoup par sa singularit\u00e9 et sa beaut\u00e9. A qui peut on penser \u00e0 Nismes qu\u2019\u00e0 lui qui nous a donn\u00e9 ses beaux restes? Et \u00e0 qui aurois-je d\u00fb penser, moi, qu\u2019a lui qui m\u2019a aid\u00e9 \u00e0 transplanter le plus beau de ces restes en ma patrie? Je me suis propos\u00e9 donc, sur le champ, de prendre le modele de ce charmant vase, et de demander votre permission de le deposer chez vous en temoignage de [ma] reconnoissance des amiti\u00e9s que vous m\u2019avez fait, et en affirmation de mon estime et de mon attachement. Je l\u2019ai fait faire [donc] ce beau modele.\u2014L\u2019histoire de sa perte seroit trop [longue ?]. J\u2019avois depuis charg\u00e9 un ami, qui devoit aller \u00e0 Nismes, de me le faire remplacer. Mais il n\u2019est plus le moment de l\u2019attendre. Je vais partir pour l\u2019Amerique, d\u2019ou je conte de retourner \u00e0 la verit\u00e9 en six mois. Mais je ne peux pas me tant eloigner sans avoir ced\u00e9 \u00e0 mon ambition de deposer chez vous quelque souvenir de moi. J\u2019ai substitu\u00e9 donc \u00e0 celui de Nismes un vase \u00e0 la verit\u00e9 moins singulier, mais antique et beau. C\u2019est fait en Fontaine \u00e0 caff\u00e9, et je vous prie, Monsieur, de mettre le comble  aux honnetet\u00e9s que vous m\u2019avez fait, en permettant que cette bagatelle me rappelle quelquefois \u00e0 votre souvenir, et en conservant toujours votre bont\u00e9 pour celui qui a l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, avec des sentiments", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Brown Cutting, 7 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, John Brown\nDear Sir\nParis June 7. 1789.\nTho your last letter (recd. yesterday) supposes you will be setting out for Paris before this can reach you, yet on the bare possibility of your being delayed I just write a line to acknolege the receipt of that letter and of one of May 22., and to thank you particularly for the one received yesterday which conveyed very interesting intelligence which I had not before. The latest letters here from America are of April 10. Since the discontinuance of the Havre packet my intelligence from America has been miserably defective.\u2014I had high hopes of a favorable issue to the revolution of this country till about 10. days ago there began to be room to fear. The aspect even at this time is discouraging tho not quite as much so as it was a week ago. By the time of your arrival here, things will probably take some evident [di]rection. Mr. Rutledge lodges hotelle d\u2019Angleterre rue Tra[versi\u00e8re] Saint Honor\u00e9. There are in the same hotel Mr. Paradise, Mr. and Mrs. Blackden and Mr. Barlow, all Americans, so that you might like to lodge there. I sent to Mr. Rutledge the paragraph of [your] letter respecting him. In hopes of seeing you before I depart and doubting whether this will find you at London I shall only add assurances of the esteem & attachment with which I have the honor to be Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0178", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Simon Duvivier, 7 June 1789]\nFrom: Duvivier, Pierre Simon Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 7 June 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 7 June 1789. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0179", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Haskell, 8 June 1789\nFrom: Haskell, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis 8 June, 1789. \u201cA plan of business\u201d brought him to Europe. Needs to fix upon a banker in Paris to handle \u201cconsiderable money\u201d; he must inspire confidence in those concerned. Called on TJ this morning to ask a letter to Mr. Grand. \u201cI can have no claim on you to ask this indulgence, and my only apology for doing it, is my having the honor to belong to the Country whose sovereignty you represent in France.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0183", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 11 June 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon June 11th. 1789.\nI have yours of the 1st. by the last Post, and am happy you find the Account right: since writing that you must have receiv\u2019d by Mr. Broome, the Bills Receipts &c.\u2014You will receive by the Diligence of tomorrow Sterne\u2019s Journey, Shandy and Sermons, unbound:\u2014these are all of his works which have been publishd by Wenman in his very small size, and cost 8/6.\nIf my affairs were in other respects as I would wish them, I should have given an immediate and positive answer to your proposition: it would have been an Answer of Thankfulness and Acceptance: for nothing could be propos\u2019d to me more flattering to my pride or more consonant, (at least for some time) to my wishd for pursuit.\u2014The most powerful motive I had or have for engaging in, or continuing the study of painting has been, the wish of commemorating the great Events of our Countrys Revolution:\u2014I am fully sensible that the profession as it is generally practised, is frivolous, little useful to Society, and unworthy the  attention of a Man who possesses talents for more serious occupations\u2014but, to diffuse the knowledge and preserve the Memory of the noblest series of Actions which have ever dignified the History of Man:\u2014to give to the present and the future Sons of Oppression and Misfortune such glorious Lessons of their rights and of the Spirit with which they should assert and support them:\u2014and even to transmit to their descendants the personal resemblance of those who have been the great actors in these illustrious scenes, were objects which gave a dignity to the profession, peculiar to my situation: and some superiority also arose from my having borne personally, an humble part in the great Events which I was to describe:\u2014no one lives possessing with me this advantage, and none can come after me to divide the Honor of Truth and Authenticity, however easily I may be exceeded in Elegance:\u2014Vanity was thus on the side of Duty, and while I felt some honest pride in the prospect of performing a work such as had never been done before, and in which it was not easy to see that I should ever have a successful Rival:\u2014I flatterd myself that, in devoting a few Years of my Life to this Object, I did not make an absolute waste of Time, or squander uselessly, talents from which my Country might justly have demanded more valuable Services.\nWith how much Assiduity, and with what degree of success I have pursued the studies necessarily preparatory to this purpose, the World will decide in the Judgement it passes on the picture which I now exhibit to them:\u2014and this I need not fear will deceive me. For it will be biass\u2019d to a favorable decision, by no partiality for me, or for my Country.\nBut while I have done all what depended upon my personal exertions, I have been tempted by the advice of friends to a foolish and pernicious confidence in the exertion of another:\u2014the Two pictures which you saw at Paris three years ago, I had then put into the hands of a printseller, to have engrav\u2019d and published, and as the prospect of Profit to him was considerable, I relied upon his using the utmost Dispatch: instead of which the foolish imprudent creature has suffer\u2019d three years to elapse without having made almost the smallest progress: instead therefore of having a Work already advanc\u2019d to shew to my Countrymen and the World, I am but where I was Three Years since, with the Deduction from my Ways and Means, of three Year\u2019s expence, in place of any advantage: with prospects blighted, and the hopes of the future damp\u2019d by the Experience of past misconduct:\u2014add to which the  enthusiastic Memory of Actions however great, daily fades from the Mind:\u2014The warm attention which the Nations of Europe once paid to us, is diverted to Objects more immediately interesting to themselves\u2014and even France, from whom I entertain\u2019d particular Hopes, is probably too much occupied by her own revolution, to think so much of ours, as formerly.\nThus circumstanc\u2019d I foresee the utter impossibility of proceeding, without the warm patronage of my Countrymen.\u2014three or four Years must still pass before I can reap any considerable advantage even from what I have been doing here:\u2014and as I am very far from rich; those Years must not be employ\u2019d in prosecuting a plan, which without the patronage of my Country, will only involve new certainties of great and immediate Expence, with little probability even of distant reward:\u2014I do not aim at Opulence:\u2014but I must not knowingly run into Embarrassment and Ruin.\nI am asham\u2019d to trouble you with such a detail, but without it I could not well explain my reason for not giving you a decided answer:\u2014you now see that my future movements depend entirely upon my reception in America, and as that shall be cordial or cold, I am to decide whether to abandon my Country or my Profession:\u2014I think I shall not Hesitate:\u2014for, tho\u2019 I am secure of a kind reception in any quarter of the Globe, if I will follow the general example of my profession, in flattering the Vanity, or apologizing for the Vices of Men, yet the Ease and perhaps Elegance which would follow such a conduct would be but a poor compensation for the contempt which I should feel for myself:\u2014and for the necessity which it would impose upon me, of submitting to a voluntary sentence of perpetual Exile.\nI hope for better things. Monuments have been repeatedly voted to her Heroes. Why then should I doubt the readiness of our Country to encourage me in producing monuments not of Heroes or patriots only, but of the Events on which their Title to their Country\u2019s Gratitude is founded:\u2014monuments which by being multiplied and little expensive, may be diffus\u2019d over the World, instead of being confin\u2019d to one narrow Spot.\u2014Immediately therefore upon my arrival in America, I shall propose a subscription for prints to be publishd from such a series of Pictures as I intend, with the Condition of returning their money to Subscribers, if the Sum receivd shall not be sufficient to justify my proceeding, and I shall first solicit the public protection of the Congress:\u2014I have been told it is a Custom for the King of France to be a Subscriber for 100  Copies of all the Elegant works engrav\u2019d by his subjects. These are deposited in the Bibliotheque du Roy, and distributed in presents to Foreigners of Taste as specimens of the state of the Arts:\u2014Would it be improper in the United States to adopt this method, not of boasting of their Artists, but of diffusing a Knowledge of their Origin, and a lesson of the Rights of Men, thro other Nations?\u2014And since the Example of past greatness is a powerful incentive to emulation, would such prints be an improper present to some of their servants? The Expence would be small, and the purpose of Medals and Monuments as motives to Virtue, and confirmations of History would receive a valuable support\u2014perhaps it may be the fate of Prints to outlast either Marble or Bronze.\nShould a subscription of this sort fill in such a manner as to justify me, I shall go on with all possible diligence, and must of course pass some years in Europe, and as I have acquir\u2019d that knowledge in this Country which has been my only object and shall have many reasons to prefer Paris to London as the place of my principal residence, I shall in that case be very proud and Happy to accept your proposal:\u2014But if, on the contrary, my Countrymen should not give me such encouragement as I wish, I must give up the pursuit, and of course shall have little desire to return for any stay in Europe.\u2014In the mean time, viewing the absolute uncertainty of my situation, I must beg you not to pass by, on my account, any more favorable subject which may offer before I have the Happiness to meet you in America, which however I hope will be ere long:\u2014and till then you will receive this explanation not as a fictitious or evasive apology, but as a transcript of the disagreeable uncertainty of my own mind: and will believe me when I repeat that no proposal could be made me by any person of a more pleasing and flattering nature than this from you:\u2014I am fully sensible of the Honor you do me, and equally sensible how feeble pretensions I have to your partiality, and shall ever remember with encreas\u2019d gratitude and Esteem this new instance of your unmeritted Goodness to your\u2014\nJ. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 13 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nN. York. June 13th. 1789\nThe letter herewith enclosed from Col. H. Lee with the papers accompanying it fully explain themselves. Inclosed also is a letter from Mr. P. Carr, who has been here several weeks. One of his inducements to visit N. York during the present vacation, was a hope of falling in with you on your visit to America. I regret much both your disappointments. It is not yet in my power to say when the cause of yours will be removed. Every step taken under the new system is marked with tardiness; the effect of that want of precedents which give a mechanical motion to business under old establishments.\nTo the above inclosures is added a chart of the Great falls copied from a draught sent me by Col. Lee. I should have observed that all the papers from him, except this are duplicates, the originals having been consigned by a conveyance from Alexanda. to the care of Mr. Mason who resides at Bourdeaux, to be forwarded to Paris.\nThis will go by a Gentleman, Mr. Joy, who is returning to London, and will be forwarded by such opportunity as he may judge sufficiently certain. Considering it as likely to be long on the way, and having written pretty lately to you, I shall suspend further communications till a more direct and convenient channel presents itself. The Newspaper inclosed will shew you the form and extent of the amendments which I thought it adviseable to introduce to the H. of Representatives as most likely to pass thro\u2019 \u2154 of that House and of the Senate and \u00be of the States. If I am not mistaken they will if passed, be satisfactory to majority of those who have opposed the Constitution. I am persuaded they will be so to a majority of that Description in Virginia. I wish you all happiness & am Dear Sir Yrs most affectly.,\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0187", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Vaughan, [ca. 14 June 1789]\nFrom: Vaughan, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI have not been able to find Sir Joseph Banks at home, and I am unable to attend the meeting of the African Association tomorrow; so that Lediard must remain in suspence.\nI have sent an old copy of the Corn Report, and a number of the R[epositor]y for your acceptance by Mr. Fombelle. If you have the latter, please to send it to Mr. Stewart. I have sent the Abb\u00e9 Morellet our best account of Botany Bay (Capt. Tench\u2019s), who will give you the perusal of it, should you not have read it.\nIf the clergy and nobility will not coalesce with the Tiers Etat, will they coalesce with each other, and form one house as with us? This would be a popular gain.\nThe late royal duel being so much in earnest, and the town feeling resentment at the Duke\u2019s conduct in giving no explanation, seem new marks of the temper of the times.\nThere is nothing philosophical that is new that I have not before mentioned.\nI have the honor to be (in great haste) with great respect & regard, Dear sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nBenjn. Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0189", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Paul Cahierre, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cahierre, Paul\nSir\nParis June 15. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of the 9th. instant. My Cong\u00e9 is not yet arrived, but I have every possible reason to expect it every hour, insomuch that I do not despair of being able to take my passage in the Baltimore ship. However lest I should not, I inclose you two letters the one to the French Consul at Baltimore, with whom I am particularly acquainted, the other to a Mr. Curson, these being the only persons at that place with whom I am sufficiently acquainted to take that liberty. My daughters will join me in regretting very sincerely should the delay of my Cong\u00e9 prevent our having the pleasure of Mrs. Cahiere\u2019s company to America. But I hope I shall still receive it in time. The moment I receive it I will give you notice of it, if you be not gone. I have the honour to be with great consideration Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0190", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Curson, 15 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Curson, Richard\nDear Sir\nParis June 15. 1789.\nThe bearer hereof, Monsieur Cahieres, established at Elizabeth town in New Jersey, being about to embark from France in a vessel bound to Baltimore and to carry his lady Madame Cahieres, with him, I take the liberty of recommending them to your notice and attention. Their want of acquaintances in Baltimore may render your counsels useful while their merit renders them worthy of them. The attentions you were pleased to shew me while in Baltimore have encouraged me to take the liberty of addressing Monsieur and Madame Cahieres to you, persuaded that you will be gratified by an opportunity of being useful to persons of worth, and I shall acknoledge it as an additional obligation on him who has the honour to be with great esteem Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0192", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fran\u00e7ois Cointeraux, 16 June 1789\nFrom: Cointeraux, Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 16 June 1789. He believes it his duty to advise TJ that the efficient method of construction employed by the Romans, although little used in France owing\u2014according to one author\u2014to \u201cune fatalit\u00e9 inouie,\u201d would be of great assistance in America. He thinks it important that TJ should convey to his compatriots \u201cdes moyens d\u2019une facile \u00e9x\u00e9cution pour les defrichemens immenses qu\u00ed sont \u00e0 faire.\u201d\u2014If France should adopt the advantageous art that he has perfected, it is certain that she would draw forth a much greater produce from her  land.\u2014\u201d Vous me permettr\u00e9s de vous observer, Monsieur, qu\u2019en emportant seulement mes prospectus aux am\u00e9ricains, vous ne leur procur\u00e9s que des avertissemens qu\u2019il vous est facile de changer \u00e0 present en un m\u00e9moire instructif, lequel rendant service aux Etats de l\u2019amerique, vous satisfaira pleinement \u00e0 votre arriv\u00e9e.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0193", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Huger, 16 June 1789\nFrom: Huger, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGenoa chez Mr. le Profr. De RochesJune 16th 1789\nAlthough little known personally to your Excellency, yet I flatter myself you will pardon the liberty I take of addressing myself to you. About to make a considerable tour in Italy, and some other parts of Europe, Mr. Francis Kinloch, my Uncle, and Guardian, advises me in his last letters to request of you, a general letter, certifying, that I am born Citizen of Charleston, South Carolina, and that I am known to you; which might protect me, if necessary, in places, when I may be without recommendations; and which might entitle me too perhaps, to address myself to the Ministers or Consuls of France, in case of accidents. Your Excellency may remember haveing seen me some years since at Mr. John Walkers in Albermarle.\u2014I should esteem myself much indebted to you, for any informations respecting that Gentleman, as well as Mr. Peter Carr, one of my ancient School-fellows and friends, whose education, if I am not mistaken, you directed. Permit me to demand, if the United States have Embassadors or Consuls in Spain and Portugal; and should this be the case, you will, I flatter myself, permit me likewise to request a few lines of recommendation to them. My letter is allready grown so full of requests, that I know not, whether I dare still take the liberty to entreat of you recommendations to the French Ministers at Rome, or elsewhere, if you should happen to be connected with any of them.\nI have the honor of being with every sentiment of respect, regard, and esteem, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient, humble Servant,\nBenjamin Huger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0194", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Souche, 16 June 1789\nFrom: Souche\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsiegneur\nNimes Ce 16 Juin 1789\nJ\u2019ay Et\u00e9 Charg\u00e9 par des Seigneurs qui avait L\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Connu de vous, de faire un modelle d\u2019une Caffetiere Et de vous la faire passer, Ce c\u2019est Ce que Je fit de Suitte Et L\u2019ay remise \u00e0 la messagerie Royalle. Je suis En paine de s\u00e7avoir Sy vous l\u2019av\u00e9s Rec\u00fce ou non. Dans Cette perplexit\u00e9 Je prend La liberte de vous Ecrire pour vous prier, Monseigneur, d\u2019avoir La bont\u00e9 de Me le marquer afin que Je puisse La reclamer de La Messagerie pour vous La faire passer de Suitte. Agr\u00e9es que Je me dise avec le plus profond respect Monseigneur Votre tres humble et tres obeisst. Serviteur\nSouche Dit Blondina La Salamandre a nimes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis June 17. 1789.\nI had the honor of addressing you on the 9th. and 12th. of May by the way of London. This goes through the same channel to the care of Mr. Trumbul. Having received no letter from you of later date than the 25th. of November I am apprehensive there may have been miscarriages, and the more so as I learn, thro another channel, that you have particularly answered mine of Nov. 19.\nThe death of the Grand Seignior, which has happened, renders the continuance of the war more probable, as it has brought to the throne a successor of a more active and ardent temper, and who means to put himself at the head of his armies. He has declared the Captain Pacha his generalissimo. The prospects for Russia on the other hand are less encouraging. Her principal ally, the emperor, is at death\u2019s door, blazing up a little indeed from time to time like an expiring taper, but certainly to extinguish soon. Denmark too is likely to be restrained by the threats of England and Prussia from contributing even her stipulated naval succours. It is some time since I have been able to obtain any account of the king of England on which I can rely with confidence. His melancholy continues, and  to such a degree as to render him absolutely indifferent to every thing that passes, so that he seems willing to let his ministers do every thing they please, provided they will let him alone. When forced to speak his comprehension seems better than it was in the first moments after his phrensy went off. His health is bad: he does not go into public at all, and very few are admitted to see him. This is his present state according to the best accounts I have been able to get lately. His ministers dictate boldly in the North because they know it is impossible they should be engaged in the war, while this country is so completely palsied.\nYou will have seen by my former letters that the question whether the States general should vote by Persons, or by Orders, had stopped their proceedings in the very first instance in which it could occur, that is, as to the verification of their powers, and that they had appointed committees to try if there were any means of accomodation. These could do nothing. The king then proposed that they should appoint others, to meet persons whom he should name, on the same subject. These conferences also proved ineffectual. He then proposed a specific mode of verifying. The Clergy accepted it unconditionally: the Noblesse with such conditions and modifications as did away their acceptance altogether. The commons, considering this as a refusal came to the resolution of the 10th. inst. (which I have the honor to send you) inviting the two other orders to come and take their places in the common room, and notifying that they should proceed to the verification of powers, and to the affairs of the nation either with or without them. The clergy have as yet given no answer. A few of their members have accepted the invitation of the Commons, and have presented themselves in their room to have their powers verified, but how many it will detach in the whole from that body, cannot be known till an answer be decided on. The Noblesse adhered to their former resolutions, and even the minority, well disposed to the commons, thought they could do more good in their own chamber by endeavoring to increase their numbers, and bettering the measures of the majority, than by joining the Commons. An intrigue was set on foot between the leaders of the Majority in that house, the queen and princes. They persuaded the king to go for some time to Marly. He went on the same day. The leaders moved in the chamber of Nobles that they should address the king to declare his own sentiments on the great question between the orders. It was intended that this address should be delivered to him at Marly, where separated from his  ministers, and surrounded by the queen and princes, he might be surprized into a declaration for the nobles. The motion was lost however by a very great majority, that chamber being not yet quite ripe for throwing themselves into the arms of despotism. Necker and Montmorin who had discovered this intrigue, had warned some of the minority to defeat it, or they could not answer for what would happen. These two and St. Priest are the only members of the Council in favor of the commons. Luzerne, Puy-Segur and the others are high aristocrats. The commons having verified their powers, a motion was made the day before yesterday to declare themselves constituted and to proceed to business. I left them at two oclock yesterday, the debates not then finished. They differed only about forms of expression, but agreed in the substance, and probably decided yesterday or will decide to-day. Their next move I fancy will be to suppress all taxes, and instantly reestablish them till the end of their session in order to prevent a premature dissolution: and then they will go to work on a Declaration of rights and a constitution. The Noblesse I suppose will be employed altogether in counter operations; the Clergy, that is to say the higher clergy, and such of the Cur\u00e9s as they can bring over to their side will be waiting and watching merely to keep themselves in their saddles. Their deportment hitherto is that of meekness and cunning. The fate of the nation depends on the conduct of the king and his ministers. Were they to side openly with the Commons the revolution would be completed without a convulsion, by the establishment of a constitution, tolerably free, and in which the distinction of Noble and Commoner would be suppressed. But this is scarcely possible. The king is honest and wishes the good of his people, but the expediency of an hereditary aristocracy is too difficult a question for him.\u2014On the contrary his prejudices, his habits and his connections decide him in his heart to support it. Should they decide openly for the Noblesse, the Commons, after suppressing taxes, and finishing their Declaration of rights, would probably go home, a bankruptcy takes place in the instant, Mr. Necker must go out, a resistance to the tax gatherers follows, and probably a civil war. These consequences are too evident and violent to render this issue likely. Tho\u2019 the queen and princes are infatuated enough to hazard it, their party in the ministry would not. Something therefore like what I hinted in my letter of May 12. is still the most likely to take place. While the Commons, either with or without their friends of the other two houses, shall be employed in framing a constitution,  perhaps the government may set the other two houses to work on the same subject: and when the three schemes shall be ready, joint committees may be negociated to compare them together, to see in what parts they agree, and probably they will agree in all except the organisation of the future states general. As to this, it may be endeavored, by the aid of wheedling and intimidation, to induce the two privileged chambers to melt themselves into one, and the commons, instead of one, to agree to two houses of legislation. I see no other middle ground to which they can be brought. It is a tremendous cloud indeed which hovers over this nation, and he at the helm has neither the courage nor the skill necessary to weather it. Eloquence in a high degree, knoledge on matters of account, and order, are distinguishing traits in his character. Ambition is his first passion, Virtue his second. He has not discovered that sublime truth that a bold, unequivocal virtue is the best handmaid, even to Ambition, and would carry him further in the end than the temporizing wavering policy he pursues. His judgment is not of the first order, scarcely even of the second, his resolution frail, and upon the whole it is rare to meet an instance of a person so much below the reputation he has obtained. As this character, by the post and times in which providence has placed it, is important to be known, I send it to you as drawn by a person of my acquaintance who knows him well. He is not indeed his friend, and allowance must therefore be made for the high colouring. But this being abated, the facts and ground work of the drawing are just. If the Tiers separate, he goes at the same time: if they stay together and succeed in establishing a constitution to their mind, as soon as that is placed in safety, they will abandon him to the mercy of the court, unless he can recover the confidence which he has lost at present, and which indeed seems to be irrecoverable.\nThe inhabitants of St. Domingo, without the permission of the government, have chosen and sent deputies to the States general. The question of their admission is to be discussed by the states. In the mean time the government had promised them an assembly in their own island in the course of the present year. The death of the Dauphin, so long expected, has at length happened. Montmorin told Ternant the other day that de Moustier had now asked a cong\u00e9, which would be sent him immediately, so that unless a change of ministry should happen, he will probably be otherwise disposed of. The gazettes of France and Leyden accompany this:  and I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteen and respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. June 18. The motion under debate with the commons for constituting their assembly passed yesterday by a majority of 400 and odd against 88. odd. The latter were for it in substance, but wished some particular amendment. They proceeded instantly to the subject of taxation. A member who called on me this moment gave me a state of the proceedings of yesterday from memory, which I inclose you. He left the house a little before the question was put, because he saw there was no doubt of it\u2019s passing, and his brother, who remained till the decision, informed him of it. So that we may expect, perhaps in the course of tomorrow, to see whether the government will interpose with a bold hand, or will begin a negotiation. But in the mean time this letter must go off. I will find some other opportunity however of informing you of the issue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0196", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Caractere de Monsiery Neckar, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosureCaractere de Monsieur Neckar\nLa Nature donna \u00e0 cet homme une passion violente pour la gloire, sans lui accorder les qualit\u00e9s necessaires pour ne la chercher que par des voies droites. Elle le doua d\u2019une imagination feconde, jointe \u00e0 un talent born\u00e9; ce qui l\u2019empechera toujours d\u2019approfondir les objets, de les combiner, et d\u2019en saisir l\u2019ensemble.\nDans Geneve, sa patrie, il avoit probablement connu l\u2019influence des richesses sur les succes de l\u2019ambition, sans avoir besoin de l\u2019ecole de Paris, ou il arriva \u00e0 l\u2019age d\u2019environ 28. ans. La raison qui le determina \u00e0 quitter son pays natal, est une affaire personelle \u00e0 son frere, dans  laquelle les chefs de la republique se conduisirent mal \u00e0 son egard; et qui d\u2019ailleurs, par ses circonstances pretoit au ridicule. En partant il assura sa mere qu\u2019il feroit une grande fortune \u00e0 Paris. \u00c0 son arriv\u00e9e, il entra, en qualit\u00e9 de commis, aux appointemens de 600. livres, chez le banquier Thelusson, homme dur avec ses dependans, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019indecence; mais le meme motif qui obligeoit les autres commis \u00e0 abondonner le service de Thelusson, sembloit engager celui-ci \u00e0 y rester. En supportant la brutalit\u00e9 de son maitre avec une resignation servile, en m\u00eame tems qu\u2019il donnoit \u00e0 ses affaires l\u2019attention la plus constante, il obtint d\u2019etre son associ\u00e9. Une foule de circonstances favorables, qui ne demandoient qu\u2019une habilet\u00e9 commune pour les saisir, lui etablirent une fortune d\u2019environ 6. millions, avant qu\u2019il entra dans l\u2019administration.. Il dut une grande partie de sa fortune \u00e0 ses liaisons avec l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Terrai, de l\u2019ignorance duquel il profita sans scruple. Ses richesses, sa profession, sa table, une femme vertueuse, raisonnable, et instruite, lui avoient procur\u00e9 la connoissance de beaucoup de personnes distingu\u00e9es, parmi lesquelles etoient plusieurs hommes de lettres qui vantoient ses connoissances et son esprit.\nLes principes vrais et sages que Turgot vouloit substituer aux abus de l\u2019administration ayant et\u00e9 mal accueillis, il saisit cette occasion de flatter l\u2019ignorance et la malignit\u00e9, en publiant son ouvrage contre la libert\u00e9 du commerce des grains. Il avoit, deux ans auparavant, publi\u00e9 l\u2019eloge de Colbert; et dans l\u2019une et l\u2019autre de ces productions l\u2019on voit l\u2019homme de banque, et point du tout l\u2019homme d\u2019\u00e9tat. Son but a et\u00e9 de s\u2019emparer de l\u2019opinion publique. Il y a reussi tr\u00e8s bien, n\u2019ayant point et\u00e9 delicat dans le choix des moyens. Elev\u00e9 par une cabale sourde \u00e0 la direction des finances, il debuta par refuser les appointemens de sa place. Il affecta un esprit d\u2019economie et d\u2019austerit\u00e9 qui en imposa m\u00eame aux nations etrangeres, et montra qu\u2019on pouvoit faire la guerre sans etablir de nouveaux impots. Du moins il s\u2019en est vant\u00e9; mais dans la verit\u00e9 ils ont et\u00e9 augment\u00e9s sous son administration d\u2019environ vingt millions, partie par une augmentation secrete des tailles, et de la capitation, partie par quelques verifications des vingti\u00e8mes, partie par la progression naturelle qu\u2019eprouve le produit des droits sur les consommations, en raison de l\u2019augmentation successive de la population, des richesses, et des gouts dispendieux.\nTout cela lui produisit une reputation etonnante, et sa chute la consacra. On n\u2019a point voulu reflechir que, dans les courts instans de son ministere, il avoit plus que doubl\u00e9 sa fortune. Non pas qu\u2019il avoit pill\u00e9; il avoit trop d\u2019esprit, et de fiert\u00e9 pour cette manoeuvre d\u2019imbecille; mais en faisant les fonds de la guerre par des emprunts, et des operations couteuses de banque, et restant associ\u00e9 de la maison \u00e0 laquelle il s\u2019adressoit pour la plus grande partie de ses negotiations, on n\u2019a pas observ\u00e9 que ses grands principes d\u2019economie n\u2019etoient que du clinquant, et que les emprunts faits pour epargner les impots ont et\u00e9 la source du poison qui a reduit les finances dans la situation allarmante dans laquelle elles sont aujourdhui.\nQuant \u00e0 son Compte rendu, on lui a fait graces des eloges fastidieux qu\u2019il fait de lui meme, et de l\u2019affectation d\u2019y introduire sa femme pour la louer; et l\u2019on s\u2019est epargn\u00e9 la peine d\u2019examiner ses faux calculs. M.  de Calonne a pris ce soin. Sans pouvoir se justifier luimeme, il a deja commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 demasquer son antagoniste, et il promet de le demasquer mieux encore.\nLa necessit\u00e9 a rappell\u00e9 cet homme dans la ministere; et il faut convenir qu\u2019il est sans comparaison moins mauvais administrateur que ceux qui l\u2019ont preced\u00e9. Je le compare \u00e0 un intendant, qui, par son ordre, ne ruine pas tout-a-fait son maitre, mais qui s\u2019enrichit \u00e0 ses depens. La soif de la gloire doit lui donner de l\u2019energie pour la chose publique, autant qu\u2019il est possible. Il y a apparence que son ministere ne sera pas assez longue pour faire ressentir l\u2019effet de ses faux principes d\u2019administration: et si quelqu\u2019un peut tenir en ordre les finances jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la reforme qu\u2019on espere de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e des Etats generaux, c\u2019est certainement lui qui en est seul capable. Cependant l\u2019opinion publique sur ses talents et sa vertu n\u2019est pas aussi grande qu\u2019elle l\u2019a et\u00e9. Il est des personnes qui pretendent qu\u2019elle est plus forte que jamais. On se trompe. Le desir ambitieux qu\u2019il a toujours montr\u00e9 de rentrer dans la ministere, son ouvrage sur l\u2019importance des opinions religieuses, et les memoires de M. de Calonne lui ont enlev\u00e9 une grande partie de sa reputation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0197", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon June 17th. 1789\nI received your last to the 21st. May. I am just now informed of Msr. Parker and Cutting setting off tomorrow Morning for Paris by whom this will be delivered to you. Nothing new is stirring here. The trial of Hastings, and the Examination of evidence before the house of Commons into the Slave Trade still continue. I wrote Sir Joseph Banks an account of my Experiment Arch. In his answer he informs me of its being read before the Royal Society who expressed \u201cgreat satisfaction at the Communication.\u201d \u201cI expect,\u201d says Sir Joseph \u201cmany improvements from your Countrymen who think with vigor, and are in a great measure free from those shackles of Theory which are imposed on the Minds of our people before they are capable of exerting their Mental faculties to advantage.\u201d In the Close of his letter he says \u201cWe have lost poor Ledyard-he had agreed with certain Moors to Conduct him to Sennar. The time for their departure was arrived when he found himself Ill and took a large dose of Emetic Tartar, burst a blood vessel on the operation which carried him off in three days. We sincerely lament his loss,  as the papers we have received from him are full of those emanations of Spirit which taught you to construct a Bridge without any reference to the means used by your predecessors in that Art.\u201d I have wrote to the Walkers and proposed to them to manufacture a compleat Bridge and erect it in London and afterwards put it up to sale\u2014I do this by way of bringing forward a Bridge over the Thames which appears to me the most advantageous of all objects, for if only a fifth of the persons, at a halfpenny each pass over a New Bridge as now pass over the old ones the tolls will pay 25 per Cent besides what will arise from Carriages and horses. Mrs. Williams tells me that her letters from America mention Dr. Franklin as being exceedingly Ill.\u2014If you go to America this year, I hope you will advise Congress not to send any Minister to this Country. It would be all money thrown away-the greater distance America keeps at the better.\nI shall be glad you would give me a line when you set off for America so that I can write to you before your departure. I have been to see the Cotton Mills, the Potteries, the Steel furnaces, Tin plate Manufacture, white lead Manufacture,-all those things might be easily carried on in America. I saw a few days ago part of a handbill of what was called a geometrical wheelbarrow, but cannot find where it is to be seen. The Idea is one of those that needed only to be thought of, for it is very easy to conceive that if a wheelbarrow, as it is called, be driven round a piece of land, a sheet of Paper may be placed in it so as to receive by the tracings of a Pencil, regulated by a little Mechanism, the figure and content of the and and that neither Theodolite nor chain is necessary.\nI close this at Mr. Parkers Lodgings\u2014Your Affectionate friend and Obedient Humble servant,\nThomas Paine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0198", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis June 18. 1789.\nMy last to you was of May 11. Yours of Mar. 29. came to hand ten days ago: and about two days ago I received a cover of your hand writing, under which was a N. York paper of May 4. and a  letter from Mr. Page to Mazzei. There being no letter from you makes me hope there is one on the way which will inform me of my Cong\u00e9. I have never received Mr. Jay\u2019s answer to my public letter of Nov. 19. which you mention him to have written, and which I fear has been intercepted. I know only from you that my letter got safe to hand. My baggage has been made up more than a month, so that I shall leave Paris almost in the instant of receiving the permission.\nThe campaign begins under unfavorable auspices for Russia. The death of the grand Seignior, who was personally disposed for peace, has brought a young and ardent successor to the throne, determined to push the war to extremity. Her only ally, the emperor, is in articulo mortis, and the grand Duke of Tuscany, should he succeed, loves peace and money. Denmark is forbidden by England and Prussia to furnish even it\u2019s stipulated maritime aid. There is no appearance of any other power\u2019s engaging in the war. As far as I can discover, the king of England is somewhat better in his head, but under such a complete depression of spirits, that he does not care how the world goes, and leaves his ministers to do as they please. It is impossible for you to conceive how difficult it is to know the truth relative to him, he is environed in such an atmosphere of lies. Men who would not speak a falsehood on any other subject, lie on this from a principle of duty: so that even eye witnesses cannot be believed without scanning their principles and connections; and few will stand this of the very few permitted to see him.\nCommittees of conciliation having failed in their endeavors to bring together the three chambers of the States general, the king proposed a specific mode of verifying their powers; for that having been the first question which presented itself to them, was the one on which the question of voting by persons or orders was first brought on. The Clergy accepted unconditionally. The Noblesse accepted on conditions which reduced the acceptance to nothing at all. The Commons considered this as a refusal on the part of the nobles, and thereupon took their definitive resolution, to invite the other two orders to come and verify their powers in common, and to notify them they should proceed with or without them to verify, and to do the business of the nation. This was on the 10th.\u2014On the 15th. they moved to declare themselves the national assembly. The debates on this were finished yesterday when the proposition was agreed to by 400 and odd against 80 odd. The minority agreed in substance but wished some particular amendment. They then immediately  made the proposition relative to taxes which I inclose you, as this moment stated to me by memory by a member who left the assembly a little before the question, because there was no opposition to the matter but only to the form. He assures me, on the information of another member who was present, that Target\u2019s motion passed. We shall know I think within a day or two whether the government will risk a bankruptcy and civil war rather than see all distinction of orders done away, which is what the commons will push for. If the fear of the former alternative prevails, they will spin the matter into negociation. The Commons have in their chamber almost all the talents of the nation; they are firm and bold, yet moderate. There is indeed among them a number of very hot headed members; but those of most influence are cool, temperate, and sagacious. Every step of this house has been marked with caution and wisdom. The Noblesse on the contrary are absolutely out of their senses. They are so furious they can seldom debate at all. They have few men of moderate talents, and not one of great in the majority. Their proceedings have been very injudicious. The clergy are waiting to profit of every incident to secure themselves and have no other object in view. Among the commons there is an entire unanimity on the great question of voting by persons. Among the noblesse there are about 60. for the commons and about three times that number against them. Among the clergy about 20 have already come over and joined the commons, and in the course of a few days they will be joined by many more, not indeed making the majority of that house, but very near it. The bishops and archbishops have been very successful by bribes and intrigues in detaching the Cur\u00e9s from the Commons to whom they were at first attached to a man. The Commons are about 554. in number, of whom 344 are of the law. These do not possess an influence founded in property: but in their habits of business and acquaintance with the people, and in their means of exciting them as they please. The Cur\u00e9s thro\u2019 the kingdom form the mass of the clergy; they are the only part favorably known to the people, because solely charged with the duties of baptism, burial, confession, visitation of the sick, instruction of the children and aiding the poor, they are themselves of the people and united with them. The carriages and equipage only of the higher clergy, not their persons, are known to the people and are in detestation with them. The souldiers will follow their officers, that is to say their captains, lieutenants, and ensigns. These are of the lower nobility, and therefore much divided. The  Colonels and higher officers are of the higher nobility, are seldom with the souldiers, little known to them, not possessing their attachment. These circumstances give them little weight in the partition of the army.\u2014I give you these miscellaneous observations that knowing somewhat the dispositions of the parties you may be able to judge of the future for yourself, as I shall not be here to continue it\u2019s communication to you. In hopes to see you soon I conclude with assurances of the perfect esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir Your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0199", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extract of Proceedings of the National Assembly, 17 June 1789\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \nEnclosureExtract of Proceedings of the National Assembly\nLa Chambre, assembl\u00e9e vers les 10. heures du matin, lecture faite de l\u2019arr\u00eat\u00e9 de la veille, on a pass\u00e9 aux voix la motion suivante:\nArr\u00eat\u00e9 que la Chambre des communes seroit constitu\u00e9e sous la d\u00e9nomination d\u2019assembl\u00e9e nationale.\nQue les deux chambres privilegi\u00e9es n\u2019ayant point fait v\u00e9rifier leurs pouvoirs, pouroient et seroient admises \u00e0 la dite v\u00e9rification, soit ensemble ou individuelement.\nM. Bailly, nomm\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sident provisoire, a pr\u00eatt\u00e9 serment \u00e0 la chambre, ainsi que les deux s\u00e9cr\u00e9taires. La chambre a fait le sien aussi.\nM. Target a propos\u00e9 la motion suivante comme n\u00e9cessit\u00e9e par la premiere:\nArr\u00eat\u00e9 par la chambre que toutes les impositions actuelles n\u2019ayant point et\u00e9 sanctionn\u00e9es sont toutes ill\u00e9galles. Que cette ill\u00e9galit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnue par le Roi et les Cours Souveraines, que cependant la chambre nationalle considerant les inconveniens qui resulteroient de la suppression des impots, elle ordonne que ceux qui se per\u00e7oivent continueront \u00e0 l\u2019etre jusqu\u2019au dernier Jour de la tenue des Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux actuels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 18 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis June 18. 1789.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favors of May 29. (two of that date) and June 11. I shall hope to meet you in America and talk over the subject of the last wherein I think you undervalue too much your art, which is a most noble one when possesed so eminently as it is by you. I fear much that our country is not yet rich enough to encourage you as you deserve. But of this when we meet. The other matter shall remain open, if an opening be made, of which, as I before told you, I am not sure. The debates of the States general having been so interesting lately as to carry me almost every day to Versailles and thereby prevent my calling on Mr. Grand for a bill of exchange, I must only say that by the  next post you shall receive one sufficient to cover the balance of my account and a subscription for your Gibraltar.\nI trouble you with another cargo of letters for America and must beg your endeavors to forward them by the first possible conveiance, so as they may not go into an English post office or packet. I am with great affection Dr. Sir your affectionate humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Many assurances of fealty and homage to Mrs. Cosway, and prayers for her happiness and a continuance of her friendship.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bancroft, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharlotte Street June 19th. 1789.\nI have just received your favour of the 15th. inst. as I had before done that of a former date. I fully intended writing you a long Letter by Mr. Cutting but I did not Know of his departure until the preceeding day when I had engaged Company to dine with me, from whom I could not disengage myself until midnight, and the next day I was unfortunately attacked by one of my Nervous Headach\u2019s which rendered all writing insupportably painful. That disorder, though abated, has not left me, and therefore I can only say, that after a multitude of efforts to engage Mr. Young to finish Mr. Paradise\u2019s Deed and a multitude of fruitless Promises which were from time to time made until I had determined to employ another Attorney, Mr. Young on Tuesday last brought me a rough Draft of the Deed which we examined together, and after some amendments he took it away to get it transcribed for the inspection of Mr. Barlow the Trustee of the Creditors, after which it is to be engrossed, and the Creditors called together in order to have it signed. This I hope may be done in the course of the next week; but as many of them probably will not attend any general meeting, some days will afterwards be required to call on them separately for their Signatures. It is thought that Mr. Paradise may as well come here to sign the Deed, and if you should have left Paris it may be sent to you in Virginia or elsewhere directly from hence, properly authenticated. Should Mr. Paradise leave Paris as you mention on the 29th. inst. I should hope and beleive that all the  Creditors will have been induced to sign before his arival; and if so no harm will ensue. It would however doubtless be safest for him to be certain of their having signed before his arival, but if his impatience to return will not admit of this I shall only advise that he come so as to be able to keep his arival a Secret for a few days in case it should through unforeseen difficulties or delays be necessary. I have the honor to be with the sincerest respect and attachment Dear Sir Your most faithful & Devoted Humble Servant,\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0204", "content": "Title: From C. W. F. Dumas to William Short, 19 June 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Short, William\nThe Hague, 19 June 1789. Supposing TJ has departed, he asks Short to acknowledge receipt of two letters to the president and the vice-president, as well as one to Jay. He asks that Short seal the last and forward all three to America, as well as to communicate such good news as he may have from America and particularly of Mr. Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Cavelier, fils, 20 June 1789\nFrom: Cavelier (Cavallier), M., fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDieppe, 20 June 1789. Has no doubt TJ is aware of scarcity of wheat and other grain that has existed in France too long. Has already, as mayor, brought several cargoes of American wheat from Le Havre, but hopes TJ will extend his protection to their town by procuring other cargoes directly, either for the account of the shippers or for that of the town of Dieppe, which would make remittances on London or Paris to the greatest advantage for the Americans.\u2014After the powers given him by Barclay as consul general to look after interests of ships coming to that port, which he has exercised in respect to those bringing tobacco, TJ cannot doubt that he will have the same regard for those bringing wheat, which he understands is abundant in America. Does he dare hope that TJ will attend to a request dictated by sentiments of humanity?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0207", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dugald Stewart, 21 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stewart, Dugald\nDear Sir\nParis June 21, 1789.\nIn the letter which you were pleased to read to me Mrs. Colden has treated so superiorly the education of her son, and shewn herself so capable of deciding what is best for him, that you and I can only suggest facts and leave the judgment on them to her. As far as Science is the object of Mr. Colden, no place in the world can pretend to a competition with Edinburgh. Next to that the Universities of England and America present themselves. I have no hesitation to prefer the latter, because equal in science to those of England, they are more exact in their morals, and give firmer habits of application. The French language is unquestionably an important object of education. The habit of speaking it can only be acquired by conversation. This may be done either in France or Canada (for I learn here that the French of the genteel Canadians is very pure). While learning the language in France a young man\u2019s morals, health and fortune are more irresistibly endangered than in any country of the universe: in Canada he would be acquiring a knolege of the country and it\u2019s inhabitants which cannot fail to be useful in life to every American. On this point I have long ago made up my mind, that Canada is the country to which we should send our children to acquire a knolege of the French tongue. Manners form another object of education. Those of France are the most convenient for a person who is to pass much of his life in travelling thro\u2019 the different countries of Europe. But for one who is to remain in his own country, the manners of his own country are the best and will carry him furthest in the end. In exchanging the sincerity of our manners for the duplicity of these, the heart loses and the tinsel obtained in lieu of it can be no object with the writer of the letter we have read. I must add that an American youth of observation and discretion, whose resolution would be proof against seduction, would find in travelling through Europe abundance of circumstances of consolation and gratitude to heaven for the part of the earth into which it had thrown him. Be so good as to give assurances that if Mrs. Colden should think proper to send her son to this place, I shall with great pleasure render him every service in my power.\nI send you herewith a No. of the Repository from Mr. Vaughan destined for you, and have the honour to be with sentiments of  the most perfect esteem & respect Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gaetano Drago, 22 June 1789\nFrom: Drago di Domenico, Gaetano\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGenoa, 22 June 1789. He wrote TJ the 5th [i.e. 4th] ult. covering duplicate of his petition to Congress, humbly requesting TJ\u2019s interposition to forward it. He would not trouble TJ again if, since writing, he had not recalled conversing with him \u201cduring your short stay here when you Came from Turin recommended to Messrs. Bertrand Ricard & Brainerd in whose Comptinghouse I was; the remembrance of such an event will always be dear to me, and encourages me to flatter myself Knowing by experience how much good nature your Excellency possesses, that you will palliate this intrusion \u2026 and will be so condescending as to render me this essential service.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0214", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 26 June 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLondon 26th June 1789.\nYour letter of the 18th with a packet was delivered me this morning by Mr. Edwards. The accompaniments shall be forwarded the first opportunity, which I expect in five days.\u2014Your last leters to America are on board a Ship which left the River two weeks since but was detain\u2019d by contrary winds, in the Downs untill the 20th.\u2014The winds have not been favorable since.\u2014This days post brought me your letter of the 21st. with a bill enclos\u2019d for \u00a312.\u2014You had omitted to endorse it to me, which occasion\u2019d me some difficulty at Mr. Thelusson\u2019s. But on shewing your letter, and writing on the back of the Bill an indemnification he was so good as to pay it. But I will thank you to mention the circumstance to Mr. Grand, that no difficulty or misunderstanding may arise on his part.\nMr. Parker will receive by this post a summary of the proceedings of the U.S. to the 16th. of May. Newspapers are since receiv\u2019d up to the 23d. from which I have extracted what follows.\nAddress of the Senate to the President of the US. in answer to his Speech to both Houses of Congress\nSir.\nWe, the Senate of the United States, return you our sincere thanks for your excellent Speech deliver\u2019d to both Houses of Congress:\u2014congratulate you on the complete organization of the Federal Government:\u2014and felicitate ourselves, and our fellow citizens on your elevation to the Office of President: an Office highly important  by the powers constitutionally annexed to it, and extremely honorable from the manner in which the appointment is made.\u2014The unanimous suffrage of the elective body in your favor is peculiarly expressive of the gratitude confidence and affection of the Citizens of America. And is the highest testimonial at once of your merit and of their Esteem. We are sensible Sir, that nothing but the voice of your Fellow Citizens could have calld you from a retreat chosen with the fondest predilection, endear\u2019d by habit, and consecrated to the repose of declining years.\u2014We rejoice and with us all America, that, in obedience to the call of our common Country, you have return\u2019d once more to public life.\u2014In you all parties confide: in you all interests unite: and we have no doubt, that your past Services, great as they have been, will be equalld by your future exertions: and that your prudence and sagacity, as a Statesman will tend to avert the dangers to which we were expos\u2019d, to give Stability to the present government. And Dignity and Splendor to that Country, which your Skill and Valour as a Soldier, so eminently contributed to raise to independance and Empire.\nWhen we contemplate the coincidence of circumstances and wonderful combination of Causes, which gradually prepar\u2019d the people of their country for independance: when we contemplate the rise, progress and termination of the late War, which gave them existence among the nations of the Earth we are, with you, unavoidably led to acknowledge and adore the great Arbiter of the Universe, by whom empires rise and fall.\u2014A review of the many signal instances of divine interposition in favor of this Country, claims our most pious Gratitude:\u2014and permit us Sir! to observe that, among the great Events which have led to the formation and establishment of a Federal Government, we esteem your acceptance of the Office of President as one of the most propitious and important.\nIn the execution of the trust reposed in us, we shall endeavor to pursue that enlarg\u2019d and liberal policy, to which your Speech so happily directs.\u2014We are conscious that the prosperity of each State is inseperably connected with the welfare of all, and that in promoting the latter, we shall effectually advance the former.\u2014In full persuasion of this truth, it shall be our invariable aim to divest ourselves of local prejudices and attachments, and to view the great assemblage of communities and interests committed to our charge with an equall Eye.\u2014We feel, Sir! the force, and acknowledge the justness of the observation, that the foundation  of our national policy should be laid in private morality:\u2014if individuals be not influenced by moral principles, it is in vain to look for public virtue: it is, therefore the duty of Legislators to enforce, both by precept and example the utility as well as the necessity of a strict adherence to the rules of distributive justice.\u2014We beg you, to be assured that the Senate will at all times cheerfully cooperate in every measure, which may strengthen the union, conduce to the Happiness, or secure and perpetuate the liberties of this great confederated Republic.\nWe commend you Sir. to the protection of Almighty God, earnestly beseeching him long to preserve a Life so valuable and dear to the people of the United States. And that your administration may be prosperous to the Nation and glorious to yourself.\nIn Senate May 16.\nSignd by Order Jno. Adamspresident of the Senate of the United States.\nTo which the President was pleas\u2019d to make the following reply. Gentlemen.\nI thank you for your address in which the most affectionate sentiments are express\u2019d in the most obliging terms.\u2014The coincidence of circumstances which led to this auspicious crisis, the confidence reposed in me by my fellow citizens, and the assistance I may expect from counsels which will be dictated by an enlargd and liberal policy seem to presage a more prosperous issue to my administration, than a diffidence of my abilities had taught me to anticipate.\u2014I now feel myself inexpressibly happy in a belief that Heaven which has done so much for our infant Nation will not withdraw its providential influence before our political felicity shall have been compleated: and in a conviction that this Senate will cooperate in every measure which may tend to promote the Welfare of this confederated republic.\u2014Thus supported by a firm trust in the great arbiter of the Universe, aided by the collected wisdom of the Union, and imploring the divine benediction on our joint exertions in the service of our Country, I readily engage with you in the arduous, but pleasing task of attempting to make a Nation happy. G. W.\nIn Congress May 19. The House in Committee of the Whole on the State of the Union. Mr. Trumbull in the Chair.\nJ Maddison mov\u2019d.\nThat a Department of foreign Affairs be establish\u2019d, and an Officer appointed to perform the Duties thereof.\u2014To be appointed  in the manner prescribed by the constitution: but removeable by the President.\nThat a Department of Finance be established and an officer appointed as in the former case.\nThat a War Department be established and an Officer appointed as before mentioned.\nA Debate Arose upon the propriety of giving power to the President to remove Officers at pleasure, which after a long and interesting discussion was agreed to by a Vote on the first proposition. Rose and reported the first resolution\n20th\nThe House in Committee as before\nThe propositions presented by Maddison return\u2019d, and the Committee proceeded to consider the propriety of appointing a secretary or minister of Finance.\nMr. Gerry, in a lengthy discussion insisted on the powers of this Department being more safely lodged in a board, than in an individual.\nMr Wadsworth contradicted Mr Gerry\u2019s position, and declard from his own experience of official boards, that generally there was neither System nor respectability in them:\u2014that the business of them was conducted without energy or decision though at a greater expence than when a Department was under one man.\u2014As to what the gentleman had said relative to Mr Morris\u2019s administration, He declared that He believed the Reason why Mr M\u2019s accounts were not already pass\u2019d was the want of power in the constitution of the present board of Treasury for that purpose.\u2014After some further debate: the proposition for having the Finances administered by one man was carried almost unanimously.\nThe War Department was agreed to be administered in a similar manner.\nMr. Vining brought forward a proposition for making the Domestic one of the grand departments, when a motion for the Committee\u2019s rising was made and Carried. Adjourned to tomorrow\n21st.\nThe House being met, proceeded to consider the report agreed to yesterday in Committee of the whole, relative to the three great departments of Foreign Affairs, Finance and War.\nMr. Vining renew\u2019d his motion for a fourth, the Domestic. After some debate it was postpond, and a committee of 11 appointed to bring in a Bill or Bills. In the arrangement of the foregoing.\nIn Rhode Island John Collins is elected Governor and Daniel Owen Deputy Governor\nThe Legislature of that State have made choice of P. Arnold, Jona. J. Hazard, Thos. Holden, and John Gardiner as Delegates to the Old Congress\nIn the papers printed in R Island the 15th May advertisements appear, announcing the deposit of between five and six hundred pounds paper Currency in the hands of different Justices of Peace, as legal tender for Debts contracted previous to the Legislature of that State issuing a paper Currency, that bane of public and private Honesty.\u2014Similar advertisements had appeard for several weeks before.\u2014Announcing the deposit of sums considerably larger.\u2014From this and the Choice of Delegates to the Old Congress\u2014their temper is sufficiently conspicuous.\nThe 25th. of April an incursion was made by a party of Indians on the settlements on Dunkard\u2019s Creek, pennsylvania\u2014and several people killd.\u2014It is reported from Sandusky that five parties of Indians of different tribes were preparing for war, and were destin\u2019d for the Ohio and Kentucky:\u2014And that Capt. Brant was using his influence to rouse the Indians against us. And to dissuade them from attending to their agreement in the late treaties.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0215", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 27 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis June 27. 1789.\nNot having had occasion to write to you lately, I have yet to acknolege the receipt of your several favors of Apr. 18. 25. 28. May 2. and 23. There having been no Congress from November to April has been the reason that I have not yet received [the] permission I had asked to go to America, and which I am now in daily expectation of receiving. I shall leave Paris within 4 or 5. days after receiving it.\u2014This will be delivered you by a Mr. Cutting, an American gentleman who having been employed by some of the principal creditors of the State of [South] Carolina to go there and sollicit arrangements for the [paiment] of the foreign debt of that state, has executed that commission very succesfully. Mr. Strackeizer of Bordeaux being also a principal creditor, and the act being intended for the benefit of all who will accede to it, Mr. Cutting comes to propose it to Mr. Strackeizer. As far as I am able to judge  it appears to me that the provision made by the state is sure: but a better proof that it is so, is that it satisfies Mr. Cutting, agent for Messieurs Van Staphorsts of Amsterdam and others, and that the Van Staphorsts mean immediately to exchange the bonds they hold for the certificate offered by this act. As Mr. Cutting is master of all the details on this subject, but is unknown to Mr. Strackeiser, to whom I also am unknown, I take the liberty of informing you that Mr. Cutting has been long known to me, that his integrity and knolege in business may be relied on, that he was long and intimately known to Mr. Adams, was sometime of his family when in the legation of London and the Hague, and enjoyed his perfect confidence. A knowledge of these circumstances, if you will be so good as to communicate them to Mr. Strackeizer, may enable him to judge without prejudice of the good faith of the transaction which will be proposed to him and of the expediency of his acceding to it.\u2014If you will be so good as to write me the present state of the American vessels in your port, I mean with a view to my passage to America, I shall be much obliged to you, and am with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0216", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. G. Streckensen, 27 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Steckensen, J. G.\nSir\nParis June 27. 1789.\nThe legislature of South Carolina, desirous of doing justice to their foreign creditors, have lately passed an act appropriating certain funds to the paiment of the interest and principal due to them. The benefit of the act extends to all who shall be willing to accede to the conditions of it, and the proof of that accession is to be their exchanging the bonds they possess for the certificate prescribed by the act. Distance, and the perils of the sea having rendered necessary the agency of s[ome] person in Europe, intermediate between the state and their creditors, who might, for the state, receive their antient obligation from the creditor, and give in exchange a receipt equally obligatory on the state, they have been pleased to desire me to perform that office. It becomes therefore my duty to inform you as one of the creditors, that if you think proper to deliver to me the obligations whereon rests the debt of the State of South Carolina to you I am ready to give you in exchange for the same such a receipt as will be equally obligatory  on the state, and will entitle you to participate of the benefits of the act. Mr. Cutting the bearer hereof will have the honor to explain to you this subject in detail. He has been emploied by the Messieurs Van Staphorsts of Amsterdam, and the Prince of Luxemburgh in France, some of the principal creditors, to sollicit this act, and you may repose a safe confidence in his information, his attention and integrity. I have only to add that this commission finds me in hourly expectation of receiving a permission to go to America, after the arrival of which I shall not remain more than 4. or 5. days at Paris. It is important therefore that you forward your bond or bonds as soon as you shall have decided to accede to the provisions of the State of South Carolina, because the sooner they come the less will be the incertainty of their finding me here. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0217", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Veuve David & fils, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Veuve David & fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMorlaix, 29 June 1789. They appeal to TJ\u2019s \u201cPuissante Protection\u201d to obtain justice for \u201cSujets\u201d of the United States for whom they are correspondents.\u2014Their friends in Providence shipped to them last February a cargo of various products of America, such as linseed, tobacco, tar, turpentine, whale and codfish oil, potash, pearlash, tallow and salt provisions. When they came to pay duty, they saw with the greatest astonishment that on 20 bbls. of salt beef costing 810.\u20b6 in America @ \u201c4s. 6d. la livre, argent de France,\u201d customs officials had demanded a duty of 7\u20b6 10s. per cwt. which amounted to 270,\u20b6 or 33\u2153 percent ad valorem\u2014a duty so excessive as to prohibit any profit.\u2014On 20 \u201cQuarts de Lard,\u201d costing 1368\u20b6 in America, they also asked the same duty by weight totalling 270\u20b6 of 20 percent ad valorem.\u2014\u201cVous jugerez, Monseigneur, si C\u2019est traitter La Nation Ameriquaine Comme la plus favoris\u00e9e en france.\u201d But if taking a third of the value for duty is a favor, it is one that their friends in Providence could well dispense with. Since the arr\u00eat of 29 Dec. 1787 does not mention tallow or salt provisions, the farmers-general use that as an excuse for exacting the same \u201cDroit sur Les Salaisons De L\u2019Amerique que sur Celles prises sur Les Ennemis en tems de Guerre,\u201d which can not have been the intention of the king in making a treaty of commerce with the United States.\u2014Why was such an exorbitant duty on salt provisions not mentioned in the arr\u00eat of 29 Dec. 1787? If it had been explained there, American merchants would not have shipped such cargoes. But this was concealed  from them: is this a trap? Or is it an oversight? These are questions on which they hope TJ will obtain enlightenment from the French ministry, while asking them to put the duty on salt provisions on a par with that on tallow, which is 7s. 6d. per quintal.\u2014It seems to them that France has a pressing interest to promote in every way the introduction of American salt provisions into France. In time of war with England, America could amply supply the French colonies, as well as the French navy and merchant marine.\u2014All these considerations will no doubt appear as just to TJ as to them. \u201cNous ne Doutons pas aussi que La Moindre D\u00e9marche de v\u00f4tre part vis \u00e0 vis du Ministre des affaires Etrangeres et vis \u00e0 vis du Directeur G\u00e9neral des finances ne fasse reformer L\u2019abus d\u2019une telle Perception, qui est plus propre \u00e0 Eloigner Les Sujets des Etats unis de venir Vendre Leurs Salaisons et autres Productions en france, qu\u2019\u00e0 Les Encourager \u00e0 Etendre leurs Liaisons avec Nous.\u201d They await with confidence the success of TJ\u2019s appeal to the ministry.\u2014They wish to know whether American consuls have been named for the different French ports. As theirs is used by ships bringing tobacco for their manufactory, and as they correspond in English with commercial houses in the United States, they believe they can serve Americans with as much success as zeal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis June 29. 1789.\nMy letter of the 25th. gave you the transactions of the States general to the afternoon of that day. On the next the Archbishop of Paris joined the Tiers, as did some others of the clergy and noblesse.\n On the 27th. the question of the St. Domingo deputation\n came on, and it was decided that it should be received. I have before mentioned to you the ferment into which the proceedings at the seance royale of the 23d. had thrown the people. The souldiery also were affected by it. It began in the French guards, extended to those of every other denomination (except the Swiss) and even to the body guards of the king. They began to quit their barracks, to assemble in squads, to declare they would defend the life of the king, but would not cut the throats of their fellow citizens. They were treated and caressed by the people, carried in triumph thro\u2019 the streets, called themselves the souldiers of the nation, and left no doubt on which side they would be in case of a rupture. Similar accounts came in from the troops in other parts of the kingdom,  as well those which had not heard of the seance royale as those which had, and gave good reason to apprehend that the souldiery in general would side with their fathers and brothers rather than with their officers. The operation of this medicine at Versailles was as sudden as it was powerful. The alarm there was so complete that in the afternoon of the 27th. the king wrote a letter to the President of the clergy, the Cardinal de la Rochefoucault, in these words \u2018Mon cousin, Uniquement occup\u00e9 de faire le bien general de mon royaume, desirant, par dessus tout que l\u2019assembl\u00e9e des etats generaux s\u2019occupe des objets qui interessent la nation, d\u2019apr\u00e9s l\u2019acceptation volontaire que votre ordre a faite de ma declaration du 23. de ce mois; j\u2019engage mon fidele clerg\u00e9 \u00e0 se reunir, sans delai, avec les deux autres ordres, pour hater l\u2019accomplissement de mes vues paternelles. Ceux qui sont li\u00e8s par leurs pouvoirs peuvent y aller sans donner de voix, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils en aient de nouveaux; ce sera une nouvelle marque d\u2019attachement que le clerg\u00e9 me donnera. Sur ce je prie dieu, mon cousin, qu\u2019il vous ait en sa sainte garde. Louis.\u2019 A like letter was written to the Duke de Luxemburgh, president of the noblesse. The two chambers entered into debate on the question whether they should obey the letter of the king. There was a considerable opposition; when notes written by the count d\u2019Artois to sundry members, and handed about among the rest, decided the matter, and they went in a body and took their seats with the tiers, and thus rendered the union of the orders in one chamber complete. As soon as this was known to the people of Versailles, they assembled about the palace demanded the king and queen, who came and shewed themselves in a balcony. They rended the skies with cries of \u2018Vive le roy\u2019 \u2018Vive la reine.\u2019 They called for the Dauphin who was also produced, and was the subject of new acclamations. After feasting themselves and the royal family with this tumultuary reconciliation, they went to the houses of M. Necker and M. de Monmorin with shouts of thankfulness and affection. Similar emotions of joy took place in Paris, and at this moment the triumph of the Tiers is considered as complete. Tomorrow they will recommence business, voting by persons on all questions: and whatever difficulties may be opposed in debate by the malcontents of the clergy and nobility, every thing must be finally settled at the will of the Tiers. It remains to see whether they will leave to the nobility any thing but their titulary appellations. I suppose they will not. Mr. Necker will probably remain in office. It would seem natural that he should endeavor to have the hostile part of the council removed, but I question if he finds himself firm enough for that. A  perfect cooperation with the Tiers will be his wisest game.\u2014This great crisis being now over, I shall not have matter interesting enough to trouble you with as often as I have done lately. There has nothing remarkeable taken place in any other part of Europe. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0219", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Amand Koenig, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Koenig, Amand\nAeschynis Epistolae. Gr. Taylori. notis. 8vo. Lipsiae. 1\u20b6-10\nAeschyli tragoediae. Schutz. 2.v. 8vo. maj. Halae. 1782.3.4. 30\u20b6\nApuleii opera omnia. 24s. Amstel. 1624. apud Jansson. 2\u20b6-10\nCiceronis questiones Tusculanae. 24s. maj. Lugd. 1733. 15s.\nCicero de senectute et somnio Scipionis Graec. Theodori 8vo. Basil. 1524. 1.\u20b6\nLivii historiar. libri 91. mi Fragmentum. 4to. Romae 1773. 3\u20b6\nLycophronis Alexandra. Gr. Lat. not. et schol. Reichardi. 8vo. Lipsiae. 1788. 6\u20b6\nNicephori Breviarium historiae. Gr. Lat. 8vo. Par. 1616. 2\u20b6-10\nPhilonis Judaei opera omnia. Gr. Lat. Pfeiffer. 8vo. maj. 4vols. Erlangae. 1785\u20138. 28.\u20b6\nSyntippae fabulae. Gr. Lat. Matthaei. 8vo. maj. Lips. 1781. 2\u20b6-10\nApophthegmata Gr. Lat. Ital. Gall. Hisp. Tuningii 8vo. 1609. Antw.1\u20b6-16\nCalepini dict. XI. linguarum. fol. Maj. Basil. 1616. 12\u20b6\nGrammatica Lapponica Garandri. 8vo. Holmiae. 1743. 2\u20b6\nLexicon Lapponicum et gramm. Lappon. a Lindahl et Oehrling. 4to.maj. Holm. 1780.\nL\u2019exemplaire \u00e0 18.\u20b6 ou celle de 24.\u20b6 si l\u2019autre est deja vendue.\nMaupertuis figura telluris 8vo. Lips. 1742. 2\u20b6\nScriptores de jure nautico et maritimo. cum praef. Heineccii 4to. Halae.1740. 8\u20b6\nUlphilae scripte et fragmenta \u00e0 Buscheng 4to. Berol. 1773. 10\u20b6\nWetstenius de genuina linguae Graecae pronuntiatione. 8vo. Basil.1686. 2.\u20b6 10\nMonsieur\nParis ce 29me. Juin 1789.\nJe viens de recevoir votre lettre du 25. courant avec les catalogues que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019envoyer, et je m\u2019empresse de vous demander les livres not\u00e9s ci-dessus. J\u2019attends \u00e0 tout moment de recevoir de l\u2019Amerique la permission de m\u2019absenter de Paris pour 6 mois, et je partirai \u00e0 l\u2019instant que je la recevrai. Je vous prie  donc de m\u2019envoyer les livres par la premiere diligence et votre memoire par la premiere poste, afin qu\u2019elle soit pay\u00e9e avant mon depart. Je suis Monsieur avec beaucoup d\u2019attachement votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson\nAdresse Monsr Jefferson \u00e0 l\u2019ancien grille de Chaillot rue neuve de Berri.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0220", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 29 June 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis June 29. 1789.\nI took the liberty on the 26th. inst. of troubling you with a packet for Mr. Jay giving him an account of the crisis into which the seance royale of the 23d. had thrown this country. I now trouble you with the inclosed, which will inform him that all is settled by a reunion of the three orders in one chamber in consequence of a letter from the king: so that all danger of civil commotion here is at an end, and it is probable they will proceed to settle to themselves a good constitution, and meet no difficulty in doing it.\u2014No cong\u00e9 yet. I am with great esteem and attachment Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York June 30. 1789.\nBy this conveyance you will receive permission through Mr. Jay to make your proposed visit to America. I fear it will not reach you in time for your arrival here before the commencement of the windy season; yet I hope the delay will not oblige you to postpone your voyage till the Spring.\nThe federal business has proceeded with a mortifying tardiness, chargeable in part on the incorrect draughts of Committees, and the prolixity of discussion incident to a public body, every member of which almost takes a positive agency, but principally resulting from the novelty and complexity of the subjects of Legislation. We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us. Our successors  will have an easier task, and by degrees the way will become smooth short and certain.\nMy last informed you of some of the difficulties attending a regulation of the duties. The bill on that subject has at length received the fiat of both Houses and will be forthwith made a law by the concurrence of the President. The rates are not precisely on the scale first settled by the House of Reps. The most material change is in the articles of rum and molasses. The necessity of preserving a certain ratio between them is obvious. The ratio sent to the Senate was that of 12 cents on the former and 5 do. on the latter. The Senate returned them in the ratio of 8 and 2\u00bd. which has, after a conference, prevailed.\nThe Senate has prevailed on another point in the bill which had undergone more discussion and produced more difficulty. It had been proposed by the H. of Reps. that, besides a discrimination in the tonnage, a small reduction should be made in the duty on distilled spirits imported from countries in treaty with the U. States. The Senate were opposed to any discrimination whatsoever, contending that even G. Britain should stand on the same footing with the most favored nations. The arguments on that side of the question were that the U.S. were not bound by treaty to give any commercial preferences to particular nations\u2014that they were not bound by gratitude, since our allies had been actuated by their own interest and had obtained their compensation in the dismemberment of a rival empire\u2014that in national and particularly in commercial measures, gratitude was moreover, no proper motive, interest alone being the Statesman\u2019s guide\u2014that G.B. made no discrimination against the U.S. compared with other nations; but on the contrary distinguished them by a number of advantages\u2014that if G.B. possessed almost the whole of our trade it proceeded from causes which proved that she could carry it on for us on better terms than the other nations of Europe\u2014that we were too dependent on her trade to risk her displeasure by irritating measures which might induce her to put us on a worse footing than at present\u2014that a small discrimination could only irritate without operating on her interests or fears\u2014that if any thing were done it would be best to make a bolder stroke at once, and that in fact the Senate had appointed a committee to consider the subject in that point of view.\u2014On the other side it was contended that it would be absurd to give away every thing that could purchase the stipulations wanted by us, that the motives in which the new Government originated, the known  sentiments of the people at large, and the laws of most of the States subsequent to the peace shewed clearly that a distinction between nations in Treaty and nations not in Treaty would coincide with the public opinion, and that it would be offensive to a great number of citizens to see G.B. in particular put on the footing of the most favored nations, by the first act of a Government instituted for the purpose of uniting the States in the vindication of their commercial interests against her monopolizing regulations\u2014that this respect to the sentiments of the people was the more necessary in the present critical state of the Government\u2014that our trade at present entirely contradicted the advantages expected from the Revolution, no new channels being opened with other European nations, and the British channels being narrowed by a refusal of the most natural and valuable one to the U.S.\u2014that this evil proceeded from the deep hold the British monopoly had taken of our Country, and the difficulty experienced by France Holland, &c. in entering into competition with her\u2014that in order to break this monopoly, those nations ought to be aided till they could contend on equal terms\u2014that the market of France was particularly desireable to us\u2014that her disposition to open it would depend on the disposition manifested on our part &c. &c.\u2014that our trade would not be in its proper channels untill it should flow directly to the countries making the exchange, in which case too american vessels would have a due share in the transaction, whereas at present the whole carriage of our bulky produce is confined to British Bottoms\u2014that with respect to G.B. we had good reason to suppose that her conduct would be regulated by the apparent temper of the new Government\u2014that a passiveness under her restrictions would confirm her in them, whilst an evidence of intention as well as ability to face them would ensure a reconsideration of her policy\u2014that it would be sufficient to begin with a moderate discrimination, exhibiting a readiness to invigorate our measures as circumstances might require\u2014that we had no reason to apprehend a disposition in G.B. to resort to a commercial contest, or the consequences of such an experiment, her dependence on us being greater than ours on her. The supplies of the United States are necessary to the existence, and their market to the value, of her islands. The returns are either superfluities or poisons. In time of famine, the cry of which is heard every three or four years, the bread of the United States is essential. In time of war, which is generally decided in the West Indies, friendly offices, not violating the duties of neutrality, might effectually turn the scale in favor  of an adversary. In the direct trade with Great Britain, the consequences ought to be equally dreaded by her. The raw and bulky exports of the United States employ her shipping, contribute to her revenue, enter into her manufactures, and enrich her merchants, who stand between the United States and the consuming nations of Europe. A suspension of the intercourse would suspend all these advantages, force the trade into rival channels from which it might not return, and besides a temporary loss of a market for \u00bc of her exports, hasten the establishment of manufactures here, which would so far cut off the market forever. On the other side, the United States would suffer but little. The manufactures of Great Britain, as far as desirable, would find their way through other channels, and if the price were a little augmented it would only diminish an excessive consumption. They could do almost wholly without such supplies, and better without than with many of them. In one important view the contest would be particularly in their favor. The articles of luxury, a privation of which would be salutary to them, being the work of the indigent, may be regarded as necessaries to the manufacturing party: that it was probable nothing would be done at this session, if at all, in the way projected in the Senate; and in case a discord of opinion as to the mode, the degree, and the time of our regulations should become apparent, an argument would be drawn from it in favor of the very policy hitherto pursued by Great Britain. The event of the tonnage bill, in which the discrimination was meant to be most insisted on by the House of Representatives, is not yet finally decided. But here, also, the Senate will prevail. It was determined yesterday in that House to adhere to their amendment for striking out the clause, and there is no reason to suppose that the other House will let the Bill be lost. I mentioned in my last that both the Senators of Virginia were for admitting Britain to an equality with the most favored nation. This was a mistake as to Grayson.\nThe other bills depending relate to the collection of the Impost, and the establishment of a war, foreign, and Treasury Department. The bills on the two first of these departments have passed the House of Representatives, and are before the Senate. They gave birth to a very interesting constitutional question\u2014by what authority removals from office were to be made. The Constitution being silent on the point, it was left to construction. Four opinions were advanced: 1. That no removal could be made but by way of impeachment. To this it was objected that it gave to every officer,  down to tide waiters and tax gatherers, the tenure of good behavior. 2. That it devolved on the Legislature, to be disposed of as might be proper. To this it was objected that the Legislature might then dispose of it to be exercised by themselves, or even by the House of Representatives. 3. That it was incident to the power of appointment, and therefore belonged to the President and Senate. To this it was said that the Senate, being a Legislative body, could not be considered in an Executive light farther than was expressly declared; that such a construction would transfer the trust of seeing the laws duly executed from the President, the most responsible, to the Senate, the least responsible branch of the Government; that officers would intrench themselves behind a party in the Senate, bid defiance to the President, and introduce anarchy and discord into the Executive Department; that the Senate were to be Judges in case of impeachment, and ought not, therefore, to be previously called on for a summary opinion on questions of removal; that in their Legislative character they ought to be kept as cool and unbiased as possible, as the constitutional check on the passions and parties of the other House, and should, for that reason also, be as little concerned as possible in those personal matters, which are the great source of factious animosities. 4. That the Executive power being generally vested in the President, and the Executive function of removal not expressly taken away, it remained with the President. To this was objected the rule of construction on which the third opinion rested, and the danger of creating too much weight in the Executive scale. After very long debates the 4th opinion prevailed, as most consonant to the text of the Constitution, to the policy of mixing the Legislative and Executive Departments as little as possible, and to the requisite responsibility and harmony in the Executive Department. What the decision of the Senate will be cannot yet be even conjectured. As soon as the bills are passed, Mr. Jay and General Knox will of course have their commissions renewed.\nThe bill relating to the Treasury Department is still before the House of Representatives. The Board will be discontinued, but the business will be so arranged as to make the comptroller and other officers checks on the Head of the Department. It is not clear who this will be. The members of Congress are disqualified. Hamilton is most talked of.\nThe Senate have in hand a bill for the Judiciary Department. It  is found a pretty arduous task, and will probably be long on its way through the two Houses.\nInclosed is a copy of sundry amendments to the Constitution lately proposed in the House of Representatives. Every thing of a controvertible nature that might endanger the concurrence of two-thirds of each House and three-fourths of the States was studiously avoided. This will account for the omission of several amendments which occur as proper. The subject will not be taken up till the revenue and Department bills are passed.\nThe President has been ill. His fever terminated in a large anthrax on the upper end of his thigh, which is likely to confine him for some time. Wishing you an expeditious and safe passage across the Atlantic, I am, my dear Sir, yours, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0222", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 30 June 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Margaret St. No. 15Cavendish Square June the 30th. 1789\nAs I am happy to find You have not quitted Europe yet, give Me leave to return you a Thousand thanks for all the Great acts of Generosity, Humanity, and Goodness, you have been pleased to shew Me. God Bless you and your amiable family, and prosper Your Excellency in a happy Voyage to our Dear Country, and that on your Arrival there, you May be Crowned with the Gratitude which so Much goodness Merits. Think of Me and see if it is possible for me to get back My Estate in My own hands altho in the Life time Mr. P. If this Can be done and I can receive all the rents and profits in Virginia, and in England also and govern it with the assistance of My steward, I should, then, be in no danger of being brought into an More of the horried distresses I have gone through. The Deed is not done yet, but Dr. Bancroft thinks it Must soon the finished. I beg Your Excellency not to say you have received a Letter from me. I have therefore written to Mr. Short and shall  desire him to tell Your Excellency and Mr. Paradise. I desire your Excellency will Make My respectful Compliments to their Excellencies General and Mrs. Washington the same to Mr. and Mrs. Adam and their Family. Make my affectionate Compliments to Colo. Nath. Burwell and family, Colo. Richard Henery Lee and Colo. F. Lightfoot and Family and Mr. and Mrs. Ludwell Grimes, and all My friends in Williamsburg, Philadelphia and New York, and at York in Virginia. If I can be of any Service here to My Country and Friends I beg they will Command Me. My tender and Affectionate Love to the Dear Miss Jeffersons. I have the Honour to be Dear Sir Your Excellencies Most Grateful Humble Servant and Friend,\nL Paradise\nI wish I was agoing with you to Virginia. It Cannot be, therefore, whatever is, is right.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0223", "content": "Title: Lafayette\u2019s Draft of a Declaration of Rights, June 1789\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: \nLa Nature a fait les hommes libres et \u00e9gaux; les distinctions entre-eux sont fond\u00e9es sur l\u2019utilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.\nTout homme nait avec des droits inali\u00e9nables; tels sont [le droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9, le soin [de son honneur et] de sa vie, la disposition entiere de sa personne, de son industrie, de toutes ses facult\u00e9s, la recherche du bien \u00eatre et la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019oppr\u00e9ssion.\nL\u2019exercice des droits naturels n\u2019a de bornes que celles qui assurent les m\u00eames droits \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.\nNul homme ne peut \u00eatre inqui\u00e9t\u00e9 ni pour sa r\u00e9ligion, ni pour ses opinions, ni pour la Communication de ses pens\u00e9es par la parole; l\u2019\u00e9criture ou l\u2019impr\u00e9ssion \u00e0 moins qu\u2019il n\u2019ait troubl\u00e9 par des Calomnies la paix des Citoyens.\nNul homme ne peut \u00eatre soumis qu\u2019\u00e0 des Loix consenties par lui ou ses repr\u00e9sentants ant\u00e9rieurement promulgu\u00e9es et l\u00e9galement appliqu\u00e9es.\nLe Principe de toute souverainete r\u00e9side imprescriptiblement dans la nation.\nTout gouvernement a pour unique but le bien commun; les pouvoirs L\u00e9gislatif, executif, et Judiciaire doivent \u00eatre distincts et definis: nul corps et nul individu ne pouvant avoir une Autorit\u00e9 qui n\u2019\u00e9mane expr\u00e8ssement de La Nation.\nLe Pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif doit \u00eatre essentiellement exerc\u00e9 par des d\u00e9putes choisis dans tous les districts par des Elections libres, r\u00e9gulieres et fr\u00e9quents.\nLe Pouvoir executif \u00e9tant exerc\u00e9 par le Roi dont la personne est sacr\u00e9e, tous ses agents individuels ou collectifs sont comptables et responsables \u00e0 la nation quel qu\u2019autorisation qu\u2019ils ayent recu\u00eb.\nLe Pouvoir Judiciaire doit \u00eatre born\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019application de la Loi; la proc\u00e9dure doit \u00eatre publique et la distribution de la Justice facile et impartiale.\nLes Loix doivent \u00eatre claires, pr\u00e9cises, et uniformes pour tous les Citoyens.\nLes Subsides doivent \u00eatre librement fix\u00e9s et proportionellement r\u00e9partis.\nEt comme le progr\u00e8s des lumieres l\u2019introduction des abus et le droit des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations qui se succ\u00e8dent n\u00e9c\u00e9ssitent la r\u00e9vision de tout etablissement humain, il doit \u00eatre indiqu\u00e9 des moyens constitutionels qui assurent dans certains cas une convocation extraordinaire de repr\u00e9sentants dont le seul objet soit d\u2019examiner et modifier, s\u2019il le faut, la forme du Gouvernement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0224", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Dalzan, 1 July 1789\nFrom: Dalzan, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nDe florac En C\u00e9v\u00e8nnesle 1er. juillet 1789.\nJe me suis Toujours Senti le d\u00e9sir d\u2019all\u00e8r vivre dans un pays ou le culte de notre Religion prot\u00e8stante soit authoris\u00e9 par le gouvernement, Et o\u00f9 ceux qui En font profession ne soient pas priv\u00e9s des droits qui appartiennent a Tous les citoy\u00e8ns, de parvenir a Tous les Emplois de la vie civille. Il est surtout deux motifs qui m\u2019inspirent ce d\u00e9sir: l\u2019un En ceque la Religion prot\u00e8stante Est infiniment plus Convenable au g\u00e8nie de la lib\u00e9rt\u00e9; l\u2019autre En Ceque la Constitution du clerg\u00e9 Romain est faitte pour inspir\u00e9r de l\u2019indignation a Tout Etre Raisonnable, En qui des vils pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s n\u2019ont pas Eteint la facult\u00e9 de voir les abus qui p\u00e8sent sur les peuples. Et Encore, En ceque les institutions du papisme d\u00e9gradent la Raison Et l\u2019Entendement humain, au lieu d\u2019En favoris\u00e8r les progr\u00e8s, avilissent la nature humaine au lieu de l\u2019Elev\u00e9r, Et de lui inspir\u00e9r de la dignit\u00e9. Voila sans doutte, Monsieur, deux motifs Bien puissants.\nToutes les institutions qui tendent a Rendre les hommes meilleurs,  En les unissant par les liens de la Concorde, de l\u2019amiti\u00e9, Et de la frat\u00e9rnit\u00e9, dont les Eff\u00eats sont pour Eux des S\u00e9cours R\u00e9ciproques, ont Toujours vivement Excitt\u00e9 Mes Voeux En leur faveur. C\u2019est parceque j\u2019ai cru que c\u2019Etait l\u00e0 le But Et les dispositions de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des quakers Et de celle des fr\u00e8res Evang\u00e9liques de l\u2019unit\u00e9, ou fr\u00e8res h\u00e9rnhouttes, que je me suis p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 pour Elles de l\u2019attachement le plus Z\u00e9l\u00e9.\nC\u2019Est aux hommes d\u2019Etat qui Consacrent leurs Travaux au service des Empires, Tout Comme aux philosophes qui consacrent les veilles de leur g\u00e9nie au service de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, \u00e0 Scrutter les institutions humaines. C\u2019Est sous le premier Raport, Monsieur, qu\u2019un pareil Examen doit Etre un des Nombreux objets de vos m\u00e9ditations.\nMa Scituation actuelle me mettrait aujourdhui dans le cas de suivre le d\u00e9sir que je viens de manifester, Et me rendrait necessaire de choisir quelque Contr\u00e9e o\u00f9 je pus Trouver des Ressources pour ma Subsistance Et mon Entretien, attendu que des malheurs impr\u00e9vus m\u2019ont fait perdre celles que j\u2019avais. Je pense que parmi les dif\u00e9rentes R\u00e9gions de la Terre, celle qui est occup\u00e9e par les Etatsunis de l\u2019am\u00e9rique Septentrionale pourroit le mieux me convenir. Ses habitants, En voyant les Effets pernicieux qui resultent des institutions vicieuses dont Tout l\u2019univers Est infect\u00e9, Cr\u00e9\u00e9s par les int\u00e9r\u00eats particuliers au d\u00e9triment des inter\u00eats publics sont dans la conjoncture la plus heureuse pour S\u2019En pr\u00e9server Et pour se donner la constitution la mieux organis\u00e9e qu\u2019une nation puisse avoir. L\u2019Etat de la Votre, Monsieur, Est le plus heureusement dispos\u00e9 pour cella qu\u2019il soit possible de l\u2019etre. L\u2019avantage de son Etat Est inapr\u00e9tiable pour Elle. Il n\u2019y a point de noblesse parmi les individus qui la Composent, ni aucune distinction quelconque, que celle qui doit Toujours Subsister dans une nation sans le moindre afaiblissement Entre les deux corps qui doivent naturellement la partager, dont l\u2019un doit R\u00e9gir le pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif, et l\u2019autre le pouvoir Ex\u00e9cutif. Tous les individus qui composent votre nation S\u00e7avent que leurs p\u00e8res ne S\u2019Etaient Expatri\u00e9s, Et Refugi\u00e9s dans la Terre qu\u2019ils habittent, que pour se soustraire \u00e0 ce que leur faisaient Soufrir les vices des institutions Europ\u00e9enes. Ils chercheront, par cons\u00e9quent, \u00e0 S\u2019En garantir, et cella leur sera facille, parceque l\u2019Exemple des abus et des maux qui partout ailleurs accablent le peuple, les Engageront \u00e0 Evitter et \u00e0 proscrire les causes vicieuses dont ils Resultent.\nMon penchant me porterait, Monsieur, \u00e0 aller me fixer, ou parmi  les quakers qui se Trouvent dans les Etats-unis de l\u2019am\u00e9rique, principalement dans la pensilvanie, ou Bien dans quelqu\u2019un des Etablissements que la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des fr\u00e8res Evang\u00e9liques de l\u2019unit\u00e9, ou fr\u00e8res hernhouttes, y a form\u00e9. Je crois qu\u2019un de ceux qu\u2019ils ont dans la Caroline Septentrionalle, Tel que celui de Salem qui Est le principal de cette contr\u00e9e, pourrait Etre le plus propre \u00e0 Remplir mon But Et le plus convenable pour moi. Cependant je m\u2019En Raporte Enti\u00e8rement \u00e0 votre avis, que je vous prie de me donner, Monsieur, pour determiner Si c\u2019Est parmi les quakers, ou dans un des Etablissements des freres Evang\u00e9liques de l\u2019unit\u00e9, qu\u2019il me Conviendrait le mieux d\u2019aller me fixer, pourvu que ce Soit dans un district qui ne Se Trouve pas plus au nord que la partie m\u00e9ridionalle de la pensilvanie, qu\u2019il Soit Sous un Beau Ciel, surtout que l\u2019air y soit pur, Sain, Et Salubre, Et que le climat y Soit doux.\nJ\u2019ose Esp\u00e9rer, Monsieur, que vous aur\u00e9z la Bont\u00e9 de me faire informer Si, En me Rendant dans les Etats-unis de l\u2019am\u00e9rique, pour prendre le parti que vous voudrez Bien m\u2019indiquer, je Serais assur\u00e9 de pouvoir y Subsister honnettement Selon ma condition, par les Talents que je puis avoir. Je suis ag\u00e9 de Trente neuf ans, d\u2019un Temp\u00e9rament vigoureux, Et d\u2019une famille de la plus ancienne Bourgeoisie, qui a toujours joui de l\u2019Estime et de la Consideration publiques dans le pays. Les parties d\u2019instruction dans lesquelles mes Etudes m\u2019ont acquis quelque intelligence sont la jurisprudence, la morale, la litt\u00e9rature en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, la langue latine, la g\u00e9ographie, l\u2019agriculture, le com\u00e9rce, la politique Et les mati\u00e8res d\u2019administration Et d\u2019oeconomie politiques, J\u2019y joins peut-etre quelque discernement pour connaitre les hommes, Et quelque justesse de Jugement. J\u2019ai un coeur Et une ame Sensibles. J\u2019Esp\u00e8re qu\u2019on Serait Satisfait de mon caract\u00e8re Et de mes inclinations. Et je crois que par les Sentiments d\u2019honneur Et de probit\u00e9 qui m\u2019animent, j\u2019ai des droits \u00e0 L\u2019Estime des Gens honn\u00e8ttes. Je Justifierais de mes moeurs Et de mon Etat par les attestations les plus authentiques. Voila, Monsieur, quels sont mes moyens.\nJ\u2019ose Encore me flatter, Monsieur, que votre Bienfaisance Vous Engagera \u00e0 joindre vos Sages avis En ma faveur, Sur tout ce qui peut m\u2019interesser, aux informations que je prends la libert\u00e9 de vous demander, Relativement \u00e0 ce que je me permets de vous Exposer, comme je compte \u00e0 ce Sujet sur le Secr\u00e8t de votre part. Je d\u00e9sire aussi que ces informations m\u2019apr\u00e8nnent Encore quels sont les ports de france de la Mediterrann\u00e9e Et de l\u2019occ\u00e9an qui sont fr\u00e9quent\u00e9s par des navires des Etats-unis de l\u2019am\u00e9rique, Dans quelle  Saison ils S\u2019y Trouvent, Et en quel Temps ils En partent pour S\u2019En Retourner dans leur pays; S\u2019ils fr\u00e9quentent le port de Cette en Languedoc, celui de Marseille en provence, Sur la M\u00e9diterrann\u00e9e, Celui de Bordeaux, celui de Bayonne, sur l\u2019occ\u00e9an, Et si je pourrais n\u2019Embarquer sur un de Ces navires dans l\u2019un de ces quatre ports.\nSi, par le Caract\u00e8re public dont vous Etes Rev\u00eattu, Monsieur, vous jug\u00e9z \u00e0 propos que les informations dont il s\u2019agit ne paraissent point du Tout venir de votre part, vous pouv\u00e9z me les faire donner sans aucune signature, Et sans qu\u2019il y ait absolument Rien qui anonce ni votre nom ni votre Caract\u00e8re. Vous pourriez, pour me faire parvenir ces informations, les faire Remettre, Si vous vouliez, \u00e0 Mr. de La Peced\u00e8, \u00e0 paris, log\u00e9 Rue Neuve St. Paul, No. 9. C\u2019est un ministre de la Religion protestante, charg\u00e9 de l\u2019Education d\u2019un jeune homme de famille, qui serait \u00e0 m\u00eame de vous Rendre Temoignage sur mon compte, ainsi que plusieurs des d\u00e9putt\u00e9s aux Etats-g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, Entre autres Mr. Jac, d\u00e9putt\u00e9 des communes de la S\u00e9n\u00e9chauss\u00e9e de Montpellier, Et Mr. le comte De Montcalm-Gozon, d\u00e9putt\u00e9 de la noblesse de la S\u00e9n\u00e9chauss\u00e9e de Carcassonne. Autrement, il n\u2019y a qu\u2019\u00e0 me les Envoyer par la poste, non pas \u00e0 mon adresse, mais sous Couvert adress\u00e9 \u00e0 Mr. Sablet Desti\u00e8res, Directeur du Bureau de la poste aux lettres, au Pompidou, En C\u00e9vennes, En observant de faire deux longues Barres En croix sur cette adresse.\nSi j\u2019obtiens de votre Bienfaisance, Monsieur, l\u2019Effet de ma pri\u00e8re, un motif Bien puissant sur mon Coeur, celui de la Reconnaissance, m\u2019inspirera les voeux les plus fervents pour votre prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9.\nJe suis avec un profond Respect, Monsieur, Votre Tr\u00e8s humble, Et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur.\nDalzanAvt [avocat]\nJ\u2019ai obmis, Monsieur, de vous faire part d\u2019un Troisi\u00e8me motif qui m\u2019a Encore inspir\u00e9 le projet que je viens de vous Exposer: c\u2019Est que Tous mes Sentiments me donnent la plus forte Envie de voir Et de connaitre par moi m\u00eame les habitants des Etats-unis de l\u2019am\u00e9rique, de passer ma Vie parmi Eux, de jouir avec Eux de cette douce libert\u00e9 dont on parle Tant En Europe Et qu\u2019on n\u2019y connait point, d\u2019observer les dispositions, le caract\u00e8re nationnal Et la constitution de ce peuple nouveau, qui se Trouve dans une position admirable pour Se donner Tous les moyens propres \u00e0 le faire jouir de la destin\u00e9e la plus heureuse Et la plus Glorieuse, Et pour offrir \u00e0 Toutes les nations de l\u2019univers le modelle de la meilleure  organisation Sociale Et politique dont la condition humaine soit Susceptible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Veuve Limozin & fils, 2 July 1789\nFrom: Veuve Limozin & fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 2 July 1789. \u201cIt is with the utmost grief and greatest concern we inform you of the cruel and irreparable loss we suffer\u2019d by the sudden and unexpected death of our husband and father Mr. Andw. Limozin of whom Providence hath disposed, on yesterday evening, at the age of 57 years, generally regretted by all those to whom he was known.\u201d Despite this, they have resolved to continue the business as theretofore, under the firm of \u201cWidw. Limozin & Son, requesting of your favor to take notice of our signs on foot of this and to only trust to them.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0227", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Dominique de Cassini, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cassini, Jean Dominique de\nce 3me. Juillet. 1789.\nMonsieur Jefferson, ministre plenipotentiaire des etats unis d\u2019Amerique, demande mille pardons \u00e0 Monsieur le comte de Cassini, si, sans avoir l\u2019honneur de lui etre connu, il ose lui demander la gr\u00e2ce de faire mettre les montres dont il a charg\u00e9 le porteur de ce billet \u00e0 l\u2019heure juste du tems moyen selon la pendule de l\u2019Observatoire.  Avec \u00e7a, et l\u2019aide de l\u2019equation de temps, il propose de commencer la trace d\u2019une ligne meridienne chez lui, laquelle (malgr\u00e9 la petite inexactitude qui peut survenir dans la marche des montres en revenant de l\u2019Observatoire chez lui) sera assez juste pour les usages ordinaires. Au solstice d\u2019hyver il demandra permission d\u2019avoir recours encore une fois \u00e0 la bont\u00e9 de Monsieur le comte de Cassini, parce que ce sera en reunissant, par une ligne droite, le trait de midi qu\u2019il fera alors \u00e0 celui qu\u2019il fera aujourdui que sa meridienne sera complette. Il a l\u2019honneur de faire mille excuses de la peine qu\u2019il ose donner \u00e0 Monsieur le Comte de Cassini, et de le prier d\u2019agr\u00e9er les assurances de sa consideration tr\u00e8s distingu\u00e9e.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Antoine Houdon, 3 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Houdon, Jean Antoine\nce 3me. Juillet 1789\nEn fixant l\u2019epoque du second paiment \u00e0 dix huit mois apr\u00e8s la signature du contrat, il etoit entendu que l\u2019ouvrage seroit alors \u00e0 moiti\u00e9 finie. Monsieur Jefferson ne fait pas cette observation \u00e0 Monsieur Houdon que pour se justifier de ce qu\u2019il ne lui a pas jusques ici propos\u00e9 le second paiment. Il s\u00e7ait trop bien apprecier les principes de Monsieur Houdon pour le laisser en butte \u00e0 une incommodit\u00e9 quelconque en se tenant \u00e0 la letter de ce que ses devoirs rigoureux lui auroient peutetre prescrit. Il a l\u2019honneur donc de lui envoyer le mandat de 8000.\u20b6 qu\u2019il lui demande. Mais comme l\u2019etat de Virginie aura actuellement pay\u00e9 plus de trente mille francs, sans que le bloc de marbre soit encore meme attaqu\u00e9, Monsieur Jefferson se croit oblig\u00e9 de supplier Monsieur Houdon de ne perdre pas un instant \u00e0 suivre ce travail sans relache, jusques \u00e0 ce que ce soit fini. Des delais ulterieurs pourroient compromettre Monsieur Jefferson tr\u00e8s desagreablement avec l\u2019\u00e9tat de Virginie.\nIl le prie en meme tem d\u2019agr\u00e9er le mandat pour mille francs pour les objets que Monsieur Houdon a eu la bont\u00e9 de faire pour Monsieur Jefferson, avec mille assurances de son attachement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0229", "content": "Title: A Fourth of July Tribute to Jefferson, 4 July 1789\nFrom: Paradise, John,et al.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis July 4th 1789\nYour intention of withdrawing awhile from this court on a visit to our happy country offers an occasion which we cannot resist, of testifying those sentiments of gratitude and attachment which your conduct has taught us to realize, as the emotions of ingenuous minds towards an illustrious Benefactor.\nAs citizens of the United States we feel a laudable pride in joining the general voice of our country and of that of the age in which we live in rendering the sincerest tribute of respect to a compatriot so distinguished for his exertions in favour of that country and for the general happiness of mankind; but as temporary residents in a foreign kingdom, a situation in which the grateful heart becomes more susceptible and good actions recieve an additional merit, you will pardon our zeal if it assumes a language which in other circumstances it might be unbecoming the dignity of a Republican Patriot to recieve. Praise is honorable only in proportion to the freedom and information of the persons from whom it arises; from a depressed subject it is a proof of power and of meanness; from an enlightened freeman, of merit and of gratitude. It is the application of this principle which alone can render public testimonials of this kind acceptable to such minds as have the goodness to deserve them.\nDuring your residence in this kingdom your particular kindness and attention to every American who has fallen in your way have endeared you to their hearts; and we are sure, as we speak the language which they have often uttered on this subject, that were they all present they would join in this our most cordial acknowledgement. But your conduct in this respect, though in the highest degree noble and generous, makes but a part of the motives of our love and admiration. The benefits resulting to the United States from your various negotiations in Europe excite in us a gratitude of a more extensive and patriotic nature. In these negotiations, your comprehensive views and minute attentions to every interest of every part of the country you represent, at the same time that your policy is directed to the general harmony and happiness of all nations, render you the proper minister of that enlightened people whose cause is the cause of humanity, and whose example we trust will greatly benefit mankind.\nAs this is the anniversary of our Independence our sensations of  pleasure are much increased from the idea that we are addressing ourselves to a man who sustained so conspicuous a part in the immortal transactions of that day\u2014whose dignity energy and elegance of thought and expression added a peculiar lustre to that declaratory act which announced to the world the existence of an empire. Be pleased, Sir, to accept our congratulations on the return of this day: a day which we hope arises with peculiar glory on our hemisphere, as it finds an extensive people happily united under the organization of a new government which promises the most lasting advantages.\nMay your visit to that country afford you a noble and endearing satisfaction, both as to the prosperity of your particular connections and affairs, and as it may give you an opportunity of rendering new services by your information and advice to that illustrious band of your fellow patriots who must welcome you with every token of respect.\nWhile those of us who remain longer in France shall have reason to regret your absence, yet we cannot but rejoice with you on its occasion, and sincerely wish you a prosperous and happy voyage.\nWith every sentiment of gratitude and respect we have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servants,\njohn paradise\nphilip mazzei\nsamuel blackden\ne: haskell\njoel barlow\nth. appleton\njam. swan\nbenjn. jarvis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0230", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Limozin, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Limozin, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost honored Sir\nhavre de Grace the 5th July 1789.\nThe annexed Circular letter Serves to inform your Excellency of the heavy loss I sufferd by the Sudden and unexpected Death of my dear and worthy father which Cruel Event would really impress me with the utmost Grief and Desolation did I not expect a Comfort in the friendship of those Gentlemen, who, honored my father with their friendship and confidence, and as I have always had the Satisfaction to See your Excellency one of this greatest Wellwishers, I make myself the flattering hope that your Excellency will continue to be a protector towards me in which persuation I take the liberty to request of your Excellency\u2019s Kindness to recommand the new firm of my house to your Excellencys friends in america assuring them that all the Business trusted to my Care will be continued with the Same care and attention as heretofore,  that the responsability of the house will Suffer no alteration. Your Excellency may intirely rely on my utmost exertions to Satisfy all those to which your Excellency will be pleas\u2019d to Recommand me and on my Constant Study to convince your Excellency of my Gratitude and the Respectfull Regard with which I have the honor to Subscribe myself Your Excellency Your Most obedient & Very humble Servt.,\nEdw Limozin fils", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0231", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paradise, 5 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, John\nDear Sir\nParis July 5. 1789.\nThe sentiments of approbation so kindly expressed in the paper I received from your hand, call for my sincere thanks, and I give them sincerely. I have no claims on my country for any good done. Either occasions have been wanting, or talents to improve them. Zeal indeed I have without measure: but who can want zeal for such a government as ours? Every heart is big with it.\nI concur with my friends in congratulations on the anniversary return of the independance and happiness of our country. May these be as many as I believe they will!\nThe society of my countrymen here, has indeed been very dear to me, and a chief comfort under absence from our common home, but in this intercourse I have gained more than I could possibly render. In the family we have formed, if I have given content, I am happy. Convey these sentiments to my brethren; but convey them, my dear friend, privately. My little transactions are not made for public detail. They are best in the shade: the light of the picture is justly occupied by others. To glide unnoticed thro\u2019 a silent execution of duty, is the only ambition which becomes me, and it is the sincere desire of my heart. The affectionate expressions, of which you have been so good as to be the bearer, ensure me, from my friends, indulgence in this wish. Proffer them in return the sincere tribute of those sentiments of respect and affectionate attachment with which I have the honor to be, dear Sir, their and your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0002", "content": "Title: I. Lafayette to Jefferson, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Friend\nVersailles July the 6th 1789\nThis Morning Has Been Employed in Hearing the Report of a Committee for Subsistance and As they were Going to Vote thanks to Administration Mr. de Mirabeau Rose and said He Could Give proofs to the House that You Had Made offers to obtain flour from America which Have Been Refused\u2014He Announced His Motion On that Head for to Morrow, and Means to Ground on this an Attack Against Administration. I don\u2019t Care Much about it in General, and think it well Enough to Scold the Ministry for their Not importing American Produce, But as we Must Not Quarell with our Party in the Council, at least for the present, and as I May Be Called Upon to Ascertain facts in the Assembly, I Beg You to let me know what transactions Have taken place Between You and the Court, and What Has Come to Your Knowledge, Respecting that Commerce. A part of it I know, But would wish to Have More Accurate Accounts. I will, if You think Proper, Request Mirabeau Not to push it too Hard, but He is Not easily stopped. I think it would Be well Enough to Have some thing said of the Exportation of flour from france to the W. I.\u2014Will you send me the Bill of Rights with Your Notes? I hope to see You to Morrow. Where do You dine? Bonjour.\nL.f.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0003", "content": "Title: II. Jefferson to Lafayette, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis July 6. 1789.\nI never made an offer to any body to have corn or flour brought here, from America: no such idea ever entered my head. Mr. Necker desired me to give information in America that there would be a want of flour. I did so in a letter to Mr. Jay, which he published with my name to it for the encouragement of the merchants. Those here who have named me on this subject, must have mistaken me for Mr. Parker. I have heard him say he offered to Mr. Necker to bring a large supply, yet I do not think I ever repeated this: or if I did it must have been in a company I relied on. I will thank you to satisfy Mr. Necker of the truth. It would be disagreeable and perhaps mischeivous were he to have an idea that I encouraged censures on him.\u2014I will bring you the paper you desire tomorrow, and shall dine at the Dutchess Danville\u2019s where I shall be happy to meet you. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0004", "content": "Title: III. Brac de la Perri\u00e8re to Jefferson, 7 July 1789\nFrom: La Perri\u00e8re, Brac de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis Le 7 Juillet 1789.\nJ\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous faire passer la petite notte que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s Demand\u00e9e. Elle Contient et pr\u00e9sente L\u2019etat Des Bleds et farines Venus D\u00e9 Chez Les Am\u00e9ricains Libres Depuis L\u2019Emission Des arrets qui ont accord\u00e9 des primes \u00e0 L\u2019importation de Ces Denr\u00e9es.\nM. Le Marquis Du Crest, \u00e0 qui J\u2019avais fait Esp\u00e9rer que vous viendri\u00e9s Visiter sa Manufacture Dimanche Dernier, Vous y attendit. Vous y Verr\u00e9s, Monsieur, Si Vous ne tard\u00e9s pas \u00e0 En faire La promenade, plusieurs Voitures et autres objets finis. Je suis avec respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s Humble Et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur\nBrack", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Etats des Bleds et farines\u2026, 7 July 1789\nFrom: La Perri\u00e8re, Brac de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosure\nEtats des Bleds et farines venus des Etats unis d\u2019Am\u00e9rique en france depuis le 15. f\u00e9vrier Jusqu\u2019a la fin de may 1789.\nnombre desNavires venusdes \u00eatats unisd\u2019am\u00e9rique\nports defrance ou ilsont abord\u00e9\nmois de leurarriv\u00e9e enfrance\nfroment qu\u2019ilsy ont aport\u00e9\nfarines\nmars\nBordeaux\navril\nmay\nLe havre\nf\u00e9vrier\nmay\nBayonne\nmars\nCette\nNantes\nmay\nMarseille\nmay\nquintaux\nquintaux\nObservations\nOn ignore la v\u00e9ritable charge de ce Navire. On sait seulement qu\u2019il est entr\u00e9 dans L\u2019int\u00e9rieur 207. Qx. 50 L. de froment provenant de son chargement: on ignore encore s\u2019il n\u2019est pas ven\u00fb d\u2019autres Navires exp\u00e9di\u00e9s des \u00eatats unis pour Marseille.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0006", "content": "Title: IV. Jefferson to Lafayette, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis July 7. 1789\nI inclose you a letter on the subject of what Mr. Mirabeau said which you were so good as to say you would have read in the assembly. I find that there has been imported from the United States into the Atlantic ports of France from March to May inclusive44,116quintals of corn\u200712,221quintals of flourmaking56,337quintals.\nAdd to this what has been imported  since the month of May, suppose about 20,000 quintals a month, and what has been furnished to the French islands which has prevented an equal quantity being exported from France, and you will have the proportion drawn from us.\u2014I am with great affection Dear Sir Your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0007", "content": "Title: V. Jefferson to Lafayette, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis July 7. 1789.\nYour letter of yesterday gave me the first information that Monsieur de Mirabeau had supposed to the honorable the assembly of the nation that I had made an offer to Mr. Necker to obtain from America a quantity of corn or flour, which had been refused. I know not how Monsieur de Mirabeau has been led into this error. I never in my life made any proposition to Mr. Necker on the subject: I never said I had made such a proposition. Some time last autumn Mr. Necker did me the honour to desire I would have notified in the United states that corn and flour would meet with a good sale in France. I conveied this notice in a letter to Mr. Jay secretary for foreign affairs, as you will see by the extract of my letter published by him in an American gazette, which I have the honor to send you.\u2014I must beg leave to avail myself of your friendship and of your position, to have a communication of these facts made to the honorable assembly of the nation of which you are a member, and to repeat to you those sentiments of respect and attachment with which I have the honor to be my dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0009", "content": "Title: VII. Jefferson to Necker, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Necker, Jacques\nSir\nParis July 8. 1789.\nI have the honor to inclose you a copy of my letter to Monsieur de la Fayette. When I called on him yesterday he had already spoken to Monsieur de Mirabeau, who acknoleged he had been in an error in what he had advanced in the assembly of the nation as to the proposition supposed to have been made by me to your excellency, and undertook to declare his error when the subject should be resumed by the assembly, to whom my letter to Monsieur de la Fayette will also be read.\nI have thought it a duty, Sir, thus to correct in the first moment an error by which your name had been compromitted by an unfounded use of mine, and shall be happy in every ocasion of proving to you those sentiments of profound respect & attachment with which I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0010", "content": "Title: VIII. Montmorin to Jefferson, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Montmorin de Saint-H\u00e9rem, Armand Marc, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVersailles ce 8 juillet 1789\nM. le comte de Montmorin a l\u2019honneur de faire mille complimens \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson, et de le remercier de la copie de lettre qu\u2019il a bien voulu lui envoyer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0012", "content": "Title: X. Lafayette to Jefferson, [9 July 1789]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear friend\n[Versailles, 9 July 1789]\nM. de Mirabeau\u2019s Affair brought me Under difficulties and Almost a Quarell with the Ministry. He Had Engaged to Retract Before Your letter Came to Hand. He did it, and Besides read your letter, and laid it on the table. Some Body Undertook to translate it, which He did Very ill, and Many in the House asked for the Reading of this translation. But as M. de MiRabeau Had said Every word which Your letter Contained, I observed that a second Reading of the same thing was Unnecessary. Some of Necker\u2019s friends wanted to Bring down Mirabeau More and More, But I thought it Was Not Convenient either for You or me, and that a full Retractation did suffice.\nHowever I think it Right to Have Your letter printed, and Beg You will send me A Copy of it as No Body knows what Became of the Original. I Beg also You will Accomodate the inclosed as writen to day, and I will deliver Both to Morrow Morning to Mr. Necker who is very Anxious about them.\nTo Morrow I present my bill of rights about the middle of the sitting. Be pleased to Consider it Again, and Make Your observations.\nThey are very Angry with me for Having supported the Motion Against the Coming of the troops. If they take me up You Must Claim me as an American Citizen.\nBonjour, My dear friend, I Beg You to Answer as soon as you get up, and wish to Hear from You about eight or Nine at last.\nGod Bless You\nL.F.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0232-0014", "content": "Title: XII. Jefferson to Lafayette, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis July 10. 1789.\nThe acknowledgement by Monsieur de Mirabeau to the national assembly that he had been in an error as to the offer he supposed me to have made, and the reading to them my letter, seems to be all that was requisite for any just purpose. As I was unwilling my name should be used to injure the minister, I am also unwilling it should be used to injure Monsieur de Mirabeau. I learn that his enemies in Paris are framing scandalous versions of my letter. I think therefore with you it may better to print it, and I send you a copy of it. I gave copies of it to Monsieur de Montmorin and Monsieur Necker as was my duty.\u2014I am with sincere affection my dear Sir Your friend and servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nWill you be so good as to send the inclosed to the Dutchess Danville?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0246", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Jones Dawson, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Dawson, William Jones\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMay it Please your Excellency\nParis July 6th. 1789\nThat as the Universal esteem in which your Excellency is held  by your Country and the scientifical World in General, as one of the most learned Men of this Age, and that Your Excellencys love for the Mathematicks is as Great as your Philantrophy will it please your Excellency to admit one of the younger branches of that science to shew his love and esteem for the united states of America and the scientific in that Quarter of the Globe and to have your Excellencys approbation in going to America to settle in that Business under the auspices of the Government. I have been brought up to the business from my Infancy under my Father, and have since served a term of Years under the first Man in the World as an Instrument Maker, Namely Mr. Je. Ramsden of London and am at present working here in Paris at Mr. Baradelles, and understand the method of constructing the Hadley Quadrant with most of the Instruments usefull to the science in General under the latest Improvements of Mr. Ramsden also the Method of Dividing the same accurately. I have been imploy\u2019d about all the Different Instruments at Mr. Ramsdens namely Sextants, Theodolites, Levels, Barometers for Altitudes, and Common Barometers, Thermometers for the pocket, Botanic, and Chemical purposes with many others. If your Excellency will condescend to give me an Answer I shall wait your Excellencys commands when I deliver this Letter and remain With profound Respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Devoted Humble Servant,\nWm Jones Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst, 6 July 1789\nFrom: Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 6 July 1789\nIn pursuance of the Information of John Brown Cutting Esqr. that Your Excellency is empowered by the Governor of the State of South Carolina, to receive the Bonds passed by Commodore Alexr. Gillon in his Quality of Agent for the said State, against Your Excellency\u2019s Receipts for same, pursuant to the Ordinances passed by the Legislature of the said State for funding and ultimately discharging its Foreign Creditors, We transmit Our Mr. Jacob, the Notarial Gross of the One passed by him for our Advances, Which is the fullest Compliance in our Power to the letter of the aforesaid  Ordinance: According to the Practice of the Netherlands, the Bond signed by Mr. Gillon is deposited with the Notary, where our Laws peremptorily require it must remain; Our Mr. Jacob will give at foot thereof such Discharge as the Nature of the Business will admit, Which We presume Your Excellency will think fit to incorporate into the Receipt Your Excellency is authorised to exchange for same.\nWe are apprehensive the Governor has desired Your Excellency, to furnish three Receipts but as the fulfilment of the One, cancels all others of the same Tenor, We trust Your Excellency will not refuse to sign three Receipts for us, independent of those Your Excellency will forward to the Government of South Carolina, as We shall stand in need of Two to send to our Agent \u214c different Conveyance to apply for the Certificate of Transfer, and We ought in an Affair of this Magnitude to Keep one by us.\nWe are likewise Possessors of One Hundred Fifty Bonds of Commre. Alexr. Gillon of One Thousand Guilders each payable to Bearer, Which We deposited with the Notary Mr. P. G. Nahuys, to remain in his Custody until the 31 December this Year, as a security for the States making the Transfer to us of their Amount Capital and Interest, Upon Proof of which being effected, the Notary engaged to deliver these Bonds unto the Agent the State should appoint; Thus, notwithstanding our willingness to deliver up these Bonds to Your Excellency under the Conditions of the Funding Ordinance, the Notary cannot safely disseize himself of them, without a Proof that the State has made such Arrangements respecting them, as with our Approbation, will legally justify him in complying with our Request on this head: To satisfy him then, may We entreat Your Excellency, to send us a Notarial Copy of the Governor\u2019s Authorisation to Your Excellency, to receive and give Discharges for those Bonds, Which with our Acquiesence to the Notary, will be to him a valid Proof of his acting legally, in transmitting these 150 Bonds to Your Excellency; He will on exhibition of same immediately send them, and thus the Affair will be settled by Your Excellency\u2019s Receipts to us for their Object.\nRenewing the Assurance of our sincere desire to render Your Excellency all the useful or agreeable offices in our Power, We are ever respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble Servants,\nNic. & Jacob van Staphorst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Houdetot, 7 July 1789\nFrom: Houdetot, Elisabeth Fran\u00e7oise Sophie de La Live Bellegarde, Comtesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEaubonne ce 7 juillet\nJe m\u2019estois flatt\u00e9e, Monsieur, que vous auri\u00e9s la bont\u00e9 de vous souvenir de moy et de visiter quelque moment ma retraite avant votre depart et le mien. On m\u2019a dit que vous habiti\u00e9s encore ce pays ci, et les choses qui s\u2019y sont pass\u00e9es nous auroient fourny matiere a la conversation. Je souhaitte que tout aille icy aussy bien qu\u2019en amerique et qu\u2019il regne parmy nous un aussy bon esprit que celuy qui regne ch\u00e9s vous. Mais vous n\u2019av\u00e9s pas nos entraves de tout genre. Je suis avec un extreme interet tous les progrets de l\u2019administration de vostre pays, qui me paroit celuy de la raison et du bonheur. Je me fais rendre compte autant que je puis de tout ce qui regarde vos deux illustres compatriotes, Wassington et franclin. Port\u00e9s leur mon homage eternel et la reconnoissance que tout ce qui aime et honore l\u2019humanit\u00e9 leur doit; dites au dernier que jamais il ne sortira ny de mon esprit ny de mon coeur, rapell\u00e9s moi aux siens. La solitude, la retraite qui \u00e9pure toutes les id\u00e9es ajoute sans cesse a l\u2019admiration, \u00e0 l\u2019amour que j\u2019ay pour ces deux illustres personnes, pour ces deux grands hommes dont l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 mesme n\u2019offre point de modele. Si je les voyois je leur parlerois de vous, Monsieur, de cet esprit sage et lumineux qui vous caracterise, de ce caractere digne du leur, enfin de cet homme si instruit, si eclair\u00e9, si aimable, que j\u2019ay trop peu v\u00fb, dont la societ\u00e9 m\u2019eut \u00e9t\u00e9 si ch\u00e8re, et qui est du tr\u00e8s petit nombre de personnes qu\u2019on se plait a voir et a cultiver pour estre content de son espece et de la societ\u00e9. Je m\u2019apercois que je vous fais mes adieux, mais il me reste encore jusqu\u2019au 14 de ce mois a passer a Eaubonne, dont le maitre, Mr. de St. Lambert, seroit ravy et honor\u00e9 si vous voulies bien nous y venir voir un jour. Si vous venies le dimanche, permettries vous a Ally de vous accompagner. Si le hazard vous raproche de son pere j\u2019espere que vous vous souviendr\u00e9s de moy tous deux. Adieu donc, Monsieur, mais reven\u00e9s dans ce pays ou les personnes que vous av\u00e9s admises \u00e0 vous connoitre vous regretteront et vous desireront toujours. Faites profiter vostre pays et le nostre de vos lumieres et n\u2019oubli\u00e9s pas qu\u2019il y a dans celuy cy une personne qui vous sera attach\u00e9e tant qu\u2019elle vivra.\nLa Ctesse d\u2019houdetot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Amand Koenig, 8 July 1789\nFrom: Koenig, Amand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Monsieur]\nStrasbourg ce 8. Juillet 1789\nPour me conformer \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de vos ordres du 29. pass\u00e9, je viens de Vous expedier par la diligence les articles dont facture d\u2019autre part, s\u2019elevant \u00e0 135.\u20b6 5s. que je Vous serois oblig\u00e9 de faire remettre, comme ci-devant, \u00e0 Mr. L. N. Prevost, Libraire quay des Augustins. Syntippae Fabulae est le seul livre qui me manque de v\u00f4tre notte; je n\u2019ai pu le trouver non plus chez mes confr\u00e8res. Veuillez vous procurer bonne reception et me croire avec la consid\u00e9ration la plus distingu\u00e9e, Monsieur, V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nA.K\u00f6nig", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0251", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Chardon, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Chardon, Daniel Marc Antoine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis le 10. Juillet 1789.\nM. le comte de la Luzerne a e\u00fb hier une conf\u00e9rence avec M. le Comte De Montmorin, \u00e0 laquelle j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 appell\u00e9, relativement \u00e0 la Saisie des armes, appartenantes aux \u00e9tats unis, saisies \u00e0 Nantes par le Sieur Puchelberg, entre les mains du Sieur Schwingauser, et dont vous demandez la main lev\u00e9e au nom des \u00e9tats unis. Ces deux Ministres m\u2019ont charg\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9crire au Sieur Puchelberg pour l\u2019engager \u00e0 acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019arbitrage que vous avez propos\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019effet de parvenir \u00e0 terminer cette affaire, sauf, s\u2019il s\u2019y refuse, \u00e0 porter en d\u00e9finitif l\u2019affaire devant Sa Majest\u00e9 en Son conseil. J\u2019\u00e9cris dans cet esprit \u00e0 ce N\u00e9gociant. Aussitot que Sa reponse me sera parvenue, j\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous en faire part.\nJe suis avec respect, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\nChardon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0252", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Swan, 10 July 1789\nFrom: Swan, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis 10h. July 1789.\nPermit me Sir, to enclose you a Copy of the Propositions for the woods, which I mean to present to the Minister of Marine, as soon as I can get a line to him from the Marqs. La fayette, or Vaudre\u00fcil and to pray, that you would mention the matter to Comte Luzerne on the first occasion you shall find. In fact there is nothing wanted but an Essay at present, unless they should chuse to make a Contract. In such a case Messr. Le Leu & Co. Bankers to the Queen, and a  Mr. St. Marc, will be guarantees to the fullfillment on the part of the Americans.\nI have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Your Excellencies Most obedt. & very huml. sert,\nJam. Swan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0256", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBourdeaux 11th July 1789\nAs soon as I arrived in this city being sensible of your solicitude to hasten across the atlantic I made particular enquiry how many american vessels there were in the river, to what ports they were bound and when they might be expected to sail for the United States. I found that fifteen american vessels had just put to sea altogether, that three only remained in port, and that neither of these three were eligible for your purpose.\nBut yesterday the ship Washington arrived from the Patowmack  to the address of Fenwick and Mason, a remarkably excellent ship of more than three hundred tons burthen, a signally swift sailer, having a commodious cabbin and being commanded by a Captain Bond of Maryland who is known to be an expert mariner and a worthy man. She is to return again to the Patowmack with all practicable dispatch and will in fact be ready to sail in eight days. In this ship I hope you will conclude to go to America unless you meet with a better at a nearer port; especially as Mr. Mason engages to and you at Norfolk and will at any rate detain the Washington to learn your determination till the return of the next post. He says she shall be ready to put to sea if you please within an hour after you arrive in Bourdeaux. Persuaded that these favourable circumstances will allure you hither to embark, I resolve to remain stationary in this city until the return of the next post from Paris after you can receive this information.\nI purposely omit uttering aught on any other topic save that of your passage which I assure myself you will take from hence. But if in this conjecture I am erroneous and if contrary to the belief I entertain you are on the point of embarking at Havre I have only to add the most unfeign\u2019d and fervent wishes for your prosperous voyage to our country, that country in every district of which I know you are admired and beloved, and by no citizen in any of those districts more truly than by Your grateful affectionate and most obedt. servt.,\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George C. Morgan, 11 July 1789\nFrom: Morgan, George C.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPalais Royal Saty. Morng. July 11\nI should not have taken the Liberty of writing to you if I had not been encouraged by the fullest confidence in your Friendship for my Uncle Doctor Price. When I left London He was induc\u2019d by the contents of your last Letter to suppose that e\u2019r the present time you had reach\u2019d America. I was therefore charg\u2019d with no specific Message to yourself. But I have brought Letters for M. Target and C. Mirabeau expressive of My Uncle\u2019s and Ld Lansdowne\u2019s eager desire to know some certainty about the state of things in this place.\u2014Dr. Price when he deliver\u2019d these Letters deplor\u2019d your suppos\u2019d Absence.\u2014Since my Arrival in Paris, My Friend Mr. Dallas assur\u2019d me of your unexpected Delay, and of the possibility of my seeing you. I leave this place on Tuesday Afternoon. I shall be at Versailles till to Morrow Evening. Should you therefore be disengaged either on the Monday or the Tuesday Morning I will do myself the Honor to call upon you. Should your engagements call your attention elsewhere any Message sent for me au grand Hotel, Palais Royal, will be deliver\u2019d with care and will afford the highest gratification to Dr. Price. I am with the Greatest Respect yr Hble servt.,\nGeo. C. Morgan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0261", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Price, 12 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Price, Richard\nDear Sir\nParis July 12. 1789.\nThe delay of my Cong\u00e9 permits me still the pleasure of continuing to communicate the principal things which pass here. I have already informed you that the proceedings of the states general were tied up by the difficulty which arose as to the manner of voting, whether it should be by persons or orders. The Tiers at length gave an ultimate invitation to the other two orders to come and join them, informing them at the same time that if they did not they would proceed without them. The majority of the clergy joined them. The king then interposed by the seance royale of which you have heard. The decision he undertook to pronounce was declared null by the assembly and they proceeded in business. Tumults in Paris and Versailles and still more the declared defection of the Souldiery to the popular cause produced from the king an invitation to the Nobles and the minority of the clergy to go and join the common assembly. They did so, and since that time the three orders are in one room, voting by persons, and without any sensible dissension. Still the body of the nobles are rankling at the heart; but I see no reason to apprehend any great evil from it. Another appearance indeed, the approach of a great number of troops, principally foreigners, have given uneasiness. The Assembly addressed the king in an eloquent and masculine stile. His answer, tho\u2019 dry, disavows every object but that of keeping the two capitals quiet. The States then are in quiet possession of the powers of the nation, and have begun the great work of building up a constitution. They appointed a committee to arrange the order in which they should proceed, and I will give you the arrangement, because it will shew you they mean to begin the building at the bottom, and know how to do it. They entitle it \u2018Ordre du travail.\u2019 \u2026\nThe Declaration of the rights of man, which constitutes the 1st. chapter of this work, was brought in the day before yesterday, and  referred to the bureaus. You will observe that these are the outlines of a great work, and be assured that the body engaged in it are equal to a masterly execution of it. They may meet with some difficulties from within their body and some from without. There may be small and temporary checks. But I think they will persevere to it\u2019s accomplishment. The mass of the people is with them: the effective part of the clergy is with them: so I beleive is the souldiery and a respectable proportion of the officers. They have against them the high officers, the high clergy, the noblesse and the parliaments. This you see is an army of officers without souldiers. Should this revolution succeed, it is the beginning of the reformation of the governments of Europe.\u2014I received a note from Mr. Morgan, your nephew, yesterday. I asked him to dine with me but he had gone to Versailles. He is to call on me tomorrow.\u2014Is there any thing good on the subject of the Socinian doctrine, levelled to a mind not habituated to abstract reasoning? I would thank you to recommend such a work to me. Or have you written any thing of that kind? That is what I should like best, as none are so easy to be understood as those who understand themselves. I am with great sincerity Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0262", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame Denise Broutin, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Broutin, Madame Denise\n\u00e0 Paris ce 13me. Juillet 1789.\nMadame Broutin s\u2019occupant d\u2019un jardin Anglois, Monsieur Jefferson a pens\u00e9 qu\u2019elle pourroit avoir plaisir \u00e0 voir un livre traduit de l\u2019Anglois o\u00f9 ce sujet est superieurement trait\u00e9. A des principes tr\u00e8s fond\u00e9s, l\u2019Auteur (M. Whateley) ajoute des descriptions exactes et pittoresques des jardins les plus celebres de l\u2019Angleterre.\u2014Monsieur Jefferson prie donc Madame Broutin de lui accorder la grace de l\u2019accepter. Si elle y trouve de quoi se servir dans l\u2019embellissement de sa belle campagne, il sera enchante d\u2019y avoir contribu\u00e9  quelque peu que ce soit. Si par hazard Madame Broutin possede deja le livre, Monsieur Jefferson n\u2019aura alors que la consolation d\u2019avoir prouv\u00e9 son empressement de lui faire quelque chose d\u2019agreable. Il la prie, en tout cas, d\u2019agreer l\u2019hommage de ses respects, et de son attachement tr\u00e8s sincere.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0263", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis July 13. 1789.\nI wrote you the day before yesterday by Mr. Paradise. I write now by post. The case described in that letter page 3. line 4. to 11. has happened. Mr. Necker was dismissed from office the evening of the 11th. and set out for Geneva. This was not generally known in Paris till yesterday afternoon. The mobs immediately shut up all the playhouses. The foreign troops were advanced into the city. Engagements took place between some of them and the people. The first was in the place Louis XV. where a body of German cavalry being drawn up, the people posted themselves upon and behind the piles of stones collected there for the bridge, attacked and drove off the cavalry with stones. I suspect the cavalry rallied and returned, as I heard shortly after in the same spot a considerable firing. This was a little before dusk, and it is now early in the morning: so I have not ascertained any particulars. Monsr. de Montmorin has resigned. It is said the Baron de Breteuil is taken into the ministry but I cannot affirm this. The progress of things here will be subject to checks from time to time of course. Whether they will be great or small will depend on the army. But they will be only checks. I am Dear Sir with great esteem Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0264", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 13 July 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRotherham Yorkshire July 13. 1789\nI have not yet received any answer to my two last, the one by Msrs. Parker and Cutting, the other by Post with the particulars of Ledyard\u2019s death, from Sir Joseph Banks and Mr. Beaufoy.\nThe Msrs. Walker\u2019s and I have agreed on a plan and terms for executing and erecting a Compleat Br[idge] which we hope to finish by Octr. Several Bridges are wanted but as every one waits for some one to begin we have resolved to begin ourselves. Our Plan and terms are as follows:\nThe Arch is to be 110 feet span, versed sine or arrow 5 feet, and to consist of five ribs at least.\nThe Walkers are to find all the Materials, and fit and frame them ready for erecting, put them on board a Vessel and send them to London. I am to undertake all expence from that time to compleat the erecting. We intend first to exhibit it and afterwards put it up to sale, or dispose of it by private Contract. And after paying the expences of each party the remainer to be equally divided, one half theirs the other mine. My principal object in this plan is to open the way for a Bridge over the Thames which will be more readily accomplished by erecting a Bridge in London than in any other port. When I proposed the before mentioned terms (by letter) to the Walkers, I asked, if it would be agreeable to them to take in one or two other Iron Works with us? They answered, \u2018As our Works are large and capable of dispatching a considerable Bridge in a short space of time we would not chuse to be concerned with any other Iron W[o]rk[s] in this Undertaking.\u2019\nI shall now have occasion to draw upon some funds I have in America. I have one thousand Dollars Stock in the Bank at Philadelphia and two years interest due upon it last April \u00a3180 in the Hands of General Morris, \u00a340 with Mr. Constable of New York, a house at Borden Town and a farm at New Rochelle. The Stock and interest in the Bank, which Mr. Willing manages for me, is the easiest negociated, and full sufficient for what I shall want. On this fund I have drawn fifteen Guineas payable to Mr. Trumbull. Tho\u2019 I shall not want the Money longer than till the Exhibition and Sale of the Bridge I had rather draw than ask to borrow of any body here. If you go to America this year I shall be very glad if you can manage this matter for me, by giving me Credit for two hundred pounds in London, and receiving that amount of [Mr.]  Willing. I am not acquainted with th[e me]thod of Negociating money matters, [but] if you can accomodate me in this, and w[ill] direct me how the transfer is to be made [I] shall be much obliged to you. I am Dr Sir Your Affectionate friend & Obedt. Humble servant,\nThomas Paine\nPlease to direct to me under Cover to Mr. Trumbul. I have some thoughts of coming over to France for two or three weeks, as I shall have little to do here until the Bridge is ready for erecting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0266", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 14 July 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, 14 July 1789. Sends an extract from \u201cThe Bill to regulate the Collection of Impost,\u201d which declares that until the states of Rhode  Island and North Carolina accede to the Constitution and become subject to the laws made thereunder, all \u201cgoods, wares and merchandize\u201d not produced in the said states but imported into the United States from those states \u201cshall be subjected to the same duties as goods imported from foreign countries.\u201d Also sends an extract of an Act of the General Assembly of Rhode Island \u201cfor levying and collecting certain duties and imposts,\u201d and providing that \u201cthe same duties and imposts\u201d levied by the \u201cgeneral Legislature\u201d of the eleven states in the \u201cnew confederacy\u201d shall be collected on all articles imported into Rhode Island from any of the said eleven states. \u201cPerhaps you have the foregoing already but its better to have duplicates than no information at all. I enclose a scrap of a Newspaper which gives you the character and temper of R Island. I find no other matter worth your notice. The June packet not arrived.\u201d Encloses letter for Cutting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0267", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nDear Sir\nParis July 16. 1789.\nI am honoured with yours of the 11th. instant and lament much that I cannot avail myself of so excellent an opportunity of going to America as the Washington offers. But not having yet received my permission I am not at liberty to go. The tumults in Paris which took place on the change of the ministry, the slaughter of the people in the assault of the Bastille the beheading the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of it, and the Prevost de Marchands, excited in the  king so much concern, that bursting from the shackles of his ministers and advisers, he went yesterday morning to the states general with only his two brothers, opened his heart to them, asked them what he could do to restore peace and happiness to his people, and shewed himself ready to do every thing for that purpose, promising particularly to send away the troops. The heat of this city is as yet too great to give entire credit to this, and they continue to arm and organize the Bourgeoisie. But I think you may be assured of the honest sincerity of the king in this last transaction, which came from himself, and that no other act of violence will come from him. He returned to the Chateau afoot, and the whole states general with him. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0268", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Brown Cutting, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, John Brown\nDear Sir\nParis July 16. 1789.\nI thank you for your attention to the cir[cumstance] of my passage, and lament extremely that I cannot avail myself of so favorable a conveiance as the Washington offers, which I would certainly have done had I received my permission. But that is not yet arrived.\u2014The Vanstaphorsts have written to me to receive their bond[s]. This awaits your return.\u2014The Impost act has pass[ed] the house of representatives. A report is given in to the same house on the salaries of the President and Vice president. 20,000 Doll. for the former inclu[ding] his clerk, but exclusive of his servants and equi[page] 5,000 Doll. for the Vicepresident. Mrs. Washington [ar]rived at Philadelphia, and on her way thence to New Y[ork.] For Paris news I refer you to Mr. Bondfeild or Mr. Mason. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0269", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Mason, 16 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mason, John\nSir\nParis July 16. 1789.\nI am honored with your favor of the 11th. and sincerely thank you for the offer of your ship, which I would certainly have embraced,  had I been at liberty to go. But I have not yet received permission, and must await that. I beg you to remember me in the most friendly terms to your father. I have put off answering his letter because I expected constantly to make my voyage to America and to see him at his own house.\nGreat events have taken place here within these few days. The change of the ministry and the tumults of Paris consequent on that you will have heard of. Yesterday the king went without any cortege but his two brothers to the States general and spoke to them in very honest and conciliatory terms; such as in my opinion amount to a surrender at discretion. The temper of this city is too much heated at present to view them in that light, and therefore they keep on the watch, and go on in organizing their armed Bourgeoisie. But I have not a single doubt of the sincerity of the king, and that there will not be another disagreeable act from him. He has promised to send away the troops. I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0270", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame Denise Broutin, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Broutin, Madame Denise\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Cernay le 17 juillet\nJ\u2019ai recu Monsieur avec autant de surprise que de reconnoissance, le present utile et agreable que vous av\u00e9s la bont\u00e9 de me faire. Je suis tres flatt\u00e9e que l\u2019heureux hazard qui m\u2019a procur\u00e9 le plaisir de vous voir vous ait interess\u00e9 \u00e0 Cernay.\nVous me rappell\u00e9s votre sensible Compatriote Sterne qui devine dans les yeux d\u2019une femme le desir qu\u2019elle avoit qu\u2019il prefer\u00e2t une Voiture \u00e0 deux places. Aussi habile et aussi d\u00e9licat, vous av\u00e9s saisi mon foible pour mon jardin et m\u2019av\u00e9s sans perdre de tems procur\u00e9 les moyens de L\u2019embellir. Si cette lecture me donne quelques id\u00e9es je serois heureuse de vous en faire L\u2019hommage. Seroit-ce trop esp\u00e9rer que de penser que ces embellissemens vous attireront \u00e0 Cernay? J\u2019aurois un tres grand regret si le plaisir de vous voir ne devoit pas se renouveller. J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissante Servante,\nDenis Broutin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0271", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 17 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis July 17. 1789.\nI wrote you by post on the 13th. That day all the rest of the ministry was dismissed except Villedeuil and Barentin. The new ministers were Breteuil, Broglio, Vauguyon, de la Porte, de la Galaisiere, and Foulon. The people of Paris forced the prisons of St. Lazare, where they got some arms. On the 14th. they took the Invalids, and Bastille, and beheaded the Governor and Lt. Governor of the latter and the Prevost des marchands. The city committee is determined to embody 48,000 Bourgeois and named the Marquis de la Fayette commander in chief. The king hereupon went to the States general, and surrendered as it were at discretion and this day he and they have come in solemn procession to satisfy the city. He has sent to Brussels to recall Mr. Necker; he has accepted the resignations of Villedeuil, Barentin and Broglio and to-day or tomorrow will receive those of Breteuil and the rest. I imagine that from 60. to 80,000 armed Bourgeois lined the streets through which he passed to day. A more dangerous scene of war I never saw in America, than what Paris has presented for 5. days past. This places the power of the States general absolutely out of the reach of attack, and they may be considered as having a carte blanche. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0273", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Houdetot, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Houdetot, Elisabeth Fran\u00e7oise Sophie de La Live Bellegarde, Comtesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEaubonne ce 18 juilliet\nVous me pardonner\u00e9s Monsieur ma sollicitude maternelle pour deux enfans auquel vous vous interresses. Je n\u2019ay eu n\u2019y nay que vos espoirs du moyen de les aprocher de moy. Puis je esperer de vos bont\u00e9s pour eux et pour moy que vous voudr\u00e9s bien me dire s\u2019ils peuvent rester tranquiles o\u00f9 ils sont, et si vous pens\u00e9s qu\u2019ils doivent sortir. Auri\u00e9s vous la bont\u00e9 de leur donner azile jusqua ce que je puisse leur en procurer un. Il me semble pourtant qu\u2019ils nont rien a craindre, mais je ne puis prendre trop de precaution pour des enfans qui me sont tr\u00e8s chers. Un mot je vous prie et mille pardons. La poste recommence d\u2019aller. Ny la poste ni les expr\u00e9s ne passoient pas ces jours derniers.\nLa Ctesse dHoudetot\nEcriv\u00e9s a Sannois d\u2019ou on menverra vostre lettre a Eaubonne ou je suis arriv\u00e9e.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0274", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 18 July 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear\nLondon Margaret Street No. 15 CavendishSquare\u2003Saturday July the 18th. 1789\nI received your affectionate and kind Letter of the 13th. on the 17th. the Day after the arrival of Mr. Paradise. His arrival gave Me an uneasiness for fear of an arrest, as the Deed is not yet finished. His appearance speaks the great care, your Excellency has done him the Honour to shew him. He is very sensible of it. He has Great reason so to be. For Myself, I look up to you, as to an Angel sent from Heaven, to see justice done Me, and my only Child. Indeed My Dear Sir the Moment I can say, the Debts are all paid, and I have an Hundred, or Two Pound in My Pocket clear, I shall begin to feel rest, as it will enable me, to shew My Gratitude to My Friends. All, I find, is in Confusion where you are, and without a better Head to set their government Right it will be worse. This Country trembles, when they even suppose that France will be as Free as themselves; because should they put their Funds upon the same plan as these here, this Country will feel it very severely. It will give a stab that no time can cure. I shall be sorry for it, But if it makes the People More Virtuous (altho, I find them better  then in the Countries I have seen) I shall be happy. I have just finished the Reign of Lewis the 14th. He knew by the advice of Madame de Maintenon how to be a King, but his obstanicy was so Great as often to hinder him from acting Right. God send peace all over France. Some of their Customs I like, that particularly which concerns Husbands and Wifes. They want the sincerity of us Americans. This Letter will be delivered to your Excellency, I hope by Count Soderini who is on this way to Venice. He is a Gentleman worthy to be known by Your Excellency. The wheather is very bad as it [ra]ins several times in a Day. The King is perfectly recovered. Dr. Bancroft appears not to be tired in his acts of Friendship. I wish this Gentleman was our Minister here. Think of Me when you are in Virginia and do Me one Great Favour which is to examine My Property nicely and let Me know what, I may always expect. I shall esteem it a favour if your Excellency will do me the Honour to present My affectionate Love to the Dear Miss Jeffersons, and My very best Compliments to Mr. Short. I beg you will be so good as to tell him I wish him to be as happy as his Heart Could wish. To Colo. Blagden and Lady I return them thanks for their kind attentions to Mr. Paradise, and My be[st] Compliments to them and all the Americans I knew, and all the other persons of my acquaintances. I have the Honour to be Dear Sir Your Excellencies Most Grateful Humble Servant and Affect. Friend,\nL Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0275", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Abb\u00e9 Arnoux, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Arnoux, Abb\u00e9\nBooks on the subject of Juries.\nComplete juryman, or a compendium of the laws relating to jurors. 12mo. 3/\nGuide to English juries. 12mo. 1/. 1682.\nHawles\u2019s Englishman\u2019s right. 8vo. and 12mo. 1/\nJurors judges both of law and fact by Jones. 3/\nSecurity of Englishmen\u2019s lives, or the duty of grand juries. 12mo. 1/\nWalwin\u2019s juries justified. 4to. 1/\nDear Sir\nParis July 19. 1789.\nThe above is a catalogue of all the books I recollect on the subject  of juries. With respect to the value of this institution I must make a general observation. We think in America that it is necessary to introduce the people into every department of government as far as they are capable of exercising it; and that this is the only way to ensure a long-continued and honest administration of it\u2019s powers. 1. They are not qualified to exercise themselves the EXECUTIVE department: but they are qualified to name the person who shall exercise it. With us therefore they chuse this officer every 4. years. 2. They are not qualified to LEGISLATE. With us therefore they only chuse the legislators. 3. They are not qualified to JUDGE questions of law; but they are very capable of judging questions of fact. In the form of JURIES therefore they determine all matters of fact, leaving to the permanent judges to decide the law resulting from those facts. But we all know that permanent judges acquire an Esprit de corps, that being known they are liable to be tempted by bribery, that they are misled by favor, by relationship, by a spirit of party, by a devotion to the Executive or Legislative; that it is better to leave a cause\u2019to the decision of cross and pile, than to that of a judge biassed to one side; and that the opinion of 12 honest jurymen gives still a better hope of right, than cross and pile does. It is left therefore to the juries, if they think the permanent judges are under any biass whatever in any cause, to take upon themselves to judge the law as well as the fact. They never exercise this power but when they suspect partiality in the judges, and by the exercise of this power they have been the firmest bulwarks of English liberty. Were I called upon to decide whether the people had best be omitted in the Legislative or Judiciary department, I would say it is better to leave them out of the Legislative. The execution of the laws is more important than the making them. However it is best to have the people in all the three departments where that is possible. I write in great haste my dear Sir, and have therefore only time to add wishes for the happiness of your country, to which a new order of things is opening and assurances of the sincere esteem with which I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, your most obedient & humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0276", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frimont de Barail, 19 July 1789\nFrom: De Barail, Frimont\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 19 July. Asks TJ to name day and hour she could see him \u201cde la part de Mde. Brossier du Havre.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0277", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 19 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nParis July 19. 1789.\nI am become very uneasy lest you should have adopted some channel for the conveiance of your letters to me which is unfaithful. I have none from you of later date than Nov. 25. 1788. and of consequence no acknowledgement of the receipt of any of mine since that of Aug. 11. 1788. Since that period I have written to you of the following dates. 1788. Aug. 20. Sep. 3. 5. 24. Nov. 14. 19. 29. 1789. Jan. 11. 14. 21. Feb. 4. Mar. 1. 12. 14. 15. May. 9. 11. 12. Jun. 17. 24. 29. I know through another person that you have received mine of Nov. 29. and that you have written an answer; but I have never received the answer, and it is this which suggests to me the fear of some general source of miscarriage.\nThe capture of three French merchant ships by the Algerines under different pretexts, has produced great sensation in the seaports of this country, and some in it\u2019s government. They have ordered some frigates to be armed at Toulon to punish them. There is a possibility that this circumstance, if not too soon set to rights by the Algerines, may furnish occasion to the States general, when they shall have leisure to attend to matters of this kind, to disavow any future tributary treaty with them. These pyrates respect still less their treaty with Spain, and treat the Spaniards with an insolence greater than was usual before the treaty.\nThe scarcity of bread begins to lessen in the Southern parts of France where the harvest is commenced. Here it is still threatening because we have yet two or three weeks to the beginning of harvest, and I think there has not been three days provision beforehand in Paris for two or three weeks past. Monsieur de Mirabeau, who is very hostile to Mr. Necker, wished to find a ground for censuring him in a proposition to have a great quantity of flour furnished  from the United states, which he supposed me to have made to Mr. Necker, and to have been refused by him; and he asked time of the states general to furnish proofs. The Marquis de la Fayette immediately gave me notice of this matter, and I wrote him a letter to disavow having ever made any such proposition to Mr. Necker, which I desired him to communicate to the states. I waited immediately on Mr. Necker and Monsieur de Montmorin, satisfied them that what had been suggested was absolutely without foundation from me, and indeed they had not needed this testimony. I gave them copies of my letter to the Marquis de la Fayette, which was afterwards printed. The Marquis on the receipt of my letter, shewed it to Mirabeau, who turned then to a paper from which he had drawn his information, and found he had totally mistaken it. He promised immediately that he would himself declare his error to the States general, and read to them my letter, which he did. I state this matter to you, tho\u2019 of little consequence in itself, because it might go to you mistated in the English papers.\u2014Our supplies to the Atlantic ports of France during the months of March, April, and May, were only 12,220 quintals 33 \u2114 of flour, and 44,115 quintals 40 \u2114 of wheat, in 21. vessels.\nMy letter of the 29th. of June brought down the proceedings of the States and Government to the reunion of the orders, which took place on the 27th. Within the Assembly matters went on well. But it was soon observed that troops, and particularly the foreign troops, were on their march towards Paris from various quarters and that this was against the opinion of Mr. Necker. The king was probably advised to this under pretext of preserving peace in Paris and Versailles, and saw nothing else in the measure. But his advisers are supposed to have had in view, when he should be secured and inspirited by the presence of the troops, to take advantage of some favorable moment and surprize him into an act of authority for establishing the Declaration of the 23d of June, and perhaps dispersing the States general. The Marshal de Broglio was appointed to command all the troops within the Isle of France, a high flying Aristocrat, cool and capable of every thing. Some of the French guards were soon arrested under other pretexts, but in reality on account of their dispositions in favor of the national cause. The people of Paris forced the prison, released them, and sent a deputation to the States general to solicit a pardon. The States by a most moderate and prudent Arret\u00e9 recommended these prisoners\n to the king, and peace to the people of Paris. Addresses  came in to them from several of the great cities expressing sincere allegiance to the king, but a determined resolution to support the States general. On the 8th. of July they vote an address to the king to remove the troops. This peice of masculine eloquence, written by Monsieur de Mirabeau, is worth attention, on account of the bold matter it expresses or covers, thro the whole. The king refuses to remove the troops and says they may remove themselves if they please to Noyons or Soissons. They proceed to fix the order in\n which they will take up the several branches of their future constitution, from which it appears they mean to build it from the bottom, confining themselves to nothing in their antient form, but a king. A Declaration of rights, which forms the first chapter of their work was then proposed by the Marquis de la Fayette. This was\n on the 11th.\u2014In the mean time troops to the number of about 125. or 30,000 had arrived and were posted in and between Paris and Versailles. The bridges and passes were guarded. At 3. oclock in the afternoon the Count de la Luzerne was sent to notify Mr. Necker of his dismission, and to enjoin him to retire instantly without saying a word of it to any body. He went home, dined, proposed to his wife a visit to a friend, but went in fact to his country house at St. Ouen, and at midnight set out from thence for\n Brussels. This was not known till the next day, when the whole ministry was changed except Villedeuil of the Domestic department and Barentin Garde des sceaux. These changes were as follows. The Baron de Breteuil President of the council of finance, and de la Galaisiere Comptroller General in the room of Mr. Necker; the Mareshal de Broglio minister of war, and Foulon under him, in the room of Puy-segur; Monsieur de la Vauguyon minister of foreign affairs instead of Monsieur de Montmorin; de la Porte, minister of marine, in place of the Count de la Luzerne; St. Priest was also removed from the council. It is to be observed that Luzerne and Puy-segur had been strongly of the aristocratical party in council; but they were not considered as equal to bear their shares in the work now to be done. For this change, however sudden it may have been in the mind of the king, was, in that of his advisers, only the second chapter of a great plan, of which the bringing together the foreign troops had been the first. He was now completely in the hands of men, the principal among whom had been noted thro\u2019 their lives for the Turkish despotism of their characters, and who were associated about the king as proper instruments for what  was to be executed.\u2014The news of this change began to be known in Paris about 1. or 2. oclock. In the afternoon a body of about 100. German cavalry were advanced and drawn up in the Place Louis XV. and about 300 Swiss posted at a little distance in their rear. This drew people to that spot, who naturally formed themselves in front of the troops, at first merely to look at them. But as their numbers increased their indignation arose: they retired a few steps, posted themselves on and behind large piles of loose stone collected in that Place for a bridge adjacent to it, and attacked the horse with stones. The horse charged, but the advantageous position of the people, and the showers of stones obliged them to retire, and even to quit the field altogether, leaving one of their number on the ground. The Swiss in their rear were observed never to stir. This was the signal for universal insurrection, and this body of cavalry, to avoid being massacred, retired towards Versailles. The people now armed themselves with such weapons as they could find in Armourer\u2019s shops and private houses, and with bludgeons, and were roaming all night through all parts of the city without any decided and practicable object. The next day the States press on the king to send away the troops, to permit the Bourgeoisie\n of Paris to arm for the preservation of order in the city, and offer to send a deputation from their body to tranquillize them. He refuses all their propositions. A Committee of magistrates and electors of the city are appointed, by their bodies, to take upon them it\u2019s government. The mob, now openly joined by the French guards, force the prisons of St. Lazare, release all the prisoners, and take a great store of corn, which they carry to the corn market. Here they get some arms, and the French guards begin to form and train them. The City committee determine to raise 48,000 Bourgeois,\n or rather to restrain their numbers to 48,000. On the 14th. they send one of their members (Monsieur de Corny, whom we knew in America) to the Hotel des Invalides to ask arms for their Garde Bourgeoise. He was followed by, or he found there, a great mob. The Governor of the Invalids came out and represented the impossibility of his delivering arms without the orders of those from whom he received them. De Corney advised the people then to retire, retired himself, and the people took possession of the arms. It was remarkeable that not only the Invalids themselves made no opposition, but that a body of 5000 foreign troops, encamped within 400. yards, never stirred. Monsieur de Corny and five others were then sent to ask arms of Monsieur de Launai,  Governor of the Bastille. They found a great collection of people already before the place, and they immediately planted a flag of truce, which was answered by a like flag hoisted on the parapet. The deputation prevailed on the people to fall back a little, advanced themselves to make their demand of the Governor, and in that instant a discharge from the Bastille killed 4. people of those nearest to the deputies. The deputies retired, the people rushed against the place, and almost in an instant were in possession of a fortification, defended by 100 men, of infinite strength, which in other times had stood several regular sieges and had never been taken. How they got in, has as yet been impossible to discover. Those, who pretend to have been of the party tell so many different stories as to destroy the credit of them all. They took all the arms, discharged the prisoners and such of the garrison as were not killed in the first moment of fury, carried the Governor and Lieutenant governor to the Greve (the place of public execution) cut off their heads, and set them through the city in triumph to the Palais royal. About the same instant, a treacherous correspondence having been discovered in Monsieur de Flesselles prevot des marchands, they seize him in the hotel de vile, where he was in the exercise of his office, and cut off his head. These events carried imperfectly to Versailles were the subject of two successive deputations from the States to the King, to both of which he gave dry and hard answers, for it has transpired that it had been proposed and agitated in Council to seize on the principal members of the States general, to march the whole army down upon Paris and to suppress it\u2019s tumults by the sword. But at night the Duke de Liancourt forced his way into the king\u2019s bedchamber, and obliged him to hear a full and animated detail of the disasters of the day in Paris. He went to bed deeply impressed. The decapitation of de Launai worked powerfully thro\u2019 the night on the whole Aristocratical party, insomuch that in the morning those of the greatest influence on the Count d\u2019Artois represented to him the absolute necessity that the king should give up every thing to the states. This according well enough with the dispositions of the king, he went about 11. oclock, accompanied only by his brothers, to the States general, and there read to them a speech, in which he asked their interposition to re-establish order. Tho this be couched in terms of some caution, yet the manner in which it was delivered made it evident that it was meant as a surrender at discretion. He returned to the chateau afoot, accompanied by the States. They sent off a deputation, the  Marquis de la Fayette at their head, to quiet Paris. He had the same morning been named Commandant en chef of the milice Bourgeoise, and Monsieur Bailly, former President of the States general, was called for as Prevost des marchands. The demolition of the Bastille was now ordered, and begun. A body of the Swiss guards, of the regiment of Ventimille, and the city horse guards join the people. The alarm at Versailles increases instead of abating. They believed that the Aristocrats of Paris were under pillage and carnage, that 150,000 men were in arms coming to Versailles to massacre the Royal family, the court, the ministers and all connected with them, their practices and principles. The Aristocrats of the Nobles and Clergy in the States general vied with each other in declaring how sincerely they were converted to the justice of voting by persons, and how determined to go with the nation all it\u2019s lengths. The foreign troops were ordered off instantly. Every minister resigned. The king confirmed Bailly as Prevost des marchands, wrote to Mr. Necker to recall him, sent his letter open to the States general to be forwarded by them, and invited them to go with him to Paris the next day to satisfy the city of his dispositions:\n and that night and the next morning the Count d\u2019Artois and a Monsieur de Montesson (a deputy) connected with him, Madame de Polignac, Madame de Guiche and the Count de Vaudreuil favorites of the queen, the Abb\u00e9 de Vermont her confessor, the Prince of Cond\u00e9 and Duke de Bourbon, all fled, we know not whither. The king came to Paris, leaving the queen in consternation for his return. Omitting the less important figures of the procession, I will only observe that the king\u2019s carriage was in the center, on each side of it the States general, in two ranks, afoot, at their head the Marquis de la Fayette as commander in chief, on horseback, and Bourgeois guards before and behind. About 60,000 citizens of all forms and colours, armed with the muskets of the Bastille and Invalids as far as they would go, the rest with pistols, swords, pikes, pruning hooks, scythes &c. lined all the streets thro\u2019 which the procession passed, and, with the crowds of people in the streets, doors and windows, saluted them every where with cries of \u2018vive la nation.\u2019 But not a single \u2018vive le roy\u2019 was heard. The king landed at the Hotel de ville. There Monsieur Bailly presented and put into his hat the popular cockade, and addressed him. The king being unprepared and unable to answer, Bailly went to him, gathered from him some scraps of sentences, and made out an answer, which he delivered to the Audience as from the king.  On their return the popular cries were \u2018vive le roy et la nation.\u2019 He was conducted by a garde Bourgeoise to his palace at Versailles, and thus concluded such an Amende honorable as no sovereign ever made, and no people ever received. Letters written with his own hand to the Marquis de la Fayette remove the scruples of his position. Tranquillity is now restored to the Capital: the shops are again opened; the people resuming their labours, and, if the want of bread does not disturb our peace, we may hope a continuance of it. The demolition of the Bastille is going on, and the milice Bourgeoise organising and training. The antient police of the city is abolished by the authority of the people, the introduction of king\u2019s troops will probably be proscribed, and a watch or city guards substituted, which shall depend on the city alone. But we cannot suppose this paroxysm confined to Paris alone. The whole country must pass successively thro\u2019 it, and happy if they get thro\u2019 it as soon and as well as Paris has done. I went yesterday to Versailles to satisfy myself what had passed there; for nothing can be believed but what one sees, or has from an eye witness. They believe there still that 3000 people have fallen victims to the tumults of Paris. Mr. Short and myself have been every day among them in order to be sure of what was passing. We cannot find with certainty that any body has been killed but the three beforementioned, and those who fell in the assault or defence of the Bastille. How many of the garrison were killed no body pretends to have ever heard. Of the assailants accounts vary from 6. to 600. The most general belief is that there fell about 30. There have been many reports of instantaneous executions by the mob, on such of their body as they caught in acts of theft or robbery. Some of these may perhaps be true. There was a severity of honesty observed of which no example has been known. Bags of money offered on various occasions, thro fear or guilt, have been uniformly refused by the mobs. The churches are now occupied in singing \u2018De profundis\u2019 and \u2018Requiems for the repose of the souls of the brave and valiant citizens who have sealed with their blood the liberty of the nation.\u2019\u2014Monsieur de Montmorin is this day replaced in the department of foreign affairs, and Monsieur de St. Priest is named to the Home department. The gazettes of France and Leyden accompany this. I send also a paper (called the Point du jour) which will give you some idea of the proceedings of the National assembly. It is but an indifferent thing; however it is the best.\u2014I have the honor to be with great esteem and respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. July 21. Mr. Necker had left Brussels for Francfort before the Courier got there. We expect however to hear of him in a day or two. Monsieur le Comte de la Luzerne has resumed the department of the marine this day. Either this is an office of friendship effected by Monsr. de Montmorin (for tho they had taken different sides, their friendship continued) or he comes in as a stop-gap till somebody else can be found. Tho\u2019 very unequal to his office, all agree that he is an honest man. The Count d\u2019Artois was at Valenciennes. The Prince of Cond\u00e9 and Duke de Bourbon had passed that place.\n   See it in the paper called Point du jour. No. 23.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Archbishop of Bordeaux, 20 July 1789\nFrom: Cic\u00e9, Jerome Marie Champion de, Archbishop of Bordeaux\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nVersles. le 20 juillet 1789\nLe Comit\u00e9 charg\u00e9 par l\u2019assembl\u00e9e nationale de rediger un projet de Constitution et ne voulant rien negliger pour la perfection d\u2019un ouvrage aussi important, desire de vous entretenir et de faire tourner au profit de la France les lumieres de Votre raison et de Votre experience. Nous esperons de vous, Monsieur, cette Complaisance. Il n\u2019y a plus d\u2019etrangers pour vous lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit du bonheur des hommes. Dans cette juste Confiance nous avons l\u2019honneur de vous prier de nous accorder une Conference Mercredy prochain dans un des bureaux attenant la Salle de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e nationale \u00e0 5 heures apr\u00e9s midy pour Six.\nSi j\u2019osois, Monsieur, je vous prierois de me faire l\u2019honneur de diner ce m\u00eame jour chez moy place dauphine No 8. Aggr\u00e9ez la Consideration respectueuse avec laquelle j\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur,\n\u2020 j.m. arch. de Bordeaux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0280", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear sir\nBordeaux Tuesday July 21st 1789\nLast thursday evening and during the whole of the next day this City was in a ferment. An uncertain account of the late commotions in Paris and Versailles occasion\u2019d it. Fortunately a special courier sent hither by a Mr. Neriac one of the deputies for this place to the states general brought an authentic sketch of what had happen\u2019d, otherwise the house and life of every suspected person in this city wou\u2019d have been in jeopardy. By suspected I mean of views inimical to the rights of the people. This letter was printed and distributed, and its moderating efficacy was immediately manifest. The patriots of Paris it appear\u2019d had overcome diciplin\u2019d mercenaries and cut the throats of a few obnoxious chieftains. But even had the event of that conflict prov\u2019d otherwise nothing cou\u2019d daunt or diminish the spirit of all ranks of people here in support of the national assembly, nor suppress open demonstrations of its fervency. Yesterday I attended the Exchange. All pecuniary business was postponed, swallowed up, annihilated by political discussions. I never saw more lively zeal managed with more decorum. An eloquent Abbe mounted a kind of bureau (where assurance is generally done) which made a very feasable rostrum elevated above the level of our heads: and supported by half a dozen respectable merchants he proposed an address or remonstrance or both. This measure was then debated with animation by the whole mercantile body, the terms of it amended on motion, several additions to it made and the whole being read over was ultimately adopted with cordial unanimity. I understood that the purport of it was to thank Mr. Nerac and his brother deputies for the resolute patriotism which they had manifested, to instruct them to demand the recal of Mr. Necker and to insist on the impeachment and punishment of those ministers whose counsels have misguided the king, to persevere in reforming the constitution of the nation, and lastly to dispatch an early account of the answer given to these requisitions.\u2014I forgot to mention that the courier who brought Mr. Neriac\u2019s letter brought also a cockade from Paris composed of white, blue and pink-coloured ribbond, asserting it was the badge which the patriots of the metropolis now wore. In a very few hours it became hazardous to be seen without this cockade. The shop of every milliner was besieged. Instantly more than forty thousand cockades were assumed by man, woman and child, priest, peasant and prince. No person was permitted to  enter the comedy without one, no merchant the exchange, no mannay no nobleman any public walk. All the soldiers of the garrison stationd here were forward to wear them, nor were the officers backward. By the way the soldiers side with the citizens and are most cordial in all their measures. Their Colonel it is said for attempting to impose an oath on them implicitly to obey his commands narrowly escaped being thrown into the river. Being sent for by the Commandant of the Province he was reprimanded and convinced of the rashness of doing or saying aught offensive to the inflamed citizens of Bordeaux. Rumour says he has since presented a patriotic cockade to each soldier under his command.\u2014But be this so or not, I have actually seen the soldiers of this garrison cockaded and with all their music intermingle with the citizens and assist in forming them into companies and drilling them. This new and pleasing spectacle I beheld yesterday afternoon. There was a spontaneous meeting of the patriotic in the public garden. I went, not without a cokade in my hat of suitable enormity and in virtue of this pasport got entrance with the throng about five o\u2019clock. As soon as I entered I mounted the terrace and taking out my watch, number\u2019d the men who pass\u2019d in after me, by observing at different intervals of the same hour how many in the space of one minute entered. According to a calculation formed on this principle there entered above ten thousand able bodied men willing to bear arms. In the centre of this spacious garden there was reared a kind of pyramid form\u2019d by erecting a few tall ladders endwise, a standard of white silk adorn\u2019d with three flowers de leuce was planted on its summit and a black Ribband streaming over it, emblematic of dreadful resolution. The orators climb\u2019d upon the stage and in loud ardent speeches announced the purposes of the meeting, one of which was to choose a committee consisting of a member from each parish to wait upon and consult with the ninety electors who had on a former occasion been appointed to nominate the deputies to the national assembly for Bordeaux. The objects of consultation to be the best mode of organizing and distributing the militia into regiments and officering and arming them, and in fine to deliberate upon and recommend the best measures to be adopted by the City in the present crisis of public affairs. Meanwhile these orators recommended it to their fellow citizens to embody themselves into companies by parishes. One company for each parish to be ready to act in case of sudden emergency. All these propositions were received with acclamations adopted with unanimity and executed  on the spot. Among the deputies chosen in this garden I was not displeased to observe that one parish selected a young officer of the regiment stationd here who it seems was born among them. It demonstrated that they had no distrust of his patriotism merely because his profession was military and his thankful acceptance of the honour confer\u2019d was a proof that in learning the duties of a soldier he had not forgotten those of a citizen. The number of this civil and military committee was precisely thirteen. The business of the assembly being thus dispatch\u2019d this great mass of people paraded in one solid column with drums beating and colours flying marshal\u2019d by and intermingled with some sergeants and many soldiers of the garrison, through several of the principal streets, and about twilight seperated without committing depredation, offering insult or perpetrating any outrage whatsoever.\nIt is not difficult for you to conceive what a regale I have enjoyed. You will readily believe that I felt much interested in every thing that was passing. I am confident you find by experience that a citizen of america cannot behold with indifference\u2014no nor without emotions of cordial sympathy\u2014whole communities hitherto bowing under a government if not despotic yet strictly monarchical now agitated by that honest ardour for public freedom which when well directed leads to its establishment. I have seen and heard both in Paris and Bordeaux enough to convince me that the flame of liberty which is now kindled in France will consume every relic of feudal and papal tyranny that yet lingers within her confines together with the clumsy buttresses of unlimited prerogative: and that the genius of free government may spring like a phoenix from their ashes and permanently inhabit a new european edifice, a just, open, manly national constitution of sufficient stability to defy the tooth of time and mock the assaults of tyrants, is my most fervent ejaculation to heaven for this great kingdom.\nJust as I am closing this letter information that I can rely on is given that a deputation of the citizens having waited on the Commandant of this province to demand whether he wou\u2019d relinquish possession of the fort in Bordeaux to the citizens, he answer\u2019d he was ready in person to deliver the keys into such custody as the City might appoint whenever they chose to request them. This yielding deportment on his part is highly discreet. A rough answer in the negative wou\u2019d undoubtedly have induced them to attempt the fort by storm. And that in such case they wou\u2019d carry it cannot be questioned by any one who considers that the persons assign\u2019d  to defend it are with the Citizens in sentiment, and who also considers that out of nearly two hundred thousand inhabitants more than thirty thousand assemble tomorrow in the different churches to enroll themselves, arm and choose their officers.\u2014With very great esteem I have the honor to be Your Most Obedt & Most Humble Sert,\nJohn B. Cutting\nP.S. Wednesday 22d of July. Our friend Mr. Mason (son of that Mr. Mason to whom I am told our country is indebted for the first sketch of an american bill of rights) is just returnd from the parish church of this district wherein five thousand and six hundred good men and true, able inhabitants and most of them house keepers in Bordeaux have been to enroll themselves, subscribe to a military association, and choose their officers. The Captains and Subalterns are first elected by each company of sixty, then these Captains and Subalterns choose field officers for each regiment and the field officers the staff. Thirty thousand are already enrolled in the thirteen parishes of this City and its environs and have chosen their officers. They are to receive arms from the public arsenal in this vicinity, the Commandant of the Province having signified his willingness that they shou\u2019d take what nolens volens they will have. I find the french of this province a firm resolute race of men ready to defend or acquire and therefore fit to possess and enjoy the inestimable blessings of civil liberty. I forgot to mention that a large regiment of Artillery is forming and that six hundred burger horse are now actually raised and parading. The whole of this new business has been transacted without tumult disorder, or detriment to a single Individual. The Commandant has thrown open the gates of the fort. The citizens are so satisfied with the fidelity of the soldiers to the nation that they are suffered to sleep in their barracks, appear at roll call and for form\u2019s sake place their out sentinels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 21 July 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLondon July 21st. 1789.\nOn the other side you have the only articles of interesting intelligence which I can find in Boston Papers so late as the 15th. June. There is a Gentleman in Town who left N York the same day: I have not seen him but am told he brings nothing of Consequence. The Congress continue with great unanimity in their Attention to the Revenue establishment in which their progress is as rapid as can be expected in such a complex and new subject.\nI have been extremely apprehensive for the safety of yourself and Family amidst the sad scenes which have agitated Paris:\u2014am happy to learn they have terminated so happily, and hope you have experienc\u2019d no other inconvenience than the anxiety which must have been inseperable from the precious charge which you have with you. I am most gratefully your\u2019s,\nJno. Trumbull\nBy a ship which sails tomorrow, I send to my Brother the best accounts I have been able to collect.\n[On verso:] Thursday 11th June having been appointed for the General Assembly of R Island agreeable to a resolve of the last session to take into consideration a motion made for calling a Convention to adopt the new Constitution, the same was accordingly taken up, and after the matter was discussed, the vote was taken and there appeard a Majority of Eleven against calling a Convention.\u2014A Motion for repealing the Tender Law was also made and taken into consideration, and passed also in the Negative by a Majority of seven.\nThe same day Governor Collins of RI published a proclamation prohibiting the exportation of Corn or Flour of every kind from that state, on penalty of forfeiture of the articles and twice their value.\n4th of June\u2014in Congress\u2014Mr. Benson mov\u2019d that the House should then form itself into Committee of the Whole and take into consideration propos\u2019d resolution respecting R. Island (of which you have a Copy). This occasion\u2019d a short discussion, when the previous question was mov\u2019d, which pass\u2019d in the negative, and the proposd resolution was lost.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0283", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Archbishop of Bordeaux, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cic\u00e9, Jerome Marie Champion de, Archbishop of Bordeaux\n\u00e0 Paris ce 22me Juillet 1789.\nJe sens toute ma malheur, Monseigneur, de recevoir les ordres du Comit\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 pour la redaction de la Constitution au moment que des depeches pour l\u2019Amerique m\u2019occupent tout entier, et que le b\u00e2timent qui doit les porter est pret \u00e0 mettre \u00e0 la voile. Je vous supplie de leur en \u00eatre l\u2019organe de mes regrets. A moi la perte est des plus affligeantes de manquer \u00e0 des discussions les plus interessantes possibles, et trait\u00e9es, comme elles le seront, par des membres distingu\u00e9s de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e la plus eclair\u00e9e qui existe. Mes foibles lumieres ne leur auroient rien valu. Elles leur auroient et\u00e9 d\u2019un trop leger dedommagement pour la mefiance et peutetre les calomnies qu\u2019auroient pu etre inspir\u00e9es contre leurs demarches, quand on aurai publi\u00e9 qu\u2019un republicain zel\u00e9 y avoit assist\u00e9, qu\u2019un etranger address\u00e9 nommement au Chef de la nation avoit et\u00e9 permis de se meler \u00e0 des discussions o\u00f9 il etoit question d\u2019abreger les pouvoirs de ce Chef, et de changer essentiellement la forme du gouvernement. L\u2019occupation donc qui m\u2019empeche de profiter de l\u2019invitation que l\u2019honorable comit\u00e9 me fait l\u2019honneur de me proposer, mettra leurs deliberations \u00e0 l\u2019abri de cette reproche, la seule \u00e0 laquelle il auroit pu etre lieu, et ne me laisse que des voeux tres sinceres et tres passiones pour le parfait succe\u00e8s de vos travaux. Assurez les en, je vous en supplie, Monseigneur, et daignez d\u2019agreer vous meme les assurances", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0284", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 22 July 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 22 July 1789. Yesterday, after departure of post, he received from Amsterdam from an unknown source and without notice two packets addressed to TJ \u201cto the Care of Charles W. F. Dumas, Esquire, at the Hague.\u201d From handwriting and seals he judged that the packets came from secretary for foreign affairs in Congress and that it was brought to Amsterdam by a vessel recently arrived from New York. TJ\u2019s letter of 8 Mch. led him to suppose Short would do the business of legation in his absence, but since then\u2014despite his letters of 24 Mch., 3 and \u201cdernier d\u2019Avril,\u201d and 15 June\u2014he has had no direct and positive knowledge of TJ\u2019s departure. He thus asks the officer of legation in TJ\u2019s absence to send him orders as soon as possible for forwarding the packets to TJ by the most exact, prompt, and sure method. Meanwhile, he will keep them carefully under key. [In postscript:]  At present, he knows no more certain method of sending the packets than by post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0286", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 23 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis July 23. 1789.\nThe bearer of my letters (a servant of Mr. Morris) not going off till to-day I am enabled to add to their contents. The spirit of tumult seemed to have subsided, when yesterday it was excited again by a particular incident. Monsieur Foullon, one of the obnoxious ministry, who, as well as his brethren, had absconded, was taken in the country, and as is said by his own tenants, and brought to Paris. Great efforts were exerted, by popular characters, to save him. He was at length forced out of the hands of the Garde Bourgeoise, hung immediately, his head cut off, and his body drawn through the principal streets of the city. The Intendant of Paris, Monsieur de Chauvigny, accused of having entered into the designs of the same ministry, has been taken at Compiegne, and a body of 200 men on horseback are gone for him. If he be brought here, it  will be difficult to save him. Indeed it is hard to say at what distance of time the presence of one of those ministers, or of any of the most obnoxious of the fugitive courtiers, will not rekindle the same bloodthirsty spirit. I hope it is extinguished as to every body else, and yesterday\u2019s example will teach them to keep out of it\u2019s way.\u2014I add two other sheets of the point du Jour, and am with the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I just now learn that Bertier de Chauvigny was brought to town in the night last night and massacred immediately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0289", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Diodati, 24 July 1789\nFrom: Diodati-Tronchin, Jean, Count de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGen\u00e9ve le 24 Juillet 1789\nIl m\u2019en coute beaucoup je vous assure mon cher Monsieur de me trouver \u00e9loign\u00e9 de vous et je l\u2019ay regrett\u00e9 d\u00e9ja bien des fois, surtout en apprenant tant d\u2019ev\u00e8nements et de r\u00e9volutions arriv\u00e9es depuis mon d\u00e9part dans Vos Voisinages. Elles ont du \u00eatre d\u2019un grand Int\u00e9rest pour votre Oeill observateur et pour notre fa\u00e7on de penser, pouvant bien joindre la mienne \u00e0 la Votre, relativement au Bien pour le Royaume de France, que nous Souhaittons \u00e0 cette Nation, et que nous attendons de la \u2018d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration, d\u00e9cid\u00e9e par Teste, \u00e0 ce qu\u2019il paroit, dans l\u2019assembl\u00e9e des Etats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux qui \u00e9toit la seule forme \u00e9quitable et celle Seule qui pouvoit donner une bonne constitution, comme \u00e0 ce pays une prosperit\u00e9 encore inconnue, et plus Solidement d\u2019Energie qu\u2019il n\u2019en a eu jusques \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent. Il n\u2019y aura plus qu\u2019un m\u00eame Int\u00e9rest, un m\u00eame But. Chacun y tendra et se rev\u00eatira d\u2019un Vrai Esprit de Patriotisme; et le Roy en sera beaucoup plus heureux et beaucoup plus puissant. On ne peut calculer tout le Bien que les assembl\u00e9es Provinciales produiront dans les provinces et sans doute que les Etats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux S\u2019occuperont beaucoup de leur meilleure conformation et de tout ce qui pourra les rendre le plus susceptibles d\u2019Utilit\u00e9. Par cons\u00e9quent, ind\u00e9pendantes des Intendants et des Parlements que l\u2019on restreindra dans leurs v\u00e9ritables limites et pouvoirs, comme Cour de Judicature, ce sera bien heureux et m\u00e9morable qu\u2019une R\u00e9volution aussi complette et aussi difficile se soit faite, avec aussi peu d\u2019effusion de Sang, encore occasionn\u00e9e par  une conduite, entr\u2019autres, des plus blamables du Gouverneur de la Bastille. On ne S\u00e7auroit assez louer la conduite ferme et sage qui a pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 dans toutes les d\u00e9lib\u00e9rations de l\u2019Hotel de Ville de Paris, au milieu des Troubles dans une circonstance bien critique et d\u00e9licate, de l\u2019Ordre parfait qui a r\u00e9gn\u00e9 dans tout genre, dans l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des mesures et cela n\u2019a point ressembl\u00e9 au carract\u00e8re Imp\u00e9tueux Indisciplin\u00e9 et Impr\u00e9voyant; et je ne peux m\u2019empecher de trouver et de croire que quelques fameux D\u00e9mocrates Genevois actuellement \u00e0 Paris qui sont tres Verses dans ces positions, ont dirig\u00e9 tous les mouvements, tous les Etablissements, puisqu\u2019on y reconno\u00eet les m\u00eames qui ont eu lieu \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve. Dans plusieurs Occasions, la m\u00eame Marche, la m\u00eame mesure, cela va bien jusques l\u00e0, mais il ne faudroit pas accepter toute leur fa\u00e7on de penser et leur Syst\u00e8me; il ne s\u00e7auroit convenir \u00e0 la France qui est une grande Monarchie et qui doit la rester, soit par son local, soit par le carract\u00e8re et l\u2019esprit de ses habitants, soit par toutes sortes de convenance ext\u00e9rieure et int\u00e9rieure de prendre une Tournure d\u00e9mocratique, et l\u2019on faira bien apr\u00e8s avoir bien d\u00e9termin\u00e9 l\u2019Etendue des pouvoirs du Roy et des droits de la Nation, de donner au pouvoir \u00e9x\u00e9cutif et la force et la consid\u00e9ration n\u00e9cessaires. J\u2019ay vu avec plaisir par l\u2019int\u00e9rest que Vous prenez, mon cher Monsieur \u00e0 Monsieur le Marquis de la Fayette que l\u2019on a rendu justice \u00e0 son M\u00e9rite, et \u00e0 sa fa\u00e7on de penser \u00e9prouv\u00e9e depuis longtemps et tout le monde a du ce me Semble y applaudir. Si la Bourgeoisie de Paris reste arm\u00e9e, pendant toute la Tenue des Etats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux et les Troupes du Roy \u00e9tant retir\u00e9es Il ne peut en r\u00e9sulter qu\u2019une grande Influence en faveur du Tiers Etat, dont la Sagesse l\u2019emp\u00eachera surement d\u2019abuser, pour rendre son Ouvrage d\u2019autant plus permanent.\nLe Courrier qui devoit porter \u00e0 M. Necker son Rappel, ne l\u2019ayant pas trouv\u00e9 \u00e0 Bruxelles n\u2019a point cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 suivre sa Route pour lui remettre ses d\u00e9p\u00e9ches, puisqu\u2019il est arriv\u00e9 le 20 courant \u00e0 Basles, et qu\u2019il y \u00e9toit encore le 22 attendant sans doute de les avoir pour pouvoir rebrousser chemin et rentrer en France, ce qu\u2019il eut \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 souhaitter pour le Bien de la Chose publique, eut Souffert moins de d\u00e9lai. Je ne doute pas qu\u2019il cherchera \u00e0 m\u00e9riter toujours plus l\u2019Opinion publique, et la confiance extr\u00eame et si flatteuse, qu\u2019on lui t\u00e9moigne. On \u00e9crit aussi de Basle que M. et Madame la Duchesse de Polignac dont les d\u00e9parts ainsi que plusieurs autres me paroit quelque Chose de bien \u00e9trange, \u00e0 beaucoup d\u2019\u00e9gards y \u00e9toit aussi arriv\u00e9s, et qu\u2019elle avoit eu une conversation avec M. Necker. Elle comptoit, dit-on, de louer une Campagne dans les environs de la Ville de Basle.\nJ\u2019esp\u00e8re mon cher Monsieur que les affaires continueront d\u2019aller bien en Am\u00e9rique, et que Vous renon\u00e7erez \u00e0 Votre Voyage cette ann\u00e9e. Il me fairoit grand plaisir de Vous retrouver \u00e0 Paris \u00e0 mon Retour en Octobre, et de Vous r\u00e9yt\u00e9rer de Bouche tous les sentiments pleins d\u2019estime et d\u2019Attachement avec lesquels j\u2019ay l\u2019Honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, mon cher Monsieur, Votre tres humble et D\u00e9vou\u00e9 Serviteur,\nCte Diodati", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0291", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nParis July 25. 1789.\nMy letter of May 21. my dear Madam, was the last I expected to have written you on this side the Atlantic for the present year. Reasons, which I cannot devine, have prevented my yet receiving my Cong\u00e9. In the mean time we have been here in the midst of tumult and violence. The cutting off heads is become so much \u00e1 la mode, that one is apt to feel of a morning whether their own is on their shoulders. Whether this work is yet over, depends on their catching more of the fugitives. If no new capture re-excites the spirit of vengeance, we may hope it will soon be at rest, and that order and safety will be reestablished except for a few of the most obnoxious characters. My fortune has been singular, to see in the course of fourteen years two such revolutions as were never before seen. But why should I talk of wars and revolutions to you who are all peace and goodness. Receive then into your peace and grace the bearer hereof Mr. Morris, a countryman and friend of mine of great consideration in his own country, and who deserves to be so every where. Peculiarly gifted with fancy and judgment, he will be qualified to taste the beauties of your canvas. The Marquis de la  Luzerne, an old and intimate acquaintance of his, will bear witness to you of his merit. But do not let him nestle me out of my place; for I still pretend to have one in your affection, tho\u2019 it is a long time since you told me so. I must soon begin to scold, if I do not hear from you. In order to be quiet, I persuade myself that you have thought me in, on, or over the Deep. But wherever I am, I feed on your friendship. I therefore need assurances of it in all times and places. Accept in return those which flow cordially from the heart of Your\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0293", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lord Wycombe, 25 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wycombe, Lord\nMy Lord\nParis July 25. 1789.\nThe acquaintance with which Your Lordship honored me when  in Paris, and your friendly dispositions, encourage me to introduce to you the bearer hereof Mr. Morris, an American gentleman of great talents and information, and who has been peculiarly distinguished in our councils, and intimate with the transactions of our republic. The desire you have shewn of adding a knoledge of our affairs to your other political acquirements, may find a satisfaction in his conversation. He can give you also the details of the revolution here, which has been such an one as the annals of mankind never yet presented to view. It has furnished matter for a new chapter in the work of Buffon as well as of Montesquieu. I am in hopes the tumults are now at an end, and that the business of their constitution will be brought forward in a few days. While this prepares for them lasting advantages, it will have also the temporary one of diverting them from the bloody objects which have lately occupied their minds. Repeating my recommendations of Mr. Morris to your notice and assurances that you will find him in every respect worthy of it I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect and esteem, your Lordship\u2019s most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0296", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Huger, 26 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Huger, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nParis July 26. 1789.\nThe troubles of this city will be a sufficient apology for the length of time which intervened between my receipt of your favor of June 16. and the date of this letter. I am much obliged by your putting it in my power to render you the little service of introductory letters for your journey. Your connection with the families of Mr. Walker and Mr. Kinloch who hold the first places in my affection, are a sufficient title for every thing in which I can be useful to you, and a firm confidence in your own personal merit inspired by my acquaintance with you in a much earlier period of life adds to the satisfaction I feel on this occasion. To answer the enquiries of your letter relating to my nephew Peter Carr, I have the pleasure  to inform you that after having perfected himself in classical knowlege he has passed some years at the college of Williamsburg in the study of the sciences, where he has established a very good reputation. He is at present engaged in the study of the law. I expect within six weeks to leave this place for America, and to return here again in the Spring. If you have any commands for that country I will take charge of them with pleasure. I shall hope during your European tour to have the pleasure of seeing you at Paris, and of assuring you in person of the esteem and attachment with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedt. humbie servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\n P.S. The letter to the Cardinal de Berni is from the Countess de Tess\u00e9 his particular friend, and will ensure you a perfect reception at his house.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ruellan & Cie., 26 July 1789\nFrom: Ruellan & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 26 July 1789. They enclose the receipt of Mme. du Tilleul for a little box sent to them by servant of Gouverneur Morris, who directed them to forward it to that lady and to send receipt to TJ, which they do with great pleasure.\u2014Their connections with the largest number and the best houses in America and their desire to serve TJ either in Paris or in America impel them to offer their services on all occasions.\u2014Mme. du Tilleul having asked to be notified of TJ\u2019s arrival, they assume TJ will soon be there.\u2014They dare, then, to offer TJ the bed that his predecessor Dr. Franklin occupied when he passed through on his way to America. They ask Mr. Morris to join them in insisting upon the acceptance of this invitation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0298", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Souche, 27 July 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Souche\n[Paris, 27 July 1789. A letter to \u201cBlondin\u201d is recorded in SJL under this date, but has not been found. It was evidently in response to the letters from \u201cSouche, dit Blondin\u201d of 11 May and 16 June 1789.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0299", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 27 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nSir\nParis July 27. 1789.\nI have been in daily expectation, ever since the month of March, of receiving permission to return to America for five or six months. I have not therefore acknoleged your favors of Mar. 11. Apr. 12. May 13. and June 26. because I constantly expected I could accompany the acknolegement with a letter of temporary adieu. The sum of 152\u20b6 however which you had been so kind as to inform me you had paid for me, I replaced with Mr. Sartorius the 11th. of May. I have not seen the gardener who you said you should employ to complete the commission from South Carolina, and who was come to Paris. I must intreat your friendly and exact attention to the sending the articles to Charlestown this fall, and let the olive plants, and olive seeds be considered as the important object, sending but little of the other articles before noted to you. I could wish one half to be sent from Marseilles by sea for Charlestown directly, the other half thro\u2019 the canal of Languedoc to Bordeaux to the care of Mr. John Bondfeild there; unless there should happen two vessels bound from Marseilles to Charlestown, which would give an equal opportunity of dividing the risk between two different conveyances, and would be preferable to the sending any part through the Canal.\nI write you no news of what is passing here, because your deputies give you better details than I can do on that subject. But I thank you for your information of the Algerine transactions. These enable me to press on the members of the new legislature the necessity of providing for the security of commerce in the Mediterranean, which would eventually open to us the port of Marseilles, of which we can now make little use.\u2014With due respects to your father and family, I have the honour to be with great esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0300", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Cavelier fils, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cavelier (Cavallier), M., fils\nSir\nParis July 27. 1789.\nThe troubles which have existed here for some time and interrupted all attention to business, prevented my acknoleging the  receipt of your favor of June 20. I have now to add that of the 24th. instant. With respect to the shipments of flour and grain for your port, neither our republic nor it\u2019s ministers meddle with any thing commercial. They leave their commerce free, to their citizens and others, convinced it is never better than when left to itself.\u2014Mr. Gouverneur Morris an eminent merchant of Philadelphia, sets out tomorrow or next day for England by way of Dieppe. Perfectly informed on the commerce of the United States, he will be able to give you any details on that subject you may desire. By him I shall take the liberty of sending letters to be forwarded by the Hudson which you are so good as to inform me will sail soon from your port for New York. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0301", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Veuve David & fils, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Veuve David & fils\nMessrs.\nParis July 27.\nI have duly received your favor of June 29. on the subject of the high duties demanded for salted beef and pork imported into this country. I have always understood that these duties were intended to have the effect of a prohibition and therefore have viewed them as prohibited articles. The policy of this is not worth combating at present. There is reason to expect that the transfer of the legislative power to the States general will bring on a reformation of the restrictions on commerce, and whenever that shall be taken in hand, I shall use my best efforts in conjunction with those concerned in the American trade, to have that put on a footing more advantageous to both nations. I have the honour to be with great consideration Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0302", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nDear Sir\nParis July 27. 1789.\nI have been ever since the month of March in daily expectation of receiving permission to return to America. Your letters therefore of Mar. 24. Apr. 3. 29. and June 19. have remained unacknoleged,  because I expected to acknolege them in my letter of Adieu. The same expectation has prevented my friends in America from writing to me. So that, uninformed myself of American transactions, I have been often indebted to the Leyden gazette for them, and consequently had nothing of that kind to communicate to you. In London they have news from America as late as the 15th. of June. It was said that nothing remarkeable had taken place. The new legislature was going on in the establishment of a revenue with a vigour beyond what any body had expected. I hope therefore to see our public debts placed on the best footing. I do not detail to you the wonders which have taken place here. My relation of them would probably be different from the views of those who open and read our letters, and might therefore occasion the suppression of the letter. The Leyden gazette will supply those details with it\u2019s usual exactitude. The season is now so far advanced towards the equinox that I shall not sail for America till that be past. By that time I hope certainly to receive my permission. I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0303", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Limozin, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Edward\nSir\nParis July 27. 1789.\nI am honored with your favor of the 5th. inst. as well as with the circular letter of your house of July 2. I beg you to accept my sincere condoleance with your mother and yourself on the late loss you have sustained. Tho\u2019 not personally acquainted with Mr. Limozin, a long correspondence with him had given me a great esteem for him, and the services he rendered as well to myself as to the United states excite our gratitude and regrets. I shall with great pleasure be useful to your new house, by recommending you in America whenever occasions shall offer. I have the honor to be with great consideration Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0304", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Vernes, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nce Lundi matin 27 Juillet,de l\u2019histoire de France le 14me.\nJ\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de me rendre chez vous \u00e0 8h.\u00bd. Je vous reporterai les \u00e9chantillons, et je prendrai la libert\u00e9 de vous pr\u00e9senter M. Sabatier, chef de la maison Sabatier fils & Desprez, administrateurs de la compagnie des Indes, et ci-devant r\u00e9gisseurs pour le Roy des habillements des Troupes. Il d\u00e9sire beaucoup d\u2019avoir l\u2019avantage de vous conno\u00eetre personnellement, et il a quelques affaires en Am\u00e9rique dont il prendra la libert\u00e9 de vous entretenir. Il pourroit beaucoup nous servir par ses relations dans le minist\u00e8re pour l\u2019affaire des primes, et m\u00eame pour la fabrication des draps et couvertures. D\u2019ailleurs ce sont des gens encore plus estim\u00e9s par leur caract\u00e8re personnel et par leur honn\u00eatet\u00e9 conn\u00fce que pour leur fortune, chose que je crois qu\u2019on pourra citer encore quelque tems en France, et c\u2019est une connoissance qui, sous tous les rapports, peut vous devenir agr\u00e9able et quelques fois utile pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de vos v\u00fces et des objets que vous pouvez suivre dans les d\u00e9partements.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous re\u00eft\u00e9rer l\u2019assurance des sentiments inviolables d\u2019attachement et de reconnoissance que je vous ai vou\u00e9s. Je suis avec Respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s obe\u00efssant serviteur\nVernes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 27 July 1789\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 27 July 1789\nPresuming It will be highly agreeable to Your Excellency previous to your Departure for America, to discharge the Arrears due to Foreign Officers, and receive the \u019230,000 for the purpose of a certain Act of Congress of the 18th July last, as well as to have the Medals compleated, We have the pleasure to acquaint Your Excellency that the Funds, for effecting those three Objects of the List of Claims against the United-States are at Your Excellency\u2019s Disposal! We therefore request to be informed, when Your Excellency will have to pay these Sums, that We may remit Your Excellency the necessary Monies, in the manner and at the times  most beneficial to the United States.\u2014We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble servs.,\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0306", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis July 29. 1789.\nI have written you lately on the 24th. of June with a P.S. of the 25th.; on the 29th. of the same month; the 19th. of July with a P.S. of the 21st: and again on the 23d. Yesterday I received yours of the 9th. of March by the way of Holland.\nMr. Necker has accepted his appointment and will arrive to-day from Switzerland where he had taken refuge. No other ministers have been named since my last. It is thought that Mr. Necker will chuse his own associates. The tranquility of Paris has not been disturbed since the death of Foulon and Bertier mentioned in my last. Their militia is in a course of organization. It is impossible to know the exact state of the supplies of bread: we suppose them low and precarious, because some days we are allowed to buy but half or three fourths of the daily allowance of our families. Yet as the wheat harvest must begin within ten days or a fortnight we are in hopes there will be subsistence found till that time. This is the only source from which I should fear a renewal of the late disorders: for I take for granted the fugitives from the wrath of their country are all safe in foreign countries. Among these are numbered seven princes of the house of Bourbon and six ministers, the seventh (the Marshall de Broglio) shut up in the fortified town of Metz, strongly garrisoned with foreign souldiers. I observed to you in a preceding letter, that the storm which had began in Paris on the change of the ministry, would have to pass over the whole country, and consequently would for a short time occasion us terrible details from the different parts of it. Among these you will find a horrid one related from Vesoul in Franche compt\u00e9. The atrociousness of the act would dispose us rather to doubt the truth of the evidence on which it rests, however regular that appears. There is no question that a number of people were blown up: but there are reasons for suspecting that it was by accident and not design. It is said the owner of the chateau sold  powder by the pound, which was kept in the cellar of the house blown up. And it is possible some one of the guests may have taken this occasion to supply himself, and been too careless in approaching the mass. Many idle stories have also been propagated and believed here against the English; as that they have instigated the late tumults with money, that they had taken or were preparing to take Cherbourg, Brest &c. and even reasonable men have beleived or pretended to believe all these. The British Ambassador has thought it necessary to disavow them in a public letter which you will find in one of the papers accompanying this.\u2014I have lately had an opportunity of knowing with certainty the present state of the king of England. His recovery was slow; he passed thro a stage of profound melancholy; but this has at length dissipated, and he is at present perfectly reestablished. He talks now as much as ever, on the same trifling subjects, and has recovered even his habitual inquisitiveness into the small news of the families about him. His health is also good, tho\u2019 he is not as fleshy as he used to be.\u2014I have multiplied my letters to you lately because the scene has been truly interesting; so much so, that had I received my permission to pay my projected visit to my own country, I should have thought, and should still think it my duty to defer it a while. I presumed it cannot now be long before I receive your definitive answer to my request.\u2014I send herewith the public papers as usual and have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0307", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 29 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis July 29. 1789.\nI wrote you on the 22d. Since that I have received yours of the 23d. of May. The president\u2019s title as proposed by the senate was the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of. It is a proof  the more of the justice of the character given by Doctr. Franklin of my friend: \u2018Always an honest man, often a great one, but sometimes absolutely mad.\u2019. I wish he could have been here during the late scenes. If he could then have had one fibre of aristocracy left in his frame he would have been a proper subject for bedlam. The tranquility of this place has not been disturbed since the death of Foulon and Bertier. Supplies of bread are precarious, but there has not as yet been such a want as to produce disorder, and we may expect the new wheat harvest to begin now in ten or twelve days. You will wonder to find the harvest here so late: but from my observations (I guess, because I have not calculated their result carefully) the sun does not shine here more than 5. hours of the 24. through the whole year. I inclose you some papers worth notice, which indeed have principally induced me to address you so soon after my last. I am with perfect esteem and attachment Dear Sir Your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0309", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 30 July 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nDear Sir\nParis July 30. 1789.\nMy letter of the 27th. will have informed you of the reasons of my long silence. The present is to acknolege the receipt of your favors of the 22d. and 24th. with the packet from America accompanying them. It\u2019s date was of the month of March, so that it conveys me nothing new.\nMr. Necker\u2019s arrival here will contribute to the reestablishment of tranquillity. The National assembly proceeds with a steady pace. They are often interrupted by applications from the different parts of the kingdom very foreign to their most important function. However we hope to see this week the draught of the constitution on which they propose to proceed.\nI have the honour to be with great esteem and respect Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0311", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame Plumard de Bellanger, 31 July 1789\nFrom: Bellanger, Madame Plumard de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n\u00e0 St Germain ce 31 juillet de l\u2019ann\u00e9e m\u00e9mo[rable]\nJe ne pensois gu\u00e8re Monsieur la derniere fois que j\u2019ay eu l\u2019honneur de vous voir \u00eatre au moment de quitter si promptement Paris, c\u2019est bien une fuitte qu\u2019il a fallu faire. Que de maux il falloit \u00e9vitter! Ce fut le lundi 13 vers une heure que je me d\u00e9terminai apr\u00e8s avoir pass\u00e9 la nuit dans un \u00e9tat d\u2019effroy et de douleur tel que le bruit du Canon et des fusillades que j\u2019entendois peut le faire imaginer Je ne voulus pas risquer d\u2019envoyer quelqu\u2019un ch\u00e9s vous Monsieur savoir des nouvelles. Quinze jours avant \u00e0 la premiere alarme je cherchois \u00e0 en apprendre parce qu\u2019on pouvoit esp\u00e9rer; cette fois on evittoit de les savoir. Je regrettois en partant de ne pouvoir rien \u00e0 tout cela et d\u00e9plorois mon inutilit\u00e9 pour une patrie si brave et si digne. Deux choses nous ont sauv\u00e9: l\u2019une le refus fait par les trouppes de tirer, chose sans exemple en france, l\u2019autre la conduitte et la bravoure des Parisiens ce qu\u2019on ne connoissoit point encore. Est il possible Monsieur Neker est en france, \u00e0 Versailles, dans ses fonctions de Directeur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral, p[eut] t\u2019il tout diriger. Lui m\u00eame je suis sure n\u2019avoit point pr\u00e9vu la r\u00e9volution, ni surtout la promptitude avec laquelle tout s\u2019est fait. Il quitta certainement la france le coeur noye dans la douleur de la voir perd\u00fce par les efforts qu\u2019on avoit fait pour lui procurer le bonheur.\nJe regrette bien Monsieur les momens d\u2019entretien que j\u2019aurois eu avec vous sur tant de sujets que les affaires pr\u00e9sentent et ceux que j\u2019aurois eu avec les personnes de votre societt\u00e9. Je reste encore ici quelque tems. Si je ne vous invitte pas \u00e0 me faire l\u2019honneur de m\u2019y venir voir, c\u2019est que vous saves bien que vous \u00eates tout invitt\u00e9 et que le desir que je vous en ay t\u00e9moigne souvent n\u2019a pas servi \u00e0 lever les obstacles qui s\u2019y opposoient; mand\u00e9s moi au moins de vos nouvelles et Recev\u00e9s je vous prie l\u2019assurance des sentimens avec lesquels j\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obte. servte.,\nPlumard Bellanger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0312-0002", "content": "Title: Houdon: Proposal II\nFrom: Houdon, Jean Antoine\nTo: \nSi la Statue P\u00e9destre que le Sieur Houdon a \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cuter en Marbre pour les Etats de la Virginie pouvoit, \u00e9tant en Bronze, convenir aux Etats Unis de l\u2019amerique, il pourroit peut \u00eatre proposer aux Etats un prix et des Conditions qui leur seroit agr\u00e9able et Comodes. La Situation critique des affaires de la france, qui prive toutes les Classes d\u2019argent et de travaux, la grandeur des fourneaux construits par le Sr. houdon, Convenable pour fondre une Statue comme celle Pedestre du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Washington, tout cela le met \u00e0 m\u00eame de mettre \u00e0 cette fonte un prix bien au dessous de celuy qu\u2019il seroit forc\u00e9 de demander s\u2019il \u00e9toit oblig\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er un nouveau Mod\u00e8le et de construire de nouveaux fourneaux.\nIl s\u2019engageroit donc \u00e0 faire la Statue en Bronze, entierement semblable \u00e0 celle en Marbre destin\u00e9e aux Etats de Virginie, en l\u2019espace de quatre ans, pour la somme de Soixante Milles livres, sous les Conditions de luy payer vingt milles livres Lors de la Signature du March\u00e9 ou trois Mois apr\u00e8s, au Choix des Etats, et les quarante milles Livres restant au Moment o\u00f9 L\u2019ouvrage sera absolument termin\u00e9; bien entendu que les frais de transport seront au Compte des Etats Unis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0314", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Brissot de Warville, 2 August 1789]\nFrom: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris 2 Aug. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 3 Aug. 1789. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0315", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 2 August 1789\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 2d. august 1789\nSince Long time I am deprived of your agreable favors, however I had the honor of paying you my respects in 3 Letters Since the Midle of april, perhaps they were or intercepted or miscarried, as one that I wrotte to my Brother in Law at versailles.\nI had the Pleasure of Seeing yesterday M. Morgan an English Gentleman related to Dr. Price, who said to me he Left your Excellency (since the King\u2019s intrance at Paris) in good health. He made me the description of the mob at Paris, which opperated the most happy revolution.\nIt was very fortunate that the Courriers dispatched, gave in the provinces as here, the good news of the speech of the K. at the national assembly, otherwise, it would have been a general insurection.\nWe have the greatest obligations to our worthy Commander Monsr. de Caraman, and I dare say all France, because if a sanguinary man had been, as he was, at the head of 10,000 mens at his entrance at Marseilles, the greatest misfortunes could happen, and such an event would influenced on those of Paris of Course.\nNow that the perverse Concellors and Ministers are out, that worthy M. Necker may be returned in a Place in which he deserved to remain undisturbed. Now that King and the nation agree so well together, we hope that matters will go on well.\nIt appears however to me to prevent mutineries among the Lower Class of People, that the best means are, that the King and the national assembly publish as soon as possible a proclamation, by  which, that now, they are to remain quiet, confiding in the national assembly, for the punishment of the Treators to the nation.\nHere tho\u2019 we have been during the last weeck in a Continual allarm, we find ourselves very fortunate that since the begg[inn]ing of the troubles, not one man has been or killed or wounded, till now, and we hope to Continue in the same peaceable terms. The most serious matters have always ended in festivals here.\nFor example, they desired to go to Aix, to take La Tour 1st. Presdt. and deliver the prisonners detained there for mutinery, nothing Could change their determination. At 8. Clock at night they go to the Town house where the Council was assembled, they ask the Colours, and arms, it was impossible to resist; when arived, the Count de Beausset of Snt. victor\u2019s abbey beloved by the people, offers to go to their head, if they promiss to do no harm but to be satisfied with the reddition of the prisonners in their hands, they consented; the Captain of Guards of M. de Caraman goes also with them. At 4 Clock in the morning they arive within a Mille distant of aix where they halted at the number of 2500 mens, an avant garde of 100 with the Captain of Guard and M. l\u2019abb\u00e9 de Beausset, went to, the Town, where only the 2 Last enter, the answer is that in one hour all the prisonners will be in their Power, that time elapsed, they grew impatient, and Threaten, but at Lenght the prisoners are returned, the Town is open, all the Troop is invited to Come in, they make a Triumphal March in all the Streets with their prisonners; at the Cours all kind of Provisions are offered by the municipality, all the Tow[n] open to every one at her own expence, a Colour of Marseilles is exchanged with one of aix where it is written, alliance entre Marseille and aix.\nLa Tour had departed the night before in safety. As soon as we had news that all was so well, all the Troop Bourgoises went to meet them out of the Town, and bordered the way, they came in the best order, carrying their prisonners in Carts, all the people of the town was on their passage, the regimental music, Drums, Tambourins, gunshots, vive le roy, La nation, the prisonners saying vive Les Marseillais, all together formed an interesting Concerto and a beautifull prospect.\nIn that order they defilled before Mr. de Caraman, and went to the Town house, in the exchange, the Bust of our King was under a Canopy well adorned, there the 16 Colours and arms were deposited and returned, and so ended a Day of which we passed a good part in anxiety.\nAbout 150 M were made in the quest for those prisoners at the number of 64.\n3 Days ago they went to chatea\u00fb Borrely the master of which was suspected to be of the party of nobility, but abb\u00e9 de Beausset prevented again there a total destruction. They were satisfied in Eating a good supper and drinking the best wine, at the end of which, they Called the steward to recover the spons and forks and went off.\nThe best means to prevent further disorder, was to prevent their assemblies, were they made the most extravagant motions, the patrouilles were there with Dragons who charged their arms with Balls, and they at this dreadfull sight dispersed.\nThey are now, few, not being 150 Mens, who want to plunder the town if possible, but they are well watched.\nWe have advice by this Post that Latour is arrested at L\u2019oriol in Dauphin\u00e9 having no Pass. I hope he will not be carried here, but it is probable he will be sent to the national assembly to be tried; the general Councill of this Town has made an adress to the King to dismiss him and make his trial, the 30th. Inst.\nI receive this moment your most esteemed favor of the 27th. ulto. advising me that Your Excellency is on departure for america, were you will expend 5 or 6 months in that Journey, I wish you good health short and good passages and happy return.\nWe have now frigattes erecting to protect our flag against the algerians, and one now here to protect a Convoy out of the streights. Your colour now would be well protected. Tobacco is still a bad article 1000 hogd. are unsold since 8 months, wheat would obtain 33 to 36.\u20b6 \u214c charge as in quality american flour 40. \u214c Bl. None in Town, this article will meet here a ready sale. You can encourage the shipments in america for this place. I will be much obliged to recomend my house in america and as now your Constitution will be very advanced, I hope that one of the objects at your arival, will be the appointment of Consuls in the french Ports. If by your kind protection, you make me appointed American Consul at Marseilles, I will be ever gratefull to your Excellency.\nM. Ths. Barclay as quitte forgotten me. The sum he owes me is very important and I have suffered such great Losses, that I am in a great need. Messrs. Willing Morris & Swanwick have my Power of attorney, but they give me little hopes of recovery; if Congress owes him money, it appears that it would be well applied to the discharge of debts he has contracted in France, by a credit that  he would never had if not invested with a public Caracter, if you can interfer in my behalf and procure some money from him, you will relieve me.\nI note you have paid the 11th. May \u00a3152 to M. Sartorius, this gentleman may be a Clerk of Messrs. Abbema & co. Bankers. They have not advised me about it. I will mention it when I will have occasion to writte them.\nI will take care of sending olive trees and olive seeds as you mention this winter.\nI will be happy in receiving of your agreable news when arived in america. All my family presents you their respects and their wishes in your Journey. I am very respectfully Sir the most obedt. humble Servant of your excellency,\nStephen Cathalan Junr.\nI have lately received a box for you from Naples with a coper machin for maccarony will you have it to Paris?\u2014The Council of this Town as also declared that Parlement of aix is suspect for the trials of this Town, and that no trial will be carried there, asking a sovereiny court of Justice here.\u2014I apprehend M. L. Le Jeans has not found a moment Leasure to pay you his respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0317", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Diodati, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Diodati-Tronchin, Jean, Count de\n\u00e0 Paris ce 3me. Aout, 1789\nJe viens de recevoir, mon chere Monsieur, l\u2019honneur de votre lettre du 24. Juillet. La peine avec laquelle je m\u2019exprime en Francois feroit que ma reponse seroit bien courte s\u2019il ne m\u2019etoit pas permis de repondre que dans cette langue. Mais je s\u00e7ais qu\u2019avec quelque connoissance de la langue Angloise vous meme, vous aurez une aide tres suffisante dans Madame la comtesse que j\u2019ose prier d\u2019ajouter a ses amiti\u00e9s multipli\u00e9es devers moi celle de devenir l\u2019interprete de ce que vais ecrire en ma propre langue, et qu\u2019elle embellira en la rendant en Fran\u00e7ois.\nI presume that your correspondents here have given you a history of all the events which have happened. The Leyden gazette, tho\u2019 it contains several inconsiderable errors gives on the whole a just enough idea. It is impossible to conceive a greater fermentation than has worked in Paris, nor do I believe that so great a fermentation ever produced so little injury in any other place. I have been thro\u2019 it daily, have observed the mobs with my own eyes in order to be satisfied of their objects, and declare to you that I saw so plainly the legitimacy of them, that I have slept in my house as quietly thro\u2019 the whole as I ever did in the most peaceable moments. So strongly fortified was the despotism of this government by long posession, by the respect and the fears of the people, by possessing the public force, by the imposing authority of forms and of taste, that had it held itself on the defensive only, the national assembly with all their good sense, could probably have only obtained a considerable  improvement of the government, not a total revision of it. But, ill informed of the spirit of their nation, the despots around the throne had recourse to violent measures, the forerunners of force. In this they have been completely overthrown, and the nation has made a total resumption of rights, which they had certainly never before ventured even to think of. The National assembly have now as clean a canvas to work on here as we had in America. Such has been the firmness and wisdom of their proceedings in moments of adversity as well as prosperity, that I have the highest confidence that they will use their power justly. As far as I can collect from conversation with their members, the constitution they will propose will resemble that of England in it\u2019s outlines, but not in it\u2019s defects. They will certainly leave the king possessed completely of the Executive powers, and particularly of the public force. Their legislature will consist of one order only, and not of two as in England: the representation will be equal and not abominably partial as that of England: it will be guarded against corruption, instead of having a majority sold to the king, and rendering his will absolute: whether it will be in one chamber, or broke into two cannot be foreseen. They will meet at certain epochs and sit as long as they please, instead of meeting only when, and sitting only as long as, the king pleases as in England. There is a difference of opinion whether the king shall have an absolute, or only a qualified Negative on their acts. The parliaments will probably be suppressed; and juries provided in criminal cases perhaps even in civil ones. This is what appears probable at present. The Assembly is this day discussing the question whether they will have a declaration of rights. Paris has been led by events to assume the government of itself. It has hitherto worn too much the appearance of conformity to continue thus independently of the will of the nation. Reflection will probably make them sensible that the security of all depends on the dependance of all on the national legislature. I have so much confidence in the good sense of man, and his qualifications for self-government, that I am never afraid of the issue where reason is left free to exert her force; and I will agree to be stoned as a false prophet if all does not end well in this country. Nor will it end with this country. Here is but the first chapter of the history of European liberty.\nThe capture of the Baron Besenval is very embarrassing for the States general. They are principled against retrospective laws, and will make it one of the corner stones of their new building. But it  is very doubtful whether the antient laws will condemn him, and whether the people will permit him to be acquitted. The Duke de la Vauguyon also and his son are taken at Havre.\u2014In drawing the parallel between what England is, and what France is to be I forgot to observe that the latter will have a real constitution, which cannot be changed by the ordinary legislature; whereas England has no constitution at all; that is to say there is not one principle of their government which the parliament does not alter at pleasure. The omnipotence of parliament is an established principle with them.\u2014Postponing my departure to America till the end of September I shall hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at Paris before I go, and of renewing in person to yourself and Madame la Comtesse assurances of those sentiments of respect and attachment with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. It is rumored and believed in Paris that the English have fomented with money the tumults of this place, and that they are arming to attack France. I have never seen any reason to believe either of these rumors.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0318", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 3. 1789.\nHaving occasion to remit the sum of \u00a3124. sterling to London for Alexander Mc.Caul esquire of Glasgow, and taken his order on the subject, he desired me to have it paid into your hands. I have therefore the honor to inclose you Messrs. Grand & co.\u2019s bill on M. Louis Teissier of London for one hundred and twenty four pounds sterling at two days sight, which be pleased to receive on account of Alexander Mc.Caul esq. and to acknoledge the same to Gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0319", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander McCaul, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McCaul, Alexander\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 3. 1789.\nThe troubles of this place, which have interrupted all business,  have prevented my sooner acknoleging the receipt of your favor of June 25. That of Aug. 14. of the last year had come duly to hand. Tho\u2019 I have not received one shilling of remittance of the crops of my estate of 1787. and 1788. one third of which was by agreement to be for your paiment, yet I am nonetheless desirous of finding other sources of remittance to you. The distresses of a friend here disabled me for some time, as to relieve them I was obliged to part with money I meant for you. I now inclose you his (Mr. Paradise\u2019s) bill on Doctr. Bancroft for \u00a3176. sterling, which being secured on the first remittances from a large estate in Virginia, I am assured such remittances will arrive this month, and that as soon as the bill of lading arrives, Mr. William Anderson of London (Partner of Gist) will pay the money. It is drawn on Dr. Bancroft who is the trustee only and not the debtor of Mr. Paradise. I will beg the favor of you, in sending this bill to London, to direct your correspondence only to receive the money when Dr. Bancroft or Mr. Anderson shall be ready to pay it, and not to have any protest taken for delay of paiment. Only be so good as to let me know when it is paid. I have also by this post remitted to Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram of London the first bill of Exchange of Grand & co. on Teissier for \u00a3124. sterling, of which I inclose you the second. Not knowing the address of Messrs. Ingram, I put it under cover to my friend John Trumbull, No. 2. North street, Rathbone place London, who will find them out. These sums together when received will make three hundred pounds sterling, and I will continue to exert myself to accomplish the paiment of my debt to you. I have asked leave to go to America for the ensuing winter, and to return here in the spring. One of my great objects in going is to settle my account with your agent there, see about the remittances from the sale of my lands formerly mentioned to you, and to the hiring out what may not be already hired of my estate, so as that we may have a sure paiment from that every year. I will ask from your friendship to instruct your agent to receive any bonds resulting from the sale of my lands, and which he may consider as good as paiment by me, and to discharge me so far. This would be a great comfort and encouragement to me. I expect to leave this place the last of September, and to be back in April. I am with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your affectionate humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0321", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 3. 1789.\nNot knowing the address of Messieurs Ingram, and the inclosed letter covering a bill of exchange I take the liberty of asking you to have them found out, and the letter delivered.\u2014No time to write news, but that all is quiet here. Your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0322", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 3 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 3. 1789.\nI received with pleasure your favor of the 27th. July and immediately took measures for beginning the particular business confided to me by Congress, and for which the sum of 30,000 florins is destined. Within about three weeks I shall be possessed of such information as will enable me to decide on the disposal of the money. In the mean time you will be pleased to keep it in your hands.\u2014With respect to that destined for the foreign officers I must observe to you that when I was going to Holland the last year, I asked of Mr. Grand the annual amount of the interest paiable to them. He gave it to me in a note, which I still have, stated at 45,653\u20b6-11\u20136, at which sum you will see it stated in the estimate we left with you. On receiving your letter of July 27. I sent to Mr. Grand\u2019s office for an exact state of the arrears now paiable. In this I found the interest  amounted to upwards of 60,000\u20b6 livres a year. I called there to have an explanation of this, and found that a new list of the Officers and sums received from the Treasury office had inserted several others which were not in the list formerly possessed by Mr. Grand, so that the sum paiable according to this new list is about 254,000 livres, instead of 82,240 florins as our estimate had made it, making a difference of upwards of 30,000 florins. As in your letter where you say that the funds for effecting the object of the foreign officers are at my disposal, you could have in view only the sum stated in the estimate, I have thought it necessary previously to inform you of this difference: and to give no order on the subject till the progress of the loan shall have enabled you to furnish the whole sum of 254,000 livres. Whenever that shall be the case, you will be so good as to remit it in good paper, which I understand will be more advantageous to the U.S. than for me to draw on Amsterdam. Mr. Grand will discount the paper, so that the officers need prove no delay. The money heretofore remitted having fulfilled my engagements for the medals, as far as those engagements have gone, I will let that object rest till the arrears of the officers shall be discharged.\u2014Not having yet received my permission to go to America, I shall not avail myself of it, when it arrives, till after the equinox, the season between now and then being unfavorable at sea. This delay will I hope enable me to see the objects now under our view either completed, or in a sure train of completion. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0323", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 5 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 5. 1789.\nI am now to acknolege the receipt of your favor of July 21. The measure adopted for reimbursing us will doubtless be effectual. I mentioned to you that my advance had put it out of my power to pay a sum of money in London which I was highly bound to pay. It brought on me a letter from the creditor which permitted me no longer to delay sending him Mr. Paradise\u2019s bill on you. This I did by the last post, but I informed him you were only the trustee, not the debtor of Mr. Paradise, and expressly desired no protest might be taken for delay of paiment but that his correspondent in London  might be only instructed to receive the money when Mr. Anderson, or yourself should be ready to pay it. I mentioned your expectations that a bill of lading would arrive this month. Without troubling you further on the subject, I will trust to your relieving me from the future sollicitations of the person to whom I owe the money, as soon as you can.\u2014Quiet is so well established here that I think there is nothing further to be apprehended. The harvest is so near that there is nothing to fear from the want of bread. The National assembly are wise, firm and moderate. They will establish the English constitution, purged of it\u2019s numerous and capital defects. I am with very great esteem and respect Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0325", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 5 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 5. 1789.\n I scribbled you a line by last post merely to cover a letter, and without time to acknolege the receipt of yours of June 26. July 14. and 21. all of which had come to hand since I had written to you. I have to give you many thanks for the American intelligence they contained. My friends supposing me on my way to America have almost ceased to write to me. But I am not yet gone, nor have I received the permission. Should it now come, I shall decline going till after the equinox. Tranquillity here is pretty well restored. It has never been what the Londoners beleived in their hopes. I never was more tranquil in my house than thro the whole of it. I went much too into the city, and saw there was no danger but for a very few characters. Property was sacred thro\u2019 the whole. About a week before those tumults began, I suffered by common robbers, who broke open my house and rifled two apartments. One article they took obliges me to trouble you. This was my candlesticks, all of which I lost. I have searched every shop in Paris and cannot find a tolerable pattern: therefore I will beg the favor of you to send me 4. pair plated from London. Mine were plated and came from there, and I am sure the pattern is common there. It was a fluted Corinthian column, with the capital of it\u2019s order, and the bottom of the candlestick was of the form in the margin. I recollect to have once seen the undermost form, which I thought very handsome. Mine were about 12. Inches high. I must trouble you therefore to find one of these patterns for me, and indeed I think you will find them in any great shop of plated ware. I think no form is so handsome as that of the column. I do not know their cost or I would send you a bill for it, but Mr. Parker being in London I think he will be so good as to pay for them and I shall repay him at sight. Let them be well packed, and sent by the Diligence: but they must be packed  as solid as rock to avoid being destroyed by the jostling of the Diligence. I trouble you with a letter for Mr. Jay, to go by such opportunity as you think best. I am with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0326", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Cavelier fils, 7 August 1789\nFrom: Cavelier (Cavallier), M., fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDieppe, 7 Aug. 1789. Acknowledges TJ\u2019s letter of 27 July informing him of the freedom of commerce in the United States and of Gouv erneur Morris\u2019s coming to Dieppe: he has not seen that merchant, but was told that he had passed there on his way to England. Thus he has not received the letters that TJ intended to send by the Hudson for New York. That ship, having discharged its cargo, will leave on the first wind. If TJ has letters or packets, he begs that they be sent as quickly as possible and he will give them to Captain Folger.\u2014If any of TJ\u2019s compatriots are planning to send cargoes to Dieppe, he asks for TJ\u2019s protection and good offices in having them addressed to him. Wheat sells there @ 5\u20b6 the bushel, but may drop to 4\u20b6 after the harvest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0327", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 9 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 9. 1789.\nSince your last of Mar. 27. I have only written that of May 8. The cause of this long silence on both parts has been the expectation I communicated to you of embarking for America. In fact I have expected permission for this every hour since the month of March, and therefore always thought that by putting off writing to you a few days my letter, while it should communicate the occurrencies of the day might be a letter of Adieu. Should my permission now arrive, I should put off my departure till after the equinox. They write me that my not receiving it has proceeded from the ceasing of the old government in October last, and the organization of the higher departments in the new which had not yet taken place when my last letters came away. Bills were brought in for establishing departments of Foreign affairs, Finance and War. The last would certainly be given to Genl. Knox. Mr. Jay would probably have his choice of the 1st. and 2d. and it was supposed Hamilton would have that which Mr. Jay declined. Some thought Mr. Jay would prefer and obtain the head of the law department for which Wilson would be a competitor. In such a case some have supposed C. Thomson would ask the foreign affairs. The Senate and Representatives differed about the title of the President. The former wanted to stile him \u2018his Highness George W. President of the U. S. and Protector of their liberties.\u2019 The latter insisted and prevailed to give no title but that of office, to wit, \u2018George W. President of the U. S.\u2019 I hope the terms of Excellency, Honor, Worship, Esquire,  for ever disappear from among us from that moment: I wish that of Mr. could follow them. In the Impost bill the Representatives had by almost an unanimous concurrence made a difference between nations in treaty with us, and those not in treaty. The Senate had struck out this difference and lowered all the duties. Quere whether the Representatives would yeild? Congress were to proceed about the 1st. of June to propose amendments to the new constitution. The principal would be the annexing a Declaration of rights, to satisfy the minds of all on the subject of their liberties. They waited the arrival of Brown, Delegate from Kentuckey, to take up the receiving that district as a 14th. state. The only objections apprehended were from the partisans of Vermont, who might insist on both coming in together. This would produce delay, tho\u2019 probably not a long one.\nTo detail to you the events of this country would require a volume. It would be useless too; because those given in the Leyden gazette, tho\u2019 not universally true, have so few and such unimportant errors mixed with them, that you may give a general faith to them. I will rather give you therefore, what that paper cannot give, the views of the prevailing power, as far as they can be collected from conversation and writings. They will distribute the powers of government into three parts, Legislative, Judiciary and Executive. The Legislative will certainly have no hereditary branch, probably not even a select one (like our Senate). If they divide it into two chambers at all, it will be by breaking the representative body into two equal halves by lot. But very many are for a single house, and particularly the Turgotists. The imperfection of their legislative body, I think, will be that not a member of it will be chosen by the people directly. Their representation will be an equal one, in which every man will elect and be elected as a citizen, not as of a distinct order. Qu. whether they will admit placemen and pensioners? Their legislature will meet periodically and sit at their own will, with a power in the Executive to call them extraordinarily in case of emergencies. There is a considerable division of sentiment whether the Executive shall have a Negative on the laws. I think they will determine to give such a Negative, either absolute or qualified. In the Judiciary the Parliaments will be suppressed; less numerous judiciary bodies instituted, and trial by jury established in criminal if not in civil cases. The Executive power will be left entire in the hands of the King. They will establish the responsability of ministers, gifts and appropriations of money by the national assembly  alone, consequently a civil list, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of commerce and industry, freedom of person against arbitrary arrests, and modifications if not a total prohibition of military agency in civil cases. I do not see how they can prohibit altogether the aid of the military in cases of riot, and yet I doubt whether they can descend from the sublimity of antient military pride to let a Marechal of France with his troops be commanded by a magistrate. They cannot conceive that General Washington, at the head of his army, during the late war could have been commanded by a common Constable to go as his Posse comitatus to suppress a mob, and that Count Rochambeau when he was arrested at the head of his army by a sheriff must have gone to jail if he had not given bail to appear in court. Tho\u2019 they have gone astonishing lengths, they are not yet thus far. It is probable therefore that not knowing how to use the military as a civil weapon they will do too much or too little with it.\u2014I have said these things will be so and so. Understand by this that these are only my conjectures, the plan of the constitution not being proposed yet much less agreed to. Tranquility is pretty well established in the capital; tho\u2019 the appearance of any of the refugees here would endanger it. The Baron de Besenval is kept away; so is M. de la Vauguyon. The latter was so short a time a member of the obnoxious administration, that probably he might not be touched were he here. Seven princes of the House of Bourbon, and seven ministers fled into foreign countries is a wonderful event indeed. It is pretended by some that the provinces of Spain [beg]in to [tal]k of their [Bru]tes. Is this true? [Braban]t is in com[motion]. I have the honor to be with great respect and attachment Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, 9 August 1789\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAgust the 9h:\nI recive this Moment Your kind letter, by Mr. Morris, I thank you much. I did long Most excessivly for a letter from you. Mr: Trumbull is Coming to Paris. I have only as he will tell you half a moment to say this little but I will write a longer letter very soon. En attend believe me yours Most affly.,\nM. C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0329", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram, 10 August 1789\nFrom: Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Augt. 10th. 1789.\nWe had the Honor of receiving Your Excellency\u2019s letter of the 3rd. Instant which inclosed Grand & Co.\u2019s draft on Lewis Teissier \u214c One hundred and twenty four pounds Stg. upon Account of Alexander McCaul Esqr. of Glasgow which said bill is paid and We have placed the same to the Credit of said Gentleman and wrote him accordingly.\nWe shall have occasion some time hence to write you upon the subject of a Brigantine called the Dart belonging to Virginia that was taken by some French Man of War (during the late War) supposing the Brigantine to be British property but upon the Affair being appeald home to Old France the Sentence of Condemnation was revers\u2019d. As We cannot for some time write you fully upon this subject We beg your Excellency will be so obliging as favour us with a few lines saying whether you know any thing of this affair of the Dart.\nWe have the Honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most hble Servts.,\nRobt. & Hhugh Ingram", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0330", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 12 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Aug. 12. 1789.\nI wrote you on the 19th. 23d. 29th. of the last and 5th. of the present month. The last occasions not having admitted the forwarding to you the public papers, I avail myself of the present  by a gentleman going to London, to furnish you with them to the present date. It is the only use I can prudently make of the conveyance. I shall therefore only observe that the national assembly has been entirely occupied since my last in developing the particulars which were the subject of their resolutions of the 4th. instant of which I sent you the general heads.\u2014The city is as yet not entirely quieted. Every now and then summary execution is done on individuals, by individuals, and no body is in condition to ask for what or by whom. We look forward to the completion of the establishment of the city militia, as that which is to restore protection to the inhabitants. The details from the country are as distressing as I had apprehended they would be. Most of them are doubtless false, but many must still be true. Abundance of chateaux are certainly burnt and burning and not a few lives sacrificed. The worst is probably over in this city; but I do not know whether it is so in the country.\u2014Nothing important has taken place in the rest of Europe. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem and respect Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 13 August 1789\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nMadrid 13 Augt. 1789\nBy a Letter which I received last week from Governeur Morris, I am informed that your Excellency is still at Paris. In consequence I take the Liberty of inclosing to you the accompts of the disbursements made for our Captives at Algiers No. 1\u20132.\u2014I transmitted to Mr. Jay the first accompt in June 1787, but have not been favored with an answer. On the 11th Inst. I received the second accompanied by a Letter from Monsr. Las Heras the Spanish Consul at Algiers advising me that he had drawn upon me for the amount at sixty days after sight. I shall endeavour to get clear of this embarras as well as I can, yet I cannot refrain from remarking, that it is cruel to expose me and the credit of the United States in this manner, when a resolution of Congress authorising me to be responsible in their Name for this or a larger sum, would have enabled  me to discharge these advances made in the first Instance by the Ct. d\u2019Expilly from Motives of Humanity and finally authorized by Mr. Lamb with the approbation of your Excellency to what I had done previous to that Gentlemans arrival at Algiers. I intreat you to have the goodness to transmit these accompts to Congress, for at this Moment there is no immediate opportunity of Conveyance from the Ports of Spain and that you would also favor me with your Sentiments on the Subject, for I cannot desire further advances to be made without having it in my power to announce a term for the payment of those already made.\u2014The Algerines have sent their principal force against the Russian Corsairs in the Archepelago. They have now but 3 small cruisers at Sea against the other Christian powers.\nThe Inclosed Copy of a Letter I received this day from Cadiz inclosing an extract from one from the Emperor of Morrocco will show your Excellency on what terms we are with that Sovereign; Perhaps a letter from Your Excellency to Mr. Chiappe on this occasion might be useful, for the Emperor wishes to be considered in the most respectable light by Foreigners.\nI have no official Letters from America since the Month of Septr. 1788. This Silence gives me a double motive to regret yours.\u2014The revolution where you are excites here a greater degree of attention, than can be conceived by those who form their Notions of the Spanish Nation on preconceived prejudices. The wave doth not break with all its force, but the Undulation is felt, perhaps it may be wise and prudent not to erect a mole too suddenly to counteract its force. You will learn with pain that the Cte. de F. Blanca has been for some days indisposed. He is the Atlas that Supports the Monarchy at present.\nI have already written to you in America on a supposition that you had left France; I in these Letters intreated you to represent to our Government the necessity of having some Allowance made me for the extraordinary expences, I must, if I act as others, incur at the Coronation. I have no answer on this Subject to my official Letters. In my opinion Nothing can be more absurd than the expence incurred on similar occasions But My opinion cannot decide that of the Public or determine the Conduct of others. I wish to have yours. You will pardon the Liberty I take in Solliciting it, but be assured it will regulate entirely my conduct.\nAs you often see the Ct. de Montmorin I intreat you to make him my compliments on his present position. I might have added one to  the many hundred Letters of felicitation he will receive on his reestablishment to the Ministry was I not persuaded that he beleives that I feel a satisfaction that I cannot express in finding him the Minister of his Nation as he had previously been of his Sovereign. I have the honor to be With the greatest Respect & Esteem Your Excys. Most obedient & Humble Servt.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Veuve David & Fils, 14 August 1789\nFrom: Veuve David & fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMorlaix August the 14th 1789\nWe have received the honour of your Excellency\u2019s answer to our Letter of the 29th. of June Last with regard to the Excessive Duty required from us upon Salted Beef and Pork imported from the United States.\nWe take the Liberty to beg you to observe, that whilst that no Complaints are made to the Earl of Montmorin, and to M. Necker, no Amendment to the Wrong is to be hoped for.\nWe Dare to affirm, that the first and Less step from Your Excellency towards relieving your Country\u2019s Merchants, of So immoderate Duty, will have it Directly Lessened to it\u2019s Just Proportion with the other Produces of the United States, for no Mention having been made of Salted Provisions (either Willingly, or by oblivion) in the act of the King\u2019s Counsel of the 29th of Xber. 1787, the  farmers General will undoubtedly Continue Still to Perceive, as they have done till now, the Dutys on the Same footing as in War time upon Salted Provisions taken on the Ennemys, which Case Can never be the Same in full peace, and towards a Power our attorney said by the treaty of Commerce to be treated and favoured in france as the Natives of the Kingdom.\nCertainly a duty Making from 30 to 34 per Cent of the intrinsick Value of beef, and Pork, Can never be looked upon as a proof of favouring the united States, far from it, since no Kind of goods whatsoever pay in france at it\u2019s Entering no Duty Like now approaching this.\nTho\u2019 this Duty may be looked upon as very unmaterial with regard to the General trade of the Americans, yet it is very oppressing when supported by a private Merchant who (not Knowing any thing of a duty not Specified in the act of the King\u2019s Counsel) Sent Salted Provisions in hopes of an honest Benefit, and of to shew to french tradesmen the good quality of American Salted Provisions and for it\u2019s good Intention will Loose above 15 per Cent of his first Lay out.\nYour Complaints to the french Mynisters on this Grievous Duty, may Procure to our friends the relief of it Partly, or Wholly, and a full Explanation for the future, that Merchants of the United States may Know with Certitude what Dutys are owed upon Each Kind of their produce. We Expect with Entire Confidence, the result of Complaints to the Mynistary of france, and Beg to assure you of the utmost Respects of Your Excellency\u2019s Most humble and obedient servants,\nWidow David & son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Cambray, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cambray (Cambrai), Comte de\nSir\nParis Aug. 15. 1789.\nI have the pleasure to inform you that money is now deposited in the hands of Messieurs Grand & co. for paying the arrears of interest to the beginning of the present year to the foreign officers who served in the American army. Neither Congress nor their servants have ceased one moment to feel the justice due to those gentlemen, but this is the first moment that their efforts to command such a sum of money have been successful. I announce it to you with a pleasure proportioned to those sentiments of high esteem  & attachment with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste de Gouvion, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gouvion (Govion), Col. Jean Baptiste\nSir\nParis Aug. 15. 1789.\nI have the pleasure to inform you that money is now deposited in the hands of Messrs. Grand & co. for paying the arrears of interest due to the foreign officers who served in the American army. I will beg the favor of you to notify thereof as many of them as you may find convenient, and if you can furnish the addresses of any others to Messrs. Grand & co. they will undertake to give notice to them. The delays which have attended the completion of this object have been greater than I expected. This has not proceeded from any inattention of Congress or any of their servants to the justice due to those officers. This has been sufficiently felt. But it is not till the present moment that their efforts to furnish such a sum of money have been succesful. The whole amount of arrears to the beginning of the present year is about ten thousand Louis d\u2019ors. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and attachment Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0337", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 15 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 15. 1789.\nThe present serves to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 10th inst. inclosing bills to the amount of one hundred and sixty nine thousand seven hundred and eighteen livres sixteen sous, which I immediately endorsed to Messrs. Grand & co. for negotiation, and to be paid by them to the foreign officers.\nI expect within a few days to be able to decide what is to be done with the 30,000 florins to be reserved for a particular purpose.\u2014I have the honour to be with great esteem, Gentlemen Your most obedt & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0339", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst, 17 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 17. 1789\nThe legislature of South Carolina, desirous of doing justice to their foreign creditors, have lately passed an act appropriating certain funds to the paiment of the interest and principal due to them. The benefit of the act extends to all who shall be willing to accede to the conditions of it; and the proof of that accession is to be their exchanging the bonds they possess for the certificate prescribed by the act. Distance and the perils of the sea having rendered necessary the agency of some person in Europe, intermediate between the state and their creditors, who might, for the  state, receive their antient obligation from the creditor, and give in exchange a receipt equally obligatory on the state, they have been pleased to desire me to perform that office. It becomes therefore my duty to inform your house, as creditors, that if you think proper to deliver to me the obligations whereon rests the debt of the State of South Carolina to your house I am ready to give you in exchange for the same such a receipt as will be equally obligatory on the state and will entitle you to participate of the benefits of the act. I inclose you an authentic copy of the proceedings of the legislature and Executive of South Carolina on this subject, and have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0340", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 18 Aug. 1789. TJ\u2019s letters of 27 and 30 July have delivered him \u201cd\u2019une grande perplexit\u00e9.\u201d Postponement of TJ\u2019s departure is fortunate because it will enable him to give an account of affairs in Europe which cannot fail to be interesting to the United States, \u201csurtout de la part d\u2019un Observateur tel que Votre Excellence.\u201d He hopes TJ will promote his solicitation to be accredited at the court of Bruxelles, while leaving \u201cin statu quo mon existence en ce pays.\u201d Is going to spend a fortnight with the Van Staphorsts in Amsterdam, and offers his services there, as here and everywhere.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0341", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Messrs. Robert & Hugh Ingram\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 18. 1789\nI am honored with your favor of the 10th. I am an utter stranger to every thing relative to the Brig Dart which you mention to me, but shall be willing to do whatever the case may admit of. At present, and probably for a considerable time to come, the government is too much otherwise occupied, perhaps too much constrained to take up anything of th[at kind]. I have the honor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0342", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Amand Koenig, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Koenig, Amand\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Paris ce 18me. Aout 1789.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous accuser la r\u00e9ception des livres que vous m\u2019avez annonc\u00e9 par votre lettre du 8me. Juillet, et que j\u2019en ai pay\u00e9 le montant, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire la somme de 135.\u20b6 5s. aujourdhui dans les mains de Monsieur Prevost, comme vous me l\u2019avez d\u00e9sir\u00e9. Quand le reste de l\u2019Aeschylus Schutzii sera publi\u00e9, je vous prie de me l\u2019envoyer. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0343", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 18 August 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Margaret St. No. 15 Cavendish Square August the 18th. 1789\nMr. Paradise has desired me to acquaint your Excellency he shall have the honour to write to you very soon, but at present, and ever since his arrival here, he has been under the greatest affliction, owing to the Deed\u2019s not being yet Signed. He says Your Excellency knows him very well, and he is certain you will excuse it. He is very Grateful for the Numberless obligations you have Confered upon him, and, he begs Me to assure you, it will be the only study of his Life to do every thing in his power to convince you of it. For my part, I have no other words to express the feelings of My heart then these. I am Grateful and only wait the Moment for me to shew My Heart to you. I rejoice at the Noble Spirit of the French, I pray they May be as Free as they ought to be.\u2014Mr. P. and Myself join in affectionate Love and Gratitude to you and your amiable Daughters and best Compliments to Mr. Short and all our well wishers at Paris. I am Sorry very sorry to find that our Dear Country America does not remember the Services We have received from Portugal in the time of the war. I wish they had not laid 25 pr. Cent upon Maderia Wine. We should have been Grateful to that Country that was kind to us in our times of distress. I own I Love Portugal because of their attention to Us. Adieu Your Excellencies Most Grateful Humbl. Servt,\nLucy Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0345", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 19 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 19. 1789\nI am to acknolege the receipt of your favor of Aug. 13. covering bills of exchange for one hundred and ten thousand two hundred and eighty one livres four sols, and making with those received in your letter of the 10th two hundred and eighty thousand livres. These I have immediately put into the hands of Messieurs Grand & co. for negociation, and to answer the demands to which they are destined. I will immediately give notice to our government of the paiment of these sums, as well as of the completion of the whole of the last loan, and your ideas on the practicability of any other they might be disposed to set on foot. I am Gentlemen with great esteem Your most obedt & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bancroft, 21 August 1789\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFrancis Street, Bedford Square, August 21st. 1789.\nYour favour of the 6th. of Augt. I duely received, and have since seen the Gentleman to whom you remitted Mr. Paradise\u2019s Bill, and have given him the most satisfactory Explanations and assurances in my Power, and such as he appeared perfectly Contented with.\nMr. Paradise justly sensible of the singular obligation with which you have loaded him, feels himself very much ashamed that he has not before this written to you, and he promises to summon his faculties to so much obedience and exertion, as is necessary for this purpose, either to day or on Tuesday next. In truth it has been thought prudent to keep him out of town ever since his return until within a day or two, because two or three of the Creditors who had generally assented to his Proposals have contrived under various and somewhat suspicious pretexts to avoid signing the Deed, and two others have absolutely refused to do it in order to extort an immediate Payment of half of the amount of their demands. These difficulties as you will naturally suppose have disagreably agitated Mr. P. and left him so little self possession that it is no wonder he should have postponed writing even to you. And though he is now  in Town, he does not publickly appear, and it is very probable that he may be advised to go again to the Country for a few days until terms can be made with the outstanding Creditors, whose Demands indeed are not of the largest.\nMr. Silas Deane is I beleive now determined to embark in a few days for Boston, to end his remaining days in America, and will doubtless carry with him the Books mentioned formerly. He knows nothing of your having ever seen any of those which are missing. He has nearly recovered the use of his bodily faculties and in a considerable degree of his mental also. But having no means of subsistence in this Country, nor any connection which could enable him to obtain it, he goes to receive food raiment, and Lodging for the remnant of his Life, from the affection or Humanity of his Brother in Connecticut, who is already charged with the support of his son.\nWe have no news here of any importance. The last from America is I beleive of the 18th. of July, when little except passing the impost Bill had been finished. No appointments to any of the great f\u0153deral departments had taken Place.\u2014General Washington had indeed been very ill but was nearly recovered. I have the honor to be with the great[est] esteem and respect Dear Sir Your most Humble & most Devoted Servant,\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0350", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Royez, 25 August 1789\nFrom: Royez, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis ce 25. Ao\u00fbt 1789\nJ\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00e9crire \u00e0 Votre Excellence que, pour la suitte \u00e0 retirer par elle de deux Exemplaires de l\u2019Encyclop\u00e9die dont les 22. 1\u00e8res Livraisons lui ont ete fournies par monsieur Goldsmith, Je les avois \u00e0 Sa disposition, et que j\u2019attends encore Sa Reponse pour savoir s\u2019il faut les lui Garder plus longtems, et surtout lui conserver le droit des Souscripteurs de la Moiti\u00e9 de Benefice sur le prix du Suppl\u00e9ment aux dites Encyclopedies.\nRoyezLibraire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 27 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Aug. 27. 1789.\nI am honoured with your favor of June 19. informing me that permission is given me to make a short visit to my native country, for which indulgence I beg leave to return my thanks to the President, and to yourself, Sir, for the expedition with which you were so good as to forward it after it was obtained. Being advised that October is the best month of the autumn for a passage to America, I shall wish to sail about the first of that month: and as I have a family with me, and their baggage is considerable, I must endeavor to find a vessel bound directly for Virginia if possible.\u2014My last letters to you have been of the 5th. and 12th instant. Since these I received information from our bankers in Holland that they had money in hand sufficient to answer the demands for the Foreign officers, and for the captives: and that moreover the residue of the bonds of the last loan were engaged. I hereupon wrote to Mr. Grand for an exact estimate of the sum necessary for the officers. He had stated it to me as being 45,653\u20b6-11s-6d a year, when I was going to Holland to propose the loan to Mr. Adams, and at that sum you will see it was stated in the estimate we sent you from Amsterdam. He now informed me it was 60,393\u20b6-17s-10d a year. I called on him for an explanation. He shewed me that his first information agreed with the only list of the officers and sums then in his possession, and his last with a new list lately sent from the Treasury board on which other officers were set down who had been omitted in the first. I wrote to our bankers an account of this error, and  desired to know whether, after reserving the money necessary for the captives they were in condition to furnish 254,000.\u20b6 for the officers. They answered me by sending the money, and the additional sum of 26,000.\u20b6 to complete the business of the medals. I delivered the bills to Messrs. Grand & co. to negociate and pay away, and the arrears to the officers to the 1st. day of the present year are now in a course of paiment. While on this subject I will ask that an order may be forwarded to the Bankers in Holland to furnish, and to Mr. Grand to pay the arrearages which may be due on the 1st. of January next. The money being in hand, it would be a pity that we should fail in paiment a single day merely for want of an order. The bankers further give it as their opinion, that our credit is so much advanced on the exchange of Amsterdam that we may probably execute any money arrangements we may have occasion for on this side the water. I have the honor to send you a copy of their letter. They have communicated to me apprehensions that another house was endeavoring to obtain the business of our government. Knowing of no such endeavors myself, I have assured them that I am a stranger to any applications on the subject. At the same time I cannot but suspect that this jealousy has been one of the spurs at least to the prompt completion of our loan. The spirited proceedings of the new Congress in the business of revenue has doubtless been the principal one.\nAn engagement has taken place between the Russian and Swedish fleets in the Baltic, which has been not at all decisive, no ship having been lost on either side. The Swedes claimed a victory because they remained in the field till the Russians quitted it. The latter effected a junction soon after with another part of their fleet, and being now about 10. ships strongest, the Swedes retired into port, and it is imagined they will not appear again under so great a disparity, so that the campaign by sea is supposed to be finished. Their commerce will be at the mercy of their enemies; but they have put it out of the power of the Russians to send any fleet to the Mediterranean this year. A revolution has been effected very suddenly in the Bishoprick of Liege. Their constitution had been changed by force by the reigning sovereign about 100 years ago. This subject had been lately revived and discussed in print. The people were at length excited to assemble tumultuously. They sent for their prince, who was at a country seat, and required him to come to the town house to hear their grievances. Tho\u2019 in the night, he came instantly, and was obliged to sign a restitution of their  antient constitution, which took place on the spot, and all became quiet, without a drop of blood spilt. This fact is worthy notice only as it shews the progress of the spirit of revolution.\u2014No act of violence has taken place in Paris since my last, except on account of a difference between the French and Swiss guards which gave rise to occasional single combats in which 5. or 6. were killed. The difference is made up. Some misunderstandings had arisen between the committees of the different districts of Paris as to the form of their future municipal government. These gave uneasiness for a while, but have been also reconciled. Still there is such a leaven of fermentation remaining in the body of the people, that acts of violence are always possible, and are quite unpunisheable, there being as yet no judicature which can venture to act in any case however small or great. The country is becoming more calm. The embarrasments of the government for want of money are extreme. The loan of 30. millions proposed by Mr. Necker has not succeeded at all. No taxes are paid. A total stoppage of all paiment to the creditors of the state is possible every moment. These form a great mass in the city as well as country, and among the lower class of people too, who have been used to carry the little savings of their service into the public funds upon life rents of five, ten, twenty guineas a year, and many of whom have no other dependance for daily subsistence. A prodigious number of servants are now also thrown out of employ by domestic reforms, rendered necessary by the late events. Add to this the want of bread which is extreme. For several days past a considerable proportion of the people have been without bread altogether: for tho\u2019 the new harvest is begun, there is neither water nor wind to grind the grain. For some days past the people have besieged the doors of the bakers, scrambled with one another for bread, collected in squads all over the city, and need only some slight incident to lead them to excesses which may end in nobody can tell what. The danger from the want of bread however, which is the most imminent, will certainly lessen in a few days. What turn that will take which arises from the want of money is difficult to be foreseen. Mr. Necker is totally without influence in the National assembly, and is I believe, not satisfied with this want of importance. That assembly is just finishing their bill of rights. The question will then be whether to take up first the Constitution, or the business of finance. No plan of constitution has been yet given in. But I can state to you the outlines of what the leading members have in contemplation. The Executive power in  a hereditary king, with a power of dissolving the legislature, and a negative on their laws, his authority in forming treaties to be greatly restrained. The Legislative to be a single house of representatives chosen for two or three years. They propose a body, whom they call a Senate, to be chosen by the Provincial assemblies as our federal senate is, but with no power of negativing or amending laws: they may only remonstrate on them to the Representatives, who will decide by a simple majority the ultimate event of the law. This body will therefore be a mere council of revision. It is proposed that they shall be of a certain age and property, and be for life. They may make them also their court of impeachment. They will suppress the parliaments, and establish a system of judicature somewhat like that of England, with trial by jury in criminal cases, perhaps also in civil. Each province will have a subordinate provincial government, and the great cities a municipal one on a free basis. These are the ideas and views of the most distinguished members; but they may suffer great modifications from the assembly. And the longer the delay the greater will be the modifications. A considerable interval having taken place since any popular execution, the Aristocratic party is raising it\u2019s head. They are strengthened by a considerable defection from the patriots, in consequence of the general suppression of abuses of the 4th. of Aug. in which many were interested. Another faction too, of the most desperate views, has acquired strength in the assembly as well as out of it. These wish to dethrone the reigning branch and transfer the crown to the Duke d\u2019Orleans. The members of this faction are mostly persons of wicked and desperate fortune, who have nothing at heart but to pillage from the wreck of their country. The Duke himself is as unprincipled as his followers, sunk in debaucheries of the lowest kind, and incapable of quitting them for business. Not a fool, yet not head enough to conduct any thing. In fact I suppose him used merely as a tool because of his immense wealth, and that he acquired a certain degree of popularity by his first opposition to the government, then credited to him as upon virtuous motives. He is certainly borrowing money on a large scale. He is in understanding with the court of London, where he has been long in habits of intimacy. The ministry here even apprehend that that court will support his designs by war. I have no idea of this, but no doubt at the same time that they will furnish him money liberally to aliment a civil war and prevent the regeneration of this country.\u2014It was suggested to me some days ago that the  court of Versailles were treating with that of London for a surrender of their West India possessions in consideration of a great sum of money to relieve their present distress. Every principle of common sense was in opposition to this fact: yet it was so affirmed, as to merit enquiry. I became satisfied the government had never such an idea; but that the story was not without foundation altogether: that something like this was in contemplation between the faction of Orleans and the court of London, as a means of obtaining money from that court. In a conversation with the Ct. de Montmorin two days ago, he told me their colonies were speaking a language which gave them uneasiness and for which there was no foundation. I asked him if he knew any thing of what I have just mentioned. He appeared unapprized of it, but to see at once that it would be a probable speculation between two parties circumstanced and principled as those two are. I apologized to him for the enquiries I had made into this business, by observing that it would be much against our interest that any one power should monopolize all the W. India islands. \u2018Pardi, assurement\u2019 was his answer.\u2014The emancipation of their islands is an idea prevailing in the minds of several members of the national assembly, particularly those most enlightened and most liberal in their views. Such a step by this country would lead to other emancipations or revolutions in the same quarter.\u2014I inclose you some papers received from Mr. Carmichael relative to the capture of one of our vessels by a Marocco cruiser, and restitution by the emperor. I shall immediately write to M. Chiappe to express a proper sense of the Emperor\u2019s friendly dispositions to us. I forward also the public papers to the present date, and have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Swan, 27 August 1789\nFrom: Swan, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis 27. August 1789.\nIn compliance, Sir, with your request, I present you the following calculations, at which I am certain New England beef can be supplied delivered at Havre; in doing which I may be exposing facts, which may opperate to the detriment of private Adventurers; but as to that I am indifferent, provided I meet your views in Serving the general good.\nCommon fresh beef for the British army and navy at Boston, used to be supplied to the agents of the Contracting Victualers, at 12/ Sterling the hundred weight, which was but 5 farthings and 1/7th. per pound. But as a great deal of that beef was of a very low quality, calculated to give a greater profit to the Contractors, I am certain, that with Cash and good management, especially having but few purchasers, and them to be acted by one principle, that beef of a better quality than that, and in all respects unexceptionable, could be bought at 3 sols the \u2114. which for 240. \u2114. the\nweight of a bbl: would make\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003For the barrell\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003For Salt\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003For freight to France\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003For Insurance to do. 2\u00bd\u214c Ct. say\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003For Cartage and wharfage on board\n\u00a32. Sterling\n\u214c barrell of 240 \u2114:, or 4 sols \u214c \u2114. including barrel and Salt, with freight and Insurance to France and charges on board.\u2014I allow nothing for purchasing, killing and packing the Beef, because  I suppose in fact that it can be bought on the Hough at 3 sols the \u2114., consequently the profits on the Hide and Tallow, will very much overpay these Expences: indeed for the Off-alls, i.e. the Houghs, head and internals the Butchers kill and pack. Tallow is generally three times the price of beef, and the Hides about double, which would nett a handsome profit to the agent.\nIt may be well to observe, that from the month of October to May, the supplies could be made in such proportions, that the meat would be scarcely pickled or Corn\u2019d, especially if Salt petre was put in the bbls., for upon an average it would be at market in 45, or 50 days from the time of being killed. In the Summer months when it is too hot to pack, it would be Salted.\nSalted pork, Bacon, Salted ox Tongues, and Salt butter, might be furnished from America, and delivered at Paris for half the price they are generally at there.\nIn attending to the price at which Beef was quoted at Boston last winter, say 6 Dollars, or 27/ Sterling for Common, 7 to 7\u00bd Dollars or 31/6 to 33/9 Sterg. for that warranted, marked and Salt petred, with the Casks full bound, it will be found that the above Calculations, are much over the probable price.\nI have gone upon the supposition that the Government or the City will furnish Cash, and employ an Agent, or that a Contract will be made. If an individual risques a market, it is not probable it can be had so cheap in the French ports: at present it is higher.\nIf you should think it best, it might be mentioned that there are Americans who would supply Beef delivered at Havre or any other port in France, at 4 sols \u214c \u2114. amongst whom I would mention myself, and dare venture to include Mr. Parker and Colo. Ogdon (Gouvernier Morris\u2019s brother in Law, whom the Marquis told me had applied thro\u2019 him some years since). If it should be tho\u2019t an object worthy of the Assemblys immediate attention, a Contract could now be made: Or, by employing Agents a great part could be purchased with French Manufactures: Or by a Contract, say at 5 sols \u214c \u2114. half at least might be paid for in Merchandize made in the Kingdom.\nThese Sir, I humbly submit to you, wishing that they might aid you to that information which may lead to an introduction of our beef in France, and thereby procure a market, for want of which the New England States are much distressed.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully and with a perfect esteem Sir Your mo. obed. huml. Servt,\nJam. Swan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0353", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame de Tess\u00e9, 27 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Tess\u00e9, Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de\nParis Aug. 27. 1789.\nOn my return from Versailles, Madam, the other evening I was struck with the appearance of a magnificent pedestal erected in our hall during my absence. I found on it my name indeed, but nothing else which belonged to me. I am never so conscious of my littleness as when praises are bestowed on me which I do not merit. I have then the feelings of a thief, running away with the property of others. My conscience binds me, Madam, to an honest restitution. A small change in the inscription does it.\nSummo rerum moderatori\ncui tandem libertas Americae Septentrionalis\ncurae fuit\ncui in posterum curae erit\nD.D.D.de Noailles, comitissa de Tess\u00e9.\nWhile the world will see in this a monument of your devotion to Liberty, the Patriot\u2019s god, to me it will still be a remembrance of your friendship and partiality to him who in the sincerity of his heart offers you the homage of his thanks for this and all other the proofs of your kindness to him, and of those sentiments of respect & esteem with which he has the honor to be, Madam, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 28 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 28. 1789\nMy last to you was of July 29. Since that I have received yours of May 27. June 13. and 30. The tranquillity of the city has not been disturbed since my last. Dissensions between the French and Swiss guards occasioned some private combats in which five or six were killed. These dissensions are made up. The want of bread for some days past has greatly endangered the peace of the city. Some get a little bread, some none at all. The poor are the best served because they besiege perpetually the doors of the bakers. Notwithstanding this distress, and the palpable impotence of the city administration to furnish bread to the city, it was not till yesterday that general leave was given to the bakers to go into the country and buy flour for themselves as they can. This will soon relieve us, because the wheat harvest is well advanced. Never was there a country where the practice of governing too much had taken deeper root and done more mischeif. Their declaration of rights is finished. If printed in time I will inclose a copy with this. It is doubtful whether they will now take up the finance or the constitution first. The distress for money endangers every thing. No taxes are paid, and no money can be borrowed. Mr. Necker was yesterday  to give in a memoir to the Assembly on this subject. I think they will give him leave to put into execution any plan he pleases, so as to debarrass themselves of this and take up that of the constitution. No plan is yet reported; but the leading members (with some small differences of opinion) have in contemplation the following. The Executive power in a hereditary king, with a negative on laws and power to dissolve the legislature, to be considerably restrained in the making of treaties, and limited in his expences. The legislative in a house of representatives. They propose a senate also, chosen on the plan of our federal senate by the provincial assemblies, but to be for life, of a certain age (they talk of 40. years) and certain wealth (4 or 500 guineas a year) but to have no other power as to laws but to remonstrate against them to the representatives, who will then determine their fate by a simple majority. This you will readily perceive is a mere council of revision like that of New York, which, in order to be something, must form an alliance with the king, to avail themselves of his veto. The alliance will be useful to both and to the nation. The representatives to be chosen every two or three years. The judiciary system is less prepared than any other part of their plan. However they will abolish the parliaments, and establish an order of judges and justices, general and provincial, a good deal like ours, with trial by jury in criminal cases certainly, perhaps also in civil. The provinces will have assemblies for their provincial government, and the cities a municipal body for municipal government, all founded on the basis of popular election. These subordinate governments, tho completely dependant on the general one, will be entrusted with almost the whole of the details which our state governments exercise. They will have their own judiciary, final in all but great cases, the Executive business will principally pass through their hands, and a certain local legislation will be allowed them. In short ours has been professedly their model, in which such changes are made as a difference of circumstance rendered necessary and some others neither necessary nor advantageous, but into which men will ever run when versed in theory and new in the practice of government, when acquainted with man only as they see him in their books and not in the world. This plan will undoubtedly undergo changes in the assembly, and the longer it is delayed the greater will be the changes: for that assembly, or rather the patriotic part of it, hooped together heretofore by a common enemy, are less compact since their victory. That enemy (the civil and ecclesiastical aristocracy) begins to raise it\u2019s head.  The lees too of the patriotic party, of wicked principles and desperate fortunes, hoping to pillage something in the wreck of their country, are attaching themselves to the faction of the Duke of Orleans, that faction is caballing with the populace, and intriguing at London, the Hague and Berlin and have evidently in view the transfer of the crown to the D. of Orleans. He is a man of moderate understanding, of no principle, absorbed in low vice, and incapable of abstracting himself from the filth of that to direct any thing else. His name and his money therefore are mere tools in the hands of those who are duping him. Mirabeau is their chief. They may produce a temporary confusion, and even a temporary civil war, supported as they will be by the money of England; but they cannot have success ultimately. The king, the mass of the substantial people of the whole country, the army, and the influential part of the clergy, form a firm phalanx which must prevail. Should those delays which necessarily attend the deliberations of a body of 1200 men give time to this plot to ripen and burst so as to break up the assembly before any thing definitive is done, a constitution, the principles of which are pretty well settled in the minds of the assembly, will be proposed by the national militia (that is by their commander) urged by the individual members of the assembly, signed by the king, and supported by the nation, to prevail till circumstances shall permit it\u2019s revision and more regular sanction. This I suppose the pis-aller of their affairs, while their probable event is a peaceable settlement of them. They fear a war from England Holland and Prussia. I think England will give money, but not make war. Holland would soon be afire internally were she to be embroiled in external difficulties. Prussia must know this and act accordingly.\nIt is impossible to desire better dispositions towards us, than prevail in this assembly. Our proceedings have been viewed as a model for them on every occasion; and tho in the heat of debate men are generally disposed to contradict every authority urged by their opponents, ours has been treated like that of the bible, open to explanation but not to question. I am sorry that in the moment of such a disposition any thing should come from us to check it. The placing them on a mere footing with the English will have this effect. When of two nations, the one has engaged herself in a ruinous war for us, has spent her blood and money to save us, has opened her bosom to us in peace, and receive us almost on the footing of her own citizens, while the other has moved heaven,  earth and hell to exterminate us in war, has insulted us in all her councils in peace, shut her doors to us in every part where her interests would admit it, libelled us in foreign nations, endeavored to poison them against the reception of our most precious commodities, to place these two nations on a footing, is to give a great deal more to one than to the other if the maxim be true that to make unequal quantities equal you must add more to the one than the other. To say in excuse that gratitude is never to enter into the motives of national conduct, is to revive a principle which has been buried for centuries with it\u2019s kindred principles of the lawfulness of assassination, poison, perjury &c. All of these were legitimate principles in the dark ages which intervened between antient and modern civilisation, but exploded and held in just horror in the 18th century. I know but one code of morality for man whether acting singly or collectively. He who says I will be a rogue when I act in company with a hundred others but an honest man when I act alone, will be believed in the former assertion, but not in the latter. I would say with the poet \u2018hic niger est, hunc tu Romane caveto.\u2019 If the morality of one man produces a just line of conduct in him, acting individually, why should not the morality of 100 men produce a just line of conduct in them acting together? But I indulge myself in these reflections because my own feelings run me into them: with you they were always acknoleged. Let us hope that our new government will take some other occasion to shew that they mean to proscribe no virtue from the canons of their conduct with other nations. In every other instance the new government has ushered itself to the world as honest, masculine and dignified. It has shewn genuine dignity in my opinion in exploding adulatory titles; they are the offerings of abject baseness, and nourish that degrading vice in the people.\nI must now say a word on the declaration of rights you have been so good as to send me. I like it as far as it goes; but I should have been for going further. For instance the following alterations and additions would have pleased me. Art. 4. \u2018The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak to write or otherwise to publish any thing but false facts affecting injuriously the life, liberty, property, or reputation of others or affecting the peace of the confederacy with foreign nations. Art. 7. All facts put in issue before any judicature shall be tried by jury except 1. in cases of admiralty jurisdiction wherein a foreigner shall be interested, 2. in cases cognisable before a court martial concerning only the regular  officers and souldiers of the U.S. or members of the militia in actual service in time of war or insurrection, and 3. in impeachments allowed by the constitution.\u2014Art. 8. No person shall be held in confinement more than \u2014\u2014 days after they shall have demanded and been refused a writ of Hab. corp. by the judge appointed by law nor more than \u2014\u2014 days after such writ shall have been served on the person holding him in confinement and no order given on due examination for his remandment or discharge, nor more than \u2014\u2014 hours in any place at a greater distance than \u2014\u2014 miles from the usual residence of some judge authorised to issue the writ of Hab. corp. nor shall that writ be suspended for any term exceeding one year nor in any place more than \u2014\u2014 miles distant from the station or encampment of enemies or of insurgents.\u2014Art. 9. Monopolies may be allowed to persons for their own productions in literature and their own inventions in the arts for a term not exceeding \u2014\u2014 years but for no longer term and no other purpose.\u2014Art. 10. All troops of the U.S. shall stand ipso facto disbanded at the expiration of the term for which their pay and subsistence shall have been last voted by Congress, and all officers and souldiers not natives of the U.S. shall be incapable of serving in their armies by and except during a foreign war.\u2019 These restrictions I think are so guarded as to hinder evil only. However if we do not have them now, I have so much confidence in my countrymen as to be satisfied that we shall have them as soon as the degeneracy of our government shall render them necessary.\u2014I have no certain news of P. Jones. I understand only in a general way that some persecution on the part of his officers occasioned his being called to Petersburgh, and that tho protected against them by the empress, he is not yet restored to his station. Silas Deane is coming over to finish his days in America, not having one sou to subsist on elsewhere. He is a wretched monument of the consequences of a departure from right.\u2014I will before my departure write Colo. Lee fully the measures I pursued to procure success in his business, and which as yet offer little hope, and I shall leave it in the hands of Mr. Short to be pursued if any prospect opens on him.\u2014I propose to sail from Havre as soon after the 1st. of October as I can get a vessel: and shall consequently leave this place a week earlier than that. As my daughters will be with me, and their baggage somewhat more than that of mere voyageures, I shall endeavor if possible to obtain a passage for Virginia directly. Probably I shall be there by the last of November. If my immediate attendance at New York should be  requisite for any purpose, I will leave them with a relation near Richmond and proceed immediately to New York. But as I do not foresee any pressing purpose for that journey immediately on my arrival, and as it will be a great saving of time to finish at once in Virginia so as to have no occasion to return there after having once gone on to the Northward, I expect to proceed to my own house directly. Staying there two months (which I believe will be necessary) and allowing for the time I am on the road, I may expect to be at New York in February, and to embark from thence, or some eastern port.\u2014You ask me if I would accept any appointment on that side the water? You know the circumstances which led me from retirement, step by step and from one nomination to another, up to the present. My object is a return to the same retirement. Whenever therefore I quit the present, it will not be to engage in any other office, and most especially any one which would require a constant residence from home.\u2014The books I have collected for you will go off for Havre in three or four days with my baggage. From that port I shall try to send them by a direct occasion to New York. I am with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir your affectionate friend and servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I just now learn that Mr. Necker proposed yesterday to the National assembly a loan of 80. millions, on terms more tempting to the lender than the former, and that they approve it, leaving him to arrange the details in order that they might occupy themselves at once about the constitution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0355", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frimont de Barail, 29 August 1789\nFrom: De Barail, Frimont\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 29 Aug. 1789. She has just received letter from \u201cMr. Brossier, mon Parent, qui me charge de vous faire passer le paquet cy Joint,\u201d and who asks that TJ support his petition to Congress in case he returns to America. Brossier\u2019s knowledge of the language gives him an advantage, but if he fails to obtain his object, she hopes he may be named  vice-consul at Honfleur. She would have come to see TJ if she had not been indisposed: \u201cmais si J\u2019apprends que vous \u00eates encore \u00e0 Paris pour quelque tems, Je me rendrai chez vous pour vous prier de continuer vos bont\u00e9s \u00e0 mon Parent.\u2014Veuillez bien recevoir les sentimens de la plus vive reconnoissance pour tout ce que J\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous pouvez faire en faveur de Mr. Brossier, qui a droit d\u2019int\u00e9resser les ames sensibles, \u00e9tant chef d\u2019une famille infortun\u00e9e.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0356", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 29 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nMy dear Sir\nParis Aug. 29. 1789.\nThe delay of receiving the leave of absence I had asked from our government, has prevented my visit to Virginia as early in the year as I had intended. I have just now received that and am making up my baggage. I expect to leave this place in about a fortnight and to sail about the last of September or first of October. Consequently I may arrive in Virginia in the course of the month of November, and have the pleasure of seeing yourself and Mrs. Eppes at Eppington a few days. I suppose I may be able to pass two months in Virginia. The only object of this letter is to apprize you of my departure and I will send a duplicate and triplicate of it by different ways in hopes some one may reach you before arrival. My daughters are well, anticipate with great fondness the moment of their rejoining Mrs. Eppes, yourself and their cousins. Be so good as to remember me most affectionately to Mrs. Eppes, to kiss all the children for us, the known and unknown and to be assured of the sentiments of sincere esteem and attachment with which I am dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0357", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Pinckney, 29 August 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Charles\n[Paris, 29 Aug. 1789. There is an entry in SJL for a letter of this date to \u201cPinckney Govr.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Tess\u00e9, 29 August 1789\nFrom: Tess\u00e9, Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\na versailles ce 29 aoust\nL\u2019honneur de placer un autel dans les bois de Monticello Renferme tout L\u2019\u00e9clat dont la vie de Me. de Tess\u00e9 est susceptible. Son coeur sera content si l\u2019ap\u00f4tre de la liberte americaine veut bien agreer les voeux qu\u2019elle forme pour son bonheur encore plus que pour sa Renomm\u00e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0361", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 30 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nSir\nParis Aug. 30. 1789.\nYour brother, with whom I have the honor of an acquaintance, has promised that he would ask your permission for me to address a line to you on a subject very interesting to me. I have just received permission to pay a six months visit to America. I wish to sail about the 1st. of October and from Havre preferably to every other port because my baggage, which is heavy, may go to that by water. The favor I have to ask of you is to inform me what American vessels are now at Havre, and likely to remain there till the beginning of October, and to drop me a line of information also when any other vessel shall arrive. The particulars interesting to me to know are when each vessel will sail, to what port, of what size, what age (that is whether she be sound) and something of the skill and dispositions of the captain. All these circumstances, you know Sir, are interesting to a passenger, and it is also interesting in the fall season that the captain should mean to take the Southern passage, and not the Northern. I shall wish to find a vessel bound to the Chesapeak.\u2014As the taking the whole cabbin is expensive, and odious to the other passengers, I should propose to take all the births of the ship, and stipulate that no body shall lodge in the cabbin. Consequently it would be interesting to know how many births there are in the ship and their price. I shall have with me my two daughters and two servants. I ought to make you many apologies, Sir, for the trouble of these details. My excuse must be the necessity of my situation, and the encouragement of your brother to address myself to you. I have the honour to be with great consideration, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0362", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 30 August 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Aug. 30. 1789.\nMy letters being to go by the way of London, and the person not departing till tomorrow morning, I am enabled to inclose with the other papers Mr. Necker\u2019s memoir proposing a loan of 80. millions, and to inform you that 10. or 12. millions are already subscribed, and that it is believed that the whole will be filled in good time.\u2014  I take the liberty also to inclose to you the application of a Mr. Brossier for the consulship of Havre. Who or what he is, I know not, except that I have heard he has made an unsuccesful attempt to be a merchant.\u2014While on this subject I must observe that since my letter informing you of the several persons who might be thought of for those appointments, there is a Mr. Nathaniel Cutting of Massachusets settled at Havre, and that the Mr. Vernes whom I mentioned as at Lorient has left that port. Mr. Appleton also is no longer at Rouen. I am not certain whether he means to return there. I have the honor to be with the greatest esteem & respect Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0363", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, 30 August 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n[Paris, 30 Aug. 1789. Recorded in SJL under this date. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Kyran Hoyne, [31 August 1789]\nFrom: Hoyne, Kyran\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 31 Aug. 1789]. She apologizes for intruding as a stranger but desires \u201cto know from Your Highness what day and time would be most convenient to give audience to an honest and industrious Housekeeper who has advanced not alone the little She acquired by the most honest and just means, but has likewise gotten herself very much in debt, and that to lodge and support two young Gentlemen of your Country, one Natif of Phyladelphia and the other of Jersey. They passed their Notes for the amount of their expences which is about 1400.\u20b6 It is now more than two years since their departure for their Country. She has received letters from them wherein they say that they have her money ready counted on the table and every desire of remitting it to her, but cannot find the means which they attribute to the slackness of their commerce.\u201d As she, an \u201chonest Woman,\u201d lives a long way from TJ and has a house and family to take care of, she asks him to set time for an audience which she does not doubt will bring her the consolation to be \u201cexpected from a Character well known to be truly Great and Benevolent.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0365", "content": "Title: List of Baggage Shipped by Jefferson from France, [ca. 1 September 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMonticello\nNo.\nHamper 24. Meurs. \u2014 12 Sauterne \u2014 12 Rochegude \u2014 12 Frontignan\nhamper 6 \u2114. Maccaroni, 29. \u2114. Parmesan, 10 \u2114. raisins, 20 \u2114. amandes douces, 10 \u2114. brugnols, 5 \u2114. dates, 24 bott. vinegar 21 do. oil, 6 amandes ameres.\nbox. saddle\u2014models of machines, &c.\nbox. books, 7\u00be cub. feet.\nbox. books, 3 cub. feet\u2014kitchen furniture, &c.\nbox. bust T.\nbox. bust T.\nbox. pictures.\nbox. guitar.\nbox. clock.\nRichmd.\nbox. books. viz. Encyclop. maps. 3\u2153 cub. foot.\nbox. Pedestal for Fayette\u2019s bust.\nEppingtn.\nbox. Harpsichord.\nHamper. 12 Sauterne. 12 Rochegude. 12 Frontig. 12 Monrach. 12 Champ.\nbox. bedstead\nbox. bedstead\nbale. mattrasses\nWmsburg.\nbox. books for G. W. 2\u00bd cub. feet.\nHampton\nbox. harness.\nSeastores\nhamper. 24. Meurs. 12 Sauterne. 12 Rochegude. 10 Frontignan\nhamper. 6 \u2114. Maccaroni. 18 \u2114. Parmesan. 10 \u2114. amande douce. 6 \u2114. amandes ameres. 10 \u2114. brugnol. 5 \u2114. dates. 12 bott. vineg. 10 bott. oil, 4 canister of tea.\nPhilada.\nbox. books for Dr. Franklin, 10. cub. feet.\nN. York\nbox. books. 6 cub. feet. Madison.\nhamper. 12 Rocheg. 12 Sautern. 12. Champ. 12 Monrache. 15 Frontignan.\nbox. 2 busts of P. Jones for Mr. Jay and Genl. Irvin.\ndo.\ngl. St. Clair, Mr. Ross of Philada. C. Thomson. Col. Wadsworth. J. Madison, Col. Carrington.\ndo.\ndo.\nbox. 6. officers fusils.\nTrunk. servts. clothes\nTrunk. clothes.\nPhaeton box\nwearing apparel traveling conveniences papers\nPhaeton trunk\nBrn. leather trunk\nPhaeton boot. servants wearing apparel\nChariot Boot\nwearing apparel\nChariot Box\nChariot trunk\nFrench hair Trunk\nbox covered with oil cloth\npainted wooden box\nServts. wearing apparel\nleathern portmanteau\nPhaeton\nChariot\nNo.\nmelon apricots\nwhite fig. (Angelic fig)\nrose bay, double blossomed\nrose bay, common\nService tree, Sorbus aucuparia\nLarch. Pinus Larix\nSt. John\u2019s bread, or Caroub Ceratonia siliqua\nArbutus unedo, Strawberry tree.\ncork oaks.\nbuckthorn, Rhamnus Paliurus\nPistachia Terebinthus.\nMimosa arborea\nMimosa Farnesiana\nSt. John\u2019s bread, or Caroub &c.\ndouble blossomed peach Amygdalus flore pleno\nBudleya globosa\nGrewia occidentalis.\nlarge fig.\nAmygdalus orientalis\nwhite fig.\nCresanne pears\nRoyal.\nSt. Germains\nVirgouleuse\nDaphne Cneorum\nivy\nSweetbriar\nWhins\nItalian poplar.\nAlpine Strawberry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0366", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Collow Fr\u00e8res, Carmichael & Co., 1 September 1789\nFrom: Collow Fr\u00e8res, Carmichael & Co.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 1 Sep. 1789. Their W. Collow and J. Carmichael, lately in Paris, join in thanking TJ \u201cfor the polite reception with which you honored them.\u201d\u2014Have kept in mind his request concerning vessels bound for America: there are two consigned to themselves, one sailing in two weeks, the other in three, one going to Isle of May, other to Isle of Rhe, \u201cboth for Salt, neither of which would suit your purpose.\u201d\u2014Winds have continued from eastward for some weeks, and thus few arrivals from America: as soon as winds change, there will no doubt be several coming in and they will report.\u2014This morning arrived the ship Juno, Capt. Belin from Portsmouth, Virginia, which she left 1 Aug. bringing cargo of 274 hhds. tobacco, \u201cthe greatest part of which, as they write us, is from upper James River, and of very good Quality. It is sent here\u2026 by way of renewing the trial of the French Market, after the long discouragement which the Importers into this Country by General trade have from various causes met with.\u201d\u2014As requested, they have this day offered it to farmers-general, informing them of \u201cthe view with which this Cargo has been sent here.\u201d\u2014They hope TJ will not think it impertinent to mention this and to observe \u201cthat the Stock of the Farms must now be low, and when matters come to be arranged a little they must be obliged to buy, for a time, more largely than usual\u2026 . The present seems therefore (and from the situation of the Year also) to be a critical time both for them, and the American Merchants concerned in the General Commerce of tobacco.\u2014If they shew a disposition to buy at Present, and give encouragement now to the Americans to send their Tobacco here, they may be supplied in due time, and by a direct intercourse, with whatever quality they may want. If they do not, they will in all probability find themselves under the necessity when they do stand in need of a Supply to have recourse to other European Markets, or must engage again in some Contract. Either of these Method may benefit Individuals but must injure the general Interests of Commerce between the two Nations, and would entirely defeat the wise ends proposed by the Treaty of Bernis, For which America stands indebted to you.\u2014Perhaps Sir, your interference at such a Crisis might guard against these dangers, and we shall be happy if any suggestion of ours Proves acceptable to you, on such an occasion.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0367", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 1 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nSep. 1. 1789. Paris\nMr. Jefferson will be much obliged to Mr. Cutting to send the inclosed letter by the first vessel going to any part of America from New York to Norfolk. He begs him to accept his compliments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0368", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, [ca. 1 September 1789]\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, [ca. 1 Sep. 1789]. She has written \u201cvery often\u2026 but have not had any answer to My Letters which Makes Me fear you or some of your Family are not well. Mr. Paradise is perfectly Sober, but extremely Nervious, because the Deed is not yet fully Signed,\u201d which affects him so that he is not able to write a line. TJ\u2019s \u201cActs of Charity and Friendship\u2026 for Me and Mr. P. will be returned with Gratitude, the Moment Fortune will please to put it in our power.\u2014I join with the French, and pray they May get their Freedom, and at the same time, get Good, and just Laws.\u2014I am certain they are to Great a People Not to wish for Good Laws. Let them be Steady to get their liberty, and Let them keep it with the same Steadiness and they will then be the First Nation in Europe, Make our affectionate Love to Your Dear Daughters. Best Compliments to Mr. Short, and all our Dear Country Men and Fellow Citizens.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0372", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Swan, 4 [September] 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Swan, James\nSir\nParis Aug. [i.e. Sep.] 4. 1789.\nWhenever foreigners, possessed of American funds, have come to consult me as to their solidity, I have made it a point to give them the best information in my power. But I have wished to avoid being consulted by those who desire to buy; because it is far from being among my duties to assist in converting the domestic debts of our country into foreign debts, and because too I have not been willing, by giving an opinion which might induce an individual to embark his fortune in a speculation, to take upon myself any responsability or reproaches for the event of that speculation. The incident which I presume is the subject of your letter was the following. About a week ago one of my servants came and told me there was a person who wished to speak to me. I asked if he was an American or a foreigner? He said a foreigner. I had a good deal of company at the moment, and told him I could not receive him unless his business was extremely pressing. He went to ask his business, and returned with a letter too long to be read in that situation. But at one glance of the eye I saw that it related to the purchase of American funds. I told him to tell the person I did not meddle in that subject, but that unless he was well acquainted with it, he might lose. You know better than I do, Sir, that under the denomination of American funds are comprehended at least 20. kinds of paper of the United states and of the several states, and three times as many kinds of paper effects. Those of the confederacy I know to be as solid as the earth itself, and would as soon lend money on them  myself as on mortgages of land. Some of those of the several states are good: but I do not suppose all of them to be so. None but a broker living on the spot can distinguish the good from the bad. I therefore told the servant to say to him that \u2018s\u2019il ne s\u2019y connoissoit pas il pourroit bien y perdre.\u2019 How the servant or he could transform this into an answer \u2018that the American funds were of no great stability\u2019 is not for me to explain. The line or two of the letter which I read mentioned no names, nor specified any particular kind of funds. This, Sir, is the true answer, and the explanation of the motives which led to it; both of them very far from imputing a want of solidity to the funds of the United states. No body living I believe has been more uniformly confident in them than myself. I have the honor to be with great esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0374", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Gallwey, 5 September 1789\nFrom: Gallwey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNantes, 5 Sep. 1789. Two vessels are in port bound for America: \u201ca small schooner from Boston,\u201d which cannot answer, and The Two Sisters, Captain James Hill, from Baltimore, 120 tons, \u201cperfectly well found,\u201d arrived three days ago on her second voyage. The captain, \u201cnot finding freight here for any part of the Continent\u2026 Intends sailing in about 12 days hence for his own port.\u201d Will advise TJ promptly of other opportunities.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0375-0002", "content": "Title: I. Proposition Submitted by Richard Gem, [ca. 1\u20136 September 1789]\nFrom: Gem, Richard\nTo: \nThat one generation of men in civil society have no right to make acts to bind another, is a truth that cannot be contested.\nThe earth and all things whatever can only be conceived to belong  to the living, the dead and those who are unborn can have no rights of property.\nIndividuals have the power to alienate their property or to engage it for the payment of debts. Why may not a body men, a nation, contract debts, and engage their united property for the payment of them? In this no rights of posterity seem to be violated; because the property of the present generation does not belong to them.\nTo repress the interested, ambitious and corrupt conduct of the administrators of nations, it may be expedient to declare by a law, that after a certain term of years the payment of a loan shall be void; creditors lending their money on these conditions suffer no wrong by the failure of payment.\nAs things are constituted in Europe, the indebted nations cannot with injustice refuse the payment of public debts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0375-0003", "content": "Title: II. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 6 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis September 6. 1789.\nI sit down to write to you without knowing by what occasion I shall send my letter. I do it because a subject comes into my head which I would wish to develope a little more than is practicable in the hurry of the moment of making up general dispatches.\nThe question Whether one generation of men has a right to bind another, seems never to have been started either on this or our side of the water. Yet it is a question of such consequences as not only to merit decision, but place also, among the fundamental principles of every government. The course of reflection in which we are immersed here on the elementary principles of society has presented this question to my mind; and that no such obligation can be so transmitted I think very capable of proof.\u2014I set out on this ground, which I suppose to be self evident, \u2018that the earth belongs in usufruct to the living\u2019: that the dead have neither powers nor rights over it. The portion occupied by any individual ceases to be his when himself ceases to be, and reverts to the society. If the society has formed no rules for the appropriation of it\u2019s lands in severality, it will be  taken by the first occupants. These will generally be the wife and children of the decedent. If they have formed rules of appropriation, those rules may give it to the wife and children, or to some one of them, or to the legatee of the deceased. So they may give it to his creditor. But the child, the legatee, or creditor takes it, not by any natural right, but by a law of the society of which they are members, and to which they are subject. Then no man can, by natural right, oblige the lands he occupied, or the persons who succeed him in that occupation, to the paiment of debts contracted by him. For if he could, he might, during his own life, eat up the usufruct of the lands for several generations to come, and then the lands would belong to the dead, and not to the living, which would be the reverse of our principle.\nWhat is true of every member of the society individually, is true of them all collectively, since the rights of the whole can be no more than the sum of the rights of the individuals.\u2014To keep our ideas clear when applying them to a multitude, let us suppose a whole generation of men to be born on the same day, to attain mature age on the same day, and to die on the same day, leaving a succeeding generation in the moment of attaining their mature age all together. Let the ripe age be supposed of 21. years, and their period of life 34. years more, that being the average term given by the bills of mortality to persons who have already attained 21. years of age. Each successive generation would, in this way, come on, and go off the stage at a fixed moment, as individuals do now. Then I say the earth belongs to each of these generations, during it\u2019s course, fully, and in their own right. The 2d. generation receives it clear of the debts and incumberances of the 1st. the 3d of the 2d. and so on. For if the 1st. could charge it with a debt, then the earth would belong to the dead and not the living generation. Then no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the course of it\u2019s own existence. At 21. years of age they may bind themselves and their lands for 34. years to come: at 22. for 33: at 23. for 32. and at 54. for one year only; because these are the terms of life which remain to them at those respective epochs.\u2014But a material difference must be noted between the succession of an individual, and that of a whole generation. Individuals are parts only of a society, subject to the laws of the whole. These laws may appropriate the portion of and occupied by a decedent to his creditor rather than to any other, or to his child on condition he satisfies the creditor. But when a whole generation,  that is, the whole society dies, as in the case we have supposed, and another generation or society succeeds, this forms a whole, and there is no superior who can give their territory to a third society, who may have lent money to their predecessors beyond their faculties of paying.\nWhat is true of a generation all arriving to self-government on the same day, and dying all on the same day, is true of those in a constant course of decay and renewal, with this only difference. A generation coming in and going out entire, as in the first case, would have a right in the 1st. year of their self-dominion to contract a debt for 33. years, in the 10th. for 24. in the 20th. for 14. in the 30th. for 4. whereas generations, changing daily by daily deaths and births, have one constant term, beginning at the date of their contract, and ending when a majority of those of full age at that date shall be dead. The length of that term may be estimated from the tables of mortality, corrected by the circumstances of climate, occupation &c. peculiar to the country of the contractors. Take, for instance, the table of M. de Buffon wherein he states 23,994 deaths, and the ages at which they happened. Suppose a society in which 23,994 persons are born every year, and live to the ages stated in this table. The conditions of that society will be as follows. 1st. It will consist constantly of 617,703. persons of all ages. 2ly. Of those living at any one instant of time, one half will be dead in 24. years 8. months. 3dly. 10,675 will arrive every year at the age of 21. years complete. 4ly. It will constantly have 348,417 persons of all ages above 21. years. 5ly. And the half of those of 21. years and upwards living at any one instant of time will be dead in 18. years 8. months, or say 19. years as the nearest integral number. Then 19. years is the term beyond which neither the representatives of a nation, nor even the whole nation itself assembled, can validly extend a debt.\nTo render this conclusion palpable by example, suppose that Louis XIV. and XV. had contracted debts in the name of the French nation to the amount of 10,000 milliards of livres, and that the whole had been contracted in Genoa. The interest of this sum would be 500. milliards, which is said to be the whole rent roll or nett proceeds of the territory of France. Must the present generation of men have retired from the territory in which nature produced them, and ceded it to the Genoese creditors? No. They have the same rights over the soil on which they were produced, as the preceding generations had. They derive these rights not from their  predecessors, but from nature. They then and their soil are by nature clear of the debts of their predecessors.\nAgain suppose Louis XV. and his cotemporary generation had said to the money-lenders of Genoa, give us money that we may eat, drink, and be merry in our day; and on condition you will demand no interest till the end of 19. years you shall then for ever after receive an annual interest of 12 \u215d per cent. The money is lent on these conditions, is divided among the living, eaten, drank, and squandered. Would the present generation be obliged to apply the produce of the earth and of their labour to replace their dissipations? Not at all.\nI suppose that the recieved opinion, that the public debts of one generation devolve on the next, has been suggested by our seeing habitually in private life that he who succeeds to lands is required to pay the debts of his ancestor or testator: without considering that this requisition is municipal only, not moral; flowing from the will of the society, which has found it convenient to appropriate lands, become vacant by the death of their occupant, on the condition of a paiment of his debts: but that between society and society, or generation and generation, there is no municipal obligation, no umpire but the law of nature. We seem not to have percieved that, by the law of nature, one generation is to another as one independant nation to another.\nThe interest of the national debt of France being in fact but a two thousandth part of it\u2019s rent roll, the paiment of it is practicable enough: and so becomes a question merely of honor, or of expediency. But with respect to future debts, would it not be wise and just for that nation to declare, in the constitution they are forming, that neither the legislature, nor the nation itself, can validly contract more debt than they may pay within their own age, or within the term of 19. years? And that all future contracts will be deemed void as to what shall remain unpaid at the end of 19. years from their date? This would put the lenders, and the borrowers also, on their guard. By reducing too the faculty of borrowing within it\u2019s natural limits, it would bridle the spirit of war, to which too free a course has been procured by the inattention of money-lenders to this law of nature, that succeeding generations are not responsible for the preceding.\nOn similar ground it may be proved that no society can make a  perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs always to the living generation. They may manage it then, and what proceeds from it, as they please, during their usufruct. They are masters too of their own persons, and consequently may govern them as they please. But persons and property make the sum of the objects of government. The constitution and the laws of their predecessors extinguished then in their natural course with those who gave them being. This could preserve that being till it ceased to be itself, and no longer. Every constitution then, and every law, naturally expires at the end of 19 years. If it be enforced longer, it is an act of force, and not of right.\u2014It may be said that the succeeding generation exercising in fact the power of repeal, this leaves them as free as if the constitution or law had been expressly limited to 19 years only. In the first place, this objection admits the right, in proposing an equivalent. But the power of repeal is not an equivalent. It might be indeed if every form of government were so perfectly contrived that the will of the majority could always be obtained fairly and without impediment. But this is true of no form. The people cannot assemble themselves. Their representation is unequal and vicious. Various checks are opposed to every legislative proposition. Factions get possession of the public councils. Bribery corrupts them. Personal interests lead them astray from the general interests of their constituents: and other impediments arise so as to prove to every practical man that a law of limited duration is much more manageable than one which needs a repeal.\nThis principle that the earth belongs to the living, and not to the dead, is of very extensive application and consequences, in every country, and most especially in France. It enters into the resolution of the questions Whether the nation may change the descent of lands holden in tail? Whether they may change the appropriation of lands given antiently to the church, to hospitals, colleges, orders of chivalry, and otherwise in perpetuity? Whether they may abolish the charges and privileges attached on lands, including the whole catalogue ecclesiastical and feudal? It goes to hereditary offices, authorities and jurisdictions; to hereditary orders, distinctions and appellations; to perpetual monopolies in commerce, the arts and sciences; with a long train of et ceteras: and it renders the question of reimbursement a question of generosity and not of right. In all these cases, the legislature of the day could authorize such appropriations and establishments for their own time, but no longer; and the present holders, even where they, or their ancestors, have purchased,  are in the case of bon\u00e2 fide purchasers of what the seller had no right to convey.\nTurn this subject in your mind, my dear Sir, and particularly as to the power of contracting debts; and develope it with that perspicuity and cogent logic so peculiarly yours. Your station in the councils of our country gives you an opportunity of producing it to public consideration, of forcing it into discussion. At first blush it may be rallied, as a theoretical speculation: but examination will prove it to be solid and salutary. It would furnish matter for a fine preamble to our first law for appropriating the public revenue; and it will exclude at the threshold of our new government the contagious and ruinous errors of this quarter of the globe, which have armed despots with means, not sanctioned by nature, for binding in chains their fellow men. We have already given in example one effectual check to the Dog of war by transferring the power of letting him loose from the Executive to the Legislative body, from those who are to spend to those who are to pay. I should be pleased to see this second obstacle held out by us also in the first instance. No nation can make a declaration against the validity of long-contracted debts so disinterestedly as we, since we do not owe a shilling which may not be paid with ease, principal and interest, within the time of our own lives.\u2014Establish the principle also in the new law to be passed for protecting copyrights and new inventions, by securing the exclusive right for 19. instead of 14. years. Besides familiarising us to this term, it will be an instance the more of our taking reason for our guide, instead of English precedent, the habit of which fetters us with all the political heresies of a nation equally remarkeable for it\u2019s early excitement from some errors, and long slumbering under others.\nI write you no news, because, when an occasion occurs, I shall write a separate letter for that. I am always with great & sincere esteem, dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson\n   100\u00a3, at a compound interest of 5. per cent, makes, at the end of 19. years, an aggregate of principal and interest of \u00a3252\u201314, the interest of which is 12\u00a3\u201312s\u20137d which is nearly 12? per cent on the first capital of 100.\u00a3.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0380", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 7 September 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon Septr. 7th. 1789.\nThe Letter to Mr. Jay, enclos\u2019d in your\u2019s to me, of the 5th. August was immediately sent forward by my friend Mr. Clagett:\u2014Those which you committed to my care, together with a large parcel (I suppose of news Papers and pamphlets) which came to my lodgings sometime since thro the secretary of State\u2019s Office, I have this day put on board the Brothers, Captn. Pinkham who sails tomorrow morning for New York:\u2014that for Mr. Donald I have also put on board a Ship which Sails tomorrow for Norfolk.\nYour Candlesticks are not to be found in any shop in Town except second hand, but the Dies exist, and by waiting a few days I can have them made:\u2014they will cost likewise somewhat more than you expected:\u2014the Candlesticks alone are from 48/ to 50 the pair, the Branches from 40 to 45/ each, if elegant: the plainest and smallest I have seen 27/. I shall order them made and send them as soon as possible: any difference of price may be settled hereafter:\u2014Mr. Parker is gone to Holland without my having had an opportunity to pay him, so that I have thirteen Louis D\u2019ores and a half to account for. Two Ships will sail for Norfolk about the last of the Month. One is an American the other a British Bottom, both will be proud to take you on board at Cowes if you sail at Havre but I think you will have no occasion for them as I hear of one Ship in particular which saild for Havre in Company with one which arrivd here two days since from Virginia. She will of course be returning at the moment you wish and is said to be a fine Ship.\nI have not yet learnt the progress of either Payne or Rumsey:\u2014This Country affords no news:\u2014Illiberality marks as usual the Temper and Conversation of the upper orders:\u2014They laugh at Monsieur and endeavor to persuade themselves that all France is going to Ruin:\u2014With every Wish for your Happiness and thanks for all your kindness I am ever your\u2019s,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 8 Sep. 1789. Since his of 5th he has received TJ\u2019s of 8th.\u2014No vessels there bound for \u201cthe middle States except the Packet\u201d  that sails 15th.\u2014\u201cYou leave france in a troubled sea. They have undertaken a great work renderd difficult by the Jarr of Interets, Opinions and unsettled Measures. The leading Members dont appear to act on United principles. Your Council is become necessary. I think you will meet Oposition to your leave of absence from the National Members. My respectful Compliments to Mr. Short.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nTuesday morning Sepr. 8. 1789\nThere are letters in town from America dated as late as the 4th of August, but I have not been able to get at them. The inclosed papers contain all I have to send you by this post: by the next perhaps I may obtain something still more interesting.\nThe newspapers of this metropolis continue their wonted traffic of lies. Two will serve You for a specimen. \u201cTo such a height have disturbances arisen in the Province of New York against the Union that it is thought an application will be made for our government to interfere in this conjuncture.\u201d\u2014\u201cIn consequence of the late scarcity of bread in France american wheat has been admitted; it sold at enormous prices but proved of so pernicious a quality that great numbers who were compel\u2019d to feed on it have died. This is the signal return of gratitude for favours conferd by their great and good allies. Instead of relieving their distresses they are the first to pick their pockets and then poison them.\u201d\nNow for the truth\u2014New York is in a State of perfect tranquility. Governor Clinton has convened the legislature for the sole purpose of appointing senators to Congress: and a bill for the purpose is in great forwardness. Mr. Le Couteulx the banker in Paris can bear witness that the baker who took some american flour of him lately to bake by way of trial, to ascertain the quality of a parcel he was about to contract for, objected to the whiteness and excellence of the bread it produced, because his customers might thereafter be dissatisfied unless he cou\u2019d always get as good. Of this fact I have complete evidence.\nThe french refugees here seem excessively embitter\u2019d against the national assembly of France. I heard one of them say the other evening that three fourths of the members had neither a foot of and nor a penny of revenue. Most of the printing presses groan with  abuse of the leaders in the revolution. And the editors of them concur in saying or believing that the people will grow tired of the demagogues and resort to the king and the military for order and safety.\u2014Please to present me affectionately to Mr. Short and believe me with most respectful sentiment of attachment Yours,\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0383", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Mason, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Mason, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 8 Sep. 1789. Regretted extremely to learn from TJ\u2019s letter of July that he was not at liberty to sail then, as \u201cthe Ship and Season provided a safe and agreable Passage.\u201d Will be glad to keep him informed about boats sailing from Bordeaux and to make arrangements there.\u2014\u201cI am sorry Sir to be troublesome to you about my little affairs, when you may be occupied about those of much greater Consequence,\u201d but he asks TJ to direct him \u201cin the Disposal of a large quantity of Tobacco which we now have on hand here as well as to govern the Shipments of our Friends in America. I shall consider myself much indebted to you Sir, for your Opinion with respect to the Farm of that article, whether it is likely to exist longer, if not, how soon a reform may take Place and upon what footing the Introduction or duty of it may be put. The Farmers have certainly their fears about it as they have stopped purchasing all over the Kingdom.\u2014As late as the 11th. July I have been advised that the Crops of wheat in Virginia and Maryland are very abundant. Much may be expected from America as the Scarcity in this Country is confirmed to them. Is there any propositions yet made for a continuation of the Bounty or is it probable such a measure will take Place.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0384", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 8 September 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Margaret St. No. 15Cavendish Square Sept. the 8th. 1789\nOn Saturday the 6th. Inst. I had the pleasure of Seeing your American Friends all well. They acquainted us that soon you should leave France. I Pray heartily for your safe arrival in America, in perfect health, and that you May receive those Marks of Gratitude from Our Fellow Citizens which your Virtues and Steady attachment so highly Merit. I feel greatly for My being deprived of Your Excellencies protection in Europe. I hope you, nor the Dear Miss  Jeffersons, will not suffer from the Voyage, and that My Young Friends May Meet with every thing to Make them love their Country and Friends. Present My affectionate Love to them, and assure them, when Cruel Fortune shall be More kind to Me then She is at present, I will prove to them My Gratitude, for the Many acts of Friendship Your Excellency has done for Me during My stay at Paris. My Husband is perfectly Sober ever since his arrival here. He dies with true Gratitude for Your Excellency, and only wishes to know, how he can shew his Grateful Sense to you. My Situation is not at present the Most agreeable, but the Honesty of Our Country Men in paying Us what they owe Us, will enable Us to live More at our ease than we do at present. When all the Debts are all paid here, I shall feel happy from having done My Duty. The only Pride, I have, is to have a good Name for Honesty, Truth, and Gratitude.\nDr. Bancroft is as kind, and attentive to Us as ever. I wish Your Excellency to Consider this Worthy Gentleman and promote him to Some office here in Our Countries Service, as I am certain he would do honour to our Country. His esteem for Your Excellency is very Great.\u2014I beg one favour of You which is, Not to forget Me when in America and if we can render our Country any Service here, at Portugal, or any where else, I beg you to remember you will Confer a Great favour upon Us. Mr. Paradise joins with Me in Praying for Your Excellencies Long Life, and Prosperity, and the Same to your dear Daughters.\u2014I have the Honour to be With Gratitude Your Excellencies Much Obliged Humb. Servant and Sincere Friend,\nL. Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francisco Chiappe, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chiappe, Francisco\nSir\nParis Sep. 9. 1789.\nMr. Carmichael American charg\u00e9 des affaires at Madrid has been so good as to send me a copy of your letter to Mr. Giuseppe Chiappe, informing him that his Imperial majesty had ordered the Schooner Proctor, American property, taken by one of his cruisers, to be released with the most flattering marks of his friendship. I beg leave through your channel, Sir, to bear witness to his imperial majesty (Q.D.C.) of the grateful sense which our government will have of this mark of his justice and liberality, and of his friendship to them. His majesty has given repeated proofs to the nations of Europe of his justice and magnanimity, and that he has penetrated this great truth that industry, commerce and security are the surest roads to the happiness and prosperity of his people. May he long live to conduct and habituate them in these pursuits. I am on the point of returning to America, where I shall not fail to represent to our government this proof of his Imperial majesty\u2019s friendship, and also of your attention to their affairs. I expect to return hither in April next and will have the honor of informing you of my return by letter. I have now that of being with sentiments of the most perfect attachment Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0388", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maurice, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Maurice, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nL\u2019Orient, 9 Sep. 1789. In case TJ has taken steps to forward his effects to L\u2019Orient on strength of his letter of 7th, he advises that \u201cCaptain Calizt has just told me that a Merchant of this town is to go on board of his Vessel tomorrow \u2026 to see if she will suit his purpose, and in that case she might be disposed of. But as the Captain will give me a positive answer before next Post, you had better wait my next \u2026 before \u2026 leaving Paris.\u201d [In postscript:] \u201cPlease to excuse haste, it is late.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0389", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 9. 1789.\nI this day write to Mr. Lackington to make up some books for me and deliver them to you to be sent by the Diligence. If he has all of them they will amount to about two guineas and a half. If no other means should occur of remitting to you whatever balance I may owe you, could it not be done thro\u2019 the channel of Mr. Parker? I will pay it to any body he pleases here for his use, if he will be as good as advance it to you. Within an hour after you left us I was taken with an illness which confined me to my chamber six days. I am now getting about. I do not yet hear of any ship that suits me. I inclose you two letters for Mr. Cutting not knowing his address. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0390", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 9 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis Sep. 9. 1789.\nHaving received at length the leave of absence which I had asked, I wait now only for a vessel bound from some port of France to the United states; so that I may with some confidence expect to leave this within a fortnight or three weeks. You were so kind as to send me a list of the bills I had drawn on you to the 1st. of April inclusive. I must now beg the favor of you to send me a list of those I have drawn from that time to this, that I may be able to lay before our Treasury a complete state of my transactions of that kind. If I can receive this by the return of post it will be more sure of being in time. I shall write to you again before my departure. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0392", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 10 September 1789\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 10th. September 1789\nI have duly received your honoured favor of the 30th. ulto. in the interim of my last. Messrs. abbema & Ce. had acknowledged me the receipt of the \u00a3152\u20b6 from your Excellency, the 11th. of May last.\nI will not fail of sending the olive plants and seeds in the time. The vessel which carried the others to Baltimore is returned. The Captain sais to me that they were in the Best state, that they were as green as in a garden upon his deeck, and that people went to see them, and would have purchased them at very high prices if they had been to be sold.\nI observe what you say about Rice. The vessel arived has 110 Tierces of that quality, but the most it will obtain here will be \u00a316\u20b6 to 16.\u20b6 10s. \u214c ql. of 88 \u2114 . English. The lombardy rice is here at about the same price; parcels of this last quality have been sent to Smirna and Constantiple. where from 3 Pis. \u00bd to 5 Pis. \u214c quilo, a Measure of \u2114 32. of Marseills wheight, the Piastre may be accounted for \u00a33.\u20b6 but on account of the heavy loss, on the Bills on Europe or goods in return, which support from 20 to 30 pr. Ct. it accounted upon an average \u00a32.\u20b6 10s; the charges at the sale are  also high, however it may answer to send some Cargoes there; that rice was found at the end of the warr of an answerable quality.\nBut as American People in General desires advances on their Consignments, it would be I apprehend too farr from me to do it, and as they owe Money to London, it would be more convenient I believe to them, to address their Cargoes to English houses in Levant than to the French Stablishment.\nIf they Chuse to run the chance of two Markets, they could direct their vessels for Marseilles, and in Case they would not meet with good prices here, and by fresh advices we may have from levant when arived here, then they would proceed to Constantinople; I will do everything in my Power to serve your Friends in that respect.\nBy the last Letters of the 30th. June, from Messrs. Willing Morris & Swanwick of Phila. they say \u201cwe could not ever bring M. Barclay to any proper Compromise for his debt, which he will we dare say let hang as long as the Law will permit him. Congress pay none of their own Debts, yet, and we apprehend can not engage for M. Barclay. We are sure it would be impossible to serve you in that quarter; he has paid nothing to any of his creditors. We have sued him for your debt, and we Believe he has no property to Pay. He alledges to have some Claims on Congress, but these drag heavily to a settlement, and may prove at Last unequal to his Expectations.\u201d These are bad news, but I still hope that if your Excellency will be so good as to interfer in my behalf, you will render me not so unhappy as I am in that affair.\nIndeed I have been in all those which I have contracted in America, and Messrs. Willing Mis. & Swk. have very badly treated me by altered accounts which they have made, by which I support \u00a3500. stg. Loss; but they are too distant from me to Complain efficassely.\nI have sold in this summer about 1300 Blls. flour at 40.\u20b6 \u214c Bll. I have now 8526 Bushels New York wheat, which I will sale at about 39\u20b6 pr. charge, had it arived 15 days sooner, I could sale it more advantageously, but now the premium is over; flour continues still at 40.\u20b6 A small parcel of Indian Corn from Baltimore has been sold last weeck at 24.\u20b6 \u214c charge, which is a very fine Price.\nI will sent to M. William Short, charg\u00e9 des affaires, the Maccaroni Machine by the 1st. good opportunity; and when something Material will happen, I will address to him during your absence. I reiterate you my whishes for an agreable Journey and good health,  and my family Joins with me. I have the honour to be very respectfully Sir of your Excellency the most obedient humble & Devoted Servant,\nStephen Cathalan junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0393", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Collow, Fr\u00e8res, Carmichael & Co., 10 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Collow Fr\u00e8res, Carmichael & Co.\nGentlemen\nParis Sep. 10. 1789.\nI avail myself of the first moment after a recovery from a severe indisposition under which your letter of the 1st. found me, to acknolege the receipt of it, and to thank you for the information it contained as to the vessels in your port bound for America. I begin to be very anxious on that subject as the season for my departure approaches, and I learn there is no vessel at Bordeaux; so that in fact I have no dependance but on Havre.\u2014The government has been obliged to run the farmers so hard for money, that no application to the ministers could produce any effect towards quickening the purchases of tobacco. However I meant to do with them before my departure all which can be done under their present situation, and count on being able to do something also by privately conferring with some of the farmers, which I propose to do in the first possible moment. I have the honor to be with great esteem, Gentlemen, Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0394", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Crew, 10 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crew, Robert\nSir\nParis Sep. 10. 1789.\nI have been honoured with your favor of Aug. 21 and am glad to hear that the prospect for the crop of wheat in Virginia this year is favorable. I am persuaded there will be a great demand in this country before the next harvest. They have begun on the present one, two months sooner than common, and I imagine it was not more than would feed them three weeks over and above the year. Consequently they must import for 40. days at least for the whole kingdom, that is to say about 80 millions of livres worth. Tobacco is low here. The farmers scarcely buy, because the government has been obliged to exhaust them of money. In the mean time their stock  is getting low. Therefore they will be obliged ere long to purchase considerably, unless the farm of that article be put down, and the purchase and manufacture of it made free, which is what I expect. In this case more tobacco will be raised in Europe, and less demanded from America.\u2014I thank you for your offers of service in London and may take the liberty of availing myself of them on some future occasion. Having obtained a leave of absence for six months, I expect to leave this in a fortnight for America and to return in the Spring. I am Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0396", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 10 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nSir\nParis Sep. 10. 1789.\nI am honoured with your favor of the 3d. and thank you for the information it contained. None of the vessels mentioned in it will suit me, unless that of Mr. Taylor of Norfolk should be longer receiving it\u2019s orders than we ought to expect. However this sometimes happens and I do not therefore give up the possibility that she may be here late enough to carry me. Indeed I begin to be anxious  now to know of a ship, because the time approaches at which I wish to get off, and because I learn there is no vessel at Bordeaux, and have no expectation of there being any at Nantes or Lorient, so that my reliance is almost entirely on Havre, and therefore I shall look for your letters with more and more inquietude daily. My baggage left this on Sunday last on board the Diligence d\u2019eau for Havre, where I may expect it to arrive about the 14th. or 15th. instant. I took the liberty of addressing it to you. It consists of 38. boxes, hampers and bales, and I will beg the favor of you to have them stored in a good warehouse, convenient to the port. I must also beg the favor of you to advance for me the transportation &c. which I will pay here to your order on sight, or will pay to yourself on sight in Havre. With many apologies for the trouble I am obliged to give you, I have the honor to be with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0397", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 10 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Sep. 10. 1789.\nI am to acknolege the receipt of your favor of July 18. and that by the last post. Having now received my leave of absence I wait for nothing but a vessel bound from some convenient port in France to some convenient one in America. I trust such a one will occur by the end of the equinox which is as soon as I would wish to be at sea. My baggage is already gone off to Havre. On my arrival in Virginia I will pay all possible attention to obtain the information you desire relative to your affairs.\u2014Tranquillity is pretty generally restored in this country, and the National assembly are going on well in forming their constitution. It will be difficult for them to form one which will appear the best possible to every mind but they will form a good one, in which liberty and property will probably be placed on a surer footing than they are in England. I imagine they will still be two or three months engaged in this business.\u2014Incertain of the precise moment of my departure, I take the liberty of making this a letter of Adieu for my daughters and myself, and to their assurances of affectionate attachment to Mr. Paradise & yourself to add those also of Dear Madam your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0398", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Rumsey, 10 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rumsey, James\nSir\nParis Sep. 10. 1789.\nBeing near the time of my departure, I am anxious to know before I go if possible the fate of your experiment. Monsr. Leroy told me that there was a difficulty with the committee of the academy, arising as he apprehended from their not understanding your principles; but that the experiment being once tried succesfully there would be no doubt of your obtaining the exclusive privilege. And as we have been daily expecting for some time past to hear of the experiment, we both thought it best not to endanger final success by prematurely pressing the Academy; and the rather as it is agreed on all hands that the date of your application to them will secure you.\u2014I have never acknoleged the receipt of your favors of May 22. and June 6. because I expected instantly to inform you of the issue of your application. I shall be obliged to you for a line by the return of post informing me how far you are advanced. Tho\u2019 I do not as yet know of a ship on which I can go to America, I trust one will occur in the course of a fortnight. Wishing you every possible success I am with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0399", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nMy dear Madam\nParis Sep. 11. 1789.\nI have been very unfortunate in my endeavors to see more of your brother who was so good as to call on me with your letter. I wrote to ask him to come and dine with me. Unfortunately there was an American in the same hotel whose name had some resemblance to that on the superscription of my letter, and a French porter delivered my note to him instead of your brother. A sickness then confined me a week to my room. The day before yesterday, being the first day on which I could write, I wrote again an invitation to him to come and dine with me. The answer was from the hotel that he had left that, they did not know whether for the country, or for England, so that I am deprived of the opportunity of shewing him how much I esteem every man of talents, and particularly every one connected with you. I must pray you to become my apologist to him and the organ of my regrets.\u2014Tho\u2019 neither the day of my  departure, nor the vessel by which I go be yet fixed, the necessity of being ready to go at a moment\u2019s warning, induces me to scribble you a line of Adieu, while it is yet in my power. Preserve for me always, my dear friend, the same sentiments of esteem you have been so good as to entertain for me hitherto. They will comfort me in going, and encourage me returning. Were there a hope of meeting you here on my return the encouragement would be complete. I count certainly to be here in the month of May. It is a charming month, and should tempt you also to travel. By that time too this country will be in perfect freedom and tranquillity, and even without that, you will be free and tranquil every where. Adieu my dear friend; protect me with your prayers and quiet me with your affection.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0400", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nLondon 11th Sepr 1789\nIt being my sincere aim and ardent desire to satisfy the creditors of South Carolina, in every particular, I have at the request of the house in Amsterdam transmitted under cover to Mr. Jacob Vanstaphorst the letter to Governor Pinckney which was committed to my care. I seriously believe and hope You will not impute to my agency all the trouble which has been given You in the affair.\nThis metropolis is empty of every thing genuine or interesting.\nI have collected the american papers inclosed and hope to add a few more of a later date by the next post.\nMay I be permitted to remind You of the documents concerning the consumption of rice in france and the price of it at Marseilles which You were so good as to say you wou\u2019d endeavour to procure for me.\nThe temperate and dignified proceedings of Congress begin to be mention\u2019d by respectable individuals here with due praise.\nPlease to present me affectionately to Mr. Short in which remembrance Mesrs. Rutledge and Trumbull unite with Your respectful and most obed sert,\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Lee, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 11. 1789.\nYour favor of March 6. came duly to hand with the papers it inclosed, as also duplicates of the same by a later occasion. I entered on the business you were pleased to confide to me with all the zeal which a desire to be useful to you could inspire. My hopes however neither were nor are equal to my wishes for success. I had before had occasion to try the dispositions of this country towards speculations in ours, while the subscription for the opening the Patowmac was yet unfilled. General Washington sent me a copy of the act, detailed to me the nature of the undertaking and it\u2019s prospects, and it was well calculated to take here, if any thing of the kind could take. It was supported too by his name, which was a capital encouragement of itself. I put it into the hands of one of the best agents possible to try among the monied men; but not a shilling could be obtained. The answer was universally that they could make from 6. to 11. per cent by employing their money in their own funds, that they were sure of receiving the profits every quarter, and that their business thus remained in their own hands and under their own management. I have proposed however your matter. But the answer is still the same; so that here I have no expectations of success unless an accidental adventurer were to occur, on which we have no right to count. I had a consultation on the subject with Mr. Gouverneur Morris and Daniel Parker. They are now both in London, and if any occasion should offer there, you will be availed of it. However the chance of success, if there be any in Europe, is in Holland. Mr. Parker goes there every now and then, and will try that chance. In the mean time I have proposed it here to Mr. Van Staphorst, who has promised attention to it. He is one of the Dutch refugees. These persons are still waiting in hopes of a favorable change in their government. Should any event prove these hopes desperate, many of them will go to America, will have great sums of money to invest there, and in that case your offer might very possibly suit some of them. This, Sir, is the situation of it at present and in this situation my approaching departure for America obliges me to turn it over to Mr. Short, who will do every thing in his power to forward it. It will rest on the success of his enquiries, of those of Mr. Morris, Mr. Parker, and Van Staphorst, and I shall be happy if some one of them should meet with an offer to your mind. In the mean while I shall hope to have the pleasure of seeing  you in America, of conferring with you on the subject, and of repeating my own endeavors for you on my return. I have the honour to be with perfect esteem and attachment Dear Sir, Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0402", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maurice, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Maurice, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nL\u2019Orient, 11 Sep. 1789. Failing to sell his ship, Captain Calizt \u201cis determined on returning to America. You may therefore be as Expeditious as possible in coming down to L\u2019Orient.\u201d He will render TJ every service in his power.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0403", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rochambeau, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nStrasbourg ce 11 7bre. 1789.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur, Monsieur, de vous renvoyer une lettre qui m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9e de Boulogne sur mer par un americain qui dit avoir fait naufrage et qui demande des secours. Je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir bien l\u2019examiner et de vous faire donner des renseignemens  sur sa personne afin que, si les faits qui sont enonc\u00e9s dans la dite lettre se trouvent exacts, vous puissiez employer les moyens qui sont en votre pouvoir pour le tirer de l\u2019embarras o\u00f9 il se trouve et lui procurer les secours necessaires pour retourner dans sa patrie.\nJe profite avec grand plaisir de cette occasion pour vous renouveller les assurances du tr\u00e8s parfait attachement avec lequel J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur,\nle Cte de Rochambeau\nL\u2019eloignement o\u00f9 je me trouve de Boulogne sur mer par le nouveau Commandement que le Roy m\u2019a donn\u00e9, me mettant hors de port\u00e9e de pouvoir en faire la verification moi m\u00eame.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0404", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, 11 Sep. 1789. \u201cThe Clermont Capt. N. Colley will sail so as to be at the Isle of Wight\u201d by 1 Oct. From what he hears, TJ will succeed at Le Havre, making this information useless, but he would like  \u201cthe earliest answer\u201d whether he should direct him \u201cto put into Cowes for you. He will give you his whole Cabbin &c. &c. and furnish your Stores for one hundred Guineas:\u2014Beds you of course furnish yourself. His port is Norfolk\u2026 . Mr. Cutting is making up a Collection for you of extracts from American papers, which supercedes the necessity of my saying any thing on the subject.\u201d [In postscript:] \u201cI shall succeed better in the candlesticks than I feared.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0405", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 12 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 12. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of Aug. 13. and I have written to Francesco and Giuseppe Chiappe both, to assure them of the friendly light in which our government will view the restitution of the schooner from Salem, made by the emperor.\u2014I have lately received letters and papers from America to the 25th. of July. New York and N. Hampshire had elected their senators, so that that branch of our legislature was complete. Congress had decided that the president should have no title of Courtesy. The bill for the impost was past, that also for establishing an office of foreign affairs. Bills for establishing offices of war, and of finance, for establishing a federal judicature, for the government of the western country, establishing a and office, for an impost on tonnage, for fixing the President\u2019s allowance at 25,000, and the Vice-president\u2019s at 5000. dollars a year, were so far advanced as to be near their passage. They had refused to establish a Secretary for the domestic department. New York had passed a law appointing commissioners to agree with the state of Vermont on the conditions of it\u2019s independance. None of the higher federal offices were yet filled.\nWith respect to the extraordinary expences which you may be under the necessity of incurring at the coronation, I am not authorised to give any advice, nor does any body, my dear Sir, need it less than yourself. I should certainly suppose that the representative of the U.S. at Madrid, was to do as the representatives of other sovereignties do, and that it would be viewed as the complement of our nation and not of it\u2019s minister. If this be the true point of view, it proves at whose expence it should be. But my opinion would be viewed as an interested one, and therefore of no weight.\u2014In some letter which I had the honor of writing you a year and a half or two years ago (for having packed my letters I cannot name the  date exactly) I took the liberty of saying what I thought would be prudent relative to the Algerine captives from that time forward. The two accompts you send me I will take with me to America, and undertake to place you at ease as to them. But I believe you cannot keep yourself too clear as to others. I will write you more fully when I shall have conferred with our government, and if you are not placed more at ease on other accounts it will not be that I have not a due sense of the necessity of it, nor that I shall be wanting in expressing that sense.\u2014I have received my leave of absence, and my baggage is already gone off. I shall follow myself in about 10. days, so as to sail about the last of the month, I am not certain whether from Havre or Lorient. Mr. Short being named Charg\u00e9 des affairs in my absence will be happy in your correspondence till I can resume it. I am with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Condorcet, [12 September 1789]\nFrom: Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCe Samedi\nL\u2019academie etant en vacance, je ne puis donner a Monsieur Churchman L\u2019acte qu\u2019il demande. Cela ne sera possible que pour Le mois de Novembre prochain. Je suis tr\u00e8s fach\u00e9 du proche depart de Monsieur Jefferson. S\u2019il etait libre Lundi et qu\u2019il voul\u00fbt bien venir passer la soir\u00e9e \u00e0 la monnoie, avec M. Short il me ferait le plus grand plaisir. J\u2019espere que nous le reverrons dans peu de mois et qu\u2019il nous retrouvera dignes d\u2019etre les bons amis des Am\u00e9ricains. Mais quoiqu\u2019il en arrive, Monsieur Jefferson sera toujours celui des philosophes et des hommes libres de tous les pays.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0407", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 12 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHavre, 12th. Septr. 1789.\nI have the honor of your Letter of the 10th. currt. and in reply beg leave to acquaint you that the Ship which I advised you of,  belonging to Norfolk, took her departure for Lymington in Great Britain three or four days since; from thence she will proceed to Virginia with a Cargo of Salt. There is not now at this place any Vessel bound directly to any American Port southward of Philadelphia. I have this day been on board a Brigantine recently arriv\u2019d from that City: the Captain, whose name is Stotesbury appears to be a man of information and ability, at least so far as I can judge from my very short acquaintance with him. He informs me that he shall proceed direct from hence for Philadelphia; takes in Plaister of Paris by way of Ballast, and will be ready for Sea in fifteen days at farthest. He has commanded several Capital ships which I knew; and from his demeanour and conversation, I think he is an agreable man to sail with. His Vessel is about one hundred and forty Tons measurement, three or four years old, built in the Delaware for a particular merchant\u2019s service, is staunch, strong and well found. Her Accommodations, though not Elegant, may easily be made tollerably convenient. If I may be permitted to advise, in this Case, it will be that you engage this Vessel without hesitation, that is if the pecuniary consideration be agreable, for I cannot learn that there is a probability of any ship offering for Virginia in the Course of a month from this time. Scarcely a day passes but you may have opportunity of forwarding Goods from Philadelphia to any Port in Virginia at a very moderate freight. Captain Stotesbury intends to take the southern Passage; his Vessel sails tollerably well; but he does not boast of her in that particular. For his Cabin and both State-Rooms, allowing that he shall be permitted to have accommodation for himself, either in the Larboard State-Room, or a Cot in the Cabin, and for the freight of Your Baggage and Stores, which shall not exceed fifty Packages, he demands one hundred Guineas and you to provide your own Stores. He observes that a stove, some Chairs, &c. he must purchase particularly for this occasion and therefore thinks that the Proprietors of his ship would not approve of his Conduct should he agree for a less Sum. The ship is entirely under his own direction. He says he has often convey\u2019d Passengers across the Atlantic; and my opinion is that he would pay every proper attention.\nI shall with pleasure do everything necessary with respect to your Baggage when it comes to hand. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, Your most obedt. very humb. Serv.,\nNat. Cutting\nP.S. Pray [let me] know Your de[terminat]ion on this point as soon  as possible that the Captain may make the necessary improvements in his Cabin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0409", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Samuel Dupont, 12 September 1789]\nFrom: Dupont, Pierre Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Versailles, 12 Sep. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received 13 Sep. 1789. Not found, but it is likely that this was a letter transmitting the data on rice importations that TJ enclosed in letters to Izard, Ramsay, Rutledge, and Cutting on 18 and 24 Sep. 1789.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0411", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Coffyn and Others, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coffyn, Francis,et al.\nSir\nParis Sep. 13. 1789.\nHaving obtained a leave of absence from this place till the ensuing spring in order to revisit my native country and being to depart in eight or ten days, I have the honor to inform you of it, and that Mr. Short is named Charg\u00e9 des affaires here during my absence. Any communications relative to the commerce or interests of the United states which you will be so good as to address to him as occasions arise will be received thankfully by him, and attended to with care. I have the honour to be with great consideration & attachment, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0413", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 13. 1789.\nMy last to you was of the 23d. of July. yours of the 13th. of the same month. I am now within a week or ten days of my departure, tho\u2019 not decided whether by Havre or Lorient. The latter port is inconvenient, but there is a vessel there which suits me. The former port much more eligible, but no certainty yet of a vessel there. But if none before the 23d. I set out for Lorient. They have decided here some principal outlines of their constitution. 1. That the national assembly shall be in constant existence. 2. That it shall consist of but one house. 3. That the king shall have a negative on their laws, not absolute, but suspensive only till another assembly shall decide ultimately. It is not yet decided whether their elections shall be annual, biennial, or triennial. They may also perhaps appoint still a council of revision with a power of advising only to reconsider a law past. But this is incertain. They have still to decide on their judiciary system, and the provincial and municipal organisation. Tranquillity is well established in Paris, and tolerably so thro\u2019 the whole kingdom; and I think there is no possibility now of any thing\u2019s hindering their final establishment of a good constitution, which will in it\u2019s principles and merit be about a middle term between that of England and the United States. Accept the affectionate Adieus, and assurances of sincere esteem from Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0414", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Price, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Price, Richard\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 13. 1789.\nMy departure being now fixed to within a week or ten days from this time, I cannot omit first to acknowlege the receipt of your favor of Aug. 3. together with the book and pamphlets by Mr. Stone, which I am sure I shall read with pleasure and improvement.\u2014The outlines of their constitution have been now fixed by the National assembly. They have decided that their legislative assembly shall be of constant existence. Opinions vary whether the elections shall be annual, biennial, or triennial: that it shall consist of a single body: but they are still free to divide that body into two or three sections, or to establish a council of revision with only powers of advice: and that the king shall have a negative, which may suspend a law till reconsidered and passed again by a subsequent assembly in which case it will become law. These outlines are to be filled up. It remains to give the outlines and fill up the plan of their judiciary system and provincial and municipal assemblies. Tranquillity is perfectly established at Paris, and pretty generally so thro\u2019 the whole kingdom. There has been a faction in the assembly with very dangerous views. But they have found the mass of the nation so solidly united, that they seem to have abandoned all expectations of confusing the game. Accept my effectionate Adieus, and assurances of the sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0415", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Vaughan, 13 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 13. 1789.\nI am still to thank you for the grains of dry rice, the copy of the corn report, and the Number of the repository. The latter I gave to Mr. Stuart according to your desire, as I had one before. Should the age of the rice have destroyed it\u2019s vegetative principle, I shall still hope, from the other resources you have been so good as to apply to, as well as the measures I have taken and shall still take myself, that I may get the seed somewhere. The proceedings of the English government relative to our corn, and the publicity they gave them by instructing their ministers and Ambassadors in all foreign courts to make general enquiries in order to find if the insect  was of European origin, gave a momentary alarm here. However as they possess a good degree of information, and a general indisposition towards whatever seems to be the views of the court of London, it made no durable impression. They gave a double premium on our wheat. What effect the same measures have had in Spain and Portugal, our best markets, I am not informed.\u2014The national assembly, have at length made such progress in sketching the general outlines of their constitution, that we may form an idea what it will be. They have finished their Declaration of rights. They have decided that their legislative assembly shall be always in existence; but whether on annual, biennial, or triennial elections is not yet decided. They have decided it shall consist of one house only, and that the king shall have a suspensive but not an absolute negative on their laws. The term of suspension is not yet fixed. Tranquillity is well enough established at Paris, and pretty well through the whole kingdom. Their loan of 80. millions has had good success. Upon the whole I do not see that even a war could now prevent their establishing finally a good constitution. Till now the moment did not seem absolutely ripe for distributing the pamphlets you sent. I have had them stitched, and have asked the favor of the D. de la Rochefoucault to undertake their distribution. I received last night his note telling me where to have them deposited at Versailles, and they will go there tomorrow. Mr. Romilly called on me yesterday, and mentioned the little expences which have attended them, and which were not worth keeping an account of. I am glad to contribute whatever I can towards the disseminating the liberal principles of that publication, and particularly so to have an occasion of doing what may be agreeable to you. I leave this place for America in ten days, on a leave of absence for six months. I expect to be here again in April or May. Here and everywhere I am with sentiments of perfect respect & esteem, Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0416", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 14 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 14. 1789.\nI received last night your favor of the 7th and go this morning to Mr. Grand\u2019s for a bill of exchange of ten pounds sterling to cover your purchases for me. If his business be open I will inclose  the bill in the present letter. Otherwise it can not come till the next post.\u2014I have yet no vessel certain. There is a possibility only at Havre. There was a vessel at Lorient on which I counted with certainty. But last night I received information that she may perhaps be sold. The arrival of the one you say may be expected from Virginia to Havre will be very welcome, if she be to return directly there.\u2014I am with very great esteem & attachment Dear Sir your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0417", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nLondon 15 Sepr. 1789\nBy some accident the inclosed did not get into the post office timely enough on friday evening to be forwarded.\nI have not heard of any more recent arrivals from America. The Legislature of New York have chosen General Schuyler and Mr. Rufus King to represent them in the senate of Congress. The appointment of the latter to so high an office is the most signal instance of disregard to local attachments and prejudices that I have known any state in the Union manifest. The house of representatives of which [Mr.] King was a member it seems had first nominated Ph. Schuyler [and] James Duane and sent up their names to the senate. The senate agreed to the nomination of Mr. Schuyler but non concur\u2019d in that of Mr. Duane, whereupon Mr. King being nominated was immediately elected by the unanimous suffrages of the representatives and a large majority of the senate.\nBy the return of the next post I hope to hear that you have the prospect of a commodious cabbin in some good ship at Havre. Mr. Trumbull intends to embark in a vessel that sails for New York about the 11th of October. Mr. Payne breakfasted with Mr. Rutledge and myself this morning. His most beautiful iron bridge is to be brought piece meal to town in a few days. I am told that as soon as he had put together what he calls one rib of it the iron master said if he woud let it remain at the forge that was the only compensation he wish\u2019d for the labour and expence of the experiment. Mr. Rumsey is proceeding with sanguine alacrity to finish his steam sloop. I have the honor to be with great respect and attachment Your Most Obed Sert,\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0418", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nSir\nParis Sep. 15. 1789.\nAn absence from Paris yesterday prevented my answering by that post your letter of the 12th. which came to hand the night before. The smallness of the vessel of Capt. Stotesbury and her going to Philadelphia and not Chesapeak, are such powerful objections that I determine to take the chance of still finding a larger vessel bound directly to the Chesapeak. The journey from Philadelphia to Virginia at that season with my family is formidable. There is a large and fine vessel offers from Lorient. But she too is bound for Philadelphia. Another from London offers to take me up at Cowes. But I hear of a fine ship which sailed from Virginia for Havre in company with one bound to and arrived at London. Consequently her arrival may be expected daily, and I shall hope the continuation of your goodness in announcing that or any other chance which offers, and that too as soon as they offer lest I should  in the mean time have accepted proposals to go from less convenient ports. Havre would be infinitely the most convenient for me, as it would not separate me from my baggage.\u2014As that is, I presume, arrived at Havre, and the box of books marked TI. No. 28. is for Doctr. Franklin Philadelphia, I will beg the favor of you to send it on board Capt. Stotesbury, taking the bill of lading in Doctr. Franklin\u2019s name, and sending it under cover to him. He will pay all the charges which may be referred for paiment there. Any others which must necessarily be paid here, I take on myself. It is observed to me here that for my baggage which would be about three cubical toises, and only ship room for myself, two daughters and two servants, with the use of the cabbin in common, (for I would not chuse it exclusively) the price of 100. guineas is very high. I know nothing about it myself, but that is the price which has been proposed to me by other vessels, including the being found. However of all this you are a better judge than any body. Hoping daily to hear from you of some other convenient opportunity, I have the honor to be, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0419", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 15 September 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nLondon Sepr. 15th. 1789\nBy some accident, your favour of the 23d July did not come to hand till a few days ago. It had lain at Mr. Claggets in America Square. On my return to London Mr. Morris and Mr. Parker were sett off, the former for France, the latter for Holland. They are both expected to return here in a few days.\nMy Bridge goes excellently on, and my Partners (the Walkers) who are at all the expence, except the erecting it in London, which is my part, have full as much confidence in the work as myself. About three fourths of it are already finished. We have erected two of the Ribs at the Works, and our intention is to erect the whole there that we may be certain of all the parts fitting before we bring it to London. Not a single mistake has hitherto occured. When I left Paris I was to return with the Model, but I could now bring over a compleat Bridge. Tho\u2019 I have a Slender opinion of myself  for executive Business, I think, upon the whole that I have managed this Matter tolerable well. With no Money to spare for such an undertaking I am the sole Patentee here, and connected with one of the first and best established houses in the Nation, but absent from America I feel a craving desire to return and I can scarcely forbear weeping at the thoughts of your going and my staying behind.\nAccept my Dear Sir, my most hearty thanks for your many services and friendship.\u2014Remember me with an overflowing Affection to my dear America, the people and the place. Be so kind to shake hands with them for me and tell our beloved General Washington, and my old friend Dr. Franklin how much I long to see them. I wish you would spend a day with General Morris of Morrisania and present my best wishes to all the family.\u2014But I find myself wandering into a Melancholy subject that will be tiresome to read, so wishing you a prosperous passage, and a happy meeting with all your friends and mine, I remain Yours Affectionately,\nThomas Paine\nI shall be very glad to hear from you when you arrive. If you direct for me to the care of Mr. Benjn. Vaughn it will find me.\nPlease to present my friendship to Capt. Nicholson and Family of N. York and Mr. and Mrs. Few.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0420", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to P\u00e8re Chauvier, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chauvier, P\u00e8re\nMonsieur\na Paris ce 16me. Sep. 1789.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous remettre la lettre que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de me confier. Au sujet du rachat de nos prisonniers \u00e0 Algiers, qui sont actuellement quatorze, comme c\u2019est notre debut avec cette nation, que ce que nous payons aujourdhui pourroit tirer en consequence, et qu\u2019un taux un peu fort pourroit bien dechainer ces pirates contre nos citoyens par preference \u00e0 ceux des autre nations, nous le croyons tr\u00e8s important de le faire au meilleur march\u00e9 possible, et en tout cas de ne pas depasser de certaines bornes. Je prendrai sur moi pour le moment de proposer jusqu\u2019a la concurrence de 3000\u20b6 livres Tournois par tete, et devant partir sous peu de jours pour l\u2019 Amerique, je demanderai des ordres ulterieures de notre gouvernement. Si c\u2019est leur volont\u00e9 d\u2019aller audela de ce prix, j\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous en faire part. Monsieur Short, charg\u00e9 de nos affaires  pendant mon absence, et qui demeurera chez moi, est muni des moyens de reprondre sur le champ \u00e0 tous les engagements d\u2019argent que vous aurez la bont\u00e9 de prendre pour nous; et j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de parler \u00e0 Monsieur le comte de Monmorin, qui a eu la bont\u00e9 de me promettre que, sur votre lettre, il se chargera de procurer le consentement du gouvernement que vous croyez necessaire \u00e0 autoriser vos demarches. Je remets donc entre vos mains, Monsieur, le sort et le soin de mes compatriotes, et je vous prie de faire pour eux ce que vous croyez le mieux. C\u2019est toujours avec un veritable plaisir que je vous repete combien nous sommes sensibles, mes concitoyens et moi, de la bont\u00e9 avec laquelle vous vous etes pret\u00e9 \u00e0 procurer la liberation de nos confreres, que je vous en renouvelle mes remercimens sinceres, et l\u2019hommage des sentimens de respect et d\u2019attachement avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0422", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Ludlam, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ludlam, William\nSir\nParis Sep. 16. 1789.\nThe American bills drawn on the American commissioners then at Paris, were paid as long as either of those commissioners remained here, and even a year or two longer by Mr. Barclay the American consul, till he also returned and the books were sent to New York to the board of Treasury. It is there alone they can now be examined or paid. I beleive the whole of those now floating out are duplicates and triplicates of which the principal has been paid. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0424", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Maurice, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maurice, James\nSir\nParis Sep. 16. 1789.\nYour favor of the 9th. having suspended my answer to that of 7th. till the arrival of the one you were so good as to write on the 11th. I avail myself of the first post to acknolege their receipt and to thank you for your attentions. My baggage has been gone down the river some time to Havre, and notwithstanding the inconvenience of separating from that, I would have determined immediately on going myself by the way of Lorient had the vessel of Capt. Calizt been bound to Virginia instead of Philadelphia. But the journey from Philadelphia to Virginia with my family would be so inconvenient that I prefer running the risk of still finding some direct conveiance to the Chesapeak. If indeed Capt. Calizt would put me into Hampton or Norfolk, which would be a very small matter out of his way (for it is not above 4[0?] leagues from the capes of Delaware) and especially going the [southern] rout, I would decide at once to go with him. If you find him disposed to this, I will beg the favor of you to observe to him that I shall have occasion for three masters births (for himself a[nd] two daughters of 17. and 11. years of age) and births for a man and w[o]man servant, the latter convenient to that of my daughters: and I should wish to be found in provisions &c. about which I am ignorant and not at all difficult. My baggage will be two carriages and the trunks attached to them. A use of the cabbin in common with others, and not exclusive of them which serves only to render me odious to those excluded. Be so good then as to know from him what he will ask for this, and that au dernier mot as there is no time to propose backwards and forwards. If you will be so good as to inform me by post whether he will set me into Hampton, and the price, I will give him a definitive answer immediately, and, if it be to go with him, I will be at Lorient without fail on the 4th. of Octob.\u2014I would  authorize you to agree with him positively at once, but as it is incertain whether he can put me into Hampton, I ought not to miss any certain occasion which might offer in another port before I receive his answer. As vessels are generally in port some days longer than they expect, I imagine this one would not be really ready sooner than the day above-mentioned.\u2014I must beg your pardon for all this trouble and hope you will ascribe it to the necessity of my situation. I am with very great consideration, Sir Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0425", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paradise, 16 September 1789\nFrom: Paradise, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Sepr. 16th. 1789\nOur valuable friend doctor Bancroft and Mrs. Paradise have already acquainted you with the reason which has hitherto prevented me from writing to you. As the deed in question is not yet finished, and I am still obliged in a manner to lurk, the dejection of my spirits still continues, and my seemingly culpable silence would have [of] course still have continued, had not Mr. Trumbull informed me that you are not well. This has roused me from the torpor which my disgraceful situation has brought upon me, and I eagerly take up my pen, not, however, to express my gratitude for the unparallelled favours you have conferred upon me and my family; for what words can express it? But most earnestly to entreat you to let me know by return of the post how you are, since no one can possibly be more deeply interested in your welfare than I am, and Mr. Trumbull\u2019s intelligence has alarmed me beyond expression. On my arrival hither I found a letter from the inestimable Mr. Wythe, by which he informs me that in consequence of a late act of our general assembly he remains the sole judge of the high court of chancery. I also found one from Mr. Burell, who does not mention a word about remittances. I hope, however, that the Planter, which is now daily expected, will bring them. As to my debt to you, I refer you to doctor Bancrofts letter. Mr. Ledlier is certainly dead, but I have the satisfaction to find from the newspapers that the report of Major Langborn\u2019s death was groundless. Mrs. Paradise joins with me in every good wish to you and your amiable family. I beg my best compliments to Mr. Short, and have the  honour to be with a due sense of gratitude Your Excellency\u2019s most faithful friend and most obliged humble servant,\nJohn Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0427", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nSir\nParis Sep. 17. 1789.\nYou must be pleased to look on the trouble which the accident of my voyage occasions you like a tempest or whirlwind which heaven in the course of it\u2019s providence has directed over your feilds. Troublesome, but happily transient. In my letter of yesterday I desired you to send the box TI. No. 28. by the Philadelphia vessel to Doctr. Franklin. I am now to beg the favor of you, by the first vessel which shall be going to New york to send the following packages. To wit TI. No. 30. TI. No. 31. TI. No. 32. TI. No. 36. to John Jay esquire, secretary for foreign affairs. TI. No. 29. TI. No. 33. TI. No. 34. TI. No. 35. to James Madison of the Virginia delegation in Congress at New York.\nI now inclose letters to those gentlemen to accompany the packages, and I will beg the favor of you to send to each his bill of lading, leaving all expences to be paid at New York which may be referred to the port of delivery, and debiting me with what must be paid at Havre.\nThere will then remain on hand my own articles only, to wit, the Nos. from 1. to 27. inclusive, and Nos. 37. and 38. being twenty nine in all. If you have any occasion to have money paid in Paris be so good as to send me a note of your disbursements for me and I will pay them to your order here. I am with much thankfullness, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0428", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 17. 1789.\nI have sent from this place, together with my own baggage, two hampers and two boxes, which when arrived at Havre I have taken  the liberty to order to be separated from my baggage and sent by the first vessel to New York to your address.\nThe marks and contents are as follows:\nThese are hampers containing samples of the best wines of this country, which I beg leave to present\nto the President and yourself, in order that you may decide whether you would wish to have any, and which of them for your own tables hereafter, and to offer my service in procuring them for you. The kinds are 1. Monrach\u00e9 (the best kind of White Burgundy) 2. Champagne non mousseux (i.e. still) much preferred here to the sparkling, which goes all to foreign countries. 3. Sauterne (a white Bordeaux) 4. Rochegude (from the neighborhood of Avignon, somewhat of the Madeira quality 5. Frontignan. I have bought all of these from the Vignerons who made them, the 1st. 2d. and 5th. when on the spots myself, the 3d. and 4th. by writing to them. The Vigneron never adulterates his wine, but on the contrary gives it the most perfect and pure possible. But when once a wine has been into a merchant\u2019s hands, it never comes out unmixed. This being the basis of their trade, no degree of honesty, of personal friendship or of kindred prevents it. I must beg the favor of you to deliver one hamper to the President with my offers of service, and the preceding explanation.\nT.I. No. 32. A box containing 2. busts in plaister of Admiral Jones, who has desired me to present them on his part to yourself and General Irvine.\nT.I. No. 36. A box containing 6. officers fusils, for the war office, which I have explained in a letter to General Knox, a duplicate of which I will take the liberty of putting under the cover of my first publick letter to you.\nI send the present letter to the person at Havre to whom I have consigned the packages, desiring him to forward it with them and to inclose to you the bill of lading. Hoping they may come safely to hand, I beg leave to assure you of the sentiments of sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Every bottle is marked (with a diamond) with the initial letter of the wine it contains.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0430", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 17 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis Sep. 17. 1789.\nI think myself tolerably certain of leaving this place on the 27th. or 28th. instant. The business for which the 30,000 florins were destined is now in a train of negotiation so that I will ask the favor of you to remit it here in good paper no matter whether at short or long sight, as it will be some time before the money will  be wanted. Make it paiable if you please to Mr. William Short, who is named by our government Charg\u00e9 des affaires during my absence: and who will carry on this particular business. He will draw on you himself for his salary and the current expences of the legation.\nThe settlement of all my affairs here on my departure, and the expences of my journey and passage across the sea, which I believe are paid usually in the port of embarkation, will occasion me to draw on you in the course of the present month for 10, or 12000 livres. When on the other side the water my draughts will be inconsiderable; they shall be always accompanied by a letter of advice as usual. I hope to have the pleasure of announcing to you my return in the month of April or May. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0432", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Churchman, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Churchman, John\nSir\nParis Sep. 18. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of the 15th. of May. I had before received and answered the first letter you wrote me; but the 2d. which you mention to have written, never came to hand. I have sent to the Secretary of the Academy of sciences the printed paper inclosed in your last. I asked at the same time the authenticated copy  which you desired of the entry on their journals relative to your former communications to them. This I now inclose to you as I received it from the Marquis de Condorcet their Secretary. Being about to leave this country on a visit to my own I shall be in hopes of perhaps meeting you somewhere in my tour, and of expressing to you in person my readiness on all occasions to be useful to you in the business now in hand and the sentiments of esteem with which I am Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nLondon 18 Sepr 1789\nOwing to the tardiness of the penny post man I did not receive your letter of the tenth timely enough to answer it on tuesday evening.\nI mistook the papers you had the goodness to send me for copies, and supposing the originals were of record with you, did not forget, but omitted to return them to you in Paris. I now inclose them to you with many apologies for an omission that has cost you a very natural anxiety considering the scientific toils which these most valuable papers must have cost you. With these apologies [I] must be permitted to mingle the homage of my most sincere admiration of the financial nicety and skill unfolded in your statements, and my acknowledgments for being allowed to peruse them.\nI wish it were practicable for the United States to make such an arrangement with any opulent money lenders in Holland as might enable our country to confer a signal benefit upon France now bending under the pressure of fiscal poverty. Such an arrangement wou\u2019d I am persuaded cancel and more than cancel our debt of  gratitude to France for pecuniary succour as well as ulterior forbearance. Beside this it wou\u2019d probably be in the power of Congress to obtain from the Individuals who might incline to undertake a business of this magnitude such new terms as to the time and mode of reimbursing the capital of the French debt as the interests of our country might be suppos\u2019d to require. For my own part, even if all other circumstances were put out of the question I shou\u2019d prefer to owe our foreign debt to private citizens rather than to any nation in Europe. It has been hinted to me, but I know not whether from good authority, that Mr. Neckar has said he wou\u2019d be glad to sell the debt due from the United States at a discount of fifteen or even twenty five per cent. I cannot avoid thinking somewhat might be done in this business advantageously both for France and America. What that shou\u2019d be I hope you will have pleasant weather enough to ascertain on ship board this Autumn.\u2014I have not yet learnt your decision when and where you embark. In a very few days I shall know whether I sail with Mr. Trumbull or not. We somewhat expect to visit you at Cowes.\u2014As an american curiosity I inclose you an authentic account of The Population of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, from 1763 to 1784, a period of twenty years, during eight of which (from April 1775 to Decr. 1782) a bloody and distressing war was waged by our common country: The effect it had on population will be seen by the small increase of inhabitants during the period of its continuance with former years.\nI learn nothing new from any quarter since my last, except the demand of his prussian majesty upon Holland for thirty six million of florins to reimburse him the expence he incur\u2019d in subjugating them to the will of the Stadtholder and the British Court.\nA dissolution of the parliament of this country is talked of and believed about Christmas. I know not why. Mr. Pitt has poured several dozen of english and irish peers into the respective kingdoms, among the former Mr. Eden.\nMr. Payne, Mr. Trumbull and Mr. Rutledge concuring in belief that you will not have left Paris when my next shall arrive in Paris, I postpone my adieu, and am Affectionately & with the greatest respect Yours,\nJohn Brown Cutting\nNumber of rateable Polls, or Males above sixteen years of age\nCounties\nIncrease or decrease from 1772 to 1784.\nProportional increase or decrease\nIncrease\nDecrease\nSuffolk\nIncreased\nEssex\nDecreased\nMiddlesex\nIncreased\nPlymouth\nIncreased\nBarnstable\nDecreased\nBristol\nIncreased\nDukes County\nIncreased\nNantucket\nDecreased\nHampshire\nIncreased\nWorcester\nIncreased\nBerkshire\nIncreased\nYork\nIncreased\nCumberland\nIncreased\nLincoln\nIncreased\nMean Increase }\nN.B. The eight first counties are old Counties; the three next are western counties and have many new Towns and the three last are in that tract of and lying east of New Hampshire, called the Province of Maine. Lincoln County in June last was subdivided into three Counties-Lincoln, Washington and Hancock Counties.\nNumber of Inhabitants\nWhites\nBlacks\nIndi[ans]\nMales above 16.\nFemales ditto\nMales under 16\nFemales ditto\nMales Negroes\nFemale\nMale Indians\nFemale\nIncrease from 1763 to 1776.\nDitto.\u2007\u2007\u2007from 1776 to 1784 Only", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0434", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 18 Sep. 1789. He had just finished enclosed when TJ\u2019s letter of 12th came, and he hastens to send it in hope TJ will receive it in Paris or that Short will forward it before he embarks. He thanks him for the agreeable news and embraces with confidence the hope that TJ will protect him \u201cde ce c\u00f4t\u00e9 et de l\u2019autre de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an. Ma famille et moi sommes tr\u00e8s-reconnoissans du bon souvenir de V. E. Dieu soit avec vous, Monsieur, durant votre trajet, s\u00e9jour et retour, et vous conserve partout, avec vos chers Enfants, en parfaite sant\u00e9 et prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9.\u201d Meanwhile, duty, esteem, and friendship will prompt him to cultivate Short\u2019s correspondence.\u2014He hopes TJ will pardon him for sending \u201cpar son respectable organe mes respects \u00e0 LL.EE. Mess. Le Pr\u00e9sident, Vice Pr\u00e9sident et S\u00e9nateurs de l\u2019illustre Congr\u00e8s.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0435", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ralph Izard, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Izard, Ralph\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 18. 1789.\nI have received by Mr. Cutting your favor of April 3. In order to ascertain what proportion of your rice might be taken off by this country, I applied to the proper officer and obtained a statement of their importations of rice for a twelve-month, and from what countries. This I inclose to you. You will observe it is between 81.  and 82 thousand quintals, which I suppose to be about a fourth or fifth of your whole exportation. A part of this will always be from Piedmont. But yours may gain ground from two causes: 1st. It\u2019s preference over that of Piedmont increases. 2dly. The consumption increases. Paris, and the seaport towns are the principal places of consumption, but most of all Paris. Havre therefore is unquestionably the deposit for it, because from thence it may come up the river, or be shipped to any foreign market as conveniently as from Cowes. I wish much you had a good merchant or consignee there. There is a brother of Cutting\u2019s there, of whom I hear good spoken, but I do not know him myself. All I know is that an honest, intelligent and active consignee there (or two of them) could do immense service to your countrymen.\u2014When I received your letter, I was too near the time of my departure to undertake to procure from Constantinople the intelligence you desired relative to that as a market for your rice. I therefore wrote to a merchant of my acquaintance at Marseilles engaged in the Levant and also in the American trade. I asked from him the prices current of Constantinople and of Marseilles for some years past. I inclose you his answer, giving only the present price at Marseilles, and the price of a particular cargo only at Constantinople. When I return here I will try thro\u2019 the French Ambassador at Constantinople to get more particular information. But we must get rid of the Algerines. I think this practicable by means honorable and within our power. But of this we will converse when I shall have the honor of seeing you at New-York, which will be in February, if there be no particular cause for my going on there till I shall have arranged the private business which has rendered it necessary for me to visit my own country.\u2014I wish the cargo of olives spoken of in the inclosed letter, and which went to Baltimore, may have got on safe to Carolina, and that the one he is about to send may also arrive safe. This my dear friend should be the object of the Carolina patriot. After bread, I know no blessing to the poor, in this world, equal to that of oil. But there should be an annual sum steadily applied to this object: because a first and a second essay may fail. The plants cost little; the transportation little; it is unremitting attention which is requisite. A common country labourer whose business it should be to prepare and pack his plants at Marseilles and to go on with them thro\u2019 the canal of Languedoc to Bordeaux and there stay with them till put on board a ship bound to Charleston, and to send at the same time great quantities of the berries to sow for stocks,  would require but a moderate annual sum. He would make the journey every fall only, till you should have such a stock of plants taken in the country, as to render you sure of success. But of this too we will talk on meeting. The crisis of this country is not yet absolutely past. The unskilfulness of new administrators leaves the capital in danger of the confusion which may attend the want of bread surrounded by a country which has just gathered in a plentiful harvest.\u2014I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0440", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Fryday Sepr. 18. 1789\nI this moment receive yours of the 13 Inst. which being Post night, affords me the welcome opportunity of acknowleging it. I wrote you on the 15th. by post, but I was so full of the thoughts of America and my American friends that I forgot France. The people of this Country speak very differently on the affairs of France. The Mass of them so far as I can collect says that France is a much freer Country than England. The Press, the Bishops &c. says the National assembly has gone to far. There is yet, in this Country, very considerable remains of the feudal System which people did not see till the revolution in france placed it before their Eyes. While the Multitude here could be terrified with the cry and apprehension of Arbitary power, wooden shoes, popery and such like stuff, they thought themselves by comparison an extraordinary free people, but this bug-bear now loses its force, and they appear to me to be turning their Eyes towards the Aristocrats of their own Nation. This is a new mode of conquering, and I think it will have its effect.\u2014I am looking out for a place to erect my Bridge. Within some of the Squares would be very convenient. I had thought of Soho Square, where Sr. Joseph Banks lives, but he is now in Lincolnshire. I expect it will be ready for erecting, and in London, by the latter end of October. Whether I shall then sell it in England or bring it over to Paris and re-erect it there I have not determined in my mind. In order to bring any kind of Contract forward for the Seine it is necessary it should be seen, and as Oeconomy will now be a principle in the Government, it will have a better chance than before.\nIf you should pass thro\u2019 Borden Town, in Jersey, which is not out of your way from Philadelphia to N.Y. I shall be glad you would enquire about my particular friend Col. Kirkbride. You will be very much pleased with him. His house is my home when in that part of the Country, and it was there that I made the model of my Bridge. If you can drop me a line when at the port to inform me by what vessel you sail, I shall be glad to receive it. Your affectionate friend,\nThomas Paine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0441", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Ramsay, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ramsay, David\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 18. 1789.\nYour favor of April 8. by Mr. Cutting came duly to hand. Being near the time of my departure for America it was impracticable to obtain from Constantinople the information relative to the demand and price of rice there. I wrote therefore to a merchant of Marseilles, and I inclose you a copy of his answer. When I return in the spring I may be able to get information from Constantinople itself. I inclose you also a statement of one year\u2019s importation of rice into this country, by which you will see the amount of it\u2019s whole consumption and from what countries it derives it\u2019s supplies. The importations being between 81. and 82 thousand quintals, make a fourth or fifth of your exportation. I think you may possess yourselves of the whole supply except the small part consumed in the neighborhood of Piedmont. But Paris is the place of principal consumption, and Havre is the port whose situation enables it to possess itself exclusively of the custom of Paris. It would be of great advantage if you had one or two honest, intelligent and active consignees there. This object merits perseverance and some sacrifices.\nMr. Cutting has rendered justice to the state of S. Carolina for the integrity of it\u2019s measures for the satisfaction of it\u2019s European creditors. As yet I have received the accession of only the Van Staphorsts to the terms of the act of assembly sent me.\u2014I expect to leave this place in eight days, to go directly to Virginia in order to arrange some particular matters which rendered my return necessary for a while, and expect to proceed in February to New York and thence return to Europe. The crisis of this country is not yet over. Even the danger of wanting bread is not over tho a plentiful harvest has been gathered in. This proceeds from a new and unskilful administration. Should the want of bread begin a tumult, the consequences cannot be foreseen, because the leaven of other causes will rise with that fermentation. I have the honour to be with very great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0442", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rayneval, 18 September 1789\nFrom: G\u00e9rard de Rayneval (Reyneval), Joseph Matthias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\na V[ersail]les le 18. 7bre. 1789\nM. de Rayneval a l\u2019honneur d\u2019envoyer \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson le passeport qu\u2019il a demand\u00e9. Les ordres seront donn\u00e9s aux employ\u00e9s des fermes au havre par raport aux equipages.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0443", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rutledge, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 18. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor by Mr. Cutting, inclosing the paper from Doctr. Trumbull for which I am very thankful. The conjecture that inhabitants may have been carried from the coast of Africa to that of America by the trade winds is possible enough; and it\u2019s probability would be greatly strengthened by ascertaining a similarity of language, which I consider as the strongest of all proofs of consanguinity among nations. Still a question would remain between the red men of the Eastern and Western sides of the Atlantic, which is the stock and which the shoot? If a fact be true, which I suspect to be true, that there is a much greater number of radical languages among those of America, than among those of the other hemisphere, it would be a proof of superior antiquity which I can conceive no arguments strong enough to over-rule.\nWhen I received your letter, the time of my departure was too near to permit me to obtain information from Constantinople relative to the demand and price of rice there. I therefore wrote to a merchant at Marseilles concerned in the levant trade, for the prices current of rice at Constantinople and at Marseilles for several years past. He has sent me only the present price at Marseilles, and that of a particular cargo at Constantinople. I send you a copy of his letter. The Algerines form an obstacle. But the object of our commerce in the Mediterranean is so immense, that we ought to surmount that obstacle, and I believe it could be done by means in our power, and which instead of fouling us with the dishonorable and criminal baseness of France and England, will place us in the road to respect with all the world.\u2014I have obtained and inclose to you a state of all the rice imported into this country in the course of  one year, which shews it\u2019s consumption. I think you may supplant all the other furnishing states, except as to what is consumed at Marseilles and it\u2019s neighborhood. In fact, Paris is the place of main consumption. Havre therefore is the port of deposit, where you might have one or two honest, intelligent and active consignees. The ill success of a first or second experiment should not damp the endeavors to open this market fully, but the obstacles should be forced by perseverance. I have obtained, from different quarters, seeds of the dry rice; but having had time to try them, I find they will not vegetate, having been too long kept. I have still several other expectations from the East Indies. If this rice be as good, the object of health will render it worth experiment with you. Cotton is a precious resource, and which cannot fail with you. I wish the cargo of olive plants sent by the way of Baltimore, and that which you will perceive my correspondent preparing now to send, may arrive to you in good order. This is the object for the patriots of your country: for that tree well established there will be the source of the greatest wealth and happiness. But to ensure it\u2019s success perseverance may be necessary. An essay or two may fail. I think therefore that an annual sum should be subscribed, and it need not be a great one. A common country labourer should be engaged to make it his sole occupation to prepare and pack plants and berries at Marseilles, and in the autumn, to go with them himself through the Canal of Languedoc to Bordeaux, and there to stay with them till he can put them on board a vessel bound directly to Charlestown, and this repeated annually till you have a sufficient stock ensured to propagate from without further importation. I should guess that 50. guineas a year would do this, and if you think proper to set such a subscription afoot, write me down for 10. guineas of the money yearly during my stay in France, and offer my superintendance of the business on this side the water, if no better can be had. Mr. Cutting does full justice to the honourable dispositions of the legislature of South Carolina towards their foreign creditors. None have yet come into the propositions sent to me expect the Van Staphorsts.\u2014The danger of famine here has not ceased with a plentiful harvest. A new and unskilful administration has not yet got into the way of bringing regular supplies to the capital. We are in danger of hourly insurrection for the want of bread; and an insurrection once begun for that cause, may associate itself with those discontented for other causes, and produce incalculable events. But if the want of bread does not produce a commencement of disorder, I am of opinion the other discontents will be stifled and a good and  free constitution established without opposition. In fact the mass of the people, the clergy and army (excepting the higher orders of the three bodies) are in as compact an union as can be. The national assembly have decided that their executive shall be hereditary, and shall have a suspensive negative on the laws, that the legislature shall be of one house, annual in it\u2019s sessions, and biennial in it\u2019s elections. Their declaration of rights will give you their other general views. I am just on my departure for Virginia, where the arrangement of my affairs will detain me the winter; after which (say in February) I shall go on to New York and embark in some Northern port for France. In the mean while, and always, I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0444", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 18 September 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon 18th. Septr. 1789.\nYour Box of Books from Lackington went in yesterday\u2019s Diligence:\u2014cost \u00a32.9.0. Your Letter of the 14th. with the Bill for ten pounds Enclos\u2019d arrivd today:\u2014This remittance was by no means necessary: the articles I shall buy for you will exceed what you had given me by a mere trifle, and there will now be a ballance in my hands for you to command. I have bought One pr. Candlesticks.\nThe C. Column and Pedestal\n 15 Inches high\n 12 Inches\n1 pr. if I can find what I wish before Monday say\n2 Branches for 3 lights new @ 54/\nTo have had them all of one pattern and new, I must have waited to have them done at Sheffield, which is an uncertain time and they would have cost\u20144 pr. @ 50/\n2 pr. Branches for 2 lights @ 42/\nI hope you will think I have done rightly to sacrifice something to this difference of price, if the want of entire uniformity be any sacrifice. These will be sent early next week.\nI wrote the 10th. to say that the Clermont Capt. Collet would gladly take you on board at Cowes for 100 Guineas if you could not provide yourself in France. She certainly sails the first of the Month.\u2014I have delivered all your Letters & am most thankfully yours,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0445", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Enville, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Enville (Anville, Danville), Louise Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLa Rocheguyon ce 19 7bre 1789.\nVous partez, Monsieur, et je n\u2019aurai pas le plaisir de vous dire adieu et de causer un moment avec vous. La confiance que j\u2019ai en vos lumi\u00e8res me fait passionn\u00e9ment desirer de savoir votre opinion pr\u00e9sente. Vous nous laissez encore dans un grand trouble, il est vrai que le pain en est la premi\u00e8re et la plus grande cause; le peuple assur\u00e9 de sa Subsistance seroit surement plus tranquille.\nMon fils, qui est arriv\u00e9 ici ce matin pour nous faire une tr\u00e8s courte Visite m\u2019a dit que Vous vous embarquiez incessament; si c\u2019\u00e9toit au Havre, je vous prierois avec instance de prendre une auberge ici; vous ne pouvez pas arriver en un jour au port; vous prendriez la route de Mantes \u00e0 La Rocheguyon o\u00f9 vous coucheriez; vous \u00e9pargneriez une lie\u00fce de Paris \u00e0 Vernon; vous partiriez le lendemain \u00e0 cinq ou Six heures et vous arriveriez \u00e0 sept ou huit du Soir au Havre; si cet arrangement vous convient aussi bien qu\u2019\u00e0 moi j\u2019en serai d\u2019autant plus satisfaite que je pourrai vous renouveller, Monsieur, l\u2019assurance des Sentimens avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issante servante,\nLarochefoucauld d\u2019enville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0446", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Sep. 19. 1789.\nI had the honour of addressing you on the 30th. of the last month. Since that I have taken the liberty to consign to you a box  of officers muskets, containing half a dozen, made by the person and on the plan which I mentioned to you in a letter, which I cannot turn to at this moment, but I think it was of the year 1785. A more particular account of them you will find in the inclosed copy of a letter which I have written to General Knox. The box is marked TI No. 36. is gone to Havre and will be forwarded to you by the first vessel bound to New York, by Mr. Nathaniel Cutting, an American gentleman establishing himself there.\nRecalling to your mind the account I gave you of the number and size of ships fitted out by the English the last year for the Northern whale fishery and comparing with it what they have fitted out this year for the same fishery, the comparison will stand thus.\nYears\u2007\nVessels\nTons\nMen\ndifference\u2007\nby which you will perceive that they have lost a third of that fishery in one year, which I think almost entirely, if not quite, ascribable to the shutting the French ports against their oil. I have no account of their Southern fishery of the present year.\nAs soon as I was informed that our bankers had the money ready for the redemption of our captives, I went to the general of the order of the holy trinity, who retained all his dispositions to aid us in that business. Having a very confidential agent at Marseilles, better acquainted than himself with the details, he wrote to him for his opinion and information on the subject. I inclose you a copy of his answer, the original of which was communicated to me. I thereupon have authorized the General to go as far as 3000.\u20b6 a head for our captives, and for this purpose to adopt the plan proposed of sending one of his own religious at our expence (which will be small), or any other plan he thinks best. The honesty and goodness of his character places us in safety in his hands. To leave him without any hesitation in engaging himself for such a sum of money, it was necessary to depose it in a bankers hands here. Mr. Grand\u2019s were agreeable to him, and I have therefore desired our bankers at Amsterdam to remit it here. I do not apprehend in the progress of the present revolution any thing like a general bankruptcy which should pervade the whole class of bankers. Were such an event to appear imminent, the excessive caution of the house of Grand & Co. establishes it in the general opinion as the last that  would give way, and consequently would give time to withdraw this money from their hands. Mr. Short will attend to this, and will withdraw the money on the first well-founded appearance of danger. He has asked me what he shall do with it? Because it is evident that when Grand cannot be trusted, no other individual at Paris can, and a general bankruptcy can only be the effect of such disorders as would render every private house an insecure deposit. I have not hesitated to say to him, \u2018in such an event pay it to the government. In this case it becomes only a change of destination, and no loss at all.\u2019 But this has passed between us for greater caution only, and in the worst case supposeable, for tho\u2019 a suspension of paiment by government might affect the bankers a little, I doubt if any of them have embarked so much in the hands of government as to endanger failure; and especially as they have had such long warning.\nYou will have known that the Ordinance passed by M. de Chillon in St. Domingo, for opening ports to our importations in another part of the island, was protested against by Marbois. He had always led the Ct. de la Luzerne by the nose while Governor of that island. Marbois\u2019 representations, and Luzerne\u2019s prepossessions against our trade with their colonies, occasioned him as minister of that department not only to reverse the ordinance but to recall Chillon and send out a successor. Chillon is arrived here, and having rendered himself very popular in the islands, their deputies in the national assembly have brought the question before them. The assembly has done nothing more as yet than to appoint a committee of enquiry. So much of Chillon\u2019s ordinance as admitted the importation of our provisions is continued for a time. M. de Marbois too is recalled, I know not why nor how. M. de la Luzerne\u2019s conduct will probably come under view only incidentally to the general question urged by the Colony deputies, Whether they shall not be free in future to procure provisions where they can procure them cheapest? But the deputies are disposed to treat Monsr. de la Luzerne roughly. This with the disgrace of his brother the bishop de Langres turned out of the presidentship of the national assembly for partiality in office to the Aristocratic principles, and the disfavor of the assembly towards M. de la Luzerne himself as having been formerly of the plot (as they call it) with Breteuil and Broglio, will probably occasion him to be out of office soon.\u2014The Treasury board have no doubt attended to the necessity of giving timely orders for the payment of the February interest at Amsterdam. I am well informed\nBusts by Houdon. (See p. xxxvii.)\nthat our credit is now the first at that exchange (England not borrowing at present). Our 5. percent bonds are risen to 97. and 99. They have been heretofore at 93. There are at this time several companies and individuals here, in England and Holland negociating to sell large parcels of our liquidated debt. A bargain was concluded by one of these the other day for 600,000 Dollars. In the present state of our credit every dollar of this debt will probably be transferred to Europe within a short time.\nSep. 23. The combination of bankers and other ministerial tools had led me into the error (when I wrote my last letter) into which they had led most people, that the loan lately opened here went on well. The truth is that very little has been borrowed, perhaps not more than 6. or 8. millions. The king and his ministers were yesterday to carry their plate to the mint. The ladies are giving up their jewels to the National assembly. A contribution of plate in the time of Louis XV. is said to have carried about 8. millions to the treasury. Plate is much more common now, and therefore if the example prevail now in the same degree it did then, it will produce more. The contribution of jewels will hardly be general, and will be unproductive. Mr. Necker is on the 25th. to go to the assembly to make some proposition. The hundredth penny is talked of.\nThe assembly proceeds slowly in the forming their constitution. The original vice of their numbers causes this, as well as a tumultuous manner of doing business. They have voted that the elections of the legislature shall be biennial; that it shall be of a single body, but they have not yet decided what shall be it\u2019s number, nor whether they shall be all in one room, or in two (which they call a division into sections). They have determined that the king shall have a suspensive and iterative veto: that is, that after negativing a law, it cannot be presented again till after a new election. If he negatives it then, it cannot be presented a third time till after another new election. If it be then presented, he is obliged to pass it. This is perhaps justly considered as a more useful negative than an absolute one, which a king would be afraid to use. Mr. Necker\u2019s influence with the assembly is nothing at all. Having written to them by order of the king on the subject of the veto, before it was decided, they refused to let his letter be read. Again lately, when they desired the sanction of the king to their proceedings of the 4th. of August, he wrote, in the king\u2019s name, a letter to them remonstrating against an immediate sanction to the whole; but they persisted, and the sanction was given. His disgust at this want of influence, together  with the real difficulties of his situation make it believed that he is desirous of resigning. The public stocks were extremely low the day before yesterday. The Caisse d\u2019escompte at 3640. and the loan of 125. millions of 1784. was at 15. pr. cent loss. Yesterday they rose a little.\nThe slouth of the assembly (unavoidable from their numbers) has done the most sensible injury to the public cause. The patience of a people, who have less of that quality than any other nation in the world, is worn threadbare. Time has been given to the Aristocrats to recover from their panic, to cabal, to sow dissensions in the assembly and distrust out of it. It has been a misfortune that the king and aristocracy together have not been able to make a sufficient resistance to keep the patriots in a compact body. Having no common enemy of such force as to render their union necessary, they have suffered themselves to divide. The assembly now consists of four distinct parties. 1. The Aristocrats, comprehending the higher members of the clergy, military, and nobility, and the parliaments of the whole kingdom. This forms a head without a body. 2. The moderate royalists, who wish for a constitution nearly similar to that of England. 3. The Republicans, who are willing to let their first magistracy be hereditary, but to make it very subordinate to the legislature, and to have that legislature consist of a single chamber. 4. The faction of Orleans. The 2d. and 3d. descriptions are composed of honest, well meaning men, differing in opinion only, but both wishing the establishment of as great a degree of liberty as can be preserved. They are considered together as constituting the Patriotic part of the assembly, and they are supported by the Souldiery of the army, the souldiery of the church, that is to say the Cur\u00e9s and monks, the disinterested part of the nobility, which is small, and the substantial Bourgeoisie of the whole nation. The part of these collected in the cities, have formed themselves into municipal bodies, have chosen municipal representatives, and have organised and armed corps, considerably more numerous in the whole than the regular army. They have also the ministry, such as it is, and as yet the king. Were these 2d. and 3d. parties, or rather these sections of the same party to separate entirely, this great mass of power and wealth would be split nobody knows how. But I do not think they will separate. Because they have the same honest views; because, each being conscious of the rectitude of the other, there is no rancour between them: because they retain the desire of coalescing. In order to effect this, they, not long ago,  proposed a conference, and desired it might be at my house, which gave me an opportunity of judging of their views. They discussed together their points of difference for six hours, and in the course of discussion agreed on mutual sacrifices. The effect of this agreement has been considerably defeated by the subsequent proceedings of the assembly, but I do not know that it has been thro\u2019 any infidelity of the leaders to the compromise they had agreed on. Another powerful band of union between these two parties is our friend the Marquis de la Fayette. He left the assembly while they as yet formed but one party. His attachment to both is equal, and he labours incessantly to keep them together. Should he be obliged to take part against either, it will be against that which shall first pass the Rubicon of reconciliation with the other. I should hope in this event that his weight will be sufficient to turn the scale decidedly in favor of the other. His command of the armed militia of Paris (30,000 in number and comprehending the French guards who are 5000 regulars) and his influence with the municipality, would secure this city; and tho\u2019 the armed militia and municipalities of the other cities are in no wise subordinate to those of Paris, yet they look up to them with respect, and look particularly to the Marquis de la Fayette as leading always to the rights of the people. This turn of things is so probable that I do not think either section of the patriots will venture on any act which will place themselves in opposition to him. This being the face of things, troubled as you will perceive, civil war is much talked of and expected: and this talk and expectation has a tendency to beget it. What are the events which may produce it? 1. The want of bread, were it to produce a commencement of disorder, might ally itself to more permanent causes of discontent, and thus continue the effect beyond it\u2019s first cause. The scarcity of bread which continues very great amidst a plenty of corn, is an aenigma which can be solved only by observing that the furnishing the city is in the new municipality, not yet masters of their trade. 2. A public bankruptcy. Great numbers of the lower as well as higher classes of citizens depend for subsistence on their property in the public funds. 3. The absconding of the king from Versailles. This has for some time been apprehended as possible. In consequence of this apprehension, a person whose information would have weight, wrote to the Count de Montmorin adjuring him to prevent it by every possible means, and assuring him that the flight of the king would be the signal of a St. Barthelemi against the aristocrats in Paris and perhaps thro  the kingdom. M. de Montmorin shewed the letter to the queen, who assured him solemnly that no such thing was in contemplation. His shewing it to the queen proves he entertained the same distrust with the public. It may be asked what is the queen disposed to do in the present situation of things? Whatever rage, pride and fear can dictate in a breast which never knew the presence of one moral restraint.\nUpon the whole I do not see it as yet probable that any actual commotion will take place. And if it does take place I have strong confidence that the patriotic party will hold together, and their party in the nation be what I have described it. In this case there would be against them the Aristocracy, and the faction of Orleans. This consists, at this time, of only the Catalines of the assembly, and some of the lowest descriptions of the mob. It\u2019s force within the kingdom must depend on how much of this last kind of people it can debauch with money from it\u2019s present bias to the right cause. This bias is as strong as any one can be in a class which must accept it\u2019s bread from him who will give it. It\u2019s resources out of the kingdom are not known. Without doubt England will give money to produce and to feed the fire which should consume this country. But it is not probable she will engage in open war for that. If foreign troops should be furnished, it would be most probably by the king of Prussia, who seems to offer himself as the bull-dog of tyranny to all his neighbors. He might too be disturbed by the contagion of the same principles gaining his own subjects, as they have done those of the Austrian Netherlands, Liege, Cologne, and Hessecassel. The army of the latter prince, joining with his subjects are said to have possessed themselves of the treasures he had amassed by hiring troops to conquer us, and by other iniquities. 54. millions of livres is the sum mentioned. But all these means, external and internal, must prove inadequate to their ultimate object, if the nation be united as it is at present.\nExpecting within a few days to leave Paris, and that this is my last letter on public subjects, I have indulged myself in giving you a general view of things, as they appear to me at the time of my leaving them. Mr. Short will have the honour of continuing the narration, and of correcting it where circumstances unknown or unforeseen may give a different turn to events.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0448", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Montmorin, 19 September 1789\nFrom: Montmorin de Saint-H\u00e9rem, Armand Marc, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVersailles Le 19. 7bre. 1789.\nJ\u2019\u00e9cris, Monsieur, \u00e0 la ferme G\u00e9n\u00e9rale pour la libre sortie du Royaume des Effets et Bagages que vous faites partir de Paris pour le Havre, d\u2019o\u00f9 en Am\u00e9rique. Quant \u00e0 l\u2019Ordre d\u2019exemption de droits sur ces Effets, il sera exp\u00e9di\u00e9, Monsieur, d\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9tat qui m\u2019en sera adress\u00e9 par la Ferme G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, au moyen de quoi ce que vous desirez \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard se trouvera rempli.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre tr\u00e8s parfaitement, Monsieur, Votre tres humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nLe cte De Montmorin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Van Damme, 20 September 1789\nFrom: Damme, Pieter Bernhard van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam, 20 Sep. 1789. Is sending to TJ\u2019s address a catalogue of \u201cLivres Curieux et Rares\u201d to be sold 23 Nov. 1789. He asks that TJ send his orders some days before the sale \u201cpour examination des Commissions.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0450", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maurice, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Maurice, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nL\u2019Orient, 21 Sep. 1789. He received TJ\u2019s of the 16th which he communicated to Captain Calizt, who replies that he could not \u201cput into  any other Port than his destined one.\u201d There \u201cis a very fine Brig here well accommodated for Passages which will sail by first Wind for Norfolk \u2026 but which I never mentioned to you, because you set no choice, in your first letter, saying it was equally the same to you to go to the Delaware as to the Chesapeak.\u201d Had the captain been assured of TJ\u2019s coming, he would have waited six days: weather indicates \u201che will be wind-bound for some time, but at any rate he wou\u2019d not agree waiting upon an uncertainty.\u201d His price is \u201can hundred Louis.\u201d If TJ has a strong inclination for taking her, he may write by return post, but Maurice advises him not \u201cto set off from upon an uncertainty, nor till you have my answer to your\u2019s in answer to this.\u201d In that case \u201cmention \u2026 that if the Captain waits for you, having a fair wind, what gratification you will make him for so doing.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0451", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Pinckney, 21 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Charles\nSir\nParis Sep. 21. 1789.\nI have duly received the honor of your Excellency\u2019s letter of April 4. inclosing the several papers relative to the creditors of S. Carolina in Europe, and undertake with great pleasure to execute your commands on that subject. I wrote immediately to Mr. Strackeiser of Bordeaux to inform him of the measures taken by the government of S. Carolina for the paiment of their foreign debts. I have received no answer from him: but Mr. Cutting, who delivered him the letter, tells me he was not disposed to alter the nature of his credit on the state. I have received from the house of Nicholas & Jacob Van Staphorst Commodore Gillon\u2019s original bond for 69,795 florins 15 sous currt. and one hundred and fifty other original bonds of his for one thousand gilders each, for which I inclose certificates in the form prescribed in your Excellency\u2019s letter, and have given them two sets of triplicate receipts corresponding with the certificates. In fact they are in the same words. Being to sail for America in the course of the present week, I will take these originals with me, and be very happy to receive at New York your Excellency\u2019s permission to deposit them in the hands of your delegates there, or in such other hands as you please. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most profound respect & esteem, your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0455", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 22 September 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon Septr. 22d. 1789.\nImmediately on receiving your\u2019s of the 16th. I have seen Captn. Colley and his Merchants:\u2014having first ascertain\u2019d that there is no ship here preferable to him for your purpose.\u2014His merchants (one of whom you may know something of, Effingham Lawrence of New York, who procurd Mr. Jay and I believe Doctr. Franklin his Passage out) positively decline permitting the Ship to touch at Havre, as being contrary to the Instructions of the owners in America, and as involving an alteration and advance in the Policy of Insurance, of more value to them than any thing you can offer in compensation:\u2014They agree that she shall touch at Cowes on the  Isle of Wight for you: that every thing convenient to you, even to Wines and if you insist bedding, shall be provided, and whatever baggage you please taken on board: excluding all other passengers:\u2014for 120 Guineas (you see they raise upon the Captain, on account of the possibility of Detention).\nI have been on board to satisfy myself of the accommodations:\u2014The Ship\u2019s size is 230 Tons. There are two large staterooms one of which will be perfectly convenient for the two young Ladies, the other for you:\u2014There are quarter galleries, and a very good quarter Deck for walking: she is new and a good sailor. Your objection of the Custom House is obviated at once in this way. You have only on arrival at Cowes to Declare your Baggage at the Custom House for Exportation: you will leave it at the King\u2019s Warehouse untill it is shipp\u2019d on board the Clermont which will be done in this way, without your Cases being even open\u2019d. The Expence of a Packet from Havre to Cowes will certainly not be more than double the usual demand for Crossing from Dieppe, Boulogne, &c. which is 5 Guineas. Probably you will meet a Southampton or Brighton Packet who will take you for the common price.\nI really think this the most adviseable thing you can do:\u2014of all that offers from London it is certainly the best and it appears to me from the advanc\u2019d state of the season, that you have no time to Lose.\nThe Vessell I wrote you of as coming to Havre from Virginia, I find by Lloyd\u2019s List is arriv\u2019d there, but I find likewise that she is not larger than 140 Tons, and her accommodations not good, besides which, as her Owners live in Liverpool, and she commonly goes there for an outward Cargo, there is chance of that at this time. All circumstances consider\u2019d: therefore, I have thot it my duty to act for you as I would do for myself, and to agree for this Ship to take you on board at Cowes:\u2014She will sail from London the 29th. will probably be at Cowes the 3d or 4th. of October and will have orders to wait for you two or three days:\u2014This will give you convenient time to arrive there:\u2014and I inclose you a letter to a House there which will procure you every Civility and assistance the place affords.\nI hope what I have done will meet your approbation: and beg that you will have the goodness to write me the moment you receive this, that if your answer should arrive before the ship sails from this, any additional accomodation you may wish may be provided.\nI shall sail in the Montgomery for N York about the 10th. Perhaps I may have the happiness to see you for a moment at  Cowes. If you will name the day when you will be there, and the time will permit, I shall certainly have the honor to pay you a visit, if it be but for an hour. With affectionate remembrances to the young Ladies and every wish for your happiness, I remain, Your gratefull\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0456", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Brown Cutting, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, John Brown\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 24. 1789.\nI am favored with yours of the 18th. inst. and thank you for the intelligence it contains. I now inclose you my answer from Marseilles, and a state of the rice imported into this country in one year. Also letters for Mr. Rutledge, Dr. Ramsay and Governor Pinckney. The latter contains certificates for the bond I received while you were here, and for the 150. bonds.\u2014I am become excessively anxious indeed about finding a passage. There is no vessel in any port of France bound to the Chesapeak and has not been an arrival from America for some weeks. Mr. Trumbull handed me a proposition from Capt. Colley to take me up at Cowes. Instead of accepting it, I proposed his coming to Havre. This would be so much more convenient to me that I had better give 20 or 30 guineas more from Havre than Cowes, because of double sea-sickness, transportation of 40. cases of baggage, entrance, and duties on it in England: but I wish now that I had said, \u2018if he will not come to Havre, I will go to Cowes.\u2019 If he does not come, do my dear Sir help my friend Trumbull in finding me some vessel bound for the Chesapeak and which will take me in at Havre or Cowes, preferably the former, but as I shall be trying to get a passage from France at the same time, while you are trying to get me one from England, it will be necessary that your engagement for me be on condition that I be not preengaged. I am going this morning to Versailles to take leave, and my baggage will be packed to-day, so that after to-day I can always set off at half a day\u2019s warning. Wishing you a pleasant passage to America, and that we may meet there, I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0458", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 24. 1789.\nI have duly received your favor of the 18th. instant, and hope to hear from you still the day after tomorrow. If Capt. Colley accepts my proposition it will be joyful news to me, for I almost despair of a passage from this country. There has not been an arrival here for some time past from America. The fear that Capt. Colley may not agree to come to Havre makes me wish now I had determined at once to go to Cowes; tho\u2019 the double sea sickness, the transportation and entrance and duty on my baggage in England are serious things. We finish packing to-day, so that I can be off within an hour after the answer arrives, if that answer be favorable. If it be that he does not come to Havre, and repeats the proposition for Cowes, I will go there, because I can be there before the 1st. of Oct. If he does not repeat that proposition, then I must trouble you to find some other vessel bound to the Chesapeak which will take me in either at Havre or Cowes, preferably at the former at 20. or 30. guineas more. My anxiety is now indeed extreme, but I hope it will be cleared up by the arrival of the post, and that you will have no further trouble with me. Otherwise I remain absolutely on your hands. I am going to write a like chapter of lamentations to Mr. Cutting. I hope to meet you in America. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Should I not go with Capt. Colley, as I shall be endeavoring to find a passage from France while you are so good as to be trying for me from England, your engagement for me must be on condition that I am not preengaged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0459", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterday 24 September 1789\nTo comply with the request in Your Excellency\u2019s respected favor of 17 Instant, We remit inclosed \u00a366,000,\u20b6 to the order of Mr. William Short as specified at foot, to face the Business for which the \u019230,000 were destined; We are pleased it is in a train of Negotiation, and shall be more so to learn its full Success.\nYour Excellency\u2019s drafts on us for the Expence of your journey  and Passage, will meet the honor Your signature has ever experienced from us. We congratulate Your Excellency in the Permission You have obtained to visit your native country, sincerely wishing you a speedy fortunate passage and happy Re-union with your Relatives, Connexions and Friends: We perceive with pleasure that even on the other Side the Water, our Relation with Your Excellency will be continued, assuring you it will afford us much satisfaction to renew it on Your Excellency\u2019s return to Europe.\nThe Exactitude and Attention manifested by Your Excellency to whatever concerns the Credit or Interest of the United States, renders it superfluous to recommend to Your Excellency to lay before the Treasury Department the Subject of our late Correspondence with Your Excellency relative to the State of the Cash of the United States in our hands and their growing Credit here, the importance of which Your Excellency is too strongly impressed with, not to urge its Support with due Weight and earnestness.\nWe notice Mr. William Short is being appointed Charg\u00e9 des Affaires of the United States during Your Excellency\u2019s Absence, In which Quality We shall address him when Circumstances may render it necessary. His Bills on us for the current Expences of the Legation shall be duly paid. We are respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble servants\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0460", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard to the Commissioners of the Treasury, 11 September 1789\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard\nTo: Commissioners of the Treasury\nEnclosureWillink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard to the Commissioners of the Treasury\nGentlemen\nAmsterdam 11. September 1789\nOur last Respects were of 2. June Since when we are deprived of your esteemed favors.\nIn the Engagement the necessity of the United States impelled us to make with the Undertakers, to obtain monies for facing the last february Interest was Stipulated that each of them Should have the faculty to purchase at the Same price the remaining Bonds of the last loan, until the end of the present year; An arrangement which by the facility granted to the Undertakers to call for these Bonds only at the moment they could dispose of them with certainty, induced them to aim at a profit, rather by selling a great many, than by endeavouring to raise the price which tended greatly to depress the credit of the United States; complaining of this Evil to a few of the most capital Undertakers, equally desirous as us to stop it, and thereby gradually to raise the credit to the point, the Establishment of the New Federal System, and its operation justly entitle the United States to, and the want of which was the Sole Impediment, to retrieve and fix it here, upon the most respectable footing. They agreed to take for their account all the remaining Bonds, and to hold up the prices So as to Secure our object, which had the Success immediately to Cause a Start in the prices, and there is appearance they will continue to climb up, until they attain that Degree necessary to inspire Sufficient confidence to enable us to procure with ease and on favorable conditions the monies the United States may wish to negotiate here, more especially as the circumstances of most of the European Powers, having compelled them to borrow large Sums lately, our money Lenders may naturally to be exspected to prefer the better Security the Government and resources of the United States afford: Whereto they are now also well prepared by having during many years and the late critical periods of the affairs of the United States, So punctually received their Interests at our Houses, that they at present deem their Revenues from the American Loans of equal certainty as those of the most Credited of the European Powers; An Impression Strengthened by the prices these Effects bear at our market and which if we mistaken not will shortly be as high as those of any Bonds circulating here.\nWe have not failed communicating this State of matters to His Excellency Thomas Jefferson to forewarn him, the time was approaching, when it will be possible to execute at least a part of his favorite wish to transfer unto Our Money-Lenders the debt due by the United States to the Court of Versailles recommending him to procure for himself, or his Successor, the proper Powers for concluding this business and passing the necessary Bonds, all which this Minister having undertaken to lay before the Treasury. Relying upon his experienced regularity, we refer ourselves to what He will wri[te] of our opinion on the Subject, connected with our observations and Sentiments.\nWe lost no time in remitting Thomas Jefferson Esqr. \u00a3280,000. Towns. to compleat the articles for medals and discharge the pay to foreign officers for this year inclusive which with the \u019230,000. appropriated for a particular purpose that His Excellency is advised to lie at his disposal, compleat up to this day all the contingent Expences intended to be provided for by the last Loan, which has fully answered the views of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Esqrs on passing it, to Supply the United States with the Sums necessary to Support their credit here, until the Regulations of their new Government would empower them to provide for Same from their own resources.\nWe inclose you the account current of the United States with us up to 30 June the balance whereon \u019265900 is to credit of the United States in their account up to 31 Ulto. The balance of which we transfer to their credit in new account also inclosed in\nTo which will be added the remaining 103 Bonds\n\u2007\u2007to be delivered this month\nMaking together\nTo face the further contingencies included in the List of Expences furnished us by Mr. Jefferson and the Interest that will fall due next June. vizt.\nThe appropriation for a particular purpose\nExpence of legations for\nForeign officers\nFebruary Interest\u2003\u2003Do.\nJune Interest (about) Do.\nThus leaving a deficiency of upwards of\nto compleat the funds for the next June Interest which we lay thus early before the Board of Treasury that same may be provided for in the manner judged most conducive to the Interests and consistent with the financial Situation of the United States. Truly happy are we, their resources called forth by their present efficient and respectable Government will render, and we trust all their future financial Operations, a Work of Facility; Upon the Establishment, and Effects of which System and actual pleasing prospect of affairs, we beg to present you our most hearty Congratulations, assuring you our utmost Endeavors shall ever be exerted to contribute to their realization all in our power We are respectfully Gentlemen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0461", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 25. 1789.\nExpecting to receive by tomorrow\u2019s post a letter from Mr. Trumbull announcing an occasion of getting to America, and that I must leave this place in the same instant I have only time to acknolege the receipt of yours of Aug. 21. in due time after it\u2019s date, to recommend to you the saving my credit as to the bill I drew on you, whenever Mr. Paradise\u2019s remittances shall put it in your power and to assure you that I shall be happy in every occasion of rendering you service and of proving to you those sentiments of esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0462", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Bingham, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bingham, William\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 25. 1789.\nYour favor of April 16. came to my hands but a few days ago, and found me much occupied with preparations for my visit to America, on which I set out tomorrow. It was not till yesterday therefore that I could go to la Muette where the shops are established for making the carding and spinning apparatus. I inclose you a notice from Mr. Milne. He is at the head of the work. To the details contained in that I need only add that a compleat set of machines can be delivered within 5. weeks from the date of the order. I say nothing about models of them, because they would cost near as much as the machines and be much less perfect. On this view of the matter you will be able to give your orders either for one of each kind of machine, or for a complete set which would comprehend 4. of the spinning machines, because one of the other kinds employs fully four of that. Should you desire only one of each kind it will cost less than half of the sum named in the memorandum. Mr. Short, who remains here during my absence, will receive and execute any order you will be pleased to give; but as the sum to be paid is considerable it would be necessary to him to be furnished with it as half is to be paid in advance, and the other half after a very short interval. I shall be happy on my return to render every service I can to the Society for encouraging manufactures. I have not yet been honored with the commands of Mrs. Bingham  announced in your letter. I can only therefore at this moment give her assurances of my readiness to serve her, and add, to yourself, those sentiments of esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0464", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Paul Jodrell, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Jodrell, Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadras, 25 Sep. 1789. His brother, Richard Paul Jodrell, Berner\u2019s Street, London, has informed him that he could direct letters, sent by way of France, to TJ; encloses a letter for Mrs. Paradise and a letter from \u201cGeneral Conway the Governor of Pondichery\u201d to TJ \u201cwhich contains news to my Brother in Berner\u2019s Street\u201d and which he asks to be forwarded also. Offers his services in India.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0465", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Imbert de la Plati\u00e8re, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: De la Plati\u00e8re, Imbert\nMonsieur Jefferson etant \u00e0 l\u2019instant de son depart pour l\u2019Amerique il n\u2019y aura plus moyens de lui faire passer les numeros de l\u2019ouvrage de Monsieur le comte de Platriere qui doivent paro\u00eetre ci apr\u00e8s, ni de lui en remettre le prix. Il a l\u2019honneur donc de prier Monsieur le Comte de regarder son abonnement comme fini.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0466", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De Lormerie, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Lormerie, M. de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 25 Sep. 1789. He asks TJ to inquire whether the and office at Richmond has recorded the title to lands bought by him from Blackden and sent to Crevecoeur in 1787 at New York, who said he had sent it to Madison to be registered there, and to inform him in writing through Short. He also asks TJ to send the enclosed letter safely to its address, and to excuse him for not having called to pay his respects. He has just arrived from the country and must return in two days, and he did not wish to importune TJ at the moment of his departure. He wishes him \u201cLe meilleur Vo\u00ffage.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0467", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maurice, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Maurice, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019Orient 25th Septr. 1789.\nThe honor of this present is to advise you for your future government, that the Vessel, I mentioned to you in my last addresses, sailed yesterday for Virginia, therefore no other opportunity now offers here for America but the ship Aurora Capt. Calizt for Philadelphia, and which will soon be ready to make sail.\u2014I am indeed sorry that it has so happen\u2019d, for it deprives me of a real pleasure, that of endeavoring to make your Stay in L\u2019Orient as agreeable as possible and of being as serviceable to you here as much as laid in my power. Wishing you a pleasant Voyage, and happy meeting with your friends, I have the honor to be most respectfully Sir Your Excellencies most obt. & huble. Servant\nJas. Maurice", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0468", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paradise, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, John\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 25. 1789.\nMy occupations prevented my acknoleging by the last post the receipt of your letter and returning you my thanks for your kind enquiries after my health which is perfectly reestablished. I am in expectation of receiving by tomorrow\u2019s post a letter from Mr. Trumbull announcing an opportunity of getting to America, and shall be ready to leave this place in the same instant. If by that or any other vessel I can be landed at Hampton, I shall be able to give to your affairs the spur which may be necessary, and to you some account of them. I inclose you a letter which was mislaid while you were here. Hurry obliges me to conclude here with respects to Mrs. Paradise & assurances to you both of those sentiments of esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Sir Your sincere friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0469", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 25 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nParis Sep. 25. 1789.\nThe continued fall in the public stocks of this country, the incertainty  where this may end, and how far the fortune of individual bankers may be involved induce me to wish that any part of the thirty thousand florins not yet sent forward by you in consequence of my letter of the 9th inst. may be retained in your hands till further order from Mr. Short or myself: only be pleased to observe that that sum stands engaged so as not to be considered liable to any order whatever which does not express that it is for the particular purpose to which it is destined by Congress and with which you are acquainted. I hope to leave this place tomorrow: and shall have occasion to write to you from the port of my embarcation whatever that be. I am Gentlemen Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0470", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHavre 26th. Septr. 1789.\nI had the honor of writing you a hasty line yesterday, and agreably to my intimation therein, I now resume the Pen to observe, that as affairs are at present circumstanced, in my humble opinion you will do well to accept the offer made you from London to have a ship from thence touch at the mother bank, Isle of Wight, to take you on board. There are several excellent Passage-Boats constantly employ\u2019d between this and Gosport or Southampton, one of which might at any time be engaged to take you over from hence, with all your &c. &c\u2019s. for ten guineas, or perhaps something less. The season is now so far advanced that if the Ship you are taught to expect here from Virginia should arrive to morrow, it cannot reasonably be expected that she could take her departure for America again till the last of October; in which case, if you should take passage in her you would probably arrive on the Coast of Virginia at the most blowing point of time in the whole year.\nI have now to acquaint you that indispensible Business calls me to London; I shall probably take passage for Portsmouth on monday next at farthest and remain in London three or four days. In the interim I leave charge of your Baggage and concerns here, with my very worthy friends, Messieurs Havilland Le Mesurier & Cie. who assure me they will pay the most respectful attention to any directions wherewith you may please to honor them. Mr. H. Lemesurier is Brother to Mr. Alderman Le Mesurier of London  and is a Gentleman in whose honor and integrity I think you may place the most implicit confidence. He is now in England, but will return hither in about a fortnight. His Partner here is a French Gentleman M. La Motte, who perfectly understands the English Language, and is well known and respected; I doubt not that on further acquaintance you will be pleased with their Character and Conduct. This House has already had the transaction of some American Business, and bids fair to increase its Connexion with our Country. If I can render you any service in London, I beg you will freely command me. I shall probably remain in that City till the 4th. Octor. at Evening; if you do me the honor to write me there, please to direct for me to the Care of Messrs. Le Mesurier & Secretan, Merchants, London.\nI shall leave every necessary direction with the House to whom I consign your Business here, so that without loss of time you will be advised of any arrival at Havre from Virginia; and, as I have before observ\u2019d they will punctually obey any written directions you may think proper for them. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, Your most obedt. humbl. Servt.,\nNat. Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0471", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacques Necker, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Necker, Jacques\nSir\nParis Sep. 26. 1789.\nI had the honor of waiting on you at Versailles the day before yesterday, in order to present you my respects on my departure to America. I was unlucky in the moment, as it was one in which you were gone out.\nI wished to have put into your hands at the same time the inclosed state of the British Northern fishery for the years 1788 and 1789, by which you will see that they have lost in one year one third of that fishery, the sole effect of the Arret which shut the ports of France to their oils.\nI wished also to know whether while in America I could be useful towards encouraging supplies of provision to be brought to this country the ensuing year. I am persuaded a considerable relief to the city of Paris might be obtained by permitting the importation  of salted provisions from the United States. Our salted beef particularly (which since the war we have learnt to prepare in the Irish manner so as to be as good as the best of that country) could be sold out to the people of Paris for the half of what they pay for fresh meat. It would seem then that the labourer paying but half the usual price for meat, might pay the full price of his bread and so relieve government from it\u2019s loss on that article. The interest of the gabelles has been an objection hitherto to the importation of salted provisions: but that objection is lessened by the the reduction of the price of salt, and done away entirely by the desire of the present government to consider the ease and happiness of the people as the first object. In every country as fully peopled as France it would seem good policy to encourage the emploiment of it\u2019s lands in the cultivation of corn rather than in pasturage; and consequently to encourage the use of all kinds of salted provisions because they can be imported from other countries. It may be apprehended that the Parisian habituated to fresh provisions would not use salted. Then he would not buy them, and of course they would not be bought, so that no harm can be done by the permission. On the contrary if the people of Paris should readily adopt the use of salted provisions, the good would result, which is before mentioned. Salt meat is not as good as fresh for soupe, but it gives a higher flavor to the vegetables boild with it. The experience of a great part of America which is fed almost entirely on it, proves it as wholesome as fresh meat. The sea-scurvy ascribed by some to the use of salt meat is equally unknown in America as in Europe. It is the want of vegetables at sea which produces the scurvy.\u2014I have thus hastily mentioned reasons and objections to save you the time and trouble of recollecting them. To you, Sir, it suffices barely to mention them. Mr. Short Charg\u00e9 des affaires for the U.S. will have the honor of delivering you this and of giving you any further details which you may be pleased to require.\u2014I shall hope on my return in the Spring to find your health reestablished, and your mind relieved by a perfect settlement of the affairs of the nation, and with my felicitations on those accounts to express to you those sentiments of profound respect & attachment with which I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s mo. obed. & mo. humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0472", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De Valady, 26 September 1789\nFrom: Valady, Marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis Sepr. 26. 1789.\nI presume so much of your experienced kindness to me as to hope your Excellency will excuse the Liberty I take to beg you will carry and have remitted the enclosed to Mr. de Crevecoeur. It is written concerning the Trunks filled with Books and things which I dispatched to America in 8ber. 1788 under that Gentleman\u2019s direction, on board the Ship Sally Capt. Kennedy of Baltimore who bound himself to have them conveyed to N. York. This is a business of great moment to me because I have been at great trouble and expence to collect the Books.\nI hope, Sir, that your love of learning and Philosophy will bring you to sympathize with the Sollicitude of a Young Man: and to excuse the irregularity of his address.\nI have the Honor to be with great respect Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient Humble Servant\nDe Valady", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0473", "content": "Title: Passports Issued by Jefferson, 1785\u20131789, [September 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nPassports for 2 months\u2014\n1785.May23.Alexr. Learmonth.\nJuly29.William Short and servant\nAug.8Prentis. Massachusets\n10Edwd. Bancroft and servant. Connecticut\nWilliam Fell. Maryland.\nDavid S. Franks\nSep.\n Benjamin Contee\nin the same\nArchibald Gregg\nLeur domestique\n26Day. S. Franks\nOct.7Christian Senf and his domestic Oneida\n11Jonas Preston\n12Daniel and Theodoric Fitzhugh John Appleton\n15Stephen Cuyler\nNov.3.Charles Hicks\nPhilip Mazzei\n John Lamb\n2 years\nPaul D. Randall\n John Blakely\n6. months\nJames Yard\n28.D. Humphries and servant\nWm. S. Smith and servant\n<Dec.26.John Led yard. 6. months.> Cancelled.\n1786.Jan.4.Alexr. Garden. 2. months\n7.Mr. and Mrs. Bingham and servants\n28.Ezra Bates. 2. months.\nFeb.\u20077.James Lyons. 2.m.\n\u20079.Barrett 2.m.\nBullfinch 2.m.\n11.Benjamin Joy. 2 years.\nMay1.James Barclay. 2.m.\n10.Sami. M. Fox. 2.m.\nJoseph Parker Norris. 2.m.\nJohn Richardson Bayard Rogers 2.rn.\n12.Samuel M. Fox. 6.m.\nJoseph Parker Norris 6.m.\n17.Christian Frederic Paschk\u00e9 1. year.\n31.John Appleton. 2.m.\nJune\u20078.James Taylor. 2.m.\nWm. McWilliams. 2.m.\n15.Col. Langborne. 2.m.\n23.Chas. Hicks. 2.m.\nThos. Elder. 2.m.\nJuly3.Isaac Norris. 2.m.\n9.Paul R. Randall. 2.m.\n23.Edwd. Bancroft. 2.m.\nAug.7.John Ledyard. 2.m.\n16.Charles Bullfinch. 2.m.\n17.Richard Reddy. 2.m.\nAug.26.Lieut Pepin. 6.m.\nSep.\u20079.John Trumbul. 2.m.\nSep26James Smith 2.m.\nOct.25Major Martin 2.m.\n1787Jan17.Colo. Franks 2.m.\nFeb.6.\u2014\u2014Warner 2.m.\n7.Davd. S. Franks. 2.m.\nJohn Bannister. 2.m.\n18Colo. Blagden 2.m.\nM. Mumford 2.m.\nBurrill Carnes 2 m.\nJuly\u20071.Petit, Polly J. & Sally Hemings 2.m.\n\u20073Andr\u00e9 Pepin (ante Aug 26.) 3.m.\n17.Appleton\nAug\u20073.John H. Gibbons 2.m.\n\u20076.Lomenie. 2. 2 semaines\n15.Elias Hasket Derby. 2.m.\nSep.11.Rucker. 2.m.\n27.John Cooper & his wife. 2.m.\nSimons. 2.m.\nNov\u20075.Steuart 2.m.\n13.Thos. Smith 2.m.\nJohn Rutledge junr. 2.m.\n17John Appleton 2.m.\n18.Abram. Bishop 6.m.\n1787.Nov.27.Fenwick Joseph. 3.mois\n29.Amery Francis 2. mois\n30.Parker Daniel. 2. mois\nDec.\u20076.Rucker. 2.m.\nMorris. 2.m.\nMorris. 2. m.\n1788.Jan.21.John Paul Jones 6.mo.\nFeb.\u20071.Symonds 6.mo.\n Mrs. Church\n2 mo.\nMr. Trumbull\ntheir servants\nApr.30.Amery\nMay\u20076.Buchanan. 2. mo.\nWalker. 2. mo.\n7.John Rutledge. 2. years\nThos. Lee Shippen. 2. years.\n22.Alexr Marie Quemaye avec 3. dames de sa famille. 2.m\n30.Danl Parker, Mrs. Parker, Mrs. Doran and servants 2.m\nNathani Barrett. 2.mo\nJune\u20071.Paine Thos. 2.mo\n14.Patier. Domestique 6. weeks\n19.Walter Henry. 4.mois\nJuly.11.David Steriby. 2.mois\n12.Daniel Parker 2.m.\nJoel Barlow 2.m.\nAug.\u20071.Francis Simmons. 3.m\nSep.16.Wm. Short. 6.m.\nMr. and Mrs. Paradise and servant 6.m.\n Daniel Sears\nWilliam Fisher\nOct.\u20073.Joel Barlow 2 mo.\nDaniel Parker 2 mo\nJohn Swan. 2. mo.\nNov.19.Thos. Lee Shippen. 2. mo.\n29.Moore 2.m\nWilmer 2.m.\nClagget 2.m.\n1789.Feb.Daniel Parker 2.m.\nFeb.28.Dr. Bayly. 2.m.\nMar.1.Gouverneur [Morris] 2.m.\n6.John Mason 2.m.\nAdrian Kissam 2.m.\n30. B. Parker. 2.m.\nApr.2.Wm. Hammersly (of N. York) 2.m.\nMay.22.John Ward\nJune.18.Edwards (of S. Carolina) 2.mo.\nDaes (of S. Carolina) 2.mo.\nJuly\u20073.Daniel Parker. 2.mo.\nBroome. 2.mo.\n11.Paradise John. 2.mo.\n21.Nolton John 2.mo\nBlackden Sami. 2.mo.\n25.Kissam Richd. 2.m.\nMorris Gouverneur. 2.m.\n26.Huger Benjamin (at Geneva) 2. years.\nAug.\u20073.Swan James 2.mo.\n21.Barnett David 2.mo.\n29.John Trumbull 2.mo.\nJohn Rutledge 2.mo.\nJohn Brown Cutting 2.mo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0475", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Walter Boyd, 28 September 1789\nFrom: Boyd, Walter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 28 Septr. 1789.\nIt was with a great deal of regret that I learned yesterday at your Hotel that your Excellency had set out the preceding day, as I always meant to have requested your taking Charge of a long letter for my Brother and also Mrs. Boyd\u2019s picture and my own. I ought to have prepared my letters in time and send them to your house; but the variety of occupations in which I am engaged at this very critical moment prevented me from writing as I intended.  I have only now left to request your Excellency will take charge of the inclosed letter for my Brother and the little parcel containing the Miniatures. You will oblige me most particularly to have them carefully delivered, and if it should be in your power to promote my Brother\u2019s views among the numerous friends you must have in America, you will confer a most essential favour upon me and serve a man of very superior abilities who has been thrown out in the chase of life by a variety of circumstances and particularly by some acts of imprudence. He is in the profession of the Law where, if a Brother\u2019s feelings do not render impartial, his talents ought to carry him very high. He has been dissipated but I find is now thoroughly reformed and capable of great application. His Character as a man of Honor is as fair as his warmest friends could wish it, and I am sure it will be no drawback upon Your Excellency\u2019s kind exertions in his favour that he is far from being in good Circumstances. My wish is to serve him effectually, and if you can at your return point out to me the means of doing so I will most readily adopt your ideas.\nI know not how to apologise for the trouble I give you; but your Excellency\u2019s known character of goodness and humanity will readily plead my forgiveness. If my house or I can be of any service to your Excellency during your absence I beg you will command us in every respect. I have the honour to be with great respect Dear Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most faithful & Obedient humble Servant\nW. Boyd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0477", "content": "Title: Extract from the Diary of Nathaniel Cutting at Le Havre and Cowes, [28 September\u201312 October 1789]\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: \nMonday 28th. Sept. Walk\u2019d out to Mr. Barber\u2019s before noon. Soon after I had return\u2019d home, busied in my Chamber packing up cloaths, &c. His Excellency Mr. Jefferson was announced to call on me. I find he arriv\u2019d in Town this morning; with a view of passing from hence to Cowes, there to embark for Virginia. I accompanied him to \u2018Change, afterwards to the Pierr\u00e9e head, and then din\u2019d with him and his two Daughters sans fa\u00e7on, at their Hotel, L\u2019Aigle D\u2019or. After Dinner Mr. Jefferson and myself went on Board Wright\u2019s passage Boat, in order to engage Passage to Cowes. Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Baggage not having arriv\u2019d, cannot be certain as to the time of our departure therefore make no absolute agreement. Walk around the New Pier, and came into Town through the Citadelle. Mr. Jefferson with his two amiable Daughters accompany me to Mr. Wheatcrofts and drink Tea\u2014Whole Tea Equipage, broken by an accident and about 8 P.M. accompanied Mr. Jefferson and daughters to their Hotel. Return\u2019d home immediately, and wrote till past ten. Retired to rest early.\nTuesday 29th. Septr. Remain\u2019d within busy till \u00bd past Eleven, part of the time writing, and part of the time Cording my Trunks &c. Walk\u2019d out and paid my respects to Mr. Jefferson. Found Mr. Wm. Collow and Mr. Carmichael there. At Near 1 P.M. Mr. Jefferson and self walk out to take a view of the new Bason. Walk\u2019d round greatest part of the stone Wall, and came into Town by the Citadelle. Mr. J. professes himself astonished at the extent and magnitude of the Public works in and about Havre; and coincides with me in opinion that this will probably one day be the first Seat of Commerce in France! Parted with Mr. J. near his Hotel, and return\u2019d Home to Dinner. While at Dinner receiv\u2019d a note from Mr. Jefferson, and in consequence wait\u2019d on him at 4 P.M. Capt. Wright call\u2019d to inform that he should probably sail this Evening  for Gosport, as he had five or six passengers who were clamerous for his departure. I went with him to British Hotel to know his final determination. He is prevaild on to go this Evening. Of Course I remain to take my chance of another opportunity with Mr. Jefferson. Return\u2019d and acquainted him with this Circumstance. Then return\u2019d home to write my Brother by the Passage Boat.\nIntended to have call\u2019d on Mr. J. afterward but Rain prevented. Mr. J. acquaints me that he has obtain\u2019d permission from Authority for American Vessels to be furnish\u2019d with any quantity of Salt from the Magazines of the Douane at Honfleur, paying only the cost of the Salt where it is made with the addition of the freight and other necessary charges, and very trivial Commission. Mr. St. Victor, (who I think is administrator of the Salt Revenue) has received orders from Court respecting this Business, but starts some difficulty concerning which he wishes to have a conference with Mr. Jefferson. Accordingly Mr. Jefferson, and I at his request go in search of M. St. Victor, but find he is in the Country, pour ce moment cy. Mr. J. supposes that the point which labours with Mr. St. Victor, is, how he is to know what Vessels are really entitled to the Privilidges granted the Americans. Mr. Jefferson thinks this difficulty may be removed by his appointing some one to examine and give a certificate respecting the Apparent property of the Vessel:\u2014and he Politely asks me if I will accept that Commission. As I have almost come to a determination to quit this place, (tho\u2019 he does not know it,) I rather declin\u2019d his kind proposal, but took the liberty to observe that I thought this business might be transacted to the Satisfaction of all Persons concern\u2019d by my worthy friends H. Le Mesurier & Co. What the issue will be I cannot determine.\nWednesday 30th. Septr. Walk\u2019d out and Breakfasted at Mr. Barber\u2019s. Had some conversation with him on Business. At 11 return\u2019d to Town. Soon after, Mr. Jefferson did me the honor to call on me. Acquaints me that the Baggage which he expected \u214c Dilligence is arrived. I had the pleasure of delivering him a Letter and Parcel which came from Paris under Cover to me for him.\nBusyly employ\u2019d in bringing my affairs to an adjustment that I may be ready to take my departure with the first favorable opportunity.\nMr. Jefferson and his two lovely Daughters came to drink Tea at Mr. Wheatcroft\u2019s this afternoon. They passt an hour or two after Tea, and Miss Wheatcroft entertain\u2019d them very agreably by  playing divinely on the Piano Fort\u00e9. Mr. Vosper, a Music Preceptor from Gosport, accompanied her in Playing several elegant Duetts. At about 8. I had the honor to attend Miss Jefferson, &c. to their Hotel.\nA terribly stormy night. I do not recollect to have heard the Wind blow so very violently before, since I have known this Country.\nThursday 1st. Octr. Blustering, Rainy Tempestuous weather most of this day. Remain\u2019d within till Meridian. Doctor Brown call\u2019d on me and I removed my heaviest Baggage to his Chamber, preparatory to my departure for England. He afterwards return\u2019d and din\u2019d with me chez M. Wheatcroft. At 4 or 5 went out with a view of engaging a Vessel to Convey M. Jefferson and Family, and myself across the British Channel; but could not find the Person whom I went in search of. Call\u2019d to pay my respects to Mr. Jefferson. Found him with Miss J. and Maria sitting by a Fire which I found very comfortable. Drank Tea, past an hour or two very agreably. I enquired of Mr. J. concerning an eccentric Genius, Mr. Ledgyard of Connecticut, who a year or two since proposed to pass thro\u2019 Russia to Kamtschatka, then to cross over to the North American Coast, and penetrate through the vast Wildernesses of America till he should arrive at some one of the United States. He actually set out on the expedition, and proceeded to within Two hundred miles of Kamtschatka, when he was siezed by order of the Empress of Russia, closely guarded and brought back to Poland, there he was set at liberty; but strictly charged not to presume ever to set his foot in the Russian Territories again. Thus the Caprice of a Woman probably prevented world from receiving some new and important information that would have been the result of this extraordinary Journey had it been compleated. Mr. Jefferson had put him upon a method of recording certain important observations which he might make, which to prick certain Characters into his own skin with the juice of some herbs which had a knowledge of. These remarks are indelible. It was natural to suppose that if he attempted to carry implements of any kind with him, he would soon be robb\u2019d of them by the savages, and perhaps murder\u2019d for the sake of them. But it was probable they would readily admit a naked and unarm\u2019d man to pass unmolested:\u2014but in this situation how was he to determine Lattitudes, which would be essentiall toward rendering useful any description of Capital Rivers, or Mountains, or Fertile Tracts of Land. For this purpose he was directed previous to leaving  Europe, to have the measure of the English Foot mark\u2019d on some part of his Body, say on his arm; as he has attain\u2019d his full growth it is not probable that this mark would become erroneous. When he intended to find the Lattitude of a spot, he was to form a circle on the Surface of the Earth, then placing a strait stick perpendicular in centre, observe where the shadow came to at Sunrise and where it struck at Sunset then dividing this distance on the Periphery would give the Point where the shadow ought to strike at noon:\u2014having thus discover\u2019d the sun\u2019s Southing, he was to break a strait stick just to the measure of a Foot which was mark\u2019d on his arm and when he perceiv\u2019d the Sun on the meridian he was to place this stick in a perpendicular position, and mark the length of the shadow which it cast. This he was to record upon his skin in the manner before directed.\nMr. J. also instructed him in a very simple, and tollerably accurate method of measuring the breadth of a River. Find if possible some strait place on the margin of the Water and place a stick in the Ground perpend. as tall or rather taller than to your Eye. Take another strait stick and place across this on a level with you eye, and point the end farthest from you to the edge of the water on the opposite side:\u2014this done, keep the stick as exactly as possible in this position, and turn yourself and it round till the said end strike on the bank where you are, taking particular notice of some object at that Point; Measure the distance between your station and that point, which will give the breadth of the River, within a few yards.\nFryday 2d. Octr. Busy as usual of late in compleating arrangements for my departure. Went out and Breakfasted at Mr. Barber\u2019s. Return\u2019d to Town about 11. Mr. Jefferson did me the honor to call on me soon after. I deliver him a Letter and a parcel which came to me \u214c post for him. Toward Evening call\u2019d to pay my respects to him and his daughters; drank Tea with them. On my return home, found Capt. Wright waiting to see me; he had just arriv\u2019d from Gosport. Appointed him to call on me tomorrow morning to settle the terms of his Conveying Mr. Jefferson and Family with Baggage, &c. to Cowes. Return\u2019d to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s quarters to acquaint him with the arrival of this Passage Boat.\nSaturday 3d. Octr. 1789. Remain\u2019d within adjusting one or two accounts. Captain Wright call\u2019d and I agreed with him to convey Mr. Jefferson with all his, &c\u2019s, and myself, to Cowes, for ten Guineas; not to take any other Passengers without my permission. Agreed with him also to take their Parcels for which he is to be  paid twenty four Livres; in the afternoon accompanied Capt. Wright attended by his Broker to obtain from the Harbour master an order for a Birth at the Quay this Evening to take the heavy Baggage on board. This being granted, I attended M.M. LeMesurier & Cie. their shipping Clerk to the Romain to obtain a Permit for Shipping the Baggage. But the Gentlemen of the Custom appearing inclin\u2019d to cause unnecessary delays, and speaking of its being necessary to make three declarations, &c. I determined on Shipping all the Packages to morrow morning without any farther application. Return\u2019d Vex\u2019d and fatigued to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s quarters, and acquainted him with my determination who readily acquiesced in it, as he had Letters from the Premier, &c. which would fully warrant it.\nSunday, 4th. Octr. 1789. Rose early walk\u2019d out soon after seven. At 8. met M. Le Mesurier\u2019s Shipping-Clerk \u214c appointment; Saw about removing Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Baggage to the Quay where Captain Wright\u2019s Vessel lay ready to receive it. Took us till near one P.M. to compleat the shipping of it, with two Carriages, and a number of Trunks from the Aigle d\u2019or. Shipp\u2019d 8 Cases of it on board a Sloop, Capt. Seton for New York, addrest to Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison:\u2014and one on board the Nancy, Capt. Arthur Stotesbury to the address of Doctor Franklin at Philadelphia. This business being compleated without any interuption from the Custom-House, I retired home, drest, and repair\u2019d to Mr. Barber\u2019s to dine. Toward Evening the weather appearing rather more serene then in the course of the day, I return\u2019d to Town in Company with Doctor Brown:\u2014In Rue St. Michel met a messenger who had been dispatch\u2019d to me from Mr. Jefferson to acquaint me that Capt. Wright had given notice that he should sail this Evening. At Mr. Wheatcrofts dined Mr. J. and Daughters, Mr. LaMotte, with several others of my Friends and acquaintance. Met with Captain Wright, and after consultation determined not to sail this Night.\nMonday 5th. Octo. 1789. Remain\u2019d within till 9 in the morning. Call\u2019d at Mr. J.\u2019s but found he was absent. Capt. Wright call\u2019d at <10> to acquaint me he should attempt to get out on the ebb Tide, which would be about 11. Call\u2019d to acquaint Mr. J. but he had not return\u2019d. Coming from his Hotel met him with Mr. La Motte. I bought two or three necessaries, then went home and sent my small Trunk Portable writing Desk to the Quay to go on board. Mr. Jefferson with his daughters and servants rode round thro\u2019 the Citadelle and were on the South Pier ready to embark. Several of  my Friends accompanied me on board in a Boat. The Wind blew so excessive strong at South West, that it was found impossible to haul the Vessel out. Accordingly much against our inclinations, were obliged to return to our respective dwellings. Dined with Mr. W. and Family. At 4 P.M. accompanied Mrs. and Miss Wheatcroft in a Hackney Coach to visit Mrs. Joyce. I afterward took the same Carriage and rode out to Mr. Barber\u2019s to say \u201chow do you do\u201d once more before my departure. Return\u2019d to town, taking Doctor Brown with me, before night. Drank Tea and past the Evening at Mr. Joyce\u2019s. Retired home before 10, agreably to appointment with Wright, to be ready if he should call by that hour:\u2014As he did not, I wrote till \u00bd past 11, and then retired to rest in Peace.\nTuesday 6th. A squally, Dirty, tempestuous morning, and contrary Wind. Walking toward Le Mesuriers met one of the Young Gentlemen belonging to his Compting House coming to present Mr. LaMotte\u2019s Compliments with a request that I will take a Family Dinner with him this day in Company with Mr. J. and Family, who dine there sans fa\u00e7on. Went and dined there, a Charming Dinner, and variety of excellent wines. Amused ourselves after Dinner with viewing a part of Mr. La Mottes Collection of valuable prints. Wright does not think proper to start this Evening. Call\u2019d at Mr. J.\u2019s. Drank Tea there, and afterwards retired home, and went to bed by Eleven.\nWednesday 7th. Octo. 7th. 1789. Rose early, walk\u2019d out to Mr. B.\u2019s, breakfast there and acquaint them that Mr. Jefferson and Family with myself, propose to take a Family Dinner with him this day. Return\u2019d to Town, call\u2019d on Mr. J. made the arrangement with respect to Coach hire. At quater past two the Carriage came to take in Miss Wheatcroft and myself. Drove to Aigle d\u2019or. Found Mr. J. and Daughters ready, who immediately step into the Carriage, and we are all convey\u2019d to Mr. B.\u2019s, where we find good cheer and hearty welcome. Return\u2019d to Town, tout ensemble, set Miss Wheatcroft down at Mr. Spohreur\u2019s. I then accompanied Mr. J. and lovely daughters to aigle d\u2019or, and drank Tea with them. At 7. P.M. sought Capt. Plowman of the Herald Passage Boat; prevail\u2019d on him to go down the Pier with me to observe the appearance of the weather, and to consult on the Propriety of Wright and he taking their departure this Evening. He and myself went in search of Capt. Wright. Held fresh consultations with them. Went out on the Pierr\u00e9e a second time, after nine o\u2019Clock, and after much deliberation prevail\u2019d on both Captains to say they would attempt to  get out this night Tide. Call\u2019d at Aigle d\u2019or and gave notice to Mr. Jefferson. My young Friend Vaux, a worthy lad! met with me this Evening and has accompanied me thro\u2019 the whole it, and now went to Wheatcroft\u2019s with me. One or two of our acquaintance passing the Evening there. At 11. repair\u2019d to White\u2019s Hotel with my Portable Desk, which is all the Baggage I have to send on Board. Messrs. Wheatcroft and Vaux accompany me, and we take a friendly, parting glass of Punch together. Waited on Mr. J. and Daughters at their Hotel, placed them in a Coach with the little Baggage they have on shore, and repair\u2019d to the place of embarkation. Before twelve were all safely stow\u2019d on board the Passage Boat. At half past 12. Came out by the Pier-head, with a fine Southernly Breeze. Continues a fresh Breeze all night. My fellow Passengers exceedingly seasick. Thursday 8th. Octo. At 8. A.M. saw the Isle of Wight, bearing from No. to N.N.W. Wind moderates and set into Rain. Mid part almost calm. Discern\u2019d Plowman all the day 4 or 5 leagues from us, in the S.E. quarter. Calm till about 5 P.M. when a small Breeze sprung up from N.W. which is almost directly in our Teeth; but by the assistance of a strong ebb tide work our way in pretty well. The Breeze continuing tollerably fresh, beat up to Cowes harbour by 2 A.M. and came safe to Anchor in a clear Birth. After mooring, Capt. Wright and myself went on shore in the Boat to procure Chambers for the worthy Family under our Care. Found Accommodation at the Fountain Inn. Return\u2019d immediately on board and convey\u2019d them all safe on shore to comfortable apartments, at 4. A.M. I retired to rest.\nFryday 9th. Octo. 1789. Arose about 7. At nine had the pleasure to [see] Mr. J. and his amiable Daughters in the Breakfast Parlour. Two or three hours quiet rest had in some measure recover\u2019d them from the fatigue of yesterdays Passage. A Comfortable Dish of Tea with butter\u2019d roll contributed to the same happy purpose:\u2014and I had the pleasure to see a vivifying smile upon those countenances over which the nausea marina yesterday threw the palid Veil of weakness and discouragement.\nAt 11. A.M. accompanied Mr. J. across the River to call on Mr. Auldjo, a Gentleman with whom I had formerly some acquaintance, and who I believe is a worthy Character. Mr. J. had Letters to him which he deliver\u2019d; and found some lodged for him. Afterward waited on the Principall Customs House Officer. Found they had received an Order from the Board of Treasury to give all possible facility to Mr. J. with respect to the Landing and reshipping his  Baggage, &c. which relieved him and me from some anxiety. After Mr. J. had adjusted his affairs satisfactorily, we return\u2019d to West Cowes. Mr. Auldjo came to dine with us at the Fountain by invitation from Mr. J. Sat most of the afternoon conversing on various Topics. At Dusk he retired. I remaind and drank Tea with this worthy Family, and past the Evening in social, disultory chat, till past nine o\u2019Clock. Then Mr. J. and Daughters retired to rest, and left me in Possession of the Parlour, where I sat down to writing, and continue at it till near Midnight.\nSaturday 10th. Octo. 1789. Arose about 6. Repair\u2019d to the Breakfast Parlour about \u00bd past 8. where I found Mr. Jefferson instructing his youngest Daughter, Maria (who is about 11 years of age) in the Spanish Language. She was reading part of a Chapter in the Spanish History of the Conquest of Mexico. I was prodigiously pleased with his method of instilling into her tender mind an accurate knowledge of Geography at the same time that he inculcated the purest principles of the Language. The lovely Girl was all attention, and discover\u2019d a degree of sagacity and observation beyond her years, in the very pertinent queries she put to her excellent Preceptor. I could not help participating the pleasure this indulgent Parent must experience in the Delightful Task! To rear the tender thought and teach the young idea how to shoot!\nIn half an hour Miss Jefferson join\u2019d us, and we Breakfasted on Tea with hot roll and Butter. I feel myself so much attach\u2019d to this worthy Family, that I shall part from them with the greatest regret. My respect and esteem for them will ever continue, \u201ctho\u2019 soon before the light winds borne they must be sever\u2019d from my sight.\u201d\nAt 12. Mr. Jefferson and myself took a walk on the Hill that lays above West Cowes to the Westward. A fine view from thence.\nReturn\u2019d home about 2. P.M. and din\u2019d about 3. Past most of the afternoon in social chat, and reciprocally communicating our mechanical knowledge, in having plann\u2019d Portable Desks, &c. Just at Sunset I accompanied Mr. Jefferson and his Daughters in a walk thro\u2019 the Town, and upon the Hill. Drizling rain which renders it very uncomfortable abroad. Return\u2019d home before it was quite dark. Drank Tea, and past the Evening together quite in a social Family way. Mr. Jefferson made me a present of several sheets of Paper curiously rul\u2019d for taking Architectural elevations expeditiously. A very ingenious method! At 9 or 10. Mr. J. and Daughters retire to rest, and I sat down to write.\nSunday 11th. Octo. 1789. Arose before the Sun. At 8. A.M.  join\u2019d Mr. J. and Daughters in Breakfast Parlour. A little before 10. we all stepp\u2019d into a Post Coach and made an excursion to Newport, the Capital of this Island, which is a neat, clean little Town, and from thence to Caresbrook Castle. Return\u2019d to Town about \u00bd past. at one P.M. Drest and pass the River, tout ensemble, to dine with Mr. Auldjo, \u214c appointment. Met several Gentlemen at Dinner, found excellent viands and good wine:\u2014a neat Desert and cordial welcome crown\u2019d the social repast, and we retired back to Our Inn at West Cowes about six o\u2019Clock. Took Tea, and past the Evening in the social Family way.\nMonday 12th. Octo. 1789. Breakfasted with Mr. J. and his lovely Daughters. At 10 took my leave of them and embarked on the Passage Boat for Portsmouth. I never remember to have experienced so much regret at parting from a Family with whom I had so short an acquaintance. I have found Mr. Jefferson a man of infinite information and sound Judgement, becoming gravity, and engaging affability mark his deportment. His general abilities are such as would do honor to any age or Country. His eldest Daughter is an amiable Girl about 17 years of age, tall and genteel, has been 5 years in France, principally in a convent, for her Education, and though she has been so long resident in a Country remarkable for its Levity and the forward indelicacy of its manners, yet she retains all that winning simplicity, and good humour\u2019d reserve that are evident proofs of innate Virtue and an happy disposition.\u2014Characteristicks which eminently distinguish the Women of America from those of any other Country. The youngest Daughter is a lovely Girl about 11 years of age. The perfect pattern of good temper, an engaging smile ever animates her Countenance, and the chearful attention which she pays to the judicious instructions and advice of her worthy Father, the Pertinent queries which she puts to him, and the evident improvement she makes in her knowledge of Foreign Languages, History and Geography, afford a pleasing Presage that when her faculties attain their maturity, she will be the delight of her Friends, and a distinguish\u2019d ornament to her sex.\nAt 12. arriv\u2019d at Portsmouth, repair\u2019d to the Crown Inn. After depositing my Baggage there, and endeavouring to secure a seat in the Post Coach, (the mail being full). I visited Mr. Wheatcroft at Gosport. Found him just on the point of embarking for Cowes, to conduct 4. Packages of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Baggage to him, which came from Havre on Board the Herald Capt. Plowman. Return\u2019d to the Crown at Portsmouth at 3. P.M. and Dined. After Dinner  sat down and wrote a long Letter to Mr. Thos. Wheatcroft concerning the mercantile arrangements in his Family. At 6. the Coach call\u2019d for me and I embark\u2019d for London. Rode all the night, squeezed almost to death, there being five Passengers within besides myself, and the Carriage very small. Arriv\u2019d at the spread Eagle, Grace Church Street, at about \u00bd past 8. A.M. Call\u2019d a Hackney Coach, and at 9. was safe lodged at No. 18. King street, Cheapside.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0478", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 30 September 1789\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Sepr. 30th. 1789.\nYours of the 24th. with the inclosures has just reach\u2019d me. The letter shall be forwarded to Charlestown immediately.\nMr. Trumbull who had the goodness to communicate your letter to him of a prior date on the subject of taking your passage in some vessel bound from hence to the Chesapeak, having accorded with me in opinion that from the aspect of that letter there was very little probability of your obtaining your passage in any suitable american vessel from France immediately proceeded to bargain for positively agreably to the terms mention\u2019d in his last letter to you, which before this time you must have received. It was next  to impossible to induce owners of any ship here, that might be bound for Virginia, to order their captain to touch at Havre. The additional compensation which they demanded in case they did touch at Havre rendered the idea of it inadmissable.\u2014I truly regret the double sea sickness and transportation of baggage which is incident to your embarkation at Cowes. But unpleasant as these circumstances are they seem inevitable. Mr. Trumbull has just gone into the City to hurry off the Captain and his ship to Cowes and as the wind is now fair I suppose the vessel may reach Cowes sometime between the 8 or 9th of October, even taking the chance of being windbound in the Downs, together with equinoctial obstacles &c &c.\nOn the 22d ult. Silas Deane died suddenly on board the Boston Packet then in the Downs. A subscription had been made here chiefly by Americans to defray the expence of getting him out of this country, where he had precariously subsisted on the Charity of Individuals for more than two years past. Dr. Bancroft with great humanity and equal discretion undertook the management of the man and the business. Accordingly his passage was engaged, comfortable cloaths and stores for his voyage to Boston were laid in, and apparently without much reluctance he embarked. But it is surmised, and there are reasons to support belief, that he had predetermin\u2019d to take a sufficient quantity of Laudanum to ensure his dissolution before the vessel cou\u2019d quit the Downs. I happen\u2019d to see him a few days since at the lodging of Mr. Trumbull and thought I had never seen him look better. Perhaps however the suspicion of Dr. Bancroft, has induced me without competent evidence to believe as I insinuate. The idea has not got abroad.\u2014About nine in the evening Capt. Davis says he complain\u2019d of a dizziness in his head, and an oppression at his stomach, and after he was put to bed he made a fruitless effort to speak but a drowsiness and insensibility continually incroached upon his faculties till one o clock when he expired. Part of the money that was destin\u2019d to make him comfortable on Ship-board has been appropriated for his funeral expences at Deal. I wish not to be quoted as authorizing the suspicion of suicide on the part of the deceased either here or in America, but I believe the fact to be so. Surely if all the miseries incident to pain, sickness, and poverty to a mind unconscious of rectitude yet not uncallous to remorse cou\u2019d sufficiently expiate a treacherous desertion of the cause of his country, Dean had made  much atonement\u2014much monitory atonement\u2014before this last signal act of despondency.\nMr. Trumbull and myself are not without a purpose and expectation of bidding you adieu at Cowes. I wish you therefore at present only a pleasant passage across the channel, and am with very great esteem Your faithful & most obedt. Servt.,\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 30 September 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nHavre Sep. 30. 1789.\nNo convenient ship having offered from any port of France I have engaged one from London to take me up at Cowes, and am so far on my way thither. She will and me at Norfolk, and as I do not know any service that would be rendered by my repairing immediately to New York, I propose, in order to economise time, to go directly to my own house, get through the business which calls me there, and then repair to New York where I shall be ready to reimbark for Europe. But should there be any occasion for government to receive any information I can give, immediately on my arrival, I will go to New York on receiving your orders at Richmond. They may probably be there before me, as this goes by Mr. Trumbull, bound directly for New York.\u2014I inclose you herewith the proceedings of the National assembly on Saturday last, wherein you will perceive that the Comittee had approved the plan of Mr. Necker. I can add from other sure information received here, that the assembly adopted it the same evening. This plan may possibly keep their paiments alive till their new governments gets into motion; tho I do not think it very certain. The public stocks lowered so exceedingly the last days of my stay at Paris, that I wrote to our bankers at Amsterdam to desire they would retain till further orders the 30,000 gilders, or so much of it as was not yet come on, and as to what might be already coming on I recommended to Mr.  Short to go and take the acceptances himself, and keep the bills in his own hands till the time of paiment. He will by that time be able to see what is best to be done with the money.\nIn taking leave of Monsieur de Montmorin, I asked him whether their West India ports would continue open to us awhile. He said they would be immediately declared open till February; and we may be sure they will be so till the next harvest. He agreed with me that there would be two or three months provision for the whole kingdom wanting for the ensuing year. The consumption of bread for the whole kingdom is two millions of livres tournois a day. The people pay the real price of their bread every where except at Paris and Versailles. There the price is suffered to vary very little as to them, and government pays the difference. It has been supposed that this difference for some time past has cost a million a week. I thought the occasion favorable to propose to Monsieur de Montmorin the free admission of our salted provisions, observing to him particularly that our salted beef from the Eastern states could be dealt out to the people of Paris for 5. or 6. sols the pound, which is but half the common price they pay for fresh beef: that the Parisian paying less for his meat, might pay more for his bread, and so relieve government from it\u2019s enormous loss on that article. His idea of this resource seemed unfavorable. We talked over the objections of the supposed unhealthiness of that food, it\u2019s tendency to produce scurvy, the chance of it\u2019s taking with a people habituated to fresh meat, their comparative qualities of rendering vegetables eateable, and the interests of the gabelles. He concluded with saying the experiment might be tried, and with desiring me to speak with Mr. Necker. I went to Mr. Necker\u2019s, and he was gone to the National assembly. On my return to Paris therefore I wrote to him on the subject, going over the objections which Monsieur de Montmorin had started. Mr. Short was to carry the letter himself and to pursue the subject.\u2014Having observed that our commerce to Havre is considerably on the increase, and that most of our vessels coming there, and especially those from the Eastward are obliged to make a voyage round to the neighborhood of the Loire and Garonne for salt, a voyage attended with expence, delay, and more risk, I have obtained from the farmers general that they shall be supplied from their magazines at Honfleur, opposite to Havre, at a mercantile price. They fix it at present at 60. livres the muid, which comes to about 15 sous. or 7\u00bdd. sterling our bushel: but it will vary as the price varies at the places from which they bring it. As this will be  a great relief to such of our vessels coming to Havre as might wish to take back salt, it may perhaps be proper to notify it to our merchants. I inclose herewith Mr. Necker\u2019s discourse to the assembly which was not printed when I left Paris: and have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I have omitted to observe on the offer of the Archbishop of Paris, made on Saturday, to give up all the superfluous plate of the churches, that this is estimated here at between five and six millions of pounds sterling; a great and prompt resource if it takes effect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0480", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Walter Boyd, 1 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Boyd, Walter\nSir\nHavre Oct. 1. 1789.\nI am sorry that in the hurry of my departure I omitted to give you notice of it: however I have duly received your letter and the miniatures. I had, by some error, conceived that your brother lived at Petersburgh in Virginia, in which neighborhood I have many acquaintances, shall stay some time and perhaps have been more able to serve your wishes. But I find by the direction of your letter that he is at Bladensburgh in Maryland. I shall pass thro\u2019 that place in February on my way to New York, and will carefully deliver to him the letter and miniatures. I will also obtain for you the best information I can as to the most effectual mode of serving him, and chearfully do every thing I can which may be agreeable to him or you, having the honor to be with very sincere esteem & attachment Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0481", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 3 October 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon 3d October 1789.\nA Letter from Mr. Cutting of Havre to his Brother here, informing  that you arriv\u2019d there the 29th. ulto. on your way to Cowes, Relieved me from much anxiety: least by any means you should fail of the most desireable passage to America by any want of arrangement on my part.\nI have order\u2019d the Clermont Capt. Colley to put in to Cowes for you. He saild from this on Tuesday the 27th. but the wind since has been such that He is still in the Downs and must remain there untill a Change.\u2014What I wrote you the 22d. I have however been oblig\u2019d to Change and the agreement ultimately stands that you shall pay 100 Guineas for the whole Cabbin and Ships stores, you find what extra Stores you please. Mr. Lawrence has written to his Correspondent at Cowes to procure all the Articles of fresh provision &c. &c. which I hope will be done to your satisfaction before your arrival, and the letter of Mr. Strahan to Mr. Auldjo will I hope have procur\u2019d you all the protection from the Custom house which was necessary. A further article of agreement is that the sum of 100 Guineas shall be paid here:\u2014This also is arrang\u2019d by Mr. Lawrence\u2019s willingness to take your Draft on Grand.\nYour candlesticks are gone. I have made up your Account. A small Ballance is due to you which I hope to see you and pay at Cowes, if I find there is time before I am order\u2019d to sail. I expect to go on board the 8th. or 9th.\u2014I think you cannot be disappointed as the Ship cannot yet leave the Downs, and it is engag\u2019d to wait for you three Days at Cowes in case you should not be there on Her arrival.\nI wait only to know that you are there to meet you if there should remain time.\u2014Mr. and Mrs. Cosway, Paradise, Payne, Parker &c. &c. give their best wishes. I am your\u2019s,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0483", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 4 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nHavre Oct. 4. 1789.\nWe arrived here on Monday morning 28th. Sep. having had no accident on the road, but an axle tree broken on the Phaeton and the bad tire which Rocounier had put on the chariot wheels broke in two places. We have been detained here ever since by the most tempestuous weather ever seen. A ship and a brig, put in in distress, have been driven aground. To-day the wind has lulled, and tho\u2019 as yet against us, we have hopes that by the evening tide it will become practicable to get out. My baggage is now aboard. We are sufficiently sure the ship could not leave the Downs for Cowes till this morning, and of course we hope to arrive there about the same time she does.\nI find it has been suggested by the chamber of commerce of this place, to the ministry, to prohibit, after February next, all intercourse between their colonies and us, but in French bottoms. I hope the national assembly too liberal and too wise to sanction this. Their colonies would be starved; for they have not shipping enough of their own to carry on the rest of their commerce. The want of shipping prevented their getting greater supplies of flour from us to this country the present year. There have come about 50. ship loads from us to this port, and scarcely any of it in French bottoms, because they have them not. They will revolt their colonies. This subject will deserve your particular attention.\nWill you be so good as to order from Italy such a Vase of transparent Alabaster as Houdon shall have advised for the pedestal? The expences you can be so good as to have furnished in the way we agreed on. Being much embarrassed winding up here, I can only add assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0485", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Jones, 7 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, William\nSir\nHavre de Grace Oct. 7. 1789.\nA delay in receiving my leave of absence has detained me from beginning my voyage to America longer than I expected. I received it the last month and by advice of those skilled in sea voiages I deferred setting out till after the equinox. I am now here, on my way, and expect to embark immediately for Virginia where I hope to find your agent with full powers and dispositions to settle our matter to mutual satisfaction, which has been my chief motive for taking this voiage. I expect to be in Virginia during the months of December and January, so that any further instructions which you may be disposed to give to your agent, may still be in time. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0486", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 7 October 1789\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Oct. the 7th. 1789\nA thousand thanks for your thousand friendly actions during your Stay in Europe. God bless and preserve you in health, and prosperity for the Sake of your dear Daughters and next for your Country and Fellow Citizens of which last I have the honour to place Myself. This letter is brought by our excellent friend Mr. Trumbull. I hope he will meet with the attentions from America that his Merit deserves. Mr. P. has been perfectly Sober ever since his arrival in England which Makes me hope he never will be otherwise again. I have taken the liberty to tell My Steward to consult your Excellency concerning the raising My Estates. Any advise you will give him will be another Mark of your friendship. My affectionate love to your dear Daughters, and tell them I hope they will write to Me often. I beg you will take the trouble to present our respects to General Washington and his Lady and to Mr. & Mrs. Adams and Family &c. &c., and accept the Same yourself. Adieu Dear Sir. I am Your Grateful Friend and Humble Servt.,\nLucy Paradise\nPlease to direct to Messrs. Anderson & Co. Merchants America Square Minories London.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0487", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 7 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nHavre Octob. 7. 1789.\nThe day after my arrivel here the equinoctial gales commenced and have prevailed now for nine days with a fury almost unexampled. Three days ago there appeared a small abatement, we got our baggage aboard a packet and tried to get out of the harbor but it was impossible. For my comfort the weatherwise tell me these winds will continue till the change of the moon, that is near a fortnight longer. As they began the day our ship was to leave London, I presume she got to the Downs and remains there, as the wind has been constantly up the channel. I presume many accidents  have happened in the channel. Of the vessels which have endeavored to make this port in distress a ship and a brig have been stranded under the pier.\u2014I was yesterday roving thro the neighborhood of this place to try to get a pair of shepherd\u2019s dogs. We walked 10. miles, clambering the cliffs in quest of the shepherds, during the most furious tempest of wind and rain I was ever in. The journey was fruitless. On our return we came on the body of a man who had that moment shot himself. His pistol had dropped at his feet, and himself fallen backward without ever moving. The shot had completely separated his whole face from the forehead to the chin and so torn it to atoms that it could not be known. The center of the head was entirely laid bare.\u2014This is the only kind of news I have for you. I wrote you on the 4th. when I thought we were about to depart: but having put matter into the letter not proper for the post you will receive it by a private conveyance. My departure hence will probably be too sudden to give you notice of it, for we only wait such an abatement of wind as will let us get out of the harbour, and we shall take our chance to buffet over the channel for fear our ship should be got to Cowes contrary to expectation. Mr. Cutting goes with me to Cowes. I will write to you from thence. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your affectionate friend & Servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0488", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 8 October 178[9]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nA concurrence of motives has detained me here since the adjournment of Congress. One of them has been a hope of your arrival within the time. I set off tomorrow for Philada. where I shall remain some days, and not without a continuance of the same hope. I need not tell you how much pleasure I should feel in making my journey to Virginia coincide with yours, nor with how much patience I should on that account alone await your arrival were it certainly to be at a short date. But I wish on a public account to see you as  soon as possible after you become informed of the new destination provided for you. It is of infinite importance that you should not disappoint the public wish on this subject. Be persuaded of this truth, with proper opportunity it can be demonstrated to you. Let me particularly intreat you not to yield hastily to objections. The President is anxious for your acceptance of the trust. The Southern and Western Country have it particularly at heart. To every other part of the Union it will be sincerely acceptable. Drop me a line the moment you get on shore. If I receive it in Philada. I will if possible wait for you. Your appointment will not interfere with your intended trip to Virginia. I know that the President does not mean that it shall. If I should be gone from Philada. your letter will follow me. Directions will be given for that purpose. I shall leave this in the hands of Mr. St. Trise, who will watch the first moment of putting it into yours. He is I believe already known to you. If he is not, his worth recommends him to this opportunity of being so. Yours mo: affectly.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0489", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 8 October 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Oct. 8. 1789\nI have this moment received a letter from Mr. Nat. Cutting of the 6th. To my very great surprize he informed me that you were still at Havre. Petit\u2019s not returning would have made me suppose you were detained, if on the contrary I had not been sure that you would not have remained so long there without writing to me.\u2014I fear now that the beginning of your journey to America has an influence which we had attributed to American air only. I am every day questioned by your friends here about you. When I tell them that you have not written to me and that I do not know whether you have embarked or not, ils en sont on ne peut plus etonn\u00e9s. I hope still you will write to me before your embarkation, and that when in America you will find leisure to write me often if it is only two lines.\u2014I began this letter with an intention of giving you a full detail of what has passed here since your departure, but finding that I cannot do it in time for the post, I will barely tell you, that the scarcity of bread continuing, on sunday evening the 4th. inst. crowds assembled as on former occasions in the Palais Royal. Many  motions were made on the subject, to which little attention was paid in general. At ten o\u2019clock I went there, the crowd was small, the guards went the rounds in peace and I left it with all the appearance of returning tranquillity. On monday morning a number of women assembled at the place de Greve, and took possession by surprize of the hotel de ville. There they found some old arms &c. The Marquis de la fayette informed of this circumstance went to the hotel de ville, recovered possession of it, and endeavoured, though in vain to recover also the place de Greve. The women to the number of 5 or 6 thousand marched off to Versailles, this was about 11. oclock. The tumult increased at the place de Greve. The people and soldiery joined in insisting that the Mis. de la fayette should march with them to Versailles. He resisted as long as possible, but was forced to yield, and about half after five set off at the head of his troops. The women had arrived at Versailles crying out du pain, du pain. A deputation to the number of 19. went to the national assembly. Others approached the troops drawn up before the chateau de Versailles\u2014the troops had orders not to fire\u2014yet in the confusion of the night, some discharges took place. At 9. the troops were ordered to retire to their quarters. The Mis de la f. arrived about 11. He halted his troops and made them renew their oath to the Nation and the King. The night was employed in preventing disorder which he effected. The next morning began by the Gards du corps being pursued and fired at every where by the people. Seven were killed. The rest were saved from the fury of the people by the Marquis and the french guards. The large court under the King\u2019s appartments before 9. became full of people. The King shewed himself to them. They insisted on his coming to remain at Paris. He assented and added he would bring the Queen and his children. They accepted, and between 12. and 1. the march begun. The national assembly declared themselves inseparable from the King. The royal family preceded and followed by women, children, men of all sorts, in the condition you may suppose, arrived at half after eight, and went to the hotel de Ville, on tuesday evening. They were received by the Commons of Paris in great order, and went from thence to sleep at the Chateau des Thuilleries where they remain.\u2014The assembly is still at Versailles. The manege it is said is preparing for their reception.\u2014On Wednesday morning to the astonishment of everybody, bread became as abundant as ever, and still remains so. This is the most inexplicable of the whole. Nobody can divine the cause of this rapid change from  scarcity to plenty. Paris has been for these two days quiet. It is impossible to say what produced the disorder, what the calm, and consequently, how long it will last.\nTwo days after you left this place I received a letter from Mr. Donald. I find he has my certificates in his hands. I answered his letter and inclosed it to Mr. Jay, not imagining that it would be possible to send it by you. I inclose you one for him at present, as it is possible this may overtake you at Havre. It is sent to Mr. Le Mesurier agreeable to Mr. Cutting\u2019s request. If you are gone it will be sent to Mr. Jay. As you will see Mr. Donald I will thank you to recommend to him my business. I explain to him that I wish whatever cash he can command for me to be converted into certificates of the State, or if he thinks better into continental securities. What I trust to you to press on him is the necessity of losing no time.\u2014Adieu my dear Sir. Accept my most sincere wishes for a prosperous voyage, health and happiness. I beg you not to omit to present my compliments to the young ladies. I send Miss Jefferson a letter which Ld. R. Fitzgerald gave me for her a few days after your departure. I have never heard any thing from Mr. Necker on the subject of your letter. Believe me for ever your friend & servant,\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0490", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, 9 October 1789\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon 9 of Octobre 1789\nI did not answer your last letter, my dear friend, because I was in doubt whether it would find you at Paris, but now I shall profit of Mr: Trumbuls departure to send you a line to put you in Mind of me in those still more distant parts of the Globe, where your friends perhaps all your heart and sentiments are. It will be very flattering to me if you think of me some times. I was very near coming to see you when Trumbull told me that you was to be at the Isle of White, but I have been very ill with a Most violent Cold. The weather is very bad, and every difficulty opposes my desire of surprising you with a visit, but why dont you come. It would be so easy so short, and such pleasure to us. I think I could be Angry with you for not Coming, but perhaps you Cannot. You may have your reasons therefore shall say no more.\nI will not take more of your time up now but expect a longer letter when you tell me where to write. I am so ill at present I cannot write More. Beleave always I shall be your most affte.\nM. Cosway\nMany Compliments from Mr: C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0491", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bayard de La Vingtrie, 9 October 1789\nFrom: La Vingtrie, Bayard de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nrue des car[me]s Rouen Le 9 8bre. 1789.\nSince you favour\u2019d me [wi]th your kind Letter, I went to London to be maried, an[d receive]d there your notes on the State of virginia, which I rea[d wi]th the utmost attention and pleasure.\nI gave my dismission, sol[d m]y propriety, the price whereof will be paid from the first days of next march to the first one of April in the year 1790.\nWere you pleas\u2019d, Sir, to have money and give me bills on virginia or maryland, you will receive it in your own hands or by your banker\u2019s intercourse, whose direction you will be [good enough] to give me.\nI thank you, Sir, [with all my he]art for your first Letter as well as for [the pam]phlet you sent me. There were in both wise [ad]monitions, fit to cool a young man\u2019s glowing head, kindled by the enchanting pictures of Mr. Crevecoeur. [But] on the other hand they had both a turn of philosophical p[hila]ntropy very attractive. Your notes, Sir, are likewise infused with it, and if it was allowed to juge a nation from one of its citizens, your country would [be] a paradise.\nI am afraid this expressing of my feelings, will hurt the republican [mo]desty, but remember, Sir, though unknown, you [wrote] to me as a father to his son, and I have [also?] your notes. I am, Sir, with respe[ct a]nd gratitude, your very humble and very obedient Servant,\n[Bay]ard de La Vingtrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0493", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 10 October 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon 10th. October 1789.\nSince I received your last from Paris the 26th. 7bre. expressing your approbation of what I had done in regard to your Voyage, and one from Mr. Cutting of Havre announcing your arrival there on the 29th. I have been anxiously waiting to learn your arrival at Cowes, that I might have the pleasure of once more thanking you for your kindness, and wishing you personally a safe and happy Voyage:\u2014But the badness of the weather which has hitherto detaind the Clermont in the Downs has doubtless confined you also to Havre:\u2014I hope the moment of your Embarkation is now nigh, and that after so many Westerly Gales, we shall have an Easterly Wind to give us quick and pleasant passages. I should have the greatest pleasure in embracing your kind invitation, and feel myself highly honor\u2019d by it:\u2014but the Ship on board which I sail is gone down the River. My baggage is on board, and I expect to be order\u2019d  to Gravesend to Embark tomorrow or next day:\u2014As She sails for N. York, at the moment you do for Virginia, we shall probably arrive as early as you, and I shall save a long journey by Land, at a very unpleasant season of the year and two or three weeks of Delay, which would be renderd more tedious by the Contrast of the time passd in your society.\nI enclose your Accounts, a few Bills of the Articles last purchas\u2019d, and a Draft of Mr. E. Lawrence on Mr. Thomas Auldjo at Cowes for the Ballance. From Mr. Auldjo you will doubtless receive every civility and assistance.\nIn a Letter which I lodgd for you at Cowes a week since, I acquainted you with the Change I had been obligd to make in my bargain for your Passage:\u2014It now stands thus:\u2014that you pay One hundred Guineas for the Ship, and Ships provisions; that you furnish yourself such fresh Provisions, Wines and Delicacies as you please:\u2014that the Ship shall wait for you at Cowes three days and if you do not ultimately sail in her in that time, you forfeit fifty Guineas for her Detention:\u2014I was on the point of parting with the bargain when these terms were insisted on by Mr. Stevenson, who is the Ship\u2019s principal agent in opposition to Mr. Lawrence, his joint but not equal in her affairs, but as she was gone down the River the morning I got your last instructions; as there was no other to sail in some weeks, as there was almost a Certainty of your meeting Her, and if the wind had been fair you would have lost no time, I thought it wiser to Close with a bad bargain than to hazard a worse, in addition to Delay. Nothing I hope can prevent you being in time, as She cannot get out of the Downs with a Westerly Wind, and as while I am writing the Wind is perfectly fair for you and the Weather moderate.\nI forgot to add that the hundred Guineas are to be paid here:\u2014This will be easy by your Draft on Grand in favor of Auldjo or Lawrence, but least any difficulty should occur, I think you should have the address of Mr. Parker which is No. 2 Leicester Square:\u2014He will remain here some time and you are therefore sure of his assistance if anything should occur after I am gone.\nWhile I am writing I see your Letter of yesterday to Mr. Cutting: He is confin\u2019d by illness. I have therefore been at the Treasury, and have obtain\u2019d this additional protection for the boxes at Portsmouth. Orders are gone to the Custom House for the purpose, and will arrive in perfect time: I am doubly happy to have had the power to render you this last service. I shall enclose (if I have time before  the Post goes out) a Copy of the Request I wrote on this Occasion to Mr. Pitt, that you may judge whether I have so far committed your name, as to render any note of Thanks on your part proper:\u2014I shall write one in my own name:\u2014I gave you no notice at Havre because I did not know how far my application might succeed, and if it had not met success it was unnecessary you should hear any thing of it.\nWe just learn that Mrs. Church leaves New York on board the October packet. We shall not therefore have the Happiness to see her.\nbeg to be rememberd to the young Ladies and with the warmest wishes for your safe and pleasant Voyage and Arrival, I remain Your Oblig\u2019d. & faithful friend & servant,\nJno Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0494", "content": "Title: Enclosure: John Trumbull to William Pitt, 24 September 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Pitt, William\nEnclosureJohn Trumbull to William PittI\nSir\nMr. Jefferson, Minister of the United States of America at the Court of France having obtain\u2019d leave of absence for Six Months and finding no Ship in any Port of France about to sail at the Time and for the Part of America He wishes, Has Desir\u2019d me to find some Ship in this Port to take him on board at Havre. I find this impossible, on Account of the lateness of the Season: and therefore knowing that He has no time to Lose I have engaged one to take him on board at Cowes. By this step I have exposd Mr. Jefferson to several inconveniences some of which are inevitable\u2014but one, and that which commonly proves most vexatious, it is in your Power to remove. Anxious therefore to procure every facility for a Man to whom I have many personal obligations, and confident of your readiness to do an Act of Civility to a Man so well known and so generally respected, I have presum\u2019d to address myself to you.\nHis Baggage coming from Paris, will without Doubt contain articles highly dutied, and perhaps contraband in this Kingdom:\u2014this will put it in the power of any Officer of the Customs to be extremely troublesome and as the politeness of these Gentlemen is seldom the prevailing  trait of their Character, there is little doubt of their exercising the Plenitude of their power unless contrould by your Orders.\nWill you then permit me to request that Orders may be sent down to the Custom House at Cowes, to suffer the Baggage of Mr. Jefferson to pass from the Packet in which He will arrive from France on board the ship in which He will sail for America, without being search\u2019d or open\u2019d.\nIf in this request, I ask an unusual or improper thing, you will forgive the officious friendship which has occasioned you this trouble:\u2014if on the contrary, you shall have the goodness to grant it, I believe I may presume to promise, on the part of Mr. Jefferson (altho\u2019 in all this solicitation, I act not only entirely without his orders, but even without his knowledge) as well as of my other friends in America, a return of Civility which it may at any future Time be in his or their power to shew to any friend of your\u2019s. I am Sir &c. &c. &c.\nII\nSir\nFrom a Letter of Mr. Jefferson dated Cowes the 9th. October I learn that you have had the goodness to comply with the request which I had the Honor to address to you some time since for the protection of his Baggage.\nIt is my Duty to return my warmest thanks for your goodness in this Business, and to repeat my assurances that it shall not be forgotten by me or my friends:\u2014Mr. Jefferson will know by a letter which I write him this Evening to whom He is obliged for the politeness of his Reception.\nI am to add my thanks likewise for the very ready politeness with which Mr. Steele was pleas\u2019d this morning to grant an additional protection for four packages of the same baggage which were sent by mistake to Portsmouth. I am &c. &c. JT\n   Tr (DLC); in Trumbull\u2019s hand; at head of first letter (numbers supplied): \u201cCopy to the Rt. Hono. W. Pitt Esqr. &c. &c. &c.\u201d and at head of second: \u201cCopy to Mr. Pitt of this date\u201d (i.e. 10 Oct. 1789). TJ\u2019s letter from Cowes was to Cutting; it has not been found (Trumbull to TJ, 10 Oct. 1789).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0495", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, [12 October 1789]\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGosport, Monday 2 P.M.\nI find that Mr. Wheatcroft, pursuant to the orders he received from Messrs. Le Mesurier & Cie. has put your four packages at the Custom House, after the usual forms; so that the treasury order has been of no service with respect to them. The whole have been unpack\u2019d, but as Mr. Wheatcroft personally attended till they were again repack\u2019d, I am confident they will be found safe and in as good order as before.\u2014The Custom-House at Portsmouth have surely not received the order from the Treasury, or these goods would not  have been subjected to a certain expence, and have caused unnecessary trouble.\nMr. Wheatcroft will accompany them to Cowes, and will have the honor to deliver you this and acquaint you with the minutiae of his transactions with Custom House at Portsmouth respecting your wine.\u2014I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, Sir, Your most obedt. very humble Servt.,\nNat. Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0496", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 October 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York Oct. 13th. 1789\nIn the selection of Characters to fill the important offices of Government in the United States I was naturally led to contemplate the talents and disposition which I knew you to possess and entertain for the Service of your Country.\u2014And without being able to consult your inclination, or to derive any knowledge of your intentions from your letters either to myself or to any other of your friends, I was determined, as well by motives of private regard as a conviction of public propriety, to nominate you for the Department of State, which, under its present organization, involves many of the most interesting objects of the Executive Authority.\u2014But grateful as your acceptance of this Commission would be to me, I am at the same time desirous to accomodate to your wishes, and I have therefore forborne to nominate your Successor at the Court of Versailles until I should be informed of your determination.\nBeing on the eve of a journey through the Eastern States, with a view to observe the situation of the Country, and in a hope of perfectly re-establishing my health, which a series of indisposition has much impaired, I have deemed it proper to make this communication of your appointment in order that you might lose no time should it be your wish to visit Virginia during the recess of Congress, which will probably be the most convenient season, both as it may respect your private concerns and the public service.\nUnwilling as I am to interfere in the direction of your choice of Assistants, I shall only take the liberty of observing to you that, from warm recommendations which I have received in behalf of Roger Alden Esqr. Assistant Secretary to the late Congress, I have placed all the Papers thereunto belonging under his care.\u2014Those  papers which more properly appertain to the Office of Foreign-Affairs are under the Superintendence of Mr. Jay, who has been so obliging as to continue his good-offices, and they are in the immediate charge of Mr. Remsen.\u2014With sentiments of very great esteem & regard, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your Most Obedt. Hble. Servt.,\nGo: Washington\nI take this occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 4th and 5th Decr. of the last and 10th of May of the present year and to thank you for the communications therein.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0497", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame de Corny, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ethis de Corny, Ann Mangeot (Mme Ethis de Corny)\nDear Madam\n[Cow]es October. 14. 1789.\nAdieus are painful; therefore I left Paris without sending one to you. After being detained in Havre ten days by contrary wind, we took advantage of a slight change of wind to get over to this place; tho it was blowing almost a tempest. 26. hours of boisterous navigation and mortal sickness landed us at this little village, where we have now been five days waiting for our ship, which has been 16 days in the Downs detained by contrary winds. A change yesterday gives me hopes of seeing the ship to-day and embarking tomorrow. So much for our situation.\u2014Yours is much worse than when I left you, if any truth can be collected from the papers of this country. Tho I read all their details as I would those of a romance, yet they are lately so constant in supposing the king, queen and national assembly removed to Paris, that I place that among possible things, and see in it a nearer approach to the brink of a civil war. From this, heaven preserve your country and countrymen whom I love with all my soul, and shield you particularly whom I love more than any. My daughters are well and join me in affection to you. I need not tell you that Mrs. Church was to sail from New York in the packet of this month. I will do myself the honour of writing to you from the other side the Atlantic: In the mean time I have that of being with entire affection and respect to yourself and Monsieur de Corny, dear Madam, your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0498", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nCowes Octob. 14. 1789.\nI am here, my dear friend, waiting the arrival of a ship to take my flight from this side of the Atlantic and as we think last of those we love most, I profit of the latest moment to bid you a short but affectionate Adieu. Before this, Trumbull will have left you: but we are more than exchanged by Mrs. Church who will probably be with you in the course of the present month. My daughters are with me and in good health. We have left a turbulent scene, and I wish it may be tranquilized on my return, which I count will be in the month of April. Under present circumstances, aggravated as you will read them in the English papers, we cannot hope to see you in France. But a return of quiet and order may remove that bugbear, and the ensuing spring might give us a meeting at Paris with the first swallow. So be it, my dear friend, and Adieu under the hope which springs naturally out of what we wish. Once and again then farewell, remember me and love me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0499", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Grand & Cie., 14 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Grand & Cie.\nGentlemen\nCowes Oct. 14. 1789\nYou have been so long without hearing from me on the subject of the monies I have received under your letter that you will think me gone without sending a draught of reimbursement. But I am still here, the vessel which is to carry me, having been detained by contrary winds above 16 days, in the Downs, and still incertain when she will get out. I received from Messrs. Begouen Desmeaux & co. three thousand livres, and gave an order on you to the Sieur Petit for something under two thousand. I find I am to pay my passage here, which with other expences will be between one and two hundred guineas. As I cannot know the exact amount of these till my departure, so the inclosing you a draught of reimbursement  must be among the last acts I do here; consequently the time of doing it waits the winds. I have the honour to be with great esteem Gentlemen your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0501", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Rumsey, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rumsey, James\nDear Sir\nCowes Octob. 14. 1789.\nI am honored with your favor of the 4th. instant and will pay attention to what you say on the subject of the Barker\u2019s mill your friends beyond the water are about to erect. I am sincerely sorry not to have known the result of your experiment for steam navigation before my departure. Tho I have already been detained here and at Havre 16. days by contrary winds I mu[ch] hope that detention will not continue till your experiment be tried. As I feel  infinitely interested in it\u2019s success, would you be so good, my dear Sir, as to drop me a line on the subject as soon as the experiment shall be made. If directed to me at Richmond to the care of Mr. Alexr. Donald, and sent by a Virginia ship, I shall get it with certainty. As soon as your experiment shall be over, Mr. Short will do for you at Paris whatever I could have done towards obtaining you a patent there. I am with great esteem Dr. sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0502", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 14 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nCowes in England. Oct. 14. 1789.\nNo vessel offering from any port of France I have been obliged to come over to England for one. This, with already a long detention by contrary winds, and some exaction from the necessity I have been under to take a particular ship, or lose my passage this season, will occasion the amount of my expences to be considerably over the sum of twelve thousand livres which I had named to you as the highest term. The exact amount I shall not know till the moment of my departure, when I shall draw on you for them, accompanying my draught with a letter of advice as usual. I have thought it adviseable to write this letter lest my former conjecture of the sum I should have occasion for should draw a doubt over my draught and letter of advice, when you should see that they exceeded that conjecture. I have the honour to be with great esteem Gentlemen your most obed\u2019t. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0504", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nCowes. Octob. 17. 1789.\nBy the Cato, Capt. Seton, bound from Havre to New York, I had the honor to address to you four packages referred to in the inclosed bill of lading, and more particularly explained in a letter committed to the care of Mr. Pitcairn, supercargo of the same vessel.\u2014After being detained three weeks by contrary winds at Havre and this place, I am now on the point of sailing, our ship being just now arrived here from the Downs where she had been detained the same time by the same winds. This loss of three weeks will probably throw my arrival in the Chesapeak late into the month of December, perhaps into that of January. If the wind permits, we shall sail tomorrow.\u2014Pressed with preparations for that, I take the liberty of inclosing a bill of lading for Mr. Madison also, which if you will be so good as to deliver him, it will save me the writing him a letter merely to cover that.\u2014I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0505", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 17 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nCowes Oct. 17. 1789.\nOur ship has arrived here this evening, and if the wind permits we shall sail tomorrow. We have now lost exactly three weeks by  contrary winds: so that in spite of my efforts to be in readiness for a passage between the equinox and winter, we shall surely be thrown late into December and perhaps into January, for our captain tells us we cannot expect less than a nine weeks passage. The ship is of 300 tons, on her 4th. voiage, a good sailor, and we shall go the Southern rout, so that we may hope for good weather till we approach the coast of America. Trumbul has sailed I imagine with the same wind which brought our vessel here. Having nothing to communicate, and pressed with preparations for departure, I shall only beg you to remember me to all my American friends at Passy, to those of Chaville, of the Hotel de la Rochefoucauld, Mr. Mazzei, the Abb\u00e9s and their house, and to be assured of the sentiments of esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Sir your affectionate friend and servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nCowes. Oct. 21. Wind bound till now. We are just going on board with a doubtful wind.\u2014Eod. die. The wind has become contrary and here we remain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0506", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Handy, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Handy, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCopenhagen, 20 Oct. 1789. Apologizes for addressing TJ since he is unknown to him; is a native of Rhode Island who came to Denmark to be trained \u201cin the mercantile line\u201d and \u201cacquire a sufficient Knowledge of the Danish Language\u201d; has worked for the firm of Ryberg & Co. for 15 months, in which time he has \u201cgained a thorough Knowledge of the Language, Customs and Manners of the People\u201d; is also familiar with French and hopes soon to master German. All American ships have heretofore been addressed to Ryberg & Co., including one belonging to his father which has come three years in succession. Asks TJ to recommend him to Congress for the appointment of secretary to the embassy when a treaty is concluded; if he is successful in that appointment, hopes he may be made consul. Writes without the knowledge of the firm which employs him because a member of the firm is applying to Congress for the appointment of consul. Can submit references from his own state which should arrive by the following January. Has also applied to \u201cOur Worthy President on the same subject.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0507", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel Parker, 20 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Parker, Daniel\nDear Sir\nCowes Oct. 20. 1789.\nWe are still detained here by contrary winds. Yesterday the Montgomery arrived, and the day before that the Boston packet, both glad to get into a safe port. If this delay should enable me to learn the success of Mr. Rumsay\u2019s experiment I shall think myself compensated.\u2014Before my departure I cannot help recommending to you Colo. Henry Lee\u2019s matter. I have left all the papers with Mr. Short, and if you can procure partners in his plan, it will give me real pleasure. I have perfect confidence in it because I see that Mr. Madison is a sharer, and this proves that his judgment has approved of it on the spot. General Washington\u2019s letter is an illustration and proof of it\u2019s advantages. I think therefore if either in London or Amsterdam you can find persons disposed to employ money on our side the water, they cannot do it more advantageously. Recommending this matter therefore to your attention I have the honour to be with great esteem & attachment, dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0508", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Grand & Cie., 21 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Grand & Cie.\nGentlemen\nCowes Octob. 21. 1789\nThe person who has furnished me with money at this place preferring to take a bill on Amsterdam rather than on Paris, I have only to reimburse you for that furnished me by Messieurs Begouen Demeaux & co. at Havre three thousand livres and my order in favor of the Sieur Petit for two thousand six hundred and thirteen livres two sous, in all five thousand six hundred and thirteen livres two sous. I therefore send you a letter of credit on Messieurs Willinks Van Staphorsts & Hubbard of Amsterdam for two thousand eight hundred florins banco, the difference, whatever it be to remain in account between us. I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0509", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 21 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nCowes Octob. 21. 1789.\nMy last letter written to you a few days ago informed you that my draughts on my departure would be greater than I had formerly given you reason to expect. I have this day drawn one bill on you for \u00a3210. sterling in favor of Mr. Auldjo or order, and have sent to Messrs. Grand & co. a letter of credit desiring you to answer their bill for two thousand eight hundred florins banco, which demands be so good as to honour and to charge as advised to the United states of America. I am with great esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0510", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 23 October 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nOff the Needles. Oct. 23. 1789.\nWe are now under way, with a hopeful breeze. The Montgomery for New York on board which is Trumbull, Days, and Mr. Hillhouse, an American goes close along side of us, so that we are in easy conversation with them. Our ships are such equal sailors that we hope to keep together half the voiage if no accident happens. We have agreed on signals of reconnoissance. We go just North of the Western islands and then steer Southwardly. We are a fleet at present of about 30. vessels all detained by contrary winds till yesterday. We are all well as yet and count on 8. or 9. weeks passage. The Pilot is going off so Adieu. Yours affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Trumbull desires his compliments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0511", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fielding, 28 October 1789\nFrom: Fielding, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonoured Sir\nRouen\u2014Octr. 28th. 1789\nSome time back I was in London and met there an American Gentleman who I believe came from Virginia who Informed me if I wou\u2019d go to America he made no doubt but I should meet with such Encouragement as my merrit deserved in the Cotton Manufactory. I was then Coming to France and did not think of going any further, but the present unsettled state of affairs here has made me determined either to Engage with some other Nation or to Imediately Return to England. I hope you will Excuse the liberty I have taken as I wished to be sattisfoyed in Respect to what Encouragement wou\u2019d be given, if I was willing to Establish such a Manufactory as the Manchester Manufactory and all kinds of Muslins from the Raw Cotton. I understand the making of all kinds of machinery for the Spinning as well as the Manufacturing and has been in the Business on my own account for severall years. If you think I shou\u2019d Receive any Benefit from Establishing a Manufactury and I shou\u2019d meet with Encouragement I shou\u2019d have no objections of Coming to Paris to agree on a Plan and wou\u2019d Refer you to Houses in Man[cheste]r and London for my Character.\u2014I am Sir your Obdt. Huml. Servt.,\nJoseph Fielding\nDirect for me at the Caffee du Roy vis a vis du Pont a Rouen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0513", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fulwar Skipwith, 1 November 1789\nFrom: Skipwith, Fulwar\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRichmond, 1 Nov. 1789. He thinks it probable that TJ has heard through Short \u201cof the almost unparalleled misfortunes, which through an act of Providence in one instance and the bankruptcy of a man in another, are likely to deprive me of a handsome Competence \u2026 made by prudence and industry.\u201d An \u201cevil of no less magnitude\u201d is that he is likely to \u201cbe thrown out of all Connexions in business.\u201d In this gloomy prospect, he is led to \u201cseek the hand of some one man whose worth and rank in life intitles him to influence. In looking around me I have found no one man from whom any personal acquaintance or expectation I could promise myself so flattering a prospect as from yourself. My morals, my character, and the slender talents which nature has given me \u2026 are not unknown to you.\u201d He therefore solicits \u201cone of the Consulships abroad \u2026 that of Lisbon, Bourdeaux, Cadiz or Marseilles is the one which I would most prefer, and \u2026 as far as an assiduous application to the duties of its office, will entitle me to your esteem and to that of my Country, I shall not be wanting.\u201d He hopes that \u201cyou and your family may have had a pleasant passage and that in your native country you may enjoy her choicest blessings.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0515", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 3 November 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nParis Nov. 3. 1789.\nI had the extreme pleasure of recieving the day before yesterday your letter of the 23d. which announced your departure. I had previously recieved one from Cowes, and another from Havre of  the 7th. of October. In it you allude to one written from the same place and sent by a private hand. It has not been recieved. Immediately on learning that you were detained at Havre, I wrote you in an hurry an abridged account of the King\u2019s arrival here. But that letter written the 8th. arrived at Havre the day after you left it. It will therefore be sent by Messrs. Le Mesurier, under cover to Mr. Jay.\nThe causes of the visit to Versailles which brought the King to Paris have not been juridically established, but those best informed have this idea-that the party which some time ago brought on the question of the succession to the throne of France, and produced at the same time the renunciation of the King of Spain, wished now to remove the remaining obstacles. It was supposed that a mob from Paris on their March to Versailles would carry such dismay there, that a flight would be proposed, and that the leading characters would be persuaded to retreat to Metz as the only place of security. The people of Paris then were stirred up by the scarcity of bread and by a report of the national cocard having been trampled on in a feast given at Versailles by the Gards du corps to the Regt. of Flanders. The Gardes Francaises were put in motion by a desire to recover the honor of guarding the King\u2019s person. These passions fermented a day or two and at length forced the Mis. de la fayette to march to Versailles in the manner described in my letter of the 7th. The game now seemed the most favorable possible to the faction of O\u2014\u2014\u2014. Had the detachment of women, which had been sent off in the morning been attacked, the gardes Francaises and the mob of Paris would have forced the Marquis to engage the gards du corps and Regt. of Flanders. In this conflict he would certainly have fallen, and thus one of their principal obstacles would have been removed. If these women were not attacked, and repulsed, the retreat of the K. Q. and D. seemed inevitable, and thus an open field was left to the ambition of the D. of O. A council was held at Versailles. Most of the counsellors were for the retreat, but the King\u2019s firmness, or if you please his confidence in the Mis. de l. f. turned the balance and saved his Kingdom from an immediate civil war. I can not omit one circumstance. Whilst the question of the retreat was undecided the King who that instant returned from hunting and got to the Chateau a very little time before the arrival of the women, asked if M. de la fa. was coming, and on being answered in the affirmative, took the resolution of remaining at Versailles. The conduct of the M[arqu]is justified this confidence.  His conduct during those two days was such as not to leave him an enemy even at court. The enthusiasm with which he was spoken of even by his enemies is without example. But that enthusiasm is diminishing and their old hatred and jalousy are again taking the lead. He is at present represented, as when you were here. The calm which succeeded the King\u2019s arrival at Paris gave liesure to find out some of the manoeuvres employed by the faction O. As the proofs were not sufficient it was thought best to try to remove the Prince leader by an address to his fears. He was told he must instantly leave the Kingdom, that proof would soon be had against him and that then it would be too late. As this was told him by the Mis. de la f. in a t\u00eate \u00e0 t\u00eate and with firmness he consented to go provided he should be furnished with a decent pretext for leaving the Kingdom. This was agreed on, and he went the next morning to the national assembly to ask for a passeport, and produced a letter from M. Montmorin which said he was sent by the King on an important commission to England. The passeport as you may suppose was immediately furnished and he set out for England without returning to Paris. At Boulogne he was stopped by the people as he was going on board his vessel, under pretence of his being the only barrier against the aristocrats and of course that he should not abandon the people. It is said and believed that the faction had despatched a courier for this purpose. The game they intended now to play, was the D. of O. being ordered back to render an account of his conduct to the assembly as one of its members, should accuse the M[arquis] of having forced him to leave his post. This you know was violating the inviolability of a member of the assembly. The conduct of the M. was then to have been passed in review. He was to have been represented as an ambitious man taking advantage of the present situation of affairs, whilst he had the K. Q. and D. prisoners, to force away the only obstacle to his views, that his plan was to have himself made a Maire du Palais &c. &c. And as this was the door through which the family once passed to the throne, it would have been a fine field for declamation. A motion was made in the assembly by one of the faction O. to recall the D. of O., who was then at Boulogne to render an account of the causes of his absence. But a majority was against the motion, at that time, and the deputies which had been sent from Boulogne to the assembly to verify the passeport of the D. having returned he was allowed to proceed on his voyage. Mirabeau has since declared that he abandonned the coward, and would never more support  him. He is playing a different battery at present and it is believed and feared he will force his way into the ministry notwithstanding the execration in which he is held. He has lately shewed more than ever as a man of talents, and even the aristocrats, or some of them wish him in the ministry as the only means of restoring energy to the regal power.\u2014One of the means he is using is to render the place of a minister as dangerous as possible. He some time ago denounced M. de St. Priest as having told the women who arrived at Versailles on the 5th. crying out du Pain, that when they had one king, they had bread, now that they had 1200 Kings, they must apply to them for it. M. de St. Priest, in a letter to the assembly has perfectly justified himself still M. de Mirabeau said in the assembly he was resolved to continue the denunciation. He got the Assembly to pass an arret\u00e9, some days ago that the Ministers should be called on to declare to the assembly what were the powers they required to be furnished with by the assembly in order to secure the subsistance of the Kingdom and particularly the capital, and that these powers being granted them, they should be responsable for the want of abundance. The ministers wrote a letter to the assembly painting the present situation of the Kingdom, the refusal of every village to let flour pass unmolested, &c. &c. and declare they are ready to resign their places to those who shall be assez temeraires to be responsable in the present situation of affairs, for the supplies of the capital, or the free circulation of grain. I inclosed this memorial of the ministry to Mr. Jay. Nothing more has been said on that subject. Our supplies are still scanty and precarious, and nobody sees a prospect of a change.\u2014On the 21st. inst. a mob rose and went to the house of a baker, carried him to the hotel de ville to be judged under pretense of his having concealed bread in his cellar in order to augment the scarcity. Their impatience soon wrested him from the hands of the members of the hotel de ville and the guard who refused to fire on them. They carried him to the lantern, hung him, cut off his head, and carried it in triumph through the streets and under the windows of the Palace on the Pont-Royal. An account of this horrid incident being carried to the National assembly, a martial law against attroupements was immediately passed. I have inclosed it already to Mr. Jay, where you may see it. Two of the chiefs were arrested in the evening and condemned by the Chatelet. They were executed the next day without any disorder. The Chatelet with certain adjoints agreeable to the new form of criminal procedure, is appointed as the temporary  tribunal for crimes of l\u00e8ze nation. M. de Bezenval is to be tried there very soon. The commons of Paris have instructed their attorney general to commence a process against the Prince Lambesc accused of assassinating a citizen in the Thuilleries. As this order was published only two days ago, I cant say what will be the event.\u2014The city of Paris had a large magazine of wheat at V\u00ebrnon 15. leagues from hence under the care of a merchant of that place. The people insisted on his being an accapareur and the mob hung him twice. Fortunately the rope breaking each time gave him an opportunity of escaping. A detachment was sent there a few days ago to publish the martial law and arrest the leaders. Rouen also has stopped a large convoy of flour coming to Paris. The anarchy in that city is complete, and will contribute I fear to the famine of this.\nThe Bishop of Autun whose character is known to you introduced a plan into the assembly before their leaving Versailles (they are now at the Archevech\u00e9 of Paris waiting for the Manege which is to be fitted for their reception on the 16th. inst.) for paying the national debt by taking possession of all ecclesiastical property and selling it for effets royaux. He stated that 100. millions p. ann. would be sufficient for the salaries of the members of the clergy of every description. The subject has been very fully discussed and at length it was divided into two heads\u20141. to decide whether the ecclesiastical property was at the disposition of the nation, 2. whether and how they should dispose of it. The first head has been debated without interruption for the last three days and determined last night in the affirmative 568 against 336. It was determined also that the Curates should not have less than 1200.\u20b6 p. ann. not including the house and garden. In what manner this property shall be disposed of will soon be discussed.\nIt was apprehended that the discontented in the provinces would take advantage of the translation of the King and national assembly to Paris, in order to foment complaints or any thing else that might interrupt the present progress of affairs. The States of Languedoc assembled and whilst they were forming remonstrances, viz. the clergy and nobility, the people were employed in counter remonstrances by pillaging their Chateaux. These movements have since ceased. Some provinces have declared their satisfaction at the translation of the King &c. to Paris. But the Province of Dauphin\u00e9 gives uneasiness still. Mounier left Versailles in disgust on the King\u2019s being brought to Paris. But particularly because his constitution  was not adopted, and because he was threatened like many others to be assassinated by the mob on their arrival at Versailles. He retired to Dauphin\u00e9 in this state of mind, and the commission intermediaire immediately convoked the states of that Province. The members of Dauphin\u00e9 who remained here or most of them, wrote a letter to prevent the assembling of their province, adding that the King and the national assembly were perfectly free in the capital. The assembly also passed an arret\u00e9 to enquire of the King if the states of the province were convoked by his consent, and if not to desire he would take measures for preventing them. As they were called for the 2d. (yesterday) the proclamation of the King issued to prevent the meeting will have been too late. We cant know before some days whether they assembled and what the issue. The members with whom I have conversed seem to hope no ill will follow. Mde. de Tesse, supposing all lost as Mounier had retired has gone to the eaux de Plombieres with Mde. de Tott. Lally Tollendall has retired for the same reason with Mounier. He is gone to Switzerland.\nThe King went on foot some days ago from the Thuilleries to the Champs Elys\u00e9es to review one of the divisions of the garde nationale. His familiarity was recieved with such crys of joy and vive le Roi as cannot be described. He returned on foot through the crowd to recieve the corps diplomatique who waited for him. The lever for their reception is every sunday and thursday morning. M. Montmorin recieves them at his house every tuesday morning.\u2014The King is guarded at present by the Garde nationale sold\u00e9e and non sold\u00e9e. He has no longer any gards du corps. They have retired to their famile\u00e9s. The place of the Captain of the gards du corps is occupied alternately by one of the six chiefs of division. One of them is M. D\u2019Ormesson ex controller general. On sunday last every body remarked the Prince de Salm, of the fine hotel, he was on duty in the King\u2019s apartment as colonel of a batallion of the garde Parisienne in the uniform of the city with his large star, of I dont know what order, stuck on his coat. A marchand de drap was there also an officer by the side of the son of the Duke of Chabot, and commanding him as being of a superior grade.\u2014The districts of Paris still continue to assemble and sometimes exercise acts of sovereignty very incompatible with good order. It will be difficult to put an end to them. One protested against the martial law as being contrary to the liberty of the citizens. A second meeting of the district disavowed this protestation, and the mover of it is  arrested. The M. of Condorcet is appointed President of the Assembly of the commons of Paris.\nI forgot to tell you that the free mulattoes of the Islands who are in Paris, have petitioned the assembly against the sitting members, complain of having not been allowed to give their votes, although they pay taxes, and are ready to give the fourth of their revenue like the other citizens, quote the declaration of rights, and ask to be admitted to represent their constituents. A deputation of them was allowed to set among the suppleants until the question should be decided. They are called les gens de couleur and were recieved with great applauses by the assembly. The deputation has since had a kind of presentation to the King.\nI was last night at the M. de Condorcets where the act of Virginia on religion as well as its author were spoken of in the terms they deserve. The decision of the assembly yesterday was the cause of their being mentioned. Some of the company thought that in four years a similar law would be passed here. But others that it would not happen so soon unless they should be favored with an excommunication on account of yesterdays debates and decision.\nSoon after your departure the bills for 66000.\u20b6 were sent to my order in a letter directed to you. This letter was put with the others which come daily to your address. A few days ago I received a letter from the bankers mentioning their surprize and alarm at your having not acknowledged the reciept of this letter from Cowes. I took the liberty therefore of opening the only letter you had which was marked by the post of Holland and found the bills. They are now with the bankers for acceptance. I fear that other letters which have come here directed to you may be on public business, but I have not thought myself authorized to open them contrary to your instructions. As yet no letter has come from Mr. Jay since your departure.\nMr. Necker not answering your letter which I left with his Swiss at Versailles, I wrote to him some time ago and sent the letter to his hotel here. Having received no answer, and mentioning the circumstance to Mde. D\u2019Houdetot by accident, she wrote to Mde. Necker on the subject. She says that neither of the letters had reached Mr. Necker, that he desired much to see you before your departure, and learning that you were gone he had seen Mr. Morris who he had been told would probably give him some lights, that he had had me also put on his list to ask a rendezvous the first moment he should have free. I have not yet heard from him. M. Montmorin  with whom I spoke seemed no friend to the plan of salt provisions.\nYour two coach horses are in good order and well taken care of. Your saddle horse still limps. I have had him put in the petites affiches and took other measures for disposing of him, but have never had an offer of any kind. The market is so glutted that it will be very difficult to dispose of him on any terms. I have not yet seen the Abbe Morellet on the subject you mentioned. He is in the country.\nI delivered your compliments as you desired to your friends. They were all happy to hear of you and wish much your return. I will thank you to present me also to such of my friends as you may meet with. I have written three letters to Mr. Donald in answer to his. In my letter to you of the 8th. I inclosed one for Miss Jefferson which Ld. R. Fitzgerald had given me. I will thank you to present her my most respectful compliments as well as to Miss Polly. Adieu my dear Sir & believe me most unalterably your friend & servant,\nW Short\nP.S. I have opened two letters directed to you because I knew they came from O\u2019Bryen one of the prisoners of Algiers. I have heard nothing yet from the G\u2014\u2014\u2014l of the M. The Duke of Dorset does not return. He has the place of the Duke of Chandos deceased. The national assembly have determined there shall be no longer any distinction of places or costumes for the members, also that in future all assemblies called by orders shall be illegal, and that deputies to supply the places of any of the members of the present assembly shall be chosen by the provinces by all the inhabitants united without distinction. The King has issued a proclamation in consequence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0516", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Vernes, 3 November 1789\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNantes 3d. Novber. 1789\nMy stay at Lorient having been prolonged more than I expected, made me defer writing to you. I expected to be able to acquaint you sooner from Bordeaux of the forwarding the packet for Madrid by a sure opportunity; but I have been obliged to keep it according to your Excellency\u2019s orders, till I can put it into sure hands which will carry it to its destination.\u2014I am now going to that port from which I shall in a short time have the honour of writing to you. In the mean time I take the opportunity of the Carolina planter Captn. Trusdale which is going to Charlestown and by which I send a small packet to Messrs. Brailsford and Morris and I beg them to forward you the present.\u2014If I do not mistake, Sir, it was you who were so good as to recommend my house of Lorient to them, and as I desire much to correspond with Messrs. Brailsford and Morris, I thought I might take the liberty of referring them to your Excellency for information, If they wished to take any nearer than the European houses which I have directed them. The inclosed copy of the letter which I have just wrote them, will inform you of what I say to them on that subject.\nThe Esteem your Excellency has been so good as to shew me, flatters me too much to refuse the Confidence your goodness inspires me, and of which perhaps I am not undeserving from my respect and attachment to you. My house at Bordeaux is very solidly settled  and with 300,000\u20b6 which my friends advance, as interested in it, I shall unite a Stock of 450,000\u20b6, so that I may justly reclaim your Excellency\u2019s recommendation and your friends confidence. I write this rather at a venture; I shall not know till I am at Bordeaux whether really you have Sailed, and in this Case I shall have the honour of writing you by the first opportunity, and give you some news from France, not precisely contained in the publick papers, which, I suppose, Mr. Short sends you, and besides I shall take care to give him notice of the Vessels that are going to the United States. I am very desirous that your Excellency may return by the way of Bordx.\nI have taken the liberty to give a letter of recommendation for you to Mr. Walsh of Cadiz, brother to the Senior of the House of Domque. Terry & Ce. one of the more respectable houses in Spain, and the most active in the trade of the United States. I have desired him to Collect the necessary instruction to Know what exportation of Ship timber and other wood could be made from America to France with advantage to the United States. I have already made several essays at Lorient, with Mr. Thevenard Commandant of Marine, of Timber sent from New york to Brest where a like Cargoe had already been refused by the administration of the Port. I had the Cargoe, that was consigned to us, brought from Brest to Lorient without unloading it. There we found by the different tryals on the weight and strength, the oak of America is a Medium in goodness between the oak from the North of Europe and the best in France, and that the Pine also held the Middle place between the excellent masts of the Nord and our bad french Pinot: the result of that was that the whole was saleable and we accordingly sold it to the King. We had 3.\u20b6 6s. for the Cubic foot of oak, and proportionable current price for the Masts. But the oak beams, had all, without exception, the fault of being rotten in the whole length at the heart, or at least the young trees were very red and soft. This defect rendered them unserviceable for ship timbers, because this work requires the whole beam; but being sawed into three planks and setting aside the midle one, the two superficial planks were excellent and beautiful pieces.\nIt is generally believed that the New-England built ships rot in a little time. Without doubt this accident is owing to the defect I have just mentioned and which all the timber from the Northern provinces seem to be subject to, and which they dont appear to be aware of in America.  The question is then to know\n1. Whether all the oak wood from the Northern provinces is subject to this defect in the heart, which rots them and renders them unfit to be employed for Ship timber?\n2. Whether this fault, in case it has been remarked in all the wood employd, is not perhaps rather owing to its being cut in a wrong season when the sap is still in activity?\n3. Whether the wood of the southern provinces, where otherwise the oak ought to be of a better quality, have the same defect? If this fault was irremediable, all the wood intended for France must be sawn into planks to avoid paying the freight of the bad woods.\u2014I could send the necessary proportions; as the larger proportions do not render the freight dearer, notwithstanding they enhance the value of the cubic foot at the sale.\nI think it necessary to submit to your Excellency\u2019s judgment those first Ideas of an object which I look upon as very important. I have communicated them to Mr. Walsh whose good judgment and long residence in the several provinces of the United States will enable him to collect good information; And I have beg\u2019d him to present himself to your Excellency, and he will be very happy to be honour\u2019d with your acquaintance.\u2014Perhaps the necessity of making a good choice for the Consulship of Spain and the information that Mr. Walsh can give you with regard to the Situation and Connections of his house will engage you to Support the request that he was to have made for the Consulship of Cadiz for his brother, and I take the liberty of requesting it of you as far as the fear of hurting the limits your delicacy sets to your ministerial department permits me.\nAs for me, Sir, I ardently wish to obtain the important consulship of Bordeaux, and I will request the Marquis de la Fayete to write to his Excy. the President of the Congress and Support the petition I intend to send him: This is the manner most commonly adopted for the European Consulships. I hope I am pardonable in writing to your Excellency that the manner I have been educated, the commercial studies I have made, the time I have lived at Paris, as well as the connections I have formed there, make me believe that my Services may be of some advantage to the United States. I presume there are no emoluments attending the American Consulships, and it is only a Motive of disinterested Emulation and Ambition, recommendable in my Situation which makes me desire to obtain that of Guyenne.\nWhile you are absent, Sir, the Enigma of the destiny of France  will perhaps unravel itself. The question of the propriety of the Clergy\u2019s Lands will soon be decided: Several memorials made by that order have disposed the opinions in their favour, and the National assembly may desire to be just on a circumstance when it may perhaps be said with truth that the Nation could not in any light be unjust. The Municipalities, the provincial assemblies, and the judiciary order are not formed, and the time which often is favourable to great affairs may seem to be against us. The Marquis de la Fayete has been in very great danger, and it seems very probable that a prince now in England on a true or false mission served as the Center and Tool to a great and dangerous Conspiration.\u2014The publick opinion seems inclined at least to adopt the accusations against the prince; which accusations make the prince play a very ridiculous part, for the hero, the giant of the conspiration, would be M. de Mir[ab]eau.\nWhile France perhaps is near sinking under the weight of a too easily acquired liberty, your provinces quietly execute a slow formed and wise Constitution. It is a fine example, especially that of preferring agriculture to Manufactures, which the Congress has consecrated as a Maxim.\nMy direction, if your Excellency should have leisure to write to me or any orders to give me is at Bordeaux, from whence I shall not return to Lorient.\nI beg your Excellency to believe the assurances of sincere gratitude & respect with which I am Sir Your most obedient most humble servant,\nJ. Vernes\nP.S. As I was going to close my letter, a thought started up to me that perhaps would fix the consulships so as to give me an advantageous place wtihout offending anybody. It would be to give me the title of Consul General of part of the Coasts of France instead of the Consulship of Lorient that your Excellency was so good as to ask for me. This would allow consuls in all the considerable places, and Vice Consuls in the others. I think it would be convenient to have Consuls general as the King of Sweden, the Republick of Holland and some other powers have. There might be 4 or 3 vizt.\nOne for the Mediterranean, who would without doubt reside at Marseilles.\nOne for the Coasts from Bayonne to Quimper, Lorient or Brest or Nantes inclusively, or South coasts of France.\nOne from the Coasts from Dunkirk to Brest, Quimper, Lorient or Nantes exclusively or North Coasts of France.\nOr if Four were preferred.\nOne from Bayonne to Nantes exclusively, Gascony, Guyenne, Saintonge, Aunis, and Poitou\nOne from Nantes to St. Malo inclusively, that is to say all 4 Britanny.\nOne from St. Malo\u2019s to Dunkirk say Normandy, Picardy, Artois and Flanders\nOne for the Mediterranean\nThe Consul general would reside at the port which would suit him best, and if the Consuls should have any emoluments, the General Consuls should not have any, only that their Expences should be reimbursed them, when any business obliged him to undertake a Journey on an urgent occasion or on the Invitation or order of the Minister of the United States at the Court of France. It appears to me that the division for the 3 Consuls general only would be sufficient. The Second is more remarkable by the division of the provinces. But in both cases I think your Excellency would find my Election Easier; for it is not as Consul of Bordeaux that I am design\u2019d, but as Consul general of 3 provinces, and my nomination admits if you desire it a Consul at Bordeaux who would be the person you have pointed out. I sollicit your Excellency\u2019s Indulgence for the liberty I take of proposing this plan which appears to be executable if you won\u2019t disapprove it.\nIn war time the Consuls general will be very Serviceable by their general attention, and the Concert of their actions and reports to the Minister. Their intervention will even contribute to Secrecy of any dispositions they may be ordered to have executed in their department. This Hierarchy is not an innovation; on the contrary it is observed by several nations namely by the french, the Swedes, the Danes and the Hollanders. England, I think, follows the same method. The Consuls general would be in reality the ambassadors Men of Confidence. Those places ought to be given to none but Strangers, as there being a french man, may in some particular circumstance weaken the extent of the dutys attending foreign interests, and they should be under the immediate orders of the minister and obligd to go to Paris or Elsewhere whenever he should require it. I have this necessary quality of a stranger which I believe requisite. I am a citizen of Geneva and was early instructed in the principles of a Republican.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0517", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Jacob Vernes to Brailsford & Morris, 4 November 1789\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Brailsford & Morris\nEnclosureJacob Vernes to Brailsford & Morris\nGentlemen\nNantes 4th November 1789.\nNotwithstanding I have not the honour of being known to you I have had the advantage of corresponding with you from the house of J. J. Berard & Co. (now J. J. Berard) of L\u2019Orient, of which I was the Partner till the beginning of the present Year, when I resolv\u2019d to form an Establishment under my own name and settle in a port of greater trade than L\u2019Orient. I propos\u2019d to have the honour of informing you of it from Bordeaux, where I am now going, but the opportunity of Captn Trusdales Ship engages me to anticipate, and beg you to take the trouble & ca. I shall continue in my new Establishment the Sentiments of Esteem and Attachment that you inspir\u2019d my house at L\u2019Orient, and ardently wish you would favour me with your friendship and Confidence; the connections with the United States being the branch I shall more particularly engage in, makes me chuse Bordeaux as the port where the most of this branch of business will be carried on, and which is dayly diminishing at L\u2019Orient. Notwithstanding my house is new, it is well funded by several rich friends who are jointly interested in it with me, and it will give you in any transaction every facility that a good Stock and good credits will allow. Of this and of my personal character you may have ample information from my particular friends, Messrs. Chas. Herries & Co of London, Le Couteulx & Cie. of Paris, Hoggeur Grand & Co. of Amsterdam or of my former Partner J. J. Berard of L\u2019Orient. I have also the advantage of being particularly known by his Excy Thomas Jefferson Esqr. (who I believe went lately to America) and who can give you a satisfactory account of my Character.\nThe situation of Bordeaux and its very great consumption of every kind of produce, makes me hope to conduct the Rice business in a more constantly satisfactory manner to you and your friends than it can be often carried on at L\u2019Orient, not being obliged, as we were there, to send it to Havre or to other places in order to find a vent. Rice sell at this place at present 22\u20b6 PCt. I am not now informed of the price of this Article at Bordeaux. Of this I\u2019ll have the honour to inform you in the course of this Month and send my Circular letter which will give you notice of my settlement. At my departure from L\u2019Orient which was 15 days since, it was selling at 19 \u00e0 20.\u20b6 PCt.\nAs grain and flour are still dear here, and as it is probable this dearness will continue for some time I presume that rice though pretty Low in Carolina will keep up its price in France.\nWhen I was last at Paris, I intended to engage the Minister to lay a duty on rice imported from England or otherwise than directly from the United States or American or French Vessels, which would have freed you from the concurrence of the Rice deposited in England; but Mr. Necker, tho\u2019 very well disposed to favour the American Trade, would not in the distress\u2019d situation we are in for a year past, load an object of Subsistance with a duty: but as soon as grain and flour became abundant and their price falls, this duty on rice which comes from England, will be the first among several requests I intend to make the Government relative to the trade of France with the United States, which will be warmly supported by his Excy. Thos. Jefferson Esqr. and by the Marquis de la Fayette.\nTobacco\u2019s are not in so favourable a Situation as Rice, the Farm General being still overloaded with that furnished them on the Contract with Mr. Rt. Morris refuse to buy any quantity. They offer\u2019d four months ago 28\u20b6 10s. PCt Tare 15 PCt. to my house at L\u2019Orient, but they now hardly make any offers at all; there are small quantities sold from 33 a 36\u20b6 for exportation, but this is only for the first qualities, with large and thick leaves, and I am afraid we shall soon be very much embarrass\u2019d in France with the middling qualities the farmers General being the only persons who will purchase it. You would oblige me much, Gentlemen, by informing me of what passes in your country, and of the revolutions that you may foresee on interesting objects &c.\n   Tr (DLC); endorsed by TJ: \u201cVernes. Received Feb. 2. 1790.\u201d\n   Vernes could scarcely have given such emphatic assurance that TJ and Lafayette would support a move to obtain a duty on rice \u2026 from England if such a plan had not been discussed among these men who had already collaborated so effectively on similar efforts with respect to tobacco and the fisheries. Such a move, indeed, was a logical extension of the commercial and political strategy that lay at the heart of this aspect of TJ\u2019s diplomacy: that of strengthening the trade links between the United States and France, of supporting a political ally, and of delivering a simultaneous blow at the trade\u2014and particularly the maritime power\u2014of England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0518", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Vernes, 3 November 1789\nFrom: Vernes, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNantes, 3 Nov. 1789. Introduces \u201cMr. Walsh of the house of Domque. Terry & Co. of Cadiz, whose travels in America are intended for increasing the trade of the United States with Spain. The instructions and the favours of your Excellency will enable him to fulfill his design with more facility and success, and I dare sollicit both from your goodness and from your Willingness to support every thing which can turn to the wellfare of your Nation\u2014Mr. Walsh will collect the best informations about lumber, and \u2026 will give me of the knowledge he\u2019ll acquire in that branch, and of the means of procuring a consumption of timber in this Kingdom.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0519", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 15 November 1789\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLahaie 15e. Nov. 1789.\nDans la juste supposition, que V. E. verra mes D\u00e9peches \u00e0 l\u2019honorable D\u00e9partement des Affaires Etrangeres, cette Lettre-ci n\u2019est qu\u2019un pur Epanchement des Sentimens de mon coeur, \u00e0 la nouvelle que je viens d\u2019apprendre de mes Amis \u00e0 Amsterdam, de la nomination de Votre Excellence au Poste \u00e9minent de Secretaire d\u2019Etat de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Am\u00e9ricaine. Je ne vous verrai donc plus, Monsieur. Mais vous me continuerez votre pr\u00e9cieuse affection. Vous serez sans doute plus heureux, en rendant votre patrie plus imm\u00e9diatement heureuse que vous n\u2019auriez occasion de le faire en Europe dans l\u2019\u00e9tat o\u00f9 elle est. Que Dieu benisse donc cette glorieuse patrie avec Vous et vos chers Enfans! Quoique l\u2019avis ne soit pas direct, je ne saurois cependant en douter raisonnablement, ni h\u00e9siter d\u2019en faire mon sincere compliment \u00e0 Votre Excellence; comme je le fais aussi \u00e0 S. E. Mr. Jay, nomm\u00e9 Chef de Justice de l\u2019Union; et comme je voudrois pouvoir aussi le faire \u00e0 Mr. Hamilton, devenu Tr\u00e9sorier g\u00e9nl., dont mes amis me tracent le caractere le plus exalt\u00e9, si j\u2019avois l\u2019honneur de lui \u00eatre connu personnellement. Il me tarde d\u2019apprendre l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de V. E. en bonne sant\u00e9. Je suis avec le plus respectueux d\u00e9nouement son tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nCWF Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0520", "content": "Title: Jefferson\u2019s Memorandum for Nathaniel Colley, 16 November 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Colley, Nathaniel\non board the Clermont Nov. 16. 1789.\nMem. for Capt. Colly to have made in London for Th:J.\nA Mahogany table with sliding leaves exactly on the plan of that of the ship Clermont, the legs of the same form, viz. square, tapered and fluted. The bed of the table when the leaves are shut is to be 2 f. 6 In. by 3 f. Each leaf to be 12 I. by 3 f. so that when both leaves are drawn out the table is 4 f. 6 by 3 f.\nAnother do. of the same form, the bed 20. by 24 I. the leaves 8 I. by 24 I. each so that when drawn out the table is 3 f. by 2 f.\nEach table to have one drawer only, as large as the frame will admit. The top and legs to be of solid mahogany. The workman will decide whether best to have the cross peices at the end or not. The fineness of the mahogany to be more attended to than the price. The French spotted mahogany is the handsomest if to be had.\nWhen done, the small table to be put into the large one, both wrapped up in green bays, put into a tight box and that tied over with oil cloth.\nTo be shipped to Havre or Rouen. If to Havre, the Direction on the box must be \u2018A Monsr. la Motte negt. au Havre pour M. Jefferson M.P. &c.\u2019 If to Rouen it must be directed \u2018Monsr. Garvey &c.\u2019\nMr. D.P. [Daniel Parker] who when in London lodges at No. 2 Leicester Square will be so good as to pay the workman\u2019s bill for me on shewing him this, and to undertake to have them shipped to Havre or Rouen. If he is not in London Dr. B\u2014\u2014\u2014[Bancroft] Charlotte Street will have the goodness to do it, assured that either his or Mr. P\u2019s bill on me shall be paid on sight at Paris where I shall arrive about the end of April or beginning of May. Or they may draw immediately on Mr. Short, Charge &c. duly informing him it is at my request, and he will pay it at sight.\nApply of preference to S. Tilt cabinet maker No. 94 Cheapside some of whose work I saw in the hands of Capt. Cutting so well done that I propose to apply to him hereafter for whatever I may want in the mahogany way.\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0521", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Delaire, 17 November 1789\nFrom: Delaire, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonorable Sir\nLa Rochelle the 17th. of November 1789\nI take the liberty of informing your Excellency that the Ship the Young Mary Capn. Odds, coming from Philadelphia with a Cargo of Tabaco bound to Bordeaux, runned ashore near this Town the 15th. of this month at the tide of the Morning. During the Ebb that followed, that Ship Could have been helped and brought into our harbour if any body had been appointed to take that care, for want of it the evening tide with a hard wind blew her so far ashore, that there is little hope of getting clear of her.\nI mention this Circumstance to your Excellency, to make it sensible again the necessity of a Consul or Agent, as the French have in the United States.\nSeveral Ships are expected at Bordeaux and here, with Corn and flower they may arrive in the bad Season and be wanting assistance.\nYour Excellency had given me hope of Conferring me the office of Agency. I am ever at your Commands; my chief design is to be of service to people in distress, very often a small assistance may prevent great misfortunes. I am with respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most humble & obedient Servant,\nThomas Delaire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0523", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Van Dale, 19 November 1789]\nFrom: Dale, Antonius van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Charleville, 19 Nov. 1789. Recorded in SJL as received\u2014with a number of other letters forwarded from Paris\u2014on 20 Nov. 1790. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0525", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 21 November 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nLynhaven bay. Nov. 21. 1789.\nTho\u2019 a committee of American captains at Cowes had determined we must expect a nine weeks passage, the winds and weather have so befriended us that we are come to an anchor here 29. days after weighing anchor at Yarmouth, having been only 26. days from and to land. After getting clear of the eternal fogs of Europe, which required 5. or 6. days sailing, the sun broke out upon us, and gave us fine autumn weather almost constantly thro the rest of the voiage, and so warm that we had no occasion for fire. In the gulph stream only we had to pass thro\u2019 the squalls of wind and rain which hover generally over that tepid current: and thro the whole we have had nothing stronger than what seamen call a stiff breeze: so that I have now passed the Atlantic twice without knowing what a storm is. When we had passed the meridian of the Western islands, our weather was so fine that it would have been madness to go 1000. miles out of our way to seek what would not have been better. So we determined to push on the direct course. We left the banks of Newfoundland about as far on our right as the Western islands on our left. Notwithstanding the evidence of their quadrants to the contrary some of the sailors insisted we were in the trade winds.\u2014Our sickness in the beginning was of 3. 4. or 5. days, severe enough. Since that we have been perfectly  well. We separated from Trumbul\u2019s ship the evening on which I wrote you from the needles, and never saw her more. Our ship is two years old only, excellently accomodated, in ballast, and among the swiftest sailors on the ocean. Her captain a bold and judicious seaman, a native of Norfolk, whose intimate knoledge of our coast has been both confidence and security to us. So that as we had in prospect every motive of satisfaction, we have found it still greater in event. We came to anchor here because no pilot has yet offered. Being within 15. miles of Norfolk by land, I have some thought of going ashore here in the morning, and going by and to that city. I write this from hence in hopes some outward bound vessel may be met to which it may be consigned. My plants and shepherd dogs are well. Remember me to enquiring friends, and accept assurances of the sincere esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Sir Your sincere & affectionate friend,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0526", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 23 November 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nNorfolk Nov. 23. 1789.\nI think it my duty to inform you that I am this day arrived here after a passage of 26. days from and to land. By the Montgomery, Capt. Bunyan, which sailed from Cowes at the same time with us, I had the honor of addressing you and of sending you the Letter book and account book of Silas Deane, which I put into the hands of Mr. Trumbul, who I presume is arrived at New York. According to what I proposed in that letter I shall proceed first to my own house to arrange those matters which have called for my presence there, and, this done, go on to New York in order for my embarcation: where I shall first have occasion to confer with you in order to take the sense of government on some subjects which require viv\u00e2 voce explanations. I hope to be with you as early as the season will admit a tolerable passage. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0527", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Corny, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Ethis de Corny, Ann Mangeot (Mme Ethis de Corny)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\na paris le 25 novembre 1789\nJe fus tourmente de vous voir sur ma liste et mon inqui\u00e9tude me porta chez vous 3 heures apr\u00e8s votre depart. Mr. Short etoit tout afflig\u00e9 je fus bien vite \u00e0 son ton et tout deux nous donname des larmes a votre absence. Voila ce que vous appellerez de la foiblesse mais quoique les adieux soient la chose la plus triste, j\u2019aurois e\u00fce mille choses a vous dire, et je voulois recevoir une promesse solemnelle de votre retour en France. Les grandes contradictions que vous avez eprouv\u00e9 par les vents me donnoient a esperer que vous reviendriez a paris, mais au moment ou j\u2019arrangeois ce retour qui m\u2019eut fait tant de plaisir, Mr. Short m\u2019apprit que vous etiez embarqu\u00e9. J\u2019ay bien a me louer de luy; ne pouvant douter de mon inter\u00eat pour vous, il a pris grand soin de m\u2019aporter de vos nouvelles.\nVous m\u2019avez confirm\u00e9 le depart d\u2019angelique, mais jay rec\u00fce une lettre de la gouvernante qui me marque que Mde. Church n\u2019a pu resister aux larmes de son pere, et qu\u2019elle restera jusqu\u2019au printems. Ainsi j\u2019arrange pour elle et pour vous que vous la ramenerez en france. Mais nallez pas vous faire aimer a mes depens car deja je vous en ai un peu voulu des preferences qu\u2019angelique vous donnoit sur moi, et il ne m\u2019a pas ete ais\u00e9 de vous le pardonner a tout deux.\nVous savez mieux qu\u2019un autre le mauvais tems qu\u2019il y a eu. J\u2019en ai bien souffert pour deux inter\u00eat differend, ce qui etoit utille a angelique vous devenoit nuisible, il etoit possible que le m\u00eame vend me donnat bien de l\u2019affliction, au moin m\u2019a t-il donn\u00e9 bien de l\u2019inquietude encore Mr. Short m\u2019a secouru en trouvant mille moyens de me rassurer.\nAh monsieur quelle revolution que celle du 5. Vous \u00eates trop heureux de n\u2019en avoir pas \u00e9t\u00e9 temoin. Mr. de la fayette a trouver le moyen de satisfaire tout le monde il n\u2019a jamais perdu la t\u00eate un seul instant, mais la legerete du public ne permettra pas qu\u2019il soit toujours egallement aprouv\u00e9. Mr. Bailly est tomb\u00e9 absolument dans l\u2019opinion, il est craintif, ignorant en mairies, et d\u00e9gout\u00e9, ce qui fait qu\u2019il laisse tout faire. Nous avons ete dans une penurie extreme sur le pain, sans pouvoir resoudre le probl\u00e8me car il y avoit de la farine. Mais en fait d\u2019enigme Mr. le duc d\u2019orleans nous en donne une a deviner, il est parti pour l\u2019angleterre contre l\u2019avis de ses amis, charg\u00e9 d\u2019une pretend\u00fce mission, il a ete mal recu du roy george, Mr. pitt etoit a la campagne il y est encore ce qui ne  prouve pas un grand raport d\u2019affaire. On assure que le prince fait augmenter sa maison a londre, et en a achette une pour Mde. buffon. Ainsi donc je me rassure, et je ne crois ni a la mission, ni au retour du prince, ni aux immenses achats de bled dont on le pretend charge.\nIl paroit une nouvelle confession de rousseau il y avo\u00fce que Mde. d\u2019houdetot a ete le seul objet de sa passion veritable il la depeint a plaisir mais je vous defierois de la reconnoitre a ce portrait qu\u2019il s\u2019est bien garde de faire loucher.\nMa lettre a ete interrompue par la visitte du jeune brean [Br\u00e9han]. Mr. du moutier est arrive hyer et son neveu m\u2019a aporte une lettre d\u2019angelique mais mon dieu qu\u2019il m\u2019a surprise, et afflig\u00e9e, vous \u00eates dit on nom\u00e9 ministre des affaires etrangeres et les promesses de vous revoir encor sont elles perd\u00fce. J\u2019attend Mr. Short il faut qu\u2019il m\u2019explique tout cela. Je ne voulois pas croire qu\u2019il m\u2019arriveroit par vous d\u2019autre peine que celle de votre depart mais je serois bien afflig\u00e9e si je ne devois plus vous revoir.\nAngelique me marque qu\u2019elle partira huit jours apr\u00e8s Mr. du moutier Mr. de Brean me le confirme. Je n\u2019y entend plus rien mais il est sur que l\u2019on ne compte pas sur elle a londre avant le mois de juin. Mr. de corny vous fait ses complimens sa sant\u00e9 est assez bonne la mienne est miserable. Paris est affreux la societe est dispers\u00e9e on n\u2019a pas d\u2019argent plus de place. Ma jolie maison est a vendre. On est forc\u00e9 a toute sorte de privations, mais que seroit tout cela si l\u2019on n\u2019etoit pas priv\u00e9 du calme et du repos dont j\u2019ay un si grand besoin.\nMr. de Benzeval est enfin au chatelet on ecoute les temoins. Mr. de Lambesc est denonc\u00e9 on le poursuit vivement. Mais ce qui vous surprendra c\u2019est que Mr. de puysegur apr\u00e8s un silence de 5 mois a ete denonc\u00e9. Il est arriv\u00e9 a Paris depuis hyer pour se justifier. C\u2019est l\u2019ancien ministre de la guerre.\nVous croyez bien que toute la famille du moutier n\u2019a laiss\u00e9 ni raportes aucun regrets. Il y a une espece de justice qui fait qu\u2019on n\u2019est pas aim\u00e9s de ceux qu\u2019on n\u2019aime pas. Ayez bien celle de croire a mon Sincere attachement, et quelque soit ma destin\u00e9e il triomphera des distances et de l\u2019absence.\nParlez moi bien de vos cheres petites que vous n\u2019avez jamais voulu qui ayent de l\u2019amiti\u00e9 pour moi. N\u2019importe elles m\u2019int\u00e9resseront toujours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0529", "content": "Title: Jefferson\u2019s Reply to the Foregoing Address of Welcome, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nTo the worshipful the Mayor, recorder and aldermen of the borough of Norfolk.\nGentlemen\nAccept my sincere thanks for your very kind congratulations, on my return to my native land. I am happy that circumstances have led my arrival to a place which I had seen before indeed in greater splendor, but which I now see rising like a Phoenix out of it\u2019s ashes to that importance to which the laws of nature destine it. Peculiarly favored by nature in situation and climate, fostered by our special government, and protected by that general one to which we have so wisely confided our greater concerns, we have every ground to hope the future welfare of your city. That your particular happiness, gentlemen, may be mingled in the general stream of it\u2019s prosperity is my sincere prayer. As for my mite of service it has not been worthy the notice you so kindly take of it. That  my country should be served is the first wish of my heart: I should be doubly happy indeed were I to render it a service.\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0530", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 25 November 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Nov. 25. 1789\nSince my last of the 19th. Mr. Parker has arrived here from London. He brings late intelligence from America with him, and also such a certainty that you will be in a manner forced to accept the place of Secretary of State that I cannot help saying a word on the subject in addition to what I said on a former occasion. Should you determine to remain in America I have no doubt you would think of me. Proofs of an invariable friendship leave me without anxiety on this subject and therefore I should say nothing until I heard from you if I did not suppose it possible you might be desirous of taking some measures without delay. Cutting writes me from London to prepare to decide between the place I now hold and that of your chief clerk. Certainly the inducements of returning to America and of being near you after my return weigh much with me. But other considerations for the present would induce me to prefer remaining here in my present position somewhat longer. I will not go into a detail of these reasons at present because the post setting out immediately and being the last which will arrive in time for the English packet forces me to hasten to the end of my letter.\u2014Should the grade of Charg\u00e9 des affaires be thought the proper one here at present I have nothing further to say because I am sure your opinion of the person who ought to occupy it is not changed\u2014my only doubt is whether you may not be induced to prefer a superior grade and in that case there is a person whom I should fear to be put in competition with. You cannot doubt that I mean M\u2014\u2014\u2014n. Still the services he is capable of rendering in the place he at present holds are so much superior to the excedent of those he could render here above what a simple charg\u00e9 des affaires may suppose himself capable of, that a calculation of that sort will I hope for the present keep us both where we are. Should M\u2014\u2014\u2014n prefer remaining in America and still the superior grade be adopted then I would put myself on the list merely because the place is one where my competitors have less experience and because I think experience in every art of considerable weight.\u2014On running over this letter I am really ashamed to find that it relates altogether to myself. I hope you will excuse it my dear Sir and excuse also the embarassed manner in which it is expressed. I should not have ventured to have written in that manner to any person on earth but yourself.\u2014I cannot help adding that I hope  some time more spent here in the school in which I am at present will render me more capable of serving my country, and that this hope is an inducement to desire to remain. I beg you to let me hear from you as soon as possible.\u2014Every thing continues quiet here. The assembly are going on fast in the constitution. The principles of Mirabeau, Barnave &c. are the domineering. The Duke de la Rochefoucauld is with them for the most part as well as Duport. The little opposition of the Parliaments of Rouen and Metz have done good. The Patriots in Brabant have gained several advantages over the Imperial troops and forced them to retire to Brussels. They are now marching towards them, and it is supposed the troops of the Emperor will all be obliged to Retire to Luxembourg which has a strong citadel. They will wait there succours from Germany, which the Emperor has already ordered to march. The wife and family of the Count D\u2019Arberg who commands the army of the emperor have been obliged to fly from the low countries into France. I have seen a letter from her since her arrival at Cond\u00e9 to Mde. D\u2019Albam\u00e9 her sister. The principal families of the Patriots are arriving in Paris also in order to avoid the scene of action.\nI have sold your horse to Count Langeac for 300.\u20b6 It is the only offer I had for him. I was induced to take it because I have seen really fine horses sold at 15 and 16 guineas, and he was induced to give it because it was counted in the quarter of his house rent payable Jany. next. He will have a right to demand then only 1200.\u20b6 M. P\u00e9try at the Abb\u00e9 Chalut\u2019s says that by mistake he and his agent paid you twice the same bill of exchange of 1200.\u20b6 for Rutledge. I desired him to write to Rutledge about it telling him I knew nothing of the matter. Adieu my Dear Sir, and believe me unalterably your friend & servant,\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0532", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Trumbull, 26 November 1789\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York 26th. Novr. 1789.\nI hope I may congratulate you on your safe arrival long before this reaches you:\u2014I landed on Monday the 23. and the winds which we had having been as favorable for you as ourselves (so far as we could judge:) we therefore conclude that you have been equally happy.\nI hope both you and the Ladies, to whom you will remember my best wishes, are in as perfect health as the fatigues of the Voyage will permit and as happy as the meeting of your friends can make you.\nThe Office to which I find you appointed will I presume bring you to N York at an earlier hour than you expected:\u2014I flatter myself with the happiness of seeing you on my return to this place in January. With every wish for your happiness and with all gratitude I am ever yours,\nJno. Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0533", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Wilson Miles Cary, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Cary, Wilson Miles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nCeeleys 27. Novr. 1789.\nWe were pleased to hear by one of our People yesterday, of your safe arrival at Norfolk, we hope with the young Ladies. We shall expect you will do us the favour of making our little Cottage your Home, for any time that may be agreeable to you, and as you will want Horses we shall have pleasure in accomodating you with them also, or any thing within our power. My Son and Family are with us and join us in best respects to you and the Ladies. I am Dear Sir Your Most Obedient St.,\nWilson-Miles Cary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0534", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 27 November 1789\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonble Sir\nEast Wood 27th Novr. 1789 Princess Anne\nYesterday I had the pleasure of hearing of your arrival at Norfolk; and would have immediately done myself the honor to Wait upon you had I not been prevented of that pleasure by an inflamed throat and the badness of the Weather. To day the inflammation is rather better but with difficulty now can swallow. Thrice wellcome my honorable and very dear friend to your native and where universal applause of your past conduct and honors worthy of your acceptance (I hope) await you. I wish to know if you please when you leave Norfolk that I may (if possible) have the honor of an interview with you; I have a carriage and horses at Hampton very much at your service to carry you and your lovely Daughters up the Country where you wish to go. If you mean to go by land, I beg your acceptance of them, with my most respectfull compliments to the young Ladies and in hopes of a note from you \u214c bearer signifying your acceptance of the Carriage and horses. I am (till we meet) my dear Sir Yr Most Obt. & V. H. Servt.,\nJas Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0535", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 28 November 1789\nFrom: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 28 November 1789\nWe take the liberty to introduce the Bearer our Friend Mr. Theop. Cazenove, to Your Excellency to Countenance, Confident that in the course of his Conversation, Your Excellency will find him to possess such Qualities, as with his Knowledge of the Commerce and Finances of the chief European Powers, will render him an useful and agreeable Acquaintance, and that on the other Side, the Civilities and Countenance We are certain He will receive from your Excellency, will make his Residence in the United States pleasing and flattering, as well as to facilitate his Object, of viewing more nearly the happy Operations of a System of Government He is a strenuous Admirer of.\nAssuring Your Excellency that We shall consider all the Services and Civilities, Your Excellency may bestow on Mr. Cazenove, as Favors conferred on ourselves, and that We shall always be  happy to retaliate by every means in our Power, We have the honor to be very respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and very humble servants.\nN. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0536", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Dowse, 29 November 1789\nFrom: Dowse, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston 29th. November 1789\nI arrived here the 25th instant, and sincerely wish you may have experienced a passage equally short and agreeable as mine has been.\nI observe that your Excellency is appointed to the Secretaryship of home and foreign affairs, and, presuming, that in consequence thereof, you will not return to Paris as you intended, I shall take care to have your Service of China delivered to you, wherever you may reside in America.\nThe Young ladies, I hope, had their health and a pleasant passage. With all deference and respect I remain Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient and Most humble Servant,\nEdward Dowse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0537", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nParis Nov. 30. 1789\nMy last was of the 25th. and sent by the English Packet under cover to Mr. Parker\u2019s correspondent in New York. Count de Moustier and Mr. McCartey had both arrived in Paris previous to that date and both brought letters for me from Mr. Jay and Colo. Hamilton but did not deliver them till since the departure of that letter. My conversation with those gentlemen has changed my doubts about your return into a certainty of your remaining at New York. They assure me that it is impossible you should resist the President who has set his heart in such a manner on your accepting the place of Secretary of State as will induce him to press, sollicit and beg it of you. They add that his sollicitations and intreaties are so seldom given that they cannot be given in vain. All that I can put in opposition to this is the firmness with which you persist in your purposes, and after weighing the matter and considering  that when you left Paris you could not be master of the subject as you did not know the nature of the place to be offered nor the manner of its being offered, and had not before you the immediate prospect of a sea voyage to Europe which necessarily involved a second on return, I cannot longer doubt that you will prefer holding a place the most agreeable in America without comparison and where your services are so imperiously required by your country, to returning to Paris.\u2014In this state of mind I cannot help repeating to you the subject of a former letter, although it is so personal as somewhat to embarrass me even in writing to you to whom I have been long accustomed to lay open the inmost foldings of my heart.\u2014I consider you then my dear sir at present as Secretary of State and of course directing the department of foreign affairs. When I reflect cooly on this matter I feel a confidence which leaves me without anxiety, arising from what I know of your opinion of the place here and of the person who at present fills it. It seems to me certain that you will at least during the absence of Count de Moustier be satisfied with the grade of Charg\u00e9 des affaires here and in that case I should have nothing to apprehend. Still as we are told by Mde. de Brehan and her son that several people are trying already to succeed you I cannot help mentioning it. They speak of Cyrus Griffin and say also that it is expected G. Morris will make great exertions. The latter came to see me a day or two ago and after a good deal of conversation on the subject told me I should certainly be named Minister Plenipotentiary here. I answered him that I rather supposed there would be only a charg\u00e9 des affaires for the present and that I did not doubt I should be continued in that case, adding that my being so little known in America would probably be an objection to my having a superior grade. He added I was well known to the President and Secretary of State and that nothing more was necessary, and that the United States owed a Minister to this court &c. &c. I took this as I ought to do without changing my opinion the one way or the other and not doubting he would use some endeavours in the business by means of his friends. Being persuaded that the first of the persons in question cannot be supposed proper for this place, and knowing that you must feel the objections which may be made to a person in commerce and which are applicable to the second without adding others, I cannot suppose it necessary to enlarge on a subject which is far from being agreeable to me. Still I will mention an example of what I  mean by objections to persons in commerce, as it is a case in point and has happened since your departure. My opinion was that the continuation of the premium on flour &c. was a thing to be desired by America, and I pressed it on M. de Montmorin. Mr. M\u2014\u2014s in his conversations with me used many arguments to shew that the premium would not bring to France one pound of flour the more and would only serve to make France as well as other foreigners pay more dearly for it in America. I asked him if that would not be a good circumstance for America as it enabled her for the same commodity to receive an additional quantity of the article given in return. He added that he did not think it advantageous that the productions of America should be of an advanced price as it influenced manufactures and produced bad effects in many ways. This did not however change my opinion. Mr. M was then in treaty with Mr. Necker for a contract of flour &c., and it was evidently not for the advantage of the merchant that the premium should be given. The day after the date of the renewal of the premium, the President of the Committee of subsistance told M. de la fayette that it could not be renewed on account of a contract made by the minister on this subject. Mirabeaus motion in the national assembly I am persuaded was the only cause of the premium being renewed and it is dated the 5th. the same day of the motion. I had occasion to see Mr. Necker some days after and he told me he himself was an enemy to the premium and for reasons precisely the same with those which Mr. Morris had mentioned to me. Although the President of the committee of subsistance was mistaken in supposing the contract made with a condition against the premium being given, still it proves that the thing had been agitated, and what leaves no doubt is that Mr. M said more than once that no person could be so mad as to make a contract if a premium were at the same time to be offered to the commerce in general.\nMr. Necker mentioned some time ago in a memorial to the assembly which I then sent to Mr. Jay, that there was a possibility of a loan on the security of our debt. Although he stated the matter as a loan I was informed by one of his friends that he was in treaty to sell it to a Dutch house. Knowing that a very considerable sacrifice would be exacted I thought it my duty to speak to him or M. Montmorin on the subject, and without committing Congress let them know what was the present state of that affair, and the probability of its being reimbursed sooner than due, viz. I told  them that the bankers of the U.S. were of opinion it could be transferred to Holland without loss, and I knew you had it at heart, leaving them to infer from thence what would be the decision of Congress. Mr. Necker told me the extreme want of money particularly in a foreign country so as to restore the exchange which was at present ruinous, had made them try every thing and among others our debt but that it had been some time since he had heard any thing on the subject from Amsterdam and did not suppose the proposition would be continued. When I told him the rise our credit had taken he seemed surprized and let me see clearly he had counted so little on the debt as to suppose it a good operation in finance to have secured something on it. In the mean time Mr. Van Staphorst was uneasy and wished me to see again and again the Minister. Being persuaded however that Mr. Necker would rise in his demands beyond the expectation of the Dutch house in treaty with him I had no apprehension he would conclude any thing without my knowing it. Some days ago a renewal of the proposition came by express from Amsterdam in which the Bankers of the U.S. were united with the Dutch house (Mr. Grand\u2019s son is one of the house). They exacted a very great sacrifice, yet to have cash Mr. Necker was disposed to treat. Jacob Van Staphorst was now united with Mr. Grand\u2019s son to negotiate the affair; their house had already joined from an apprehension that the business would otherwise be concluded without them. Count de Moustier had now arrived and having said every where that he was authorized by Congress to prevent any negotiation of the sort, J. Van Staphorst readily caught hold of this opportunity to prevent the negotiation telling Grand he could not do what would be disagreeable to Congress. Thus stands that affair.\u2014At the same time Parker united with the house of Le Coulteux and I believe Van Staphorst also, made another proposition to Mr. Necker. It was to pay immediately in French effects due at Amsterdam the sum of 34. millions, our capital. The arrears of interest which alone they insisted should be relinquished to them on the principle that they paid the minister ready money for a debt which became payable by degrees only and at distant periods. Mr. Necker in the first instant seemed delighted at the proposal; but ended with taking time to consider. The proposal was made two days ago. I have made no opposition to the latter proposal because it is advantageous to France, by no means dishonorable for America, and falls in with the views which the Secretary of the treasury has communicated  to me, viz. to have a proposition made from France to suspend the payment of the installments due and to become due for five or six years on condition that the arrears of interest should be immediately secured and measures taken for their regular payment in future. This was what he had mentioned to Count de Moustier also as he writes me, although he stated to me on his arrival here that his authority went much further. The company offers to subscribe to these proposals of the Secretary of the treasury if they become our [creditors]. Since writing the above I have learned from Parker that he has joined Mr. Morris in his plan, who has reduced the affair to writing and is coming to communicate it to me. He means to push the speculation with Mr. Necker and M. Montmorin and has hopes of succeeding in which case they expect to make a fortune by purchasing the French effects at their present low rate. They agree now to give not only the amount of the capital of our debt but of the interest also already due.\nMr. Necker\u2019s plan of finance still continues to be debated two days in each week. It meets with considerable opposition. It is even apprehended that the aristocratic party, who will oppose any plan that had the air of preventing the disorder which they wish for, and the enrag\u00e9s as they are called, i.e. Mirabeau, Barnave &c. will unite for the first time, to prevent the plan\u2019s passing. It will probably be decided in five or six days from this time. The system of finance and the constitution now occupy the assembly. They are at present treating the article of municipalities. The principles of unbounded liberty still reign in the assembly. They decided yesterday that in future Corsica should be considered as a part of France, enjoying equal privileges &c. &c. The exiles and particularly Paoli are allowed to return. Nothing has yet been done with respect to their islands.\nThe provinces of Flanders and Hainault have just joined in the revolt with Brabant. They are about forming a confederation. Several of the Imperial officers have given up their commissions and among them Count D\u2019Arberg who was second in command. Reinforcements are ordered from Bohemia for the low countries. As yet Prussia Holland and England do not venture to declare openly for the patriots. Still it is not doubted that some or all of these powers aid them. Hitherto they have been in every instance successful against the troops.\nThe only book that has been read here for some time except  those relative to the revolution, is the continuation of Rousseaus confessions. As it treats of persons well known here, many of whom are still living it is read with unexampled avidity. The secret history of Mde. D\u2019Houdetot and St. Lambert, and Rousseau\u2019s passion for the former is stated fully. I have not seen her since its appearance. It is difficult to say whether she will not be pleased with what is said. She is represented in such flattering colors that most people imagine few women in Paris would be displeased to be treated in that manner. She is there the model of fidelity to her lover though absent, and that as you know is the only fidelity which is valued here.\u2014Poor Grimm is handled in a very different style. It is impossible to conceive any thing more low, intriguing, and base than he is represented to have been. It is evident the picture is high colored. Still it must give him much uneasiness. He has been exceedingly ill for some time past, and came out to day for the first time. It is supposed this book has had a considerable influence on him.\nM. de Moustier much to the surprize of every body speaks in the highest terms of America. Mde. de Brehan also tells me she regrets it very much. She is outrageous at the measures that have prevailed and still prevail here. De Moustier is more moderate but by no means an enrag\u00e9.\u2014I received letters by Count de Moustier and another conveyance from Mr. Jay, inclosing one from the President to the King. He tells me my commission has not been made out on account of some want of formality in the office of foreign affairs which I did not understand.\u2014I shall continue to address my letters to him until I learn he has quitted the office. I inclose you a letter from Mde. de Corny, who is fully persuaded you will not be able to return. The son of Mde. de Brehan seems to have impressed her fully with this idea, and she expresses her regrets which I believe sincere. Be assured my dear Sir of the inviolable attachment of your friend & servant,\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0001", "content": "Title: William Short to John Jay, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nParis Nov. 30. 1789\nI had the honor of receiving yesterday your letter of Octob. the 13th. by Count de Moustier who arrived here five or six days ago. The letter for the King, the duplicate of the consular convention, and papers accompanying this letter were delivered me at the same time. I shall put the letter for the King into the hands of the Minister to-morrow. The consular convention which had been also received with your letter of Septem. the 17th. as mentioned in my last was immediately communicated, and that to be exchanged for it is now preparing. The present situation of the Bureaux will occasion a delay of some days yet, as the Minister informed me yesterday. I shall lose no time in forwarding it after its reception.\nThe opposition to the decrees of the national assembly which had begun to shew itself in some of the Parliaments and the States of Cambray has ceased and served only to shew the inutility of resistance. The assembly at the request of the King have withdrawn the prosecutions they had ordered against the refractory members of these bodies. Thus the political revolution may be considered as effected so far as it relates to the transfer of all power into the hands of the representatives of the people, but the affair of their finances will probably give them much trouble for some time to come. The Minister in whom the nation has for some time been accustomed to have an unlimited confidence describes their situation as so desperate, and proposes his remedy with so little hopes of success that all parties seem to be alarmed. Plans of finance are therefore proposed by many quite ignorant of the subject, and the assembly without confidence in that proposed by the Minister because he has so little confidence in it himself, are induced to listen to whoever has a plan to propose. Their attention is thus diverted from the main object and distracted by the variety presented to their view. The loss of time which this occasions and the uncertainty which it creates in the minds of all respecting future operations,  produce already bad effects on public confidence and may perhaps occasion the stoppage of payment which they are so solicitous to avoid. Still the resources of this country are so immense as well from their annual revenue, as the great objects of ecclesiastical property and royal domains that the evil can only be temporary. I learned by the papers you sent me as well as by Count de Moustier that you were at the head of the judiciary department. I have always thought that in order to reconcile the citizens of the United States to a change in their modes of trial to which men in all countries adhere with obstinacy, it would be necessary only to have at the head of this department a person of great talents and possessing the confidence of all. I have no doubt Sir that that object will be now answered and I most sincerely congratulate my country on the event. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble Servt.\nW Short.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0002", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 30 November 1789\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York Novr. 30th. 1789.\nYou will perceive by the enclosed letter (which was left for you at the Office of Foreign Affairs when I made a journey to the Eastern States) the motives on which I acted with regard to yourself, and the occasion of my explaining them at that early period.\nHaving now reason to hope from Mr. Trumbulls report that you will be arrived at Norfolk before this time (on which event I would most cordially congratulate you) and having a safe conveyance by Mr. Griffin, I forward your Commission to Virginia with a request  to be made acquainted with your sentiments as soon as you shall find it convenient to communicate them to me. With sentiments of very great esteem & regard I am, Dear Sir Your Most Obed. Hble. Servt.,\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Tatham, [1 December 1789]\nFrom: Tatham, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nMr. Goodes ManchesterTuesday Morning\nI am just inform\u2019d of Your Arrival and that You are expected in Richmond. I am confined to my Bed but that shall not prevent me from being among the first to congratulate You on your Return to Your Native Land, because I do it in sincerity.\nI am told You came by way of London. I hope You receiv\u2019d a Packet from me at that Place (tho\u2019 I rather imprudently made it an object with a Boat Man at Tenbay to destroy it for the Postage, which I inconsiderately paid Him and indorsed on the Letter). It containd Letters Introductory for Yourself and Suite to my Friends on the Northern Tour of England which I conjectured the troubles in France woud render a convenient one before You return\u2019d to America. I flattered myself with Your presence there before I came away, and felt an inexpressable pleasure, that my situation put it in my Power to contribute to the information and Amusement of Yourself and the Young Ladies, and make some small recompense for the Civilities You have so frequently shewn me.\nI rejoice much at Your Return to Richmond on my Own Account. It will give me an opportunity to triumph over Mine Enemies, and Governor Harrisons prejudices who on a hasty conjecture of one Act He did not understand, bore down my whole political Virtue, and condemn\u2019d me (unhear\u2019d) as an Enemy to America. You knew my conduct on that occasion while I was in Philadelphia. Be so obligeing as mention Your Sentiments to the Present Governor Randolph. He and Mr. Short generously stepd forward in my Defence, and it is now my duty to confirm the  propriety of the cause they so voluntarily advocated. As to those opposed to me I will not trouble you, for I wou\u2019d not have You turn on Your Heel to save me from the Censures of illiberallity.\u2014I hope I shall be able to get over to Richmond before You leave it. I wish much for an Hours conversation, if you can indulge me with so much of Your leisure Time. I have it at Heart to enter into public Service, if possible to return to England in the Cause of America. This is not a mere wish of Vanity, nor am I seeking a Fortune on the Ruins of my Fellow Citizens. When I have an opertunity to give you further information, I am vain enough to believe I shall have Your approbation and encouragement. If any office offers near You that will only clear my way as a Gentleman I wou\u2019d gladly be consider\u2019d a Candidate for Your interest. I will chearfully resign more than an equivalent to be with You. This will leave pecuniary Views out of the Question, and if a Consequence at the Court of Brittain is any object in politics I am persuaded the United States may render my services usefull in some secondary appointment for which my abilities may be suited.\u2014You know my Heart. Perhaps the World considers me as an adventurer on the common scale. My Duty to Mankind is my leading Principle. In this Cause I am accountable to my Creator. The Goods of this World are a small sacrifice when compared with the satisfaction of a Quiet Conscience. I have allready offerd (what the World call) much at this altar. I have still more to share. The remainder of a Life (shorten\u2019d by public Endeavours) in the Service of my Fellow Creatures will be chearfully tender\u2019d, and whilst the Spirit of true Republicanism warms my Heart towards the lowest Individual, I feel emboldend that the Royal Blood of the Boasted Throne of England, flows sufficiently in My own Veins, to give me a warrantable confidence with the most Assuming Monarch upon Earth tho\u2019 it shou\u2019d be my lott in the Viscisitudes of Fortune to perform the drudgery of the Street for a livelyhood.\u2014I write in Great Pain but in Sincerity Your Freind as You are the Freind of Man. In haste Yours,\nWm. Tatham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0004", "content": "Title: Jefferson\u2019s Reply to the Address of Welcome of the Virginia House of Delegates, [7\u20139 December 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Virginia House of Delegates\nI receive with humble gratitude, Gentlemen, the congratulations of the honorable the H. of Delegates on my return: And I beg leave thro\u2019 you to present them my thanks and dutiful respects. Could any circumstance heighten my affection to my native country, it would be the indulgence with which they view my feeble efforts to serve it and the esteem with which they are pleased to honour me. I shall hope to merit a continuance of their goodness by obeying the impulse of a zeal of which public good is the first object, and public esteem the highest reward. Permit me gentlemen for a moment to separate from my general thanks, the special ones I owe to you the organs of so flattering a communication.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0005", "content": "Title: Address of Welcome of the Virginia Senate, 8 December 1789\nFrom: Virginia Senate\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAs your merits led to your appointment of Minister Plenipotentiary  to one of the first Courts in Europe, under the late American Congress, so the Senate of Virginia, impressed with a high sense of them, are induced to congratulate you on your return into the bosom of your native Country. Their satisfaction would have been increased by this circumstance, if they could have hoped for the Aid of your Counsel in the particular exertions for the good of this Commonwealth; and they have no other gratification in the loss of you, than that their Brethren in the Union will participate of your abilities and virtues, and that you are again called to fill a Post in which you may be engaged in a manner suitable to your talents, and do honor to the Country in which you were born and bred.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0006", "content": "Title: Jefferson\u2019s Reply to the Address of Welcome of the Virginia Senate, [9 December 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Virginia Senate\nGentlemen\nI am filled with sentiments of the warmest gratitude by this very distinguished attention from the honorable the Senate. The visit to my native country, a pleasing event in itself, is rendered infinitely more so, by the welcome of so respectable a member of the sovereignty, and by the esteem they condescend to express for me personally. My faculties, such as they are, too poor indeed to be offered, are devoted to the public service; and their approbation is my supreme reward.\nBe so good, gentlemen, as to become the bearers of my homage to your honorable house, and accept my humble thanks to yourselves for the friendly office you have been pleased to take upon you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 10 December 1789\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond decr. 10. 1789.\nI shall make a statement of my account with Mr. Mazzei, as soon as I return home; and will forward it to you.\nThe encyclopedie I think a bargain, and shall retain it with pleasure. When we meet in N. York, I will pay you the price; stated in your late favor.\nI thank you for the map; and shall send the other maps, with two catgut battledores, to Mr. Donald.\nThe senate have disagreed to the 3d. 8th. 11th. and 12th. amendments. This day has been spent in a conference; the fruit of which cannot be known before monday. I am dear sir with great truth yr. friend and serv.,\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Zarisn\u00ff, 10 December 1789\nFrom: Zarisn\u00ff, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMons\u00e9igner\nDe luneville ce 10 decembre 1789\nPerm\u00e9tt\u00e9e que le nom\u00e9e joseph Zarisn\u00ff E\u00e9e lhonner de represent\u00e9re a son Excellance que je ne suis pas satisfet dune cource que jee fet de dunk\u00e9rque a paris Est de mes gagee de cette campagne. Josse vous Ecrire monseignere osix hardimant comme jee montree ma figure aux angl\u00e9st parceque je ne vous En inposse pas. Jene rep\u00e9tte pas mes service perconne nas ignoree notre bravoure. Jene  me lour\u00e9e d\u00e9s perconne qui cesont mis ala tete de cette armemant quapres avoire Etee p\u00e9e de mesgage de 11 mo\u00ff a un Louis par mo\u00ff Est de cette cource que jee fet de dunkerque aparis. Voila tout les pare aux prisze que jee ut 124\u20b6 9Sous. Pour prouv\u00e9rre a monseigner la veritee voila les l\u00e9ttre que jee recut de comissaire. Jeme recomande avos bontee acette Egare de macordere une p\u00e9tite gratification alors je seree comt\u00e9m Est satisfet Est ne cess\u00e9ree de ferre des veux aux cielle pour la conservation de la santee de monseigner.\nSil plessest a mons\u00e9igner de macorder une p\u00e9tite gratification voila mon adr\u00e9sse joseph Zarisn\u00ff rue dalemagne alun\u00e9ville.\nJee lhonner mons\u00e9igner avec tout le respec possible d\u00e9ttre vottre tres humble servitter\nJoseph Zarisn\u00ff\nJetet sur la pallasse aux hordre du comodore polle jon Est En suitte sur le serrapisse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0010", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Cyrus Griffin, 11 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Griffin, Cyrus\nDear Sir\nEppington Dec. 11. 1789.\nI am honored with your favor of to-day, and thank you for your care of the letter which accompanied it. I am sincerely sorry that I had not the pleasure of seeing you at Richmond, and of renewing to you viv\u00e2 voce the assurances of friendship and attachment which I have long entertained for you. With respect to the office I hold at present and that newly proposed to me, the indulgence of the President leaves me incertain. I shall state to him certain circumstances and ask his decision. If he chuses to make use of me here, I shall at all times and places be ready to render you any service  in my power. This however could only be on my arrival at New York, as I do not feel myself on such a footing with the President as to suggest any person to him but in the course of a conversation when a fit occasion could be made.\u2014I cannot at this time say from memory whether I received a letter from you inclosing others to the sisters of lady Christina, within a year past. If I did, I can answer for the having safely delivered them. I have none in charge from them at present. I am not without hopes of still seeing you either in a visit I must yet make to Richmond, or on my journey Northwardly. My daughter is thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and joins me in esteem for you. I am with great attachment dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Carter, 12 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carter, Charles\nDear Sir\nEppington Dec. 12. 1789.\nFinding that Mr. Eppes has made no purchase of horses for me, the bearer comes for those you were so kind as to offer me. Thinking it almost certain that they will suit me from what I hear of them, I send you enclosed an order on Mr. Donald for \u00a360.  which will be paid at sight: only be so good as to keep it up till Tuesday evening, because if, contrary to my expectations, the horses should not suit, they shall be returned to you by that time. If you have a third horse matching them in all respects and of the same age, price and qualities I will take him also: for as I shall go on to the Northward with a pair of horses in my phaeton, it will be a great relief that the horse on which my servant shall ride, may be changed with them occasionally.\u2014One word more, my dear Sir, which is to express my uneasiness at your h[aving] supposed I imputed to you a motive in the change of p[rice] which never entered my head. I could not think you wan[ted] to take advantage of any necessity of mine, because no s[uch] necessity existed. I shall not use the horses I purchase til[l] the month of March, consequently I could not be under the spur of necessity till then, besides this I knew you too well to have though[t] it under any circumstances. I am with sentiments of sincer[e] attachment & respect Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: J[efferson]\nPS. If you send a third horse I will send an order for paiment of the price either to yourself or Mr. Donald according as the first conveiance may offer to the one or the other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0014", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Farmers-General to Chalon, 18 November 1789\nFrom: Farmers-General\nTo: Chalon, M.\nEnclosureFarmers-General to Chalon\nVous nous faites part, Monsieur, par votre Lettre du 10. De ce mois de la demande qui vous a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite par M. de La Motte N\u00e9gociant de  Votre Ville relativement \u00e0 L\u2019Armement de plusieurs Navires Fran\u00e7ois qu\u2019il se propose d\u2019exp\u00e9dier pour aller chercher des Grains dans L\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale. Vous nous marquez que c\u2019est ce N\u00e9gociant qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 par M. de Jefferson de vous pr\u00e9senter les Capitaines Am\u00e9ricains qui ayant apport\u00e9 des Tabacs au Havre voudroient Charger \u00e0 Honfleur de Sels en retour aux conditions dont nous \u00e9tions convenus ici avec l\u2019Envoy\u00e9 des Etats unis, et vous ajout\u00e9s que M. de la Motte espere que nous ne serons pas moins dispos\u00e9 a faciliter les Armements Fran\u00e7ois pour une destination aussi privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e dans ce moment que celle de l\u2019importation des Bleds dans le Royaume, en fournissant \u00e0 ces Navires quelques Carguaisons de Sel qu\u2019ils prendroient \u00e0 Honfleur et qu\u2019ils exporteroient en Amerique, le B\u00e9nefice qu\u2019ils pourroient faire sur cette Sp\u00e9culation Le mettroit \u00e0 meme de Vendre \u00e0 meilleur march\u00e9 les Bleds qu\u2019ils raporteroient en retour.\u2014Nous desirerions beaucoup, Monsieur, pouvoir entrer dans Les Vues de M. de La Motte mais nous vous Observerons que nous n\u2019avons Jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 dans l\u2019usage de Vendre des Sels au Commerce, que ceux que nous faisons venir chaque ann\u00e9e au Havre et \u00e0 Honfleur, Sont destin\u00e9s en entier \u00e0 l\u2019aprovisionnement des Gabelles, que ce n\u2019\u00e9toit que par une condescendance Particuliere pour la demande de M. de Jefferson Envoy\u00e9 des Etats unis, que nous avions consenti \u00e0 faire d\u00e9livrer \u00e0 honfleur \u00e0 quartre \u00e0 Cinq Navires Am\u00e9ricains qui avoient aport\u00e9 des Tabacs au Havre, Six a Sept Cent muids de Sel dont nous nous trouvions pour le moment dans le cas de pouvoir disposer pour cet usage, en arr\u00eatant l\u2019Envoy qui s\u2019en faisoit dans ce tems l\u00e0 \u00e0 Dieppedalle. Ces Navires Americains \u00e9tant repartis sans charger les dits Sels, que nous leur avions destin\u00e9s, ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exp\u00e9di\u00e9s pour Dieppedalle, en sorte que nous n\u2019avons plus dans ce moment \u00e0 Honfleur que deux mille muids de Sel. Il en faut, comme vous savez, pr\u00e9s de 1800 mds. pour l\u2019aprovisionnement n\u00e9cessaire de deux ann\u00e9es dans ces D\u00e9pots qui doivent fournir Les Greniers de la Basserive de la Seine dans la proportion d\u2019environ neuf cent muids par an. Il n\u2019y a donc qu\u2019un Exc\u00e9dent de deux Cent muids dont une partie sera consomm\u00e9e par le D\u00e9chet que ces Sels Suporteront.\nCette Explication que nous vous prions de transmettre \u00e0 M. de la Motte lui Justifiera L\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 absol\u00fce o\u00f9 nous sommes de lui procurer la facilit\u00e9 qu\u2019il auroit desir\u00e9e pour sa Speculation, mais il lui est facile d\u2019envoyer ses Navires charger des Sels \u00e0 Brouage d\u2019o\u00f9 ils contin\u00fceront Leur route pour l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale. Vous devez le prevenir aureste, s\u2019il n\u2019en \u00e9toit pas inform\u00e9, que les Sels par le Manque absolu de la R\u00e9colte de cette ann\u00e9e, ont considerablement rench\u00e9ri, puis qu\u2019on nous mande que Le muid ras que nous avions achet\u00e9 au mois de Janvier dernier au prix de 9.\u20b6 rendu \u00e0 bord, se vend presentement 22.\u20b6, et qu\u2019il est apparent que ce prix s\u2019elevera encore. Ces Sels nous reviendront ainsi pour Le fournissement de l\u2019ann\u00e9e prochaine \u00e0 plus de 90.\u20b6 Le muid de Paris rend\u00fb \u00e0 Honfleur, et si d\u2019apr\u00e8s ce que nous avons dit ici a M. de Jefferson, quelques Capitaines Americains ayant aport\u00e9 des Tabacs au Havre, venoient \u00e0 nous demander \u00e0 charger des Sels \u00e0 Honfleur au mois de mai prochain, tems o\u00f9 nous commenceront \u00e0 en recevoir de Brouage, nous ne pourrions  les leur vendre moins de Cent Livres le muid de Paris. C\u2019est ce que nous vous prions de faire connoitre \u00e0 M. de la Motte Correspondant de M. de Jefferson, aussi qu\u2019il lui en ecrive, S\u2019il le Juge necessaire.\nSign\u00e9\nDelahante\nTaillepied\nDemontilar\nPuissant\nCouturier\nCouturier\nSt.Amand", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0015", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 12 December 1789\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York 12 Decr. 1789.\nIt gives me great Pleasure to address a Letter to you in our own country. Being informed of your having sailed, the Storm a few weeks ago rendered us apprehensive that you might be at least embarrassed on the coast.\u2014I congratulate you very sincerely on your arrival, and join in the general wish that you may consent to remain among us, in the Station to which during your absence and without your Knowledge you have been appointed. The change in our Government will enable you to employ in that Department your Talents and Information in a Manner as useful to the public and honorable to yourself as you have done during your Legation in France.\nThe young Gentlemen in the Office (who are the only ones I have employed in it) are sollicitous that I should mention them to you in such Terms as I conceive they merit. Their Conduct has given me entire Satisfaction, and therefore I think it my Duty to give you this Information. With great Esteem and Regard I have the Honor to be Dear Sir your most obt. & hble Servt.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Carter, 13 December 1789\nFrom: Carter, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nShirley Decr. 13th 1789\nAgreeable with your request, I have deliver\u2019d the Horses to Mr. Eppes\u2019s Servant. He will leave the Hundred early in the morning, and easily reach Eppington before Night. You will be pleased to take or refuse them as you think proper. I shall be perfectly satisfied either way. You may if you please, drive them in the Neighbourhood on Tuesday, and if you don\u2019t approve of them, Let the Boy lead them down again on Wednesday.\u2014I was certainly hurt at the Story I heard, but your polite behaviour at Richmond convinced me that you could not think meanly of me. You may rest assured that the order shall not be presented sooner than Thursday next, and if in the mean time you return the Horses I shall burn it. My best wishes attend your little family and the good people of Winter Pock. I am dear Sir most respectfully Yr. ob hble Servant,\nChars. Carter\nP.S. I am not quite certain whether these Horses are 4 or 5 years old, I think they are five years old the last Spring, but my Neighbours say, they are only four.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0018", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William B. Giles, 13 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Giles, William Branch\nSir\nEppington Dec. 13. 1789.\nI am honored with your favor of the 9th on the subject of the hire of my servant, but as my stay in Virginia will be too short to intermeddle with my affairs I must beg the favor of you to do in the matter as you would have done had I not returned.\u2014I take the liberty of asking information from you, if you know who are the executors or administrators of the late young Mr. John Bannister, as I have some business with them and have not been able to learn who they are. Your answer by the bearer will much oblige Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William B. Giles, 13 December 1789\nFrom: Giles, William Branch\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPetersburg Decbr. 13th. 1789.\nI am this moment honord with your very polite favor of this morning, inclosing sundry papers the purport of which I have attentively examined. I have made inquiries of some of my Friends of this town who were with me at the Receipt of your favor, respecting Mr. Mark\u2019s situation in life and from their advice have reason to apprehend that Monsr. de Vernon may repent the confidence, he hath reposed in Mr. Mark. My inquiries however shall not stop here, and when I shall become further informed (agreeably to your request) I will with Pleasure write fully to Monsr. De Vernon on the subject and freely use every exertion in my power which may render Monsr. de Vernon any assistance in regaining his money from Mr. Mark.\nI am unable to give you any certain information respecting the administration of the younger Mr. Bannister\u2019s estate, which I believe hath not been regularly granted to any person, but I believe he hath died intestate and that Mr. Dunbar of Charles City hath taken upon himself the management of the estate since Mr. Bannister\u2019s Death. I will however Sir procure the best information on this subject and take pleasure in communicating it to you.\nYou will find inclosed a rough statement of your Servant\u2019s account which I beleive to be satisfactory to him. I now deliver him the Ballance due him, the appropriation of which I submit to you to direct.\nI shall always feel myself honord in attending to any commands with which you shall think proper to intrust me, and am Sir with the highest Respect and esteem your most Obdt. Servt.,\nWm. B. Giles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0021", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Platt, 14 December 1789\nFrom: Platt, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York December 14th. 1789.\nHaving received from my friend Major E. Haskell, your Excellency\u2019s Certificate, of which the inclosed is a Copy, Observing with pleasure your safe arrival in Virginia, and apprehending it will be some considerable time, before your coming on to this place; I take the liberty of requesting the favor of you to transmit me the Certificates by Post, under cover either to the Chief Justice of the United States, or to the Secretary at War. I flatter myself, that my urgent Necessity for the want of the Certificates, will apologize to you, for this trouble. I have the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient, and most humble Servant,\nRichd: Platt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0022", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 14 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nEppington Dec. 14. 1789.\nMy last letter was written to you on our coming to anchor. Since that my time has been divided between travelling and the society of my friends, and I avail myself of the first vacant interval to give you the news of the country to which therefore I shall proceed without further prelude.\nMarriages. Ben. Harrison of Brandon to a daughter of Mrs. Byrd.\nDoctor Currie to a widow Ingles, daughter of a Mr. Aitcheson.\nPolly Cary to a Mr. Peachy of Amelia.\nN. Burwell of the grove to the widow of Colo. Baylor, a Page formerly.\nBetsy Taliaferro to a Mr. Call.\nNancy Taliaferro to a Mr. Nicholas son of G. Nicholas Petersburg.\nBecca Taliaferro toand she dead.\nTwo of R. Adams\u2019s daughters to Marshall (brother of your acquaintance) the other to Mayo Carrington.\nPeter Randolph of Chatsworth to Miss Southall of Wmsburgh.\nBilly Cocke (of Bremo) to a daughter of W. Armistead of Hesse.\nYour brother Peyton Short to Miss Sym, daughter of a Mr. Sym formerly member of Congress for Jersey, and one of the partners in the great purchases of lands made of Congress. Your brother is to bring his wife to New York in the spring, then to come here alone to persuade his friends and particularly your sisters to go with him to Kentuckey, to which place he will return again by New York.\nDeaths.\nColo. Dick Cary, the judge.\nJames Cocke of Wmsburg.\nGovernor Caswell of Carolina.\nColo. Taliaferro near Wmsburgh.\nColo. Jordan of Buckingham.\nMrs. Harris of Powhatan.\nMrs. Norton.\nMrs. Digges (wife of Colo. Dudley D.).\nMrs. Nicholas, widow of R. C. Nicholas.\nMrs. Lindsay, wife of Reuben Lindsay.\nTerence, your servant.\nYour sister Edmund\u2019s death you know of.\nMiscellaneous events. Mr. Wythe has abandoned the college of Wm. & Mary, disgusted with some of the conduct of the professors, and particularly of the ex-professor Bracken, and perhaps too with himself for having suffered himself to be too much irritated with that. The visitors will try to condemn what gave him offence and press him to return: otherwise it is over with the  college. Mr. Henry at the present session made an unsuccesful attempt to get a portion of the revenues of Wm. & Mary transferred to Hampden Sidney: that academy, too, abandoned by Smith is going to nothing, owing to the religious phrensy they have inspired into the boys young and old, which their parents have no taste for. North Carolina has acceded to the new constitution by a great majority. We have not heard whether at the same time they accepted the new amendments. These have been accepted by our House of delegates, but will probably not be so, entire, by the Senate, \u215e of whom are antifederal. Rhode island has again refused the new constitution. Antifederalism is not yet dead in this country. The gentlemen who opposed it retain a good deal of malevolence towards the new government. Henry is it\u2019s avowed foe. He stands higher in public estimation than he ever did. Yet he was so often in the minority in the present assembly that he has quitted it, never more to return, unless an opportunity offers to overturn the new constitution. E. Randolph made a proposition to call a convention to amend our form of government. It failed as he expected.\u2014Our new Capitol when the corrections are made of which it is susceptible will be an edifice of first rate dignity. Whenever it shall be finished with the proper ornaments belonging to it (which will not be in this age) it will be worthy of being exhibited along side the most celebrated remains of antiquity. It\u2019s extreme convenience has acquired it universal approbation. There is one street in Richmond (from the bridge strait on towards Currie\u2019s) which would be considered as handsomely built in any city of Europe. The town below Shockoe creek is so deserted, that you cannot get a person to live in a house there rentfree. Mayo\u2019s bridge is repaired and brings him in about 20. dollars a day. He will be obliged however to take it away during two or three months of the year, for fear of floods. He has taken advantage of two islands so that it consists of three bridges, the first and second of which, next to Richmond, are of pontoons, the third is on boats. There is 2200 feet of bridge in the whole. The canal from Westham will be opened three days hence and the canoes then come to Broadrock, within 2. miles of Richmond. It will be 3. years before the residue will be finished. There are two locks only, and will be no more. Our neighborhood at Monticello is much improved. Colo. Monroe is living at Charlottesville; so is John Nicholas of Buckingham who is married to Louisa Carter of Wmsburgh. A Colo. Bell is there also, who is said to be a very good man. Doctr. Gilmer where Dick Harvie lived: the latter with his mother &c.  gone to Georgia. Molly Nicholas keeps batchelor\u2019s house in Williamsburg. So does Polly Stith. And Becca Lewis (sister of Warner) is coming there to do the same. Tabby Eppes has not yet come to that resolution. Brackenridge whom you knew lives at the globe near J. Cole\u2019s. Wilson Nicholas lives in Albemarle also, on the great river. Joshua Fry has sold his lands there to E. Randolph, who by this and other purchases has embarrassed himself a good deal.\nAppointments. Supreme court. Mr. Jay, J. Rutledge, Wilson, Cushing, Rob. H. Harrison. J. Blair. Every state forms a District, and has a District court. E. Pendleton was appointed District judge of Virginia: but he refuses. Several Districts form a Circuit (of which there are three in the whole) the circuit court is composed of two of the supreme judges and the judge of the District wherein they are sitting. So that the latter need never go out of his state: whereas the supreme judges will be to make four journies a year, two to New York, two to the District courts of their circuit. Marshall is Attorney for the District court of Virginia, and E. Carrington marshal of it, i.e. sheriff. E. Randolph is Attorney General for the Supreme court and removes to New York the beginning of next month. Osgood is Postmaster general. Salaries are as follows.\nSecretary\nof state\nDollars\nof the Treasury\nof war\nComptroller of the treasury\nAuditor\nTreasurer\nRegister\nGovernor of the Western territory\nJudges of the Western territory\nAssistant of Secretary of treasury\nof Secretary of state\nof Secretary of war\nCongress have suppressed the Secretaryship of foreign affairs, and put that and the whole domestic administration (war and finance excepted) into one principal department, the person at the head of which is called the Secretary of state. When I arrived at Norfolk I saw myself in the newspapers nominated to that office; and here I have received the commission and President\u2019s letter. In this however he very kindly leaves it optional in me to accept of that  or remain at Paris as I chuse. It was impossible to give a flat refusal to such a nomination. My answer therefore is that the office I hold is more agreeable to me, but yet if the President thinks the public service will be better promoted by my taking that at New York I shall do it. I do not know how it will end; but I suppose in my remaining as I am.\u2014Frugality is a good deal restored in this country, and domestic manufactures resumed. Mr. Skipwith, who is here, promises me to write you fully on your affairs. I made up a bundle of newspapers for you, but I shall endeavor to send them clear of postage, so that they may get separated from this. Tomorrow I go on with Mr. Skipwith to his house, and then plunge into the Forests of Albemarle. You will not hear from me again till I go to New York which will be in March. Remember me to all my friends who may ask after me, as if I had here named them; and believe me to be your affectionate friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nRichmond 15th. Decemr. 1789\nI sincerely hope that this letter will find you safe arrived at Monticello. I have been told that you had sent for Mr. Carter\u2019s  horses. I therefore lay my account with your drawing acquaintance, James Brown (who has the sole management of my business) in favour of that Gentleman for Sixty Pounds, which you may assure yourself will meet due honour.\nI herewith send you a letter from Mr. Edmund Randolph, who sent down here two days ago, Two Parcells of Elegant and Correct Maps, and a pair of Racketts for playing Tennis. Pray what is to be done with them?\nI was withheld by considerations of Delicacy from saying much to you about your present Crop of Tobacco. You were pleased to ask me whether it was most for the Interest of the Planter to ship his Tobacco, or to sell it in the Country. There is no subject that I can give so decided an opinion upon. Where the quality is good, it must ever be the Interest of the Planter to Ship it, as it is clearly his Interest to sell in the Country if mean. A Purchaser here has not the opportunity of seeing what he buys, or if he had, dare he make the true discrimination between the different qualities. Some Tobacco passed at this place is worth 12. or 15. \u214c. Ct. more than others passed at the same Inspection, but a purchaser who has a retail Store, or who has many debts owing to him, dare not give one man 12. or 15./ more than he gives another, For the man who has the mean Tobacco will insist upon the very same price that was given for the good, or he will be affronted, and leave off dealing with the man who has made such a distinction, or allow his Creditor to get his money as he can. In London the case is totally reversed. No man there will buy a hhd. till he sees it, and then he gives for it whatever it appears to be really worth. For a mean hhd. he will not give more than 2 \u00bdd \u214c lb. when at the same time he will not hesitate to give 4 \u00bdd. for another, and both hhds. probably passed at the same Inspection in this State. This I assure you I have repeatedly known to happen, a difference of two pence \u214c Pound is above Eight Pounds sterling \u214c hhd., and the Commission, Freight and charges are the same on both. From the foregoing reasoning you will see the principles that I go upon; If they are just, my commission must be equally so. I am very confident that I have refused the Consignment of some Thousand Hhds. for the best of all reasons, a belief that the quality was mean. My Commission as I have already observed is the same. I charge one guinea in full of every thing upon a mean hhd., and I charge no more upon the best.\u2014But should you still entertain any doubt of what you should do with your Crop, and come to a resolution of selling in the Country, you will much oblige me by offering it  to me. I will give as much as any man for it, and pay the money upon delivery. I take it for granted that you do not stand in need of any advance upon your Tobacco, should you conclude upon shipping it, but if you do I have no objection to advancing you Nine or Ten Pounds stg. \u214c hhd. on it.\nYour Puppies are thriving apace. I wish I could with truth say so much of their Mamma. I shall not have much Credit by her, she is regularly fed, and has plenty of water by her.\nWhenever your waggons come down, the Packages mentioned in your memorandum shall be sent. Whenever I can serve you, I hope you will command me with the utmost Freedom. I am with great Respect My Dear Sir Your mo. obt. hum. St., A. Donald I find that Mr. Skipwith has already gotten the letter from Mr. Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0024", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Dunbar, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dunbar, John\nSir\nEppington Dec. 15. 1789.\nHaving a small matter of business with the estate of the late Mr. Bannister the younger, and being informed that no person has as yet qualified to administer on his estate, but that in the mean time you are so kind as to attend to it, I take the liberty of addressing myself to you, hoping, if I have been misinformed, you will be so good as to put my letter into the proper hands.\nWhen Mr. Bannister was about to leave Paris in January or February 1787. he found that he had not money enough by a considerable sum to pay his debts and carry him to Havre where he was to embark for America. He communicated his difficulty to me, and asked me to lend him what might be necessary to relieve him from it. The distress to which he was exposed, his worth, and my regard for him and his family were motives more than sufficient to induce me to extricate him from his embarrassments. The morning he was going away I sent him (by his servant whom he had sent with a letter to me for that purpose) what was necessary for the accounts he had already got in, and his expences to Havre, and he returned me from Havre his promisory note for the money dated at that place February 10. 1787. and now in my  possession but there were some accounts which he had not been able to get in, nor even to know their exact amount. He desired Mr. Burrill Carnes, American Consul at Nantes, but then at Paris and in intimate habits of friendship with him, to get in and settle these accounts, and I charged myself with their paiment. Mr. Carnes sent me a specification of them the 19th. of February and I paid him their amount on the spot, being 1241 livres 9 sols as appears by that specification and his receipt now in my hands.\nI have a letter of Mr. Bannister\u2019s of January 31. 1788. apologising for his making me no remittance, and another of April 20. 1788. with a bill of exchange of \u00a350 sterling inclosed in it as a partial paiment, which bill was protested for nonpaiment. By these several vouchers it appears that my advances for Mr. Bannister have amounted to 4073 livres 19 sols, which at 25 livres to the pound sterl. (the common exchange) is \u00a3162 19 sterl. But, recurring to my private memorandums, I find I have noted against him only 3173 livres, 19 sols or \u00a3128.19 sterl. Consequently, either I have omitted 900 livres or 36 sterl. to my prejudice, or Mr. Bannister has made an error of that amount to his prejudice. My memory not enabling me to say which has been the case, I am willing to suppose the latter, and consequently that my advances, contrary to the evidence of the vouchers, may have been but 3173 livres, 19 sols, or \u00a3126 19. sterl. I desire no advantage of extraordinary. interest to be taken of the circumstance of his bill having been protested. The account then will stand as follows.\nMr. John Bannister junr. deceased to Th: Jefferson \nDr.\nlivres\nsols\nFeb. 10\nTo his Promisory note\nFeb. 19\nTo cash to Burrill Carnes for discharge of his accounts\nOct. 21\nTo charges of Protest on his exchange of \u00a350. sterl. being 26/\nBy a supposed error as before explained\nPrincipal remaining due to Th:J\nShould yourself or any other person be so kind as to honour me with an answer on this subject, if sent to the care of Mr. Alexander Donald at Richmond, it will find me in this country till the middle of February.\nI beg leave through you, Sir, to present my respects to Mrs. Dunbar and Mrs. Bannister, and have the honour to be with sentiments of great esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0025", "content": "Title: William Short to John Jay, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 15. 1789\nI make use of a private conveyance which presents itself to send to you though by a circuitous route, the gazettes of France and Leyden, the journals of the national assembly, and some other papers which I have thought might be agreeable to you. The two first will present a very accurate idea of the present state of politics in Europe as low as they come. But information of a later date from the Austrian Netherlands has just arrived here. A truce had been agreed on and the Emperor had sent M. Cobenzel, formerly his minister at Brussels and very much beloved in that country, with full powers to arrange all differences. The offers of the Emperor, and the conduct of his generals, were so different from what had been expected, that it was supposed by all, the truce would be converted into a full reconciliation. In this situation of affairs an express was received last night by the Count de la Marck, inviting him to come immediately to take command of the troops of Flandres. That province which came into the opposition later than Brabant seemed now less disposed to listen to terms of accomodation. The Count de la Marck who is of the richest and most illustrious family in that country had long since entered into the service of France and is a member of the national assembly. He immediately set out from hence, and in his letter written this morning to the President to notify his absence, he said he should want himself to support in his native country those principles which he had just seen established in his country by adoption. This circumstance is the more remarked as the Count de la Marck has been uniformly an avowed enemy to the present revolution in France, and considered among the most zealous supporters of the aristocratical party.\nThe intelligence brought by the express was that Brussels had been surprised by the patriotic army. The first redoubts which were attacked were carried, and a considerable number of the Imperial  troops joining the patriotic colors, put the town immediately into their hands. General D\u2019Alton who commanded, escaped with such of the troops as adhered to him, and was endeavouring to get to Luxemburg whilst a detachment of the patriotic forces was endeavoring to intercept him. This intelligence however is not official, and as the express came from Gand he may be mistaken in some of the details. Several letters have arrived here however this morning which confirm them.\nYou will recieve inclosed also Sir, the plan proposed by M. de la Borde for alleviating the present distresses of finance by a bank. It was received with great applause by the assembly and a committee imediately appointed to report on it in conjunction with the Minister. After some days examination the plan was considered by the committee as absolutely inadmissible. As among the great variety which had been presented to the assembly, this alone had been put in competition with that proposed by the minister, there is no doubt his will be adopted. No report has been yet made, but one of the committee told me a few days ago that this would be the case, with some inconsiderable alterations. He added that the plan was considered as very defective by the committee, but the least objectionable means of passing over the next year, after which term the resources and exigencies of the nation would be properly balanced.\nI send you also Sir, a state of the expences and demands for the months of November and December, with the receipts for the same term. It will shew you an alarming and pressing deficit. It is that which exacts so imperiously the immediate application of some kind of remedy.\nThe motion in behalf of the colonies herewith inclosed will shew you that that subject is before the assembly. The committee which has for some time had it under consideration have not yet made their report. I don\u2019t doubt the liberty of their commerce, as far as it regards their supplies of provisions, will be extended. I have had several conferences with one of the deputies who will make considerable exertions in the business. The merchants of Bordeaux and Nantes are giving it every opposition in their power and particularly those who are members of the assembly.\nI mentioned in my letter to the Secretary of the Treasury accompanying my last to you, the nature of proposals made to the ministry here by two different companies for the purchase of our debt to France. They have since united and intend proposing terms more advantageous than those mentioned in my letter. From a conversation  I had yesterday with M. de Montmorin, I think it certain their terms will be accepted. Should that be the case I shall lose no time in giving information of it. I will ask the favor of you Sir to communicate this circumstance to the Secretary of the Treasury.\nThe letter from the President to the King was delivered as mentioned in my last. I waited on the minister yesterday to recieve the ratification of the consular convention. He had made me hope for it long before, but it is not yet ready and the present confusion of all public offices is the reason he has always given for the delay, which he assures me however shall not be continued more than a few days.\nThe medal executed here for Commodore P. Jones, by order of Congress, has lately been received by me and Mr. Grand has paid the Artist its amount agreeable to the contract with Mr. Jefferson, out of the money deposited in his hands for that purpose. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0026", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 15 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nChesterfeild Dec. 15. 1789.\nI have received at this place the honour of your letters of Oct. 13 and Nov. 30. and am truly flattered by your nomination of me to the very dignified office of Secretary of state: for which permit me here to return you my humble thanks. Could any circumstance seduce me to overlook the disproportion between it\u2019s duties and my talents it would be the encouragement of your choice. But when I contemplate the extent of that office, embracing as it does the principal mass of domestic administration, together with the foreign, I cannot be insensible of my inequality to it: and I should enter on it with gloomy forebodings from the criticisms and censures of a public just indeed in their intentions, but sometimes misinformed and misled, and always too respectable to be neglected. I cannot but foresee the possibility that this may end disagreeably for one, who, having no motive to public service but the public satisfaction, would certainly retire the moment that satisfaction should appear to languish. On the other hand I feel a degree of familiarity with the duties of my present office, as far at least as I am capable  of understanding it\u2019s duties. The ground I have already passed over enables me to see my way into that which is before me. The change of government, too, taking place in the country where it is exercised, seems to open a possibility of procuring from the new rulers some new advantages in commerce which may be agreeable to our countrymen. So that as far as my fears, my hopes, or my inclination might enter into this question, I confess they would not lead me to prefer a change.\u2014But it is not for an individual to chuse his post. You are to marshal us as may best be for the public good: and it is only in the case of it\u2019s being indifferent to you that I would avail myself of the option you have so kindly offered in your letter. If you think it better to transfer me to another post, my inclination must be no obstacle: nor shall it be, if there is any desire to suppress the office I now hold, or to reduce it\u2019s grade. In either of these cases, be so good only as to signify to me by another line your ultimate wish, and I shall conform to it cordially. If it should be to remain at New York, my chief comfort will be to work under your eye, my only shelter the authority of your name, and the wisdom of measures to be dictated by you, and implicitly executed by me. Whatever you may be pleased to decide, I do not see that the matters which have called me hither will permit me to shorten the stay I originally asked; that is to say, to set out on my journey Northward till the month of March. As early as possible in that month I shall have the honor of paying my respects to you in New York. In the mean time I have that of tendering you the homage of those sentiments of respectful attachment with which I am Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0027", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nHors du monde Dec. 17. 1789.\nI enclose you the letter to Mr. Wythe. We arrived here safely last night in eight hours and a half from your house, having been obliged by the lateness of our departure to come rather brisker than we would have chosen. However the horses were perfectly  well after it. We had got everything over the river before day light shut in. The girls are well except as to their colds which are much the same. Be so good as to remember the wild cherry trees and ray grass. Present me affectionately to Mrs. Eppes and the children and believe me to be Dear Sir Your sincere friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Temple Franklin, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Franklin, William Temple\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Decr. 17. 1789.\nAmidst the Congratulations of Public Bodies on your Arrival will you receive those of an Individual, who has long entertained the highest Esteem for your Character, as a Man, a Philosopher, and a Statesman.\nPermit me also felicitate you on your late honorable Appointment, tho\u2019 I am not certain you will accept of it; but this I know, that if you do, I shall in common with my Countrymen rejoice at the Event.\nIt is fortunate for this Country, that the Executive is now vested in a Person, who knows how to distinguish and reward Merit; and in no Instance has he given a greater Proof of it, than in the Choice he has made of you to fill one of the first and most important Places in Government.\nBut notwithstanding your Return to your native Country has been attended with the most flattering and pleasing Circumstances, you will I am confident frequently regret the amiable and enlighten\u2019d Circle of your Parisian Friends. You were I have been told fix\u2019d much to your Satisfaction, and happy in a select Society. No one I believe that ever lived long in Paris, would leave it without Reluctance: Yours however must in some degree have been diminish\u2019d, owing to the present disagreable State of Affairs in that Country. Your Situation there latterly must, I think, have been not altogether pleasing; and perhaps not perfectly safe. The Minister of a Country, which it is suppos\u2019d sow\u2019d there the Seeds of Liberty, might be suspected of assisting in the Harvest. I long much to see you and hear your Account of Affairs there, for as yet we have had but a very imperfect one: I have likewise to treat with you relative to some Busts &c. belonging to Mr. Hudon, who in a late Letter refers me to you. I made him an Offer of Land for them, as they would not sell here; and as we have no Person who  understands packing such Things, I was confident they would be broke to Pieces if attempted to be sent back to him; besides incurring a considerable Expence of Freight &c. I am not however very anxious about having them, if you can dispose of them to greater Advantage; as I think it not improbable that I shall soon go to Europe, having (as you will perceive by the inclosed, which I handed to several of the Senate; and one nearly similar to the President) hinted my Wish to be employ\u2019d in the Diplomatic Line. I know from good Authority that the President is well disposed towards me, and desirous of complying with my Views, but that he waits your entering on the Duties of your Office previous to making any foreign Arrangements. Should you think me worthy your Patronage I know you will afford it me, and not else; I need not therefore solicit it; but whether I obtain it or not, I hope you will do me the Justice to believe me, with unfeigned Respect & Esteem, Dear Sir, Your most obedt. Friend & Servt.,\nW. T. Franklin\nMy Grandfather desires me to present to you his most affectionate Respects:\u2014His Health is but very indifferent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0029", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 17 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nCumberland Dec. 17. 1789.\nMy friend Mr. Eppes is informed that his son\u2019s situation at the college, by subjecting him to attendance on certain courses of lectures, withdraws him from the pursuit of what you might recommend preferably. But his first wish being that his son should follow implicitly what you would be so good as to recommend, he does not hesitate to decide on his quitting the college, and boarding in such a part of the town as you think best, where he may be employed as you shall direct. On this subject he writes to his son. His wish is to bring him up to the law, and we imagine that till he shall be ready to begin the study of that, he may usefully take lessons sometimes in the mathematics and Natural philosophy, and begin a course of historical reading: because these will extend the sphere of his knowlege if he should embrace the profession of the [law] and be ornamental, useful, and pleasant to him, if circumstances determine him finally to prefer the equally respected occupations of agriculture, and domestic life. I join my solicitations,  my dear Sir, to Mr. Eppe\u2019s, that you will be so good as continue your good offices to this our young friend, assured that [Mr.] Eppes will in all cases desire him to conform to whatever you de[sire] and that he will consider himself as under the greatest obligations as will also your sincere and affectionate friend,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0031", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from B\u00e9thune-Charost, 22 December 1789\nFrom: B\u00e9thune-Charost, Armand Joseph, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLa haye Ce 22. Xbre. 1789.\nLa marque de Confiance, Monsieur, qui vient de vous \u00eatre accord\u00e9e, est la juste r\u00e9compense de vos travaux et de vos vertus. Personne ici n\u2019en est Surpris, et je ne Serai point \u00e9tonn\u00e9 d\u2019apprendre un jour qu\u2019Elle n\u2019a Surpris que Vous.\nIl S\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 ce moment un nouvel Etat en Europe, dont les rapports Commerciaux peuvent devenir fort importans pour les Etats Unis. Me permettriez-vous, Monsieur, de vous adresser \u00e0 ce Sujet un m\u00e9moire instructif, dont, si vous le jug\u00e9s convenable et pour plus grande pr\u00e9caution, Je pourrois en m\u00eame temps envoyer le Duplicata \u00e0 M. Adams \u00e0 Londres.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec un tr\u00e8s Sinc\u00e8re attachement, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Servit[eur,]\nB\u00e9thune-[Charost]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0032", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Sarly, 22 December 1789\nFrom: Sarly, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nShip America Wampoa, ChinaDecemr. the 22d. 1789\nAs the Commander of an American Ship I feel it a Duty incumbant on me to Inform you of any Circumstances which may affect the Dignity or Honour of my Country in this Quarter of the Glo[be].\nAnd as it has been my study during my Abscence to Support the character of an American; I feel the Insult offered to our Colours  with double force by Foreigners wearing them without the smallest title to that Priviledge;\nAnd as I Concieve that the only means of making ourselves respectable abroad depends on our Own Conduct, I could not pass over the present which is the Reason of my Troubling you;\nThere are here Sir two French ships (under American Colours) both I understand belonging to the Isle of France; the one Called the Washington, having the Papers of a ship of that Name which was sold some time since, and the former Captain a Mr. Haskell is the nominal Commander of the Present one;\nThe other is without any Papers except French and False Portuguese, which he endeavoured to Pass with at Macao, but that not being Permitted, they proceeded to this Port, under American Colours, and Fortunately for them they met with the Ship Jay, (Thomas Randall Esqr Commander,) a few miles below this, and who I am well informed for a small sum of money protects her as his Property;\nThis mode of Conduct from a Person under the Character of one coming from America has appeared to me extremely Irregular, and I think I should not do myself, nor my Country Justice, to be a Witness to such proceedings, without Conveying the Information of it to you. Independant of this, the Conduct of the Ship toward the British has been very Improper, and which has Cast a Reflection on our Flag here. I trust Sir you will Excuse the Liberty I have taken, and Attri[bute] it to no other than the Real Motive, that of Endeavouring to [keep] the Colours of America Sacred in Foreign Ports; And am Sir Your Most Obedient Servt.\nJacob Sarly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0033", "content": "Title: William Short to John Jay, 22 December 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 22. 1789\nIn my last I mentioned the retreat of the Imperial troops from  Brussels. The last accounts of General D\u2019Alton who commands them are that he had arrived at Namur and after a short stay, left it in hopes of remaking Luxemburg. In this retreat through a part of the country known for its zeal in the opposition, the troops confined their hostilities to personal defences. Much the greater part joined the inhabitants. It was their defection which forced so unexpectedly the retreat of the general. The victorious party have shown the greatest moderation at Brussels. Every precaution is taken for the security of the personal property of those who are obnoxious on account of their attachment to the Emperor. So long as the views of the patriotic party were confined merely to a resistance to the Sovereign a perfect union of sentiment prevailed, but the progress of events, as was to be expected, has enlarged their views and rendered them dissimilar. The nobles and clergy are not averse to an accomodation which should render to the Belgick provinces their ancient privileges, as by them the Tiers Etat is counted for little. It is not doubted they will make use of their present knowledge of their forces and of the example of France to require conditions of a different kind. A variety of ideas have already made their appearance among the leading members of the different orders. As yet however there are not sufficient data to form a conjecture of the result. At present the Emperor seems to have thrown himself on the discretion of the provinces. His tone of co-ercion is changed into that of solicitation and will continue so probably unless peace should be made with the Porte. Some symptoms of this sort have lately made their appearance. Among them is reckoned the liberation of the Russian Minister confined at Constantinople since the beginning of the war. The reduction of Bender on the 15th of last month by the Russian troops and the possession of Bucharest by the combined armies, added to a series of former victories, will be powerful motives to pacific measures.\u2014It is evident that the two Imperial courts are alarmed at their own successes. Their ministers here talk of them with the greatest moderation, and seem disposed either to say nothing on the subject of the present campaign or to speak of it as far less advantageous than is generally imagined. This is the more observable as the same men last year published every little success in the most exaggerated terms and sometimes magnified even a defeat into victory.\nThe present situation of the affairs of Liege must also give uneasiness to the Court of Vienna, as it has become evident that the King of Prussia means to make use of it to enter the game playing in the low countries if necessary. His troops now occupy the citadel  of Leige. Those of the other two Directors of the circle are so far inferior that they are scarcely taken into consideration. The proclamation made by the commander of the Prussian troops establishes the government on the footing that the Bourgeoisie had put it in the late revolution which induced the Prince to leave the territory. This establishment however is only temporary and the permanent is to be fixed by the States of the Principality under the auspices of the Prussian troops. Some have imagined that there would be an union formed between the Belgick provinces and Liege and others that this union will be extended to the Dutch provinces. But these are vague conjectures as yet. The general result depends on a number of circumstances which I am persuaded are not yet developed to the leaders themselves.\nA plan of finances for the next year has been at length adopted. It is that which I mentioned in my last. It extends the operations of the caisse d\u2019escompte in such a manner as to enable it to give a longer term for the 90 millions of livres due it by government and also to make a further advance to government of 80 millions in the first part of the next year. This advance is to be made in their paper known by the denomination of billets de la caisse. Their circulation is to be forced in the capital, but optional in the provinces as has hitherto been the case. The operation is generally considered as a bad one, but the least so of all those proposed.\nA riot took place some time ago in the port of Toulon between the troops or rather the officers and the people. They arrested M. D\u2019Albert de Rioms the commandant with some others and put them in prison. The confinement being judged illegal and dangerous, an order was immediately sent by the minister to have him set at liberty. The assembly after some debate sent an order also to the same purpose. The ministerial order arrived first and was not obeyed. It was feared the mob would destroy the magazines in the port which by the confusion they became masters of. This fear however has ceased by advice being recieved that on the decree of the assembly arriving the commandant and other prisoners were immediately set at liberty and order re-established.\nNo report has as yet been made on the subject of the colonies. The assembly was occupied this morning in hearing a report of the committee of judicature. The plan proposed will introduce a total change in the jurisprudence of this country. The trial by jury is adopted in the report. There are four different appeals also in cases of importance. This feature seems generally condemned.  But as yet the reasons which decided the committee in favor of it have not been heard.\nI have not yet received the consular convention. The reasons mentioned in my last are the cause of the delay. If I had it I should not send it with this letter which goes by the English packet. The public offices are at length removed and established at Paris, so that I shall certainly have the convention as soon as an opportunity of sending it. I beg you to be assured that there shall be no delay on my part, particularly as it will give me an occasion of assuring you of the sentiments of perfect respect & attachment with which I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0034", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 25 December 1789\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 25. 1789\nThis letter will go by the English packet and of course through the English post. I shall therefore confine the subject of it to such things as I am not unwilling should be read there. I did the same in a letter which I wrote three days ago to Mr. Jay, and shall continue it in that which will inclose this to you.\u2014The plan of finance for relieving present exigencies is adopted. The foundation was laid by the memorial of Mr. Necker which I long ago inclosed to Mr. Jay. Several other plans were proposed, one by M. de la Borde was received with such transports of applause that it was feared for a moment the assembly would adopt it by acclamation. Ten commissioners were immediately appointed to examine and report on it in concert with the minister.\nAfter some days examination it was determined by the committee that the plan was absolutely impracticable (it was sent to Mr. Jay where you may see it). Some alterations were made in the plan formerly proposed by Mr. Necker and adopted by the assembly. The Abb\u00e9 Maury one of the committee opposed it with his usual vehemence, and proposed in lieu of it that the Clergy should give 100 millions a year during four years. This would have secured the order of the Clergy and for that reason alone would have been refused by the Assembly. The outlines of the plan adopted are that the Caisse d\u2019escompte is to give a further time for the payment of the 90. millions due by government and  also to advance 80. millions more in its billets for the exigencies of the early part of the ensuing year. The circulation of their billets is to be forced in the capital and optional in the provinces as formerly. In July 1790, the caisse d\u2019escompte is to be forced to exchange money for the billets de la caisse \u00e0 bureau ouvert. At present they only exchange a certain sum in each day. To indemnify the caisse d\u2019escompte they are to be allowed to make new actions to the amount of 200. millions. Further they are to have assignations on the caisse de l\u2019extraordinaire et billets d\u2019achats to the amount of the 170 millions. The caisse de l\u2019extraordinaire is to be composed of the patriotic contribution, the amount of sales ordered by the present decree, and all other extraordinary receipts whatever. The sales ordered are the royal domains and a part of the ecclesiastical property both together to the value of 400. millions. The billets d\u2019achat are billets to be issued bearing an interest of 5. pCent and to the amount of the sales to be made, and to be received of preference in the purchase of the domains and ecclesiastical property to be sold. These billets d\u2019achat are not a paper money, their circulation not being forced. This operation has not affected the stocks considerably. They were rather higher on saturday last whilst the affair was in debate than they are now, and the caisse d\u2019escompte has fallen a little more than the other public effects. The actions of the former were on Saturday last from 3805. to 3770. They were yesterday from 3765. to 3745.\nThe assembly has been for two days past employed in discussing a subject which it had been thought was decided in the articles of the constitution, whether the Non Catholics, Jews and Comedians are capable of being elected to all places civil and military. The subject was brought on by a member who wished the assembly to declare in direct terms the eligibility of protestants in order to remove some doubts entertained on this subject. The most philosophical part of the assembly were for a general clause declaring that no person whatever should be excluded for his worship or profession, provided he had fulfilled the conditions required by the articles of the constitution. The other parties united to have a separation of the question so as to decide separately on the different classes supposed to be subject to exclusion. The question decided last night determines that the non-catholics are citizens to all intents and purposes. It was further decreed that there shall be no exception to the eligibility &c of any citizen whatever, other than those fixed by the articles of the constitution\u2014\u2018sans rien entendre innover relativement aux Juifs sur l\u2019etat desquels l\u2019assemblee se reserve de prononcer.\u2019 It will probably be decided in  their favor. Its being an article of doubt shews that the first enthusiasm of the assembly is abating. The truth is that the present calm and security of the members enables many of them to shew an adhesion to former principles which they did not venture to do in times of trouble. On the whole this is a good symptom though it may produce a disagreeable effect in abridging the extension of the principles adopted formerly by the assembly.\u2014It was decided in the article of the constitution then in order to be eligible to the national assembly it is necessary to have among other requisites that of being subjected to a direct tax of a marc d\u2019argent in value, 54 livres. The philosophical part of the assembly have made repeated trials to have this clause abolished or abridged, as yet in vain. A variety of sorts of members, viz. nobles, clergy, rich, and those who think it necessary that the representative should have a certain degree of property all combine against those who think the confiance des commettans the only quality which ought to be required. The article will probably remain as it is.\u2014What is here called the licenciousness of the press is now exercised against both parties of the assembly. The most vehement libels against the leading members of the democratical party with their names at full length are sold at the door of the national assembly. It was formerly said by those who are called the aristocrats that the opposite party supported the liberty of the press because they were secured against its attacks by the fears of the printers. It appears at present however that they supported the liberty of the press from principle. One of them (M. de la Meth) said a few days ago in answer to the Abb\u00e9 de Montesquiou who complained of a libel and insisted on the necessity of curbing the licentiousness of the press, that members of the assembly should despise these calumnies, that the public was always just and not to be imposed on by anonymous libels, that each member should repose on the virtue of his conduct and that it would be seen at the end of the legislature whose reputation was the best and deserved to be so. He obtained universal applause not so much on account of the sentiment as because he was personally interested having been more calumniated, and what is still worse here, more ridiculed both in verse and prose than any other member of the assembly. The committee of the constitution is preparing a law on the liberty of the press. It is to be feared that it will be subjected to certain conditions. My own opinion is that words printed should be considered by the law as words spoken and subjected only to the same conditions. When the authors name is not known the printer  should be considered as the author, but I find few persons of the same opinion.\nOne of the libels which has been circulated here with some industry is entitled \u2018Decouverte d\u2019une conspiration contre la France.\u2019 It was at first sold at the Palais Royal sous le manteau and with an air of mystery. Few people however purchasing it it was sent to a great number gratis. The conspiracy is the society Des amis des noirs which you know has been established here two or three years. It is said there, under the vain pretence of being useful to the slaves of the Islands, the society is formed by the court of London and that all its members are a sect of illumin\u00e9s, paid by England; that Warville had many conferences with Mr. Pitt, after his return from America where he had gone when young as a cabin boy; that having committed many crimes at N. York he was obliged to leave the country, went to London where he was taken into the pay of that court for this purpose. This and a thousand other absurdities fill the work. What renders it piquant is that all the names of the members are subjoined. It is evidently contrived by the owners of estates in the islands, in order to defeat any attempts the society may make towards the abolition of the slave trade. They have taken other measures also less justifiable but perhaps more efficacious. That is to wait on those members of the assembly who it was said meant to move the abolition of the trade, and to threaten them in terms of assurance that they would assassinate the first member who should make the motion. Mirabeau has been frightened by them and it is said others also.\nSeveral duels have been fought among the members on various occasions. Chr. de la Meth mentioned above and M. de la Bourdonnaye, the latter wounded. M. de Maubourg (whom you have often seen at Mde. de Tess\u00e9\u2019s and M. de la fayette\u2019s at Versailles) with the Vicomte de Mirabeau, the latter wounded. Two others of the commons a day or two ago, but no lives as yet lost.\u2014A discovery has been made some time ago of an attempt to forge the billets de la caisse, and effets royaux. The instruments of forgery and articles forged have been seized. The author being put in prison put an end to himself before trial. These effects were deposited at the greffe of the Chatelet. An attempt was made some nights past to recover them by robbery. The robbers failed of the object but carried off a considerable sum of money and jewels which were there. Three of them are arrested but it is not yet known what discoveries they may make. The commons of Paris have directed that the Chatelet should not only pursue the authors of the troubles of the month of July, but those of the 4. and 5th.  of Octob. You know that the Baron de Bezenval comes under the former description. He is arrested and is now under trial but after the examination of a number of witnesses nothing appears against him. M. de Puysegur was denounced by the commons of Paris also. He has presented himself for his justification. Nothing has as yet been done concerning him. The marechal de Broglie and Prince Lambesc are denounced also and will probably be condemned by contumacy as they will certainly not appear.\u2014The suspected authors of the 4th. and 5th. Octob. are of a very different class, but no measures are as yet taken against them, and probably will not. The Duke of Orleans shews no disposition to return here. His household yesterday underwent a great reform. The appointments of a considerable part of them are suspended for twelve months. It is said his affairs are deranged. I see very often the Dutchess. She bears it all with a great deal of resignation and fortitude. A good deal is kept out of her knowlege, but much she is obliged to know. A report was lately circulated that she had demanded a separation des biens. She has signed an act before a notary to certify the falsity of the report. Her attachment to the Duke and her incomparable goodness of heart make her suffer much on account of his present position and the distresses of those of her house who are reformed. As to herself personally she will be better served certainly than she has been though not as well as she deserves to be.\u2014Amongst the number of sufferers who are here there is no one for whom I am so much distressed as poor Pio. Quite unexpectedly he received the day before yesterday a letter ordering him to repair immediately to Genoa where he will receive his orders. I have not seen him for a long time but I learned this from one of his friends yesterday. He fears that he has been betrayed by some one and that his principles in the revolution here (he had become an enrag\u00e9) are the cause of the order he has received. This is his suspicion. No reason whatever is given for his recall.\u2014Mde. de Tess\u00e9 is still in Switzerland. She will not return here before the spring. M. de Tess\u00e9 as well as all the Queen\u2019s household except the Duke de Saulx are reformed. New books since my last are the Memoires de Duc de Choiseul printed under his eye at Chanteloup. It is a robbery committed by one of his secretaries. They are two small volumes, and only interesting on account of some of the intrigues of the court during his ministry. The Travels of M. de Veillant in Africa from 1780 to 1785, interesting on account of the naivete of the author, the novelty of the subject, and some curious observations on natural history. He asserts the fact of the tablier of the female sex denied by Sparman.\nThe work is in two volumes, but to be continued.\u2014M. de Meilhan whom you know is preparing the memoirs du Duc de Richelieu from the papers of the Duke put into his hands by the family.\u2014We had severe cold here during a part of the month of November. It gave apprehensions of a winter like the last. At present the air is quite mild and much too warm for the season. During the first three weeks of this month we were envelopped in a continual fog which deprived us for that time of a sight of the sun. At this moment he is shining very bright but two hours ago it was raining.\u2014I beg pardon for having omitted to send you the letter of Mde. de Corny mentioned in my last. It was an omission occasioned by the hurry of the moment. You will receive it enclosed at present.\u2014Since your departure I have received an account of the death of my sister by the way of Kentuckey. It was a very cruel stroke. I still suffer much on account of my sisters who remain. My brother is I hope long before this time with them. He may perhaps see you at Colo. Skipwith\u2019s. I wrote him if that should be the case to consult you on an affair which he will explain to you. I hope you will excuse the liberty I took, and I beg you to be so good Sir as to give him your advice as it regards us all. I have been so long accustomed to count on your friendly advice for myself that I ask it at present for those who are interested with me.\u2014I begin to be very anxious to hear of your arrival, although I am sure it will be a long time first. I think every hour in the day, at present, that you are perhaps in that instant setting foot on American ground. My imagination is immediately warmed and I transport myself near you and participate the pleasures you must receive with your amiable family. If I was disposed to forget you I could not here. There are numbers of people who ask me every day \u2018si j\u2019ai de vos nouvelles.\u2019 With many this question is instead of saying \u2018il fait bien froid aujourdhui.\u2019 I answer them accordingly, but there are others who inquire after you with such an interest that our conversations about you, your voyage, the probability of your arrival, the time I may expect to hear of it, &c. and our conversations are lengthened and we have become friends by your means. Among these I reckon the old Dutchess d\u2019Enville, who is sincerely attached to you. That alone would be sufficient to render her the favorite of your real friend,\nW. Short\nP.S. My compliments to Miss Jefferson. Tell her I have not as yet received any letters for her from any of her friends here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0036", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Skipwith, 26 December 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Skipwith, Henry\nDear Sir\nMonticello Dec. 26. 1789.\nOur voyage from Hoors du monde was pretty easy. I determined at Mrs. Carr\u2019s to divide the remaining part equally into two days by coming to the Byrd ordinary. A wretched place indeed we found it: but we could not have got up by any other division without the danger of lying in the woods. From there we came with your horses 15. miles to the stone quarry where my waggon horses met us, and relieved yours. The three-notched road is so deeply cut by the waggons, and continues to grow so much worse daily,  that you must of necessity change your route. I would not derange a settled plan but that I see the absolute impossibility of your reaching Monticello in one day from the Byrd or any other house whatever. I have spoken to young J. Nicholas. He sais his [father] expects that you will always come by his house [and] that there is now no inconvenience, as he keeps now a boat in James river as well as in Slate river. He has written to his father to expect you the 29th. of January, and on the 30th. my horses shall meet you where my road leaves the main fork road, about 9 miles from here. It is thereabouts there begin to be some little hills. We are all well. Give our love to Mrs. Skipwith and the young people & accept assurances of the attachment of Your affectionate friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0037", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Augustine Davis, 28 December 1789\nFrom: Davis, Augustine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmd. Decr. 28. 1789.\nI have enclosed you two letters by the post who rides to Albemarle, which he has promised to deliver safe. The postage amounts to 3/10. Be pleased to inform me in what manner you would wish to have your letters forwarded in future and I will be careful in sending them. The letter which you put into the hands of Mr. Johnson for the President of the United States, was forwarded to New York last Wednesday. I am, Sir, yr. Most Obt. Servt.,\nAug. Davis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Petry, 30 December 1789\nFrom: Petry, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCharleston 30th December 1789\nI have received but in August last the letter you honoured me with on the 21. August 1788. with the power of attorney of Count de Cambray therein inclosed. Your expected return in this Continent has made me postpone this answer to congratulate you upon your safe arrival and in the same time to assure you of the high regard and respect with which I have the honor to be Sir your Excellency\u2019s The most humble & obedient Servant,\nPetry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0039-0003", "content": "Title: II. Memoranda Concerning Distribution, Cost, and Makers of Medals, [ca. February 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nS.\nC.\nS.\nC.\nS\nC\nDenmark.\nSpire\nNorway\nHungary.\nSweden.\nPoland\nRussia.\nSwitzerland\nIreland.\nGeneva.\nFrance\nSpain\nUnited Nethlds.\nPortugal\nAustrian Nethlds.\nK. of Sardinia\nArbp of Mentz.\nMilan\nAbp of Treves\nGenoa\nAbp of Cologne\nVenice\nElector of Bohemia.\nTuscany.\nE.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007of Bavaria.\nLuna\nE.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007of Saxony\nSt. Marino.\nE.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007of Brandenbg.\nParma.\nE.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Palatine D. of Bava.\nModena\nEmperor.\nRome\nD. of Saxe-Gotha.\nNeples.\nD. of Wirtemberg.\nMalta.\nD. of Mecklenburg Schwerin\nMarocco\nSaxony\nCongress.\nPrussia.\nRochambeau\nBale\nDestaing\nLiege.\nDegrasse\nGold.\nGenl. Washington.\ndevice ready\nGates\ndone\n Wayne\nno instructions\nMorgan.\ndevice imperfect\nGreene\ndone\nP. Jones.\nSilver.\n Lt. Col. Stewart.\nno instructions\nLt. Col. Washington.\ndevice ready\nLt. Col. Howard.\ndevice ready\nDuVivier. Vieux Louvre. [He offered for 2400.\u20b6 gold and coining not included]\nDuPr\u00e9. Graveur en medailles, de l\u2019academie de peinture et sculpture, place Dauphine [He made Gen. Greene\u2019s] The dies 2400.\u20b6 gold 444.\u20b6 silver 25.\u20b6-13. cop. 6\u20b6 He asked 2400.\u20b6 for the dies of Morgan\u2019s, Colo. Wash\u2019s and Howard\u2019s each.\nGatteaux. St. Thomas du Louvre. v.v. la tresorerie du D. d\u2019Orleans [Gates\u2019s.] 2500.\u20b6 for the 2 dies. 400\u20b6 for the med. of gold and 6.\u20b6 each for those of copper. He asked 2000.\u20b6 for Colo. Wash\u2019s and the same for Howard\u2019s. i.e. for the dies. He lives Cour du commerce, pr\u00e9s la rue St. Andr\u00e9 des arts.\nlines\nDuvivier\nGenl. Washington.\nDies\nCol. Washington\ndo.\nCol. Howard\ndo.\nDupr\u00e9\nGenl. Morgan\u2019s\ndo.\nAdml. Jones\u2019s\ndo.\nGatteaux\nGenl. Wayne\ndo.\nMajor Stewart\ndo.\n      Estimate\n\u20077 pair of dies @ 2500\u20b6\n   These seem not to have been committed to Colo. Humphries, judging by his silence on them in his letter Apr. 4. 86.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0039-0004", "content": "Title: III. Jefferson\u2019s Description of the Medals, [ca. February 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nGeneral Washington\nType. His head.\nLegend. Georgio Washington, supremo duci exercituum, adsertori libertatis, Comitia Americana.\nReverse. The evacuation of Boston. The American army advancing in order towards the city seen at a distance. The enemy retires with precipitation to their vessels. On the foreground General Washington appears on horseback, in a groupe of officers, to whom he remarks the retreat of the enemy.\nLegende. Hostibus primo fugatis.\nExergum. Bostonium recuperatum die 17. Martii 1776.\nLe General Washington.\nD\u2019un cot\u00e9 la tete de ce general.\nLegende. Georgio Washington, supremo duci exercituum, adsertori libertatis, Comitia Americana.\nRevers. L\u2019Evacuation de Boston. L\u2019arm\u00e9e Americaine s\u2019avance en bon ordre vers cette ville qu\u2019on apper\u00e7oit dans l\u2019eloignement tandis que l\u2019arm\u00e9e Angloise fuit avec precipitation vers le rivage pour s\u2019embarquer sur les vaisseaux dont la rade est couverte. Sur le devant du tableau, du cot\u00e9 de l\u2019arm\u00e9e Americaine, paroit le  General Washington \u00e0 cheval dans une groupe d\u2019officiers auxquels il semble faire remarquer la fuite de l\u2019ennemi.\nLegende. Hostibus primo fugatis.\nExergue. Bostonium recuperatum die 17. martii 177[6]\nDoctor Franklin\nType. Sa tete\nLegende. Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI\nRevers. Son genie d\u2019un main maitrise la foudre et de l\u2019autre montre le sceptre et la couronne rompues de la tyrannie.\nLegende. Eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis.\nExer. Comitia Americana.\nGeneral Gates.\nType. His head.\nLegend. Horatio Gates duci strenuo comitia Americana.\nReverse. The enemy grounding their arms; their general presenting his sword to General Gates at the head of his troops whose arms are\nLegend. Salus regionum septentrionalium.\nExergum. Hoste ad Saratogam in deditionem accepto die XVII. Octobris MDCCLXXVII.\nLe General Gates.\nD\u2019un cot\u00e9 sa tete.\nLegende. Horatio Gates duci strenuo comitia Americana.\nRevers. Le General ennemi, \u00e0 la tete de son arm\u00e9e qui pose les armes \u00e0 terre, presente son ep\u00e9e au General Americain, dont l\u2019arm\u00e9e porte les armes hautes.\nLegende. Salus regionum septentrionalium.\nExergue. Hoste ad Saratogam in deditionem accepto die XVII Octobris MDCCLXXVII.\nGeneral Wayne.\nType. America erect, distinguishable by her scutcheon, extends with her left hand a mural crown, and with her right crowns with laurel General Wayne inclining himself before her.\nLegend. Antonia Wayne duci exercitus.\nExergum. Comitia A\nLe General Wayne.\nType. L\u2019Amerique debout, reconnoissable \u00e0 l\u2019ecusson de ses armes tient, de la main gauche elev\u00e9e, une couronne murale, et  donne de la droite une couronne de laurier au General Wayne inclin\u00e9 devant elle.\nLegende. Antonio Wayne duci exercitus.\nExergue. Comitia Americana.\nRevers. Le fort de Stoney point au moment ou les troupes Americaines penetrent dans les travaux, la bayonette au bout du fusil.\nLegende. Stoney point expugnatum.\nExerque. Jul. XV. MDCCLXXIX.\nMajor Stewart.\nType. L\u2019Amerique debout comme sur la medaille du General Wayne, et avec les memes attributs, donne de la main droite une palme au Major Stewart inclin\u00e9 devant elle.\nLegende. Joanni Stewart Cohortis praefecto.\nExergue. Comitia Americana.\nRevers. Le Major, \u00e0 la tete de sa troupe, force l\u2019Abbatis d\u2019arbres qui defendoit Stoney-point qu\u2019on apper\u00b7oit sur le second plan.\nLegende. Stoney-point oppugnatum.\nExergue. XV. Jul. MDCCLXXIX.\nLe Contre-Amiral J. Paul Jones.\nType. Sa tete.\nLegende. Joanni Paulo Jones classis praefecto.\nExergue. Comitia Americana.\nRevers. Combat de vaisseaux.\nLegende. Hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.\nExergue. Ad oram Scotiae XXIII. Sept. MDCCLXXIX.\nLe General Morgan.\nLe general \u00e0 la tete de son arm\u00e9e charge l\u2019ennemi qui prend la fuite.\nLegende. Victoria libertatis vindex.\nExergue. Fugatis, captis aut caesis ad Cowpens hostibus XVII. Jan. MDCCLXXXI.\nRevers. L\u2019Amerique reconnoissable \u00e0 son ecusson appuie sa main gauche sur une troph\u00e9e d\u2019armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite couronne le general inclin\u00e9 devant elle.\nLegende. Danieli Morgan duci exercitus.\nExergue. Comitia Americana.\nLe Colonel Washington\nLe Colonel \u00e0 la tete d\u2019un petit nombre de soldats fond sur  l\u2019ennemi qui commence \u00e0 prendre la fuite, et que lui montre la victoire plac\u00e9e audessus de sa tete.\nLegende. Gulielmo Washington legionis IV praefecto.\nExergue. Comitia Americana.\nRevers. Cette inscription dans une couronne de laurier\nQuod\nparva militum manu\nstrenue prosecutus hostes\nvirtutis ingenitae\npraeclarum specimen dedit\nin pugn\u00e2 ad Cowpens\nXVII: Jan. MDCCLXXXI.\nLieutenant Colonel Howard.\nMeme Type, meme legende, au nom pr\u00e8s, meme exergue qu\u2019a celle du Colonel Washington.\nRevers. Dans une couronne de laurier\nQuod\nin nutantem hostium aciem\nsubito irruens\npraeclarum bellicae virtutis\nspecimen dedit\nin pugn\u00e2 ad Cowpens\nXVII. Jan. MDCCLXXXI.\nLe General Greene.\nD\u2019un cot\u00e9 sa tete.\nLegende. Nathanieli Greene egregio duci Comitia Americana.\nRevers. La Victoire foulant aux pieds des armes bris\u00e9es.\nLegende. Salus regionum australium.\nExergue. Hostibus ad Eutaw debellatis die VIII Sept. MDCCLXXXI.\nDeclaration of Independance, and capture of two armies of the enemy at Saratoga and York town.\nA head representing American liberty; it\u2019s tresses floating in the air. The cap of Liberty on the point of a spear.\nExergum. 4. Juil. 1776. (The day on which the United states declared themselves independant.\nReverse. An infant Hercules, cradled in a buckler, and strangling the two serpents. A leopard comes to devour him; but Minerva  interposes her shield (characterised by the fleurs de lis of France.\nLegende. Non sine diis animosus infans.\nExergum.\nDates of the capitulations\nOct.\nof Saratoga and York town.\nDeclaration d\u2019Independance et Prise des deux arm\u00e9es ennemies \u00e0 Saratoga et \u00e0 York-town\nUne tete representant la libert\u00e9 Americaine, avec les cheveux flottans en arriere, et le bonnet au bout d\u2019une pique.\nLegende. Libertas Americana.\nExergue. 4. Juil. 1776. (jour ou les Etats unis se sont declar\u00e9s independants.\nRevers. Hercule enfant, se levant du bouclier qui lui sert de berceau, et etouffant dans ses mains deux serpens. un leopard se jette sur l\u2019enfant. Minerve, arm\u00e8e d\u2019un bouclier (aux armes de France) vient \u00e0 son secour.\nLegende. Non sine diis animosus infans.\nExergue.\njours des deux capitulations de\nOct.\nSaratoga et de York-town.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0177", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Jefferson\u2019s Diary of Philip Mazzei\u2019s Affairs, 3 December 1789\u201322 March 1790\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosureJefferson\u2019s Diary of Philip Mazzei\u2019s Affairs\n1789. Dec. 3. Called on Mr. Blair in Wmsburg. He was very sick. He promised me as soon as he was well he would send me an exact state of Mr. Mazzie\u2019s affairs in his hands. Mr. Wythe paid the price of his seal to W. Nelson.\n[Dec.] 9. Called on E. Randolph in Richmond. He thought he could give me a state of his proceedings on returning to his lodgings but having returned there he wrote me the note, which see.\nWithin this year or two all the trade has quitted Richmond below the Creek, and come over to Shockoe. The Tavern keepers and other people of business have followed the Trade, so that part of the Town below the Creek is almost totally abandoned, and the houses shut up for the most part: it is difficult to find anybody who will live in a house there rent free. In some cases the landlord has been unable to get a Tenant even on these terms. There is a poor woman living in Mr. Mazzie\u2019s house. Property there cannot now be sold for any thing. It was the opinion of judicious gentlemen whom I consulted that Mr. M\u2019s house and lots there would not sell for more than \u00a3100 or \u00a3150 currency and possibly not that: the house is going fast to ruin. The inclosures are gone already.\nJanuary. [1790] Monticello. N. Lewis thinks that \u00a3150 will be a high price for Colle and the lands bought of Carter. B. Colvard offers me \u00a3100. for Colle and Carter\u2019s.\nFeb. 11. A Giannini sais that when Mr Mazzie was in Virginia he was about to sue him for clothing for himself and Matts for 5 years, and for his passage. That they referred it to the arbitration of E. Randolph and John Key, who gave the clothing in favor of Mazzie and the passage in favor of Anthony. Mazzie then told him to be ready for October, and he would send a waggon for him which if he detained a  day he must pay for it. He went home. Sold every thing. October came but no waggon. He called witnesses of his readiness. He demands satisfaction of the award. He said to me he would compromise for \u00a350. It is necessary Mr. Mazzie should do something in this immediately, or he will bring suit. I promised to write to P.M.\nA Giannini offered me \u00a3110 for Colle and Carter\u2019s or \u00a370 for Colles alone. He can give good security.\nFeb. 12. M. Derieux offers me \u00a3100 for Colle and Carters.\n[Feb.] 15 A. Giannini now offers \u00a3150. for both or \u00a380 for Colle. He sais if he cannot pay for the whole, he has agreed to let Billy McGehee and Joseph Price have each of them 50 acres up in the mountain. A twelve months credit is supposed to be necessary.\nAll the houses at Colle are become mere ruins, except the dwelling house. Of that the porches are rotten the glass windows all broke, the doors broke or broken down. The main body of the house alone is tolerably good. The trees are all destroyed. There are no fence rails but those PM left there. The place is leased at present by Mr. Derieux to Lewis Craddock for about as much as pays the taxes.\nSee Copy of George Nicholas\u2019s accounts answering all the articles of PM\u2019s money memorandum to me, except C. Carter\u2019s, of which I can learn nothing G.N. being gone to Kentucke. Mr. Eppes promises to avail himself of an opportunity he thinks he shall soon have of seizing Hylton\u2019s debt to P.M. for wine.\nMar. 1. I leave Monticello. No answer yet from either Mr. Blair or Edmd. Randolph. Both are gone to New York.\n[Mar.] 22. I arrived in New York. Blair and Randolph are both gone back to Virginia. But Randolph is to be back here in April, to remain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-17-02-0093", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Report of the Governor of Georgia on Confiscation Acts, 15 July 1789\nFrom: Governor of Georgia\nTo: \nIn Council 15th. July 1789.\nThe Governor, who by the order of Council of the 12th. June last, was requested to draw up and report a state of facts from the several papers which were then read to wit, the Auditors letter, the report of the Committee of Council, the Act of banishment and confiscation, the definitive Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, the Acts of Assembly of the 13th. February 1786, and of the 10th. February 1787, together with the resolutions of Congress of the 21st. March 1787, and their letter to the States founded thereon of the 13th. April following-States and Reports.\nThat in order to give a clear view of the business it is necessary to recur to original principles and to incidental facts.\nHe therefore says, that the District of Country lying on the Atlantic Ocean, from New Hampshire to Georgia inclusive, prior to the 4th. day of July 1776, formed several Provinces of the Crown of Great Britain. That several of the Acts of the Legislature of the Kingdom having been considered as oppressive and inovative of the Constitutional and the Charter rights of the Provinces, the authority of them was disputed, and their operations opposed.\nOpen and avowed hostilities ensued.\nIn this state of warfare and uncertainty the several Provinces sent Deputies to Philadelphia and formed a general Congress, which after the adoption and pursuit of various measures to restore peace and obtain justice, the common safety and future welfare compelled them, on the said 4th. day of July 1776, to declare the said Provinces to be Independent States; and Articles of Union were afterwards formed and agreed to, by which they were leagued by a general confederation with the powers of war and peace.\nTreaties of commerce and alliance were also made and entered into with foreign powers; and by them the Independence of the States was explicitly recognized, and finally acceded to by Great Britain.\nFrom the 4th. day of July 1776, therefore, the Acts and proceedings of the several States are those of sovereign and independent powers, and binding in their relation with the Union and with other nations, and within this description is the act of confiscation of this State.\nThe object then of this inquiry is, whether certain debts mentioned in the Auditors letter, were bonafide confiscated before the definitive Treaty of peace, and if so, whether the same was not done away by the said Treaty. The documents will speak for themselves.\nBy the 1st. clause of the act of confiscation, the property of every kind of many of the Merchants who resided in this State at the commencement of the war and who are therein named, is expressly confiscated and their persons banished, and by the 4th. and fifth clauses, the monies and the Estates, real and personal, belonging to the british Subjects, whose persons were not in the power of the State, were sequestered, confiscated, and appropriated to the use of the State. In virtue of which many of the Estates of british Subjects, as well of the merchants named, which were discovered, have been already sold, both before and since the definitive Treaty; and it may be ascribed to the difficulty of the coming at the knowledge and evidence of the debts, that the same, together with the act of 1786 and 1787 for that purpose, have not been carried into more full effect. But should the merchants who fled this State during the war, with their books, or those whose debts are confiscated, generally return, or come and put them in suit, it is presumed the attorney General would understand the extent and line of his duty from the several acts themselves, and the instructions under which he acts.\nThe definitive Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain goes something further than other Treaties; by not only expressly acknowledging the Independence and Sovereignty of the States, and relinquishing all right, and pretensions to right, in form, but by recognizing the acts of confiscation and guarantying the navigation of the Missisippi.\nIt is dated the 3d. day of September 1783, the act of confiscation the 4th. day of May 1782; the former being posterior and the latter recognized by it, the act on this foundation, and without question on any other, is in force, and it is not this or that part that is so, but the whole.\nIt has already been acted upon to considerable extent: and so far as the actual appropriations have gone, Great Britain has made adequate compensation.\nThe 4th. article of the Treaty respects such mercantile transactions as are not affected by confiscation prior to the Treaty, which is the case in this State. This article and the two succeeding ones, may be explained by a resolution of Congress, entered upon the Secret Journal, and transmitted to the Ministers Plenipotentiary for their government and anterior to the Treaty. It is known to the writer and had reference to the acts of confiscation. It asserted the Sovereignty and right of the States to make laws which they could not controul, and restricted the Commissioners, with respect to them, in the entering into any Treaty, as the confiscations could not be conceded by the Commissioners, the 5th. and 6th. clauses were agreed to as the alternative.\nThese have been fully carried into effect by the act of Congress of the 14th. January 1784, and by the resolutions and letters herein before mentioned: But however much the body recommending was respected, it was altogether optional with the Sovereignty of the States, how far they would yield in that regard; and so it was universally considered on both sides the atlantic, nor did any of the States give up their acts or cease carrying them into effect. That there shall be no more confiscations made, was understood on all sides to be a confirmation of the past, and a provision against future acts of the kind; nor has any since taken place in either of the States.\nThe letter of Congress to the States breathes a spirit of peace and benevolence, with a desire of forgetting the animosities of the war, in the contemplation and pursuit of national prosperity. In their place, and urged by their Embassador, it was good policy to repeat and go thus far, but this opinion could not affect the right. The State in opposition of the right, had her alternative. Our liberty and independence are the price of our blood; The confiscation-of our excessive losses by the ravages of the war, and the monstrous alienations of the usurpation.\nNote. The principles and facts upon which this case is stated, arose and existed within the periods of independence and the establishment and operation of the federal Constitution, which has no retrospect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0710", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D\u2019Estaing, 14 March 1789\nFrom: Estaing, Charles Henri Th\u00e9odat, Comte d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\na paris ce 14 mars 1789\nAgr\u00e9es je vous suplie mes remerciments de ce que vous me mettes dans le cas heureux d\u2019\u00e9xecutter vos ordres, de rendre homage a mes sentiments pour Mr. Short et pour Mr. Rutledge, et de leur \u00eatre d\u2019une bien foible utilit\u00e9. Ils n\u2019avoient besoin que d\u2019eux-m\u00eames certifi\u00e9s par vous, pour avoir le droit de tout attendre de Mr. le Comte d\u2019Albert de Rions commandant de la Marine a Toulon. Il remplace dans mon estime et dans mon coeur Mr. le Bailly de Suffren; et ce que je lui dis, de ce que je pense sur son compte, dans la lettre a cachet volant c\u2019y jointe, n\u2019est pas exager\u00e9; j\u2019espere que nos Amis en penseront la m\u00eame chose, et j\u2019oserois leur en repondre comme je faisois de Mr. de Suffren, si jamais le d\u00e9testable fl\u00e9au de la gu\u00earre venoit a \u00e9xister. Agr\u00e9es avec indulgence, et bont\u00e9, l\u2019assurance de l\u2019estime, de l\u2019attachment, et du respect avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres ob\u00e9issant serviteur\nEstaing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0711", "content": "Title: Notes on Arranging Books at Monticello, [before 26 September 1789]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[before 26 Sep. 1789]\n  Manner of arranging my books at Monticello when I return\nI have there about 400 sq. feet of books, and shall carry from Paris about 250 sq.f. Fix shelves from a. to b. and from c. to d. and e extending from the floor to the entablature. This will give 420 sq.f. It must be divided into 2 orders of 7.f. each. In the upper order the shelves may come from a. to the chimney. This gives 45 sq.f. more. Place my large book case at f. the 5. small ones (bought of P.R\u2019s estate) at g.h.i.k.l. and make two small supplementary ones at m.n. This gives 156. sq. feet more: in all 621 sq.f.\nLay planks from the top of the book case to the cornice of the lower order of shelves so as to form a platform in front of the upper order of shelves. To get up to this have steps folded up into the form of a table, moveable, and in the form noted in the margin.\nMaking the tread to the rise as 3. to 4. and 7. steps a foot apart, the whole rise will be 5.6 feet so that one may either step from the uppermost step up on the platform 1.4f. or break the distance into two by a hanging step.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1789", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-01-02-0023", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1789\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n              Paid Petit servants wages and etrennes as follows\n              \u2005cash actually paid\n              by balance of Dec. 1.\n              by Amount of acct. Nov. 30\u2014to Dec. 27.\n              to cash now paid in part of accounts\n              Balance remaining due\n                paid Petit\u2005 for     Panthemont    for forage for December    \n              Paid subscription for Pissot\u2019s paper for coming year 48\u20b6.\n              Etrennes to the post boys 6\u20b6.\n              Court fees to the servants of the Introductors & Secretary 72\u20b6.\n              Pd. Chanterot for a watch 240\u20b6.\n              Fur gloves for Patsy 6\u20b6.\n              Gave Cur\u00e9 de Chaillot for the poor 42\u20b6.\n              Gave etrennes to Cabaret\u2019s gar\u00e7on 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. portage of pictures from Italy 13\u20b6\u201316.\n               Pd.\u2005Court fees at Versailles. to wit Valet de M. Monmorin 96\u20b6   Suisse 24  livery 24  Portier de Rayneval 24  Domestique 24  Suisses de la salle des Ambassadeurs\u2003\u2003 24  Coffeemen 48  264 \n              Gave Cur\u00e9 of Chaillot for the poor 42\u20b6.\n              Pd. Petit for redingcote for Patsy 72\u20b6.\n              Gave an American sailor 9\u20b6.\n              Pd. Upton on account 24\u20b6.\n              Pd. for Encyclopedie de D\u2019Alembert 126\u20b6 (bindg. will cost 87\u201315 = 213\u20b6.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand 5000\u20b6. for my draught of \u01922285\u20135s banco on Willinks & Van Staphorsts.\n              Pd. Mr. Grand for Mr. Paradise 720\u20b6.\n              Repd. him Bondfeild\u2019s order on me in favor of Vernon for 340\u20b6\u201310 the price of 250 bottles of Sauterne bought for me of the Count de Lur-Saluce.\n              Analysis of Petit\u2019s accounts.\n              Paid Petit. Servants wages.\u2005\n              cash actually paid\n              By balance of Jan. 1.\n              By amount of accts. as above\n              To cash now paid on account\n              Balance remaining due\n              paid him acct. for forage of January\n              paid him balance of Genen\u2019s acct.\n              Gave in Charity at Versailles 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. for a silver coffee pot 309\u20b6  as a present for Clerissault for his trouble about the draughts & model of Capitol & prison 309\u20b6, to be chargd. to Virginia.\n              Pd. for mending my own coffee pot 12\u20b6 = 321\u20b6.\n              Recd. of Nuncio for ream of paper from Engld. 24\u20b6.\n              Pd. Romilly for a watch for Patsy 554\u20b6.\n              Pd. Mazzei for pictures from Florence 145\u20b6\u201310.\n              Pd. Mr. Gardener for B. Carnes for small disbursemts. for the U.S. 75\u20b6\u20139 to be charged to them.\n              Pd. subscription for the Petites affiches for ensuing year frm. 9th. inst. 30\u20b6.\n              Pd. Charpentier for press on account 120\u20b6.\n              Pd. transportation of 248. bottles of Meursault 66\u20b6.\n              Gave Mr. Grand draught on Willinks & Van Staphorsts for 2725 flor. bo. and received of him 6000\u20b6.\n              Repd. Mr. Grand for Mr. Paradise 480\u20b6.\n              Repd. him what he had pd. Foulloy on my order 600\u20b6. Note this was for 2. vols. of Deane\u2019s lre. & acct. books purchased out of his hands for the U.S. and to be charged to them.\n              Analysis of Petit\u2019s accts.\n              cash actually paid\n              Servants wages as Feb. 2.\n              By balance of Feb. 2.\n              By amount of accts. as above\u2003\u2003\u2003\n              To cash now pd. on acct.\n              Balance remaining due\n               Pd. him\u2005for Passinge for picture frames for Cabaret\u2005 for book binding 791\u2013\u20029   \u2713 for Stationary to be charged to U.S.\u2005 155\u201314    to carry\u2005 to Panthemont   to Patsy   \n              Pd. Sellier, Roucouniere, in full to Feb. 5. 271\u20b6.\n              Pd. for a medal of Paul Jones 15\u20b6.\n              Pd. Upton on account 48\u20b6.\n              Pd. Meyer for works of an alarm watch 168\u20b6.\n              Pd. Upton on account 48\u20b6.\n              Gave chairmen at Versailles 3\u20b6.\n              Pd. tuning harpsichord 6\u20b6.\u2014brass mounting 18s.\n              Pd. for a pendule at the Palais royal 110\u20b6. (shd. certainly be 210\u20b6.\n              Pd. Clousier for printing for U.S. 14\u20b6.\n              Pd. Charpentier in full 48\u20b6.\n              Borrowed of Petit 30\u20b6.\n              Pd. Deltufo for books 80\u20b6.\n              Pd. for packet from Coblentz for J. Rutledge 6\u20b6\u20138.\n              Analysis of Petit\u2019s accounts\n              Received of Mr. Grand 7000\u20b6. for my bill on Willinks & V. Staphorsts for \u01923179\u20133 Bo.\n                Pd. Mr. Grand for Mr. Paradise \u2002360   Pd. do. for a bill of excha. of \u00a325. sterl. wch. I inclosed Trumbull Mar. 16. \u2002637\u20133\u20133   Pd. do. Parent\u2019s bill for 248 bottles Meursault\u2003 \u2002272   1269\u20133\u20133  \n              State of Petit\u2019s accts.\n              Cash actually paid\u2003\n              By balance of Mar. 2.\n              By amount of accounts as above\u2003\n              To cash this day in full\n              for servants wages as Feb. 2.\n              for forage for Feb. & Mar.\n              for Sartorius for M. Limozin\n              for Deaugustini for translating\n              total amt. of cash now paid him\u2003\n              Note of the 63\u20b6\u201310 to Limosin charge U.S. his postages\u2003\n              his charges on Consulr. papers\u2003\n              \u2003\u2003of the same charge Virginia 17\u20b6\u201313 his exp. on bust of M. de la Fayette\n              Pd. for clothes for Sally 96\u20b6.\n              Pd. Guitar master for Polly 36\u20b6.\n              Pd. Charpentier in full 123\u20b6.\n              Pd. Patsy\u2019s manteaumaker 36f10.\n              Pd. Upton\u2005for Medal boxes for United states 96\u20b6 on acct.Pd. do.for do.\u2014\u2014144\u20b6. on account.\n              Pd. Charpentier for 6. spiral springs 9\u20b6.\n              Pd. at Concert spirituel 6f12.\n              Gave Patsy 60\u20b6.\u2014chairmen at Versailles 3\u20b6.\n              Drew on Willinks, Van Staphorsts & Hubbard for \u01922731\u20135 banco in favr. of Grands to replace to them 6000\u20b6. they had pd. the 2d. inst. to Ct. Langeac for the first and last half years of my new lease of his house.\n              Pd. for clothes for Sally 72\u20b6.\n              Pd. for 8. pr. thread stockings for myself 64\u20b6.\n              From 14. to 17. Apr. is omitted a paiment of 274\u20b6\u201316s for linen @ 6\u20b6\u20135, 8\u20b6\u201310, & 9\u20b6\u201310 the aune bought for me by Brown au magazin Anglois rue St. Denis v. v. la rue du petit Lion. (for Patsy)\n              Pd. an acct. for lawn &c. for Patsy 132\u20b6.\n              Pd. Frouill\u00e9 600\u20b6. on account for Encyclopedies for Dr. Franklin, F. Hopkinson, J. Madison & myself.\n              Pd. for linen for Patsy 274\u20b6\u201316 (bot. by Brown.\n              Pd. for lawn & cambrick for do. 332\u20b6 (bot. by do.\n              Pd. at Panthemont in full 625\u20b6\u201315\u20133.\n              Pd. Upton in full 66\u20b6. of whch 48\u20b6. were for M. de Corny.\n              Gave Patsy for vales at Panthemont 81\u20b6.\n              Pd. for taking profile 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. making clothes for servts. 23\u20b6.\n              Gave chairmen at Versailles 2\u20b6\u20138.\n              Pd. Frouill\u00e9 for 31st. livraison of Encyclopedie 21\u20b6.\n              Pd. for profile 30\u20b6\u2003books 2f8.\n              Pd. Noseda for set of reading glasses 72\u20b6.\n              Pd. Concert at Pantheon 6\u20b6.\n              Analysis of Petit\u2019s accounts\n              Recd. of Grand & co. 6000\u20b6. for my bill on Willinks, V. Staphorst & Hubbard for \u01922731\u20135.\n              Pd. Grand & co. for Mr. Paradise 360\u20b6.\n              Repd. them the 3000\u20b6. recd. ante Apr. 17.\n                \u20b6\u2003  Paid Petit\u2005 for servants wages as Feb. 2. 343\u2002  amount of accts. as above 1667\u201319  forage for April 195\u2013  Serrurier\u2019s account (Bataille)\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 32\u20139  Vitrier\u2019s acct. (Rigault) 10\u201312  Menuisier\u2019s do. (Lamy) 215\u201317  Taylor\u2019s (Hubner) 431\u20137\u20136   2896\u20134\u20136   Charron\u2019s do. 34\u2013  2930\u20134\u20136 \u2003recd. from Petit back again for an error8\u20132922\u20134\u20136 \n              Pd. for muslin gown for Patsy 42\u20b6.\n              Pd. Petit for calico for Patsy 37\u20b6\u201316.\n              Pd. Balbatre a month\u2019s lessons to my daurs. on the harpsichord 144\u20b6.\n              Pd. guitar master a month 36\u20b6.\n              Pd. for a whip for Patsy 12\u20b6.\u2014pd. for buckles 9\u20b6.\n              Pd. sewing acct. for Patsy 24\u20b6.\n              Pd. Polly\u2019s Spanish master a month 36\u20b6.\n              Paid for silks for Patsy 229\u20b6\u201310.\n                \u20b6\u2002  Pd. Petit for\u2005 Cabaret. bookbinding in full 257\u201315   Chanterot. watch work in ful 393\u2013   Metman. Patsy\u2019s taylor 303  Abbema & co. by order of Cathalan\u2003\u2003 152  1105\u201315  \n              Note this paiment to Abbema is for Mr. Drayton of S. Carolina for trees, to be credited against the 726\u20b6. recd. by me July 12. 1789. for Agricultural society of S. Carola.\n              Pd. for books 5f8\u2014for watch chains 11f4.\n              Pd. for tuning & quilling the harpsichord 12\u20b6.\n              Pd. Patsy\u2019s flower mistress 187\u20b6\u201311.\n              Pd. for shoes for Patsy 106\u20b6.\n              Credit U.S. 509\u20b6\u201310\u20137 for my draught of 237\u20136 on Willinks, V. Stap. & Hub. in favr. of V. Stap. & Hubard. Note \u0192170\u201315 of this was to pay Van Damme for books.\n              Pd. portage of books from London 62\u20b6.\n              Pd. making clothes for Sally 25\u20b6\u20132.\n              Pd. for reading desk 7f4.\n              Pd. at Concert at Pantheon 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. Donnet for a hat for myself 24\u20b6.\n              Pd. do. for do. for Patsy & Polly 42\u20b6.\n              Pd. Balbatre a month\u2019s teaching 144\u20b6.\n              Paid the Guitar master 36\u20b6.\n              Recd. of Messrs. Grand & co. 6000\u20b6. for my bill on Willinks Van Staph. & Hubard for 2700 \u0192. Bo.\n              Repd. Messrs. Grand the 2500\u20b6. recd. ante May 11.\n              Pd. Petit for servts. wages as Feb. 2. 343\u20b6.\n                \u2003\u20b6Pd. De Lorme for package of bust of M. Fayette219\u201310Pd. Odiot for a coffee pot as a present to Clerissault for his assistance about the draughts & model of Capitol & prison\u2002423\u2013 Charge these two articles to the state of Virginia\u2002 642\u201310  Pd. Petit\u2005for Odiot to correct error of\u2002\u2005\u20b6 \u2003addn. in my acct. Feb. 6. 100\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003  for do. for pr. gobelets &c. 229 329\u2013 for Delorme for packing my busts103\u201381074\u201318Pd. Petit for forage of May186\u2013Pd. do. sempstress\u2019s acct. for Patsy68\u2013101329\u20138Pd. do. in part of amount of his accts. ante1251\u201372580\u201315 \n              Gave Mr. Paradise order on Mr. Grand for 360\u20b6.\n              Pd. Madme. La Croix washing 39\u20b6\u20132.\n              Pd. for pocket book for Patsy 30\u20b6.\u2003cane 1\u20b6\u20134\u2014book 3\u20b6.\n              Exp. at Versailles 2\u20b6\u20138\u2014books 3\u20b6.\n              Drew on Willinks & V. Staphorsts & Hubard for \u01922693\u201313 banco in favor of Mr. Short, which being for arrears of his salary need not be carried into my account.\n              Pd. for 2. lawn cloaks for Patsy 84\u20b6.\n              Pd. Frouill\u00e9 for 32d. livraison of Encyclopedie 32\u20b6.\n              Exp. at Versailles 3f.\n              Books 8\u20b6.\u2014pd. Balbatre a month 144\u20b6.\n              Pd. mathemat. instruments to Barradell l\u2019ain\u00e9 42\u20b6.\n              Pd. for a ring for Patsy 48\u20b6.\n              Analysis of Petit\u2019s accounts\n              Pd. Fraser for 2. quarts grass seed 96\u20b6.\n              Drew on Messrs. Will. Van Staph. & Hubard for \u01922693\u201315 banco in favor of Grand & co. & recd. for the draught 6000\u20b6.\n              Repd. Grand for Mr. Paradise order of June 4. ante 360\u20b6.\n              Repd. Grand for bill of excha. of \u00a312. sterl. sent to Trumbull 310\u20b6.\n              Pd. Frouill\u00e9 in full 1456\u20b6\u20136. Several articles of this is for J. Madison.\n              State of Petit\u2019s accounts\n              \u2005Cash actually pd.\n              By balance of June 3.\n              By amount of accounts of July 1.\n              By pd. for wine of Rochegude\n              To cash now paid on acct.\n              Balance remaining due\n              for servts. wages\n              for forage for June\n              for Cabaret bookbindg.\n              for Mme. Leroy (flower mistress)\u2002\n              Gave Houdon order on Mr. Grand for 1000\u20b6. for busts made for me.\n              Recd. from Gatteaux 76\u20b6. which had been overpaid him by Mr. Grand on acct. of the U.S. for medals. Credit it to U.S.\n              Pd. do. for silver medal of Genl. Gates 26\u20b6\u20134\u20139 for U.S.\n              Charge U.S. also the silver medal of Genl. Greene for which I pd. 31\u20b6\u201316 ante 1787. Feb. 22. & which I now put into their collection.\n              Pd. Charpentier 6\u20b6.\u2003pd. for books 9\u20b6\u2014for inkpot 24s.\n              Gave in charity at the Bastille 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. Mlle. Omont for Patsy\u2019s acct. in part 600\u20b6.\u2014pd. for fruit 17s.\n              Pd. expences to Bastille 2\u20b6.\n              Pd. seeing Bastille 6\u20b6.\u2014renewed sbscrptn. Point du jour 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. for a table en pupitre 36\u20b6.\n              Pd. postage of Mr. Jay\u2019s lre. &c. of Mar. 9. 115\u20b6.\n              Pd. for marble table 54\u20b6.\n              Pd. Upton for case for 11. medals for U.S. 24\u20b6.\n              Analysis of Petit\u2019s accts.\n               Drew on Willinks, V. Stap. & Hubbard for \u01922687\u201310\u2003\u2002\u2005\u20b6\u2003bo. and received for it of Mr. Grand 6000\u20b6.6000Borrowed of Mr. Grand1000 \u2003\u20b67000   Pd. Mr. Grand for Mr. Paradise furnd. July\u2003 1080  Pd. do. my ord. of July 3. in favr. Houdon 1000 Pd. him for a bill of excha. of \u00a3124. on London\u2003which I am to remit to A. McCaul in part of \u2003my old debt to Kippen & co. &c. 3195\u201314  Recd. cash 1724\u2013\u20026 7000  \n              Pd. Balbatre his month 144\u20b6.\n              State of account with Petit\n              By balance of July 1.\n              By amount of accts. of Aug. 1.\u2003\n              To cash now paid on acct.\n              Balance remaining due\n              for servts. wages\u2003\n              for Mlle. Omont. balance of her acct.\n              for washing\n              Repd. Mr. Short for macaroni machine and vase 61\u20b6\u20133.\n              Pd. for pamphlets 12s.\n              Pd. guitar master 36\u20b6.\u2014washing for the girls 45\u20b6.\n              Pd. for walking stick 9\u20b6.\n              Drew on Will. V. Staph. & Hub. for \u0192268\u201315 in favr. Grand & co. for Mr. Short for his salary, so need not be entd. in my acct.\n              Pd. for Point du jour 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. Prevost for Konig of Strasbg. for books 135\u20b6\u20135.\n              Pd. for an Ottomane of velours d\u2019Utrecht 96\u20b6.\n              Pd. for dimity for Patsy 16\u20b6\u20135.\n              Gave David Barrett a poor American 6\u20b6.\n              Gave for widows of those who were killed in taking the Bastille 60\u20b6.\n              Pd. for 9 skins of false Marocco red basanne 22\u20b6\u201310.\n              Pd. for pamphlets 1f16\u2014gloves 2\u20b6\u201310.\n              Pd. J. Trumbull for candlesticks & boots on acct. 324\u20b6.\n              Drew on Will. V. Staph. & Hub. for \u01922687\u201310s banco & recd. from Grand & co. 6000\u20b6.\n              Repd. Grand & co. what I had borrowed ante Aug. 1. 17. 21. = 3000\u20b6.\n              Gave Patsy to buy sundries 216\u20b6.\n              Pd. for 33d. livraison of Encyclop. 25\u20b6\u201310.\n              Pd. guitar master 36\u20b6\u2014gave Patsy 60\u20b6.\n              Pd. Clousier printing for U.S. 20\u20b6.\n              Gave Blanc order on Grand for 304\u20b6\u201310 for 6 officers fusils for U.S.\n              Pd. for a watch chain 9\u20b6.\n              Pd. for pamphlets 1f16.\n              Pd. Pelletier apothecary 39\u20b6\u20134.\n              Recd. of Grand bill of Exchange on Tessier for \u00a310. sterl. & inclosed it to Trumbul = 263\u20b6.\n              Pd. Mahieu tapissier for covering fauteuils &c. lookg. glass 263\u20b6\u20133.\n              Pd. for two medallions 18\u20b6.\n              Pd. for guitar strings 7\u20b6\u20136\u2014for music 10\u20b6\u201310.\n              Pd. Jourdan dentist 48\u20b6.\n              Drew on Will. V. Stap. & Hub. in favr. Grand for Mr. Short\u2019s salary 268\u20b6\u201315. not to enter into my acct.\n               Pd.\u2005Petit the following accts. viz.\u2003 \u2003\u20b6  Blanchisseuse 61\u201313  Cordonnier 165\u2013  Coturiere 79\u201310  Doreur 98\u2013  Froull\u00e9 201\u2013\u20029  Menuisier 67\u2013  Marchde. des modes 175\u2013  Sellier 296\u201316\u2003\u20b6  Serrurier 166\u2013151311\u20133  Pd.him also packg. expences & transportn.\u2005 for Dr. Franklin\u2019s box of books12\u2013\u20026P. Jones 4. boxes of busts25\u2013\u20024J. Madison\u2019s box of books10\u2013\u20024Virginia. pedestl. of Fayette\u2019s bust16\u2013\u20024U.S. box of fusils12\u2013\u20022for myself93\u201318\u2002245\u201318Pd.him balance ante Sep. 19. in full3874\u2013115431\u201312 \n              Pd. Petit for stores furnished by Piebot 299\u20b6\u201315.\n              Pd. Pelletier Apothecaire 13\u20b6\u20136.\n              Gave Thos. Walter a poor American 6\u20b6\u2003servts. 21\u20b6.\n              Recd. of Grand 1432\u20b6\u201310 which with the other monies furnished ante Sep. 5. 9. 14. & 22. make 9000\u20b6. Gave him bill on Will. V. Staph. & Hubard for 4031\u0192 8s banco.\n              Pd. Balbatre month\u2019s wages 144\u20b6 + bill for music 124\u20b6.\n              Put into Petit\u2019s hands for travelling expences 402\u20b6.\n              Lodged at Vernon.\n              Lodged at Bolbec.\n              Pd. Petit towards travelling expences 24\u20b6.\n              Arrived at Havre.\n              Pd. Petit towards travelling expences 24\u20b6.\n              Recd. of Begouen Demeaux & co. on acct. Mr. Grand 480\u20b6.\n              Recd. of Begouen Demeaux & co. on acct. Mr. Grand 1200\u20b6.\n              Pd. Petit 72\u20b6.\u2014pd. shoes for Patsy 21\u20b6.\n               Analysis of Petit\u2019s accts.\u2002\u20b6\u2003 \u2003\u2003Cuisine Sep. 20.\u201425 (27 persons)\u2003\u2002 292\u2013\u20029  Office 68\u2013\u20026\u2002\u20b6  Pet. depences 430\u201314791\u20139   he had paid as follows. Velvet to line medal case. U.S.15\u20136guitar master30\u2013Mlle. Omont in full107\u20136Flower mistress72\u2013forage for July215\u201316do. for September187\u2013Sellier88\u20137Coeffeur147\u2013readg. table from the Salle des ventes36\u2013travelling expences to Havre66\u201315General postage10\u20133Paris post. Nomeny crossg. water 6. months 6\u20b6\u20026\u20131773\u20132do. Paris postage 8\u20b6. \n              Recd. of Begouen Desmeaux & co. on acct. of Grand 1120\u20b6.\n                Gave Petit order on Grand & co. for\u2003\u20b6\u2003\u2003amt. of accts. as above1773\u2013\u20022 \u2003\u2003to reimburse a sum he lost formerly \u2002600   \u2003\u2003a present for his extraordinary trouble\u2003\u2003 \u2002240\u2013 \u2003\u2003\u2003whole amount of order2613\u2013\u20022 \n              Pd. him cash for balance of a supplementory acct. 115\u20b6\u201316.\n              Pd. entertt. at l\u2019Aigle d\u2019or 251\u20b6\u20137 (Note le Bienvenu chez Durand. grande rue is the best hotel).\n              Pd. St. Louis (valet de place) 21\u20b6.\n              Pd. carrying baggage to waterside 3\u20b6.\n              Pd. port charges of vessel 31\u20b6\u201313.\n              Pd. Monsr. de la Motte transportation & charges of baggage from Paris to Havre in part 432\u20b6.\n              Pd. Mr. Cutting postage 4\u20b6\u201317s\u2014pd. for map 3\u20b6.\n              Pd. entertt. at l\u2019Aigle d\u2019or 38\u20b6\u201316.\n              Pd. for provisions 21\u20b6\u201315\u2014carriage 6\u20b6\u2014servts. 16\u20b6.\n              Carrying baggage 15s.\n              Pd. M. de la Motte balance baggage from Paris to Havre 92\u20b6\u20139.\n              Recd. of Begouen Demeaux & co. for Grand & co. 200\u20b6.\n              Pd. for provisions 6\u20b6.\n              Pd. for a chienne bergere big with pup 36\u20b6.\n              Gratuity to the person who brought her 9\u20b6.\n              Pd. entertt. at the Aigle d\u2019or 60\u20b6\u20133s.\n              Left Havre at half before one oclock in the morning on board the packet Anna Capt. Wright.\n              Arrived at Cowes at half after two in the morning.\n              Pd. boathire 1/\u2014muslin for Patsy 8/.\n              Pd. Capt. Wright my passage \u00a310\u201310.\u2003vales to his men 20/.\n              Pd. for bole Armenic 1/4.\n              Pd. expences at Newport & Carybrook castle 5/.\n              Pd. for books at Newport 5/.\n              Pd. for shoes for Polly 4/\u2003half galoches for Patsy 4/.\n              Pd. for trifles 2/4\u00bd\u2014spices, brushes &c. 35/5.\n              Pd. for tape &c. for Patsy & Polly 3/.\n              Note Louis pass in London for 19/. They pass for the same here, & the ecu for 2/4\u00bd.\n              Pd. postage 1/3\u2014altering boots 5/6\u2014boathire 4d.\n              Note the pedestal of the bust of the M. de la Fayette is about 110 of my baggage. Therefore charge state of Virginia transportation from Paris to Havre, Cowes & Norfolk pro rata with that viz. 56\u20b6 + 6\u20b6 + 50\u20b6 = 112\u20b6.\n              Servants 36/\u2014honey 2/\u2003ferrge. 3d.\n              Pd. entertt. at Fountain inn (Mrs. Syms) \u00a314\u20138\u20131.\n              Pd. for wafers & wax 1/9\u2014gave Patsy 21/\u2003gave Auldjo\u2019s gardener 10/6.\n              Sent to Grand & co. letter of credit on Will. V. Staph. & Hub. for \u01922800 Bo.\n                State of accts. with Mr. Auldjo.Dr.\u2002Cr. \u2002\u00a3sd   \u2003By cash 19th. & 21st. 49\u20130\u20136   \u2003By freight, duties, fees, charges pd. for me 13\u201311\u20136   \u2003By ship provisions bot. for me 48\u201313  \u2003By price of passage on board Clermont 105\u20130  \u2003To J. Trumbull\u2019s order on him 6\u20135  \u2003To my bill on Will. V. Staph. & Hubard 210\u20130  216\u20135 216\u20135 \n              Note Credit U.S. my bill this day drawn on Willinks V. Staphorst & Hubard in favr. Thos. Auldjo for \u00a3210. as above.\n              Pd. for washbasons 3/6\u2014mending watch 7/6.\n              Gave James 5/\u2014servts. at Fountain inn 21/.\n              Pd. entertt. at Fountain inn \u00a37\u201311\u20134.\n              Pd. for pillows 17/\u2014pd. butcher\u2019s meat 25/.\n              Embarked at noon on board the Clermont for Norfolk.\n              Came to anchor in the evening off Yarmouth.\n              Weighed anchor from Yarmouth at daylight.\n              Pd. Pilot postage of a letter 1/.\n              Notes of our voiage\n              \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Virginia money Dollars\n              Pd. a taylor for blue broadcloth coat \u00a35\u20134 = 17.33.\n              Gave James to pay for use of hamac 6/3 = 1.04.\n              Lent\u2014\u2014Goode overseer of Southgate near Richmd. 55/ = 9.16.\n              Gave vales on board ship 10/3 = 1.7.\n              Pd. washing 45/6\u2014boatmen 11d\u2014Maria 1/6.\n              Pd. for pineapples 6/\u2014book 6/.\n              Pd. entt. at Lindsay\u2019s coffee house \u00a39.\n              Pd. Capt. Maxwell ferrge. \u00a33\u201318.\n              Vales to servts. 10/6\u2014boatmen to Mr. Cary\u2019s 12/.\n              Pd. entt. of servant at Hampton 7/.\n              Pd. repair of carriages 4/\u2014gave servts. 3/.\n              Gave servts. at Mr. Cary\u2019s 12/3\u2014oats at Halfway house 2/6.\n              Gave postillions at Wmsburg. 12/.\n              Pd. portage of baggage from Hampton to Richmd. by stage \u00a34\u20136.\n              Pd. expresses 12/\u2014gave George Lafong in charity 12/.\n              Pd. James small expences 9/6.\n              Pd. barber 6/\u2014entt. Southall\u2019s \u00a35\u201311\u20136\u2014servts. 3/9.\n              Pd. oats &c. at Chiswell\u2019s ord. 6/.\n              Pd. lodging & entt. at New Kent C. H. \u00a32\u201312\u2003servts. 2/6.\n              Pd. barber at Richmond 1/6.\n              Gave Colo. Burwell\u2019s postillions \u00a33\u20132\u20138.\n              Pd. Capt. Terrant bringing baggage from Norfolk \u00a34\u20137.\n              Pd. Quarrier reprs. of carriage 8/\u2014entt. Formicola\u2019s \u00a34.\n              Pd. Davis for laws & journals 53/4\u2014barber 1/6.\n              Pd. James for washing 6/\u2003for comb for Polly 6/.\n              Pd. pontage at Richmond 10/3.\n              Gave Colo. Randolph\u2019s postillions 6/.\n              Note if E. Randolph keeps the Encyclopedie sent him the price is 260\u20b6 = \u00a314\u20138\u201310.\n              Gave J. Bolling\u2019s postillions at Eppington 6/.\n              Gave Mr. Eppes\u2019s postilions 6/.\n              Gave servts. at Mr. Skipwith\u2019s 1/3.\n              Pd. do. at Byrd ordinary 18/4\u2003servt. 1/3.\n              Pd. corn at Gadberry\u2019s 3/.\n              Arrived at Monticello.\n              Pd. waggonage of baggage 34/6.\n              Pd. pr. snuffers at Bell\u2019s store 1/6.\n              Gave Mr. Skipwith\u2019s postilion 18/.\n              Pd. for a living raccoon 6/.\n              Repd. my sister Lewis 6/.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1789}
]